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Volume 11
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Vet. Sci., Volume 11, Issue 10 (October 2024) – 64 articles

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19 pages, 3398 KiB  
Article
Electroencephalographic and Cardiovascular Assessments of Isoflurane-Anesthetized Dogs
by Jeff C. Ko, Carla Murillo, Ann B. Weil, Matthias Kreuzer and George E. Moore
Vet. Sci. 2024, 11(10), 514; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci11100514 - 18 Oct 2024
Viewed by 260
Abstract
This study investigated the use of frontal electroencephalography (EEG) to monitor varying levels of isoflurane anesthesia in dogs. The patient state index (PSI), burst suppression ratio (SR), and waveforms, were continuously recorded while mean arterial blood pressure (MBP), heart rate, responses to electric [...] Read more.
This study investigated the use of frontal electroencephalography (EEG) to monitor varying levels of isoflurane anesthesia in dogs. The patient state index (PSI), burst suppression ratio (SR), and waveforms, were continuously recorded while mean arterial blood pressure (MBP), heart rate, responses to electric stimuli, and subjective anesthetic “depth” were assessed every 3 min. At deep anesthesia (2.5× MAC − 3.2%), the PSI (6.5 ± 10.8) and MBP (45.6 ± 16.4 mmHg) were the lowest, and SR was the highest (78.3 ± 24.0%). At 1× MAC (1.3%), the PSI and MBP increased significantly to 47.8 ± 12.6 and 99.8 ± 13.2, respectively, and SR decreased to 0.5 ± 2.5%. The EEG was predominantly isoelectric at 2×–2.5× MAC, indicating unconsciousness and unresponsiveness. As anesthesia lightened, waveforms transitioned to flatter and faster activity patterns with a response to noxious stimuli, suggesting regained consciousness. The PSI and MBP exhibited a stronger correlation (ρ = 0.8098, p = 0.001) than the relationship of PSI with heart rate (ρ = −0.2089, p = 0.249). Five of the six dogs experienced rough recovery, possibly due to high SR and low MBP. These findings suggest that EEG monitoring in dogs can be a valuable tool for the real-time tracking of brain states and can be used to guide the management of isoflurane anesthesia. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Veterinary Surgery)
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19 pages, 508 KiB  
Article
Effect of Using Prickly Pear Seed Cake (Opuntia ficus indica L.) on Growth Performance, Digestibility, Physiological and Histometric Parameters in Rabbits
by Nadia Benali, Rafik Belabbas, Mounira Sais, Hacina AinBaziz, Baya Djellout, Fatima Nouara Ettouahria, Nadira Oulebsir, Gabriele Brecchia, Alda Quattrone, Giulio Curone and Laura Menchetti
Vet. Sci. 2024, 11(10), 513; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci11100513 - 17 Oct 2024
Viewed by 289
Abstract
Prickly pear (Opuntia ficus indica L.) could be used in rabbit nutrition in compliance with circular economy principles, global warming issues, and reduction of production costs. This study aims to evaluate the effects of dietary incorporation of prickly pear seed cake [...] Read more.
Prickly pear (Opuntia ficus indica L.) could be used in rabbit nutrition in compliance with circular economy principles, global warming issues, and reduction of production costs. This study aims to evaluate the effects of dietary incorporation of prickly pear seed cake (PPSC) on growth, physiological, and histometric parameters in rabbits. A total of 105 rabbits were divided into three experimental groups (n = 35) and fed different diets: a commercial feed (C group), the same feed with alfalfa replaced by PPSC at 10% (10PP group), and at 20% (20PP group). They were group-housed in cages with 5 animals per cage from weaning until slaughtering. While body weights and weight gains were similar in all groups, the coefficients of nutrient digestibility of dry matter, fibers, and ashes, as well as the characteristics of intestinal villi, were improved in the 10PP group compared to the others (p < 0.05). The 20PP group showed a reduction in perirenal and interscapular fat (p < 0.05), as well as lower plasma concentrations of triglycerides and cholesterol compared to the C group (p < 0.001). In conclusion, PPSC can be incorporated into the diets of growing rabbits up to 20% as a partial substitute for alfalfa without the impairment of growth performance. Additionally, the inclusion of PPSC enhanced nutrient digestibility and increased the intestinal absorption surface area. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Veterinary Physiology, Pharmacology, and Toxicology)
12 pages, 2246 KiB  
Article
First Overview of Zoological Medicine on Iberian Countries
by Fábio Cardoso-Freitas, Vanessa Silva, Albert Martinez-Silvestre, Ângela Martins and Patrícia Poeta
Vet. Sci. 2024, 11(10), 512; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci11100512 - 17 Oct 2024
Viewed by 289
Abstract
The role of veterinary doctors, particularly those dedicated to Zoological Medicine, is becoming increasingly relevant and essential within the One Health framework. Educational and employment opportunities in this field vary widely across Europe, prompting us to characterise the sector in Portugal and Spain. [...] Read more.
The role of veterinary doctors, particularly those dedicated to Zoological Medicine, is becoming increasingly relevant and essential within the One Health framework. Educational and employment opportunities in this field vary widely across Europe, prompting us to characterise the sector in Portugal and Spain. A survey was conducted, resulting in 169 valid responses from veterinarians. Respondents were characterised based on gender, age, work environment, the highest level of education, additional training, whether they attended zoological medicine classes at university and their perception of the adequacy of that training. Further factors included years of experience, the percentage of their work involving zoological medicine, sectors they work in, the types of animals they treat, their confidence in treating these animals, sources of information they use, and membership in relevant professional associations. Relationships between these variables were examined. The results describe Iberian professionals working with non-traditional pets, wildlife, and zoo animals. Notably, only half of these professionals had taken zoological medicine classes at university; among those, the majority felt they inadequately prepared them for their work. Given the findings, enhancing the training and resources available to these professionals is crucial to prepare them for their roles better. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Veterinary Education, Veterinary Communication and Animal Behavior)
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14 pages, 1710 KiB  
Article
Occurrence of Adenovirus in Fecal Samples of Wild Felids (Panthera onca and Leopardus pardalis) from Brazil: Predators as Dispersing Agents?
by Ygor Machado, Laís Santos Rizotto, Hilton Entringer Jr., Helena Lage Ferreira, Gabriel Augusto Marques Rossi and Ana Carolina Srbek-Araujo
Vet. Sci. 2024, 11(10), 511; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci11100511 - 17 Oct 2024
Viewed by 293
Abstract
Wild felids are vital to maintaining the ecological balance in natural environments as they regulate prey populations at different levels of the food chain. Changes in the dynamics of predator populations can impact the entire biodiversity of an ecosystem. There are few reports [...] Read more.
Wild felids are vital to maintaining the ecological balance in natural environments as they regulate prey populations at different levels of the food chain. Changes in the dynamics of predator populations can impact the entire biodiversity of an ecosystem. There are few reports of Adenovirus infections in these animals, and little is known about their epidemiology. Therefore, a deeper understanding of these viruses within a One Health framework is essential, given their importance to animal, human, and environmental health. This study aimed to detect Adenovirus DNA in fecal samples of wild felids from a remnant of the Atlantic Forest in southeastern Brazil, renowned for its high biodiversity. A total of 43 fecal samples, 11 from jaguar (Panthera onca) and 32 from ocelot (Leopardus pardalis), were collected. The samples were subjected to viral nucleic acid extraction and genetic material amplification through PCR, followed by nucleotide sequencing. All phylogenetic analyses were based on the amino acid sequences of the DNA polymerase and IV2a genes. Adenovirus DNA was detected in the feces of both species, with two samples of each feline testing positive. This study reports, for the first time, the occurrence of Adenovirus associated with feces of Panthera onca and Leopardus pardalis. All detected sequences were grouped within the Mastadenovirus genus. Based solely on phylogenetic distance criteria, the identified sequences could be classified as Mastadenovirus bosprimum and Mastadenovirus from the vampire bat Desmodus rotundus. We hypothesize that Adenoviruses were associated with the prey consumed, which may allow the felines to act as eventual viral dispersing agents in the environment, in addition to the risk of being infected. This study provides new information on the association of Adenoviruses with wild felids and their prey, and offers important insights into the ecological dynamics of these viruses in natural environments. It suggests that wild felines may play a crucial role in viral surveillance programs. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Wildlife Health and Disease in Conservation)
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21 pages, 8536 KiB  
Article
Early Detection of Lumpy Skin Disease in Cattle Using Deep Learning—A Comparative Analysis of Pretrained Models
by Chamirti Senthilkumar, Sindhu C, G. Vadivu and Suresh Neethirajan
Vet. Sci. 2024, 11(10), 510; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci11100510 - 17 Oct 2024
Viewed by 460
Abstract
Lumpy Skin Disease (LSD) poses a significant threat to agricultural economies, particularly in livestock-dependent countries like India, due to its high transmission rate leading to severe morbidity and mortality among cattle. This underscores the urgent need for early and accurate detection to effectively [...] Read more.
Lumpy Skin Disease (LSD) poses a significant threat to agricultural economies, particularly in livestock-dependent countries like India, due to its high transmission rate leading to severe morbidity and mortality among cattle. This underscores the urgent need for early and accurate detection to effectively manage and mitigate outbreaks. Leveraging advancements in computer vision and artificial intelligence, our research develops an automated system for LSD detection in cattle using deep learning techniques. We utilized two publicly available datasets comprising images of healthy cattle and those with LSD, including additional images of cattle affected by other diseases to enhance specificity and ensure the model detects LSD specifically rather than general illness signs. Our methodology involved preprocessing the images, applying data augmentation, and balancing the datasets to improve model generalizability. We evaluated over ten pretrained deep learning models—Xception, VGG16, VGG19, ResNet152V2, InceptionV3, MobileNetV2, DenseNet201, NASNetMobile, NASNetLarge, and EfficientNetV2S—using transfer learning. The models were rigorously trained and tested under diverse conditions, with performance assessed using metrics such as accuracy, sensitivity, specificity, precision, F1-score, and AUC-ROC. Notably, VGG16 and MobileNetV2 emerged as the most effective, achieving accuracies of 96.07% and 96.39%, sensitivities of 93.75% and 98.57%, and specificities of 97.14% and 94.59%, respectively. Our study critically highlights the strengths and limitations of each model, demonstrating that while high accuracy is achievable, sensitivity and specificity are crucial for clinical applicability. By meticulously detailing the performance characteristics and including images of cattle with other diseases, we ensured the robustness and reliability of the models. This comprehensive comparative analysis enriches our understanding of deep learning applications in veterinary diagnostics and makes a substantial contribution to the field of automated disease recognition in livestock farming. Our findings suggest that adopting such AI-driven diagnostic tools can enhance the early detection and control of LSD, ultimately benefiting animal health and the agricultural economy. Full article
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19 pages, 906 KiB  
Communication
The Effects of Adding Hempseed Cake on Sperm Traits, Body Weight, Haematological and Biochemical Parameters in Rabbit Males
by Andrej Baláži, Andrea Svoradová, Anton Kováčik, Jaromír Vašíček and Peter Chrenek
Vet. Sci. 2024, 11(10), 509; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci11100509 - 16 Oct 2024
Viewed by 315
Abstract
Incorporating of agro-industrial co-products into animal nutrition could represent an opportunity to lessen the environmental impact of the food production chain. One such co-product is a hempseed cake originating from cold pressing hemp seeds to extract oil for human consumption. The aim of [...] Read more.
Incorporating of agro-industrial co-products into animal nutrition could represent an opportunity to lessen the environmental impact of the food production chain. One such co-product is a hempseed cake originating from cold pressing hemp seeds to extract oil for human consumption. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the action of hempseed cake in the diet on male rabbit reproductive and some non-reproductive indexes. Male rabbits were fed either a standard diet (control group; C; n = 10) or a diet enriched with hempseed cake (experimental group E5 with 5% of a hempseed cake; n = 10, and experimental group E10 with 10% of a hempseed cake; n = 10) in 100 kg of the milled complete feed mixture. Rabbit weight gain, sperm concentration, motility, progressive motility, and sperm quality were evaluated using CASA and flow cytometry. Feeding with a hempseed cake, given at both tested concentrations, had no effect on weight gain per week and the total average weight gain compared to the control group (p > 0.05). Hempseed cake addition had no effect on sperm concentration in ejaculate, sperm motility, and progressive motility (p > 0.05). Selected haematological and biochemical indexes were examined. The E5 group showed positive tendencies in hepatic profile parameters, while in the E10 group the tendencies were opposite, though within the reference values. Based on our results, no negative effects of hempseed cake feeding on rabbit reproduction and health status were found, and we can recommend the use of hempseed cake at doses up to 10% in the nutrition and feeding of rabbits. Therefore, agro-industrial co-products can decrease the feeding cost. Full article
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10 pages, 1227 KiB  
Article
Abundance Trends of Immature Stages of Ticks at Different Distances from Hiking Trails from a Natural Park in North-Western Italy
by Rachele Vada, Stefania Zanet, Elena Battisti and Ezio Ferroglio
Vet. Sci. 2024, 11(10), 508; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci11100508 (registering DOI) - 15 Oct 2024
Viewed by 333
Abstract
Hiking trails may act as hotspots at the wildlife–human interface, posing an acarological risk for people and their pets. Ticks that are maintained in the environment by wild animals may quest on people walking along the trails. Assessing the risk of tick bites [...] Read more.
Hiking trails may act as hotspots at the wildlife–human interface, posing an acarological risk for people and their pets. Ticks that are maintained in the environment by wild animals may quest on people walking along the trails. Assessing the risk of tick bites for people involved in outdoor activities is a further step in mitigating the risk of tick-borne diseases. This work describes the variation of tick abundance along a gradient of distances from hiking trails, where wildlife passage is favored by higher accessibility. Hiking trails with dense vegetation on the sides were sampled for ticks along a 100 m dragging transect, located in a natural park in North-Western Italy. Additional transects were replicated at 1, 2 and 4 m away from the trail on both sides. After morphological identification, descriptive statistics and modeling were applied to determine the abundance patterns across distances. Larvae were most abundant near the trail, peaking at 1 m and dropping sharply at further distances. Nymphs showed a more gradual and consistent decrease at progressing distance from the trail. Few adults were collected, preventing the identification of a clear trend. With higher tick abundance, the immediate vicinity of hiking trails may represent a source of acarological risk for humans and pets. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Veterinary Microbiology, Parasitology and Immunology)
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8 pages, 789 KiB  
Article
Anti-Shrinkage Technique for Feline Skin Samples
by Caterina Kiniger, Ligita Zorgevica-Pockevica and Simona Vincenti
Vet. Sci. 2024, 11(10), 507; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci11100507 (registering DOI) - 15 Oct 2024
Viewed by 272
Abstract
Surgical resection of subcutaneous neoplasms with clear margins is crucial for preventing local recurrence and avoiding adjuvant treatments. However, the evaluation of surgical margins often differs significantly from the histopathological assessment due to tissue shrinkage, which can result in inaccurate therapeutic assessments and [...] Read more.
Surgical resection of subcutaneous neoplasms with clear margins is crucial for preventing local recurrence and avoiding adjuvant treatments. However, the evaluation of surgical margins often differs significantly from the histopathological assessment due to tissue shrinkage, which can result in inaccurate therapeutic assessments and unreliable patient prognoses. In this study, ten feline cadavers were utilized. Six 50 mm diameter specimens were collected from three regions (thorax, flank, femur) and measured at three time points: T0 (excision time), T1 (10 min after incision), and T2 (at least 48 h after sample collection and formalin fixation). Samples in the study group were stretched and fixed on a cork plate with pinpoint needles after excision to restore their original dimensions. All specimens exhibited a similar trend. After 48 h of formalin fixation, the control specimens showed significant shrinkage, with a reduction of 25.73% in radius and 26.32% in diameter. In contrast, the study specimens demonstrated minimal changes, with a radius reduction of −0.28% and no change in diameter. The results indicate that all feline skin specimens experienced significant shrinkage of approximately one-quarter from their pre-incisional size. Stretching and pinning the excised tissues allowed for the restoration and maintenance of original dimensions even after formalin fixation. This technique represents a valid and practical approach to minimize tissue shrinkage. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Veterinary Surgery)
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19 pages, 788 KiB  
Article
Effect of Supplementation Plans and Frequency on Performance and Metabolic Responses of Grazing Pregnant Beef Heifers
by Luciano Prímola de Melo, Luciana Navajas Rennó, Edenio Detmann, Mário Fonseca Paulino, Ronaldo Gomes da Silva Júnior, Román Maza Ortega and Deilen Sotelo Moreno
Vet. Sci. 2024, 11(10), 506; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci11100506 (registering DOI) - 15 Oct 2024
Viewed by 409
Abstract
Our objective was to evaluate the effects of protein supplementation frequency and supplementation plans during gestation on productive performance and metabolic responses of grazing super-precocious Nellore heifers. Thirty-five pregnant Nellore heifers were used in a completely randomized design in a 2 × 2 [...] Read more.
Our objective was to evaluate the effects of protein supplementation frequency and supplementation plans during gestation on productive performance and metabolic responses of grazing super-precocious Nellore heifers. Thirty-five pregnant Nellore heifers were used in a completely randomized design in a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement with an additional control group. The factors were the following: 1. Frequency of supplementation: (a) Daily (seven times per week), (b) Infrequent (three times per week); 2. Supplementation plans: (a) Constant, (b) Increasing. A control group with no supplementation was included. Two digestibility trials were carried out on the 40th and 130th experimental days. Productive performance and body composition were evaluated in the prepartum and postpartum periods. Blood samples were collected at −114, −113, −15, −14, +15, +30, and +45 days relative to calving for measuring metabolic status. Supplementation (daily and infrequent) increased the intake of total dry matter (DM) (p ≤ 0.004), average daily gain (p < 0.001), and body weight at calving (p = 0.008) at prepartum. However, frequency or supplementation plan did not alter (p > 0.17) the intake of total DM and forage DM. There was an effect (p ≤ 0.02) of the supplementation plan on subcutaneous thickness fat in the prepartum period and albumin and non-esterified fatty acid concentrations (p < 0.004) in the postpartum period. Nonetheless, frequency and supplementation plans did not affect (p ≥ 0.10) heifers’ productive performance during the postpartum period. In conclusion, protein supplementation frequency and supplementation plan during beef heifers’ gestation do not negatively impact their productive performance or metabolic responses. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Effects of Nutrition on Ruminants Production Performance and Health)
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16 pages, 7009 KiB  
Article
Cow Placenta Extract Ameliorates Cyclophosphamide-Induced Intestinal Damage by Enhancing the Intestinal Barrier, Improving Immune Function, and Restoring Intestinal Microbiota
by Yuquan Zhao, Zeru Zhang, Anguo Tang, Zhi Zeng, Weijian Zheng, Yuxin Luo, Yixin Huang, Xinyi Dai, Wei Lu, Lei Fan and Liuhong Shen
Vet. Sci. 2024, 11(10), 505; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci11100505 (registering DOI) - 14 Oct 2024
Viewed by 313
Abstract
Immunosuppression undermines intestinal barrier integrity. Cow placenta extract (CPE) primarily consists of active peptides with immunomodulatory and antioxidant effects. This study aimed to examine the preventive effect of CPE against intestinal damage induced by cyclophosphamide (Cy) in immunosuppressed mice. Thirty-six mice were randomly [...] Read more.
Immunosuppression undermines intestinal barrier integrity. Cow placenta extract (CPE) primarily consists of active peptides with immunomodulatory and antioxidant effects. This study aimed to examine the preventive effect of CPE against intestinal damage induced by cyclophosphamide (Cy) in immunosuppressed mice. Thirty-six mice were randomly allocated into three groups: control group (C), model group (M), and treatment group (CPE). The mice in the CPE group were provided with 1500 mg/kg/day of CPE via gavage. In the last 3 days, mice in the groups M and CPE received intraperitoneal injections of 80 mg/kg/day of Cy. The results showed that CPE improved intestinal barrier function by decreasing serum d-Lactate (D-LA) levels and diamine oxidase (DAO) activity, while elevating the relative expression of Occludin, zonula occludens-1 (ZO-1), and mucin-2 (MUC-2) mRNA. Additionally, CPE improved the immune organ index and elevated the levels of secretory immunoglobulin A (sIgA), superoxide dismutase (SOD), interleukin-1beta (IL-1β), interleukin-4 (IL-4), interleukin-10 (IL-10), and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) in the intestine, thereby enhancing intestinal mucosal immune function. Furthermore, CPE improved the diversity of intestinal microbiota and increased the abundance of Candidatus_Saccharimonas, Psychrobacter, and Enterorhabdus, which promoted the proper functioning of the intestines. These findings suggest that CPE effectively ameliorates Cy-induced intestinal damage by enhancing the intestinal barrier, improving immune function, and restoring intestinal microbiota. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutraceuticals to Mitigate the Secret Killers in Animals)
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9 pages, 1115 KiB  
Article
First Molecular Identification and Prevalence of Sarcocystis spp. in Sheep Intended for Human Consumption in Shanxi Province, China
by Yu Kang, Xin-Sheng Lu, Yuan-Hui He, Chen Wang, Ze-Xuan Wu, Lu Wang, Xiao-Jing Wu, Jun-Jie Hu and Xing-Quan Zhu
Vet. Sci. 2024, 11(10), 504; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci11100504 - 14 Oct 2024
Viewed by 436
Abstract
Sarcocystis species are intracellular coccidian protozoans that can infect a range of animals and humans and cause public health problems and economically significant losses. Sarcocystosis in sheep (Ovis aries) can cause abortion, neurological symptoms, and even death and results in significant [...] Read more.
Sarcocystis species are intracellular coccidian protozoans that can infect a range of animals and humans and cause public health problems and economically significant losses. Sarcocystosis in sheep (Ovis aries) can cause abortion, neurological symptoms, and even death and results in significant economic losses to the livestock industry. To date, however, it is yet unknown whether sheep in Shanxi Province, north China, are infected with Sarcocystis spp. The purpose of this study was to investigate the prevalence of Sarcocystis spp. in sheep in Shanxi Province. Thus, 582 muscle samples of sheep were purchased from farmers’ markets from ten representative counties in Shanxi Province, north China, and examined for the presence and prevalence of Sarcocystis spp. by PCR amplification of the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (cox1) gene. Of the examined 582 mutton samples, 197 samples (33.85%) were Sarcocystis-positive and were sequenced. Of the obtained 197 cox1 sequences, 196 sequences showed nucleotide similarity of 98.56–99.81% with those of S. tenella, and the remaining one cox1 sequence showed nucleotide similarity of 99.71% with that of S. arieticanis. Two representative cox1 sequences of S. tenella (accession nos. PQ189447 and PQ189448) have 99.52% and 99.61% identity with S. tenalla (KC209725) and S. tenalla (MK419984), respectively. The sequence of S. arieticanis (accession no. PQ165949) obtained in this study has 99.71% identity with S. arieticanis (MK419975). This present study documents the occurrence and prevalence of Sarcocystis spp. in sheep in Shanxi Province for the first time, which enriches the data on the distribution of Sarcocystis spp. in sheep in China and has implications for the control of sheep sarcocystosis. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Veterinary Microbiology, Parasitology and Immunology)
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9 pages, 668 KiB  
Article
Prevalence and Associated Risk Factors of Helminth Infections in the Digestive Tract of Camels in Xinjiang, China
by Yi Zhang, Danchen Aaron Yang, Min Yang, Mengjie Pi, Yang Zhang and Zhanqiang Su
Vet. Sci. 2024, 11(10), 503; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci11100503 - 14 Oct 2024
Viewed by 417
Abstract
Camels, vital to economies in Asia, Africa, and the Arabian Peninsula, have been domesticated for over 4000 years. They thrive in arid regions like Xinjiang, China, but face challenges from internal and external parasites, particularly gastrointestinal parasites, which impact health, meat and milk [...] Read more.
Camels, vital to economies in Asia, Africa, and the Arabian Peninsula, have been domesticated for over 4000 years. They thrive in arid regions like Xinjiang, China, but face challenges from internal and external parasites, particularly gastrointestinal parasites, which impact health, meat and milk quality, and production efficiency. This study investigates the prevalence of gastrointestinal helminth infections in camels from five major regions in Xinjiang. We collected 435 fresh fecal samples and used the saturated saline flotation method and McMaster’s method for detection. Molecular examination followed. The overall prevalence was 18.2% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 14.7–22.2%), with Urumqi showing the highest prevalence (29%, 95% CI: 23.4–35.1%) compared to other regions (odds ratio [OR]: 4.62, 95% CI: 2.63–8.41%). Younger camels (≤3 years old) were more likely infected by the parasites after adjusting for the region differences (OR: 10.53, 5.12–24.65%). However, we found no evidence that the prevalence was different between male and female camels. PCR analysis identified Trichostrongylus spp., Chabertia ovina, and Haemonchus contortus as predominant parasites, with observed co-infections indicating a complex parasitic landscape. The findings provide essential epidemiological data for effective parasite control strategies. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Veterinary Microbiology, Parasitology and Immunology)
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9 pages, 316 KiB  
Communication
Rabies Vaccination for Sheep and Goats: Influence of Booster on Persistence of Antibody Response
by Sarah Weyl Feinstein, Shiri Novak, Marina Eyngor, Yaniv Lavon and Boris Yakobson
Vet. Sci. 2024, 11(10), 502; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci11100502 - 13 Oct 2024
Viewed by 543
Abstract
Infrequent rabies cases occur in Israel, endangering humans and animals. While dogs receive mandatory vaccinations, farm animals are vaccinated voluntarily. However, optimal vaccination protocol for small ruminants is lacking. The aim of this study was to test the immunological responses to the rabies [...] Read more.
Infrequent rabies cases occur in Israel, endangering humans and animals. While dogs receive mandatory vaccinations, farm animals are vaccinated voluntarily. However, optimal vaccination protocol for small ruminants is lacking. The aim of this study was to test the immunological responses to the rabies vaccine, with or without a booster, in sheep and goats; 70 ewes and 49 does participated in the trial. Following the first vaccine, 88% of the ewes and 100% of the does had a sufficient level of rabies antibodies (>0.5 IU/mL) 30 days post-vaccination. A year later, 82% of the ewes that had received a booster dose remained protected, whereas 46% of the non-boosted ewes had a sufficient antibody level. For does, 83% of those receiving a booster maintained sufficient antibody levels 1 year later; 80% of the non-boosted does remained protected, demonstrating no significant contribution of the booster dose in this group of goats. However, while the initial immunological response of the does was higher, the change in response between 1 month and 12 months post-vaccination differed significantly between species, with a greater titer reduction in the does. Differential immunological responses between individuals and between species warrant longer-term studies to recommend a proper vaccine protocol for each species. Full article
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9 pages, 1272 KiB  
Article
In Vitro Antitumor Effect of Oils Rich in CBD and THC Cannabis Extract in Canine Prostate Carcinoma Cell Lines
by Luís Gustavo Ramos de Moraes Calheiros, Giovana Pedro, Thayna Oliveira da Silva, Rogério Martins Amorim, Carlos Eduardo Fonseca Alves and Renée Laufer-Amorim
Vet. Sci. 2024, 11(10), 501; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci11100501 - 13 Oct 2024
Viewed by 572
Abstract
Prostate cancer is one of the leading causes of cancer-related deaths worldwide, even when diagnosed at an early stage in humans and dogs. Dogs have a significant incidence of spontaneous prostate cancer, which is highly similar to human androgen-independent prostate cancer and represents [...] Read more.
Prostate cancer is one of the leading causes of cancer-related deaths worldwide, even when diagnosed at an early stage in humans and dogs. Dogs have a significant incidence of spontaneous prostate cancer, which is highly similar to human androgen-independent prostate cancer and represents a valuable model for comparative studies. Cannabidiol (CBD) and Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) are the two main cannabinoids extracted from Cannabis sativa and have demonstrated antiproliferative and anti-invasive properties in different tumor types. In this study, CBD or THC-rich extracts inhibited the proliferation of two canine prostatic carcinoma cell lines, PC1 and PC2, showing an IC50 of 3.43 and 3.57 μM for CBD rich extracts, and 4.90 and 4.48 μM THC rich extracts, respectively. Cell death was also observed with both Annexin V and Propidium iodide staining for the canine cell lines. These results provide new information concerning the use of rich oil in canine PC and open a promising opportunity for further in vitro and in vivo studies to establish the mechanisms of action of these compounds using dogs as a natural model for prostatic carcinoma. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Focus on Tumours in Pet Animals)
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11 pages, 3085 KiB  
Article
Partial Sequence Analysis of Commercial Peste des Petits Ruminants Vaccines Produced in Africa
by Boubacar Barry, Yebechaye Tessema, Hassen Gelaw, Cisse Rahamatou Moustapha Boukary, Baziki Jean de Dieu, Melesse Ayelet Gelagay, Ethel Chitsungo, Richard Rayson Sanga, Gbolahanmi Akinola Oladosu, Nick Nwankpa and S. Charles Bodjo
Vet. Sci. 2024, 11(10), 500; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci11100500 - 13 Oct 2024
Viewed by 962
Abstract
Peste des petits ruminants virus (PPRV), which is the only member of the Morbillivirus caprinae species and belongs to the genus Morbillivirus within the Paramyxoviridae family, causes the highly contagious viral sickness “Peste des petits ruminants (PPR).” PPR is of serious economic significance [...] Read more.
Peste des petits ruminants virus (PPRV), which is the only member of the Morbillivirus caprinae species and belongs to the genus Morbillivirus within the Paramyxoviridae family, causes the highly contagious viral sickness “Peste des petits ruminants (PPR).” PPR is of serious economic significance for small ruminant production, particularly in Africa. Control of this critical disease depends highly on successful vaccination against the PPRV. An in-depth understanding of the genetic evolution of the live-attenuated PPR vaccine Nigeria 75/1 strain used in Africa is essential for the successful eradication of this disease by 2030. Therefore, this study investigated the possible genetic evolution of the PPR vaccine produced by various African laboratories compared with the master seed available at AU-PANVAC. RT-PCR was performed to amplify a segment of the hypervariable C-terminal part of the nucleoprotein (N) from commercial batches of PPR vaccine Nigeria 75/1 strain. The sequences were analyzed, and 100% nucleotide sequence identity was observed between the master seed and vaccines produced. The results of this study indicate the genetic stability of the PPR vaccine from the Nigeria 75/1 strain over decades and that the vaccine production process used by different manufacturers did not contribute to the emergence of mutations in the vaccine strain. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Veterinary Microbiology, Parasitology and Immunology)
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16 pages, 1345 KiB  
Article
The Interplay between Oxidative Stress and Fatty Acids Profile in Romanian Spotted Cows with Placental Retention
by Sanda Andrei, Horațiu Rafa, Ioan Oroian, Oana Maria Cozma, Andreea Georgiana Morohoschi, Daria Antonia Dumitraș, Francisc Dulf and Cristina Laura Ștefănuț
Vet. Sci. 2024, 11(10), 499; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci11100499 - 12 Oct 2024
Viewed by 442
Abstract
(1) Background: Retained fetal membranes (RFM) in cattle negatively impact reproduction, calving intervals, and health. This study examined OS markers and fatty acid profiles in Romanian Spotted cattle, comparing cows with normal parturition to those with RFM. Over 9 weeks, serum samples were [...] Read more.
(1) Background: Retained fetal membranes (RFM) in cattle negatively impact reproduction, calving intervals, and health. This study examined OS markers and fatty acid profiles in Romanian Spotted cattle, comparing cows with normal parturition to those with RFM. Over 9 weeks, serum samples were collected from 22 cows (7 with RFM, 15 normal) at intervals before and after parturition. Placental tissues were also analyzed. The aim was to identify OS biomarkers that predict RFMs, track changes over time, and assess their impact on the placental fatty acid profile. (2) Methods: Samples were analyzed for superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), malondialdehyde (MDA), and total antioxidant capacity (TAC). Placental fatty acids were profiled using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. (3) Results: SOD and CAT activities increased in cows with retained fetal membranes (RFM) before parturition (SOD: p < 0.001, RFM 404.601 ± 20.941 vs. NP 339.101 ± 44.911; CAT: p < 0.01, RFM 121.132 ± 14.831 vs. NP 96.070 ± 2.397), indicating OS. However, significant decreases during labor suggested weakened antioxidant defenses. Total antioxidant capacity (TAC) peaked during parturition in RFM cows (p < 0.0001, 38.780 ± 3.727 vs. 11.150 ± 1.555), signaling heightened stress. Additionally, MDA levels increased before parturition (p < 0.001, RFM 8.424 ± 1.894 vs. NP 3.807 ± 0.484), confirming lipid peroxidation. RFM cows also exhibited higher levels of saturated fatty acids and lower monounsaturated fatty acids, pointing to metabolic stress. (4) Conclusions: This study highlights the role of OS and fatty acid imbalances in RFMs, suggesting potential strategies to improve reproductive outcomes by managing OS. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Assessment of Oxidant and Antioxidant Status in Livestock)
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13 pages, 1539 KiB  
Article
Balance Assessment on a Modified Posturomed Platform in Healthy Dogs
by Viola Wolszky, Yury Zablotski, Andrea Fischer and Susanne Lauer
Vet. Sci. 2024, 11(10), 498; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci11100498 - 12 Oct 2024
Viewed by 260
Abstract
Reliable, standardized balance tests for dogs are not available yet. The purpose of this study was to investigate the reliability of static and dynamic posturography in healthy dogs. Healthy dogs (n = 20) were positioned with four paws longitudinally and with the [...] Read more.
Reliable, standardized balance tests for dogs are not available yet. The purpose of this study was to investigate the reliability of static and dynamic posturography in healthy dogs. Healthy dogs (n = 20) were positioned with four paws longitudinally and with the forepaws only transversely on a modified pressure-sensitive balance platform (Posturomed-FDM-JS, Zebris, Isny, Germany). Three static and dynamic posturographic trials were recorded (recording duration: 20 s) and repeated after 7–14 days. Center of pressure (COP) parameters COP-path-length (PL; mm), 95% COP-confidence-ellipse-area (CEA; mm2), and COP-average-velocity (AV; mm/s) were calculated for the first steady-state 5 s intervals of each trial. The reliability of COP parameters was assessed with robust linear mixed effects models with nested random effects of patient and trial. The training effect was analyzed using Cohen’s d. For static posturography, PL, CEA, and AV did not differ significantly between time points; CEA had the highest reliability (p = 0.92). For dynamic posturography, AV and PL differed significantly between time points (AV: p ≤ 0.043; PL: p ≤ 0.045). Slight training effects were observed for transverse positioning (Cohen’s d: PL 0.65; AV 0.267) and moderate training effects for longitudinal positioning (Cohen’s d: PL: 0.772; AV: 0.783). This study showed that static posturography on a modified Posturomed-balance platform was reliable in healthy dogs but indicated training effects during dynamic posturography. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Veterinary Biomedical Sciences)
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17 pages, 2814 KiB  
Article
Unveiling Misconceptions among Small-Scale Farmers Regarding Ticks and Tick-Borne Diseases in Balochistan, Pakistan
by Zafar Ullah, Mehran Khan, Iram Liaqat, Kashif Kamran, Abdulaziz Alouffi, Mashal M. Almutairi, Tetsuya Tanaka and Abid Ali
Vet. Sci. 2024, 11(10), 497; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci11100497 - 12 Oct 2024
Viewed by 355
Abstract
Ticks and tick-borne diseases (TBDs) pose potential health threats to small-scale farmers of grazing animals in the upper highlands of Balochistan, Pakistan. This study was conducted based on a questionnaire survey involving 153 farmers of grazing animals in seven districts to access their [...] Read more.
Ticks and tick-borne diseases (TBDs) pose potential health threats to small-scale farmers of grazing animals in the upper highlands of Balochistan, Pakistan. This study was conducted based on a questionnaire survey involving 153 farmers of grazing animals in seven districts to access their knowledge, attitudes, and practices regarding ticks and TBDs. Odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals, based on Fisher’s test, were used to assess risk factors for determining preventive measures. The findings revealed a low level of knowledge among the participants. For instance, there was a lack of awareness of the effects of climate change and the economic impact of ticks on animal health. The essential precautions, such as the non-indiscriminate use of acaricides, wearing dark-colored clothing, and limiting children’s interaction with grazing animals, were often overlooked. However, the farmers had a positive attitude towards tick control, but they mostly relied on the knowledge of local communities. The neglect of such measures places these farmers and their children at risk of contracting TBDs. This study also indicates minimal involvement from the government in educating farmers and controlling ticks. The role of stakeholders, including the government, non-governmental organizations, veterinary doctors, and local farmer communities, is crucial to address these issues and to implement effective training programs that address misconceptions about ticks and TBDs. Overall, this study highlights the importance of implementing awareness and education programs to address the misconceptions about ticks and TBDs among farmers. Full article
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15 pages, 1623 KiB  
Article
Infectious Agents Associated with Abortion Outbreaks in Italian Pig Farms from 2011 to 2021
by Anna Donneschi, Matteo Recchia, Claudia Romeo, Paolo Pozzi, Cristian Salogni, Antonio Marco Maisano, Giovanni Santucci, Federico Scali, Silvia Faccini, Maria Beatrice Boniotti, Mario D’Incau, Dominiek Maes and Giovanni Loris Alborali
Vet. Sci. 2024, 11(10), 496; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci11100496 - 12 Oct 2024
Viewed by 440
Abstract
The present study retrospectively analyzed the infectious agents associated with 829 abortion outbreaks occurring from 2011 to 2021 in northern Italy. Foetuses were subjected to necropsies, and organ samples were analyzed by direct PCR to screen for six swine pathogens. In 42.0% of [...] Read more.
The present study retrospectively analyzed the infectious agents associated with 829 abortion outbreaks occurring from 2011 to 2021 in northern Italy. Foetuses were subjected to necropsies, and organ samples were analyzed by direct PCR to screen for six swine pathogens. In 42.0% of the examined outbreaks, at least one infectious agent was found. Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) (24.9%) and porcine circovirus-2 (PCV2) (11.5%) were the most frequently detected among the known abortion-inducing pathogens. Chlamydia spp. (5.6%), porcine parvovirus (PPV) (4.0%), and Leptospira spp. (2.6%) were less common. Although its role in swine reproductive disorders is still unclear, PCV3 was detected in 19.6% of the cases. Coinfections were detected in 25.0% of positive outbreaks, and the most frequent coinfection was represented by PRRSV and PCV2 (32.2%), followed by PRRSV and PCV3 (23%). PCV2 prevalence showed a slight but consistent reduction during the study period, while PCV3 increased in frequency. Our data suggest an overall reduction in abortion outbreaks during the study period. PRRSV was confirmed as the main abortion agent detected in the examined area, while PCV2 prevalence showed a decline. Conversely, PCV3 detection has been increasing, supporting its potential role as an abortion agent. Our results highlight the importance of implementing a consistent and standardized sampling procedure, as well as a thorough diagnostic protocol, to reduce the incidence of inconclusive diagnoses. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Veterinary Microbiology, Parasitology and Immunology)
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13 pages, 1104 KiB  
Article
Evaluation of Anogenital Distance and Anti-Müllerian Hormone Plasmatic Concentration as Potential Phenotypes to Predict Reproductive Performance in Holstein Heifers
by Lucía Vidal, Jacobo Álvarez, Uxía Yáñez, Juan Caínzos, Rodrigo Muíño, Juan J. Becerra, Ana I. Peña, Luis A. Quintela and Pedro G. Herradón
Vet. Sci. 2024, 11(10), 495; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci11100495 - 12 Oct 2024
Viewed by 533
Abstract
Anogenital distance (AGD) is a marker of the degree of prenatal exposure to androgens in multiple species, and it has been suggested that there is an inverse association between AGD and fertility. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine the usefulness [...] Read more.
Anogenital distance (AGD) is a marker of the degree of prenatal exposure to androgens in multiple species, and it has been suggested that there is an inverse association between AGD and fertility. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine the usefulness of AGD and anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) concentrations, an indirect marker of the follicular population, as predictors of future reproductive potential in Holstein cattle. The AGD was measured in 566 females from 9 dairy farms in Galicia (Spain). A group of 172 females underwent a second measurement 9 months after. Additionally, data on the age at first insemination (1stAI age), number of AI (AI-PREG), age at first pregnancy (1stPREG age), age at first calving (1stCAL age), and calving–pregnancy (CAL-PREG) and calving–calving (CAL-CAL) intervals were collected. Blood samples were collected from 80 heifers to determine AMH concentrations. Our results showed that AGD varied minimally with age, and that cows with short AGD had earlier 1stAI age, 1stPREG age, and 1stCAL age (p < 0.05) than cows with long AGD. No significant differences were observed for the CAL-PREG and CAL-CAL intervals. Additionally, no significant association was found between AMH concentration and AGD or reproductive parameters. Consequently, the results suggest the possibility of using AGD as a marker of future reproductive performance in Holstein heifers. However, there was insufficient evidence to associate AMH concentrations and reproductive performance, underlining the need for further studies with larger sample sizes. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Reproduction and Fertility in Dairy Cows)
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17 pages, 2873 KiB  
Article
Effect of Three Commercially Available Extenders Containing Phospholipids of Different Sources on Skopelos Buck Liquid-Stored Sperm Quality
by Aikaterini Saratsi, Foteini Samartzi, Dimitrios Tsiokos, Ekaterini K. Theodosiadou, Ioannis Panagiotidis, Christina Ligda and Constantinos A. Rekkas
Vet. Sci. 2024, 11(10), 494; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci11100494 - 11 Oct 2024
Viewed by 461
Abstract
The effect of four extenders on buck semen quality parameters was examined during a 48 h liquid storage. Semen was collected from six Skopelos bucks and diluted in the following extenders, containing: soy lecithin (SL, OviXcell®), plant phospholipids (PP, AndroMed® [...] Read more.
The effect of four extenders on buck semen quality parameters was examined during a 48 h liquid storage. Semen was collected from six Skopelos bucks and diluted in the following extenders, containing: soy lecithin (SL, OviXcell®), plant phospholipids (PP, AndroMed®), egg yolk lecithin (EY, Steridyl®), or no phospholipids (basic extender). Samples were stored at 5 °C for 48 h and assessed at 0, 24 and 48 h for viability (eosin-nigrosin), acrosome integrity (SpermBlue®), membrane functional integrity (HOST), mitochondrial function (Rhodamine 123/SYBR-14/PI) and motility parameters (CASA). No significant reduction in total or progressive spermatozoa motility and mitochondrial function was observed at 24 h, whereas they all dropped significantly at 48 h, in all extenders. Spermatozoa viability, cell membrane functionality and acrosome integrity dropped progressively (0 h > 24 h > 48 h) in all groups. No significant difference among extenders was observed concerning spermatozoa mitochondrial function. Overall, spermatozoa viability, cell membrane functionality and acrosome integrity were higher in the three commercial extenders, compared to the basic extender. SL and EY extenders (OviXcell® and Steridyl®, respectively) preserved viability more effectively than the PP extender (AndroMed®). Total motility was higher in the PP extender, compared to the SL extender. Spermatozoa acrosome integrity tended to be higher in the EY extender compared to all the other extenders. Further investigation of the protective potential of different types of cryoprotectants on liquid buck semen storage is important. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Animal Sperm Conservation Techniques for Better Fertility)
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8 pages, 242 KiB  
Article
Microbiological Profile of the Upper and Lower Respiratory Tract of Suckling and Weaned Dairy Calves with Acute Respiratory Disease
by Alice Fernandes Alfieri, Juliana Torres Tomazi Fritzen, Carolina Yuka Yasumitsu and Amauri Alcindo Alfieri
Vet. Sci. 2024, 11(10), 493; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci11100493 - 11 Oct 2024
Viewed by 472
Abstract
Bovine respiratory disease (BRD) is a significant global health issue in cattle farming, leading to substantial economic losses. This study analyzed the microbiological profiles of BRD outbreaks in nine dairy cattle herds in southern Brazil. We examined 36 biological samples, including 24 deep [...] Read more.
Bovine respiratory disease (BRD) is a significant global health issue in cattle farming, leading to substantial economic losses. This study analyzed the microbiological profiles of BRD outbreaks in nine dairy cattle herds in southern Brazil. We examined 36 biological samples, including 24 deep nasopharyngeal swabs (NS) and 12 lung tissue, from 29 suckling and 7 weaned heifer calves with acute BRD. PCR and RT-PCR techniques were used to partially amplify the genes of five viruses and four respiratory bacteria. A total of 8 different microorganisms, 4 viruses (bovine viral diarrhea virus, n = 5; bovine coronavirus, n = 3; bovine alphaherpesvirus 1, n = 3; and bovine parainfluenza virus 3, n = 2), and 4 bacteria (Pasteurella multocida, n = 16; Mycoplasma bovis, n = 8; Histophilus somni, n = 7; and Mannheimia haemolytica, n = 4) were identified in 29 (80.5%) samples. Seven samples (four lung tissue and three NS) were negative for all the microorganisms. Mixed infections were more common (62.1%) than single infections (37.9%). Bacterial nucleic acids were more commonly co-detected in NS than in lung tissue. Nucleic acids from a single pathogen were more frequently detected in lung tissues than in NS. M. bovis was the only bacterium detected in the lower respiratory tract. Understanding the microbiological profiles of the respiratory tracts of dairy calves with clinical signs of BRD is crucial for implementing effective biosecurity measures to prevent BRD in suckling and weaned dairy heifer calves. Full article
11 pages, 1512 KiB  
Article
Investigation of the Theragnostic Role of KIT Expression for the Treatment of Canine Mast Cell Tumors with Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors
by Davide De Biase, Marcello De Leo, Giuseppe Piegari, Ilaria d’Aquino, Evaristo Di Napoli, Carmela Mercogliano, Alfonso Calabria, Agata Pula, Luigi Navas, Valeria Russo and Orlando Paciello
Vet. Sci. 2024, 11(10), 492; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci11100492 - 10 Oct 2024
Viewed by 409
Abstract
Several reports have indicated that canine MCTs express a mutated form of a tyrosine kinase receptor, namely KIT, that is involved in abnormal mast cell growth and differentiation. Currently, the post-surgical prognosis for MCTs is related to three different KIT immunohistochemical expression patterns. [...] Read more.
Several reports have indicated that canine MCTs express a mutated form of a tyrosine kinase receptor, namely KIT, that is involved in abnormal mast cell growth and differentiation. Currently, the post-surgical prognosis for MCTs is related to three different KIT immunohistochemical expression patterns. However, to our knowledge, there are few studies specifically exploring the efficacy of treatment with tyrosine kinase inhibitors related to KIT staining pattern. The purpose of this study was to investigate the potential theragnostic role of KIT expression patterns by studying their correlation to the overall survival and progression-free survival in dogs treated with only tyrosine kinase inhibitors immediately after surgery. We selected 66 cases of canine cutaneous MCTs with complete clinical background. A statistical analysis was performed to assess the overall survival status. Our data suggest an important role of KIT in the etiopathogenesis of canine MCTs and indicate that the anomalous cytoplasmatic distribution of KIT is potentially related to a lower efficacy of tyrosine kinase inhibitors, thus providing a significant prognostic information about the treatment outcome. Full article
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17 pages, 1692 KiB  
Article
Characterization of Extraintestinal Pathogenic Escherichia coli Strains Causing Canine Pneumonia in China: Antibiotic Resistance, Virulence Genes, and Sequence Typing
by Jianyi Lai, Haibin Long, Zhihong Zhao, Gan Rao, Zhaojia Ou, Jiajie Li, Zhidong Zhou, Minhua Hu and Qingchun Ni
Vet. Sci. 2024, 11(10), 491; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci11100491 - 10 Oct 2024
Viewed by 481
Abstract
To determine the etiological agents responsible for acute pneumonia in puppies in China, this study utilized bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid extraction to enable the isolation, culture, biochemical identification, and 16S rRNA PCR amplification of the pathogens. Following preliminary identification, the pathogens underwent analysis [...] Read more.
To determine the etiological agents responsible for acute pneumonia in puppies in China, this study utilized bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid extraction to enable the isolation, culture, biochemical identification, and 16S rRNA PCR amplification of the pathogens. Following preliminary identification, the pathogens underwent analysis for antibiotic resistance phenotypes and resistance genes. Additionally, the study examined the presence of virulence genes, conducted multilocus sequence typing (MLST), and performed whole-genome sequencing (WGS). The findings revealed that all four isolated pathogens were characterized as extraintestinal pathogenic Escherichia coli (ExPEC). The examined ExPEC strains demonstrated resistance to cephalosporins, tetracyclines, and penicillins, while remaining susceptible to aminoglycosides, beta-lactamase inhibitors, carbapenems, chloramphenicols, and sulfonamides. An analysis of virulence genes identified the presence of eight genes, namely CNF-I, fyuA, fimC, papC, ompA, fimH, irp2, and iroN, which are implicated in their invasiveness and potential to inflict tissue damage. The MLST analysis revealed that all ExPEC strains were classified under either sequence type ST131 (Achtman database) or ST43 (Pasteur database). The study further determined that these strains were absent in the kennel’s drinking water source, thereby ruling out water contamination as a potential factor in the emergence of ST131-type ExPEC. This study offers a theoretical framework and empirical evidence for elucidating the potential pathogenic mechanisms and clinical therapeutic strategies of ExPEC in the etiology of acute pneumonia in puppies. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bacterial Infectious Diseases of Companion Animals—2nd Edition)
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13 pages, 6818 KiB  
Article
Holothuria polii Extract as a Potential Anticoccidial Agent: Evidence of Its MUC2 Regulatory Impact in Murine Jejunum
by Youssef A. El-Sayed, Ahmed E. Abdel-Moneim, Rania G. Taha, Mona F. Khalil, Rewaida Abdel-Gaber, Felwa A. Thagfan, Esam S. Al-Malki and Mohamed A. Dkhil
Vet. Sci. 2024, 11(10), 490; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci11100490 - 10 Oct 2024
Viewed by 491
Abstract
Eimeria is a parasite that causes coccidiosis in a variety of animals, leading to nutritional imbalances, issues with food digestion and absorption, low weight, and intestinal inflammation of varying degrees in its hosts. Anticoccidial medication resistance has become a significant obstacle to disease [...] Read more.
Eimeria is a parasite that causes coccidiosis in a variety of animals, leading to nutritional imbalances, issues with food digestion and absorption, low weight, and intestinal inflammation of varying degrees in its hosts. Anticoccidial medication resistance has become a significant obstacle to disease control efforts, leading to a renewed focus on discovering novel chemicals for alternative therapeutic approaches. The purpose of this study was to determine the efficacy of Holothuria polii extract (HpE) in treating eimeriosis in mice. Five groups of mice were studied, with E. papillata sporulated oocysts (1 × 103) used to infect three groups experimentally. The first group was treated with 200 mg/kg of HpE, the second group with Amprolium (120 mg/kg), and the third group was left untreated as a control. The fourth and fifth groups were uninfected, with one of them treated with 200 mg/kg of HpE and the other used as a negative control. The results revealed that HpE has 10 phytochemical compounds according to GC-MS analysis. Treatment with HpE resulted in a substantial decrease in oocyst output in feces. Also, the parasitic stages showed morphometric alterations, with reductions in the measurements compared with the infected, untreated mice. Moreover, expression of the mucin gene (MUC2) was higher in treated mice compared to infected ones, with significant increases in goblet cell numbers, which provided additional evidence for the activity of HpE as an anticoccidial product. In conclusion, there are a wide variety of natural products and many have been employed in folk medicine for treating a range of parasitic diseases. Full article
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9 pages, 18610 KiB  
Brief Report
Wildlife Infection of Peste des Petits Ruminants Detected in China, 2024
by Jiao Xu, Zebin Qu, Yingli Wang, Weijie Ren, Shan Liu, Yanli Zou, Na Su, Jingyue Bao and Zhiliang Wang
Vet. Sci. 2024, 11(10), 489; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci11100489 - 9 Oct 2024
Viewed by 576
Abstract
In 2013, the second outbreak of peste des petits ruminants occurred in China, leading to a spillover in more than 20 provinces and municipalities over the next few months. Thereafter, the epidemic situation was stable owing to strict prevention and control measures. In [...] Read more.
In 2013, the second outbreak of peste des petits ruminants occurred in China, leading to a spillover in more than 20 provinces and municipalities over the next few months. Thereafter, the epidemic situation was stable owing to strict prevention and control measures. In February 2024, several bharals and argali with suspected symptoms of PPR were discovered in Rutog country, Tibet Autonomous Region. Samples collected from these animals were delivered to our laboratory for diagnosis; the results of fluorescence quantitative reverse-transcription (RT) PCR indicated that all samples were positive for PPR viral RNA. The N and F gene fragments were amplified successfully via RT-PCR, and these results confirmed that these animals were infected with PPRV. A PPRV strain (subsequently named ChinaTibet2024) was sequenced, and its genome length was 15,954 nucleotides. A phylogenetic tree analysis using N and F genes and viral genomes showed that the ChinaTibet2024 genome was classified into lineage IV of the PRRV genotypes. The genome of the ChinaTibet2024 strain was found to be closely related to PPRVs isolated in China between 2013 and 2014. A base insertion and a base deletion were detected in the M gene 5′ untranslated region. Results indicated that the prevalent PPRV strains in China did not show significant changes and that special attention should be paid to the surveillance of wild animals as an important part of PPR prevention and control. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Veterinary Microbiology, Parasitology and Immunology)
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25 pages, 47114 KiB  
Article
Effects of Polyvinyl Chloride Microplastics on the Reproductive System, Intestinal Structure, and Microflora in Male and Female Mice
by Yang-Kai-Xin Yang, Shu-Jun Ge, Qi-Ling Su, Jin-Jun Chen, Jiang Wu and Kai Kang
Vet. Sci. 2024, 11(10), 488; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci11100488 - 9 Oct 2024
Viewed by 655
Abstract
The pervasive use of plastics in numerous industrial sectors has resulted in the circulation of microplastics across diverse ecosystems and food chains, giving rise to mounting concerns regarding their potential adverse impacts on biological systems and the environment. The objective of this experiment [...] Read more.
The pervasive use of plastics in numerous industrial sectors has resulted in the circulation of microplastics across diverse ecosystems and food chains, giving rise to mounting concerns regarding their potential adverse impacts on biological systems and the environment. The objective of this experiment was to investigate the distinct effects of microplastic-polyvinyl chloride (PVC) exposure on the reproductive system, intestinal tissue structure, and intestinal microbial flora of both male and female mice. A total of 24 4-week-old Kunming mice were randomly assigned to one of four groups: male control group (CM), female control group (CF), male PVC test group (PVCM), and female PVC test group (PVCF) (n = 6). The findings revealed that in terms of the reproductive system, the PVCM group exhibited an impaired testicular structure with an irregular arrangement and a significant reduction in spermatogonia, spermatocytes, and spermatozoa within the seminiferous tubules (p < 0.01). The PVCF group exhibited a notable decrease in ovarian follicles (p < 0.01), accompanied by a reduction in uterus volume, fallopian tube volume, and muscle layer thickness, all of which also decreased significantly (p < 0.01). In comparison to the control groups, exposure to PVC resulted in a reduction in the width and height of the intestinal villi, accompanied by an increase in crypt depth. This led to a significant alteration in the ratio of villus height to crypt depth (V/C) (p < 0.01). Moreover, a reduction in microbial species diversity was observed within both the PVCM and PVCF groups; additionally, it was accompanied by contrasting changes in relative abundance and functional gene profiles among the major intestinal flora constituents. In summary, the findings indicate that PVC induces damage to both male and female mice reproductive and digestive systems, further exhibiting notable sex-dependent effects on mouse intestinal microflora composition, which correlates significantly with its impact on reproductive organs. Full article
(This article belongs to the Topic Livestock and Microplastics)
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7 pages, 3277 KiB  
Case Report
A Case Report of Successful Treatment of Minoxidil Toxicosis Using Hemodialysis in a Cat
by Woonchan Ahn, Taeho Lee, Soyoung Jung and Aryung Nam
Vet. Sci. 2024, 11(10), 487; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci11100487 - 9 Oct 2024
Viewed by 645
Abstract
A 5-year-old castrated male American Shorthair cat presented with lethargy and anorexia after accidentally knocking over a bottle of topical minoxidil and spilling it onto its body. Physical examination revealed rapid shallow breathing, pale mucous membranes, hypothermia, tachycardia, and hypotension. Thoracic radiography revealed [...] Read more.
A 5-year-old castrated male American Shorthair cat presented with lethargy and anorexia after accidentally knocking over a bottle of topical minoxidil and spilling it onto its body. Physical examination revealed rapid shallow breathing, pale mucous membranes, hypothermia, tachycardia, and hypotension. Thoracic radiography revealed mild pulmonary infiltration and pleural effusion. Despite conservative treatment, including oxygen therapy, and intravenous fluid, furosemide, and dopamine administration, the patient showed no improvement. After two sessions of intermittent hemodialysis, the cat’s respiratory pattern and overall condition gradually improved; normal body temperature and blood pressure were achieved. The cat recovered fully and was discharged on the 11th day of hospitalization. This is the first report on the use of hemodialysis in the treatment of a cat with minoxidil toxicosis. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Veterinary Internal Medicine)
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16 pages, 3676 KiB  
Article
Shared Accountability Shaping the Destinies of Individual and Groups of Nonhuman Primates
by Ori Pomerantz and Gregory Brion Timmel
Vet. Sci. 2024, 11(10), 486; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci11100486 - 9 Oct 2024
Viewed by 540
Abstract
At the California National Primate Research Center (CNPRC), the preferred housing for rhesus macaques involves maintaining them in complex social groups outdoors, primarily for breeding purposes. This functionally appropriate environment promotes effective coping through the expression of species-typical behaviors and important aspects of [...] Read more.
At the California National Primate Research Center (CNPRC), the preferred housing for rhesus macaques involves maintaining them in complex social groups outdoors, primarily for breeding purposes. This functionally appropriate environment promotes effective coping through the expression of species-typical behaviors and important aspects of species-typical social structure, thus enabling normal animal development, higher reproductive success, and the production of high-quality biological models. Despite the benefits, social housing introduces challenges like trauma from aggressive interactions. These challenges necessitate a delicate balance between tolerating some aggression and preventing repeated targeting of individuals. Therefore, the CNPRC has established a multidisciplinary working group of behavioral management experts, veterinarians, animal care, and researchers that meets regularly to review cases of animals that may need to be removed from their social group. We discuss the criteria and decision-making processes employed to manage and mitigate aggression. We describe the systematic approach to identifying at-risk individuals and the comprehensive evaluation process that guides whether to relocate an animal from their groups or not. Considerations include the welfare of the individual and the group’s social stability. This paper provides case studies demonstrating how the working group applies these criteria and processes in practical scenarios, highlighting the complexities and challenges of such decisions. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Interface between Veterinary Management and Behavioral Management for Captive Nonhuman Primates)
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16 pages, 2184 KiB  
Article
Age at Tumor Diagnosis in 14,636 Canine Cases from the Pathology-Based UNIPI Animal Cancer Registry, Italy: One Size Doesn’t Fit All
by Niccolò Fonti, Francesca Parisi, Alessio Lachi, Elena Sophie Dhein, Franco Guscetti, Alessandro Poli and Francesca Millanta
Vet. Sci. 2024, 11(10), 485; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci11100485 - 8 Oct 2024
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Abstract
Cancer is the most common cause of death in adult dogs. All dogs would benefit from early diagnosis, but there are no specific guidelines regarding the schedule of cancer screening in companion animals. The aim of this study was to retrospectively evaluate the [...] Read more.
Cancer is the most common cause of death in adult dogs. All dogs would benefit from early diagnosis, but there are no specific guidelines regarding the schedule of cancer screening in companion animals. The aim of this study was to retrospectively evaluate the age at diagnosis in Italian oncological canine patients. A total of 14,636 canine histologically confirmed neoplastic cases were coded according to the Vet-ICD-O-canine-1 and stratified by malignancy, sex, neutering status, breed, cephalic index, body size, and tumor type. Differences in age distribution were analyzed and the influence of these variables on the time of first malignancy diagnosis was assessed using an event history analysis model. The median age at diagnosis for benign and malignant tumors was 9 and 10 years, respectively. Intact and purebred dogs were diagnosed earlier, but the median age differed significantly by breed. The earliest age at diagnosis was recorded for lymphomas and mast cell tumors. The model showed an accelerating effect of large size, brachy- and dolichocephaly, and sexual integrity in female dogs on the time of malignancy diagnosis. Our results confirm that a “one-size-fits-all” approach to cancer screening is not accurate in dogs and provide relevant data that may lead to the establishment of breed-based screening schedules. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Focus on Tumours in Pet Animals)
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