Nutrients

17 pages, 935 KiB

Open AccessReview

Nutritional Strategies for the Treatment and Prevention of Sepsis Outside the Intensive Care Unit

by Maurizio Gabrielli, Raffaella Zaccaria, Michele Impagnatiello, Lorenzo Zileri Dal Verme and Antonio Gasbarrini

Nutrients 2024, 16(23), 3985; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16233985 (registering DOI) - 21 Nov 2024

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Sepsis is a life-threatening condition characterized by an imbalanced immune response to infection, posing a significant challenge in hospital settings due to its high morbidity and mortality rates. While much attention has been given to patients in the ICU, uncertainties remain regarding [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Sepsis is a life-threatening condition characterized by an imbalanced immune response to infection, posing a significant challenge in hospital settings due to its high morbidity and mortality rates. While much attention has been given to patients in the ICU, uncertainties remain regarding the nutritional management of septic patients in non-intensive wards. This narrative review aims to address these gaps by exploring key aspects of nutritional care in sepsis patients admitted to non-intensive wards. Methods: We examine the pathophysiological mechanisms driving metabolic alterations in sepsis, methods for effective nutritional assessment, and supplementation strategies, including the potential role of specific nutrients. Additionally, we discuss the preventive role of nutrition, with a focus on gut microbiota modulation. Conclusions: By synthesizing the available literature, this review provides evidence-based insights to guide nutritional strategies for managing sepsis in patients hospitalized in non-intensive wards and highlights critical areas for future research. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutrition and Autoimmune Diseases)

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16 pages, 2003 KiB

Open AccessReview

Examining the Association Between Overweight, Obesity, and Irritable Bowel Syndrome: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

by Chun En Yau, Gwendolyn Shan Jing Lim, Asher Yu Han Ang, Yu Liang Lim, Orlanda Qi Mei Goh, Kewin Tien Ho Siah and Qin Xiang Ng

Nutrients 2024, 16(23), 3984; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16233984 (registering DOI) - 21 Nov 2024

Abstract

Background: Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a common yet debilitating disorder of gut–brain interaction, characterized by gut–brain axis dysregulation, visceral hypersensitivity, and other comorbidities. Obesity has been hypothesized to be a risk factor linked to IBS, albeit evidence remains conflicting. Given the growing [...] Read more.

Background: Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a common yet debilitating disorder of gut–brain interaction, characterized by gut–brain axis dysregulation, visceral hypersensitivity, and other comorbidities. Obesity has been hypothesized to be a risk factor linked to IBS, albeit evidence remains conflicting. Given the growing global prevalence of obesity and IBS, we performed a meta-analysis examining their purported association. Methods: Embase, MEDLINE, and the Cochrane Library were searched to identify studies reporting the prevalence and odds ratios (ORs) of IBS according to BMI categories. Random effects meta-analyses were used for the primary analysis. Results: From 1713 articles, 27 studies were included. Our findings showed that using study-defined categories for overweight, obese, and normal BMI, the odds of the diagnosis of IBS were not associated with overweight (OR 1.02; 95% CI 0.89 to 1.17; p = 0.772) or obese BMI (OR 1.11; 95% CI 0.91 to 1.37; p = 0.309). The meta-analysis of study-reported adjusted odds ratios of IBS among individuals living with overweight or obesity also did not yield significant results. Further sensitivity analysis by the Rome criteria demonstrated a statistically significant association between obese BMI and IBS in studies using the Rome IV criteria (OR 1.59; 95% CI 1.13 to 2.23; p < 0.01), with significant subgroup difference between studies using the Rome II, Rome III, and Rome IV criteria. Further sensitivity analysis using the different cut-off values and subgroup analysis by geographical territory did not yield significant associations. Conclusions: In summary, excess body weight may not be a primary driver of IBS risk. Future research should focus on longitudinal studies that account for changes in weight and other lifestyle factors, as well as detailed mechanistic investigations. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Malnutrition and Gastrointestinal Disease)

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14 pages, 730 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Prevalence, Risk Factors and Association with Clinical Outcomes of Malnutrition and Sarcopenia in Inflammatory Bowel Disease: A Prospective Study

by Cristina Bezzio, Daniele Brinch, Davide Giuseppe Ribaldone, Maria Cappello, Natalie Ruzzon, Marta Vernero, Davide Scalvini, Laura Loy, Sofia Donghi, Stefania Ciminnisi, Gianpiero Manes, Alessandro Armuzzi and Simone Saibeni

Nutrients 2024, 16(23), 3983; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16233983 (registering DOI) - 21 Nov 2024

Abstract

Introduction: The prevalences of malnutrition and sarcopenia in patients with IBD are not precisely known, and nutritional assessment is not standardized. We assessed the prevalence and risk factors of these conditions in outpatients and their impact on clinical outcomes. Methods: This prospective longitudinal [...] Read more.

Introduction: The prevalences of malnutrition and sarcopenia in patients with IBD are not precisely known, and nutritional assessment is not standardized. We assessed the prevalence and risk factors of these conditions in outpatients and their impact on clinical outcomes. Methods: This prospective longitudinal study considered patients who had IBD for at least one year, were attending a tertiary IBD center, and were followed for the subsequent year. Results: In a sample of 158 consecutive patients (96 with Crohn’s disease and 62 with ulcerative colitis), the prevalence of malnutrition, according to GLIM criteria, was 13.3%. For identifying patients at risk of malnutrition, the Malnutrition Universal Screening Tool demonstrated better accuracy, (sensitivity 88.9 (65.3–98.6) and specificity 90.2 (83.8–93.4)) than the SaskIBD-NR questionnaire (sensitivity 69.3 (41.1–86.7) and specificity 60.9 (60.9–76.8)). The prevalence of sarcopenia was 34.2%. Considering clinical outcomes, sarcopenia at baseline was significantly associated with hospital admission within a year (p = 45.2% vs. 20.3%, 0.026). Conclusions: Malnutrition and sarcopenia were present in about one-third of IBD patients. Awareness should be raised among physicians caring for IBD patients about the need to evaluate patients’ nutritional statuses to help patients achieve a better quality of life. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Clinical Nutrition)

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12 pages, 427 KiB

Open AccessArticle

An Investigation of the Risk Factors Related to Frailty in Older Adults Receiving Home Care Services

by Eirini Stratidaki, Enkeleint A. Mechili, Christina Ouzouni, Athina E. Patelarou, Ioannis Savvakis, Konstantinos Giakoumidakis, Aggelos Laliotis and Evridiki Patelarou

Nutrients 2024, 16(23), 3982; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16233982 (registering DOI) - 21 Nov 2024

Abstract

(1) Background: Frailty in older adults is a condition that involves an interaction of psychological, biological, and social factors. This study aimed to assess the frailty status of older adults (65 years old and above) who receive home care services. Additionally, this work [...] Read more.

(1) Background: Frailty in older adults is a condition that involves an interaction of psychological, biological, and social factors. This study aimed to assess the frailty status of older adults (65 years old and above) who receive home care services. Additionally, this work aimed to explore the key factors that have a statistically significant impact on the frailty of this vulnerable population. (2) Methods: This study represents the first phase of an intervention trial involving individuals aged 65 and over who received primary healthcare services and resided in the municipality of Archanes-Asterousia in Crete, Greece. Frailty was assessed using the SHARE-Frailty Instrument, while nutritional status was evaluated with the Mini Nutritional Assessment. Diet-related factors were analyzed, including health factors (oral hygiene, depression, cognitive decline, impaired functioning, quality of life), social factors (educational attainment, marital status, type of work before the age of 60), and lifestyle factors (smoking, alcohol consumption, diet). (3) Results: A total of 730 older adults were evaluated (31.5% male), with an average age (±SD) of 76.83 (±6.68) years. The frailty status analysis revealed 108 (14.8%) to be frail, 249 (34.1%) to be pre-frail, and 373 (51.1%) to be non-frail. Statistically significant associations were found between the MNA and Barthel scores (rs = 0.822, p < 0.001). Higher nutritional evaluations (MNA) were revealed in non-frail adults (mean (±SD); 26.97 ± 1.96) compared to pre-fail (mean (±SD); 19.37 ± 3.36) and frail adults (mean (±SD); 13.08 ± 3.16), as well as in pre-fail compared to frail adults (F = 1338.08, p < 0.001). Functional independence (Barthel) significantly differed with the frailty status of older adults (H = 521.98, p < 0.001; median for non-frail: 20.00, pre-fail: 19.00, frail adults: 15.00). (4) Conclusions: This study demonstrated that good nutritional status, good oral health, functional independence, and good quality of life are strongly correlated with lower frailty. Additionally, having chronic conditions is positively associated with one’s frailty status. Educational programs for both healthcare personnel and older adults are recommended. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Effects of Nutrition and Physical Activity on the Health of Older Adults)

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10 pages, 226 KiB

Open AccessBrief Report

The Presence of Added Sugars and Other Sweeteners in Food and Beverage Products Advertised on Television in the United States, 2022

by Rebecca M. Schermbeck, Julien Leider and Lisa M. Powell

Nutrients 2024, 16(23), 3981; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16233981 (registering DOI) - 21 Nov 2024

Abstract

Background/Objectives: The Dietary Guidelines for Americans recommend consuming less than 10% of total calories from added sugars. Low-calorie sweeteners, sugar alcohols, and natural low-calorie sweeteners are used to reduce added sugar intake, but there are concerns about their long-term health impacts, especially for [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: The Dietary Guidelines for Americans recommend consuming less than 10% of total calories from added sugars. Low-calorie sweeteners, sugar alcohols, and natural low-calorie sweeteners are used to reduce added sugar intake, but there are concerns about their long-term health impacts, especially for children. This paper describes the food and beverage television advertising landscape as it pertains to sweeteners. Methods: This cross-sectional study uses television ratings data licensed from The Nielsen Company for the United States in 2022. Nutrition facts panels and ingredient lists were collected for food and beverage product advertisements seen on television and assessed for the presence of added sugars, low-calorie sweeteners, sugar alcohols, and natural low-calorie sweeteners (forms of stevia and monk fruit), as well as whether products were high in added sugars based on federal Interagency Working Group guidelines for advertising to children. Results: Of the sweeteners examined, added sugars were most commonly found in food and beverage product advertisements seen on television (60–68% of advertisements seen across age groups), followed by low-calorie sweeteners (6–10%), sugar alcohols (2–4%), and natural low-calorie sweeteners (2%). About one-third (32–33%) of advertisements seen by 2–5- and 6–11-year-olds were high in added sugars, similar to the percentage seen by 12–17- and 18+-year-olds (34–35%). Advertisements seen for cereal (86–95%) and sweets (92–93%) were most likely to have added sugars, while those for sweets (89–90%) were most likely to be high in added sugars. Conclusions: Sweeteners are common in food and beverage product advertisements seen on television, including alternatives to added sugars for which there are concerns about long-term impacts on health. Continued monitoring and additional research on other advertising media platforms used by food and beverage companies (e.g., digital media) is needed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Nutritional Policies and Education for Health Promotion)

19 pages, 502 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Exploring the Relationship Between Cooking and Food Skills and Eating Competence Among Brazilian Adults

by Maísa Lins, Eduardo Yoshio Nakano, João Rafael Queiroz Soares, Fabiana Lopes Nalon de Queiroz, Raquel Braz Assunção Botelho, António Raposo and Renata Puppin Zandonadi

Nutrients 2024, 16(23), 3980; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16233980 (registering DOI) - 21 Nov 2024

Abstract

Background: Cooking skills (CSs) and food skills (FSs) are essential in promoting healthier eating habits. Eating competence (EC) encompasses an individual’s self-regulation, enjoyment, and positive attitude toward food, contributing to their overall well-being. However, no research has explored the relationship between CSs, FSs, [...] Read more.

Background: Cooking skills (CSs) and food skills (FSs) are essential in promoting healthier eating habits. Eating competence (EC) encompasses an individual’s self-regulation, enjoyment, and positive attitude toward food, contributing to their overall well-being. However, no research has explored the relationship between CSs, FSs, and EC, particularly within the Brazilian context. Objective: This study aimed to assess the association between EC and CFSs among Brazilian adults. Methods: A cross-sectional survey was conducted among 1266 Brazilian adults using two validated instruments: the Cooking and Food Skill Confidence Questionnaire (CFS) and the Brazilian version of the Satter Eating Competence Inventory (ecSI2.0™BR). Pearson’s and Spearman’s correlations were used to analyze the relationships between CSs, FSs, and EC. Results: A significant positive correlation was found between higher levels of CSs and the overall EC (r = 0.417, p < 0.001), with complex cooking tasks showing stronger associations with EC. Contextual skills within EC exhibited the highest correlation with FSs (r = 0.487). Basic tasks, such as microwaving food, showed weaker associations with EC. Conclusions: The findings suggest that enhancing cooking and food skills may support greater eating competence, promoting healthier eating behaviors. Public health programs should consider integrating cooking skill development to foster better dietary outcomes and improve individual well-being. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Healthy Nutrition as the Key Reference in Special Diets, Quality of Life, and Sustainability—2nd Edition)

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3 pages, 191 KiB

Open AccessEditorial

Training and Nutrition for Performance: Males, Females, and Gender Differences

by Olga López Torres and Valentín E. Fernández-Elías

Nutrients 2024, 16(23), 3979; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16233979 (registering DOI) - 21 Nov 2024

Abstract

As sports nutrition research evolves, a growing body of evidence highlights the importance of sex-based differences in responses to dietary interventions for athletic performance [...] Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Training and Nutrition for Performance: Males, Females, and Gender Differences)

15 pages, 752 KiB

Open AccessReview

Tree Nut Allergy in Children—What Do We Know? —A Review

by Anna Chudoba, Agata Żebrowska and Adam J. Sybilski

Nutrients 2024, 16(23), 3978; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16233978 (registering DOI) - 21 Nov 2024

Abstract

Food allergy represents a significant public health concern, with its prevalence increasing in recent decades. Tree nuts are among major allergenic foods, and allergies to them are frequently linked to severe and potentially life-threatening reactions. Data on the prevalence and natural history of [...] Read more.

Food allergy represents a significant public health concern, with its prevalence increasing in recent decades. Tree nuts are among major allergenic foods, and allergies to them are frequently linked to severe and potentially life-threatening reactions. Data on the prevalence and natural history of tree nut allergy are limited. Primary nut allergy typically presents with rapid-onset IgE-mediated symptoms. Diagnosis can be confirmed by demonstrating a positive skin prick test (SPT), specific IgE (sIgE), or through an oral food challenge. Component-resolved diagnostics (CRD) can identify those with a high risk of anaphylaxis. The main management strategy involves avoiding the culprit allergen and treating symptoms after accidental exposure. New therapeutic options, such as sublingual immunotherapy, oral food immunotherapy, with or without omalizumab, and other monoclonal antibodies, are being investigated to modify tree nut allergy. Tree nut allergy is a lifelong disease with a low likelihood of resolution. The aim of this paper is to present the current data on the prevalence, diagnosis, natural history, and management options for tree nut allergy. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Pediatric Nutrition)

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13 pages, 2318 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Effectiveness and Safety of a Nutraceutical Combination in Overweight Patients with Metabolic Syndrome

by Lucilla Ricottini, Sabrina Basciani, Maria Letizia Spizzichini, Domenico de Mattia, Manuela Coniglio-Iannuzzi delle Noci, Sasha Sorrentino and Maurizio Nordio

Nutrients 2024, 16(23), 3977; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16233977 (registering DOI) - 21 Nov 2024

Abstract

Background: The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of a nutraceutical combination given to insulin-resistant overweight patients with altered lipid profiles. To this end, an observational study was designed in which 74 individuals (50 females and 24 [...] Read more.

Background: The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of a nutraceutical combination given to insulin-resistant overweight patients with altered lipid profiles. To this end, an observational study was designed in which 74 individuals (50 females and 24 males) underwent an observational period of 3 months. Methods: During this time, a specific nutraceutical combination containing myo-inositol, glycine, Coprinus comatus, α-lipoic acid, phlorizin, zinc, vitamin B⁶, and chromium picolinate was administered. Patients were asked not to modify their lifestyles so that no variable that might interfere with results was introduced. Results: After the 3-month period, the obtained data revealed that insulin levels significantly decreased with respect to the baseline, while glucose levels exhibited a trend towards lower concentrations, which was not significant. In addition, HOMA-IR index, body weight, BMI, and abdominal circumference values all decreased significantly. Regarding lipid profiles, the data obtained before and after the 3-month period showed statistically significant decreases in concentrations of total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, and triglyceride, as well as a small but statistically significant concomitant increase in HDL cholesterol. Conclusions: Thus, on the basis of these data, it may be stated that the specific nutraceutical combination used in the present study significantly ameliorated a number of metabolic parameters without measurable side effects. The efficacy and safety of the product were, therefore, confirmed in our group of patients. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Nutrition and Obesity)

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13 pages, 508 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Sarcopenia in the Oldest-Old Adults in the Capital of Brazil: Prevalence and Its Associated Risk Factors

by Hudson Azevedo Pinheiro, Ruth Losada de Menezes, Camila Kellen de Souza Cardoso, Rômulo Roosevelt da Silva Filho, Farah Registre, César de Oliveira and Erika Aparecida Silveira

Nutrients 2024, 16(23), 3976; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16233976 (registering DOI) - 21 Nov 2024

Abstract

Background: In light of the demographic context in which the older adult population is prominent, sarcopenia emerges as a significant concern for the health of these individuals. Aim: To assess the frequency of sarcopenia and severe sarcopenia and the associated risk factors in [...] Read more.

Background: In light of the demographic context in which the older adult population is prominent, sarcopenia emerges as a significant concern for the health of these individuals. Aim: To assess the frequency of sarcopenia and severe sarcopenia and the associated risk factors in the oldest adults living in the community. Methods: There were 399 participants aged 80 or older, of both sexes, using primary health care services in the metropolitan area of Brasília, Brazil. Sarcopenia was evaluated based on European Working Group on Sarcopenia in Older People 2 (EWGSOP2). Muscle mass was measured by calf circumference, muscle function by handgrip strength, and muscle performance by gait speed. Clinical and socioeconomic variables, comorbidities, falls, and urinary incontinence were collected. The prevalence of sarcopenia was calculated with a 95% (IC) prevalence. Multivariate Poisson regression analysis was performed in Stata, with p < 5%. Results: Among participants, 78.2% were women. Prevalence of pre-sarcopenia was 31.8%, sarcopenia 3.3%, and severe sarcopenia 25.1%. After multivariate regression, sarcopenia was associated with the female sex, low weight, and a dependency for activities of daily living (ADLs). Similarly, severe sarcopenia remained associated with female sex, low weight, and an ADLs dependency. Sarcopenia and severe sarcopenia were not associated with the level of education, marital status, income, physical activity, medications, falls, nor comorbidities. Conclusions: A quarter of older adults had severe sarcopenia. Sarcopenia and severe sarcopenia were associated with being a woman, being low weight, and have an ADLs dependence. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Morphofunctional Nutritional Assessment in Clinical Practice)

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12 pages, 249 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Social and Nutritional Profiles of Pregnant Women: A Cluster Analysis on the “MAMI-MED” Cohort

by Giuliana Favara, Andrea Maugeri, Martina Barchitta, Roberta Magnano San Lio, Maria Clara La Rosa, Claudia La Mastra, Fabiola Galvani, Elisa Pappalardo, Carla Ettore, Giuseppe Ettore and Antonella Agodi

Nutrients 2024, 16(23), 3975; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16233975 (registering DOI) - 21 Nov 2024

Abstract

Background/Objectives: During the pre-conceptional period, addressing social determinants of health (SDOH) is essential for reducing maternal health disparities, particularly among disadvantaged groups. Key SDOH factors such as income, education, and healthcare access significantly influence maternal and infant outcomes, increasing risks like miscarriage, preterm [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: During the pre-conceptional period, addressing social determinants of health (SDOH) is essential for reducing maternal health disparities, particularly among disadvantaged groups. Key SDOH factors such as income, education, and healthcare access significantly influence maternal and infant outcomes, increasing risks like miscarriage, preterm birth, and pregnancy complications. Here, we aimed to explore maternal and neonatal characteristics according to socio-economic status. Thus, we identified clusters of pregnant women with similar social and behavioral characteristics and explored their variability in terms of neonatal outcomes. Methods: Data from 1512 pregnant women in the “MAMI-MED” cohort at ARNAS Garibaldi Nesima in Catania were analyzed. A two-step cluster analysis grouped the women based on education level, employment status, pre-pregnancy nutritional status, and Mediterranean diet score (MDS). Results: Two clusters of pregnant women were identified. Cluster 1 (n = 739) consisted of women with lower educational attainment who were unemployed, overweight and/or obese, and had a lower mean MDS. Instead, cluster 2 (n = 773) was mostly characterized by women with a medium–high level of education who were employed, had normal weight, and had a higher average MDS. Women in cluster 1 had significantly higher proportions of preterm births (p = 0.004), low-birth weight newborns (p = 0.002), and large-for-gestational-age newborns. Differences in gestational week (p < 0.001), birth weight (p < 0.001), and newborn length (p = 0.004) were also noted between the two clusters. Conclusions: Cluster analysis can help identify high-risk groups who may benefit from personalized public health interventions. Our results highlight the need to examine the complex interactions between socio-demographic, behavioral, and genetic factors that contribute to maternal–infant health. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biostatistics Methods in Nutritional Research)

5 pages, 182 KiB

Open AccessEditorial

Calcium, Vitamin D, and Aging in Humans

by Ligia J. Dominguez and Stefano Gonnelli

Nutrients 2024, 16(23), 3974; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16233974 (registering DOI) - 21 Nov 2024

Abstract

There is currently a growing awareness that nutritional factors have major impacts on the risk of age-associated chronic non-communicable diseases and mortality [...] Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Calcium, Vitamin D and Aging in Humans)

12 pages, 451 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Culinary Medicine Cooking Workshops as Add-On Therapy for Inpatients with Depression and Eating Disorders

by Sabrina Mörkl, Attila Varnagy, Jolana Wagner-Skacel, Theresa Lahousen, Daniel Brodtrager, Karl Sallmutter, Susanne A. Bengesser, Annamaria Painold, Martin Narrath, Lisa Pieter, Mary I. Butler, Annabel Mueller-Stierlin, Eva Z. Reininghaus, Sonja Lackner and Sandra Holasek

Nutrients 2024, 16(22), 3973; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16223973 (registering DOI) - 20 Nov 2024

Abstract

Background: Culinary medicine integrates healthy eating with positive food experiences, offering a holistic approach to treating mental health disorders, such as depression and eating disorders, where disruptions in eating habits and mood are common. While traditional psychiatric treatments focus on medication and psychotherapy, [...] Read more.

Background: Culinary medicine integrates healthy eating with positive food experiences, offering a holistic approach to treating mental health disorders, such as depression and eating disorders, where disruptions in eating habits and mood are common. While traditional psychiatric treatments focus on medication and psychotherapy, culinary workshops provide a novel intervention for inpatient care. This study evaluated the effectiveness of culinary medicine cooking workshops as a supplementary treatment for psychiatric inpatients with depression and eating disorders. Methods: We assessed the feasibility of five cooking workshops led by a professional chef and nutritional therapist in 39 psychiatric inpatients (depression, n = 29; eating disorders, n = 10). Participants completed questionnaires on dietary habits, mood, and workshop feedback before and after the intervention. Results: The workshops were highly accepted, with 90% of participants reporting they would recommend them for recovery. Significant improvements were observed in mood (p < 0.001), sadness (p < 0.001), hopelessness (p = 0.002), and tiredness (p = 0.003) across the overall group. Patients with depression showed improvements in nearly all mood subscales, while those with eating disorders improved in sadness (p = 0.029). Conclusions: Culinary medicine workshops are a promising tool for enhancing mood and reducing hopelessness and tiredness in inpatients with depression. They also promote sustainable lifestyle changes that may benefit long-term physical and mental health. Future studies should explore the long-term impact of these interventions on psychiatric disorders. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutritional Intervention in Mental Health)

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15 pages, 3531 KiB

Open AccessArticle

HM-Chromanone Alleviates Hyperglycemia by Activating AMPK and PI3K/AKT Pathways in Mice Fed a High-Fat Diet

by Jae-eun Park, Jeong Yoo and Ji-sook Han

Nutrients 2024, 16(22), 3972; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16223972 - 20 Nov 2024

Abstract

Objectives: We investigated potential antihyperglycemic effects of HM-chromanone (HMC), a homoisoflavonoid isolated from Portulaca oleracea, in mice fed a high-fat diet (HFD). Methods: Five-week-old male C57BL/6J mice (n = 24) were divided into three groups: controls, mice fed an HFD (11 [...] Read more.

Objectives: We investigated potential antihyperglycemic effects of HM-chromanone (HMC), a homoisoflavonoid isolated from Portulaca oleracea, in mice fed a high-fat diet (HFD). Methods: Five-week-old male C57BL/6J mice (n = 24) were divided into three groups: controls, mice fed an HFD (11 weeks), and HFD-fed mice receiving HMC supplementation (8 weeks). Various analyses assessed liver and skeletal muscle proteins, pancreatic β-cell histology, blood glucose and HbA1c levels, and homeostatic index of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR). Results: HMC supplementation significantly reduced fasting blood glucose and postprandial blood glucose levels in HFD-fed mice. HbA1c and serum insulin levels reduced significantly, and HOMA-IR improved. Compensatory β-cell hyperplasia was reduced, and pancreatic β-cell function improved. AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) was significantly activated in skeletal muscle and liver tissues. IRS-1tyr612 expression increased significantly. PI3K activation and Akt phosphorylation in skeletal muscles improved insulin signaling. Forkhead box protein O1 phosphorylation increased through hepatic AMPK activation. Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase and glucose-6-phosphatase expression was inhibited. Glycogen synthase kinase 3β phosphorylation increased. Conclusions: HMC supplementation alleviated hyperglycemia by activating the AMPK and PI3K/Akt pathways in skeletal muscles and the AMPK pathway in the liver of HFD-fed mice. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Nutrition and Diabetes)

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15 pages, 2699 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Beneficial Effects of Micronutrient Supplementation in Restoring the Altered Microbiota and Gut–Retina Axis in Patients with Neovascular Age-Related Macular Degeneration—A Randomized Clinical Trial

by Simone Baldi, Giuditta Pagliai, Leandro Di Gloria, Marco Pallecchi, Francesco Barca, Benedetta Pieri, Gianluca Bartolucci, Matteo Ramazzotti, Amedeo Amedei, Gianna Palendri and Francesco Sofi

Nutrients 2024, 16(22), 3971; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16223971 (registering DOI) - 20 Nov 2024

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a leading cause of visual impairment in the elderly and is characterized by a multifactorial etiology. Emerging evidence points to the potential involvement of the gut–retina axis in AMD pathogenesis, prompting exploration into novel therapeutic strategies. This [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a leading cause of visual impairment in the elderly and is characterized by a multifactorial etiology. Emerging evidence points to the potential involvement of the gut–retina axis in AMD pathogenesis, prompting exploration into novel therapeutic strategies. This study aims to investigate the effects of some micronutrients (such as lutein and zeaxanthin) and saffron (as a supplement)—known for their anti-inflammatory properties—on ophthalmological and microbial parameters in neovascular AMD (nAMD) patients. Methods: Thirty naive nAMD patients were randomized to receive daily micronutrient supplementation alongside anti-VEGF (vascular endothelial growth factor) therapy, or anti-VEGF treatment alone, over a 6-month period, with comparisons made to a healthy control (HC) group (N = 15). Ophthalmological assessments, biochemical measurements, and stool samples were obtained before and after treatment. Gut microbiota (GM) characterization was performed using 16S rRNA sequencing, while short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), medium-chain fatty acids (MCFAs), and long-chain fatty acids (LCFAs) were analyzed with a gas chromatography–mass spectrometry protocol. Results: Compared to HC, nAMD patients exhibited reduced GM alpha diversity, altered taxonomic composition, and decreased total SCFA levels, in addition to elevated levels of proinflammatory octanoic and nonanoic acids. Micronutrient supplementation was associated with improved visual acuity relative to the group treated with anti-VEGF alone, along with a decrease in the total amount of MCFAs, which are metabolites known to have adverse ocular effects. Conclusions: In conclusion, despite certain limitations—such as the limited sample size and the low taxonomic resolution of 16S rRNA sequencing—this study highlights compositional and functional imbalances in the GM of nAMD patients and demonstrates that micronutrient supplementation may help restore the gut–retina axis. These findings suggest the therapeutic potential of micronutrients in enhancing ocular outcomes for nAMD patients, underscoring the complex interaction between GM and ocular health. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Prebiotics and Probiotics)

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17 pages, 2020 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Probiotic Therapy of Gastrointestinal Symptoms During COVID-19 Infection: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Remote Study

by Angela Horvath, Rosa Haller, Nicole Feldbacher, Hansjörg Habisch, Kristina Žukauskaitė, Tobias Madl and Vanessa Stadlbauer

Nutrients 2024, 16(22), 3970; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16223970 - 20 Nov 2024

Abstract

Background: The novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) led to gastrointestinal manifestations in up to 50% of cases, with diarrhea being common, and probiotics have been suggested as a potential treatment. Aim: This study aimed to assess changes in the microbiome and the effects of a [...] Read more.

Background: The novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) led to gastrointestinal manifestations in up to 50% of cases, with diarrhea being common, and probiotics have been suggested as a potential treatment. Aim: This study aimed to assess changes in the microbiome and the effects of a multispecies probiotic in patients with COVID-19 in home quarantine through a fully remote telemedical approach. Methods: Thirty patients were randomized to receive either the Ecologic AAD probiotic (Winclove Probiotics, Amsterdam, The Netherlands), on the market as OMNi-BiOTiC 10 (Allergosan, Austria), or a placebo for 30 days in a 2:1 ratio. Respiratory and gastrointestinal symptoms were monitored in 2–10-day intervals via online surveys, and five stool samples were collected during the 30-day study period for microbiome and metabolomics analyses. Twenty-four healthy volunteers served as controls. Results: Of the 30 patients, 26 completed this study (10 placebo, 16 probiotic). Patients reported respiratory symptoms and a diminished gastrointestinal quality of life, both of which improved significantly during the study period, irrespective of the intervention. Compared to controls, infected patients showed significant alterations in the fecal microbiome (p = 0.002), including an increase in Bacteroidetes and decreases in Christensenellaceae, Ruminococcaceae, and Gammaproteobacteria, along with metabolomic changes. Probiotic treatment significantly modulated the patients’ microbiome beta diversity (p = 0.001) and introduced the Enterococcus faecium W54 strain. Symptoms, COVID-19-related taxa, and the fecal metabolome were not affected by the intervention. Conclusions: Patients with mild COVID-19 disease in home quarantine exhibited respiratory symptoms, a reduced gastrointestinal quality of life, and changes in the fecal microbiome and metabolome. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Prebiotics and Probiotics)

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36 pages, 6460 KiB

Open AccessReview

Integrating Endocrine, Genomic, and Extra-Skeletal Benefits of Vitamin D into National and Regional Clinical Guidelines

by Sunil J. Wimalawansa, Scott T. Weiss and Bruce W. Hollis

Nutrients 2024, 16(22), 3969; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16223969 (registering DOI) - 20 Nov 2024

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Vitamin D is essential for bone health, immune function, and overall well-being. Numerous ecological, observational, and prospective studies, including randomized controlled clinical trials (RCTs), report an inverse association between higher serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D; calcifediol] levels in various conditions, including cardiovascular disease, [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Vitamin D is essential for bone health, immune function, and overall well-being. Numerous ecological, observational, and prospective studies, including randomized controlled clinical trials (RCTs), report an inverse association between higher serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D; calcifediol] levels in various conditions, including cardiovascular disease, metabolic disorders such as diabetes and obesity, susceptibility to infection-related complications, autoimmune diseases, and all-cause mortality. Results: Vitamin D operates through two distinct systems. The endocrine system comprises the renal tubular cell-derived circulatory calcitriol, which primarily regulates calcium homeostasis and muscular functions. In contrast, intracellularly generated calcitriol in peripheral target cells is responsible for intracrine/paracrine system signaling and calcitriol–vitamin D receptor-mediated genomic effects. Government-appointed committees and health organizations have developed various clinical practice guidelines for vitamin D supplementation and management. However, these guidelines heavily relied on the 2011 Institute of Medicine (IoM) report, which focused solely on the skeletal effects of vitamin D, ignoring other body systems. Thus, they do not represent maintaining good overall health and aspects of disease prevention. Additionally, the IoM report was intended as a public health recommendation for the government and is not a clinical guideline. Discussion: New country- and regional-specific guidelines must focus on healthy nations through disease prevention and reducing healthcare costs. They should not be restricted to bone effect and must encompass all extra-skeletal benefits. Nevertheless, due to misunderstandings, medical societies and other governments have used faulty IoM report as a foundation for creating vitamin D guidelines. Consequently, they placed disproportionate emphasis on bone health while largely overlooking its benefits for other bodily systems, making current guidelines, including 2024, the Endocrine Society less applicable to the public. As a result, the utility of published guidelines has been significantly reduced for clinical practice and RCTs that designed on bone-centric are generate misleading information and remain suboptimal for public health and disease prevention. Conclusions: This review and its recommendations address the gaps in current vitamin D clinical practice guidelines and propose a framework for developing more effective, country and region-specific recommendations that capture the extra-skeletal benefits of vitamin D to prevent multiple diseases and enhance public health. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bromatology—All We Should Know about Food and Nutrition)

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15 pages, 1516 KiB

Open AccessReview

Impact of Alpha-Ketoglutarate on Skeletal Muscle Health and Exercise Performance: A Narrative Review

by Miaomiao Xu, Qiao Zhang, Xiaoguang Liu, Liming Lu and Zhaowei Li

Nutrients 2024, 16(22), 3968; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16223968 - 20 Nov 2024

Abstract

AKG, a central metabolite in the Krebs cycle, plays a vital role in cellular energy production and nitrogen metabolism. This review explores AKG’s potential therapeutic applications in skeletal muscle health and exercise performance, focusing on its mechanisms for promoting muscle regeneration and counteracting [...] Read more.

AKG, a central metabolite in the Krebs cycle, plays a vital role in cellular energy production and nitrogen metabolism. This review explores AKG’s potential therapeutic applications in skeletal muscle health and exercise performance, focusing on its mechanisms for promoting muscle regeneration and counteracting muscle atrophy. A literature search was conducted using the PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus databases, yielding 945 articles published up to 31 October 2024. Of these, 112 peer-reviewed articles met the inclusion criteria and formed the basis of this review. AKG supports muscle recovery by stimulating muscle satellite cells (MuSCs) and macrophage polarization, aiding muscle repair and reducing fibrosis. Additionally, AKG shows promise in preventing muscle atrophy by enhancing protein synthesis, inhibiting degradation pathways, and modulating inflammatory responses, making it relevant in conditions like sarcopenia, cachexia, and injury recovery. For athletes and active individuals, AKG supplementation has enhanced endurance, reduced fatigue, and supported faster post-exercise recovery. Despite promising preliminary findings, research gaps remain in understanding AKG’s long-term effects, optimal dosage, and specific pathways, particularly across diverse populations. Further research, including large-scale clinical trials, is essential to clarify AKG’s role in muscle health and to optimize its application as a therapeutic agent for skeletal muscle diseases and an enhancer of physical performance. This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of AKG’s benefits and identify future directions for research in both clinical and sports settings. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Role of Protein and Carbohydrate Supplementation in Improving Athletic Performance)

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12 pages, 298 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Meal Timing and Sleep Health Among Midlife Mexican Women During the Early Stages of the COVID-19 Pandemic

by Maymona Al-Hinai, Afnan Mohy, Martha María Téllez-Rojo, Libni A. Torres-Olascoaga, Luis F. Bautista-Arredondo, Alejandra Cantoral, Karen E. Peterson and Erica C. Jansen

Nutrients 2024, 16(22), 3967; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16223967 - 20 Nov 2024

Abstract

Background/Objectives: This study aimed to examine associations between meal timing habits and sleep health in midlife Mexican women. Methods: Data comprised 379 midlife Mexican women who participated in a phone survey conducted within the Early Life Exposures in Mexico to Environmental Toxicants (ELEMENT) [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: This study aimed to examine associations between meal timing habits and sleep health in midlife Mexican women. Methods: Data comprised 379 midlife Mexican women who participated in a phone survey conducted within the Early Life Exposures in Mexico to Environmental Toxicants (ELEMENT) project during the early stages of the COVID-19 pandemic. Women answered questions related to meal habits and sleep duration, latency, and quality. We used linear regression to investigate the associations between meal timing, frequency of meals/snacks, eating window (duration between first and last eating occasion of the day), duration between last meal, bedtime, sleep duration, and logistic regression to examine the associations between meal timing, sleep latency, and sleep quality, adjusting for confounders. Results: Later timing of meals throughout the day, and a shorter interval between the last meal of the day and bedtime, were associated with prolonged sleep latency and worse sleep quality. Associations with sleep duration were mixed: a longer eating window and a later largest and last meal were each associated with shorter sleep duration, while a later first meal and a shorter interval between the last meal of the day and bedtime were associated with longer sleep duration. Conclusions: Meal timing habits are associated with sleep duration, latency, and quality in midlife women. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Eat Well, Sleep Well: Exploring the Association between Eating Behaviour and Sleep Quality)

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