Sustainability

19 pages, 5830 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Socio-Ecological Futures: Embedded Solutions for Stakeholder-Driven Alternative Futures

by Daniel Cronan, E. Jamie Trammell, Andrew (Anaru) Kliskey, Paula Williams and Lilian Alessa

Sustainability 2022, 14(7), 3732; https://doi.org/10.3390/su14073732 - 22 Mar 2022

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2598

Scenarios of landscape change have the capacity to address spatial and temporal issues, current and future trends, and solutions that increase capacity and/or resilience in social-ecological systems and their networks. In this study, we present a resilience framework for food–energy–water systems and demonstrate [...] Read more.

Scenarios of landscape change have the capacity to address spatial and temporal issues, current and future trends, and solutions that increase capacity and/or resilience in social-ecological systems and their networks. In this study, we present a resilience framework for food–energy–water systems and demonstrate it with a case study in Magic Valley, Idaho. We formulated scenarios of change based on stakeholder input (qualitative data), researcher-developed models (quantitative data), and validation of plausibility through impact and indicator evaluation. The stakeholder engagement process identified key issues, critical uncertainties, and plausible and viable solutions to future challenges. Specifically, we analyzed cross-scenario futures and their solutions to address water quality issues in the face of climate change, land-use change conflicts, and population shifts in the region. The process activates stakeholder and research-based models to create geospatial alternative futures and their associated timesteps, with embedded solutions, which broadens and improves conventional scenario-based research. The process intends to provide policy-makers, researchers, and scenario facilitators with a strategic framework to activate solutions temporally with a stakeholder-defined suite of scenarios. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Trajectories of Change in Food-Energy-Water Systems: Exploring Futures of Landscape-scale Systems Using Community Engagement Methodologies)

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20 pages, 2769 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

The Influence of a New Food Waste Bio-Oil (FWBO) Rejuvenating Agent on Cracking Susceptibility of Aged Binder and RAP

by Ahmed Abdalla, Ahmed Faheem and Berk Ayranci

Sustainability 2022, 14(6), 3673; https://doi.org/10.3390/su14063673 - 21 Mar 2022

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2828

Abstract

This research aims to deliver a new promising asphalt binder rejuvenator developed from food waste to mitigate the effects of aging on the asphalt. The research relied on three different binders: two unmodified PG 64–22 binders and a Polymer Modified (PMA) PG 76–22 [...] Read more.

This research aims to deliver a new promising asphalt binder rejuvenator developed from food waste to mitigate the effects of aging on the asphalt. The research relied on three different binders: two unmodified PG 64–22 binders and a Polymer Modified (PMA) PG 76–22 binder. Moreover, a field-extracted RAP binder is utilized in evaluating the rejuvenator’s efficiency. For this study, the proposed food waste bio-oil (FWBO) is compared against two market-available rejuvenators. The experimental program relied on aging control binder samples for each asphalt type with no rejuvenation using the Rolling Thin Film Oven (RTFO) test, followed by the Pressure Aging Vessel (PAV) test for 20 hours to create an Artificial RAP (ARAP) binder. Then, ARAP and RAP binders were blended with 5% by their weight with one of the two on-market rejuvenators (#1, #2) or the proposed FWBO rejuvenator. Testing results reveal that low-temperature relaxation was significantly improved for all the investigated samples after an additional PAV aging cycle, as Delta Tc values increased compared to the control binders. Further, samples’ master curves were used to calculate the Glover–Rowe (G-R) parameter, crossover frequency, and modulus (ω_c, G_c*). The results clearly showed the ability of the FWBO to reduce the aging rate and improve the rheological properties of RAP binders. Further, the Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) test showed that the new FWBO rejuvenator reduces the oxidation levels of the aged RAP binders, as suggested by the carbonyl index. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Waste and Recycling)

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14 pages, 270 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

The Food for Feed Concept: Redefining the Use of Hotel Food Residues in Broiler Diets

by Elisavet Giamouri, Athanasios C. Pappas, George Papadomichelakis, Panagiotis E. Simitzis, Thrassyvoulos Manios, Juergen Zentek, Katia Lasaridi, Eleni Tsiplakou and George Zervas

Sustainability 2022, 14(6), 3659; https://doi.org/10.3390/su14063659 - 21 Mar 2022

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 6479

Abstract

The large quantities of food waste that are generated every year have raised management concerns. Animal diets might be a feasible strategy for utilizing food waste and partially replacing commercially available feedstuffs. The present study examined the potential use of food waste originating [...] Read more.

The large quantities of food waste that are generated every year have raised management concerns. Animal diets might be a feasible strategy for utilizing food waste and partially replacing commercially available feedstuffs. The present study examined the potential use of food waste originating from hotels for broiler chickens’ diets. Two hundred and forty (240) one-day-old broilers were allocated into four treatment groups, namely, control (C), non-meat treatment (NM), non-sterilized treatment (NS) and sterilized treatment (S), each with 5 replicate pens of 12 broilers. The experimental period lasted 42 days. Several parameters were recorded throughout the experiment, such as the initial and final body weight, the feed conversion ratio (FCR), the traits, some biochemical and hematological parameters, the weight of internal organs and selected breast meat quality indices. The results showed no major differences in health parameters and the carcass quality traits. There was also no difference in growth rate between the three groups (C, NS, S), but broilers fed the NM diet (without meat remnants) had a significantly lower growth rate by 11.4% compared to the control. Food waste residues can be an alternative feedstuff for broiler chickens and can maintain performance at acceptable levels. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue RETASTE: Rethink Food Waste)

12 pages, 1314 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Implementing Artificial Intelligence Techniques to Predict Environmental Impacts: Case of Construction Products

by Anish Koyamparambath, Naeem Adibi, Carolina Szablewski, Sierra A. Adibi and Guido Sonnemann

Sustainability 2022, 14(6), 3699; https://doi.org/10.3390/su14063699 - 21 Mar 2022

Cited by 16 | Viewed by 8414

Abstract

Nowadays, product designers, manufacturers, and consumers consider the environmental impacts of products, processes, and services in their decision-making process. Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) is a tool that assesses the environmental impacts over a product’s life cycle. Conducting a life cycle assessment (LCA) requires [...] Read more.

Nowadays, product designers, manufacturers, and consumers consider the environmental impacts of products, processes, and services in their decision-making process. Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) is a tool that assesses the environmental impacts over a product’s life cycle. Conducting a life cycle assessment (LCA) requires meticulous data sourcing and collection and is often time-consuming for both practitioner and verifier. However, predicting the environmental impacts of products and services can help stakeholders and decision-makers identify the hotspots. Our work proposes using Artificial Intelligence (AI) techniques to predict the environmental performance of a product or service to assist LCA practitioners and verifiers. This approach uses data from environmental product declarations of construction products. The data is processed utilizing natural language processing (NLP) which is then trained to random forest algorithm, an ensemble tree-based machine learning method. Finally, we trained the model with information on the product and their environmental impacts using seven impact category values and verified the results using a testing dataset (20% of EPD data). Our results demonstrate that the model was able to predict the values of impact categories: global warming potential, abiotic depletion potential for fossil resources, acidification potential, and photochemical ozone creation potential with an accuracy (measured using R² metrics, a measure to score the correlation of predicted values to real value) of 81%, 77%, 68%, and 70%, respectively. Our method demonstrates the capability to predict environmental performance with a defined variability by learning from the results of the previous LCA studies. The model’s performance also depends on the amount of data available for training. However, this approach does not replace a detailed LCA but is rather a quick prediction and assistance to LCA practitioners and verifiers in realizing an LCA. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Life Cycle Thinking and Sustainability Assessment of Buildings)

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16 pages, 1150 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Multi-Objective Water Planning in a Poor Water Data Region: Aragvi River Basin

by Samuel Sandoval-Solis, Jose Pablo Ortiz Partida and Lindsay Floyd

Sustainability 2022, 14(6), 3649; https://doi.org/10.3390/su14063649 - 20 Mar 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 3270

Abstract

Water resources planning in regions with sufficient data continuity and quality is complex, but in regions with poor water data, the task is further complicated. In this paper, we share our experience developing a multi-objective technical assessment of water resources in a region [...] Read more.

Water resources planning in regions with sufficient data continuity and quality is complex, but in regions with poor water data, the task is further complicated. In this paper, we share our experience developing a multi-objective technical assessment of water resources in a region with scarce water data. This research is an example of collaborative modeling in which stakeholders were involved during the modeling process to create a model using the Shared Vision collaborative strategy for water planning in the Aragvi River Basin in the country of Georgia. We developed a regional water planning model suitable for evaluating water supply and water demand interaction as well as current and alternative water management strategies. Remarks from scenario development enlightened the need for water efficiency and conservation activities as currently the system is not entirely reliable, and its reliability is expected to decline with population growth and increased hydropower demands. This research is a strong foundation for future water-related projects in the region. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Modeling and Managing Catastrophic Risks in Heterogeneous Systems)

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22 pages, 1741 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Thematic Analysis as a New Culturomic Tool: The Social Media Coverage on COVID-19 Pandemic in Italy

by Massimo Aria, Corrado Cuccurullo, Luca D’Aniello, Michelangelo Misuraca and Maria Spano

Sustainability 2022, 14(6), 3643; https://doi.org/10.3390/su14063643 - 20 Mar 2022

Cited by 69 | Viewed by 8699

Abstract

The COVID-19 pandemic influenced people’s everyday lives because of the health emergency and the resulting socio-economic crisis. People use social media to share experiences and search for information about the disease more than before. This paper aims at analysing the discourse on COVID-19 [...] Read more.

The COVID-19 pandemic influenced people’s everyday lives because of the health emergency and the resulting socio-economic crisis. People use social media to share experiences and search for information about the disease more than before. This paper aims at analysing the discourse on COVID-19 developed in 2020 by Italian tweeters, creating a digital storytelling of the pandemic. Employing thematic analysis, an approach used in bibliometrics to highlight the conceptual structure of a research domain, different time slices have been described, bringing out the most discussed topics. The graphical mapping of these topics allowed obtaining an easily readable representation of the discourse, paving the way for novel uses of thematic analyses in social sciences. Full article

(This article belongs to the Collection Public Health and Social Science on COVID-19)

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18 pages, 697 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

The Economic and Welfare Effects of Food Waste Reduction on a Food-Production-Driven Rural Region

by Aino Friman and Nina Hyytiä

Sustainability 2022, 14(6), 3632; https://doi.org/10.3390/su14063632 - 19 Mar 2022

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 4979

Abstract

Food waste is economically and ecologically unsustainable; the benefits of food waste reduction are indisputable. Yet knowledge of the economic trade-offs and knock-on effects of such reduction is deficient. This study examines the economic effects of food waste reduction in a rural region [...] Read more.

Food waste is economically and ecologically unsustainable; the benefits of food waste reduction are indisputable. Yet knowledge of the economic trade-offs and knock-on effects of such reduction is deficient. This study examines the economic effects of food waste reduction in a rural region that is a nationally important producer of agricultural and food products in Finland. We built a detailed social accounting matrix to trace the transactions among the economic agents. Five different simulations of food waste reduction were run by applying a computable general equilibrium model. In the simulations, households and food services halved their food waste. The results indicated that food waste reduction is economically worthwhile in terms of regional investments and gross domestic product at market prices. However, the reduction induced economic trade-offs and welfare redistribution. The value added to the agriculture and food industries and the welfare of agricultural households decreased, albeit that the simulated compensations alleviated the effects. In the long run, falling agricultural wages and factor incomes entail closedowns and, finally, decrease local food production. This aspect is worth considering in terms of policy planning under the principle of just transition of the European Green Deal. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Economic and Business Aspects of Sustainability)

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16 pages, 2614 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Park Characteristics and Changes in Park Visitation before, during, and after COVID-19 Shelter-in-Place Order

by Yizhen Ding, Dongying Li and Huiyan Sang

Sustainability 2022, 14(6), 3579; https://doi.org/10.3390/su14063579 - 18 Mar 2022

Cited by 12 | Viewed by 3123

Abstract

The COVID-19 pandemic has limited people’s visitation to public places because of social distancing and shelter-in-place orders. According to Google’s community mobility reports, some countries showed a decrease in park visitation during the pandemic, while others showed an increase. Although government responses played [...] Read more.

The COVID-19 pandemic has limited people’s visitation to public places because of social distancing and shelter-in-place orders. According to Google’s community mobility reports, some countries showed a decrease in park visitation during the pandemic, while others showed an increase. Although government responses played a significant role in this variation, little is known about park visitation changes and the park attributes that are associated with these changes. Therefore, we aimed to examine the associations between park characteristics and percent changes in park visitation in Harris County, TX, for three time periods: before, during, and after the shelter-in-place order of Harris County. We utilized SafeGraph’s point-of-interest data to extract weekly park visitation counts for the Harris County area. This dataset included the size of each park and its weekly number of visits from 2 March to 31 May 2020. In addition, we measured park characteristics, including greenness density, using the normalized difference vegetation index; park type (mini, neighborhood, community, regional/metropolitan); presence of sidewalks and bikeways; sidewalk and bikeway quantity; and bikeway quality. Results showed that park visitation decreased after issuing the shelter-in-place order and increased after this order was lifted. Results from linear regression models indicated that the higher the greenness density of the park, the smaller the decrease in park visitation during the shelter-in-place period compared to before the shelter-in-place order. This relationship also appeared after the shelter-in-place order. The presence of more sidewalks was related to less visitation increase after the shelter-in-place order. These findings can guide planners and designers to implement parks that promote public visitation during pandemics and potentially benefit people’s physical and mental health. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Innovation Thinking of Urban Green on Human Health)

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14 pages, 438 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Use of Vegetable Residues and Cover Crops in the Cultivation of Maize Grown in Different Tillage Systems

by Felicia Chețan, Cornel Chețan, Ileana Bogdan, Paula Ioana Moraru, Adrian Ioan Pop and Teodor Rusu

Sustainability 2022, 14(6), 3609; https://doi.org/10.3390/su14063609 - 18 Mar 2022

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2597

Abstract

The purpose of research on alternative variants of soil tillage systems related to fertilization, vegetal residues, and cover crops, in the case of the maize crop, is to elaborate and promote certain integrated technologies on conservation agriculture. This paper presents the results of [...] Read more.

The purpose of research on alternative variants of soil tillage systems related to fertilization, vegetal residues, and cover crops, in the case of the maize crop, is to elaborate and promote certain integrated technologies on conservation agriculture. This paper presents the results of a study conducted in the Transylvanian Plain during 2019–2021, regarding the influence of certain technological and climatic factors on the yield and quality of maize. The objective of the research was to focus on how vegetable residues and cover crops can be integrated into the optimization of the fertilization system of conservation agriculture. A multifactorial experiment was carried out based on the formula A × B × C × D − R: 4 × 2 × 3 × 3 − 2, where A represents the soil tillage system (a₁ conventional tillage with moldboard plow; a₂ minimum tillage with chisel; a₃ minimum tillage with disk; a₄ no tillage); B represents the maize hybrid (b₁ Turda 332; b₂ Turda 344); C represents the vegetable residues and cover crops (c₁ vegetable residues 2.5 t ha⁻¹ + 350 kg ha⁻¹ NPK; c₂ vegetable residues 2.5 t ha⁻¹ + cover crops mustard; c₃ vegetable residues 2.5 t ha⁻¹ + gulle 10 t ha⁻¹); D represents the year (d₁ 2019; d₂ 2020; d₃ 2021); and R represents the replicates. The results emphasized the fact that for the soil conditions from the area taken into account (Chernozem), for maize, a minimum tillage with chisel during autumn + disk harrow in spring + sowing can be considered as an alternative to the conventional tillage system. Yield and quality of maize can be improved and optimized by combined fertilization: vegetable residues and cover crops being supported with different sources of mineral NPK. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Effects of Soil Conservation Practices on Sediment Yield)

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16 pages, 5428 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Outdoor Space Quality Mapping by Combining Accessibility, Openness, and Microclimate: A Case Study in a Neighborhood Park in Shanghai, China

by Cong Tao, Jiaxin Li, Dao Zhou, Jiamin Sun, Di Peng and Dayi Lai

Sustainability 2022, 14(6), 3570; https://doi.org/10.3390/su14063570 - 18 Mar 2022

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 3005

Abstract

The vitality of outdoor space is largely determined by its quality, which encompasses many factors such as traffic accessibility, openness, microclimate, etc. Creating space with high quality can attract more visitors and contribute to urban vitality and sustainability. Visualization of quality distribution can [...] Read more.

The vitality of outdoor space is largely determined by its quality, which encompasses many factors such as traffic accessibility, openness, microclimate, etc. Creating space with high quality can attract more visitors and contribute to urban vitality and sustainability. Visualization of quality distribution can aid the design and management of high-quality outdoor spaces. In this study, we developed a method for generating an integrated outdoor space quality map by normalizing, weighting, and summing up the traffic accessibility, openness, and microclimate distributions in the space. Field surveys were conducted on a neighborhood park in Shanghai, China, to obtain data to determine the relative importance of the studied factors. Integrated mapping was then performed on the park as a case study. As for accessibility, since the park only has one entrance, the metric step distance (MSD) increased with the distance from that entrance, indicating poor accessibility. The high openness found in the central areas of the park indicate that people may easily notice the central spaces and conduct activities there. The microclimate map denoted by physiologically equivalent temperature (PET) shows that in winter in Shanghai, the distribution of heat stress is mainly dominated by solar radiation. By integrating the distributions of accessibility, openness, and microclimate, we found that some spaces had better space quality than others. Based on the comprehensive map, we proposed a series of design strategies. The method developed in this study provides a quantitative tool to design outdoor spaces with high quality. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Technologies and Applications in Sustainable Architecture and Urban Design)

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22 pages, 6512 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Using Global Positioning System to Compare Training Monotony and Training Strain of Starters and Non-Starters across of Full-Season in Professional Soccer Players

by Nader Alijanpour, Hadi Nobari, Lotfali Bolboli, Roghayyeh Afroundeh and Amador Garcia-Ramos

Sustainability 2022, 14(6), 3560; https://doi.org/10.3390/su14063560 - 17 Mar 2022

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2007

Abstract

Soccer is an attractive and popular team sport that has high physiological and fitness stress, and therefore requires special and controlled training programs during the season. The aim of this study was to describe the weekly average and changes in training monotony (TM) [...] Read more.

Soccer is an attractive and popular team sport that has high physiological and fitness stress, and therefore requires special and controlled training programs during the season. The aim of this study was to describe the weekly average and changes in training monotony (TM) and training strain (TS) throughout different periods of the season in professional football players based on the number of accelerations and decelerations, and also to analyze the difference between starters and non-starters players in TM and TS. Nineteen professional players from a soccer team competing in the Iranian Premier League (age, 28 ± 4.6 years; height, 181.6 ± 5.8 cm; body mass, 74.5 ± 5.6 kg, and body mass index, 21.8 ± 1.0 kg/m²) participated in a cohort study. Participants were divided into two groups based on the time of participation in the weekly competition: starters (N = 10) or non-starters (N = 9). The physical activities of the players were recorded during the training sessions and competitive matches of 43 weeks using GPSPORTS systems Pty Ltd. During pre- and end-season TS was not significantly different between starters and non-starters, while during early- and mid-season starters showed a higher TS than non-starter (p < 0.05). TS was higher during early- and mid-season compared to pre- and end-season. In all zones on both the TM and TS variables, non-starters experienced higher change percentages and coefficient of variation. TM during the season in all zones of accelerations was not significantly different between starters and non-starters. while during mid-season starters showed a higher TM than non-starters in all zones of decelerations (p < 0.05). TM data showed fluctuations and w-shaped graphs in the week-by-week survey. These results indicate that training during early- and mid-season is not enough for the physical development of non-starters soccer players. Coaches should be more careful when designing training for non-starters players, and they could consider the use of game simulation, preparatory match or intra-team match, or individual training programs. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Development Sustainable with Diet and Physical Activity on Health and Performance)

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23 pages, 3135 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Towards the 2030 Agenda: Measuring the Progress of the European Union Countries through the SDGs Achievement Index

by Lucia Rocchi, Elena Ricciolini, Gianluca Massei, Luisa Paolotti and Antonio Boggia

Sustainability 2022, 14(6), 3563; https://doi.org/10.3390/su14063563 - 17 Mar 2022

Cited by 13 | Viewed by 3569

Abstract

The 2030 Agenda and Sustainable Development Goals were adopted by the United Nations in 2015 as a universal call to action to end poverty, protect the planet, and ensure that by 2030 all people enjoy peace and prosperity. The success or failure in [...] Read more.

The 2030 Agenda and Sustainable Development Goals were adopted by the United Nations in 2015 as a universal call to action to end poverty, protect the planet, and ensure that by 2030 all people enjoy peace and prosperity. The success or failure in their implementation largely depends on the national implementation effort, measured within wide and compound indicator frameworks. Due to such complexity, providing a simple but comprehensive view on the progress to achieve the SDGs is a priority. Moreover, the measure of the progress allows the consistency among the different dimensions of sustainable development to be assessed. The purpose of this work is to evaluate the results accomplished by European Union Countries in achieving SDGs. In particular, the paper proposed the SDGs achievement index (SDG-AI), a multicriteria-based index, including six different dimensions and applied to EU countries. The SDG-AI allows the differences across the EU countries to be highlighted, and also assesses the contribution of the different dimensions to the final result. The use of such an index will also be useful to understand the effect of the pandemic on the development. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainability, Resilience and Risk Assessments Enabled by Multiple Criteria Decision Analysis (MCDA))

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29 pages, 1278 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Inquiry-Based Learning on Climate Change in Upper Secondary Education: A Design-Based Approach

by Sebastian Brumann, Ulrike Ohl and Johannes Schulz

Sustainability 2022, 14(6), 3544; https://doi.org/10.3390/su14063544 - 17 Mar 2022

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 8847

Abstract

Education is of great importance in the context of climate change, as it can promote pro-environmental behaviour. However, climate change education is accompanied by didactic and pedagogical challenges because, among other reasons, climate change is a complex phenomenon and many people have a [...] Read more.

Education is of great importance in the context of climate change, as it can promote pro-environmental behaviour. However, climate change education is accompanied by didactic and pedagogical challenges because, among other reasons, climate change is a complex phenomenon and many people have a psychological distance to the topic. A promising approach to face these challenges is inquiry-based learning (IBL), as several studies show. To date, however, there are barely any empirically tested instructional designs, especially for close-to-science IBL, focusing on climate change. The study presented here therefore addresses the question of how a science propaedeutic seminar for upper secondary schools on the regional implications of climate change should be designed to ensure successful learning processes. Based on the design-based research approach, qualitative research methods (focus group discussions, semi-standardised written teacher surveys, and participant observations) were used to identify target-oriented design guidelines and implementation principles for such seminars. In the seminars, 769 students have so far researched different aspects of climate change in their own regions. The identified design guidelines and implementation principles were further operationalised for teaching practice, so that the research generated both a contribution to theory building and an applicable concept for schools. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Modelling, Assessment, and Promotion of Climate Literacy)

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15 pages, 268 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Rethinking Assessment: The Future of Examinations in Higher Education

by Kelum A. A. Gamage, Roshan G. G. R. Pradeep and Erandika K. de Silva

Sustainability 2022, 14(6), 3552; https://doi.org/10.3390/su14063552 - 17 Mar 2022

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 5397

Abstract

The global higher education landscape is significantly impacted as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic and the majority of the universities now follow an online or hybrid mode of delivery. This presents substantial challenges for universities, particularly to conduct examinations, as traditionally most [...] Read more.

The global higher education landscape is significantly impacted as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic and the majority of the universities now follow an online or hybrid mode of delivery. This presents substantial challenges for universities, particularly to conduct examinations, as traditionally most exams were conducted physically on campus. During the first wave of the pandemic, many universities had no option and were forced to move online in a very short period of time, causing universities also to conduct exams online without transforming pedagogy and the structure/s of closed-book exams. Inevitably, in non-proctored and unregulated examinations, this allowed room for students to collaborate and share material during online exams without being noticed by an invigilator as in the case of physical exams. Online exams, also leave room for students to find information online which made preventing plagiarism a significant challenge. This paper investigates the practices used in both closed-book and open-book exams and identifies the challenges associated with the transition to online exams. It also identifies potential ways forward for future online exams, while minimizing opportunities for students to collaborate, plagiarise and use online material. The findings of this study reveal that online examinations affect teachers and students differently: while teachers have mixed feelings about online exams, students are anxious about their grades and the technical hassle they experience in online exams. While viva has emerged as a popular form of alternative assessment, students still feel the need of returning to physical exams. None of the teachers who participated in this study discussed a psychosocial approach to education and exams in this pandemic. We conclude this study on the note that there is a need for the collaboration of social scientists, psychologists, psychosocial specialists, educationists, and humanities scholars/humanists for better educational policy and pedagogical practices during the pandemic. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Trends, Challenges and Opportunities for Education in the New Agenda 2030)

18 pages, 4481 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

A Multi-Agent Model-Based Evolutionary Model of Port Service Value Network and Decision Preferences

by Yu Zhou, Shanshan Shi and Shaohua Wang

Sustainability 2022, 14(6), 3565; https://doi.org/10.3390/su14063565 - 17 Mar 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2936

Abstract

The rise of value networks in the new economic era and the emergence of a common competitive advantage pose enormous challenges to the value-added approach of enterprises based on traditional value chains. Based on the customer-centered concept, the complementary effect of agents, and [...] Read more.

The rise of value networks in the new economic era and the emergence of a common competitive advantage pose enormous challenges to the value-added approach of enterprises based on traditional value chains. Based on the customer-centered concept, the complementary effect of agents, and other competition characteristics of the value network, this paper constructs a multi-agent-based value network evolution model. The influencing mechanism of customer preference on the number of value network entities and overall income is discussed through simulation analysis. The research shows that the influence of customer preference on the evolution and steady-state of the overall value of the value network is not significant. Customer preference plays a decisive role in the number of service subjects and the evolution of attributes. In different situations, the influence of customer preference on the number of subjects is significantly different. This means that customer power preference in the value network of port services is much higher than other preferences. The research results provide a decision-making basis for enterprises to break through the shackles of traditional value-added concepts, actively seek value network optimization schemes, and achieve timely responses to customer preferences. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Urban Climate Change, Transport Geography and Smart Cities)

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18 pages, 11026 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Construction Solutions and Materials to Optimize the Energy Performances of EPS-RC Precast Bearing Walls

by Albina Scioti, Mariella De Fino, Silvia Martiradonna and Fabio Fatiguso

Sustainability 2022, 14(6), 3558; https://doi.org/10.3390/su14063558 - 17 Mar 2022

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 3126

Abstract

The design and employment of envelope components showing high thermal performances for new buildings and deep renovations must take into account the overall impact of the production process in terms of environmental sustainability. To this end, precast construction solutions and secondary raw materials [...] Read more.

The design and employment of envelope components showing high thermal performances for new buildings and deep renovations must take into account the overall impact of the production process in terms of environmental sustainability. To this end, precast construction solutions and secondary raw materials provide added value to the energy quality of building products. With regard to the abovementioned issues, the paper is focused on the performance optimization of expanded polystyrene-reinforced concrete (EPS-RC) precast bearing walls, already developed and patented within a previous research project entitled “HPWalls. High Performance Wall Systems”, and herein improved according to two complementary requirements: on the one hand, the addition of recycled EPS particles to the concrete mixtures and, thus, the assessment by lab tests of the correlation between the thermal and mechanical properties for several mix-design specimens; on the other hand, a study using analytical simulations of the most suitable joint solutions among modular panels in order to prevent thermal bridges. The achieved results validate the proposed optimization strategies and provide reliable data for market applications in the building sector. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Zero to Plus Energy Buildings: Innovation in Technologies and Methodologies for New Buildings and Deep Renovation)

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8 pages, 353 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceCommunication

Is Outdoor Recreation Associated with Greater Climate Change Concern in the United States?

by Kyle W. Knight and Feng Hao

Sustainability 2022, 14(6), 3520; https://doi.org/10.3390/su14063520 - 17 Mar 2022

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 4277

Abstract

There has been extensive research on the association between environmental attitudes and outdoor recreation (or nature-based leisure activities) since the 1970s. There is now considerable evidence to support the claim that spending time in nature leads to greater connectedness to nature and thereby [...] Read more.

There has been extensive research on the association between environmental attitudes and outdoor recreation (or nature-based leisure activities) since the 1970s. There is now considerable evidence to support the claim that spending time in nature leads to greater connectedness to nature and thereby greater pro-environmental attitudes and behavior. However, there is an absence of research focused specifically on the association between outdoor recreation and concern for climate change, which is arguably the most pressing environmental problem facing the world today. We build on previous research by using the 2021 General Social Survey and structural equation modeling to analyze the association between frequency of engaging in outdoor recreation and concern for climate change among adults in the United States, with special attention to the role of enjoying being in nature. Controlling for other factors, we find that frequency of outdoor recreation has a positive, significant effect on climate change concern, but only indirectly via enjoyment of nature. Individuals who more frequently engage in outdoor recreation activities tend to report a greater sense of enjoyment of being outside in nature, and this enjoyment of nature is associated with a higher level of concern for climate change. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Social Ecology and Sustainability)

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16 pages, 2854 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

The Identification of Common Models Applied for the Integration of Management Systems: A Review

by Lucian Ispas and Costel Mironeasa

Sustainability 2022, 14(6), 3559; https://doi.org/10.3390/su14063559 - 17 Mar 2022

Cited by 14 | Viewed by 4631

Abstract

The paper presents a synthesis of strategies, benefits, and barriers in the integration management systems (IMS) implementation at the organizational level. The research is based on an assessment of 103 papers, 7 books, 12 standards, and 7 sites. The analysis of works aims [...] Read more.

The paper presents a synthesis of strategies, benefits, and barriers in the integration management systems (IMS) implementation at the organizational level. The research is based on an assessment of 103 papers, 7 books, 12 standards, and 7 sites. The analysis of works aims to highlight the common integration models of several IMS, aspects related to IMS implementation, benefits of IMS implementations, and the nature of integration strategies. The research results present valuable information which can be used by top managers of organizations, certification bodies, and consulting organizations to encourage the implementation of integrated management systems. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Quality Management and Sustainability)

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18 pages, 2374 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Social Learning of Sustainability in a Pandemic—Changes to Sustainability Understandings, Attitudes, and Behaviors during the Global Pandemic in a Higher Education Setting

by Franzisca Weder, Jennifer Yarnold, Stefanie Mertl, Renate Hübner, Wilfried Elmenreich and Robert Sposato

Sustainability 2022, 14(6), 3416; https://doi.org/10.3390/su14063416 - 15 Mar 2022

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 4020

Abstract

When people learn from each other and change their behavior accordingly, this is called social learning. COVID-19 not only taught us new habits to limit contagion, imposed restrictions also limited people’s everyday practices and behavior. Our study aims to analyze how (much) the [...] Read more.

When people learn from each other and change their behavior accordingly, this is called social learning. COVID-19 not only taught us new habits to limit contagion, imposed restrictions also limited people’s everyday practices and behavior. Our study aims to analyze how (much) the pandemic may have incidentally fostered social learning of sustainability (SLS), representing a shift from rule-based behavior and forced behavior changes to more associative and potentially long-lasting sustainable behavior. To answer this question, we analyzed data from two mixed-method surveys with which we approached two customized samples in a higher education setting in Australia (n = 100) and Austria (n = 264). The findings show that in a higher education and, specifically, a university context, there are less sustainable practices evaluated as stable and “new normal” than assumed. Still, sustainability is more rule-related and less associative, predominantly in Australia. Nevertheless, a certain degree of awareness of what sustainable practices are can be observed mainly in Austria. As a broader implication, the study at hand leads to the conclusion that through COVID-19, sustainability at least became more tangible. Furthermore, universities as a specific institution have the potential to put sustainability higher on their agenda and take responsibility for social change. In the conclusion and outlook of the paper, limitations of the study as well as future research potential on social learning processes for sustainable development are presented and discussed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Social Sustainability)

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27 pages, 1415 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Youth Empowerment for Sustainable Development: Exploring Ecosocial Work Discourses

by Elvi Chang, Stefan Sjöberg, Päivi Turunen and Komalsingh Rambaree

Sustainability 2022, 14(6), 3426; https://doi.org/10.3390/su14063426 - 15 Mar 2022

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 11544

Abstract

Youth empowerment within the context of sustainable development (SD) is starting to gain more attention within social work, both internationally and in Sweden. SD, as an integrated set of global goals in tackling social, economic, and ecological challenges, is a vital concept in [...] Read more.

Youth empowerment within the context of sustainable development (SD) is starting to gain more attention within social work, both internationally and in Sweden. SD, as an integrated set of global goals in tackling social, economic, and ecological challenges, is a vital concept in social work. Protecting people and the natural environment can be considered the fullest realization of the person-in-environment, a foundation upon which the social work profession is built. The ecosocial perspective is widely discussed in terms of societal transformation in harmony with nature. Within this context, this article explores ecosocial work discourses in youth empowerment. Data were gathered through 20 qualitative semi-structured interviews with key representatives of youth organizations from Gävle municipality, Sweden, and analyzed using ATLAS.ti v.9.0. The main findings are discussed within the framework of ecosocial work, youth empowerment, and a Foucauldian perspective on discourse, power, and knowledge. The results indicate the need for an ecosocial youth empowerment, calling for increased knowledge of both youth empowerment through SD and ecosocial work for those working with/for youth connected to social work practice. The results highlight the importance of an ecosocial youth empowerment on a more structural and collective level. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Education for Sustainable Development: Different Routes, Similar Targets)

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38 pages, 3086 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

A Methodology to Qualitatively Select Upcycled Building Materials from Urban and Industrial Waste

by Sara Parece, Vasco Rato, Ricardo Resende, Pedro Pinto and Stefania Stellacci

Sustainability 2022, 14(6), 3430; https://doi.org/10.3390/su14063430 - 15 Mar 2022

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 4425

Abstract

The rising concern about climate change and other challenges faced by the planet led society to look for different design solutions and approaches towards a more balanced relationship between the built and natural environment. The circular economy is an effective alternative to the [...] Read more.

The rising concern about climate change and other challenges faced by the planet led society to look for different design solutions and approaches towards a more balanced relationship between the built and natural environment. The circular economy is an effective alternative to the linear economic model inspired by natural metabolisms and the circular use of resources. This research explores how innovative strategies can be integrated for evaluating local urban and industrial wastes into sustainable building materials. A literature review is conducted focusing on circular design strategies, re-use, recycle, and waste transformation processes. Then, a methodology for the selection of upcycled and re-used building materials is developed based on Ashby’s method. A total of thirty-five types of partition walls, which include plastic, wood, paper, steel, aluminium, and agricultural wastes, are evaluated using a multi-criteria decision aid (M-MACBETH). Among these solutions, ten types of walls show high-performance thermal and sound isolation, fourteen types are effective for coating, and two exhibit structural reliability. Regardless of their functional limitations, the proposed solutions based on waste materials bear great potential within the construction industry. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Buildings: Advances for Material Efficiency and Circular Economy in the Built Environment)

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18 pages, 15087 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

A Novel Polygeneration System Based on a Solar-Assisted Desiccant Cooling System for Residential Buildings: An Energy and Environmental Analysis

by Luis Gabriel Gesteira and Javier Uche

Sustainability 2022, 14(6), 3449; https://doi.org/10.3390/su14063449 - 15 Mar 2022

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 2812

Abstract

This work aims to design and dynamically simulate a polygeneration system that integrates a solar-assisted desiccant cooling system for residential applications as an alternative to vapor compression systems. The overall plant layout supplies electricity, space heating and cooling, domestic hot water, and freshwater [...] Read more.

This work aims to design and dynamically simulate a polygeneration system that integrates a solar-assisted desiccant cooling system for residential applications as an alternative to vapor compression systems. The overall plant layout supplies electricity, space heating and cooling, domestic hot water, and freshwater for a single-family townhouse located in the city of Almería in Spain. The leading technologies used in the system are photovoltaic/thermal collectors, reverse osmosis, and desiccant air conditioning. The system model was developed and accurately simulated in the TRNSYS environment for a 1-year simulation with a 5-min time step. Design optimization was carried out to investigate the system’s best configuration. The optimal structure showed a satisfactory total annual energy efficiency in solar collectors of about 0.35 and about 0.47 for desiccant air conditioning. Coverage of electricity, space heating and cooling, domestic hot water, and freshwater was 104.1%, 87.01%, 97.98%, 96.05 %, and 100 %, respectively. Furthermore, significant ratios for primary energy saving, 98.62%, and CO₂ saving, 97.17%, were achieved. The users’ thermal comfort level was satisfactory over the entire year. Finally, a comparison with an alternative coastal site was performed to extend the polygeneration system’s applicability. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainability of Smart Energy Grids: Pathway for Achieving a Green Smart Energy Grid)

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28 pages, 32698 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Design and Validation of a Novel Tool to Assess Citizens’ Netiquette and Information and Data Literacy Using Interactive Simulations

by Juan Bartolomé and Pablo Garaizar

Sustainability 2022, 14(6), 3392; https://doi.org/10.3390/su14063392 - 14 Mar 2022

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 3185

Abstract

Until recently, most of the digital literacy frameworks have been based on assessment frameworks used by commercial entities. The release of the DigComp framework has allowed the development of tailored implementations for the evaluation of digital competence. However, the majority of these digital [...] Read more.

Until recently, most of the digital literacy frameworks have been based on assessment frameworks used by commercial entities. The release of the DigComp framework has allowed the development of tailored implementations for the evaluation of digital competence. However, the majority of these digital literacy frameworks are based on self-assessments, measuring only low-order cognitive skills. This paper reports on a study to develop and validate an assessment instrument, including interactive simulations to assess citizens’ digital competence. These formats are particularly important for the evaluation of complex cognitive constructs such as digital competence. Additionally, we selected two different approaches for designing the tests based on their scope, at the competence or competence area level. Their overall and dimensional validity and reliability were analysed. We summarise the issues addressed in each phase and key points to consider in new implementations. For both approaches, items present satisfactory difficulty and discrimination indicators. Validity was ensured through expert validation, and the Rasch analysis revealed good EAP/PV reliabilities. Therefore, the tests have sound psychometric properties that make them reliable and valid instruments for measuring digital competence. This paper contributes to an increasing number of tools designed to evaluate digital competence and highlights the necessity of measuring higher-order cognitive skills. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Digital Teaching Competences for Sustainable Development)

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15 pages, 2449 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Approaches to Strengthen the Social Cohesion between Displaced and Host Communities

by Chathuranganee Jayakody, Chamindi Malalgoda, Dilanthi Amaratunga, Richard Haigh, Champika Liyanage, Emlyn Witt, Mo Hamza and Nishara Fernando

Sustainability 2022, 14(6), 3413; https://doi.org/10.3390/su14063413 - 14 Mar 2022

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 6330

Abstract

A cohesive society is not only characterised by the availability of basic services and facilities, but also promotes economic equality and inclusion, democracy, and social solidarity. Forced displacement due to disasters and conflict constantly disrupt the path to a sustainable and cohesive society. [...] Read more.

A cohesive society is not only characterised by the availability of basic services and facilities, but also promotes economic equality and inclusion, democracy, and social solidarity. Forced displacement due to disasters and conflict constantly disrupt the path to a sustainable and cohesive society. Displaced communities often struggle with a lack of access to livelihood and a lack of financial independence and social and family stability. With these challenges, a lack of provision of basic services and facilities will create a competition for housing, health, and education between the displaced and host communities. Additionally, the economic competition for jobs and the role of international aid in terms of fairness create social tension between the displaced and the host. Likewise, multiple aspects weaken the social cohesion between displaced and host communities. Within this context, we investigated approaches to enhance social cohesion following disaster-induced and conflict-induced displacement. With the identification of this research need, the research team of the project titled REGARD (REbuild-inG AfteR Displacement) conducted 47 in-depth interviews in four partner countries (U.K., Sweden, Estonia, and Sri Lanka) with community representatives, social support networks, agency networks, officials, etc. Moreover, focus group discussions were conducted with community members in Sri Lanka. The collected data were analysed through a qualitative data analysis procedure. The findings present eight approaches to strengthen the social cohesion between displaced and host communities. These eight approaches include the adequate provision of basic services and facilities without limiting the capacity of the host, support services aimed at local integration, economic integration between the displaced and host, and social cohesion through the built environment. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Rebuilding Communities Following Disasters and Conflict-Induced Mass Displacements)

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24 pages, 6905 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Adaptive Retrofit for Adaptive Reuse: Converting an Industrial Chimney into a Ventilation Duct to Improve Internal Comfort in a Historic Environment

by Mariangela De Vita, Francesco Duronio, Angelo De Vita and Pierluigi De Berardinis

Sustainability 2022, 14(6), 3360; https://doi.org/10.3390/su14063360 - 13 Mar 2022

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 3460

Abstract

The reuse of architectural heritage is a topic of great interest for scientific research, involving aspects ranging from the architectural compatibility of the interventions to the performance updating of the artefacts, from the point of view of both energy consumption and internal comfort [...] Read more.

The reuse of architectural heritage is a topic of great interest for scientific research, involving aspects ranging from the architectural compatibility of the interventions to the performance updating of the artefacts, from the point of view of both energy consumption and internal comfort suitable for the new use. Compatible technological solutions exploit the passive cooling activating latent physical mechanisms of the building, of the envelope or its parts, such as openings and disused shafts. This work concerns the conversion of an old chimney, completely integrated into the historical envelope, into a ventilation duct for the air exchange and the internal comfort improvement of an old factory, proposing an adaptive retrofit solution during adaptive reuse intervention. Thermo-fluid dynamics analyses, performed with an ad hoc CFD solver for flows with flotation effects, verified the effective functionality of the device in summer and winter conditions. The results show that, in summer, the activation of passive ventilation improves the indoor comfort of the environment, while, in winter, it worsens them. This study demonstrates the usefulness of activating passive cooling phenomena in preserving historical architecture. Finally, the future potential of the application is presented by integrating the ventilation chimney with a mechanical control system to optimize its operation even in winter conditions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Materials, Equipment and Construction Techniques for Building Applications and Heritage Conservation)

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15 pages, 3769 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Ecosystem Services Multifunctionality: An Analytical Framework to Support Sustainable Spatial Planning in Italy

by Angela Pilogallo and Francesco Scorza

Sustainability 2022, 14(6), 3346; https://doi.org/10.3390/su14063346 - 12 Mar 2022

Cited by 21 | Viewed by 3142

Abstract

A growing demand at several levels of territorial government concerns the need for tools to support policy-making oriented towards sustainable planning. That of Ecosystem Services (ES) represents a well-structured and robust methodological framework for developing tools to assess environmental performances and territorial transformations [...] Read more.

A growing demand at several levels of territorial government concerns the need for tools to support policy-making oriented towards sustainable planning. That of Ecosystem Services (ES) represents a well-structured and robust methodological framework for developing tools to assess environmental performances and territorial transformations linked to different development needs. The paper fits into this frame by proposing an analytical framework based on the ES multifunctionality approach, i.e., the joint provision of multiple ES, and applying it to the Italian national context. The methodology defines a spatial model based on three aggregate indices (abundance, diversity and richness) assessed considering the Provinces as reference territorial units. Derived from ecological disciplines, these three dimensions of ES multifunctionality describe the variability with which territorial units deliver multiple services for community well-being and support the analysis of the relationships between anthropic components of territorial systems and the ecosystems’ multifunctionality. The evaluation of how the three indices’ spatial distribution varied as a result of land use changes in the period 2000–2018 allows us to highlight specific aspects of territorial units useful to improve the knowledge framework from a sustainable planning perspective. The results highlight its potential to support decision-making processes and formulate recommendations for sustainable spatial planning. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Designing Resilient Cities by Ecosystem Service Mapping)

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15 pages, 1096 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Analysis of Lanthanum and Cobalt Leaching Aimed at Effective Recycling Strategies of Solid Oxide Cells

by Alice Benedetto Mas, Silvia Fiore, Sonia Fiorilli, Federico Smeacetto, Massimo Santarelli and Ilaria Schiavi

Sustainability 2022, 14(6), 3335; https://doi.org/10.3390/su14063335 - 12 Mar 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2472

Abstract

Lanthanum and cobalt are Critical Raw Materials and components of Solid Oxide Cells—SOCs electrodes. This review analyses lanthanum and cobalt leaching from waste materials (e-waste, batteries, spent catalysts), aiming to provide a starting point for SOC recycling, not yet investigated. The literature was [...] Read more.

Lanthanum and cobalt are Critical Raw Materials and components of Solid Oxide Cells—SOCs electrodes. This review analyses lanthanum and cobalt leaching from waste materials (e-waste, batteries, spent catalysts), aiming to provide a starting point for SOC recycling, not yet investigated. The literature was surveyed with a specific interest for leaching, the first phase of hydrometallurgy recycling. Most references (86%) were published after 2012, with an interest higher (85%) for cobalt. Inorganic acids were the prevailing (>80%) leaching agents, particularly for lanthanum, while leaching processes using organic acids mostly involved cobalt. The experimental conditions adopted more diluted organic acids (median 0.55 M for lanthanum and 1.4 M for cobalt) compared to inorganic acids (median value 2 M for both metals). Organic acids required a higher solid to liquid ratio (200 g/L), compared to inorganic ones (100 g/L) to solubilize lanthanum, while the opposite happened for cobalt (20 vs. 50 g/L). The process temperature didn’t change considerably with the solvent (45–75 °C for lanthanum, and 75–88 °C for cobalt). The contact time was higher for lanthanum than for cobalt (median 3–4 h vs. 75–85 min). Specific recycling processes are crucial to support SOCs value chain in Europe, and this review can help define the existing challenges and future perspectives. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Waste and Recycling)

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14 pages, 2907 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

The Skills of Medium-Range Precipitation Forecasts in the Senegal River Basin

by Mekonnen Gebremichael, Haowen Yue, Vahid Nourani and Richard Damoah

Sustainability 2022, 14(6), 3349; https://doi.org/10.3390/su14063349 - 12 Mar 2022

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2757

Abstract

Reliable information on medium-range (1–15 day) precipitation forecasts is useful in reservoir operation, among many other applications. Such forecasts are increasingly becoming available from global models. The skills of medium-range precipitation forecasts derived from Global Forecast System (GFS) are assessed in the Senegal [...] Read more.

Reliable information on medium-range (1–15 day) precipitation forecasts is useful in reservoir operation, among many other applications. Such forecasts are increasingly becoming available from global models. The skills of medium-range precipitation forecasts derived from Global Forecast System (GFS) are assessed in the Senegal River Basin, focusing on the watershed its major hydropower dams: Manantali (located in relatively wet, Southern Sudan climate and mountainous region), Foum Gleita (relatively dry, Sahel climate and low-elevation), and Diama (a large watershed covering almost the entire basin, dominated by Sahel climate). IMERG Final, a satellite product involving rain gauge data for bias correction, is used as reference. GFS has the ability capture the overall spatial and monthly pattern of rainfall in the region. However, GFS tends to overestimate rainfall in the wet parts of the region, and slightly underestimate in the dry part. The skill of daily GFS forecast is low over Manantali (Kling-Gupta Efficiency, KGE of 0.29), but slightly higher over Foum Gleita (KGE of 0.53) and Diama (KGE of 0.59). For 15-day accumulation, GFS forecast shows higher skill over Manantali (KGE of 0.60) and Diama (KGE of 0.79) but does not change much over Foul Gleita (KGE of 0.51) compared to daily rainfall forecasts. IMERG Early, a satellite-only product available at near-real time, has better performance than GFS. This study suggests the need for further improving the accuracy of GFS forecasts, and identifies IMERG Early as a potential source of data that can help in this effort. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Hydrological Management Adopted to Climate Change)

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20 pages, 1351 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Analysis of Influencing Factors of Embodied Carbon in China’s Export Trade in the Background of “Carbon Peak” and “Carbon Neutrality”

by Weixin Yang, Hao Gao and Yunpeng Yang

Sustainability 2022, 14(6), 3308; https://doi.org/10.3390/su14063308 - 11 Mar 2022

Cited by 34 | Viewed by 4046

Abstract

Since China’s reform and opening up, especially after its accession to the World Trade Organization, its foreign trade has achieved fruitful results. However, at the same time, the extensive foreign trade growth model with high energy consumption and high pollution has also caused [...] Read more.

Since China’s reform and opening up, especially after its accession to the World Trade Organization, its foreign trade has achieved fruitful results. However, at the same time, the extensive foreign trade growth model with high energy consumption and high pollution has also caused a rapid increase in carbon emissions. There is a large amount of embodied carbon emissions in the export trade. In order to achieve the strategic goals of “Carbon Peak” and “Carbon Neutrality’, and at the same time build a green trading system to achieve coordinated development of trade and the environment, it is of great significance to study embodied carbon emissions and how to decouple them with China’s foreign trade. This paper uses the Logarithmic Mean Divisia Index method to decompose the influencing factors of the embodied carbon in China’s export trade in order to study the impact of three factors: export scale, export structure, and carbon emission intensity. The results show that the change in export scale is the most important factor affecting the embodied carbon of China’s export trade, and the expansion of export scale has caused the growth of trade embodied carbon. Carbon emission intensity is the second influential factor, and the decline in carbon intensity would slow down the growth of trade embodied carbon, while changes in the export structure have the smallest impact on trade embodied carbon. The high carbonization of the overall export structure will cause growth of trade embodied carbon, but the tertiary industry has seen some improvement in the export structure, which could facilitate the decline of trade embodied carbon. Full article

(This article belongs to the Collection Air Pollution Control and Sustainable Development)

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16 pages, 6686 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

The Measurable Predominance of Weekend Trips in Established Tourism Regions—The Case of Visitors from Budapest at Waterside Destinations

by Bálint Kádár and Mátyás Gede

Sustainability 2022, 14(6), 3293; https://doi.org/10.3390/su14063293 - 11 Mar 2022

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2850

Abstract

Short trips to weekend destinations are less researched than more conventional forms of tourism involving longer trips and overnight stays, because quantitative data are hard to procure on the behavior of such weekend tourists. As a result, the effects of these day trips [...] Read more.

Short trips to weekend destinations are less researched than more conventional forms of tourism involving longer trips and overnight stays, because quantitative data are hard to procure on the behavior of such weekend tourists. As a result, the effects of these day trips on secondary destinations cannot be measured, yet weekend tourism does contribute to the economic sustainability of many tourism regions. In this study, we analyzed geotagged photography uploaded to Flickr.com in the Budapest metropolitan area, the Danube Bend north of the Hungarian capital, and the Northern Balaton Region. Analysis of the spatio-temporal activity of photographers revealed Flickr users who live in the analyzed regions or in foreign countries, identifying the locals, weekend visitors from Budapest, those from other Hungarian regions, and foreign tourists. The predominance of visitors from Budapest was measured in both of the water-side destinations, and the spatial patterns of such visitors were more dispersed than the more concentrated spatial patterns of foreign tourists. These results show how day-trippers spread out the economic effects of tourism to much wider geographic areas than conventional tourists. Therefore, more focus should be directed toward these previously invisible forms of visits among the scientific community, policy makers, and the tourism industry. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue A Geography of Unconventional Tourist Mobility: New Approaches and Methodologies)

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17 pages, 1232 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Optimization of Phenolic Compound Extraction from Brewers’ Spent Grain Using Ultrasound Technologies Coupled with Response Surface Methodology

by Rosamaria Iadecola, Roberto Ciccoritti, Brunella Ceccantoni, Andrea Bellincontro and Tiziana Amoriello

Sustainability 2022, 14(6), 3309; https://doi.org/10.3390/su14063309 - 11 Mar 2022

Cited by 15 | Viewed by 3960

Abstract

Brewers’ spent grain (BSG) is the main solid by-product from the brewery industry, rich in valuable nutrients and bioactive compounds. The aim of this study was to valorize this by-product, recovering phenolic compounds from BSG using ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) and chemometric techniques, such [...] Read more.

Brewers’ spent grain (BSG) is the main solid by-product from the brewery industry, rich in valuable nutrients and bioactive compounds. The aim of this study was to valorize this by-product, recovering phenolic compounds from BSG using ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) and chemometric techniques, such as the response surface methodology (RSM). Therefore, UAE process parameters (temperature and time) and solvent composition (ethanol aqueous mixtures) were optimized using a three-level Box–Behnken design, in order to carry out the maximum yield in phenols. Then, the extract obtained under optimal conditions was characterized for the total phenolic content and antioxidant capacity (2,20-azino-bis(3-ethylbenothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid, ABTS, and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl, DPPH), and individual phenolic compounds were identified using HPLC-DAD. The results show the highest level of total soluble phenolic content (4.1 ± 0.1 mg GAE/g d.w.) at 80 °C, 50 min and 65:35% ethanol:water, with a high goodness of fit between experimental and predicted values (R² = 0.987), and a high antioxidant potential (DPPH: 0.42 ± 0.01 mg TE eq/g d.w.; ABTS: 5.82 ± 0.04 mg TE eq/g d.w.). A comparison between the classic extraction techniques and the UAE with the same solvent showed an increase of 156% in the phenol yield. The characterization of phenolic profile revealed that ferulic acid (1.5 ± 0.2 mg/L), vanillic acid (0.78 ± 0.18 mg/L) and p-coumaric acid (0.12 ± 0.03 mg/L) were the prevalent ones. UAE coupled with RSM was a useful tool to inexpensively and quickly recover bioactive phenolic compounds from BSG, which can be used in the food, pharmaceutical or cosmetic industries. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainability: Recovery and Reuse of Brewing-Derived By-Products)

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7 pages, 1817 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceCommunication

The Tripping Point–Minimum Planting Widths for Small-Stature Trees in Dense Urban Developments

by Andrew K. Koeser, Richard J. Hauer, Deborah R. Hilbert, Robert J. Northrop, Hunter Thorn, Drew C. McLean and Allyson B. Salisbury

Sustainability 2022, 14(6), 3283; https://doi.org/10.3390/su14063283 - 11 Mar 2022

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 3266

Abstract

As urban development increases in density, the space to grow urban trees becomes more constrained. In heavily developed areas, small stature trees can be planted to reduce both above- and below-ground conflicts with infrastructure elements. However, even these species can interfere with pavement [...] Read more.

As urban development increases in density, the space to grow urban trees becomes more constrained. In heavily developed areas, small stature trees can be planted to reduce both above- and below-ground conflicts with infrastructure elements. However, even these species can interfere with pavement when placed in extremely confining conditions. In this study, we build on past work to determine the minimum planting space widths of small stature urban trees. Species, stem diameter, and the height at which stem diameter measurements occurred were all strong predictors of trunk flare (i.e., the interface region between large structural roots and the trunk) diameter (adjusted R² of 0.843). Additionally, we modelled the relationship between planting space and the presence or absence of pavement conflicts using the predictions derived from this effort to project the potential cost savings in two United States cities. Study results provide a guideline to create sufficient space for urban trees and minimize infrastructure damage and associated cost savings. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Urban Forestry and Urban Green Management: Promoting Sustainable Urban Tree Populations Ⅱ)

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15 pages, 1076 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Data Provision for Science-Based FAD Fishery Management: Spanish FAD Management Plan as a Case Study

by José Carlos Báez, Santiago Déniz, María Lourdes Ramos, Maitane Grande, Jon Ruiz, Hilario Murua, Josu Santiago, Ana Justel-Rubio, Miguel Herrera, Isadora Moniz, Jon Lopez, Pedro José Pascual-Alayón, Anertz Muniategi, Nekane Alzorriz, Marta González-Carballo, Vanessa Rojo and Francisco Abascal

Sustainability 2022, 14(6), 3278; https://doi.org/10.3390/su14063278 - 10 Mar 2022

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 3216

Abstract

The use of fish aggregating devices (FADs) in tropical tuna fisheries has increased significantly during recent decades. Concurrently, concern about juvenile tuna mortality, bycatch, and marine debris associated with FAD fisheries increased, and this led to the implementation of FAD management measures and [...] Read more.

The use of fish aggregating devices (FADs) in tropical tuna fisheries has increased significantly during recent decades. Concurrently, concern about juvenile tuna mortality, bycatch, and marine debris associated with FAD fisheries increased, and this led to the implementation of FAD management measures and more sustainable designs (e.g., non-entangling or biodegradable FADs, limits on active FADs, etc.). This document reviews data collection and reporting requirements of tuna-Regional Fisheries Management Organizations (t-RFMOs) on drifting FADs and summarizes the work carried out since 2010 under the Spanish FAD management plan to create an adequate standard data collection aimed at improving science-based decision making. The aim of this study is to assist in the strengthening of data collection systems through: (1) a review of the existing data requirements, (2) a review of the status of FAD data collection worldwide and identification of data gaps, and (3) recommendations aimed at improving FAD management through the strengthening of FAD data requirements. Due to the complexities of data collection, we summarize the difficulties faced when processing the data and propose concrete and practical solutions to improve both the data collection system and information quality. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Marine Fisheries Management)

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12 pages, 3481 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Feasibility of Nickel–Aluminum Complex Hydroxides for Recovering Tungsten Ions from Aqueous Media

by Fumihiko Ogata, Saki Kawamoto, Ayako Tabuchi, Megumu Toda, Masashi Otani, Takehiro Nakamura and Naohito Kawasaki

Sustainability 2022, 14(6), 3219; https://doi.org/10.3390/su14063219 - 9 Mar 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2343

Abstract

In this study, the adsorption and/or desorption capacity of tungsten ions using nickel–aluminum complex hydroxides was assessed. Nickel–aluminum complex hydroxides at various molar ratios, such as NA11 were prepared, and the adsorption capacity of tungsten ions was evaluated. Precisely, the effect of temperature, [...] Read more.

In this study, the adsorption and/or desorption capacity of tungsten ions using nickel–aluminum complex hydroxides was assessed. Nickel–aluminum complex hydroxides at various molar ratios, such as NA11 were prepared, and the adsorption capacity of tungsten ions was evaluated. Precisely, the effect of temperature, contact time, pH, and coexistence on the adsorption of tungsten ions in the water layer was demonstrated. Among the nickel–aluminum complex hydroxides at various molar ratios, the adsorption capacity onto NA11 was the highest of all adsorbents. The sulfate ions in the interlayer of NA11 was exchanged to tungsten ions, that is, the adsorption mechanism was ion exchange under our experimental conditions. Additionally, to elucidate the adsorption mechanism in detail, the elemental distribution and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy of the NA11 surface were analyzed. Finally, the results indicated that the tungsten ions adsorbed using NA11 could be desorbed (recovered) from NA11 using sodium hydroxide solution. These results serve as useful information regarding the adsorption and recovery of tungsten ions using nickel–aluminum complex hydroxides from aqueous media. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainability of the Rare Earth Resources, Technology Practices, and Industry)

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14 pages, 572 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoicePerspective

Constructed Wetlands as Nature-Based Solutions in the Post-COVID Agri-Food Supply Chain: Challenges and Opportunities

by Vasileios Takavakoglou, Eleanna Pana and Dimitris Skalkos

Sustainability 2022, 14(6), 3145; https://doi.org/10.3390/su14063145 - 8 Mar 2022

Cited by 18 | Viewed by 4516

Abstract

The COVID-19 crisis has highlighted the interchangeable link between human and nature. The health and socioeconomic impacts of COVID-19 are directly or indirectly linked to the natural environment and to the way that agri-food systems interact with nature. Although the pandemic continues to [...] Read more.

The COVID-19 crisis has highlighted the interchangeable link between human and nature. The health and socioeconomic impacts of COVID-19 are directly or indirectly linked to the natural environment and to the way that agri-food systems interact with nature. Although the pandemic continues to evolve and there are still many uncertainties, important issues about the future of the agri-food sector and the need for a sustainable and environmentally friendly reformation are beginning to arise in society. Nature-based Solutions (NbSs) encompass a broad range of practices that can be introduced in the agri-food supply chain and address multiple environmental challenges of the COVID-19 and post-COVID-19 era while providing economic and societal benefits. In this perspective, the design and establishment of multifunctional constructed wetlands as NbSs opens a portfolio of eco-innovative options throughout the agri-food supply chain, offering a realistic and promising way towards the green regeneration of the post-COVID-19 economy and the welfare of society. The aim of this work is to explore the potential role of constructed wetlands as Nature-based Solutions in the agri-food supply chain of the forthcoming post-COVID-19 era. More specifically, this work aims to reveal application opportunities of constructed wetlands in the different segments of the agri-food supply chain, identify linkages with societal challenges and EU policies, and discuss their potential limitations, future challenges, and perspectives. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Innovative Agrifood Supply Chain in the Post-COVID 19 Era)

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23 pages, 377 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Production Performance, Egg Quality Characteristics, Fatty Acid Profile and Health Lipid Indices of Produced Eggs, Blood Biochemical Parameters and Welfare Indicators of Laying Hens Fed Dried Olive Pulp

by Anna Dedousi, Maria-Zoi Kritsa, Mirjana Đukić Stojčić, Themistoklis Sfetsas, Antonios Sentas and Evangelia Sossidou

Sustainability 2022, 14(6), 3157; https://doi.org/10.3390/su14063157 - 8 Mar 2022

Cited by 20 | Viewed by 3139

Abstract

This study aimed to evaluate the long-term dietary effects of dried olive pulp (OP) on production performance, fatty acid profile and health lipid indices and quality characteristics of produced eggs, health and welfare indicators of laying hens. It was carried out in a [...] Read more.

This study aimed to evaluate the long-term dietary effects of dried olive pulp (OP) on production performance, fatty acid profile and health lipid indices and quality characteristics of produced eggs, health and welfare indicators of laying hens. It was carried out in a commercial poultry farm using 300 Isa Brown layers at 23 weeks of age. The hens were randomly and equally divided in six dietary groups CON, OP2, OP3, OP4, OP5 and OP6, according to the inclusion rate of OP in the ration (0%, 2%, 3%, 4%, 5% and 6%, respectively). OP feeding increased the percentage of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) in eggs, decreased that of saturated fatty acids (SFA) and improved the PUFA to SFA ratio and health lipid indices, as indicated by the decrease of AI and TI and the increase in the h/H ratio of produced eggs, in a dose-dependent way. OP-fed layers presented a lower percentage of broken eggshells compared to controls. No adverse effects on birds’ performance, egg quality traits, health and welfare parameters were observed but a positive impact on Keel Bone Damage (KBD) incidence and belly plumage damage was recorded. OP feeding at the rates of 5% and 6% seems to be beneficial in improving egg nutrition quality. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in Poultry Management)

14 pages, 4636 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Compressed Earth Blocks Using Sediments and Alkali-Activated Byproducts

by Fouad Belayali, Walid Maherzi, Mahfoud Benzerzour, Nor-Edine Abriak and Ahmed Senouci

Sustainability 2022, 14(6), 3158; https://doi.org/10.3390/su14063158 - 8 Mar 2022

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 3610

Abstract

Sediment dredging is necessary and vital to preserve maritime activities and prevent floods. The management of these sediments represent an environmental challenge for many countries all over the world. This study focuses on evaluating the feasibility of using dredged sediments for the manufacturing [...] Read more.

Sediment dredging is necessary and vital to preserve maritime activities and prevent floods. The management of these sediments represent an environmental challenge for many countries all over the world. This study focuses on evaluating the feasibility of using dredged sediments for the manufacturing of compressed earth blocks (CEB). The alternative construction material has the potential of reducing the need for dredged sediment onshore storage or ocean dumping. Several experimental tests have been conducted on two geopolymer types, which were obtained by mixing sediments from the northern region of France, fly ash (FA), and grounded blast furnace slag (GBFS). The geopolymers, which were activated using an eight-molar concentrated sodium hydroxide solution (NH), were cured at a temperature of 50 °C. The results have shown that a geopolymer content of 36% of FA and 10% of GBFS along with (NH) alkaline solution has significantly improved the mechanical properties of CEBs, which have outperformed those of Portland Cement-stabilized traditional blocks. The use of NH has resulted in the formation of crystalline calcium silicate hydrate (C-S-H) amorphous gel. Adding GBFS to the mix has enhanced the geopolymer paste compressive strength and microstructure because of the formation of additional C-S-H. The valorization of dredged sediments in CEB based on geopolymer stabilization can contribute to the reduction of the CO₂ footprint of the construction industry. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Innovative Construction Materials for Sustainable Development)

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26 pages, 1232 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Agroecological Transition: A Territorial Examination of the Simultaneity of Limited Farmer Livelihoods and Food Insecurity

by Aparna Katre, Teresa Bertossi, Abigail Clarke-Sather and Mary Parsatoon

Sustainability 2022, 14(6), 3160; https://doi.org/10.3390/su14063160 - 8 Mar 2022

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 4196

Abstract

Nutritional disease, persistent food insecurity, ecological devastation, and limited sustainable livelihoods among small and beginning (SB) farmers coexist as unintended consequences of trying to address these challenges separately. Agroecology is useful for holistically understanding a community’s food system dynamics, identifying regime lock-ins, and [...] Read more.

Nutritional disease, persistent food insecurity, ecological devastation, and limited sustainable livelihoods among small and beginning (SB) farmers coexist as unintended consequences of trying to address these challenges separately. Agroecology is useful for holistically understanding a community’s food system dynamics, identifying regime lock-ins, and developing pathways to transition to a sustainable food system. Focusing on two often divergent publics, SB farmers and food-insecure populations, this research answers the questions: What critical agroecological characteristics are lacking in a food system contributing to both limited livelihoods of SB farmers and food-insecure populations? In what ways might the relationships of these two publics be central to an agroecological transition to a regional sustainable food system? We present a case study for the city-region Duluth-Northland, Minnesota, USA, by combining methodological and theoretical insights from participatory action research, agroecology, and sustainability transitions literature. Results include a current state of regional food flows, illuminate the food system’s enabling and inhibitory factors, and highlight opportunities for exercising local agency to transition to a sustainable food system using agroecological principles. This research suggests developing relational spaces where two typically divergent publics can dialogue and build reciprocal relationships to construct new food pathways. Findings also highlight a need to develop a social infrastructure to support SB farmer livelihoods, recognize their contribution to the public good, and simultaneously address multiple dimensions of food insecurity. This study provides preliminary guidance for mobilizing action at the nexus of health and food access, environment, and regenerative agriculture livelihoods. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Operationalising the Transition to Sustainable Food Systems)

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14 pages, 260 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

What Reduces Household Food Waste in Japan? Nation-Wide and Region-Specific Contributing Factors in Urban and Rural Areas

by Kazuki Nakamura, Daizo Kojima and Mitsuyoshi Ando

Sustainability 2022, 14(6), 3174; https://doi.org/10.3390/su14063174 - 8 Mar 2022

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 4802

Abstract

We analyze the contributing factors (i.e., attribute factors and behavioral factors) that lead to household food waste in Japan by region (i.e., large cities, small cities, and villages) using a nationwide sample and an ordered probit model. As a result of the analysis, [...] Read more.

We analyze the contributing factors (i.e., attribute factors and behavioral factors) that lead to household food waste in Japan by region (i.e., large cities, small cities, and villages) using a nationwide sample and an ordered probit model. As a result of the analysis, it was found that “gender”, “age”, “children in the household”, “occupation”, “safety awareness”, and “time” were related to the occurrence of food waste in terms of consumer attributes, which were common throughout Japan. In terms of consumer behavior, “action”, “checking labels”, and “food management” are related. Among these, only “checking labels” had a positive relationship with the occurrence of food waste. By region, “children in the household”, “time”, “safety awareness”, and “food management” were particularly affected in large cities, while they were less affected in small cities and towns. For those who had “agricultural experience”, the occurrence of food waste was significantly lower in towns and villages. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Sustainable Food)

14 pages, 4604 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Strength and Microstructure Characteristics of Metakaolin-Based Geopolymer Mortars with High Water-to-Binder Ratios

by Lander Frederickx, Thi Nhan Nguyen and Quoc Tri Phung

Sustainability 2022, 14(6), 3141; https://doi.org/10.3390/su14063141 - 8 Mar 2022

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 2345

Abstract

Geopolymers and other alkali-activated materials were investigated in detail as alternatives to ordinary Portland cement because of their reduced CO₂ emissions, high (radionuclide) binding capacities, and low permeabilities. The last two properties make them potential materials for the immobilization of several types [...] Read more.

Geopolymers and other alkali-activated materials were investigated in detail as alternatives to ordinary Portland cement because of their reduced CO₂ emissions, high (radionuclide) binding capacities, and low permeabilities. The last two properties make them potential materials for the immobilization of several types of chemical waste. In this context, the direct immobilization of liquid waste streams would be a useful application. This study aimed to develop geopolymers with high water-to-binder ratios, but with good mechanical strengths, while elucidating the parameters that dictate the strengths. Three potential metakaolin geopolymer recipes were cast and cured for 28 days, after which their strengths, mineralogy, and microstructures were determined. The results show that it is possible to attain acceptable mechanical strengths at water-to-binder ratios that vary from 0.75 to 0.95, which is a significant increase from the ratio of 0.55 that is commonly used in the literature. It was found that the most important parameter that governs the mechanical strength is the dilution of the activating solution, which is represented by the H₂O/Na₂O ratio, while the microstructure was found to benefit from a high SiO₂/Al₂O₃ ratio. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Durability and Performance of Sustainable Construction and Building Materials)

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14 pages, 1374 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Come Out of a Hiding Place: How Are Cover Crops Allocated on Finnish Farms?

by Pirjo Peltonen-Sainio and Lauri Jauhiainen

Sustainability 2022, 14(5), 3103; https://doi.org/10.3390/su14053103 - 7 Mar 2022

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2015

Abstract

Cover crops (CCs) may provide many ecosystem services for crop production systems, and interest has increased in the cultivation of CCs among Finnish farmers. Piloting farmers applied for agricultural payments to support the cultivation of CCs (AP-CCs) in 2020. Novel data with a [...] Read more.

Cover crops (CCs) may provide many ecosystem services for crop production systems, and interest has increased in the cultivation of CCs among Finnish farmers. Piloting farmers applied for agricultural payments to support the cultivation of CCs (AP-CCs) in 2020. Novel data with a total of 34,515 field parcels with CCs from 5747 farms was used to assess how farmers allocated CCs depending on farm and parcel characteristics. Pioneering farmers often had conventional, large farms with cereal areas exceeding 25%, and expertise with special crop(s). Conventional farmers seemed to allocate CCs to large parcels. The allocation of CCs was not solely dictated by cash crops. Cover crops were planted more frequently in parcels close to waterways. Conventional farmers allocated CCs to parcels with a history of highly monotonous cereal sequencing. Hence, farmers seem to benefit from ecosystem services provided by CCs: increasing spatial diversity, reducing the environmental footprint, and improving soil health. This novel understanding is used to support the implementation of CCs beyond pilot farms and to develop a decision support system for their allocation. The ultimate goal is to support a transition towards more sustainable crop production systems with currently underutilized CCs in high-latitude conditions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Environmentally-Friendly Agricultural Practices For Achieving Sustainable Ecosystem Services)

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16 pages, 4719 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Versatile Green Processing for Recovery of Phenolic Compounds from Natural Product Extracts towards Bioeconomy and Cascade Utilization for Waste Valorization on the Example of Cocoa Bean Shell (CBS)

by Christoph Jensch, Axel Schmidt and Jochen Strube

Sustainability 2022, 14(5), 3126; https://doi.org/10.3390/su14053126 - 7 Mar 2022

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 3358

Abstract

In the context of bioeconomic research approaches, a cascade use of plant raw materials makes sense in many cases for waste valorization. This not only guarantees that the raw material is used as completely as possible, but also offers the possibility of using [...] Read more.

In the context of bioeconomic research approaches, a cascade use of plant raw materials makes sense in many cases for waste valorization. This not only guarantees that the raw material is used as completely as possible, but also offers the possibility of using its by-products and residual flows profitably. To make such cascade uses as efficient as possible, efficient and environmentally friendly processes are needed. To exemplify the versatile method, e.g., every year 675,000 metric tons of cocoa bean shell (CBS) accrues as a waste stream in the food processing industry worldwide. A novel green process reaches very high yields of up to 100% in one extraction stage, ensures low consumption of organic solvents due to double usage of ethanol as the only organic solvent, is adaptable enough to capture all kinds of secondary metabolites from hot water extracts and ensures the usage of structural carbohydrates from precipitation. A Design of Experiments (DoE) was conducted to optimize the influence of pH value and phase ratio on the yield and purity of the integrated ethanol/water/salt aqueous-two-phase extraction (ATPS) system. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Circular Bioeconomy)

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18 pages, 3921 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Circularity of Bioenergy Residues: Acidification of Anaerobic Digestate Prior to Addition of Wood Ash

by Alejandro Moure Abelenda, Kirk T. Semple, George Aggidis and Farid Aiouache

Sustainability 2022, 14(5), 3127; https://doi.org/10.3390/su14053127 - 7 Mar 2022

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 3295

Abstract

The present study investigated the acidification treatment of an agrowaste digestate and a food waste digestate, which is necessary before the addition of the wood ashes to attain the pH of zero point of charge in the blend intended to behave as a [...] Read more.

The present study investigated the acidification treatment of an agrowaste digestate and a food waste digestate, which is necessary before the addition of the wood ashes to attain the pH of zero point of charge in the blend intended to behave as a slow-release fertilizer. The 336-h acidification treatments of the 2.39 ± 0.35 g of digestates were performed with high and low doses of four commercial acids (sulfuric, hydrochloric, nitric, and lactic acids) in 50-mL capped Corning^® tubes. For analytical purposes, after the incubation, ultrapure milli-Q^® water was added at a rate of 10 mL for each gram of digestate to create a water-soluble phase that allowed the measurement of the pH and the electric conductivity. The results showed that the optimum dose and type of acid were very dependent on the nature of the anaerobic digestate. The maximum buffer capacity of the agrowaste digestate was 0.07 mmol H⁺-H₂SO₄/g, but this increased by adding the food waste digestate with a greater content of ammoniacal nitrogen. The agrowaste digestate with a greater content of undigested fiber was more easily oxidized by nitric acid. On the other hand, sulfuric acid oxidized the food waste digestate to a greater extent than the other acids did. Since a high dose of acid was required to achieve a greater efficiency in the solid–liquid separation, which would ease any subsequent handling of the digestates, hydrochloric acid was considered to be the most suitable acid. Lactic acid promoted the growth of filamentous microbes in the agrowaste digestate and microbial colonies in the food waste digestate, which is an indication of the poor preservation of the organic matter under these conditions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Contribution to the Circular Economy Through the Reuse of Material Waste and Energy Use in Industrial Processes and Domestic Uses)

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24 pages, 4703 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Understanding Flood Risk Perception: A Case Study from Canada

by Khalid Oubennaceur, Karem Chokmani, Florence Lessard, Yves Gauthier, Catherine Baltazar and Jean-Patrick Toussaint

Sustainability 2022, 14(5), 3087; https://doi.org/10.3390/su14053087 - 7 Mar 2022

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 6648

Abstract

In recent years, understanding and improving the perception of flood risk has become an important aspect of flood risk management and flood risk reduction policies. The aim of this study was to explore perceptions of flood risk in the Petite Nation River watershed, [...] Read more.

In recent years, understanding and improving the perception of flood risk has become an important aspect of flood risk management and flood risk reduction policies. The aim of this study was to explore perceptions of flood risk in the Petite Nation River watershed, located in southern Quebec, Canada. A survey was conducted with 130 residents living on a floodplain in this river watershed, which had been affected by floods in the spring of 2017. Participants were asked about different aspects related to flood risk, such as the flood hazard experience, the physical changes occurring in the environment, climate change, information accessibility, flood risk governance, adaptation measures, and finally the perception of losses. An analysis of these factors provided perspectives for improving flood risk communication and increasing the public awareness of flood risk. The results indicated that the analyzed aspects are potentially important in terms of risk perception and showed that the flood risk perceptions varied for each aspect analyzed. In general, the information regarding flood risk management is available and generally understandable, and the level of confidence was good towards most authorities. However, the experiences of flood risk and the consequences of climate change on floods were not clear among the respondents. Regarding the adaptation measures, the majority of participants tended to consider non-structural adaptation measures as being more relevant than structural ones. Moreover, the long-term consequences of flooding on property values are of highest concern. These results provide a snapshot of citizens’ risk perceptions and their opinions on topics that are directly related to such risks. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Hazards and Sustainability)

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18 pages, 4277 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Study of Noise and Vibration Impacts to Buildings Due to Urban Rail Transit and Mitigation Measures

by Ying Hao, Haifeng Qi, Shengchun Liu, Victor Nian and Zhongyao Zhang

Sustainability 2022, 14(5), 3119; https://doi.org/10.3390/su14053119 - 7 Mar 2022

Cited by 23 | Viewed by 4693

Abstract

The developments in urban rail transit (URT) construction are associated with the benefits of moving people efficiently and the negative impacts of noise and vibrations caused to surroundings. Despite a proliferation of studies conducted throughout the world, very few studies employed the field [...] Read more.

The developments in urban rail transit (URT) construction are associated with the benefits of moving people efficiently and the negative impacts of noise and vibrations caused to surroundings. Despite a proliferation of studies conducted throughout the world, very few studies employed the field measurement approach due to various limitations. Using a metropolitan city, Tianjin (China), as an example, field measurement was set up to monitor the indoor vibration and noise spectrum in buildings near urban rapid transit lines to establish a baseline as well as the effectiveness of corresponding mitigation measures, namely wheel-rail polishing and train speed reduction. While our study suggests a maximum 6 dB reduction in indoor vibration, the effectiveness of noise and vibration reduction measures depends on the attenuation of the main frequency corresponding to the secondary radiation noise of the indoor vibration excitation in the building. In our field test, the peaks of the frequency spectrum were found to be 40, 50, 63 and 80 Hz. The secondary radiation noise attenuation and vibration were invariant to the change in frequency spectrum. Mitigation measures such as polishing may cause vibration frequency to peak in non-main frequency spectrums. URT speed reduction will lead to vibration and noise attenuation energy being concentrated at around 50 Hz. Given the presently inconsistent and widely varying industrial and international standards, this study can provide important field measurement data supporting future development in standards, regulation and legislation with respect to URT development, especially in mature townships. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Urban Noise Analysis and Management in Smart Cities)

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17 pages, 319 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Sustainability as a Moral Discourse: Its Shifting Meanings, Exclusions, and Anxieties

by Shoko Yamada, Lav Kanoi, Vanessa Koh, Al Lim and Michael R. Dove

Sustainability 2022, 14(5), 3095; https://doi.org/10.3390/su14053095 - 7 Mar 2022

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 5719

Abstract

As sustainability gains popularity in public discourse, scholars have noted its diverse uses, multiple meanings, and contradictory outcomes. This paper explores how the current proliferation of the concept of sustainability stems in part from its varied normative appeals, which in turn motivate, legitimate, [...] Read more.

As sustainability gains popularity in public discourse, scholars have noted its diverse uses, multiple meanings, and contradictory outcomes. This paper explores how the current proliferation of the concept of sustainability stems in part from its varied normative appeals, which in turn motivate, legitimate, and unsettle its diverse mobilizations. As the concept of sustainability calls for an extension of moral horizons beyond the immediate here and now, this redrawing of moral boundaries has simultaneously produced new externalities as well as enduring anxieties and responses within these moral bounds themselves. Drawing on ethnographic and historical materials, we argue that sustainability’s moral boundaries have become both an object of scholarly critique and their own productive site of anxiety and negotiation. Questions about sustainability’s moral horizons and externalities often surface in the concept’s public deployment itself. We suggest that these tensions can be made visible by attending to the intersections between sustainability and a broader range of moral concerns at work. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Anthropology and Sustainability: Relations between People, Societies and Environments)

10 pages, 246 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Value from Development-Led Archaeology in the UK: Advancing the Narrative to Reflect Societal Changes

by Sadie Watson and Harald Fredheim

Sustainability 2022, 14(5), 3053; https://doi.org/10.3390/su14053053 - 5 Mar 2022

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 3708

Abstract

This paper explores how current challenges in the development-led system of archaeology in the UK are widely applicable elsewhere. Using the UK model, we explore the legislative and structural frameworks that enable archaeological work and the pressing need to better provide benefit for [...] Read more.

This paper explores how current challenges in the development-led system of archaeology in the UK are widely applicable elsewhere. Using the UK model, we explore the legislative and structural frameworks that enable archaeological work and the pressing need to better provide benefit for the wider public from that work. We believe that there is a focus on outputs rather than outcomes, which has perpetuated the idea that contracting archaeology is a product of development rather than a process that can instigate social value. We argue that the shift to public benefit and social value in UK policy should be encouraging practitioners operating within this industry to pay more attention to the links between their standard contracting practice and the benefits they deliver to people through their work. We explore why this could be a way of meeting policy priorities but also an opportunity to bridge the gaps between expert-identified heritage values and societal needs. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Social Dimension of Heritage Values—Re-thinking Methodological Approaches for Heritage Management and Research)

25 pages, 1392 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Achieving Sustainability of the Seafood Sector in the European Atlantic Area by Addressing Eco-Social Challenges: The NEPTUNUS Project

by Jara Laso, Israel Ruiz-Salmón, María Margallo, Pedro Villanueva-Rey, Lucía Poceiro, Paula Quinteiro, Ana Cláudia Dias, Cheila Almeida, António Marques, Eduardo Entrena-Barbero, María Teresa Moreira, Gumersindo Feijoo, Philippe Loubet, Guido Sonnemann, Ronan Cooney, Eoghan Clifford, Leticia Regueiro, David Alonso Baptista de Sousa, Céline Jacob, Christelle Noirot, Jean-Christophe Martin, Morgan Raffray, Neil Rowan, Sinead Mellett and Rubén Aldaco Show full author list Hide full author list

Sustainability 2022, 14(5), 3054; https://doi.org/10.3390/su14053054 - 5 Mar 2022

Cited by 18 | Viewed by 5941

Abstract

Fisheries and aquaculture are becoming a focus of societal concern driven by globalization and increasing environmental degradation, mainly caused by climate change and marine litter. In response to this problem, the European Atlantic Area NEPTUNUS project aims to support and inform about the [...] Read more.

Fisheries and aquaculture are becoming a focus of societal concern driven by globalization and increasing environmental degradation, mainly caused by climate change and marine litter. In response to this problem, the European Atlantic Area NEPTUNUS project aims to support and inform about the sustainability of the seafood sector, boosting the transition towards a circular economy through defining eco-innovation approaches and a steady methodology for eco-labelling products. This timely trans-regional European project proposes key corrective actions for positively influencing resource efficiency by addressing a life cycle thinking and involving all stakeholders in decision-making processes, harnessing the water-energy-seafood nexus. This paper presents inter-related objectives, methodologies and cues to action that will potentially meet these challenges that are aligned with many of the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals and European policy frameworks (e.g., Farm to Fork, European Green Deal). Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Practices in Food Systems)

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20 pages, 1766 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Agrivoltaics in Ontario Canada: Promise and Policy

by Joshua M. Pearce

Sustainability 2022, 14(5), 3037; https://doi.org/10.3390/su14053037 - 4 Mar 2022

Cited by 19 | Viewed by 7089

Abstract

Well-intentioned regulations to protect Canada’s most productive farmland restrict large-scale solar photovoltaic (PV) development. The recent innovation of agrivoltaics, which is the co-development of land for both PV and agriculture, makes these regulations obsolete. Burgeoning agrivoltaics research has shown agricultural benefits, including increased [...] Read more.

Well-intentioned regulations to protect Canada’s most productive farmland restrict large-scale solar photovoltaic (PV) development. The recent innovation of agrivoltaics, which is the co-development of land for both PV and agriculture, makes these regulations obsolete. Burgeoning agrivoltaics research has shown agricultural benefits, including increased yield for a wide range of crops, plant protection from excess solar energy and hail, and improved water conservation, while maintaining agricultural employment and local food supplies. In addition, the renewable electricity generation decreases greenhouse gas emissions while increasing farm revenue. As Canada, and Ontario in particular, is at a strategic disadvantage in agriculture without agrivoltaics, this study investigates the policy changes necessary to capitalize on the benefits of using agrivoltaics in Ontario. Land-use policies in Ontario are reviewed. Then, three case studies (peppers, sweet corn, and winter wheat) are analysed for agrivoltaic potential in Ontario. These results are analysed in conjunction with potential policies that would continue to protect the green-belt of the Golden Horseshoe, while enabling agrivoltaics in Ontario. Four agrivoltaic policy areas are discussed: increased research and development, enhanced education/public awareness, mechanisms to support Canada’s farmers converting to agrivoltaics, and using agrivoltaics as a potential source of trade surplus with the U.S. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Agrifood Technologies)

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17 pages, 2998 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

The Coffee Compromise: Is Agricultural Expansion into Tree Plantations a Sustainable Option?

by Alice Fitch, Rebecca L. Rowe, Niall P. McNamara, Cahyo Prayogo, Rizky Maulana Ishaq, Rizki Dwi Prasetyo, Zak Mitchell, Simon Oakley and Laurence Jones

Sustainability 2022, 14(5), 3019; https://doi.org/10.3390/su14053019 - 4 Mar 2022

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 3833

Abstract

In tropical regions, land-use pressures between natural forest, commercial tree plantations, and agricultural land for rural communities are widespread. One option is to increase the functionality of commercial plantations by allowing agroforestry within them by rural communities. Such land-sharing options could address wider [...] Read more.

In tropical regions, land-use pressures between natural forest, commercial tree plantations, and agricultural land for rural communities are widespread. One option is to increase the functionality of commercial plantations by allowing agroforestry within them by rural communities. Such land-sharing options could address wider societal and environmental issues and reduce pressure on natural forest. To investigate the trade-offs involved, we used InVEST to model the ecosystem services provided by growing coffee under commercial pine plantations in Indonesia against other land-use options. Pine–coffee agroforestry provided worse supporting and regulating services (carbon, sediment and nitrogen retention, catchment runoff) than natural forest; however, it provided greater provisioning services (product yield) directly to smallholders. Converting pine monoculture into pine-coffee agroforestry led to increases in all ecosystem services, although there was an increased risk to water quality. Compared with coffee and root crop monocultures, pine–coffee agroforestry provided higher levels of supporting and regulating services; however, product yields were lower. Thus, opening up pine plantations for agroforestry realises additional income-generating opportunities for rural communities, provides wider ecosystem service benefits, and reduces pressure for land-use change. Lower smallholder yields could be addressed through the management of shade levels or through Payments for Ecosystem Services schemes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Benefits Enclosed in Agroforestry-Based Systems)

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