Animals

19 pages, 2901 KiB

Open AccessArticle

SIRT5 Regulates Lipid Deposition in Goat Preadipocytes via PI3K-Akt and MAPK Signaling Pathways

by Haiyang Li, Wenli Yao, Changheng Yang, Wenyang Zhang, Yong Wang, Yaqiu Lin, Zhanyu Du, Changhui Zhang, Lian Huang, Ming Zhang, Huaigong Fan, Jiangjiang Zhu and Hua Xiang

Animals 2025, 15(7), 1072; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15071072 - 7 Apr 2025

Viewed by 251

Abstract

Silent Information Regulator 5 (SIRT5) has been established as a crucial regulator of cellular alanylation modification. Furthermore, accumulating evidence suggests that SIRT5 plays a significant regulatory role in key metabolic pathways, including glycolysis, the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, and fatty acid [...] Read more.

Silent Information Regulator 5 (SIRT5) has been established as a crucial regulator of cellular alanylation modification. Furthermore, accumulating evidence suggests that SIRT5 plays a significant regulatory role in key metabolic pathways, including glycolysis, the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, and fatty acid oxidation, all of which are closely associated with cellular lipid metabolism. Despite these advancements, the specific role of SIRT5 in regulating intramuscular fat (IMF) deposition in goats, as well as the underlying molecular mechanisms, remains largely unexplored. In this study, we cloned the complete coding sequence of the goat SIRT5 gene and, through amino acid sequence alignment, demonstrated its closest phylogenetic relationship with sheep. Additionally, we characterized the higher expression of SIRT5 during the differentiation of goat intramuscular precursor adipocytes. The silencing of SIRT5 by siRNA-mediated knockdown significantly upregulated the expression of lipogenesis-related genes and enhanced lipid deposition in goat intramuscular preadipocytes. Concurrently, SIRT5 deficiency led to the inhibition of cell proliferation and a marked reduction in apoptosis. Interestingly, although overexpression of SIRT5 promoted cell proliferation, it did not significantly alter lipid deposition in goat intramuscular precursor adipocytes. RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) analysis identified a total of 106 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) following SIRT5 silencing in goat preadipocytes, predominantly involved in the Focal adhesion, HIF-1, PI3K-Akt, and MAPK signaling pathways by KEGG pathway enrichment analysis. Notably, we successfully reversed the phenotypic effects observed in SIRT5 knockdown goat precursor adipocytes by inhibiting the PI3K-Akt and MAPK signaling pathways using the AKT inhibitor LY294002 and the p38 MAPK pathway inhibitor PD169316, respectively. In conclusion, our findings demonstrated that SIRT5 may modulate intramuscular fat deposition in goats through PI3k-Akt and MAPK signaling pathways. These results expand the gene regulatory network associated with IMF formation and provide a theoretical foundation for improving meat quality by targeting IMF deposition. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Livestock and Poultry Genetics and Breeding Management)

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13 pages, 548 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Two-Generation Crossbreeding of White-Headed Suffolk and Small-Tailed Han Sheep: Heterosis, Sustainable Production Traits, and Morphological Features in Central China

by Kai Quan, Jun Li, Haoyuan Han, Kun Liu, Huibin Shi, Huihua Wang, Meilin Jin, Wei Sun and Caihong Wei

Animals 2025, 15(7), 1071; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15071071 - 7 Apr 2025

Viewed by 191

Abstract

To address the bottleneck in meat production efficiency within China’s mutton sheep industry, this study established a two-generation crossbreeding program between WHS rams and STH ewes. Hybrid offspring (F1 and BC1) were evaluated for growth performance, slaughter traits, meat quality, and reproductive performance. [...] Read more.

To address the bottleneck in meat production efficiency within China’s mutton sheep industry, this study established a two-generation crossbreeding program between WHS rams and STH ewes. Hybrid offspring (F1 and BC1) were evaluated for growth performance, slaughter traits, meat quality, and reproductive performance. The F1 generation exhibited significant improvements over STH in 6-month body weight (52.3 kg, +27.3%), dressing percentage (56.1%, +6.3%), and feed efficiency ratio (FER) of 4.6 (p < 0.05). The BC1 generation shows a mixed state of paternal and maternal characteristics and further enhanced these traits, achieving a 6-month body weight of 55.2 kg (+5.4% vs. F1), a dressing percentage of 58.3%, and an optimized gain-to-feed ratio (G:F) of 4.2 (−8.7%). Meat quality parameters, including shear force (32.5 N vs. 41.6 N in F1 vs. STH) and intramuscular fat content (4.5% vs. 3.8% in F1 vs. STH), demonstrated superior tenderness and marbling. Despite a decline in lambing rate (F1: 178%; BC1: 142%), the hybrids combined the dam’s adaptability with the sire’s meat traits, forming a novel germplasm for sustainable mutton production. This study provides a replicable model for balancing genetic improvement and ecological sustainability in central China. Full article

(This article belongs to the Collection Carcass Composition and Meat Quality of Small Ruminants)

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19 pages, 6783 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Comparative Analysis of the Gut Microbiota of Thai Indigenous Chicken Fed House Crickets

by Nattanan Panjaworayan T-Thienprasert, Titiradsadakorn Jaithon, Pavit Klomkliew, Prangwalai Chanchaem, Thanathip Suwanasopee, Skorn Koonawootrittriron, Attawit Kovitvadhi, Pipatpong Chundang, Prapasiri Pongprayoon, Sutasinee Kityakarn, Patraporn Luksirikul and Sunchai Payungporn

Animals 2025, 15(7), 1070; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15071070 - 7 Apr 2025

Viewed by 221

Abstract

The gut microbiota is pivotal to chickens’ overall health, influencing digestion, nutrient absorption, and immune function. Dietary compounds significantly impact gut microbiota composition. House crickets (Acheta domesticus) have emerged as an alternative protein source for animal feed, rich in proteins and [...] Read more.

The gut microbiota is pivotal to chickens’ overall health, influencing digestion, nutrient absorption, and immune function. Dietary compounds significantly impact gut microbiota composition. House crickets (Acheta domesticus) have emerged as an alternative protein source for animal feed, rich in proteins and beneficial fatty acids. This study compared the gut microbiota in the cecum and ileum of Thai indigenous chicken breeds (Betong Chicken, white feather with black bone chicken, and black feather with black bone chicken) fed with or without house crickets. Using Oxford Nanopore Technology of 16S rDNA, this study found a similar relative abundance of gut bacteria across groups, with dominant bacteria including Firmicute, Bacteroidetes, Proteobacteria, and Actinobacteria. LEfSe analysis identified differential abundance of beneficial bacteria, such as Ruminococcaceae, Rikenella, and Deferribacteres, in the cecum of the black feather with black bone chicken after cricket feeding. Additionally, Lactobacillaceae exhibited differential abundance in the ileum of this breed post-cricket diet. Consequently, this study provides new data into the gut microbiota of Thai indigenous chickens. It suggests that house cricket diets did not significantly alter microbiota diversity but may enhance beneficial bacteria in certain breeds. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Animal Nutrition)

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8 pages, 730 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Variation in Ovine KRTAP13-3 and Its Association with Wool Characteristics in Chinese Tan Sheep

by Lingrong Bai, Huitong Zhou, Jinzhong Tao and Jon G. H. Hickford

Animals 2025, 15(7), 1069; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15071069 - 7 Apr 2025

Viewed by 170

Abstract

Understanding the genetic factors that influence wool quality is essential for enhancing wool quality and uniformity. This study investigated the KRTAP13-3 gene in Chinese Tan sheep, a breed known for its unique wool characteristics. We analysed 232 sheep and revealed five previously identified [...] Read more.

Understanding the genetic factors that influence wool quality is essential for enhancing wool quality and uniformity. This study investigated the KRTAP13-3 gene in Chinese Tan sheep, a breed known for its unique wool characteristics. We analysed 232 sheep and revealed five previously identified sequence variants of KRTAP13-3 and then modelled to ascertain whether there was any association between the nucleotide sequence variation and variation in mean fibre diameter (MFD), fibre diameter standard deviation (FDSD), coefficient of variation of fibre diameter (CVFD), and mean fibre curvature (MFC). Twelve genotypes were observed, with the five variants having frequencies that ranged from 64.0% to 1.1%. Among the four variants with frequencies above 5%, nucleotide sequence variation was associated with heterotypic hair fibre diameter variation. The most common variant (A) was linked to increased FDSD and CVFD, while two other variants (B and D) revealed trends towards being associated with decreased CVFD. No associations were found with variation in the fine wool fibres from the Tan sheep. This suggests that KRTAP13-3 plays a role in regulating heterotypic hair fibre diameter variability and that it could possibly be a gene marker for improving wool traits. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Advances in Molecular Genetics and Breeding of Cattle, Sheep, and Goats)

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17 pages, 2297 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Spatiotemporal Dynamics of Fish Density in a Deep-Water Reservoir: Hydroacoustic Assessment of Aggregation Patterns and Key Drivers

by Zihao Meng, Feifei Hu, Miao Xiang, Xuejun Fu and Xuemei Li

Animals 2025, 15(7), 1068; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15071068 - 7 Apr 2025

Viewed by 245

Abstract

Understanding spatiotemporal patterns of fish density and their environmental drivers is critical for managing river–lake ecosystems, yet dynamic interactions in heterogeneous habitats remain poorly quantified. This study combined hydroacoustic surveys, spatial autocorrelation analysis (Moran’s I), and generalized additive models (GAMs) to investigate seasonal [...] Read more.

Understanding spatiotemporal patterns of fish density and their environmental drivers is critical for managing river–lake ecosystems, yet dynamic interactions in heterogeneous habitats remain poorly quantified. This study combined hydroacoustic surveys, spatial autocorrelation analysis (Moran’s I), and generalized additive models (GAMs) to investigate seasonal and spatial fish distribution, aggregation characteristics, and regulatory mechanisms in China’s Zhelin Reservoir. The results reveal pronounced seasonal fluctuations, with summer fish density peaking at 13.70 ± 0.91 ind./1000 m³ and declining to 1.95 ± 0.13 ind./1000 m³ in winter. Spatial heterogeneity was evident, with the Xiuhe region sustaining the highest density (15.69 ± 1.09 ind./1000 m³) and persistent hotspots in upstream bays. Transient high-density clusters (90–99% confidence) near the Zhelin Dam during summer suggested thermal or hydrodynamic disturbances. GAM analysis (R²adj = 0.712, 78.5% deviance explained) identified seasonal transitions (12.26% variance), water depth (16.54%), conductivity (13.75%), and dissolved oxygen (13.29%) as dominant drivers, with nonlinear responses to depth and bimodal patterns for conductivity/oxygen. These findings demonstrate that hydrological seasonality and habitat heterogeneity jointly govern fish aggregation, underscoring the ecological priority of Xiuhe and upstream bays as core habitats. This study provides a mechanistic framework for guiding reservoir management, including targeted conservation, dam operation adjustments to mitigate hydrodynamic impacts, and integrated strategies for balancing hydrological and ecological needs in similar ecosystems. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Global Fisheries Resources, Fisheries, and Carbon-Sink Fisheries)

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19 pages, 2889 KiB

Open AccessArticle

APO-CViT: A Non-Destructive Estrus Detection Method for Breeding Pigs Based on Multimodal Feature Fusion

by Jinghan Cai, Wenzheng Liu, Tonghai Liu, Fanzhen Wang, Zhihan Li, Xue Wang and Hua Li

Animals 2025, 15(7), 1067; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15071067 - 7 Apr 2025

Viewed by 260

Abstract

Detecting estrus in sows is important for improving pig reproductive performance and pig farm production efficiency levels. Traditional estrus detection methods are highly subjective and inaccurate, making it difficult to meet the demands of modern farming. This research developed a multimodal feature fusion [...] Read more.

Detecting estrus in sows is important for improving pig reproductive performance and pig farm production efficiency levels. Traditional estrus detection methods are highly subjective and inaccurate, making it difficult to meet the demands of modern farming. This research developed a multimodal feature fusion method that combines audio and thermal infrared image data to enhance the accuracy and robustness of estrus monitoring in breeding pigs. We designed the Adaptive-PIG-OESTUS-CNN-ViT model, which uses thermal infrared images and audio as inputs for a network model. By integrating the Vision Transformer and convolutional neural networks, the model extracted and fused features from multimodal data. An adaptive cross-attention mechanism was employed to automatically learn feature vectors representing the combined thermal infrared and audio data, which were then fed into an improved DenseNet network to identify estrus and non-estrus states in breeding pigs. The model achieved an accuracy of 98.92%, a recall rate of 95.83%, and an F1-score of 97.35%, effectively performing non-destructive estrus detection in breeding pigs. Compared with traditional estrus detection methods, this approach more accurately integrated data from different modalities to distinguish the estrus state of breeding pigs, providing an efficient, objective, and non-destructive means for sow estrus detection. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Pigs)

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14 pages, 3031 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Physiological and Histological Responses of Awassi Lambs to High Dietary Organic Copper Supplementation

by Osama A. Saeed, Mohanad A. Shareef, Hassan M. Alnori, Teik K. Leo, Mohammed A. Al-Bayar, Idham A. Abed and Omar K. Attallah

Animals 2025, 15(7), 1066; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15071066 - 7 Apr 2025

Viewed by 278

Abstract

This study investigated the effects of high dietary organic copper supplementation on growth performance, mineral metabolism and organ histology in male Awassi lambs. Fifteen lambs with similar body weight (16 ± 1.53 kg) were assigned to three groups: a control group (T1) receiving [...] Read more.

This study investigated the effects of high dietary organic copper supplementation on growth performance, mineral metabolism and organ histology in male Awassi lambs. Fifteen lambs with similar body weight (16 ± 1.53 kg) were assigned to three groups: a control group (T1) receiving a basal diet, and two treatment groups (T2 and T3) supplemented with 0.5 g and 1 g of organic copper per kg DM, respectively. The total dietary copper concentrations were 6.18, 81.68 and 156.75 ppm in T1, T2, and T3 groups, respectively. The basal diet, composed of soybeans, wheat, and barley, provided 2.4 Mcal/kg metabolizable energy and 14% crude protein. High dietary copper supplementation had no significant impact on growth performance and body biometric measurements. Testicular length was increased in T3 lambs. Mineral analysis showed increased hepatic copper concentrations in T2 and T3 lambs. Kidney copper levels remained within normal ranges, while renal zinc concentrations declined in T2 and T3 lambs. Gene expression analysis demonstrated upregulation of ATP7A and ATP7B genes in T3 lambs, indicating a cellular adaptation to elevated copper levels, while IGF1 expression remained unchanged. Histological assessments, however, revealed hepatic and renal changes in T3 lambs. Overall, high dietary organic copper supplementation, particularly at 1 g Cu/kg DM, increases copper retention and may support reproductive health in Awassi lambs. However, excessive intake poses risks of liver and kidney damage, highlighting the need for careful dietary management. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Management of Ruminants: Feed Utilization, Nitrogen Dynamics, Physiology, and Metabolism)

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20 pages, 11878 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Genomic Characterization of Crossbred-Driven Adaptation in the Endangered Yangba Cattle of China

by Bao Cai, Yandong Kang, Ziqiang Ding, Shaoke Guo, Mengli Cao, Liyan Hu, Ben Zhang, Xingdong Wang, Jie Pei, Qianyun Ge, Lin Xiong, Xiaoyun Wu and Xian Guo

Animals 2025, 15(7), 1065; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15071065 - 6 Apr 2025

Viewed by 344

Abstract

This study unveils the unique origins, evolution, and genetic variations of the Yangba cattle, an endangered breed in China, through a comparative genomic analysis involving 202 individuals from 21 domestic and international breeds. Genetic component analysis revealed that the Yangba cattle comprise four [...] Read more.

This study unveils the unique origins, evolution, and genetic variations of the Yangba cattle, an endangered breed in China, through a comparative genomic analysis involving 202 individuals from 21 domestic and international breeds. Genetic component analysis revealed that the Yangba cattle comprise four ancestral lineages: Eurasian taurine (18%), East Asian taurine (26%), Chinese indicine (39%), and Indian indicine (17%). Their high genetic diversity and low inbreeding coefficient set them apart significantly from mainstream commercial breeds. Gene introgression analysis indicated that the influx of genetic material from East Asian taurine has enhanced the Yangba cattle’s adaptability to environmental stress, while the introgression from Chinese indicine has endowed them with unique advantages in muscle development and tissue repair. A genome-wide selection scan identified strong positive selection signals for genes such as ABCC2, which is involved in immune regulation, and NCOA3, which plays a role in growth regulation, in the Yangba cattle. This study systematically elucidates, for the first time, the composite ancestral composition and mechanisms of adaptive evolution in Yangba cattle. These findings offer critical insights into the conservation and sustainable utilization of endangered cattle resources and underscore the importance of implementing effective breeding programs. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Animal Genetics and Genomics)

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23 pages, 276 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effects of Reduced Amino Acids and Apparent Metabolizable Energy on Meat Processing, Internal Organ Development, and Economic Returns of Cobb 700 and Ross 708 Broilers

by Bo Zhang, Shengyu Zhou, Wei Zhai and Yang Zhao

Animals 2025, 15(7), 1064; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15071064 - 6 Apr 2025

Viewed by 189

Abstract

The rapid growth and high nutrient density in modern broiler production have led to issues like woody breast myopathy (WBM), footpad dermatitis, and fat accumulation, affecting welfare and profitability. This study evaluated the effects of amino acid (AA) and apparent metabolizable energy (AME) [...] Read more.

The rapid growth and high nutrient density in modern broiler production have led to issues like woody breast myopathy (WBM), footpad dermatitis, and fat accumulation, affecting welfare and profitability. This study evaluated the effects of amino acid (AA) and apparent metabolizable energy (AME) reductions on organ development, carcass yield, WBM incidence, and economic returns in Cobb 700 and Ross 708 broilers. Two trials were conducted, one per strain, using a factorial design with 12 treatments (four AA × three AME). Each trial included 864 broilers, randomly assigned to six replicate blocks, with 12 pens per block (six males and six females per pen). Diets contained 70%, 80%, 90%, or 100% of digestible AA and 84%, 92%, or 100% AME based on breeder recommendations. A 30% AA reduction increased fat pad weight, promoted proventriculus and jejunum development (day 58), reduced carcass and tenderloin weights, lowered moderate/severe WBM incidence (day 47), and shortened footpad dermatitis. A 16% AME reduction decreased fat pad weight, improved muscle production and returns, but reduced normal breast percentage (days 40 and 47). The recommended protein–energy ratio (g/MJ) for optimal economic returns was as follows: 19.78 (0–10 d), 17.51 (11–24 d), 16.03 (25–39 d), and 15.25 (40–63 d). Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Amino Acid Nutrition in Poultry: 2nd Edition)

20 pages, 314 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperReview

Dog Neuter, Yes or No? A Summary of the Motivations, Benefits, and Harms, with Special Emphasis on the Behavioral Aspect

by Ana Arroube and Alfredo F. Pereira

Animals 2025, 15(7), 1063; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15071063 - 6 Apr 2025

Viewed by 1092

Abstract

The decision to neuter pet dogs remains a significant and ongoing debate from ethical, animal health, and animal welfare perspectives. Millions of dogs worldwide are considered integral family members, and their behavior, as well as the bond they form with their owners, play [...] Read more.

The decision to neuter pet dogs remains a significant and ongoing debate from ethical, animal health, and animal welfare perspectives. Millions of dogs worldwide are considered integral family members, and their behavior, as well as the bond they form with their owners, play a key role in the decision to keep them as pets. When behavioral problems arise, neutering is often viewed as a potential solution. However, by removing the source of sexual hormones, neutering creates the potential for both beneficial and harmful effects on a dog’s health and behavior. It is crucial for society to rely on professionals to provide informed advice about whether and when the procedure should be performed on a pet, taking into account the unique risks and benefits of each individual case. Instead, the conclusions drawn from existing research—both in terms of behavior and health aspects—remain inconclusive and sometimes conflicting. Studies have reported higher risks for developing reproductive, urinary, metabolic, and musculoskeletal disorders in neutered dogs. Additionally, some studies suggest increases in stress, fear, anxiety, and even certain types of aggression following neutering. The limitations of current research, the subjectivity of pet owners’ evaluations of their dogs’ behaviors, the influence of various demographic factors, and the complex relationships between sex hormones and other hormones or neurotransmitters all contribute to the challenges in this field of study. Despite these complexities, they also offer promising avenues for future research. This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the various effects of neutering on dogs, with a particular focus on behavioral outcomes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Animal Welfare)

15 pages, 3966 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Two-Stream Bidirectional Interaction Network Based on RGB-D Images for Duck Weight Estimation

by Diqi Zhu, Shan Bian, Xiaofeng Xie, Chuntao Wang and Deqin Xiao

Animals 2025, 15(7), 1062; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15071062 - 6 Apr 2025

Viewed by 266

Abstract

An automated non-contact weight measurement method for ducks is beneficial for preventing the stress response of ducks and, thus, promoting their healthy development. We propose a two-stream bidirectional interaction network that depends on RGB-D pictures to accurately determine the weight of ducks. We [...] Read more.

An automated non-contact weight measurement method for ducks is beneficial for preventing the stress response of ducks and, thus, promoting their healthy development. We propose a two-stream bidirectional interaction network that depends on RGB-D pictures to accurately determine the weight of ducks. We developed two-stream branches in the encoder to extract texture appearance information and spatial structure information from RGB images and depth images, respectively. Besides, we employed a cross-modality feature supplement module in the encoder to facilitate mutual learning and complementarity between these two modalities. Finally, a decoder is designed to combine the multi-scale characteristics of these two modalities and feed the fused features into the regression module to determine the final weight of the duck. For the experimental analysis of this study, we built a new dataset of RGB-D duck images consisting of 2865 pairs of RGB-D images captured from the bird-eye view. The comparative experimental results show that the proposed method could effectively estimate the duck weight with an MAE of only 0.1550, outperforming all the comparison methods on this dataset. This automated, non-contact weight measurement method can eliminate stress responses caused by human intervention. This method enables the automated collection of growth data, supporting precision feeding and health management decisions. It drives the digital and welfare-oriented transformation of the livestock industry, enhancing production efficiency while promoting animal welfare and sustainable agricultural practices. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Poultry)

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20 pages, 11607 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Comparison of Transcriptome Differences in Scales of Two Closely Related Snake Species (Lycodon rufozonatus and Lycodon rosozonatus)

by Ke Sun, Anqiong Lu, Yu Xu and Fei Zhu

Animals 2025, 15(7), 1061; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15071061 - 6 Apr 2025

Viewed by 223

Abstract

The diversity of skin colors observed in reptiles is indicative of their adaptation to different ecological niches, with these color variations playing essential roles in survival and reproduction. The present study focused on two closely related species (Lycodon rufozonatus and Lycodon rosozonatus [...] Read more.

The diversity of skin colors observed in reptiles is indicative of their adaptation to different ecological niches, with these color variations playing essential roles in survival and reproduction. The present study focused on two closely related species (Lycodon rufozonatus and Lycodon rosozonatus) within the Lycodon genus that exhibit the closest color and morphological similarities. We performed RNA sequencing on the scales of both species and obtained 350,346,591 and 331,537,523 clean reads, respectively. A comparative analysis of the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) and Gene Ontology (GO) databases revealed that the scales of the two species exhibited similar patterns of gene enrichment. Nevertheless, the results of the PCA and the t-SNE analysis demonstrated notable differences between the scales in the diverse color variations observed in the two species. Concurrently, we conducted a comparative analysis of the skin color-related genes and the differentially expressed genes, which revealed three genes exhibiting notable disparities: RU_DN1145_c3_g2 (mreg), RU_DN10511_c0_g1 (notch1), and Unigene11172 (notch1). In light of the aforementioned results, we hypothesize that the discrepancy in the scale color between the two species is attributable to alterations in specific gene loci and variations in expression levels. The data presented herein provide a molecular basis for future studies on the genetic and habitat adaptation functions of scale color differences in reptiles. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Herpetology)

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13 pages, 241 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Retrospective Evaluation of the Prognostic Utility of Clinical and Laboratory Findings in Hospitalized Cats with Pancreatitis

by Yada Siriphanporn, Anuwat Wiratsudakul, Suwicha Kasemsuwan, Piyathip Chuchalermporn, Monchanok Vijarnsorn and Narudee Kashemsant

Animals 2025, 15(7), 1060; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15071060 - 6 Apr 2025

Viewed by 347

Abstract

Pancreatitis in cats ranges from mild forms with low mortality to severe cases with poor prognosis, and early identification of high-risk patients remains a challenge. The prognostic significance of hyperlactatemia and metabolic acidosis in feline pancreatitis is not well established. This study aimed [...] Read more.

Pancreatitis in cats ranges from mild forms with low mortality to severe cases with poor prognosis, and early identification of high-risk patients remains a challenge. The prognostic significance of hyperlactatemia and metabolic acidosis in feline pancreatitis is not well established. This study aimed to identify prognostic factors in hospitalized cats with pancreatitis and assess the predictive value of hyperlactatemia and metabolic acidosis. A retrospective study of 142 cats diagnosed between January 2020 and December 2023 was conducted, analyzing signalment, clinical signs, and clinicopathological findings. Diagnosis was based on clinical signs, abnormal feline pancreatic lipase assay, and abdominal sonography. Multivariate analysis identified jaundice (OR, 4.6; 95% CI, 1.7–12.7), renal disease (OR, 2.0; 95% CI, 1.05–5.40), hypoalbuminemia (OR, 3.91; 95% CI, 1.70–9.01), increased blood urea nitrogen (BUN) (OR, 4.76; 95% CI, 1.96–11.53), and neutrophil cytoplasmic toxic change (OR, 10.54; 95% CI, 4.17–26.7) as independent prognostic indicators. The combination of renal disease and jaundice increased the mortality risk 12-fold, while hypoalbuminemia and neutrophil toxic changes increased it 120-fold. However, hyperlactatemia and metabolic acidosis upon admission were not predictive of outcomes. These findings suggest that jaundice, renal disease, hypoalbuminemia, increased BUN, and neutrophil toxic changes are significant prognostic indicators in feline pancreatitis, whereas hyperlactatemia and metabolic acidosis do not predict mortality. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Diseases of the Small and Large Intestine, Liver and Pancreas in Small Animals: Second Edition)

13 pages, 270 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effect of Protease Supplementation in Diets with or Without Copper Sulfate and Formaldehyde on the Standardized Digestibility of Amino Acids in Broiler Chickens

by Ingryd Palloma Teodósio da Nobrega, Levy do Vale Teixeira, Vitor Barbosa Fascina and Letícia Cardoso Bittencourt

Animals 2025, 15(7), 1059; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15071059 - 5 Apr 2025

Viewed by 353

Abstract

With the growing demand for sustainable and cost-effective poultry production, optimizing nutrient utilization is crucial. Exogenous proteases enhance protein digestibility, reduce nitrogen excretion, and improve feed efficiency, but their interaction with additives like copper sulfate (CuSO₄) and formaldehyde remains unclear. This [...] Read more.

With the growing demand for sustainable and cost-effective poultry production, optimizing nutrient utilization is crucial. Exogenous proteases enhance protein digestibility, reduce nitrogen excretion, and improve feed efficiency, but their interaction with additives like copper sulfate (CuSO₄) and formaldehyde remains unclear. This study evaluated the combined effects of protease with these additives on amino acid digestibility, performance, and bone quality in broilers. A total of 500 broilers were assigned to seven dietary treatments, each replicated 10 times (six birds per cage) over 21 days (14 days of adaptation and 7 days of evaluation). Treatments included a reference diet (RD), RD + CuSO₄ (600 g/ton, 150 mg Cu/kg), RD + formaldehyde (2000 g/ton), with or without protease supplementation (30,000 NFP/kg), and a protein-free diet. Protease improved protein digestibility (2.50%) and amino acid digestibility (essential: 2.64%; non-essential: 2.52%) in diets with CuSO₄ or formaldehyde (p < 0.05). CuSO₄ alone had no effect, but its combination with protease significantly enhanced crude protein digestibility (4.63%). Formaldehyde reduced amino acid digestibility, but protease mitigated this negative effect (−4.68% vs. −1.81%). Protease also improved feed conversion and bone strength. These findings demonstrate that protease combined with CuSO₄ or formaldehyde optimizes nutrient digestibility, enhances broiler performance, and supports sustainable poultry production. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Effect of Feed Additives/Supplements on the Quality of Animal Products)

25 pages, 6235 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Comparison of Rein Forces and Pressure Beneath the Noseband and Headpiece of a Snaffle Bridle and a Double Bridle

by Russell MacKechnie-Guire, Hilary Clayton, Jane Williams, David Marlin, Mark Fisher, Diana Fisher, Victoria Walker and Rachel C. Murray

Animals 2025, 15(7), 1058; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15071058 - 5 Apr 2025

Viewed by 5257

Abstract

Information describing forces applied to the horse are needed to inform regulatory decisions regarding equine health and wellbeing. This study compares forces exerted beneath the noseband and headpiece of a snaffle bridle (SB) and a double bridle (DB). Horses were fitted with the [...] Read more.

Information describing forces applied to the horse are needed to inform regulatory decisions regarding equine health and wellbeing. This study compares forces exerted beneath the noseband and headpiece of a snaffle bridle (SB) and a double bridle (DB). Horses were fitted with the same type of SB and DB. Forces were measured by pressure mats under the noseband (nasal/mandibular) and headpiece (occipital) of the bridle and by force sensors inserted bilaterally between the bit(s) and reins. The noseband was adjusted to 2 finger-equivalents using a tightness gauge. Data were recorded for eleven high-level dressage horses ridden in SB and DB in random order at collected walk, trot (sitting), and canter. The noseband pressures were similar between bridle types. Minimal, maximal, and mean occipital force and pressure were significantly higher for DB at walk, trot, and canter (all p ≤ 0.01), except minimal force for collected canter (p = 0.04). The rein tension for the bridoon bit alone and for the combined bridoon and curb bits was significantly lower than for the snaffle bit. Similar forces occur when ridden in SB and DB except that occipital force and pressure are higher due to the greater weight of the DB, and rein tension is lower for the DB. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Animal Welfare)

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24 pages, 1898 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Winter Ecology of the Hen Harrier, Circus cyaneus: Bridging Behavioral Insights and Conservation Requirements

by Remo Probst and Renate Probst

Animals 2025, 15(7), 1057; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15071057 - 5 Apr 2025

Viewed by 290

Abstract

The hen harrier, Circus cyaneus, is a migratory raptor that relies on open grasslands as key winter habitats in Central Europe, where it predominantly preys on common voles, Microtus arvalis. However, habitat loss due to agricultural intensification, land use change, and [...] Read more.

The hen harrier, Circus cyaneus, is a migratory raptor that relies on open grasslands as key winter habitats in Central Europe, where it predominantly preys on common voles, Microtus arvalis. However, habitat loss due to agricultural intensification, land use change, and human disturbances increasingly threatens these landscapes. Using the framework of conservation behavior, this study examines how hen harriers respond to human-induced environmental changes, how behavior-based habitat management can support conservation, and how behavioral indicators such as territoriality inform conservation planning. Based on 278 h of field observations, we analyzed space use, foraging ecology, time and energy budgets, and territoriality of wintering hen harriers. Our results indicate that non-territorial females require ~20% more energy intake than territorial females, reflecting the advantage of defending vole-rich habitats. This corresponds to an estimated daily intake of up to 8 voles for non-territorial females, compared to 4–6 voles for territorial ones. Winter territory establishment was primarily driven by vole availability, and habitat degradation due to grassland loss impaired territory formation, influencing energy allocation and conservation prospects. Our findings highlight the role of territory establishment as a quantifiable behavioral indicator for habitat quality and conservation planning. At a landscape scale, habitat alteration and loss, anthropogenic disturbances and top-down effects further shape hen harrier distribution, emphasizing the need to account for these factors in conservation strategies. Finally, we identify open research questions, especially regarding large-scale environmental pressures and cross-seasonal effects. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Raptors: Ecology, Behavior, Parasites, Life History and Conservation)

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9 pages, 3517 KiB

Open AccessCase Report

A Study on the Diagnostic Approach Using Real-Time Video Capsule Endoscopy in Dogs with Acute Vomiting

by Hyomi Jang, Young Joo Kim and Dong-In Jung

Animals 2025, 15(7), 1056; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15071056 - 5 Apr 2025

Viewed by 283

Abstract

This study aimed to evaluate the efficiency and sensitivity of real-time video capsule endoscopy (RT-VCE) when detecting surgical and nonsurgical gastric lesions in dogs that presented with acute vomiting. Additionally, the patient tolerance and the utility of the RT-VCE data for clinical decision-making [...] Read more.

This study aimed to evaluate the efficiency and sensitivity of real-time video capsule endoscopy (RT-VCE) when detecting surgical and nonsurgical gastric lesions in dogs that presented with acute vomiting. Additionally, the patient tolerance and the utility of the RT-VCE data for clinical decision-making were assessed. Eleven client-owned dogs with an acute onset of vomiting were included. Each dog received an antiemetic and antacid before undergoing an RT-VCE (MC1200, MiroCam^®, Intromedic, Seoul, Republic of Korea). We independently reviewed the RT-VCE images to assess the image quality, detect gastric lesions, and make clinical decisions. The time taken to reach a diagnosis and the inter-clinician agreement were evaluated. RT-VCEs were successfully completed in all the dogs, with a mean time to diagnosis of 21.82 ± 15.26 min (range: 1–48 min). Both clinicians reached unanimous agreement on the RT-VCE findings. Five dogs were diagnosed with gastric foreign bodies and underwent surgical removal, while the remaining six were diagnosed with gastritis, a gastric ulcer or erosion, or hemorrhages, which were managed medically. No adverse effects, including vomiting, were observed after the capsule administration. RT-VCE proved to be an effective, accurate, and well-tolerated diagnostic method for evaluating gastric conditions in dogs with acute vomiting. Its rapid diagnostic capability and non-invasive nature make it a valuable modality in emergency veterinary settings. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Veterinary Clinical Studies)

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21 pages, 1107 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Sustainability in Intensive Aquaculture—Profitability of Common Carp (Cyprinus carpio) Production in Recirculating Aquaculture Systems Based on a Hungarian Case Study

by Laura Mihály-Karnai, Milán Fehér, Péter Bársony, István Szűcs, Tamás Mihály, Dániel Fróna and László Szőllősi

Animals 2025, 15(7), 1055; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15071055 - 5 Apr 2025

Viewed by 406

Abstract

This study examines the sustainability and economic viability of intensive common carp (Cyprinus carpio) production in recirculating aquaculture systems (RASs) in Hungary. Using a deterministic model, the research identifies production costs, profitability, and the critical factors influencing economic efficiency. It also [...] Read more.

This study examines the sustainability and economic viability of intensive common carp (Cyprinus carpio) production in recirculating aquaculture systems (RASs) in Hungary. Using a deterministic model, the research identifies production costs, profitability, and the critical factors influencing economic efficiency. It also evaluates the impact of key variables, such as the feed purchase price, the market-sized common carp sales price, the specific gross yield, the electricity price, and electricity consumption, on economic performance by using a sensitivity analysis. Primary data were collected from an experimental trial conducted under controlled conditions in Hungary, dividing the production process into three phases: pre-rearing, post-rearing, and market-sized fish production. The unit production cost of market-sized common carp in 2024 was 5.47 EUR/kg, with energy (47.01%) and feed (24.18%) as the main cost drivers. While the sales price covered variable costs, it failed to offset fixed costs, resulting in a loss of 0.41 EUR/kg. The results reveal that while RAS technology offers high productivity and efficient resource utilization, its economic viability is challenged by high initial investment and operational costs. Nevertheless, the study identifies optimization opportunities in feed management, water usage, and electricity efficiency to enhance sustainability and profitability. These findings emphasize the importance of integrating economic, environmental, and technological considerations to advance intensive aquaculture practices. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Innovations in Aquaculture: New Technologies, Culture Systems and Integration of Emerging Species)

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22 pages, 8499 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Prediction of Body Mass of Dairy Cattle Using Machine Learning Algorithms Applied to Morphological Characteristics

by Franck Morais de Oliveira, Patrícia Ferreira Ponciano Ferraz, Gabriel Araújo e Silva Ferraz, Marcos Neves Pereira, Matteo Barbari and Giuseppe Rossi

Animals 2025, 15(7), 1054; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15071054 - 5 Apr 2025

Viewed by 345

Abstract

The accurate prediction of body mass (BM) in cattle is crucial for herd monitoring, assessing biological efficiency, and optimizing nutritional management. This study evaluated BM prediction models using morphological data from 465 lactating Holstein cows, including the dorsal length (DL), thoracic width (TW), [...] Read more.

The accurate prediction of body mass (BM) in cattle is crucial for herd monitoring, assessing biological efficiency, and optimizing nutritional management. This study evaluated BM prediction models using morphological data from 465 lactating Holstein cows, including the dorsal length (DL), thoracic width (TW), abdominal width (AW), rump width (RW), hip height (HH), body depth (BD), thoracic perimeter (TP), and abdominal perimeter (AP). Spearman’s correlation analysis identified TP (r = 0.89), AP (r = 0.88), and RW (r = 0.80) as the strongest predictors. Simple and multiple linear regression models, artificial neural networks (ANNs), and Support Vector Regression (SVR) were tested. The dataset was split into 90% for training (419 samples), 5% for validation (23 samples), and 5% for testing (23 samples). The best simple model, using only TP, achieved an R² of 0.7763 and an RMSE of 43.69 kg. A multiple regression model with TP, AP, and RW improved performance (R² = 0.9067, RMSE = 28.00 kg). The ANN outperformed all of the models (R² = 0.9125, RMSE = 25.86 kg), and was followed by SVR (R² = 0.9046, RMSE = 27.41 kg). As an indication of the evaluation of the results obtained, it is observed that, although regression models are effective, the ANNs and SVR provide greater accuracy, reinforcing their potential for herd management. However, simpler models remain viable alternatives for practical on-farm application. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Automated Monitoring of Livestock and Poultry with Machine Learning Technology, Volume II)

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14 pages, 2646 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Uncovering the Effects of Different Formulae of Milk Powders on the Fecal Microorganisms and Metabolites of Bengal Tiger (Panthera tigris spp. tigris) Cubs

by Xuanzhen He, Tingting Xiao, Jing Fang, Peng Zhang, Shenghui Luo, Sufang Han, Yuansheng Wu, Lizhen Li, Zhihao Cao, Yuhan Ji, Guixin Dong and Baichuan Deng

Animals 2025, 15(7), 1053; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15071053 - 4 Apr 2025

Viewed by 307

Abstract

In order to optimize diets for Bengal tiger cubs and improve their health condition and survival rates, we conducted microbiota and metabolomics analyses on fecal samples from Bengal tiger cubs fed goat and dog milk replacer formulae. The results showed that there were [...] Read more.

In order to optimize diets for Bengal tiger cubs and improve their health condition and survival rates, we conducted microbiota and metabolomics analyses on fecal samples from Bengal tiger cubs fed goat and dog milk replacer formulae. The results showed that there were significant differences in fecal microorganisms and metabolites between the two groups. At the phylum level, the major components of the microbial composition in the feces of cubs were Firmicutes, Actinobacteriota, Proteobacteria, Bacteroidota and Fusobacteriota. In addition, the abundance of gut microbiota varied significantly between the two groups of tiger cubs. The fecal microbiota of the tiger cubs fed dog milk replacer powder exhibited an increase in probiotic bacteria (Anaerostipes and Clostridium_scindens) (p < 0.05), and the microbial community tended to be more balanced. Metabolomics data further elucidated that feeding different milk formulae significantly affected the fecal metabolites and metabolic pathways in the Bengal tiger cubs. In the dog milk replacer powder group, 76 metabolites were up-regulated (p < 0.05), and 278 metabolites were down-regulated (p < 0.05), particularly affecting the metabolism of vitamin D3, vitamin B5, isoleucine, valine, phenylalanine and oleic acid. At the same time, 19 metabolic pathways were affected (p < 0.05), including the amino acid metabolism, lipid metabolism and nucleotide metabolism pathways. In conclusion, this study confirms that milk formula composition affects the gut microbiota and metabolism of Bengal tiger cubs. These findings may provide new insights into how different milk powder formulae and dietary strategies influence the regulation of gut microbiota and overall health in Bengal tiger cubs. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Mammals)

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14 pages, 1526 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Retrospective Study on Patellar Desmopathy Following Surgical Resolution of Cranial Cruciate Ligament Rupture in 28 Dogs

by Francisco Vidal-Negreira, Victoria Valiño-Cultelli, Mario García-González, Óscar Varela-López, Jose-Daniel Barreiro-Vázquez and Antonio González-Cantalapiedra

Animals 2025, 15(7), 1052; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15071052 - 4 Apr 2025

Viewed by 218

Abstract

Cranial cruciate ligament rupture is the most common orthopedic condition in dogs, causing lameness, joint instability, and discomfort due to its role in knee stability. Surgical treatment, particularly osteotomies in the proximal tibia, is the preferred approach, with tibial tuberosity advancement (TTA), tibial [...] Read more.

Cranial cruciate ligament rupture is the most common orthopedic condition in dogs, causing lameness, joint instability, and discomfort due to its role in knee stability. Surgical treatment, particularly osteotomies in the proximal tibia, is the preferred approach, with tibial tuberosity advancement (TTA), tibial plateau leveling osteotomy (TPLO), and the modified Maquet technique (MMT) being widely used. A common postoperative complication is patellar desmopathy—thickening of the ligament that is detectable on radiographs and can cause further discomfort. However, studies on this complication in TPLO are limited, and there are no direct comparisons of ligament thickening between these surgical techniques. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of ligament desmopathy in TPLO, examine any associations with age, sex, or weight, and compare findings with those from other techniques. A retrospective analysis was conducted, with ligament thickness measured at three points during postoperative follow-up, which had a mean of approximately 2.5 months. Results showed an 86.7% prevalence of desmopathy, with average thicknesses of 3.90 mm proximally, 4.69 mm at mid-ligament, and 5.98 mm distally. These findings align with previous TPLO studies and suggest that TPLO may cause greater ligament thickening than TTA or MMT, particularly in the distal portion. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Image-Guided Veterinary Surgery)

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15 pages, 272 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effects on Performance, Immunological Response and Short-Chain Fatty Acid Profile in Feces of Nursery Piglets Fed with Organic Acids and Yeast Wall

by Cassio Antônio Ficagna, Aleksandro Schafer da Silva, Rafael Domingos Rofino, Emerson Zatti, Tatiane Esposito, Ana Carolina H. Xavier, Roger Wagner, Bianca Fagan Bissacotti, Ronaldo Barbieri Seghetto, Eduardo Mioto Ternus and Diovani Paiano

Animals 2025, 15(7), 1051; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15071051 - 4 Apr 2025

Viewed by 223

Abstract

The piglet nursery phase is one of the critical moments in production, especially in the first few weeks after weaning. Growth-promoting antibiotics have always been used in this phase, but the world is banning or limiting the use of antibiotics for this purpose, [...] Read more.

The piglet nursery phase is one of the critical moments in production, especially in the first few weeks after weaning. Growth-promoting antibiotics have always been used in this phase, but the world is banning or limiting the use of antibiotics for this purpose, which has led researchers to seek alternatives, with an emphasis on organic and natural ones. As a result, this study aimed to evaluate whether a combination of organic acids and their derivatives (ammonium formate, formic acid, ammonium propionate, and acetic acid) and yeast wall (mannan oligosaccharides and beta-glucans) in piglet feeding during the nursery phase has positive effects on the SCFA profile in feces and animal health reflected in greater weight gain. A 40-day experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design containing three treatments, each with nine replicates and three piglets per replicate: negative control (NC: without additives), and a combination of organic acids and yeast wall at doses of 1 and 2 kg/ton (AO+YW-1 and AO+YW-2, respectively). Animals received four diets: pre-starter 1 (d1–7), pre-starter 2 (d8–14), starter 1 (d15–25), and starter 2 (d26–40). The animals were weighed on the day of the diet change. Blood and feces were collected on days 14 and 40 of the experiment. Piglets from the AO+YW-1 group showed more significant weight gain than NC. Feed intake was higher in piglets from the AO+YW-1 group considering the first 25 days of the experiment compared to NC; there was no treatment effect on feed conversion. Piglets from NC had higher levels of C-reactive protein and ferritin, while AO+YW-2 had higher levels of interleukin 10 and lower levels of TNF-α. A greater quantity of SCFA was observed in the feces of piglets on d40, related to the changes in propionic, butyric, isovaleric, and valeric acids. Therefore, the combination of organic acids and yeast wall used at a dose of 1 kg/ton proved to be an additive option for the diet of piglets in the nursery phase to enhance weight gain and reduce the number of doses of injectable antibiotics. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Gastrointestinal Tract Health in Pigs—2nd Edition)

19 pages, 5618 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Zearalenone Depresses Lactation Capacity Through the ROS-Mediated PI3K/AKT Pathway

by Hong Chen, Di Qiu, Xue Miao, Wenyue Yang, Qi He, Hao Ren, Luyao Zhang, Hongri Ruan, Jiantao Zhang and Na Zhang

Animals 2025, 15(7), 1050; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15071050 - 4 Apr 2025

Viewed by 189

Abstract

The effects of zearalenone (ZEA), a fungal toxin in food and feed, remain unclear on the mammary gland and lactation. This study examines ZEA-induced damage in lactating mice and bovine mammary epithelial cells (MAC-T), focusing on the role of the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/protein kinase [...] Read more.

The effects of zearalenone (ZEA), a fungal toxin in food and feed, remain unclear on the mammary gland and lactation. This study examines ZEA-induced damage in lactating mice and bovine mammary epithelial cells (MAC-T), focusing on the role of the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/protein kinase B (PI3K/AKT) pathway in regulating cell proliferation and apoptosis. The results demonstrated that exposure to ZEA at different doses (5 mg/kg, 10 mg/kg, and 20 mg/kg) reduced lactation in female mice and slowed weight gain in their offspring. Hematoxylin and eosin (HE) staining and CSNK immunofluorescence staining of mammary tissue confirmed ZEA-induced mammary gland damage in vivo. Further analysis using PCNA immunohistochemistry and fluorescent TUNEL staining revealed that ZEA promoted apoptosis and decreased the proliferative capacity of mammary tissues. In vitro, 20 μM ZEA decreased MAC-T cell proliferation, increased apoptosis and oxidative stress, inhibited PI3K/AKT signaling, and decreased κ-casein (CSNK) expression. Pretreatment with a reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenger (NAC) or PI3K/AKT activator (740-Y-P) reversed these effects, with NAC specifically restoring PI3K/AKT activity inhibited by ZEA. Overall, this study concludes that ZEA induces MAC-T cell apoptosis and disrupts proliferation via the ROS-mediated PI3K/AKT pathway, ultimately impairing lactation function. These findings highlight potential targets for managing ZEA contamination in food and its impact on lactation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Animal Physiology)

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9 pages, 5106 KiB

Open AccessCase Report

Epidural Inflammatory Pseudotumor in the Cervical Spine: A Case Report of a Bernese Mountain Dog

by Yoshiyuki Inoue, Rie Kitoh, Moe Satoh, Yuki Yoshigae, Kazumi Nibe, Kazuyuki Uchida and Satoru Matsunaga

Animals 2025, 15(7), 1049; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15071049 - 4 Apr 2025

Viewed by 167

Abstract

A 3-year, 9-month-old Bernese Mountain dog presented with a 10-day history of acute right hemiparesis. Neurological examination indicated abnormalities in the C1-C5 spinal segments. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) revealed an epidural mass at C3-C4, which was surgically removed after dorsal laminectomy. The neurological [...] Read more.

A 3-year, 9-month-old Bernese Mountain dog presented with a 10-day history of acute right hemiparesis. Neurological examination indicated abnormalities in the C1-C5 spinal segments. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) revealed an epidural mass at C3-C4, which was surgically removed after dorsal laminectomy. The neurological signs were completely resolved by the 12th postoperative day. The lesion was diagnosed as an inflammatory pseudotumor on histopathological examination. Another MRI performed 63 days after surgery showed no lesion regrowth, and there has been no recurrence for approximately 6 years. Reports of inflammatory pseudotumors are rare, and their treatment remains unclear. Previous reports and the course of this case suggest that a good prognosis may be achieved if complete surgical resection of an inflammatory pseudotumor arising in the epidural region can be accomplished. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Veterinary Clinical Studies)

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4 pages, 139 KiB

Open AccessEditorial

Biosecuring Animal Populations: The Future Is Now

by Scott Dee and Gordon Spronk

Animals 2025, 15(7), 1048; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15071048 - 4 Apr 2025

Viewed by 197

Abstract

Dear Colleagues, [...] Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biosecuring Animal Populations)

19 pages, 5857 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Swine Gut Lactic Acid Bacteria and Their Exopolysaccharides Differentially Modulate Toll-like Receptor Signaling Depending on the Agave Fructans Used as a Carbon Source

by Enrique A. Sanhueza-Carrera, Cynthia Fernández-Lainez, César Castro-De la Mora, Daniel Ortega-Álvarez, Claudia Mendoza-Camacho, Jesús Manuel Cortéz-Sánchez, Beatriz Pérez-Guillé, Paul de Vos and Gabriel López-Velázquez

Animals 2025, 15(7), 1047; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15071047 - 4 Apr 2025

Viewed by 322

Abstract

Exopolysaccharides (EPSs) produced by probiotic bacteria have garnered attention due to their effects on the gut health of humans and animals. The nutrients that probiotics access during their growth are essential for producing beneficial effects on host health. Direct immunomodulatory effects of graminan-type [...] Read more.

Exopolysaccharides (EPSs) produced by probiotic bacteria have garnered attention due to their effects on the gut health of humans and animals. The nutrients that probiotics access during their growth are essential for producing beneficial effects on host health. Direct immunomodulatory effects of graminan-type fructans (GTFs) from Agave tequilana through toll-like receptors (TLRs) have been demonstrated. However, the immunomodulatory effects of these fructans, mediated through the EPSs produced by the probiotics cultivated with them, remain unexplored. We explored the immunomodulatory effects of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) strains isolated from swine and their EPSs, based on the GTFs used as carbon sources during their growth. While the LAB strains activated the NF-κB pathway independently of the GTF source, their EPSs activated it in a GTF source-dependent manner. LAB activation through TLR2 showed a GTF source dependency, whereas their EPSs activated TLR2 independently of the GTF source. The LAB and their EPSs activated TLR4 in a GTF source-dependent manner. Both the LAB and their EPSs inhibited the activation of TLR2 and TLR4 agonists, which exhibited a strong dependence on the GTF source. The strength of GTF C’s immunomodulatory effects on LAB illustrates its specificity, its impact on the EPS structure, and its biological effects. Our results support the promising health benefits of this synbiotic model for swine health and lowering inflammation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Pigs)

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17 pages, 609 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effects of Yeast Products on the Apparent Total Tract Macronutrient Digestibility, Oxidative Stress Markers, Skin Measures, and Fecal Characteristics and Microbiota Populations of Healthy Adult Dogs

by Vanessa M. De La Guardia Hidrogo, Lindsey M. Rummell and Kelly S. Swanson

Animals 2025, 15(7), 1046; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15071046 - 4 Apr 2025

Viewed by 397

Abstract

Brewer’s yeast has high nutritional value and contains bioactive compounds that may promote health. Functionalized canola meal (FCM) is a high-fiber ingredient that has been proposed as a carrier for brewer’s yeast. The objective of this experiment was to determine the apparent total [...] Read more.

Brewer’s yeast has high nutritional value and contains bioactive compounds that may promote health. Functionalized canola meal (FCM) is a high-fiber ingredient that has been proposed as a carrier for brewer’s yeast. The objective of this experiment was to determine the apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of diets containing yeast-enriched FCM and test their effects on the fecal characteristics and microbiota, skin measures, and serum oxidative stress markers of adult dogs. Twelve dogs were fed four extruded kibble diets (control (no FCM or yeast), FCM + low yeast dose, FCM + medium yeast dose, and FCM + high yeast dose) in a replicated 4x4 LSD. Dogs fed yeast-enriched FCM had greater wet fecal output (~15% greater than control). The ATTD of DM, OM, and fat was lower in the diets containing FCM, although the values remained >80% for all macronutrients. The yeast-enriched FCM altered the relative abundance of a few bacterial genera (Eubacterium brachy, Peptoclostridium, Ruminococcus gnavus) and fecal phenol and indole concentrations. Other fecal characteristics, metabolites, bacterial diversity indices, skin measures, or oxidative stress markers were not affected. These findings suggest that yeast-enriched FCM can be incorporated into canine diets without compromising stool quality or nutrient digestibility and may affect microbial metabolism. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Companion Animals)

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21 pages, 917 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Grain Type Impacts Feed Intake, Milk Production and Body Temperature of Dairy Cows Exposed to an Acute Heat Event in Early Lactation

by S. Richard O. Williams, Matthew I. Knight, Tori C. Milner, Josie B. Garner, Peter J. Moate, Khageswor Giri, Murray C. Hannah, Joe L. Jacobs, William J. Wales and Leah C. Marett

Animals 2025, 15(7), 1045; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15071045 - 4 Apr 2025

Viewed by 290

Abstract

The frequency, duration and intensity of heat events in Australia are forecast to increase. Different grain types result in different heat loads on animals, so grain selection could reduce the impact of heat exposure. Thirty-two multiparous Holstein cows at 86 days in milk [...] Read more.

The frequency, duration and intensity of heat events in Australia are forecast to increase. Different grain types result in different heat loads on animals, so grain selection could reduce the impact of heat exposure. Thirty-two multiparous Holstein cows at 86 days in milk were offered a basal forage diet plus one of four supplements: (1) BLY, rolled barley; (2) CAN, canola meal and rolled wheat; (3) CRN, disk-milled corn; or (4) WHT, rolled wheat. Cows were exposed to a 2-day heat wave in controlled-climate chambers. Overall, cows offered CAN had the lowest dry matter intake (DMI; 16.2 vs. 17.7 kg) but produced more energy-corrected milk (ECM; 34.9 vs. 29.6 kg) when compared with the other treatments. The results were similar during heat exposure. Cows fed CRN and CAN had the greatest body temperature (38.9 °C), and cows fed BLY had the lowest (38.4 °C). Despite this, cows fed BLY had the greatest reduction in DMI from the pre-challenge to the heat-challenge periods (−2.8 vs. −0.4 kg DM/d). There appears to be a small advantage to offering cows a concentrate with a greater protein concentration compared to one that has a greater concentration of fat or starch. The choice of grain to include in a dairy cow’s ration during summers with acute heat events may simply be an economic one. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Use of Innovative Technologies to Detect and Control the Impact of Heat Stress on Cows’ Health, Productivity, and Reproduction)

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14 pages, 6501 KiB

Open AccessCase Report

Pulmonary Artery Banding in a Cat with Atrioventricular Canal Defect Type A with Concurrent Muscular Septal Defect

by Olga Szaluś-Jordanow, Krzysztof Zdeb, Wojciech Mądry, Michał Buczyński, Anna Świerk, Zofia Nowek, Agata Moroz-Fik and Michał Czopowicz

Animals 2025, 15(7), 1044; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15071044 - 4 Apr 2025

Viewed by 289

Abstract

Background: This case report describes the surgical management of pulmonary artery banding (PAB) in a cat diagnosed with an incomplete atrioventricular canal (AVC) defect and a concurrent muscular septal defect. It highlights the use of PAB as a palliative treatment to manage this [...] Read more.

Background: This case report describes the surgical management of pulmonary artery banding (PAB) in a cat diagnosed with an incomplete atrioventricular canal (AVC) defect and a concurrent muscular septal defect. It highlights the use of PAB as a palliative treatment to manage this rare congenital heart condition in companion animals. Case Presentation: A 9-month-old European long-haired male cat presented with clinical signs of heart failure. Pharmacological treatment with sildenafil and furosemide failed to stabilize the patient’s condition. Echocardiographic assessment revealed an incomplete AVC type A and a muscular septal defect. Pulmonary artery banding was performed to reduce pulmonary blood flow and alleviate heart failure symptoms. Pre- and postoperative echocardiographic evaluations were conducted to monitor structural and functional changes in the heart. Post-surgical outcomes included a marked reduction in the size of the right atrium and ventricle and a stable pulmonary artery flow velocity of 3.8 m/s. The cat has remained in very good condition without the need for pharmacotherapy for 13 months post-surgery and is still alive at the time of reporting. Conclusions: PAB proved effective as a palliative intervention for managing an incomplete AVC in this feline patient. The successful outcome suggests that PAB may offer significant long-term benefits and improved survival in selected cases of incomplete AVCs in cats. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Image-Guided Veterinary Surgery)

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15 pages, 638 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Insights into Molecular Profiles, Resistance Patterns, and Virulence Traits of Staphylococci from Companion Dogs in Angola

by Romay Coragem da Costa, Francisca Guerra Cunha, Raquel Abreu, Gonçalo Pereira, Catarina Geraldes, Eva Cunha, Lélia Chambel and Manuela Oliveira

Animals 2025, 15(7), 1043; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15071043 - 4 Apr 2025

Viewed by 661

Abstract

Staphylococci are prevalent in dogs’ microbiota, with commensal strains being able to exhibit resistance and virulence traits, complicating secondary infection management. As antimicrobial resistance is a global threat, particularly in middle-income countries like Angola, surveillance of resistant bacteria is crucial. We analyzed the [...] Read more.

Staphylococci are prevalent in dogs’ microbiota, with commensal strains being able to exhibit resistance and virulence traits, complicating secondary infection management. As antimicrobial resistance is a global threat, particularly in middle-income countries like Angola, surveillance of resistant bacteria is crucial. We analyzed the prevalence, antimicrobial resistance, and virulence profiles of staphylococci from dogs in Angola. Isolates were identified using VITEK^® 2 Compact (bioMérieux© SA, Marcy l’Etoile, France), and their genetic diversity was assessed via PCR fingerprinting. Isolates’ susceptibility to relevant antimicrobials was determined by disk diffusion, and their virulence profiles were evaluated using plaque assays. The relationship between antibiotic resistance and animal-related factors was also assessed by statistical analysis. Isolates were identified as Mammaliicoccus sciuri (former Staphylococcus sciuri, 38%), Staphylococcus xylosus (30%), Staphylococcus equorum (13%), Mammaliicoccus vitulinus (former Staphylococcus vitulinus, 7%), Mammaliicoccus lentus (former Staphylococcus lentus, 5%), Staphylococcus aureus (2%), and Staphylococcus spp. (5%). Of these, 86% were resistant to at least one of the antimicrobials tested, and 30% were classified as multidrug-resistant, being more common in females, dogs with clinical signs of disease, and vaccinated animals. Moreover, 93% of the isolates were able to produce biofilm, 46% could produce lecithinase and gelatinase, and 23% could produce hemolysins. Companion dogs from Angola can carry resistant staphylococci able to express several virulence factors, potentially representing a One Health risk. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antimicrobial Resistance and Innovative Strategies in Veterinary Medicine)

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