Research

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45 pages, 12178 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Integration of Renewable Energy Systems in Desalination

by Mudhar A. Al-Obaidi, Salih Alsadaie, Alanood Alsarayreh, Md. Tanvir Sowgath and Iqbal M. Mujtaba

Processes 2024, 12(4), 770; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr12040770 - 11 Apr 2024

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Desalination plants, which provide drinking water for residents, rely on electricity generated by fossil fuels. However, the excessive use of fossil fuels leads to their rapid depletion and has detrimental effects on the environment. Thus, the use of renewable energy resources in water [...] Read more.

Desalination plants, which provide drinking water for residents, rely on electricity generated by fossil fuels. However, the excessive use of fossil fuels leads to their rapid depletion and has detrimental effects on the environment. Thus, the use of renewable energy resources in water desalination has gained popularity. The current research investigates the integration of renewable energy systems with seawater and brackish water desalination technologies. In this regard, three primary renewable energy sources—wind, solar, and geothermal—are selected. Accordingly, a thorough investigation of the related research published and the trend of evolutions between 2013 and 2023 is carried out for Reverse Osmosis (RO), Multistage flash (MSF), and Multi-effect distillation (MED)-based water desalination facilities coupled with renewable energy sources. In our investigation, we particularly focus on performance indicators, energy efficiency, economic factors, and environmental effects. Also, the associated challenges of these hybrid systems, such as technological complexity, unpredictability, and intermittency, are addressed. Prospects for the future that address these issues and the prospects of using renewable energy in water desalination technologies are also covered. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue 10th Anniversary of Processes: Recent Advances in the Optimisation and Control of Integrated Energy Systems and Energy Markets)

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16 pages, 8760 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Multi-Energy Flow Integrated Energy System Considering Economic Efficiency Targets: Capacity Allocation and Scheduling Study

by Liwen Zhang, Shan He, Lu Han, Zhi Yuan and Lijun Xu

Processes 2024, 12(4), 628; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr12040628 - 22 Mar 2024

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Abstract

An integrated energy system (IES) breaks down barriers between different energy subsystems, enhancing energy reliability and efficiency. However, issues such as uneven equipment capacity allocation and suboptimal scheduling persist in multi-energy flow IES. To maximize economic benefits while ensuring energy balance and the [...] Read more.

An integrated energy system (IES) breaks down barriers between different energy subsystems, enhancing energy reliability and efficiency. However, issues such as uneven equipment capacity allocation and suboptimal scheduling persist in multi-energy flow IES. To maximize economic benefits while ensuring energy balance and the operational characteristics of the equipment, a capacity matching optimization and scheduling strategy model for IES was developed. Firstly, mathematical models for the electricity, gas, and thermal networks within the IES were established. Secondly, considering the efficiency of energy conversion between different forms and constraints of energy storage in the electricity–thermal–gas interconnected energy system, optimization solutions were obtained using regional contraction algorithms and sequential quadratic programming methods. Finally, case studies conducted in a real park demonstrated that, through optimized capacity matching, unit prices for electricity, heat, and gas decreased by 39.9%, 90.5%, and 74.2%, respectively, effectively improving the economic viability of the system. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue 10th Anniversary of Processes: Recent Advances in the Optimisation and Control of Integrated Energy Systems and Energy Markets)

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27 pages, 781 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Multiperiod Modeling and Optimization of Hydrogen-Based Dense Energy Carrier Supply Chains

by Rahul Kakodkar, R. Cory Allen, C. Doga Demirhan, Xiao Fu, Iosif Pappas, Mete Mutlu and Efstratios N. Pistikopoulos

Processes 2024, 12(3), 469; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr12030469 - 25 Feb 2024

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Abstract

The production of hydrogen-based dense energy carriers (DECs) has been proposed as a combined solution for the storage and dispatch of power generated through intermittent renewables. Frameworks that model and optimize the production, storage, and dispatch of generated energy are important for data-driven [...] Read more.

The production of hydrogen-based dense energy carriers (DECs) has been proposed as a combined solution for the storage and dispatch of power generated through intermittent renewables. Frameworks that model and optimize the production, storage, and dispatch of generated energy are important for data-driven decision making in the energy systems space. The proposed multiperiod framework considers the evolution of technology costs under different levels of promotion through research and targeted policies, using the year 2021 as a baseline. Furthermore, carbon credits are included as proposed by the 45Q tax amendment for the capture, sequestration, and utilization of carbon. The implementation of the mixed-integer linear programming (MILP) framework is illustrated through computational case studies to meet set hydrogen demands. The trade-offs between different technology pathways and contributions to system expenditure are elucidated, and promising configurations and technology niches are identified. It is found that while carbon credits can subsidize carbon capture, utilization, and sequestration (CCUS) pathways, substantial reductions in the cost of novel processes are needed to compete with extant technology pathways. Further, research and policy push can reduce the levelized cost of hydrogen (LCOH) by upwards of 2 USD/kg. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue 10th Anniversary of Processes: Recent Advances in the Optimisation and Control of Integrated Energy Systems and Energy Markets)

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17 pages, 3511 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

How Would Structural Change in Electricity and Hydrogen End Use Impact Low-Carbon Transition of an Energy System? A Case Study of China

by Nuobei Zhang, Zheng Li, Xiaoying Zheng and Pei Liu

Processes 2024, 12(3), 437; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr12030437 - 21 Feb 2024

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Abstract

Driven by global targets to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, energy systems are expected to undergo fundamental changes. In light of carbon neutrality policies, China is expected to significantly increase the proportion of hydrogen and electricity in its energy system in the future. Nevertheless, [...] Read more.

Driven by global targets to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, energy systems are expected to undergo fundamental changes. In light of carbon neutrality policies, China is expected to significantly increase the proportion of hydrogen and electricity in its energy system in the future. Nevertheless, the future trajectory remains shrouded in uncertainty. To explore the potential ramifications of varying growth scenarios pertaining to hydrogen and electricity on the energy landscape, this study employs a meticulously designed bottom-up model. Through comprehensive scenario calculations, the research aims to unravel the implications of such expansions and provide a nuanced analysis of their effects on the energy system. Results show that with an increase in electrification rates, cumulative carbon dioxide emissions over a certain planning horizon could be reduced, at the price of increased unit reduction costs. By increasing the share of end-use electricity and hydrogen from 71% to 80% in 2060, the unit carbon reduction cost will rise by 17%. Increasing shares of hydrogen could shorten the carbon emission peak time by approximately five years, but it also brings an increase in peak shaving demand. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue 10th Anniversary of Processes: Recent Advances in the Optimisation and Control of Integrated Energy Systems and Energy Markets)

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15 pages, 1777 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

A Two-Stage Stochastic Programming Approach for the Design of Renewable Ammonia Supply Chain Networks

by Ilias Mitrai, Matthew J. Palys and Prodromos Daoutidis

Processes 2024, 12(2), 325; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr12020325 - 02 Feb 2024

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Abstract

This work considers the incorporation of renewable ammonia manufacturing sites into existing ammonia supply chain networks while accounting for ammonia price uncertainty from existing producers. We propose a two-stage stochastic programming approach to determine the optimal investment decisions such that the ammonia demand [...] Read more.

This work considers the incorporation of renewable ammonia manufacturing sites into existing ammonia supply chain networks while accounting for ammonia price uncertainty from existing producers. We propose a two-stage stochastic programming approach to determine the optimal investment decisions such that the ammonia demand is satisfied and the net present cost is minimized. We apply the proposed approach to a case study considering deploying in-state renewable ammonia manufacturing in Minnesota’s supply chain network. We find that accounting for price uncertainty leads to supply chains with more ammonia demand met via renewable production and thus lower costs from importing ammonia from existing producers. These results show that the in-state renewable production of ammonia can act as a hedge against the volatility of the conventional ammonia market. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue 10th Anniversary of Processes: Recent Advances in the Optimisation and Control of Integrated Energy Systems and Energy Markets)

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28 pages, 5395 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Model Based Optimization of Energy Consumption in Milk Evaporators

by Artemis Tsochatzidi, Achilleas L. Arvanitidis and Michael C. Georgiadis

Processes 2024, 12(1), 209; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr12010209 - 18 Jan 2024

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Abstract

This work explores five falling film evaporator (FFE) simulation approaches combined with energy consumption minimization strategies, namely Mechanical Vapor Recompression and Thermal Vapor Recompression (MVR and TVR, respectively). Global system analysis and advanced dynamic optimization strategies are then investigated to minimize steam consumption, [...] Read more.

This work explores five falling film evaporator (FFE) simulation approaches combined with energy consumption minimization strategies, namely Mechanical Vapor Recompression and Thermal Vapor Recompression (MVR and TVR, respectively). Global system analysis and advanced dynamic optimization strategies are then investigated to minimize steam consumption, the cost of steam, and the total annualized cost and to maximize product yield. The results indicate that higher TVR discharge pressures, or MVR compression ratios, along with higher feed temperatures, enhance evaporation but increase operational costs. The most economical option includes three evaporator effects with TVR to achieve 50% product dry mass content. However, for a 35% dry mass content, MVR becomes cost-effective with an 11% reduction in unit electricity prices or a simultaneous 7% drop in electricity prices and a 5% increase in gas-based steam prices. Furthermore, switching from milk powder production to milk concentrates leads to an annual cost reduction ranging from 10.8 to 44%. Additionally, a forecasted 20% (or more) reduction in biomass-based steam cost can lead to lower annual expenditure compared with the nominal NG-based steam case. Regarding the total annualized cost, for a new plant design, optimization strategies lead to a 9–45% reduction in the total cost depending on the case under consideration. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue 10th Anniversary of Processes: Recent Advances in the Optimisation and Control of Integrated Energy Systems and Energy Markets)

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18 pages, 1767 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Optimized Scheduling of an Integrated Energy System with an Electric Truck Battery Swapping Station

by Bin Liu, Jie Chen, Nan Zhang, Jun Liu, Yuchao Zhang, Hongyin Bao, Lili Liu and Kang Chen

Processes 2024, 12(1), 84; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr12010084 - 29 Dec 2023

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Abstract

Currently, the focus of integrated energy system scheduling research is the multi-objective’s optimized operational strategies that take into account the economic benefits, carbon emissions, and new energy consumption rates of such systems. The integration of electric trucks with battery charging and swapping capabilities, [...] Read more.

Currently, the focus of integrated energy system scheduling research is the multi-objective’s optimized operational strategies that take into account the economic benefits, carbon emissions, and new energy consumption rates of such systems. The integration of electric trucks with battery charging and swapping capabilities, along with their corresponding battery swapping stations, into an integrated energy system can not only optimize system operation, but also reduce investment costs associated with building energy storage equipment. This study first constructs an operational model for the electric trucks, as well as an electric truck battery swapping station, of the flexible charging and discharging; then, an optimized scheduling model of an integrated energy system is proposed, including an electric truck battery swapping station and using stepped carbon trading. On the basis of meeting the charging and battery swapping needs of electric trucks and coordinating the system’s electrical, thermal and cooling energies, the goal of the optimized scheduling model is to reduce the system’s carbon emissions, improve its economics, and optimize its ability to absorb new energy. Finally, a simulation model of the integrated energy system including an electric truck battery swapping station is built on the MATLAB platform, and commercial software package CPLEX is used to solve the model. In the calculation example, compared to the integrated energy system of disorderly charging and battery swapping of electric trucks and electric truck battery swapping stations, the proposed optimized model of the integrated energy system with the flexible charging and discharging of electric trucks and electric truck battery swapping stations reduces the operating costs by CNY 819, reduces carbon emissions by 414 kg, improves the utilization rate of wind and solar power by 0.3%, and fully utilizes wind and photovoltaic power. Therefore, the rational dispatching of the electric trucks and their battery swapping stations with flexible charging and discharging mentioned in this article can effectively optimize system operations. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue 10th Anniversary of Processes: Recent Advances in the Optimisation and Control of Integrated Energy Systems and Energy Markets)

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Review

Jump to: Research

29 pages, 7910 KiB

Open AccessReview

A Review of the Research Progress and Application of Key Components in the Hydrogen Fuel Cell System

by Jichao Li, Tong Wu, Cunhe Cheng, Jiqiang Li and Ke Zhou

Processes 2024, 12(2), 249; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr12020249 - 24 Jan 2024

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Abstract

The hydrogen cycle system, one of the main systems used for hydrogen fuel cells, has many advantages. It can improve the efficiency, the water capacity, and the management of thermal fuel cells. It can also enhance the safety of the system. Therefore, it [...] Read more.

The hydrogen cycle system, one of the main systems used for hydrogen fuel cells, has many advantages. It can improve the efficiency, the water capacity, and the management of thermal fuel cells. It can also enhance the safety of the system. Therefore, it is widely used in hydrogen fuel cell vehicles. We introduce the structure and principles of hydrogen cycle pumps, ejectors, and steam separators and analyze and summarize the advantages of the components, as well as reviewing the latest research progress and industrialization status of hydrogen cycle pumps and ejectors. The technical challenges in hydrogen circulation systems and the development direction of key technologies in the future are discussed. This paper aims to provide a reference for research concerning hydrogen energy storage application technology in hydrogen fuel cell systems. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue 10th Anniversary of Processes: Recent Advances in the Optimisation and Control of Integrated Energy Systems and Energy Markets)

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26 pages, 4990 KiB

Open AccessReview

Rural Integrated Energy System Based on Bibliometric Analysis: A Review of Recent Progress

by Aofang Yu, Zheng Li and Pei Liu

Processes 2024, 12(1), 176; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr12010176 - 12 Jan 2024

Viewed by 675

Abstract

In rural areas with higher agricultural energy consumption, ensuring low-carbon transformation and rapid penetration is crucial; therefore, the importance of rural energy system in energy transformation is even more prominent. In order to better understand the research progress of rural integrated energy system, [...] Read more.

In rural areas with higher agricultural energy consumption, ensuring low-carbon transformation and rapid penetration is crucial; therefore, the importance of rural energy system in energy transformation is even more prominent. In order to better understand the research progress of rural integrated energy system, the existing structure of rural energy system and design method are briefly introduced, and the bibliometric method is applied to analyze publications from 2013 to 2023. Based on the Scopus database, 915 publications have been retrieved. These publications are analyzed from the perspective of citation, author, address, and published journal. It is concluded that existing researches mostly use conventional energy technologies to achieve power supply in rural areas, lacking analysis of the potential application of emerging energy technologies and research on multi-energy demand. Furthermore, the review reveals the economy of grid-connected rural energy system is mainly related to geographical location, system configuration, and resource endowment. The bibliometric analysis indicated that these publications are mainly from India and China; the average citation is 24.98, and each article is co-published by 3.66 authors, 2.26 institutes, and 1.46 countries. This work is helpful for scholars to understand the research status on the rural integrated energy system. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue 10th Anniversary of Processes: Recent Advances in the Optimisation and Control of Integrated Energy Systems and Energy Markets)

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