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Electrical Power Engineering: Efficiency and Control Strategies

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A special issue of Energies (ISSN 1996-1073). This special issue belongs to the section "F: Electrical Engineering".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 October 2022) | Viewed by 11859

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Special Issue Editors

Dr. Francisco Javier Ruiz-Rodríguez

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Guest Editor

Department of Electrical and Thermal Engineering, Higher Technical School of Engineering, University of Huelva, Avda. Fuerzas Armadas, s/n, 21007 Huelva, Spain
Interests: power system analysis; renewable energy; distributed generation; power quality; power electronics; electric vehicles
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Dr. Jesus C. Hernandez

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Guest Editor

Electrical Engineering Department, University of Jaen, Campus Las Lagunillas, S/N, 23071 Jaen, Spain
Interests: power electronics; renewable systems; microgrids; electric vehicles; power quality; power systems simulation; metaheuristic optimization
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Nowadays, it is a fact that we are moving towards a sustainable global energy system model, to try to curb climate change. In this sense, the generation of electricity and the transport sector play an important role. The energy transition towards a model of electricity generation based on renewable energies and the progressive introduction of the electric vehicle is necessary. Both the transition to renewable systems and introduction of electric vehicles will affect the behavior of electrical systems. Then, it will be necessary to carry out an in-depth study of the impact that these will produce in the electrical systems.

The topics to be addressed in the Special Issue include but are not limited to the following:

Power flow control and optimization algorithms;
Electrical energy efficiency in industry, buildings, transmission and distribution, etc;
Modeling, simulation, and control of power electronic converters;
Analysis of the uncertainty generated by renewable sources and electric vehicles;
High-/medium-voltage DC systems;
Grid planning with large-scale renewable energy resources;
Renewable energy conversion systems: design, modelling, control, and integration of modern power systems;
Power and energy quality in electric systems.

Dr. Francisco Javier Ruiz-Rodríguez
Dr. Jesús C. Hernandez
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Energies is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

Voltage control
Microgrid and smart grid
Renewable energy sources
Electric vehicles
Photovoltaics
Wind power
Metaheuristics
Power electronics
Power quality
Electric systems
Uncertainly
MVDC system
Energy efficiency

Published Papers (7 papers)

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Research

12 pages, 1220 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Improving the Reliability of an Electric Power System by Biomass-Fueled Gas Engine

by Jesús Clavijo-Camacho and Francisco J. Ruiz-Rodriguez

Energies 2022, 15(22), 8451; https://doi.org/10.3390/en15228451 - 11 Nov 2022

Viewed by 1070

Abstract

This paper shows a practice to raise the reliability of an electric power system by the installation of distributed generation, taking gasified biomass as fuel. To calculate the reliability index, a probabilistic load flow was used. This index is determined as the fault probability of the system. The resolution of this probabilistic load flow combines the method of cumulants and Gram–Charlier expansion. To achieve the reliability index, simulating a number of contingencies is required; the greater the number of simulated contingencies, the higher the accuracy of the index obtained. This probabilistic technique uses the random variables as starting information, so the two generators and loads are simulated as random variables. The generators of this distributed generation are biomass-fueled gas engines, commonly found in Spain. The simulations carried out on the IEEE 14-bus Test System, including three biomass generators, show that the inclusion of this type of generation improves the overall reliability indices of the electrical system. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Electrical Power Engineering: Efficiency and Control Strategies)

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18 pages, 378 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Robust Optimization Model to the Day-Ahead Operation of an Electric Vehicle Aggregator Providing Reliable Reserve

by Antonio Jiménez-Marín and Juan Pérez-Ruiz

Energies 2021, 14(22), 7456; https://doi.org/10.3390/en14227456 - 09 Nov 2021

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1545

Abstract

This paper presents a robust optimization model to find out the day-ahead energy and reserve to be scheduled by an electric vehicle (EV) aggregator. Energy can be purchased from, and injected to, the distribution network, while upward and downward reserves can be also provided by the EV aggregator. Although it is an economically driven model, the focus of this work relies on the actual availability of the scheduled reserves in a future real-time. To this end, two main features stand out: on one hand, the uncertainty regarding the EV driven pattern is modeled through a robust approach and, on the other hand, a set of non-anticipativity constraints are included to prevent from unavailable future states. The proposed model is posed as a mixed-integer robust linear problem in which binary variables are used to consider the charging, discharging or idle status of the EV aggregator. Results over a 24-h case study show the capability of the proposed model. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Electrical Power Engineering: Efficiency and Control Strategies)

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15 pages, 6401 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Finite Control Set—Model Predictive Control with Non-Spread Spectrum and Reduced Switching Frequency Applied to Multi-Cell Rectifiers

by Eduardo Espinosa, José Espinoza, Pedro Melín, Jaime Rohten, Carlos Baier and Marcelo Reyes

Energies 2021, 14(19), 6045; https://doi.org/10.3390/en14196045 - 23 Sep 2021

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1341

Abstract

Multi-cell converters are widely used in medium-voltage AC drives. This equipment is based on power cells that operate with low-voltage-rating semiconductors and require an input multipulse transformer. This transformer cancels the low-frequency current harmonics generated by the three-phase diode-based rectifier. Unfortunately, this transformer is bulky, heavy, expensive, and does not extend the existing power cell (three-phase rectifier—Direct Current (DC) voltage-link—single-phase inverter) to the transformer. In this study, a harmonic cancelation method based on finite control set-model predictive control (FCS–MPC), extending the power cell’s modularity to the input transformer. On the other hand, it considers treating the two disadvantages of the FCS–MPC: High switching frequency and spread spectrum. The details were developed in theory and practice to obtain satisfactory experimental results. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Electrical Power Engineering: Efficiency and Control Strategies)

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22 pages, 389 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Operating Cost Reduction in Distribution Networks Based on the Optimal Phase-Swapping including the Costs of the Working Groups and Energy Losses

by Oscar Danilo Montoya, Jorge Alexander Alarcon-Villamil and Jesus C. Hernández

Energies 2021, 14(15), 4535; https://doi.org/10.3390/en14154535 - 27 Jul 2021

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 1604

Abstract

The problem of optimal phase-balancing in three-phase asymmetric distribution networks is addressed in this research from the point of view of combinatorial optimization using a master–slave optimization approach. The master stage employs an improved sine cosine algorithm (ISCA), which is entrusted with determining the load reconfiguration at each node. The slave stage evaluates the energy losses for each set of load connections provided by the master stage by implementing the triangular-based power flow method. The mathematical model that was solved using the ISCA is designed to minimize the annual operating costs of the three-phase network. These costs include the annual costs of the energy losses, considering daily active and reactive power curves, as well as the costs of the working groups tasked with the implementation of the phase-balancing plan at each node. The peak load scenario was evaluated for a 15-bus test system to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed ISCA in reducing the power loss (18.66%) compared with optimization methods such as genetic algorithm (18.64%), the classical sine cosine algorithm (18.42%), black-hole optimizer (18.38%), and vortex search algorithm (18.59%). The IEEE 37-bus system was employed to determine the annual total costs of the network before and after implementing the phase-balancing plan provided by the proposed ISCA. The annual operative costs were reduced by about 13% with respect to the benchmark case, with investments between USD 2100 and USD 2200 in phase-balancing activities developed by the working groups. In addition, the positive effects of implementing the phase-balancing plan were evidenced in the voltage performance of the IEEE 37-bus system by improving the voltage regulation with a maximum of 4% in the whole network from an initial regulation of

6.30 %

. All numerical validations were performed in the MATLAB programming environment. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Electrical Power Engineering: Efficiency and Control Strategies)

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15 pages, 2504 KiB

Open AccessArticle

On the Applicability of Two Families of Cubic Techniques for Power Flow Analysis

by Marcos Tostado-Véliz, Salah Kamel, Francisco Jurado and Francisco J. Ruiz-Rodriguez

Energies 2021, 14(14), 4108; https://doi.org/10.3390/en14144108 - 07 Jul 2021

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 995

Abstract

This work presents a comprehensive analysis of two cubic techniques for Power Flow (PF) studies. In this regard, the families of Weerakoon-like and Darvishi-like techniques are considered. Several theoretical findings are presented and posteriorly confirmed by multiple numerical results. Based on the obtained results, the Weerakoon’s technique is considered more reliable than the Newton-Raphson and Darvishi’s methods. As counterpart, it presents a high computational burden. Regarding this point, the Darvishi’s technique has turned out to be quite efficient and fully competitive with the Newton’s scheme. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Electrical Power Engineering: Efficiency and Control Strategies)

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17 pages, 5446 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Grid-Connected PV Systems Controlled by Sliding via Wireless Communication

by Juan M. Cano, Aranzazu D. Martin, Reyes S. Herrera, Jesus R. Vazquez and Francisco Javier Ruiz-Rodriguez

Energies 2021, 14(7), 1931; https://doi.org/10.3390/en14071931 - 31 Mar 2021

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 1791

Abstract

Grid-connected photovoltaic (PV) systems are designed to provide energy to the grid. This energy transfer must fulfil some requirements such as system stability, power quality and reliability. Thus, the aim of this work is to design and control a grid-connected PV system via wireless to guarantee the correct operation of the system. It is crucial to monitor and supervise the system to control and/or detect faults in real time and in a remote way. To do that, the DC/DC converter and the DC/AC converter of the grid-connected PV system are controlled wirelessly, reducing costs in cabling installations. The used control methods are the sliding for the DC/DC converter and the Proportional-Integral (PI) for the inverter. The sliding control is robust, ensures system stability under perturbations, and is proven to work well via wireless. The PI control is simple and effective, proving its validity through wireless too. In addition, the effect of the communications is analysed in both controllers. An experimental platform has been built to conduct the experiments to verify the operation of the grid-connected PV system remotely. The results show that the system operates well, achieving the desired values for the maximum power point tracker (MPPT) sliding control and the energy transfer from the inverter to the grid. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Electrical Power Engineering: Efficiency and Control Strategies)

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30 pages, 17279 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Robust Control of Shunt Active Power Filters: A Dynamical Model-Based Approach with Verified Controllability

by Jorge-Humberto Urrea-Quintero, Nicolás Muñoz-Galeano and Jesús M. López-Lezama

Energies 2020, 13(23), 6253; https://doi.org/10.3390/en13236253 - 27 Nov 2020

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 1934

Abstract

This paper presents the robust control of Three-Leg Split-Capacitor Shunt Active Power Filters (TLSC SAPFs) by means of structured

H \infty

controllers for reactive, unbalanced, and harmonic compensation and the DC-link bus voltage regulation. Robust controller synthesis is performed based on the TLSC [...] Read more.

This paper presents the robust control of Three-Leg Split-Capacitor Shunt Active Power Filters (TLSC SAPFs) by means of structured

H \infty

controllers for reactive, unbalanced, and harmonic compensation and the DC-link bus voltage regulation. Robust controller synthesis is performed based on the TLSC SAPF dynamical model including power losses in passive elements. Before the control implementation, a systematic procedure for the nonlinear controllability verification of the converter and its quantification using the set-theoretic approach is presented. Controllability verification serves to accurately design the SAPF’s operation region. Thus, a Voltage Oriented Control (VOC) structure is implemented by using two different approaches to determine the PI controller parameters: (1) the traditional Pole-Placement method (PP-PI) and (2) the

H \infty

-PI structured synthesis approach, which leads to PI robust controllers. From the latter approach, two sets of parameters are obtained. The first set considers the nominal model (

H \infty

-PI), and the second one explicitly accounts for the model parametric uncertainties (

H \infty

-uPI). An optimization procedure is presented for obtaining the optimal

H \infty

-PI and

H \infty

-uPI controller parameters where four complementary constrains are defined to establish a trade-off between the controllers performance and robustness. The enforcement of constraints is later evaluated for each of three PI controllers obtained. This work aims to establish a common ground for the comparison of robust control strategies applied to TLSC APFs; therefore, the TLSC SAPF compensation performance is measured and compared with the performance indices: integral of the absolute error (

I A E

), integral of the time-weighted absolute error (

I T A E

), integral of the absolute control action (

I U A

), and maximum sensitivity (

M_{s}

). Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Electrical Power Engineering: Efficiency and Control Strategies)

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