Nutrients

25 pages, 2040 KiB

Open AccessReview

Investigating the Therapeutic Potential of the Ketogenic Diet in Modulating Neurodegenerative Pathophysiology: An Interdisciplinary Approach

by Iqra Shabbir, Keying Liu, Bakhtawar Riaz, Muhammad Farhan Rahim, Saiyi Zhong, Jude Juventus Aweya and Kit-Leong Cheong

Nutrients 2025, 17(7), 1268; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17071268 (registering DOI) - 4 Apr 2025

Abstract

The ketogenic diet (KD) is a dietary intervention comprising a high-fat, low-carbohydrate, and moderate-protein intake designed to induce a metabolic state known as ketosis, whereby ketone bodies are produced as an alternative source of energy. Initially established as a treatment for intractable epilepsy, [...] Read more.

The ketogenic diet (KD) is a dietary intervention comprising a high-fat, low-carbohydrate, and moderate-protein intake designed to induce a metabolic state known as ketosis, whereby ketone bodies are produced as an alternative source of energy. Initially established as a treatment for intractable epilepsy, the KD has subsequently gained significant attention for its potential to manage neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s, and Huntington’s disease. Ketone bodies, such as beta-hydroxybutyrate (BHB), have been demonstrated to possess neuroprotective properties. The increasing prevalence of neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s, and Huntington’s disease, poses a significant public health challenge worldwide. With neurological disorders being the second-leading cause of death globally, the need for effective therapeutic interventions has never been more urgent. Recent evidence suggests that dietary interventions, particularly the ketogenic diet, offer promising potential in mitigating the progression of these diseases by influencing metabolic processes and providing neuroprotective benefits. The ketogenic diet, characterized by high-fat and low-carbohydrate intake, induces ketosis, leading to the production of ketone bodies like beta-hydroxybutyrate, which enhance mitochondrial efficiency, reduce oxidative stress, and modulate inflammatory pathways—mechanisms critical in neurodegenerative pathophysiology. This review explores the role of the ketogenic diet in managing neurological conditions, examining its mechanisms of action, historical context, and therapeutic efficacy. The paper also discusses emerging evidence linking the ketogenic diet to improved cognitive function, reduced motor symptoms, and enhanced mitochondrial activity in patients with neurodegenerative disorders. Additionally, the review highlights the need for further research to refine the therapeutic applications of the ketogenic diet, investigate its impact on various neurodegenerative diseases, and better understand its potential long-term effects. This study underscores the importance of nutrition as a vital aspect of the treatment strategy for neurological diseases, advocating for continued exploration of dietary interventions to improve brain health and function. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Nutrition and Neuro Sciences)

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13 pages, 233 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Bridging the Gap: Awareness, Knowledge, and Challenges of Living with Celiac Disease in Bulgaria

by Rouzha Pancheva, Jernej Dolinsek, Marlena Panayotova, Ivan Yankov, Denitza Kofinova, Silviya Nikolova, Mila Baycheva and Miglena Georgieva

Nutrients 2025, 17(7), 1267; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17071267 - 4 Apr 2025

Abstract

Background: Celiac disease (CD) is a chronic immune-mediated systemic disorder induced by gluten in genetically predisposed individuals, requiring lifelong management through a strict gluten-free diet (GFD). Although its global prevalence is around 1%, awareness and diagnosis remain suboptimal, contributing to challenges in disease [...] Read more.

Background: Celiac disease (CD) is a chronic immune-mediated systemic disorder induced by gluten in genetically predisposed individuals, requiring lifelong management through a strict gluten-free diet (GFD). Although its global prevalence is around 1%, awareness and diagnosis remain suboptimal, contributing to challenges in disease management. Objectives: To assess the awareness, knowledge, and experiences of Bulgarian CD patients and caregivers regarding CD, diagnosis, and dietary adherence. Methods: A structured survey was conducted to evaluate patient and caregiver knowledge, awareness, and experiences with CD, focusing on the diagnostic process and dietary practices. Data were collected from a sample of Bulgarian CD patients and their caregivers. Results: The majority of the 191 respondents (94%) recognized CD as a lifelong condition, but only 26.7% correctly identified its autoimmune, systemic nature. The average diagnostic delay was 8.1 months, with over 50% of patients relying on serological tests alone, consistent with recent non-biopsy guidelines. Dietary adherence was significantly hindered by misconceptions about gluten-containing grains and societal barriers. Notably, 83.6% of participants reported bringing their own food when eating outside. Conclusions: The findings underscore the need for targeted public health initiatives, enhanced healthcare provider training, and improved dietary education to address knowledge gaps, expedite diagnosis, and improve dietary adherence. Such interventions could help reduce the psychosocial burden of CD and enhance the quality of life for affected individuals. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Interactions Between Early Nutrition, Early Environment, and Immunity)

13 pages, 246 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Eating in the Absence of Hunger in Hispanic Preschoolers: Relationships with Child Sex, Food Preference, and Weight Status

by Adriana Verdezoto Alvarado, Bin C. Suh, Michael Todd, Jacob Szeszulski, Elizabeth Lorenzo, Meg Bruening, Clare Schuchardt and Rebecca E. Lee

Nutrients 2025, 17(7), 1266; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17071266 - 4 Apr 2025

Abstract

Background/Objectives: This study examines the relationship of eating in the absence of hunger (EAH) with child sex, food preference, and body mass index (BMI) percentiles in primarily Hispanic preschoolers, an understudied population. Methods: This was a secondary analysis of data from 211 children [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: This study examines the relationship of eating in the absence of hunger (EAH) with child sex, food preference, and body mass index (BMI) percentiles in primarily Hispanic preschoolers, an understudied population. Methods: This was a secondary analysis of data from 211 children (79% Hispanic) aged 3 to 5 years from low-income families who completed a cluster randomized controlled trial from September 2017 to June 2020. Weight and height were used to calculate BMI percentiles. Sweet (animal crackers) and salty (pretzels) snacks were used to conduct a validated classroom-based EAH assessment. A generalized estimating equation (GEE) approach investigated associations between the grams of snacks consumed and BMI percentiles. A set of nested multivariable GEEs were estimated, while adjusting for potentially important covariates. Results: Boys significantly consumed more snacks than girls (13.34 ± 9.71 g vs. 8.13 ± 7.36 g; p < 0.001). Children who indicated greater preference for sweet snacks consumed more sweet snacks (r = 0.19; b = 2.05, p < 0.001) and total grams of total snacks (r = 0.18; b = 2.42, p = 0.004) but not salty snacks (pretzels). Consuming more sweet snacks was significantly associated with higher BMI percentiles (b = 0.55; p = 0.024). Conclusions: The findings suggest that a preference for sweet snacks is associated with EAH, and eating sweet snacks in the absence of hunger is related to higher BMI percentiles. Obesity prevention programs may focus on addressing eating sweet snacks in the absence of hunger starting in early childhood. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Effects of Eating Behavior on Energy Intake and Body Mass Index (BMI))

18 pages, 1525 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Pilot 24-Week ‘Bulk and Cut’ Dietary Protocol Combined with Resistance Training Is Feasible and Improves Body Composition and TNF-α Concentrations in Untrained Adult Males

by Anthony J. Giannopoulos, Steve Kottaras, Bryan Allanigue, Jeremia M. Coish, David S. Ditor, Val A. Fajardo and Panagiota Klentrou

Nutrients 2025, 17(7), 1265; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17071265 - 4 Apr 2025

Abstract

Background/Objectives: This study piloted a 24-week bodybuilding program combining resistance training (RT) with a dietary bulk-and-cut protocol in middle-aged adult males. Methods: Seven untrained males (33 ± 3.0 years; BMI = 35.0 ± 4.6 kg/m²; body fat = 36 [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: This study piloted a 24-week bodybuilding program combining resistance training (RT) with a dietary bulk-and-cut protocol in middle-aged adult males. Methods: Seven untrained males (33 ± 3.0 years; BMI = 35.0 ± 4.6 kg/m²; body fat = 36 ± 5%) completed a 24-week intervention combining RT with a dietary protocol consisting of 12-week cycles of caloric bulking (0–12 weeks) and cutting (12–24 weeks). The participant retention rate was 64%, while compliance with training was 96.7%, and adherence to dietary cycles was over 93%. To assess the preliminary efficacy of the intervention, venous blood samples and measurements of body composition (BodPod), muscle strength, and VO₂max (cycle ergometer) were collected at baseline (week 0) and following the bulking (week 12) and cutting (week 24) cycles. Circulating lipids (triglycerides, total, low-density, and high-density cholesterol), C-reactive protein (CRP), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and interleukin-10 (IL-10) were measured in serum. Results: The training led to significant increases in muscle strength, especially in the deadlift (+46%, p < 0.001) and squat (+65%, p < 0.001). Improvements in body composition were characterized by an increase in fat-free mass and a decrease in body fat percentage over the 24-week intervention (+3% and −6%, respectively, p < 0.05). Lipids, CRP, IL-6, and IL-10 did not change significantly, but there was a notable reduction in TNF-α (time effect p = 0.05, _pη² = 0.39), with 15% lower concentrations at week 24 compared to baseline, indicating reduced inflammation. Conclusions: Overall, the pilot intervention achieved high compliance and adherence rates, leading to improvements in body composition and lower resting TNF-α concentrations in a group of middle-aged males with obesity. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Sports Nutrition)

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28 pages, 650 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Changes in BMI and Fat Mass and Nutritional Behaviors in Children Between 10 and 14 Years of Age

by Katarzyna Ługowska, Elżbieta Krzęcio-Nieczyporuk, Joanna Trafiałek and Wojciech Kolanowski

Nutrients 2025, 17(7), 1264; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17071264 - 3 Apr 2025

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Unhealthy nutritional behaviors and excess body weight constitute a serious challenge for public health in children and adolescents. The aim of this study was to examine changes in body mass index (BMI), body fat mass (FM), and nutritional behaviors in the [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Unhealthy nutritional behaviors and excess body weight constitute a serious challenge for public health in children and adolescents. The aim of this study was to examine changes in body mass index (BMI), body fat mass (FM), and nutritional behaviors in the same group of children during a 4-year observation between 10 and 14 years of age including the period of the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods: BMI and FM using bioelectrical impedance were assessed. To assess nutritional behavior, a questionnaire on eating behavior was used. The study was carried out in a group of 250 children, starting from the age of 10 and finishing at the age of 14. The measurements were collected in the years 2017 and 2021. The results were compared and analyzed. Results: Excessive BMI (overweight and obesity) was more often found in girls (28.29%) than boys (23.63%), while normal body weight was more often found in boys (65.76%) than girls (60.96%). Between the initial and final assessments, the percentage of children with normal body mass decreased from 65.65% to 61.07%. Excessive BMI (overweight and obesity) increased from 27.09% to 29.50% in girls, and from 21.26% to 26.00% in boys. The mean percentage of FM was higher in girls than boys (23.17% vs. 16.20%, respectively). The mean FM decreased from 17.80% to 14.60% in boys and increased from 21.77% to 24.57% in girls. Poor nutritional behaviors were observed in 20.35% of children, more often in boys (22.25%) than in girls (18.50%). Between the initial and final assessments, an increase in the mean consumption of fruit, whole-grain bread, and milk was noted. These were products that should be consumed more often to demonstrate a healthy diet. However, the consumption of products that should be limited for a healthy diet, such as fried flour dishes, fried meat dishes, fatty cheeses, butter, fast food, sweets, and carbonated drinks, also increased. Boys more often than girls consumed red meat and poultry meat, eggs, butter, and fast food, while girls more often than boys consumed fruit, vegetables, yogurts, cottage cheese, wholemeal bread, fruit, and sweets. Conclusions: Children usually showed moderate nutritional behavior. After four years, there was a significant increase in the consumption of fruit and whole-grain bread, i.e., products that should be consumed as part of a healthy diet, as well as fried flour and meat dishes, fatty cheeses, butter, fast food, and sweets, i.e., products whose consumption should be limited. With age, the percentage of children showing unfavorable nutritional behaviors and excessive body weight increased. More extreme levels of overweight and obesity and higher body fat contents were found in girls than boys. Although girls’ nutritional behaviors were healthier, they were at a higher risk of excessive body weight. Increased promotion of a healthy diet and regular monitoring of body fat content in school-aged children is strongly recommended. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Safeguarding the Next Generation: Nutritional Strategies for Preventing Childhood Obesity)

26 pages, 1359 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Barriers and Enablers of Healthy Eating Among University Students in Oaxaca de Juarez: A Mixed-Methods Study

by Patricia Jurado-Gonzalez, Sabina López-Toledo, Anna Bach-Faig and Francesc-Xavier Medina

Nutrients 2025, 17(7), 1263; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17071263 - 3 Apr 2025

Abstract

Background/Objectives: The transition to university life brings significant social, psychological, and environmental changes, making it a critical period for establishing long-term dietary habits. However, many Mexican university students fail to meet national dietary guidelines, increasing their risk of non-communicable diseases. This study [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: The transition to university life brings significant social, psychological, and environmental changes, making it a critical period for establishing long-term dietary habits. However, many Mexican university students fail to meet national dietary guidelines, increasing their risk of non-communicable diseases. This study examines the determinants of healthy eating among university students in Oaxaca using a holistic, multi-level approach grounded in the Social Ecological Model (SEM) and Social Cognitive Theory (SCT). Methods: A mixed-methods approach was employed, integrating ethnography with a validated self-report questionnaire completed by 411 students at the Universidad Autónoma Benito Juárez de Oaxaca (UABJO). The ethnographic data included observations, field notes, photographs, informal conversations, and 13 semi-structured interviews. Data triangulation provided a comprehensive understanding of dietary behaviors by capturing both self-reported patterns and real-world eating practices and the food environment, as captured through ethnographic methods. The analysis included descriptive statistics, normality tests, and parametric tests to assess significant differences. Results: The findings revealed a decline in diet quality, characterized by low fruit and vegetable intake, high snack consumption, and irregular meal patterns, particularly among students living independently. Key barriers included academic stress, time constraints, low cooking self-efficacy, limited nutritional knowledge, peer pressure, and negative social norms, which contributed to reliance on convenient, processed foods. The lack of healthy food options on campus and the high perceived cost of nutritious food further led students to prioritize cheap, calorie-dense foods over healthier choices. Conversely, enablers included structured university schedules; peer support; hands-on culinary interventions; and improved access to affordable, healthy food. Conclusions: Addressing these barriers requires multi-level interventions that enhance nutrition literacy, cooking self-efficacy, and peer-led strategies while improving the campus food environment. Future research should explore SCT-based initiatives leveraging social networks and culinary education to foster sustainable dietary behavior change in university settings and assess how these findings can be applied in other socioeconomic and cultural contexts. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dietary Patterns and Nutritional Challenges in Adolescents and Young Adults: Implications for Health and Disease)

15 pages, 5367 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Soybean Lecithin–Gallic Acid Complex Sensitizes Lung Cancer Cells to Radiation Through Ferroptosis Regulated by Nrf2/SLC7A11/GPX4 Pathway

by Xingyang Chen, Hongli Cui, Lijing Qin, Rongrong Liu, Fang Fang and Zhicheng Wang

Nutrients 2025, 17(7), 1262; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17071262 - 3 Apr 2025

Abstract

Background: Radioresistance remains a significant obstacle in lung cancer radiotherapy, necessitating novel strategies to enhance therapeutic efficacy. This study investigated the radiosensitizing potential of a soybean lecithin–gallic acid complex (SL–GAC) in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cells and explored its underlying ferroptosis-related [...] Read more.

Background: Radioresistance remains a significant obstacle in lung cancer radiotherapy, necessitating novel strategies to enhance therapeutic efficacy. This study investigated the radiosensitizing potential of a soybean lecithin–gallic acid complex (SL–GAC) in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cells and explored its underlying ferroptosis-related mechanisms. SL–GAC was synthesized to improve the bioavailability of gallic acid (GA), a polyphenol with anticancer properties. Methods: NSCLC cell lines (A549 and H1299) and normal bronchial epithelial cells (BEAS-2B) were treated with SL–GAC, ionizing radiation (IR), or their combination. Through a series of in vitro experiments, including cell viability assays, scratch healing assays, flow cytometry, and Western blot analysis, we comprehensively evaluated the effects of SL-GAC on NSCLC cell proliferation, migration, oxidative stress, and ferroptosis induction. Results: SL–GAC combined with IR synergistically suppressed NSCLC cell proliferation and migration, exacerbated oxidative stress via elevated ROS and malondialdehyde levels, and induced mitochondrial dysfunction marked by reduced membrane potential and structural damage, whereas no significant ROS elevation was observed in BEAS-2B cells. Mechanistically, the combination triggered ferroptosis in NSCLC cells, evidenced by iron accumulation and downregulation of Nrf2, SLC7A11, and GPX4, alongside upregulated ACSL4. Ferrostatin-1 (Fer-1), a ferroptosis inhibitor, reversed these effects and restored radiosensitivity. Conclusions: Our findings demonstrate that SL–GAC enhances NSCLC radiosensitivity by promoting ferroptosis via the Nrf2/SLC7A11/GPX4 axis, highlighting its potential as a natural radiosensitizer for clinical translation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bioactive Food Compounds and Human Health)

22 pages, 2872 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Caffeine Combined with Excitatory Neuromodulation Based on Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS) Enhances Performance in a Time-Trial CrossFit^® Workout: A Randomized, Placebo-Controlled, Double-Blind Study

by Alberto Souza Sá, Filho, Thiago Albernaz-Silva, Pedro Augusto Inacio, Vicente Aprigliano, Iransé Oliveira-Silva, Gaspar R. Chiappa, Rodolfo P. Vieira, Antônio Sérgio Nakao de Aguiar, Raphael Martins Cunha, James Oluwagbamigbe Fajemiroye and Marcelo Magalhães Sales

Nutrients 2025, 17(7), 1261; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17071261 - 3 Apr 2025

Abstract

Background: Caffeine (CAF) and transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) are ergogenic strategies with potential benefits for performance, yet their combined effects remain underexplored, particularly in high-intensity functional training contexts such as CrossFit^®. This randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover study aimed to investigate [...] Read more.

Background: Caffeine (CAF) and transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) are ergogenic strategies with potential benefits for performance, yet their combined effects remain underexplored, particularly in high-intensity functional training contexts such as CrossFit^®. This randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover study aimed to investigate the impact of tDCS, with and without CAF, on performance time in the Clean & Jerk (C&J) during the benchmark WOD GRACE among competitive CrossFit^® athletes. Secondarily, we aimed to compare the RPE across the different experimental conditions, as well as to establish the relationship between personal record (PR) values adjusted for body mass and the execution time of the WOD GRACE, considering different athletes’ classification levels (RX Elite and RX Intermediate). Methods: Twenty participants completed four experimental conditions: CAF ingestion (400 mg) combined with anodal tDCS (CAF + a-tDCS), CAF with Sham tDCS (CAF + Sham-tDCS), placebo (PLA) with a-tDCS (PLA + a-tDCS), and PLA with Sham tDCS (PLA + Sham-tDCS). Results: The results indicated that the combination of CAF + a-tDCS significantly improved performance, reducing execution time (205.5 ± 58.0 s) compared to CAF + Sham-tDCS (218.3 ± 61.2 s; p = 0.034), PLA + a-tDCS (231.7 ± 64.1 s; p = 0.012), and PLA + Sham-tDCS (240.9 ± 66.4 s; p = 0.002). However, no significant differences were observed between CAF + Sham-tDCS and PLA + a-tDCS (p = 0.690), CAF + Sham-tDCS and PLA + Sham-tDCS (p = 0.352), or PLA + a-tDCS and PLA + Sham-tDCS (p = 0.595). Conclusions: The responder analysis revealed that 45% of participants improved performance with isolated tDCS, while 60% responded positively to CAF. No significant differences were found in RPE scores among conditions (p = 0.145). Additionally, no correlations were identified between PR values adjusted for body mass and execution time in both RX Elite (r = 0.265; p = 0.526) and RX Intermediate (r = 0.049; p = 0.901) groups, nor between training experience and performance across interventions. These findings suggest that tDCS, when combined with CAF, may serve as an effective ergogenic aid for improving performance in high-intensity functional training, whereas its isolated use does not yield meaningful benefits. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Caffeine Intake for Human Health and Exercise Performance)

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24 pages, 1488 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Influence of an AI-Driven Personalized Nutrition Program on the Human Gut Microbiome and Its Health Implications

by Konstantinos Rouskas, Mary Guela, Marianna Pantoura, Ioannis Pagkalos, Maria Hassapidou, Elena Lalama, Andreas F. H. Pfeiffer, Elise Decorte, Veronique Cornelissen, Saskia Wilson-Barnes, Kathryn Hart, Eugenio Mantovani, Sofia Balula Dias, Leontios Hadjileontiadis, Lazaros P. Gymnopoulos, Kosmas Dimitropoulos and Anagnostis Argiriou

Nutrients 2025, 17(7), 1260; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17071260 - 3 Apr 2025

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Personalized nutrition programs enhanced with artificial intelligence (AI)-based tools hold promising potential for the development of healthy and sustainable diets and for disease prevention. This study aimed to explore the impact of an AI-based personalized nutrition program on the gut microbiome [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Personalized nutrition programs enhanced with artificial intelligence (AI)-based tools hold promising potential for the development of healthy and sustainable diets and for disease prevention. This study aimed to explore the impact of an AI-based personalized nutrition program on the gut microbiome of healthy individuals. Methods: An intervention using an AI-based mobile application for personalized nutrition was applied for six weeks. Fecal and blood samples from 29 healthy participants (females 52%, mean age 35 years) were collected at baseline and at six weeks. Gut microbiome through 16s ribosomal RNA (rRNA) amplicon sequencing, anthropometric and biochemical data were analyzed at both timepoints. Dietary assessment was performed using food frequency questionnaires. Results: A significant increase in richness (Chao1, 220.4 ± 58.5 vs. 241.5 ± 60.2, p = 0.024) and diversity (Faith’s phylogenetic diversity, 15.5 ± 3.3 vs. 17.3 ± 2.8, p = 0.0001) was found from pre- to post-intervention. Following the intervention, the relative abundance of genera associated with the reduction in cholesterol and heart disease risk (e.g., Eubacterium coprostanoligenes group and Oscillobacter) was significantly increased, while the abundance of inflammation-associated genera (e.g., Eubacterium ruminantium group and Gastranaerophilales) was decreased. Alterations in the abundance of several butyrate-producing genera were also found (e.g., increase in Faecalibacterium, decrease in Bifidobacterium). Further, a decrease in carbohydrate (272.2 ± 97.7 vs. 222.9 ± 80.5, p = 0.003) and protein (113.6 ± 38.8 vs. 98.6 ± 32.4, p = 0.011) intake, as well as a reduction in waist circumference (78.4 ± 12.1 vs. 77.2 ± 11.2, p = 0.023), was also seen. Changes in the abundance of Oscillospiraceae_UCG_002 and Lachnospiraceae_UCG_004 were positively associated with changes in olive oil intake (Rho = 0.57, p = 0.001) and levels of triglycerides (Rho = 0.56, p = 0.001). Conclusions: This study highlights the potential for an AI-based personalized nutrition program to influence the gut microbiome. More research is now needed to establish the use of gut microbiome-informed strategies for personalized nutrition. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Towards Healthy and Sustainable Diets: Environmental and Nutritional Perspectives)

14 pages, 2398 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effect of Lactiplantibacillus plantarum DSW3805 Isolated from Kimchi for Gut Health Attenuating Colonic Inflammation in a Dextran Sulfate Sodium-Induced Mouse Model

by Na-Kyoung Lee, Yunjung Lee, Da-Soul Shin, Yong-Min Choi, Jinhyeuk Lee, Eunju Park and Hyun-Dong Paik

Nutrients 2025, 17(7), 1259; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17071259 - 3 Apr 2025

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Lactiplantibacillus plantarum DSW3805 was isolated from Korean kimchi samples to examine its effect in a dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced mouse model. Methods: To induce colitis, mice were treated with DSS for one week before sacrifice (n = 8 per group, [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Lactiplantibacillus plantarum DSW3805 was isolated from Korean kimchi samples to examine its effect in a dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced mouse model. Methods: To induce colitis, mice were treated with DSS for one week before sacrifice (n = 8 per group, total n = 40). Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus GG (10⁹ CFU/day) or probiotics (L. plantarum DSW3805; 10⁸ or 10⁹ CFU/day) were administered for two weeks. To assess colitis damage, we evaluated the disease activity index, colon tissue, inflammatory factors, the microbiome, short-chain fatty acids, and intestine-related factors. Results: DSS induced colonic tissue damage (colon length, mucus thickness, and colonic crypts), and L. plantarum DSW3805 alleviated the tissue damage. Induced inflammation was reduced by inhibiting TNF-α, IFN-γ, IL-1β, IL-6, IgA, IgG, LTB4, PGE2, and NF-κB protein expression. The ratio of Firmicutes to Bacteroidetes in the PC group (DSS-treated control) was lower than that in the NC (DSS-nontreated control); L. plantarum DSW3805 increased the ratio. Higher concentrations of acetic, propionic, and butyric acids were detected in probiotic groups. In addition, harmful factors, such as calprotectin and β-glucuronidase, were reduced in the probiotic groups. Conclusions: L. plantarum DSW3805 alleviates gut damage by colitis; therefore, it can be used as a functional food to improve gut health. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Prebiotics and Probiotics)

18 pages, 1306 KiB

Open AccessReview

Moringa oleifera and Blood Pressure: Evidence and Potential Mechanisms

by Francesca Menichetti, Chiara Berteotti, Vittoria Schirinzi, Carolina Poli, Roberta Arrighi and Alessandro Leone

Nutrients 2025, 17(7), 1258; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17071258 - 3 Apr 2025

Abstract

The prevalence of hypertension is increasing worldwide, in particular in developing countries. Anti-hypertensive drugs are commonly used to treat hypertension. However, in developing countries, where access to health care is scarce and the supply system is poor, anti-hypertensive drugs may not always be [...] Read more.

The prevalence of hypertension is increasing worldwide, in particular in developing countries. Anti-hypertensive drugs are commonly used to treat hypertension. However, in developing countries, where access to health care is scarce and the supply system is poor, anti-hypertensive drugs may not always be available. Moringa oleifera is a plant widely found in developing countries, with its leaves, seeds, flowers, roots, and pods used both for nutritional purposes and in traditional medicine to treat various diseases, including hypertension. This review summarizes the evidence, both in animal and human models, about the antihypertensive effects of different parts of M. oleifera, discusses possible mechanisms of action, explores its bioactive compounds with potential antihypertensive properties, and highlights the limitations of its use as a hypotensive agent. Many preclinical studies attribute antihypertensive properties to M. oleifera, particularly the leaves. However, it is premature to draw firm conclusions, as there is a great lack of randomized controlled trials demonstrating its real efficacy. The mechanisms of action and the compounds responsible for the hypotensive effect have not yet been fully elucidated. Therefore, further clinical trials showing its efficacy are strongly required before promoting Moringa for therapeutic purposes. At present, Moringa remains a plant with nutritional and pharmacological potential. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bioactive Compounds and Functional Foods in Human Health)

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33 pages, 666 KiB

Open AccessReview

The Impact of Dietary Interventions on Metabolic Outcomes in Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Steatotic Liver Disease (MASLD) and Comorbid Conditions, Including Obesity and Type 2 Diabetes

by Joanna Michalina Jurek, Katarzyna Zablocka-Sowinska, Helena Clavero Mestres, Leyre Reyes Gutiérrez, Javier Camaron and Teresa Auguet

Nutrients 2025, 17(7), 1257; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17071257 - 3 Apr 2025

Abstract

Background: Metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) is a public health concern, linked with immune-metabolic dysfunction. While lifestyle and dietary modifications remain the cornerstone of MASLD management, the optimal dietary approach remains uncertain. Objectives: This systematic review aims to investigate the impact of [...] Read more.

Background: Metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) is a public health concern, linked with immune-metabolic dysfunction. While lifestyle and dietary modifications remain the cornerstone of MASLD management, the optimal dietary approach remains uncertain. Objectives: This systematic review aims to investigate the impact of model dietary patterns on metabolic outcomes in patients with MASLD and evaluate their effects in individuals with coexisting metabolic conditions, such as obesity, metabolic syndrome, and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Methods: To conduct the review, PubMed, Scopus, Google Scholar, Cochrane CENTRAL, and ClinicalTrials.gov databases were searched for Randomized Controlled Trials (RCTs) on the adult population, published between January 2019 and September 2024, following PRISMA principles. The quality of the included RCTs was assessed qualitatively based on study characteristics. Results: The main findings of this review demonstrated that the use of interventions with dietary model based on Mediterranean diet (MED) and intermittent fasting (IF) approaches, such as alternative-day fasting (ADF) and time-restricted feeding regimens (TRF) may have potential in reducing body weight, BMI, and waist circumference, with additional benefits of improving glycemic control and reducing inflammation. The effects on hepatic functions, although limited, may be linked with reduced enzyme activity and liver stiffness. Additionally, the use of lacto-ovo-vegetarian diet (LOV-D) and the Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) diet may offer additional health benefits, including blood pressure management. Conclusions: This review suggests that MED and IF-based strategies may reduce BW, improve glycemic control, and lower inflammation, with potential benefits for hepatic function. Further long-term studies are needed to confirm these effects and underlying mechanisms, which will allow for the optimization of protocols and ensure their safety in MASLD. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dietary Advice and Guidance on Liver Metabolism)

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14 pages, 1521 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Longitudinal Association Between the Consumption of Vegetables, Fruits, and Red Meat and Diabetes Disease Burden: An Analysis of Multiple Global Datasets

by Manqiong Yuan, Juan Wang, Lifen Jin, Liangwen Zhang and Ya Fang

Nutrients 2025, 17(7), 1256; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17071256 - 3 Apr 2025

Abstract

Background: Dietary factors, such as vegetable, fruit, and red meat consumption, have varying effects on the disease burden of diabetes, the world’s third leading health concern. This study aims to evaluate the global impact of vegetable/fruit/red meat consumption on disease burdens. Methods: Diabetes [...] Read more.

Background: Dietary factors, such as vegetable, fruit, and red meat consumption, have varying effects on the disease burden of diabetes, the world’s third leading health concern. This study aims to evaluate the global impact of vegetable/fruit/red meat consumption on disease burdens. Methods: Diabetes disease burden, vegetable/fruit/red meat consumption, and covariates data were obtained from the Global Burden of Disease Study (GBD) 2021, Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), and WHO, respectively, and matched by country/region and year. Global vector maps assessed the status of diabetes disease burden and the consumption of three dietary factors in 2021, and their trends from 2010 to 2021 were illustrated through local regression curves. Generalized additive mixed models (GAMMs) were used to analyze relationships, with weights assigned based on log-transformed values relative to the mean population of each country. Results: A comprehensive dataset spanning 2010–2021, encompassing 175 countries/regions, was successfully matched and utilized in the analysis. In 2021, Oceania had the highest diabetes burden, whereas East Asia had a lower one. Globally, the disease burden increased from 2010 to 2021, accompanied by rising per capita vegetable and fruit consumption but declining red meat consumption. Vegetable consumption was inversely correlated with the age-standardized incidence rate (ASIR) and exhibited a “J-shaped” curve with the age-standardized mortality rate (ASMR) and age-standardized disability-adjusted life year (DALY) rate (ASDR) (nadir at approximately 80 kcal/capita/day (kcal/cap/day). Fruit consumption had a “U-shaped” relationship with ASDR (nadir at approximately 100 kcal/cap/day). Red meat consumption was negatively correlated to ASIR and had a “U-shaped” relationship with ASMR and ASDR (nadir at 200 kcal/cap/day). Conclusions: The global diabetes disease burden is heavy, and dietary consumption varies widely. Vegetable-related risks differ between diabetics and non-diabetics. Proper fruit consumption decreases ASDR. Moderate red meat increases can reduce the disease burden, but excessive consumption increases ASMR and ASDR. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Nutrition and Diabetes)

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19 pages, 3499 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Role in Preventing Alcoholic Liver Disease Progression: A Comparative Study of Whole-Component Finger Citron Essential Oil and Its Major Component D-Limonene

by Jingxin Chen, Genghua Ou, Wenting Gu, Jian Shi, Ruiying Lyu, Xueping Wu, Junming Wang and Chunhong Liu

Nutrients 2025, 17(7), 1255; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17071255 - 3 Apr 2025

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Chronic alcohol overconsumption triggers alcohol liver injury, and therapeutic strategies targeting alcohol-triggered oxidative stress and hepatic inflammatory responses represent potential approaches to ameliorating alcohol-related hepatotoxicity. This study aimed to determine the hepatoprotective activity of finger citron essential oil (FCEO) in alcoholic [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Chronic alcohol overconsumption triggers alcohol liver injury, and therapeutic strategies targeting alcohol-triggered oxidative stress and hepatic inflammatory responses represent potential approaches to ameliorating alcohol-related hepatotoxicity. This study aimed to determine the hepatoprotective activity of finger citron essential oil (FCEO) in alcoholic liver disease (ALD)-afflicted rats and explore its underlying mechanisms. In order to identify the effective components, we compared the effects of FCEO and D-limonene. Methods: The regulatory effects of FCEO on metabolic enzymes were systematically evaluated through in vitro experiments. In vivo studies were conducted to investigate and compare the hepatoprotective effects of FCEO and D-limonene. Staining methods, assay kits, and Western Blot were used to determine the roles of FCEO and D-limonene in the ALD rats. Results: We found that FCEO downregulated phase I metabolic enzymes and upregulated phase II metabolic enzymes in Buffalo Rat Liver-3A (BRL-3A) cells. FCEO and/or D-limonene intervention reduced transaminase levels in ALD rats and effectively alleviated inflammatory cell infiltration and lipid droplet accumulation in their liver tissue. Additionally, FCEO and D-limonene played a regulatory role in oxidative stress and inflammation-related pathways such as the MAPK/Nrf2 and NF-κB/AMPK pathways. FCEO was superior to D-limonene as an antioxidant in alleviating alcoholic liver injury. Conclusions: This study revealed the alleviative effects and mechanisms of FCEO on alcoholic liver injury, demonstrating better efficacy compared to its monomer, thus providing a strategy for the development and utilization of finger citron resources. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Phytochemicals and Human Health)

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4 pages, 154 KiB

Open AccessEditorial

Thinking Beyond Food to Nutrition and Beyond Cells to Immunology

by Renata Ramalho

Nutrients 2025, 17(7), 1254; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17071254 - 3 Apr 2025

Abstract

By the time I was tasked to lead a Special Issue on the “Impacts of Micronutrients on Immune System and Inflammatory Diseases”, seeing publications from so many different areas was something I could not have expected [...] Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Impacts of Micronutrients on Immune System and Inflammatory Diseases)

28 pages, 1584 KiB

Open AccessReview

Beneficial Effects of Omega-3 Fatty Acids on Obesity and Related Metabolic and Chronic Inflammatory Diseases

by Donia Jerab, Ferdinand Blangero, Paulo César Trindade da Costa, José Luiz de Brito Alves, Rym Kefi, Henda Jamoussi, Beatrice Morio and Assia Eljaafari

Nutrients 2025, 17(7), 1253; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17071253 - 3 Apr 2025

Abstract

Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFAs) are known to help resolve inflammation through generation of anti-inflammatory eicosanoids and specialized pro-resolving mediators, including resolvins, protectins, and maresins. Through binding to the GPR120/FFAR4 receptor, their beneficial effects result from phospholipid membrane remodeling, impairment [...] Read more.

Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFAs) are known to help resolve inflammation through generation of anti-inflammatory eicosanoids and specialized pro-resolving mediators, including resolvins, protectins, and maresins. Through binding to the GPR120/FFAR4 receptor, their beneficial effects result from phospholipid membrane remodeling, impairment of inflammatory signaling molecules clustering, subsequent inhibition of NF-κB and inflammasome activation, and a reduction in oxidative stress. Obesity, a chronic inflammatory disease that contributes to metabolic disorders, is alleviated by n-3 PUFAs. In the adipose tissue (AT) of individuals with obesity, n-3 PUFAs counteract hypoxia, inhibit immune cell infiltration and AT inflammation, improve insulin sensitivity, and reduce fat mass. Beyond AT, n-3 PUFAs also alleviate other metabolic disorders such as metabolic-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD), gut dysbiosis, and/or renal dysfunction. In cardiovascular disease (CVD), they are mainly recommended as a secondary prevention for patients with coronary heart disease risks. This review provides an in-depth analysis of the benefits of n-3 PUFAs in obesity and related metabolic diseases, examining both the mechanistic and clinical aspects. Additionally, it also explores the effects of n-3 PUFAs in obesity-related chronic inflammatory conditions, including inflammatory bowel disease, psoriasis, rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, and multiple sclerosis, by targeting specific pathophysiological mechanisms. Clinical applications and limitations of n-3 PUFAs are discussed based on findings from human clinical trials. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Nutrition and Obesity)

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14 pages, 1363 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Extent of Unidentified Complaints and Depression Is Inversely Associated with Fish and Shellfish Intake in Young Japanese Women

by Toshikazu Suzuki, Yui Yoshizawa and Shiori Takano

Nutrients 2025, 17(7), 1252; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17071252 - 3 Apr 2025

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Vague physical complaints with no corresponding organic disease background are called unidentified complaints. The symptoms of patients with unidentified complaints closely resemble medically unexplained or persistent physical symptoms, with the onset sometimes masked by mental disorders. Over the past 50 years, [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Vague physical complaints with no corresponding organic disease background are called unidentified complaints. The symptoms of patients with unidentified complaints closely resemble medically unexplained or persistent physical symptoms, with the onset sometimes masked by mental disorders. Over the past 50 years, numerous studies have connected unfavorable eating habits to these symptoms; however, no study has systematically examined the association between the symptoms and specific nutrients or food items. Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional study of young Japanese women, using questionnaire surveys, to assess their nutritional intake, quantify unidentified complaints and depression, and identify nutrients/food items primarily associated with the severity of these conditions. Results: Our findings indicate that participants with high scores for unidentified complaints, depression, or both had lower intake levels of eicosapentaenoic acid, docosahexaenoic acid, vitamin D, and vitamin B₁₂ than those with low scores, alongside reduced fish and shellfish consumption. Notably, the median fish and shellfish intake in the group with high scores for both unidentified complaints and depression was less than one-fourth of that in the low-score group. Conclusions: The results align with previous findings, demonstrating a modest inverse association between fish intake and depression risk, and suggesting the involvement of fish and shellfish intake in the occurrence of unidentified complaints. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Role of Different Dietary Patterns on Anxiety and Depression)

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13 pages, 1067 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Should We Treat SIBO Patients? Impact on Quality of Life and Response to Comprehensive Treatment: A Real-World Clinical Practice Study

by Ana Reyes Liébana-Castillo, Lucía Redondo-Cuevas, Ángela Nicolás, Vanessa Martín-Carbonell, Laura Sanchis, Aroa Olivares, Francisco Grau, Marina Ynfante, Michel Colmenares, María Leonor Molina, José Ramón Lorente, Héctor Tomás, Nadia Moreno, Ana Garayoa, Mercedes Jaén, María Mora, José Gonzalvo, José Ramón Molés, Samuel Díaz, Noelia Sancho, Eva Sánchez, Juan Ortiz, Vicente Gil-Guillén, Ernesto Cortés-Castell and Xavier Cortés-Rizo Show full author list Hide full author list

Nutrients 2025, 17(7), 1251; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17071251 - 3 Apr 2025

Abstract

Background: Small intestinal bacterial overgrowth (SIBO) is a dysbiosis marked by an excessive proliferation of bacteria in the small intestine, resulting in abdominal symptoms that significantly affect patients’ quality of life. Objectives: This study aims to evaluate the impact of a [...] Read more.

Background: Small intestinal bacterial overgrowth (SIBO) is a dysbiosis marked by an excessive proliferation of bacteria in the small intestine, resulting in abdominal symptoms that significantly affect patients’ quality of life. Objectives: This study aims to evaluate the impact of a comprehensive therapeutic approach in improving the quality of life of patients with SIBO. Methods: For this purpose, standardized questionnaires were used at baseline, 30 days and 90 days, including the IBS-QOL (Irritable Bowel Syndrome Quality of Life Questionnaire), the GSRS (Gastrointestinal Symptom Rating Scale), the EuroQOL-5D, and the Bristol Scale. Results: The results show that a comprehensive approach, combining pharmacological treatment, appropriate dietary intervention, and strategies aimed at improving gut microbiota and intestinal permeability, produces a sustained improvement in the quality of life of a significant proportion of patients who participated in the study. Furthermore, the results suggest that, although gas normalization is a relevant indicator, clinical improvement and quality of life depend considerably on patients’ subjective perception of their health. Conclusions: This finding underscores the importance of recognizing SIBO as a prevalent condition that requires accurate diagnoses and individualized treatments to improve patients’ well-being. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Diet, Gut Health, and Clinical Nutrition)

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13 pages, 451 KiB

Open AccessReview

Tracking Pathways Linking Obesity with Heart Failure

by Eleni Manta, Panagiotis Iliakis, Christos Fragoulis, Ioannis Leontsinis, Ioannis Stamoulopoulos, Christina Chrysohoou and Konstantinos Tsioufis

Nutrients 2025, 17(7), 1250; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17071250 - 3 Apr 2025

Abstract

Obesity can cause the onset of heart failure and exacerbate the status of the pre-existing disease. Through intricate pathways, obesity activates hormonal factors that encourage the development of inflammation and lead to increased congestion. Consequently, this complex parallel pathophysiological cascade contributes to the [...] Read more.

Obesity can cause the onset of heart failure and exacerbate the status of the pre-existing disease. Through intricate pathways, obesity activates hormonal factors that encourage the development of inflammation and lead to increased congestion. Consequently, this complex parallel pathophysiological cascade contributes to the echocardiographic and clinical signs of heart failure. In these patients, obesity frequently coexists with nutritional and muscular profile abnormalities that manifest as cachexia or sarcopenia. Patients with heart failure have a higher chance of surviving when obesity is treated. Interventional, pharmaceutical, and dietary strategies are used as forms of therapy. This review delves into the evaluation of the relationship between obesity and heart failure, and it targets to highlight the therapeutical impact of weight-loss programs on cardiac function in individuals with heart failure and obesity. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Nutrition and Obesity)

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