Journal of Marine Science and Engineering

18 pages, 602 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Sustainable Fuel Supply for Very Small Island Transportation: The Potential of Hybrid Renewable Energy and Green Hydrogen

by Evanthia Kostidi, Anna Maria Kotrikla, Artemis Maglara and Theodore Lilas

J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2025, 13(3), 579; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse13030579 - 16 Mar 2025

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 3612

Abstract

The transition to a low-carbon future necessitates innovative approaches to renewable energy deployment, particularly in the marine environment, where abundant resources remain underutilized. This paper explores the potential of hybrid renewable energy systems and green hydrogen production to address the energy challenges faced [...] Read more.

The transition to a low-carbon future necessitates innovative approaches to renewable energy deployment, particularly in the marine environment, where abundant resources remain underutilized. This paper explores the potential of hybrid renewable energy systems and green hydrogen production to address the energy challenges faced by Very Small Islands (VSIs). These islands heavily rely on imported fossil fuels, making them vulnerable to global price fluctuations and contributing to economic instability and environmental degradation. Offshore floating platforms present a transformative opportunity by harnessing marine renewable resources, integrating wind, solar, and wave energy to maximize energy production while minimizing land use conflicts. Green hydrogen, produced through the electrolysis of seawater, powered by these renewable sources, offers a sustainable alternative for decarbonizing transportation, particularly in the maritime sector. The study aims to assess the feasibility of converting small conventional passenger vessels to hydrogen propulsion and evaluate the technical, economic, and environmental impacts of deploying offshore platforms for hydrogen production. By examining these aspects, this research contributes to the broader discourse on sustainable energy solutions for island communities and provides actionable insights into implementing renewable hydrogen-based maritime transport. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Marine Renewable Energy and the Transition to a Low Carbon Future 2nd Edition)

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26 pages, 9838 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Impact of Silted Coastal Port Engineering Construction on Marine Dynamic Environment: A Case Study of Binhai Port

by Xiaolong Deng, Zhifeng Wang and Xin Ma

J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2025, 13(3), 494; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse13030494 - 2 Mar 2025

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 3330

Abstract

Siltation around the harbour entrance poses significant challenges to the navigational safety and operational stability of coastal ports. Previous research has predominantly focused on sedimentation mechanisms in sandy coastal environments, while studies on silt-muddy coasts remain scarce. This paper investigates the causes of [...] Read more.

Siltation around the harbour entrance poses significant challenges to the navigational safety and operational stability of coastal ports. Previous research has predominantly focused on sedimentation mechanisms in sandy coastal environments, while studies on silt-muddy coasts remain scarce. This paper investigates the causes of siltation around the entrance of Binhai Port in Jiangsu Province, China, utilising field observation data and a two-dimensional tidal current numerical model, with emphasis on hydrodynamic variations and sediment dynamics. Observations reveal that tidal currents induce sediment deposition in the outer harbour entrance area, whereas pronounced scouring occurs near breakwater heads. During extreme weather events, such as Typhoons Lekima (2019) and Muifa (2022), combined wind–wave interactions markedly intensified sediment transport and accumulation, particularly amplifying siltation at the entrance, with deposition thicknesses reaching 0.5 m and 1.0 m, respectively. The study elucidates erosion–deposition patterns under combined tidal, wave, and wind forces, identifying two critical mechanisms: (1) net sediment transport directionality driven by tidal asymmetry, and (2) a lagged dynamic sedimentary response during sediment migration. Notably, the entrance zone, functioning as a critical conduit for water– sediment exchange, exhibits the highest siltation levels, forming a key bottleneck for navigational capacity. The insights gleaned from this study are instrumental in understanding the morphodynamic processes triggered by artificial structures in silt-muddy coastal systems, thereby providing a valuable reference point for the sustainable planning and management of ports. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Interaction between Atmospheric and Oceanic Dynamics at Mesoscale and Small Scale)

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27 pages, 2744 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

A Study on the Application of Shore-Side Power as a Method to Reduce the Emissions of Greenhouse Gases by Cruise Ships

by Mislav Rogosic, Tatjana Stanivuk and David Lucaci

J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2025, 13(3), 453; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse13030453 - 27 Feb 2025

Cited by 16 | Viewed by 7223

Abstract

The essence of this work is to explore the potential of shore-side power as a sustainable and efficient solution for mitigating greenhouse gas emissions from passenger ships during their berthing periods in ports. Cruise ships—including both cruise liners and ferries—are significant contributors to [...] Read more.

The essence of this work is to explore the potential of shore-side power as a sustainable and efficient solution for mitigating greenhouse gas emissions from passenger ships during their berthing periods in ports. Cruise ships—including both cruise liners and ferries—are significant contributors to port-based emissions because they rely on onboard auxiliary engines to generate power while docked. This practice results in the continuous release of greenhouse gases, such as carbon dioxide, and other pollutants, including nitrogen oxides and sulfur oxides, which contribute to environmental degradation and pose public health concerns in port cities. The objective of this study is to highlight the critical role of shore-side power in decarbonizing the maritime industry and in helping achieve global climate targets. By addressing environmental, technical, and economic aspects, the research aims to provide a comprehensive framework for decision-makers, port authorities, and shipping companies to adopt this technology as a key measure for reducing emissions from cruise ships. Furthermore, this study investigates the multifaceted impacts of shore-side electricity—focusing on its long-term environmental, economic, and social implications—by analyzing case studies from ports that have successfully implemented this technology and by examining the barriers to its broader adoption. Ultimately, this research seeks to provide actionable insights for policymakers, port authorities, and shipping companies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Coastal Engineering)

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18 pages, 1335 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Prediction of Seawater Intrusion Run-Up Distance Based on K-Means Clustering and ANN Model

by Jiatao Li, Zhenzhu Meng, Junkang Zhang, Yukai Chen, Jiewen Yao, Xinyue Li, Peng Qin, Xian Liu and Chunmei Cheng

J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2025, 13(2), 377; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse13020377 - 18 Feb 2025

Cited by 25 | Viewed by 1788

Abstract

Coastal regions are increasingly vulnerable to sea-level rise and extreme storm events, making the accurate prediction of wave run-up on seawalls crucial for effective flood and erosion protection. This study presents a novel hybrid approach combining K-means clustering with artificial neural networks [...] Read more.

Coastal regions are increasingly vulnerable to sea-level rise and extreme storm events, making the accurate prediction of wave run-up on seawalls crucial for effective flood and erosion protection. This study presents a novel hybrid approach combining K-means clustering with artificial neural networks (ANNs) to predict wave run-up distance. The method begins with dimensionless analysis to scale all the variables, followed by data segmentation using K-means clustering to group wave characteristics such as the Froude number, scaled distance from the wave front to the shoreline, and wave nonlinearity. These clusters help to focus the ANN on more homogeneous wave conditions, significantly improving prediction accuracy. Two-dimensional flume experiments systematically varied wave height, period, and steepness, producing a robust dataset that accounts for a range of wave conditions. The model’s performance is demonstrated through a high

R^{2}

value of 0.97 and low mean squared error (MSE) of 0.0092, surpassing traditional ANN models in its ability to capture complex wave dynamics. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Coastal Engineering)

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22 pages, 3382 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Exploring the Potential of Posidonia oceanica Fibers in Eco-Friendly Composite Materials: A Review

by Cristiano Fragassa, Ana Pesic, Sara Mattiello, Ana Pavlovic and Carlo Santulli

J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2025, 13(1), 177; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse13010177 - 19 Jan 2025

Cited by 14 | Viewed by 5899

Abstract

The growing demand for sustainable materials has driven the exploration of natural fibers as eco-friendly alternatives to synthetic reinforcements for composites. This study investigates the potential of Posidonia oceanica, an abundant marine biomass, which is often driven to be stacked on the [...] Read more.

The growing demand for sustainable materials has driven the exploration of natural fibers as eco-friendly alternatives to synthetic reinforcements for composites. This study investigates the potential of Posidonia oceanica, an abundant marine biomass, which is often driven to be stacked on the backshore and used so far for energy recovery and low-value applications, as a filler and possible reinforcement in cementitious and polymer composites. Most applications of Posidonia are concentrated in the Mediterranean area and focused on the construction industry. However, its introduction in polymer composites, especially as a source of cellulose or in combination with the use of bio-based matrices, can also be proposed. With this aim, the physical and chemical properties of Posidonia oceanica fibers need to be characterized, and their compatibility with various matrices needs to be evaluated. Experimental results demonstrate that Posidonia oceanica fibers, especially when treated with alkali and silane, or combining both treatments, can exhibit mechanical properties quite comparable to other natural fibers, namely to those obtained from grass species. As with any other type of waste, yet with more interest for its wide accumulation over the coastal line, the use of Posidonia oceanica in composites may contribute to reducing the environmental footprint of these materials, aligning with circular economy principles. This review highlights the dual benefits of utilizing marine biomass by advancing material sustainability while not being detrimental to coastal waste management. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Ocean Engineering)

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25 pages, 3467 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Side-Scan Sonar Small Objects Detection Based on Improved YOLOv11

by Chang Zou, Siquan Yu, Yankai Yu, Haitao Gu and Xinlin Xu

J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2025, 13(1), 162; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse13010162 - 18 Jan 2025

Cited by 39 | Viewed by 6471

Abstract

Underwater object detection using side-scan sonar (SSS) remains a significant challenge in marine exploration, especially for small objects. Conventional methods for small object detection face various obstacles, such as difficulties in feature extraction and the considerable impact of noise on detection accuracy. To [...] Read more.

Underwater object detection using side-scan sonar (SSS) remains a significant challenge in marine exploration, especially for small objects. Conventional methods for small object detection face various obstacles, such as difficulties in feature extraction and the considerable impact of noise on detection accuracy. To address these issues, this study proposes an improved YOLOv11 network named YOLOv11-SDC. Specifically, a new Sparse Feature (SF) module is proposed, replacing the Spatial Pyramid Pooling Fast (SPPF) module from the original YOLOv11 architecture to enhance object feature selection. Furthermore, the proposed YOLOv11-SDC integrates a Dilated Reparam Block (DRB) with a C3k2 module to broaden the model’s receptive field. A Content-Guided Attention Fusion (CGAF) module is also incorporated prior to the detection module to assign appropriate weights to various feature maps, thereby emphasizing the relevant object information. Experimental results clearly demonstrate the superiority of YOLOv11-SDC over several iterations of YOLO versions in detection performance. The proposed method was validated through extensive real-world experiments, yielding a precision of 0.934, recall of 0.698, mAP@0.5 of 0.825, and mAP@0.5:0.95 of 0.598. In conclusion, the improved YOLOv11-SDC offers a promising solution for detecting small objects in SSS images, showing substantial potential for marine applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Artificial Intelligence Applications in Underwater Sonar Images)

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22 pages, 14587 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Response of Hard-Bottom Macro-Zoobenthos to the Transition of a Mediterranean Mariculture Fish Plant (Mar Grande of Taranto, Ionian Sea) into an Integrated Multi-Trophic Aquaculture (IMTA) System

by Roberta Trani, Cataldo Pierri, Antonella Schiavo, Tamara Lazic, Maria Mercurio, Isabella Coccia, Adriana Giangrande and Caterina Longo

J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2025, 13(1), 143; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse13010143 - 15 Jan 2025

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 2339

Abstract

This study investigates the effects on hard-bottom macro-zoobenthic communities of converting a mariculture plant into an Integrated Multi-Trophic Aquaculture (IMTA) system. This study was conducted from 2018 to 2021 in the semi-enclosed Mar Grande basin of Taranto (northern Ionian Sea), on a facility [...] Read more.

This study investigates the effects on hard-bottom macro-zoobenthic communities of converting a mariculture plant into an Integrated Multi-Trophic Aquaculture (IMTA) system. This study was conducted from 2018 to 2021 in the semi-enclosed Mar Grande basin of Taranto (northern Ionian Sea), on a facility located 600 m off the coastline, with a production capacity of 100 tons per year of seabass (Dicentrarchus labrax) and seabream (Sparus aurata). The results from seasonal sampling performed in a treatment site, where bioremediators (filter-feeding invertebrates such as sponges, polychaetes, mussels, and macroalgae) were deployed, and a control site without bioremediators were compared. Before the IMTA installation, the hard substrates under the cages were sparsely inhabited, with significant sediment coverage. By 2021, the treatment site exhibited revitalized and more diverse macro-zoobenthic communities, with species richness increasing from 83 taxa in 2018 to 104 taxa, including notable growth in sponges, annelids, mollusks, and bryozoans. In contrast, the control site showed no substantial changes in biodiversity over the same period. Biodiversity indices, including Shannon and Margalef indices, improved significantly at the treatment site, particularly during summer months, highlighting a more resilient and balanced benthic environment. Taxonomic distinctness (delta+) and multivariate analyses (PERMANOVA, PCO) confirmed significant spatial and temporal shifts in community structure at the treatment site, driven by IMTA implementation. SIMPER analysis identified key taxa contributing to these changes, which played a pivotal role in structuring the community. The emergence of filter feeders, predators, and omnivores at the treatment site suggests enhanced nutrient cycling and trophic complexity, while the decline in opportunistic species further supports improved environmental conditions. These findings demonstrate the potential of IMTA to promote recovery and sustainable mariculture practices, also offering a comprehensive understanding of its positive effects on hard-bottom benthic community dynamics. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Marine Biology)

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25 pages, 3916 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Process Optimization in Sea Ports: Integrating Sustainability and Efficiency Through a Novel Mathematical Model

by Maria Teresa Pereira, Nuno Rocha, Francisco Gomes Silva, Miguel Ângelo Lellis Moreira, Yusuf Ozden Altinkaya and Marisa João Pereira

J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2025, 13(1), 119; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse13010119 - 10 Jan 2025

Cited by 15 | Viewed by 5036

Abstract

Ports are essential nodes in global trade, linking maritime and land transport. As maritime logistics increasingly drive global supply chains, optimizing port operations has become vital for enhancing economic efficiency and environmental sustainability. This study presents a Mixed Integer Linear Programming (MILP) model [...] Read more.

Ports are essential nodes in global trade, linking maritime and land transport. As maritime logistics increasingly drive global supply chains, optimizing port operations has become vital for enhancing economic efficiency and environmental sustainability. This study presents a Mixed Integer Linear Programming (MILP) model to address inefficiencies in berth allocation and stevedoring processes at the Port of Leixões, Portugal. By integrating real operational data, the model reduces vessel waiting times by 47.56% (from 8.1 to 4.2 h) and operational delays by 37.39% (from 11.5 to 7.2 h). These optimizations also result in a 41.85% reduction in greenhouse gas emissions per ship, aligning with global emissions regulations and promoting sustainable port management. The model’s innovations include real-time data integration and a holistic resource allocation approach to mitigate congestion and inefficiencies. Key findings demonstrate the model’s potential to streamline operations and minimize environmental impacts. These advancements align economic efficiency with environmental sustainability, addressing global emissions regulations. However, the study acknowledges limitations, such as excluding unpredictable factors like weather conditions and equipment failures. Future research should explore dynamic variables, such as weather conditions and mechanical failures, and expand the model’s applicability to other seaports worldwide. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Maritime Transport and Port Management)

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14 pages, 1700 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

A Study on the Limitations of Green Alternative Fuels in Global Shipping in the Foreseeable Future

by Jan Emblemsvåg

J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2025, 13(1), 79; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse13010079 - 5 Jan 2025

Cited by 14 | Viewed by 6275

Abstract

Shipping carries over 80% of global trade volumes and emits 3% of global greenhouse gas emissions, but it is hard to abate due to the simple fact that ships require a lot of energy and move around. Therefore, a large amount of research [...] Read more.

Shipping carries over 80% of global trade volumes and emits 3% of global greenhouse gas emissions, but it is hard to abate due to the simple fact that ships require a lot of energy and move around. Therefore, a large amount of research and development is poured into understanding the choices of alternative fuels and developing new technologies. Unfortunately, much of the work and policies derived, therefore, seem to rest on a hidden assumption that a relevant amount of green alternative fuel will be available, but that assumption does not stand up to scrutiny on a global level. For example, the results show that decarbonizing global shipping using green ammonia produced from renewable energy sources will require 3.7 times the total EU-27 power production in 2022. The purpose and novelty of this paper are to offer a clear rationale for the correct contextualization of research and development on curbing greenhouse gas emissions from global shipping and individual shipping segments to avoid overpromising and underdelivering. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Maritime Transport and Port Management)

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22 pages, 4204 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

AquaYOLO: Enhancing YOLOv8 for Accurate Underwater Object Detection for Sonar Images

by Yanyang Lu, Jingjing Zhang, Qinglang Chen, Chengjun Xu, Muhammad Irfan and Zhe Chen

J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2025, 13(1), 73; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse13010073 - 3 Jan 2025

Cited by 23 | Viewed by 6088

Abstract

Object detection in underwater environments presents significant challenges due to the inherent limitations of sonar imaging, such as noise, low resolution, lack of texture, and color information. This paper introduces AquaYOLO, an enhanced YOLOv8 version specifically designed to improve object detection accuracy in [...] Read more.

Object detection in underwater environments presents significant challenges due to the inherent limitations of sonar imaging, such as noise, low resolution, lack of texture, and color information. This paper introduces AquaYOLO, an enhanced YOLOv8 version specifically designed to improve object detection accuracy in underwater sonar images. AquaYOLO replaces traditional convolutional layers with a residual block in the backbone network to enhance feature extraction. In addition, we introduce Dynamic Selection Aggregation Module (DSAM) and Context-Aware Feature Selection (CAFS) in the neck network. These modifications allow AquaYOLO to capture intricate details better and reduce feature redundancy, leading to improved performance in underwater object detection tasks. The model is evaluated on two standard underwater sonar datasets, UATD and Marine Debris, demonstrating superior accuracy and robustness compared to baseline models. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Application of Deep Learning in Underwater Image Processing)

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26 pages, 4751 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Efficient Beach Litter Monitoring: Accelerated Surveys of Pollution Hotspots—A North African Case Study

by Emna Ben Slimane, Mirco Haseler, Lilia Ben Abdallah, Fadhel Mhiri, Abdallah Nassour and Gerald Schernewski

J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2025, 13(1), 71; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse13010071 - 3 Jan 2025

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 5467

Abstract

Marine litter is a critical environmental issue, with beach litter being its most visible indicator. Despite severe pollution on Mediterranean beaches, Tunisia currently lacks a national beach litter monitoring program. To address this gap and support the development of such a program, particularly [...] Read more.

Marine litter is a critical environmental issue, with beach litter being its most visible indicator. Despite severe pollution on Mediterranean beaches, Tunisia currently lacks a national beach litter monitoring program. To address this gap and support the development of such a program, particularly at pollution hotspots like urban beaches, we conducted a one-year study on six Tunisian beaches. We employed an innovative, accelerated multiple 10 m transect method tailored to highly polluted beaches, focusing on macro-litter (>2.5 cm). This method significantly reduces survey time compared to the standard 100 m approach while maintaining comparable pollution metrics, offering a practical and efficient solution for areas with high litter density. Our findings reveal an average litter density of 1.01 ± 1.08 pieces/m², with higher pollution in urban areas. Based on the Clean Coast Index (CCI), two beaches were classified as extremely dirty, one as dirty, two as moderately clean, and one as clean. Plastics (59.2%) and cigarette butts (21.1%) were the most prevalent pollutants, with single-use plastics comprising 52.5% ± 5.3% of total litter. Most of the litter (60.6%) originated from shoreline activities and poor waste management. These findings underscore the urgent need for a long-term national beach litter monitoring program. The integration of our accelerated transect method would enable efficient, effective surveys on highly polluted beaches, providing critical data to address litter sources and support targeted strategies for mitigating pollution and protecting Tunisia’s coastal ecosystems. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Ecotoxicological Effects and Risk Assessment of Environmental Pollutants on Marine Organisms)

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25 pages, 9826 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Parametric Estimation of Directional Wave Spectra from Moored FPSO Motion Data Using Optimized Artificial Neural Networks

by Do-Soo Kwon, Sung-Jae Kim, Chungkuk Jin and MooHyun Kim

J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2025, 13(1), 69; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse13010069 - 3 Jan 2025

Cited by 19 | Viewed by 3613

Abstract

This paper introduces a comprehensive, data-driven framework for parametrically estimating directional ocean wave spectra from numerically simulated FPSO (Floating Production Storage and Offloading) vessel motions. Leveraging a mid-fidelity digital twin of a spread-moored FPSO vessel in the Guyana Sea, this approach integrates a [...] Read more.

This paper introduces a comprehensive, data-driven framework for parametrically estimating directional ocean wave spectra from numerically simulated FPSO (Floating Production Storage and Offloading) vessel motions. Leveraging a mid-fidelity digital twin of a spread-moored FPSO vessel in the Guyana Sea, this approach integrates a wide range of statistical values calculated from the time histories of vessel responses—displacements, angular velocities, and translational accelerations. Artificial neural networks (ANNs), trained and optimized through hyperparameter tuning and feature selection, are employed to estimate wave parameters including the significant wave height, peak period, main wave direction, enhancement parameter, and directional-spreading factor. A systematic correlation analysis ensures that informative input features are retained, while extensive sensitivity tests confirm that richer input sets notably improve predictive accuracy. In addition, comparisons against other machine learning (ML) methods—such as Support Vector Machines, Random Forest, Gradient Boosting, and Ridge Regression—demonstrate the present ANN model’s superior ability to capture intricate nonlinear interdependencies between vessel motions and environmental conditions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Storm Tide and Wave Simulations and Assessment)

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51 pages, 13757 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Coastal Hazard and Vulnerability Assessment in Cameroon

by Mesmin Tchindjang, Philippes Mbevo Fendoung and Casimir Kamgho

J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2025, 13(1), 65; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse13010065 - 2 Jan 2025

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 7700

Abstract

The coast is the most dynamic part of the Earth’s surface due to its strategic position at the interface of the land and the sea. It is, therefore, exposed to hazards and specific risks because of the geography as well as the geological [...] Read more.

The coast is the most dynamic part of the Earth’s surface due to its strategic position at the interface of the land and the sea. It is, therefore, exposed to hazards and specific risks because of the geography as well as the geological and environmental characteristics of different countries. The coastal environment is essentially dynamic and evolving in time and space, marked by waves, tides, and seasons; moreover, it is subjected to many marine and continental processes (forcing). This succession of events significantly influences the frequency and severity of coastal hazards. The present paper aims at describing and characterizing the hazards and vulnerabilities on the Cameroonian coast. Cameroon possesses 400 km of coastline, which is exposed to various hazards. It is important to determine the probabilities of these hazards, the associated effects, and the related vulnerabilities. In this study, in this stable intraplate setting, the methodology used was diverse and combined techniques for the study of the shore and methods for the treatment of climatic data. Also, historical data were collected during field observations and from the CRED website for all the natural hazards recorded in Cameroon. In addition, documents on climate change were consulted. Remotely sensed data, combined with GIS tools, helped to determine and assess the associated risks. A critical grid combining a severity and frequency analysis was used to better understand these hazards and the coastal vulnerabilities of Cameroon. The results show that Cameroon’s coastal margins are subject to natural processes that cause shoreline changes, including inundation, erosion, and accretion. This study identified seven primary hazard types (earthquakes, volcanism, landslides, floods, erosion, sea level rise, and black tides) affecting the Cameroonian coastline, with the erosion rate exceeding 1.15 m/year at Cape Cameroon. Coastal populations are continuously threatened by these natural or man-induced hazards, and they are periodically subjected to catastrophic disasters such as floods and landslides, as experienced in Cameroon. In addition, despite the existence of the National Contingency Plan devised by the Directorate of Civil Protection, National Risk, and Climate Change Observatories, the implementation of disaster risk reduction and mitigation strategies is suboptimal. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Monitoring and Analysis of Coastal Hazard Risks)

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43 pages, 20613 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Assessing the Black Sea Mesozooplankton Community Following the Nova Kakhovka Dam Breach

by Elena Bisinicu and Luminita Lazar

J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2025, 13(1), 67; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse13010067 - 2 Jan 2025

Cited by 18 | Viewed by 4153

Abstract

In June 2023, following the breach of the Nova Kakhovka Dam during the Ukraine-Russia war, a comprehensive study was conducted along the Romanian Black Sea coast to assess water quality and mesozooplankton communities. Surface water analyses revealed significant gradients in nutrient levels and [...] Read more.

In June 2023, following the breach of the Nova Kakhovka Dam during the Ukraine-Russia war, a comprehensive study was conducted along the Romanian Black Sea coast to assess water quality and mesozooplankton communities. Surface water analyses revealed significant gradients in nutrient levels and salinity, particularly from north to south, influenced by the influx of freshwater and nutrients from riverine sources and the dam breach. Flooding was found to significantly impact nutrient dynamics and species distributions, with increased concentrations of SiO₄ and NO₃ in flooded stations. A strong relationship was observed between environmental factors and biological assemblages, with silicates identified as a key driver. Biodiversity patterns varied across regions, with the Shannon–Wiener Index indicating lower zooplankton diversity in transitional waters, reflecting environmental stress. Statistical methods, including correlation analysis, multidimensional scaling, t-tests, and canonical analysis, were employed to investigate the links between mesozooplankton communities and environmental variables. These findings underscore disruptions in trophic dynamics and ecosystem balance, emphasizing the need for integrated environmental management strategies to mitigate further degradation and foster the ecological recovery of the Black Sea. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Plankton Community in Marine Ecological Environment: Latest Advances and Prospects)

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26 pages, 8072 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Hydrodynamic Response to Current and Wind on a Large Floating Interconnected Structure

by Sarat Chandra Mohapatra, Pouria Amouzadrad, Iuri Baldaconi da Silva Bispo and C. Guedes Soares

J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2025, 13(1), 63; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse13010063 - 1 Jan 2025

Cited by 38 | Viewed by 4237

Abstract

A numerical hydrodynamic model for a moored interconnected floating large structure under the action of regular waves is presented to analyze the effect of current and wind. The floating structure consists of 20 hinged plates that are linked together and secured with mooring [...] Read more.

A numerical hydrodynamic model for a moored interconnected floating large structure under the action of regular waves is presented to analyze the effect of current and wind. The floating structure consists of 20 hinged plates that are linked together and secured with mooring lines along its edges. A brief discussion is provided on the multi-body hydrodynamics equations related to the numerical model definitions in both the frequency and time domains. Conversely, a concise overview of the experiment is given. The numerical model outcomes of vertical displacements and wave quantities are compared against the results obtained from model test data sets and numerical and analytical models in a recent publication. A high degree of accuracy has been noted in reflection and transmission coefficients with a certain value of current velocity. The numerical model simulating interconnected structures of 10 and 16 hinged plates is analyzed, and the resulting vertical displacements under the influence of current are compared to those of a 20-hinged structure. The impact of currents and winds on the hydrodynamic response of the structure is examined by studying various results, using stiffness values for both mooring and hinges. Further, the effect of wavelengths on the wave transmission on every side of the interconnected structure through contour diagrams, hydrodynamic diffraction for different incident angles, and wave quantities on current speed are analyzed. It is observed that as the current speed rises, the structural displacement also escalates; meanwhile, no impact of the wind on the floating interconnected structure is noted. It has been observed that as the wave direction shifts from 0° to 60°, the interconnected floating structure experiences a slight reduction in wave motion throughout the entire system. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Hydrodynamic Response to the Effect of Current Loads on Floating Offshore Platform)

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14 pages, 2984 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Transient Tests for Checking the Trieste Subsea Pipeline: Diving into Fault Detection

by Silvia Meniconi, Bruno Brunone, Lorenzo Tirello, Andrea Rubin, Marco Cifrodelli and Caterina Capponi

J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2024, 12(3), 391; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse12030391 - 24 Feb 2024

Cited by 39 | Viewed by 3316

Abstract

Fault detection in subsea pipelines is a difficult problem for several reasons, and one of the most important is the inaccessibility of the system. This criticality can be overcome by using transient test-based techniques. Such an approach is based on the execution of [...] Read more.

Fault detection in subsea pipelines is a difficult problem for several reasons, and one of the most important is the inaccessibility of the system. This criticality can be overcome by using transient test-based techniques. Such an approach is based on the execution of safe transients that result in small over pressures (i.e., on the order of a few meters of water column). In our companion paper, the procedure involving the transient tests was described in detail. This paper analyses the results of the field tests carried out and identifies wall deterioration in some sections of the pipeline. Attention is focused on the numerical procedure based on the joint use of a 1-D numerical model simulating transients in the pressurized flow and analytical relationships and providing the transient response of anomalies such as leaks and wall deterioration. The results obtained are essentially confirmed by the survey carried out by divers. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Underwater Pipe System Fault Detection)

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26 pages, 9978 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Hydrodynamic Modeling of a Large, Shallow Estuary

by Zhen-Gang Ji, M. Zaki Moustafa and John Hamrick

J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2024, 12(3), 381; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse12030381 - 23 Feb 2024

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 4124

Abstract

Florida Bay, a large and shallow estuary, serves as a vital habitat for a diverse range of marine species and holds significant environmental, commercial, and recreational value. The Florida Bay ecosystem is under extensive stress due to decades of increased nutrient loads. Based [...] Read more.

Florida Bay, a large and shallow estuary, serves as a vital habitat for a diverse range of marine species and holds significant environmental, commercial, and recreational value. The Florida Bay ecosystem is under extensive stress due to decades of increased nutrient loads. Based on the Environmental Fluid Dynamics Code (EFDC), a hydrodynamic model was developed in this study. The model was calibrated with a comprehensive dataset, including measurements over 7 years from 34 tidal stations, 42 current stations, and 14 temperature and salinity stations. Key findings include the following: (1) the bay exhibits a shift in the tidal regime, transitioning from macro-tidal in the western region to micro-tidal in the central and eastern/northeast regions; (2) local winds and the subtidal variations from the coastal ocean are the primary drivers for the hydrodynamic processes in the eastern and central regions; (3) salinity changes in the bay are primarily controlled by three processes: the net supply of freshwater, the processes that drive mixing within the estuary (e.g., wind, topography, currents), and the exchange of salinity with the coastal ocean. This hydrodynamic model is essential for providing a comprehensive tool to address environmental challenges and sustain the bay’s ecosystem health. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Coastal Engineering)

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15 pages, 20258 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Transient Tests for Checking the Trieste Subsea Pipeline: Toward Field Tests

by Silvia Meniconi, Bruno Brunone, Lorenzo Tirello, Andrea Rubin, Marco Cifrodelli and Caterina Capponi

J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2024, 12(3), 374; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse12030374 - 22 Feb 2024

Cited by 36 | Viewed by 3608

Abstract

Subsea pipelines are vital arteries transporting oil, gas, and water over long distances and play a critical role in the global resource supply chain. However, they are the most vulnerable to damage from both human-made and natural causes and are characterized by inherent [...] Read more.

Subsea pipelines are vital arteries transporting oil, gas, and water over long distances and play a critical role in the global resource supply chain. However, they are the most vulnerable to damage from both human-made and natural causes and are characterized by inherent inaccessibility. As a result, routine inspection and monitoring technologies, both reliable and at the lowest possible cost, are needed to ensure their longevity. To fill this need, the use of transient-test-based techniques is proposed. In this first paper of a set of two companion papers, attention is focused on the selection of the appropriate maneuver that generates pressure waves and then on the planned steps—i.e., the sequence of actions—functional to the execution of the transient tests in the best flow conditions for effective fault detection. A brief review of the available fault detection technologies with their limitations is also offered. Finally, the performance of the proposed procedure is evaluated mainly in terms of the stability of the pressure regime prior to the execution of the transient test. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Underwater Pipe System Fault Detection)

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15 pages, 4009 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Population Genetics Assessment of the Model Coral Species Stylophora pistillata from Eilat, the Red Sea

by Elad Nehoray Rachmilovitz, Jacob Douek and Baruch Rinkevich

J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2024, 12(2), 315; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse12020315 - 12 Feb 2024

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 3990

Abstract

The successful management of coral reefs necessitates understanding the genetic characteristics of reefs’ populations since levels of genetic diversity play a critical role in their resilience, enabling them to withstand environmental changes with greater efficacy. To assess the genetic diversity and connectivity of [...] Read more.

The successful management of coral reefs necessitates understanding the genetic characteristics of reefs’ populations since levels of genetic diversity play a critical role in their resilience, enabling them to withstand environmental changes with greater efficacy. To assess the genetic diversity and connectivity of the widespread Indo-Pacific coral, Stylophora pistillata, eight microsatellite loci were employed on 380 tissue samples collected from eight sites along the northern Gulf of Eilat, Red Sea. We documented deviations from the Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium and observed low heterozygosity and high values of expected heterozygosity (0.59 and 0.82, respectively). The relatively high F_ST values and STRUCTURE analysis results showed population fragmentation along the short coastline (<12 km). These results signify isolation by distance, low gene flow between most populations, and possible non-random mating. These results are connected to this species’ sexual reproduction traits, a brooding coral species with planulae that settle shortly upon release with limited connectivity that are most probably further exacerbated by anthropogenic impacts imposed on Eilat’s reefs. This study provides insights into the connectivity and population genetics of S. pistillata residing in an urbanized northern Red Sea reef and reinforces the need for better management of the current MPA, employing future active coral reef restoration in the area. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Marine Biology)

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27 pages, 12387 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Enhanced Mild-Slope Wave Model with Parallel Implementation and Artificial Neural Network Support for Simulation of Wave Disturbance and Resonance in Ports

by Michalis K. Chondros, Anastasios S. Metallinos and Andreas G. Papadimitriou

J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2024, 12(2), 281; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse12020281 - 4 Feb 2024

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 3765

Abstract

Ensuring sea surface tranquility within port basins is of paramount importance for safe and efficient port operations and vessels’ accommodation. The present study aims to introduce a robust numerical model based on mild-slope equations, capable of accurately simulating wave disturbance and resonance in [...] Read more.

Ensuring sea surface tranquility within port basins is of paramount importance for safe and efficient port operations and vessels’ accommodation. The present study aims to introduce a robust numerical model based on mild-slope equations, capable of accurately simulating wave disturbance and resonance in ports. The model is further enhanced by the integration of an artificial neural network (ANN) to address partial reflection, and its efficiency is optimized by developing a parallel algorithm based on OpenMP, allowing for a reduction in the required simulation times for real port areas spanning several kilometers horizontally. Numerous numerical experiments focusing on wave reflection against a vertical wall were conducted to develop the ANN. This neural network was designed to determine the appropriate value of the eddy viscosity coefficient, a crucial parameter in the momentum equation of the mild-slope model, tailored to incident wave characteristics. The model’s validity was confirmed through rigorous validation against experimental measurements, covering wave disturbance, rectangular harbor resonance, and Bragg resonance. The model consistently demonstrated a more than satisfactory performance across all considered scenarios. In a practical application, the model was deployed in the Port of Rethymno, Crete Island, Greece, effectively capturing and describing dominant phenomena within the port area. The implementation of a parallel algorithm significantly reduced the simulation times by ~92%, compared to the serial algorithm, thereby enhancing the model’s efficiency and applicability in real-world port environments. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Coastal Engineering)

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35 pages, 19756 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Dense Water Formation in the North–Central Aegean Sea during Winter 2021–2022

by Manos Potiris, Ioannis G. Mamoutos, Elina Tragou, Vassilis Zervakis, Dimitris Kassis and Dionysios Ballas

J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2024, 12(2), 221; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse12020221 - 25 Jan 2024

Cited by 16 | Viewed by 5250

Abstract

The evolution and drivers of dense water formation (DWF) in the North–Central Aegean Sea (NCAeg) during winter 2021–2022 are studied using observations from two Argo floats and the output of an operational data-assimilating model. Dense water with [...] Read more.

The evolution and drivers of dense water formation (DWF) in the North–Central Aegean Sea (NCAeg) during winter 2021–2022 are studied using observations from two Argo floats and the output of an operational data-assimilating model. Dense water with

σ_{θ} > 29.1 {kg m}^{- 3}

was produced over most of the NCAeg, except for the northeastern part covered by Black Sea water (BSW), where the maximum surface density was

< 29 {kg m}^{- 3}

. The highest density waters were produced over the central and southern parts of the Lemnos Plateau and in the shallow coastal areas between Chios Island and the Edremit Gulf. Atmospherically driven transformation to the east of Lesvos Island resulted in the production of waters with anomalously high density and salinity, which flowed inside Skiros Basin, thus partly explaining its historically higher density and salinity compared to the rest of the NCAeg subbasins. The Skiros and Athos Basins were ventilated down to

σ_{θ}

∼

29.35 {kg m}^{- 3}

horizons. The

29.1 {kg m}^{- 3}

isopycnal rose by ∼

200 m

, and the

29.25 {kg m}^{- 3}

isopycnal overflowed above the ∼

400 m

sill depth filling the southern depressions of the NCAeg. Combining data from Argo floats, vessel casts, gliders, and a fixed-point observatory, the dense water produced in the NCAeg was observed spreading in the deep layer of the Central Cretan Sea for at least one and a half years after the formation. The cyclonic circulation of the newly formed water in the NCAeg has been observed directly for the first time using deep-drifting floats. The Eastern Mediterranean warming and salinification signal has propagated below the NCAeg sill depth. The winter average buoyancy loss was comparable to that of the peak of the Eastern Mediterranean transient (EMT) and other known years of DWF in the NCAeg; however, the high temperature of the upper layers due to long-term warming prevented the widespread formation of denser water. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Air-Sea Interaction and Marine Dynamics)

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16 pages, 5462 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Beach Litter Variability According to the Number of Visitors in Cádiz Beaches, SW Spain

by Gonzalo Fernández García, Francisco Asensio-Montesinos, Giorgio Anfuso and Pedro Arenas-Granados

J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2024, 12(2), 201; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse12020201 - 23 Jan 2024

Cited by 15 | Viewed by 3849

Abstract

The amount and composition of litter was evaluated during May and June 2021 at two urban beaches, i.e., La Victoria and La Cortadura, in Cádiz, SW Spain. Surveys were carried out daily in the morning and in the evening during the weekends to [...] Read more.

The amount and composition of litter was evaluated during May and June 2021 at two urban beaches, i.e., La Victoria and La Cortadura, in Cádiz, SW Spain. Surveys were carried out daily in the morning and in the evening during the weekends to quantify the daily accumulation of beach litter and relate it to the number of beach users, which was assessed at around 1:00 p.m. Litter amount was also related to cleanup operations that were very mechanically and manually carried out each day very early in the morning. A total of 8108 items were collected at the two investigated sectors during the study period and beach visitors were quantified in 22 surveys. Plastic was the most common material, representing 82% in La Victoria and 68% in La Cortadura. The most common items were cigarette butts and small, hard plastic fragments. Some litter items that were hazardous to beach visitors were identified, such as broken glass. The number of visitors was positively related to the amount of litter. Significant differences were seen in the litter abundance between the morning and evening assessments since the beaches were cleaned daily and bins were available to facilitate trash disposal. Cleaning operations remove many of the litter items but always leave small quantities of small items uncollected. Efforts to prevent litter on these beaches should focus on informing visitors properly in order to avoid littering and on improving cleanup operations. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Natural and Human Impacts in Coastal Areas)

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16 pages, 9534 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Prediction of Beach Sand Particle Size Based on Artificial Intelligence Technology Using Low-Altitude Drone Images

by Ho-Jun Yoo, Hyoseob Kim, Tae-Soon Kang, Ki-Hyun Kim, Ki-Young Bang, Jong-Beom Kim and Moon-Sang Park

J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2024, 12(1), 172; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse12010172 - 16 Jan 2024

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 5047

Abstract

Coastal erosion is caused by various factors, such as harbor development along coastal areas and climate change. Erosion has been accelerated recently due to sea level rises, increased occurrence of swells, and higher-power storm waves. Proper understanding of the complex coastal erosion process [...] Read more.

Coastal erosion is caused by various factors, such as harbor development along coastal areas and climate change. Erosion has been accelerated recently due to sea level rises, increased occurrence of swells, and higher-power storm waves. Proper understanding of the complex coastal erosion process is vital to prepare measures when they are needed. Monitoring systems have been widely established around a high portion of the Korean coastline, supported by several levels of governments, but valid analysis of the collected data and the following preparation of measures have not been highly effective yet. In this paper, we use a drone to obtain bed material images, and an analysis system to predict the representative grain size of beach sands from the images based on artificial intelligence (AI) analysis. The predicted grain sizes are verified via field samplings. Field bed material samples for the particle size analysis are collected during two seasons, while a drone takes photo images and the exact positions are simultaneously measured at Jangsa beach, Republic of Korea. The learning and testing results of the AI technology are considered satisfactory. Finally, they are used to diagnose the overall stability of Jangsa beach. A beach diagnostic grade is proposed here, which reflects the topography of a beach and the distribution of sediments on the beach. The developed beach diagnostic grade could be used as an indicator of any beach stability on the east coast of the Republic of Korea. When the diagnostic grade changes rapidly at a beach, it is required to undergo thorough investigation to understand the reason and foresee the future of the beach conditions, if we want the beach to function as well as before. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Experiences and Monitoring in Coastal, Fluvial and Marine Hydrography)

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35 pages, 103328 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Assessment of Shoreline Change from SAR Satellite Imagery in Three Tidally Controlled Coastal Environments

by Salvatore Savastano, Paula Gomes da Silva, Jara Martínez Sánchez, Arnau Garcia Tort, Andres Payo, Mark E. Pattle, Albert Garcia-Mondéjar, Yeray Castillo and Xavier Monteys

J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2024, 12(1), 163; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse12010163 - 15 Jan 2024

Cited by 19 | Viewed by 9785

Abstract

Coasts are continually changing and remote sensing from satellites has the potential to both map and monitor coastal change at multiple scales. Unlike optical technology, synthetic aperture radar (SAR) is uninfluenced by darkness, clouds, and rain, potentially offering a higher revision period to [...] Read more.

Coasts are continually changing and remote sensing from satellites has the potential to both map and monitor coastal change at multiple scales. Unlike optical technology, synthetic aperture radar (SAR) is uninfluenced by darkness, clouds, and rain, potentially offering a higher revision period to map shoreline position and change, but this can only be feasible if we have a better interpretation of what shorelines as extracted from SAR imagery represent on the ground. This study aims to assess the application of shorelines extracted from SAR from publicly available satellite imagery to map and capture intra-annual to inter-annual shoreline variability. This is assessed in three tidally controlled coastal study areas that represent sand and gravel beaches with different backshore environments: low-lying dunes and marsh; steep, rocky cliff; and urban environments. We have found that SAR shorelines consistently corresponded to positions above the high-water mark across all three sites. We further discuss the influence of the scene geometry, meteorological and oceanographic conditions, and backshore environment and provide a conceptual interpretation of SAR-derived shorelines. In a low-lying coastal setting, the annual change rate derived through SAR presents a high degree of alignment with the known reference values. The present study contributes to our understanding of the poorly known aspect of using shorelines derived from publicly available SAR satellite missions. It outlines a quantitative approach to automatically assess their quality with a new automatic detection method that is transferable to shoreline evolution assessments worldwide. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Coastal Engineering)

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22 pages, 8185 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Morphodynamic Response of Open and Embayed Beaches to Winter Conditions: Two Case Studies from the North Atlantic Iberian Coast

by Ángela Fontán-Bouzas, Tiago Abreu, Caroline C. Ferreira, Paulo A. Silva, Laura López-Olmedilla, José Guitián, Ana M. Bernabeu and Javier Alcántara-Carrió

J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2024, 12(1), 168; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse12010168 - 15 Jan 2024

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 4086

Abstract

The morphological responses of two mesotidal beaches located in different coastal settings (embayed and open sandy beaches) on the northwestern Iberian coast were monitored during the winter of 2018/19. The offshore wave time series analysis is related to high-resolution topo-bathymetric measurements to explore [...] Read more.

The morphological responses of two mesotidal beaches located in different coastal settings (embayed and open sandy beaches) on the northwestern Iberian coast were monitored during the winter of 2018/19. The offshore wave time series analysis is related to high-resolution topo-bathymetric measurements to explore spatial-temporal morphological variability at monthly to seasonal scales. Both locations are subjected to the North Atlantic wave climate which exhibits a pronounced seasonality. Throughout the last decade (2010–2020), significant wave heights reached values of up to H_s~9 m during winters and up to H_s~6 m during summers. On average, approximately 12 storms occurred annually in this region. The results clearly reveal divergent morphological responses and sediment transport behaviors at the upper beach and the intertidal zone during the winter for each location. In the embayed beach (Patos), sediment transport in the nearshore is governed by cross-shore processes between the beach berm and a submerged sandbar. In contrast, the open beach (Mira) showed dynamic sediment exchanges and three-dimensional morphologies alternating between accumulation and erosion zones. Overall, both beaches exhibited an erosional trend after the winter, particularly concerning berm erosion and the subaerial beach volume/shoreline retreat. This study highlights the contrasting morphodynamic response on open and embayed beaches to winter conditions, integrating both the subaerial and submerged zones. Local geological and environmental factors, as well as the coastal management strategies applied, will influence how the beach responds to winter wave events. Monitoring and understanding these responses are essential for effective coastal management and adaptation to changing climate. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Geological Oceanography)

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22 pages, 9457 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Deep Learning Applications in Vessel Dead Reckoning to Deal with Missing Automatic Identification System Data

by Atefe Sedaghat, Homayoon Arbabkhah, Masood Jafari Kang and Maryam Hamidi

J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2024, 12(1), 152; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse12010152 - 12 Jan 2024

Cited by 12 | Viewed by 4424

Abstract

This research introduces an online system for monitoring maritime traffic, aimed at tracking vessels in water routes and predicting their subsequent locations in real time. The proposed framework utilizes an Extract, Transform, and Load (ETL) pipeline to dynamically process AIS data by cleaning, [...] Read more.

This research introduces an online system for monitoring maritime traffic, aimed at tracking vessels in water routes and predicting their subsequent locations in real time. The proposed framework utilizes an Extract, Transform, and Load (ETL) pipeline to dynamically process AIS data by cleaning, compressing, and enhancing it with additional attributes such as online traffic volume, origin/destination, vessel trips, trip direction, and vessel routing. This processed data, enriched with valuable details, serves as an alternative to raw AIS data stored in a centralized database. For user interactions, a user interface is designed to query the database and provide real-time information on a map-based interface. To deal with false or missing AIS records, two methods, dead reckoning and machine learning techniques, are employed to anticipate the trajectory of the vessel in the next time steps. To evaluate each method, several metrics are used, including R squared, mean absolute error, mean offset, and mean offset from the centerline. The functionality of the proposed system is showcased through a case study conducted in the Gulf Intracoastal Waterway (GIWW). Three years of AIS data are collected and processed as a simulated API to transmit AIS records every five minutes. According to our results, the Seq2Seq model exhibits strong performance (0.99 R squared and an average offset of ~1400 ft). However, the second scenario, dead reckoning, proves comparable to the Seq2Seq model as it involves recalculating vessel headings by comparing each data point with the previous one. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Application of Artificial Intelligence in Maritime Transportation)

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17 pages, 7887 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

CFD Analysis of Microplastic Transport over the Slopes

by Le Duc Quyen, Young-Gyu Park, In-cheol Lee and Jun Myoung Choi

J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2024, 12(1), 145; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse12010145 - 11 Jan 2024

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 4113

Abstract

Microplastics, ubiquitous in our environment, are significantly impacted by the hydrodynamic conditions around them. This study utilizes CFD to explore how various breaker types influence the dispersion and accumulation of microplastics in nearshore areas. A special focus is given to the impact of [...] Read more.

Microplastics, ubiquitous in our environment, are significantly impacted by the hydrodynamic conditions around them. This study utilizes CFD to explore how various breaker types influence the dispersion and accumulation of microplastics in nearshore areas. A special focus is given to the impact of wave dynamics and particle size, particularly on buoyant microplastics in spilling breakers. It was discovered that spilling breakers, common on gently sloping seabeds, encourage broad dispersion of microplastics, notably for smaller-sized particles. Plunging breakers exhibit a similar pattern but with less dispersion and an initial forward movement of neutral and heavy particles. Surging breakers feature minimal dispersion and a distinct oscillatory motion. It has been observed that medium-sized particles with a 1 mm diameter in this work exhibit the most substantial forward movement, likely due to an optimal balance between inertia and viscosity, enabling an effective response to wave momentum. Larger particles, influenced mainly by inertia, tend to show less dispersion and advection. Meanwhile, smaller particles, more affected by viscosity, demonstrate greater dispersion, interacting extensively with wave-induced turbulence. This study reveals the significance of inertia in the behavior of microplastics over slopes, emphasizing the importance of considering inertial effects for precise modeling of microplastic movement in nearshore areas. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Coastal Engineering)

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33 pages, 7412 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Unlocking the Ocean 6G: A Review of Path-Planning Techniques for Maritime Data Harvesting Assisted by Autonomous Marine Vehicles

by Liang Zhao and Yong Bai

J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2024, 12(1), 126; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse12010126 - 8 Jan 2024

Cited by 43 | Viewed by 5921

Abstract

Seamless integration of both terrestrial and non-terrestrial networks is crucial to providing full-dimensional wireless and ubiquitous coverage, particularly catering to those engaged in marine activities. Compared to terrestrial networks, wireless communications in the marine domain are still not satisfactory for ubiquitous connectivity. Featuring [...] Read more.

Seamless integration of both terrestrial and non-terrestrial networks is crucial to providing full-dimensional wireless and ubiquitous coverage, particularly catering to those engaged in marine activities. Compared to terrestrial networks, wireless communications in the marine domain are still not satisfactory for ubiquitous connectivity. Featuring agile maneuverability and strong adaptive capability, autonomous marine vehicles (AMVs) play a pivotal role in enhancing communication coverage by relaying or collecting data. However, path planning for maritime data harvesting is one of the most critical issues to enhance transmission efficiency while ensuring safe sailing for AMVs; yet it has rarely been discussed under this context. This paper provides a comprehensive and holistic overview of path-planning techniques custom-tailored for the purpose of maritime data collection. Specifically, we commence with a general portrayal of fundamental models, including system architectures, problem formulations, objective functions, and associated constraints. Subsequently, we summarize the various algorithms, methodologies, platforms, tools, coding environments, and their practical implementations for addressing these models. Furthermore, we delve into the burgeoning applications of path planning in the realm of maritime data harvesting and illuminate potential avenues for upcoming research endeavors. We believe that future research may focus on developing techniques to adapt more intricate and uncertain scenarios, such as sensor failures, inaccurate state estimations, complete modeling of communication channels, ocean dynamics, and application of heterogeneous systems. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Ocean Engineering)

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33 pages, 2636 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Developments in Modeling Techniques for Reliability Design of Aquaculture Cages: A Review

by Chien Ming Wang, Mingyuan Ma, Yunil Chu, Dong-Sheng Jeng and Hong Zhang

J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2024, 12(1), 103; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse12010103 - 4 Jan 2024

Cited by 19 | Viewed by 6569

Abstract

Offshore aquaculture is gaining traction due to space limitations in nearshore waters, more pristine water, cooler temperatures, and better waste dispersal. This move has spurred the development of new technologies for offshore aquaculture. Despite the numerous analysis methods for designing aquaculture infrastructure, limitations [...] Read more.

Offshore aquaculture is gaining traction due to space limitations in nearshore waters, more pristine water, cooler temperatures, and better waste dispersal. This move has spurred the development of new technologies for offshore aquaculture. Despite the numerous analysis methods for designing aquaculture infrastructure, limitations and challenges remain in modeling the influence of fish cages on flow fields and in addressing fluid–structure interaction. This paper presents a comprehensive review of analysis methods and modeling techniques applied in the design of offshore aquaculture systems, emphasizing the structural reliability analysis. This review includes statistical and predictive analysis of extreme sea conditions, evaluation of environmental loads and hydrodynamic analysis, structural reliability modeling and assessment, and seabed geotechnical responses to mooring anchors. For each design consideration, the relevant theories and applicability are elaborated upon and discussed. This review provides valuable insights for engineers involved in the development and design of offshore aquaculture infrastructure. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Ocean Engineering)

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34 pages, 6849 KB

Open AccessFeature PaperEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Assessing the Efficacy of a Bouchot-Style Shellfish Reef as a Restoration Option in a Temperate Estuary

by Charles Maus, Alan Cottingham, Andrew Bossie and James R. Tweedley

J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2024, 12(1), 87; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse12010087 - 1 Jan 2024

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 3281

Abstract

Shellfish reefs around the world have become degraded, and recent efforts have focused on restoring these valuable habitats. This study is the first to assess the efficacy of a bouchot-style reef, where mussels were seeded onto wooden stakes and deployed in a hypereutrophic [...] Read more.

Shellfish reefs around the world have become degraded, and recent efforts have focused on restoring these valuable habitats. This study is the first to assess the efficacy of a bouchot-style reef, where mussels were seeded onto wooden stakes and deployed in a hypereutrophic estuary in Australia. While >60% of translocated mussels survived one month, after ten months, only 2% remained alive, with this mortality being accompanied, at least initially, by declining body condition. Mussel survival, growth, body condition and recruitment were greater on the top section of the stake, implying that the distance from the substrate was important. More fish species inhabited the reefs (31) than unstructured control sites (17). Reefs were also colonised by a range of invertebrate species, including 11 native and six non-indigenous species. However, the number of individuals declined from 4495 individuals from 14 species in December 2019 to 35 individuals representing 4 species in March 2021, likely due to hypoxic bottom water conditions following unseasonal rainfall. Although the bouchot-style reefs were unable to sustain mussels and other invertebrates over sequential years, this approach has the potential to be successful if deployed in shallow water or intertidal zones, which are largely exempt from biotic and abiotic stressors characteristic of deeper waters in microtidal estuaries. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Marine Ecology)

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30 pages, 4130 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Ensemble Neural Networks for the Development of Storm Surge Flood Modeling: A Comprehensive Review

by Saeid Khaksari Nezhad, Mohammad Barooni, Deniz Velioglu Sogut and Robert J. Weaver

J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2023, 11(11), 2154; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse11112154 - 11 Nov 2023

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 5571

Abstract

This review paper focuses on the use of ensemble neural networks (ENN) in the development of storm surge flood models. Storm surges are a major concern in coastal regions, and accurate flood modeling is essential for effective disaster management. Neural network (NN) ensembles [...] Read more.

This review paper focuses on the use of ensemble neural networks (ENN) in the development of storm surge flood models. Storm surges are a major concern in coastal regions, and accurate flood modeling is essential for effective disaster management. Neural network (NN) ensembles have shown great potential in improving the accuracy and reliability of such models. This paper presents an overview of the latest research on the application of NNs in storm surge flood modeling and covers the principles and concepts of ENNs, various ensemble architectures, the main challenges associated with NN ensemble algorithms, and their potential benefits in improving flood forecasting accuracy. The main part of this paper pertains to the techniques used to combine a mixed set of predictions from multiple NN models. The combination of these models can lead to improved accuracy, robustness, and generalization performance compared to using a single model. However, generating neural network ensembles also requires careful consideration of the trade-offs between model diversity, model complexity, and computational resources. The ensemble must balance these factors to achieve the best performance. The insights presented in this review paper are particularly relevant for researchers and practitioners working in coastal regions where accurate storm surge flood modeling is critical. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Coastal Disaster Assessment and Response)

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27 pages, 11397 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

The SAVEMEDCOASTS-2 webGIS: The Online Platform for Relative Sea Level Rise and Storm Surge Scenarios up to 2100 for the Mediterranean Coasts

by Antonio Falciano, Marco Anzidei, Michele Greco, Maria Lucia Trivigno, Antonio Vecchio, Charalampos Georgiadis, Petros Patias, Michele Crosetto, Josè Navarro, Enrico Serpelloni, Cristiano Tolomei, Giovanni Martino, Giuseppe Mancino, Francesco Arbia, Christian Bignami and Fawzi Doumaz

J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2023, 11(11), 2071; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse11112071 - 30 Oct 2023

Cited by 13 | Viewed by 6269

Abstract

Here we show the SAVEMEDCOASTS-2 web-based geographic information system (webGIS) that supports land planners and decision makers in considering the ongoing impacts of Relative Sea Level Rise (RSLR) when formulating and prioritizing climate-resilient adaptive pathways for the Mediterranean coasts. The webGIS was developed [...] Read more.

Here we show the SAVEMEDCOASTS-2 web-based geographic information system (webGIS) that supports land planners and decision makers in considering the ongoing impacts of Relative Sea Level Rise (RSLR) when formulating and prioritizing climate-resilient adaptive pathways for the Mediterranean coasts. The webGIS was developed within the framework of the SAVEMEDCOASTS and SAVEMEDCOASTS-2 projects, funded by the European Union, which respond to the need to protect people and assets from natural disasters along the Mediterranean coasts that are vulnerable to the combined effects of Sea Level Rise (SLR) and Vertical Land Movements (VLM). The geospatial data include available or new high-resolution Digital Terrain Models (DTM), bathymetric data, rates of VLM, and multi-temporal coastal flooding scenarios for 2030, 2050, and 2100 with respect to 2021, as a consequence of RSLR. The scenarios are derived from the 5th Assessment Report (AR5) provided by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) and encompass different Representative Concentration Pathways (RCP2.6 and RCP8.5) for climate projections. The webGIS reports RSLR scenarios that incorporate the temporary contribution of both the highest astronomical tides (HAT) and storm surges (SS), which intensify risks to the coastal infrastructure, local community, and environment. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sea Level Rise and Related Hazards Assessment)

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20 pages, 6891 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Experimental Study on Prediction for Combustion Optimal Control of Oil-Fired Boilers of Ships Using Color Space Image Feature Analysis and Support Vector Machine

by Chang-Min Lee, Byung-Gun Jung and Jae-Hyuk Choi

J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2023, 11(10), 1993; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse11101993 - 16 Oct 2023

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 3491

Abstract

The International Maritime Organization strives to improve the atmospheric environment in oceans and ports by regulating ship emissions of air pollutants and promoting energy efficiency. This study deals with the prediction of eco-friendly combustion in boilers to reduce air pollution emissions. Accurately measuring [...] Read more.

The International Maritime Organization strives to improve the atmospheric environment in oceans and ports by regulating ship emissions of air pollutants and promoting energy efficiency. This study deals with the prediction of eco-friendly combustion in boilers to reduce air pollution emissions. Accurately measuring air pollutants from ship boilers in real-time is crucial for optimizing boiler combustion. However, using data obtained through an exhaust gas analyzer for real-time control is challenging due to combustion process delays. Therefore, a real-time predictive modeling approach is proposed to enhance the accuracy of prediction models for

{N O}_{x}

,

{S O}_{2}

,

{C O}_{2}

, and

O_{2}

by analyzing the color spectrum of flame images in a quasi-instantaneous combustion state. Experimental investigations were carried out on an oil-fired boiler installed on an actual ship, where the air damper was adjusted to create various combustion conditions. This algorithm is a saturation-based feature extraction filter (SEF) through color spectrum analysis using RGB (red, green, and blue) and HSV (hue, saturation, and value). The prediction model applying the proposed method was verified against exhaust gas analyzer data using a new data set, and real-time prediction performance and generalization were confirmed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Application of Artificial Intelligence and Automatic Control in Marine and Maritime Research)

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15 pages, 13570 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Assessment of Wave Power Density Using Sea State Climate Change Initiative Database in the French Façade

by Sonia Ponce de León, Marco Restano and Jérôme Benveniste

J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2023, 11(10), 1970; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse11101970 - 11 Oct 2023

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 4236

Abstract

This study considers assessing the wave energy potential in the French façade. The objective is to investigate the validity of satellite altimetry-based estimates of wave renewable energy potential using the homogenized multi-mission altimeter data made available by the European Space Agency Sea State [...] Read more.

This study considers assessing the wave energy potential in the French façade. The objective is to investigate the validity of satellite altimetry-based estimates of wave renewable energy potential using the homogenized multi-mission altimeter data made available by the European Space Agency Sea State Climate Change Initiative (Sea_State_cci). The empirical model of Gommenginger et al. (2003) is adopted to calculate the wave period, which is required to estimate the wave power density from both the radar altimeter’s significant wave height and backscatter coefficient. The study comprises 26 years of data, from January 1992 to December 2018. In the winter season, the wave resource is abundant and higher than in other seasons. On average, the highest value is about 99,000 W/m offshore. In the coastal zone, the wave power density is also relatively high, with values of about 60,000 W/m in the North and South regions of the French Atlantic coast. The seasonal spatial distribution of the wave power density is presented to identify potential sites of interest for the development of the marine renewable energy sector and to make renewable energy supply more resilient. The analysis reveals large inter-annual and interseasonal variability in the wave resource in the French façade in the past 26 years. The study shows the feasibility of satellite altimetry-based assessments of wave renewable energy potential as a promising and powerful tool. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Physical Oceanography)

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14 pages, 5305 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

New Insights into Sea Turtle Propulsion and Their Cost of Transport Point to a Potential New Generation of High-Efficient Underwater Drones for Ocean Exploration

by Nick van der Geest, Lorenzo Garcia, Roy Nates and Fraser Borrett

J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2023, 11(10), 1944; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse11101944 - 9 Oct 2023

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 5226

Abstract

Sea turtles gracefully navigate their marine environments by flapping their pectoral flippers in an elegant routine to produce the required hydrodynamic forces required for locomotion. The propulsion of sea turtles has been shown to occur for approximately 30% of the limb beat, with [...] Read more.

Sea turtles gracefully navigate their marine environments by flapping their pectoral flippers in an elegant routine to produce the required hydrodynamic forces required for locomotion. The propulsion of sea turtles has been shown to occur for approximately 30% of the limb beat, with the remaining 70% employing a drag-reducing glide. However, it is unknown how the sea turtle manipulates the flow during the propulsive stage. Answering this research question is a complicated process, especially when conducting laboratory tests on endangered animals, and the animal may not even swim with its regular routine while in a captive state. In this work, we take advantage of our robotic sea turtle, internally known as Cornelia, to offer the first insights into the flow features during the sea turtle’s propulsion cycle consisting of the downstroke and the sweep stroke. Comparing the flow features to the animal’s swim speed, flipper angle of attack, power consumption, thrust and lift production, we hypothesise how each of the flow features influences the animal’s propulsive efforts and cost of transport (COT). Our findings show that the sea turtle can produce extremely low COT values that point to the effectiveness of the sea turtle propulsive technique. Based on our findings, we extract valuable data that can potentially lead to turtle-inspired elements for high-efficiency underwater drones for long-term underwater missions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Applications and Development of Underwater Robotics and Underwater Vision Technology)

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33 pages, 6756 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

On the Digital Twin of The Ocean Cleanup Systems—Part I: Calibration of the Drag Coefficients of a Netted Screen in OrcaFlex Using CFD and Full-Scale Experiments

by Martin Alejandro Gonzalez Jimenez, Andriarimina Daniel Rakotonirina, Bruno Sainte-Rose and David James Cox

J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2023, 11(10), 1943; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse11101943 - 8 Oct 2023

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 6729

Abstract

The Ocean Cleanup introduces a Digital Twin (DT) describing the cleanup systems made of netting to extract marine litter from our oceans. It consists of two wings forming a “U-shape” and a retention zone. During operation, the system is towed and drag-driven with [...] Read more.

The Ocean Cleanup introduces a Digital Twin (DT) describing the cleanup systems made of netting to extract marine litter from our oceans. It consists of two wings forming a “U-shape” and a retention zone. During operation, the system is towed and drag-driven with a span-to-length ratio of 0.6

\leq S R^{*} \leq

0.8. The twine Reynolds number is

{R e}_{t}^{*} \in [800 : 1600]

, making it experience various local drag coefficients. The DT was built with OrcaFlex (OF) aiming at: (i) avoiding over- or under-designing the system; (ii) supporting the scale-up of the system; and (iii) estimating the costs and/or the impact of our offshore operations. Therefore, we present an attempt to build an accurate DT using data from the Great Pacific Garbage Patch (GPGP). We developed a three-cycle validation: (i) initial guess applying Naumov’s semi-empirical drag coefficient to define the OF drag coefficients without the influence of the angles of attack

θ

of the wings; (ii) adjustment of the OF drag coefficients using AquaSim (AS) with its twine-by-twine drag correlation for various

θ

; (iii) re-adjustment of the OF drag coefficients from two-dimensional CFD simulations using Direct Numerical Simulation (DNS) for a twine-by-twine establishment of a drag correlation on a 1 m plane net, highlighting the shielding effects for

θ < 24^{°}

. Consequently, an initial underestimation of −3% in the combined towline tension, for a nominal span (

S R^{*} = 0.6

), was corrected to a slight overestimation of +7% compared to the GPGP data. For a wide span (

S R^{*} = 0.8

), the deviation remained between +1% and +15% throughout the validation process. For a narrow span (

S R^{*} \sim

0.02), mostly exhibiting low

θ

, the first cycle showed a +276% deviation, whereas at the end of the third cycle, it showed a +43% deviation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Oceanic Litter Conditions and Performance Evaluation of Marine Cleanups)

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23 pages, 4527 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Optimizing Smart Energy Infrastructure in Smart Ports: A Systematic Scoping Review of Carbon Footprint Reduction

by Seyed Behbood Issa Zadeh, Maria Dolores Esteban Perez, José-Santos López-Gutiérrez and Gonzalo Fernández-Sánchez

J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2023, 11(10), 1921; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse11101921 - 5 Oct 2023

Cited by 50 | Viewed by 8592

Abstract

To lessen the environmental impact of the maritime industry, ports must decarbonize in conformity with various standards such as the European Green Deal and the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). In this regard, they must demonstrate integrated low-emission energy production, distribution, and supply, as [...] Read more.

To lessen the environmental impact of the maritime industry, ports must decarbonize in conformity with various standards such as the European Green Deal and the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). In this regard, they must demonstrate integrated low-emission energy production, distribution, and supply, as well as sustainable alternative infrastructure for refueling ships, cargo handling equipment, and other vehicles inside port boundaries. To address this issue, ports must progress toward smartening their operations. This requires intelligent infrastructure and components, with smart energy infrastructure being one of the most crucial ones. It is a part of port energy management systems (EMSs) and works based on modern technology to balance energy demand, distributions, and supply while transitioning to renewable energies. This study investigates the “scoping review” of “smart energy infrastructure” deployment and its efficiency in seaport EMSs to reduce the port’s carbon footprint (C.F). The “Introduction” section discusses the subject’s significance. The “Materials and Methods” section explains the process of selecting and revising references and relevant material. The “Findings” section then examines the several aspects and sections of a smart port and smart energy infrastructure, as well as how they function. The “Discussion” section explains the interpretation based on the present situation. Finally, the “Conclusion” part gives scientific thoughts and comments on the work-study debate and ideas for future research in the same field to help port authorities achieve sustainability. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Coastal Engineering: Sustainability and New Technologies, 2nd Edition)

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19 pages, 10659 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

CCGAN as a Tool for Satellite-Derived Chlorophyll a Concentration Gap Reconstruction

by Leon Ćatipović, Frano Matić, Hrvoje Kalinić, Shubha Sathyendranath, Tomislav Županović, James Dingle and Thomas Jackson

J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2023, 11(9), 1814; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse11091814 - 18 Sep 2023

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2789

Abstract

This work represents a modification of the Context Conditional Generative Adversarial Network as a novel implementation of a non-linear gap reconstruction approach of missing satellite-derived chlorophyll a concentration data. By adjusting the loss functions of the network to focus on the structural credibility [...] Read more.

This work represents a modification of the Context Conditional Generative Adversarial Network as a novel implementation of a non-linear gap reconstruction approach of missing satellite-derived chlorophyll a concentration data. By adjusting the loss functions of the network to focus on the structural credibility of the reconstruction, high numerical and structural reconstruction accuracies have been achieved in comparison to the original network architecture. The network also draws information from proxy data, sea surface temperature, and bathymetry, in this case, to improve the reconstruction quality. The implementation of this novel concept has been tested on the Adriatic Sea. The most accurate model reports an average error of

0.06 mg m^{- 3}

and a relative error of

3.87 %

. A non-deterministic method for the gap-free training dataset creation is also devised, further expanding the possibility of combining other various oceanographic data to possibly improve the reconstruction efforts. This method, the first of its kind, has satisfied the accuracy requirements set by scientific communities and standards, thus proving its validity in the initial stages of conceptual utilisation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Technological Oceanography Volume II)

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26 pages, 10176 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Monitoring of a Coastal Protection Scheme through Satellite Remote Sensing: A Case Study in Ghana

by Luciana das Neves, Carolina Andrade, Maria Francisca Sarmento and Paulo Rosa-Santos

J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2023, 11(9), 1771; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse11091771 - 11 Sep 2023

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2732

Abstract

Earth observation can provide managers with valuable information on ongoing coastal processes and major trends in coastline evolution, especially in data-poor regions. This paper examines the use of optical satellite images in the mapping of the changes in shoreline position before, during, and [...] Read more.

Earth observation can provide managers with valuable information on ongoing coastal processes and major trends in coastline evolution, especially in data-poor regions. This paper examines the use of optical satellite images in the mapping of the changes in shoreline position before, during, and after the implementation of a protection scheme. The aim of this paper is twofold: (i) to demonstrate the potential of satellite imagery as an effective, robust, and low-cost tool to remotely monitor the effectiveness of protective structures based on a large-scale case study in West Africa; and (ii) to compile lessons learned from this case study that can be used in the design of future interventions. The analysis shows that before the implementation of the protection scheme, the coastal sector was retreating at a rate of −1.6 m/year, which is in line with the average retreat rates reported in other studies for the region. After project implementation, this trend reversed into shoreline accretion at a rate of +1.0 m/year, locally experiencing positive and negative oscillations in the short term. Furthermore, the shoreline-extracted positions proved useful in assessing the impact of differences in the groynes’ permeability with respect to temporary leeside erosion. Finally, it is recommended to continue this monitoring to assess long-term trends. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Coastal Engineering)

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25 pages, 17202 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

A Numerical Study on the Hydrodynamic Performance of a Tanker in Bow Sea Conditions Depending on Restraint Conditions

by Soon-Hyun Lee, Seunghyun Hwang, Hwi-Su Kim, Yeo-Jin Hyun, Sun-Kyu Lee and Kwang-Jun Paik

J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2023, 11(9), 1726; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse11091726 - 1 Sep 2023

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 3237

Abstract

The importance of accurate ship performance estimation is increasing for efficient ship operation. Ship performance has been evaluated through model tests in the past, but there are limitations in terms of facilities and costs. With the spread of high-performance computers, the method of [...] Read more.

The importance of accurate ship performance estimation is increasing for efficient ship operation. Ship performance has been evaluated through model tests in the past, but there are limitations in terms of facilities and costs. With the spread of high-performance computers, the method of evaluating the performance of a ship by numerical analysis, especially computational fluid dynamics (CFD), has become common. There have been many numerical studies on added resistance under various wave conditions for many years, showing a high reliability. Meanwhile, most of the studies were conducted under conditions where the degree of freedom (DOF) of the ship was limited due to computational complexity. In this study, we tried to compare the added resistance performance and fluid dynamics of S-VLCC with 6 DOFs in the regular wave conditions. One of the methods for utilizing the 6 DOFs is the soft-mooring system, which allows springs to be attached to the bow and stern to recover the non-restoring force of the hull. The second method considers the free-running condition. The virtual disk is used for the self-propulsion of the ship, and the rudder can be rotated to maintain its course. The propeller rotation speed and rudder angle are controlled through PID control. The bow wave (ψ = 180°) and oblique wave (ψ = 150°, 120°) conditions were considered, and various regular wave conditions from short to long wavelengths were regarded. The effects of restraint conditions on the added resistance and motion response amplitude operator (RAO), according to each wave condition, were compared. As a result, there was a difference in the roll motion for each restraint condition, and the y-direction force and yaw moment generated on the hull were compared to analyze the cause. In addition, we observed the change in flow characteristics by comparing the streamlines around the hull and the nominal wake on the propeller plane. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue CFD Applications in Ship and Offshore Hydrodynamics)

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22 pages, 1802 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

A Possible Synergistic Approach: Case Study of Saccharina latissima Extract and Nitrifying Bacteria in Lettuce

by Diana Pacheco, João Cotas, Leonel Pereira and Kiril Bahcevandziev

J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2023, 11(9), 1645; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse11091645 - 23 Aug 2023

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 5495

Abstract

Nowadays, the exponential expansion in human population has resulted in the massification of intensive agricultural practices, with crop yield and sustainability being one of the most pressing challenges. Therefore, there was a need for new and natural fertilizers and pesticides, which has become [...] Read more.

Nowadays, the exponential expansion in human population has resulted in the massification of intensive agricultural practices, with crop yield and sustainability being one of the most pressing challenges. Therefore, there was a need for new and natural fertilizers and pesticides, which has become a popular agricultural trend nowadays. Therefore, there was an increased interest to apply seaweed and bacterial extracts in agriculture to promote new means of sustainability and soil usage. This work aims to test seaweed inclusion in the agricultural field, as a simple or complex foliar biofertilizer solution applied together with a nitrifying bacteria, to verify if there is a potential synergistic effect of these two different types of biofertilizers on economically important vegetables. As a result, experiments were conducted in a greenhouse using an aqueous extract of the brown seaweed Saccharina latissima (1.2% v/v) and a biofertilizer based on BlueN bacteria (0.03% m/v), both simple or in combination, on lettuce (Lactuca sativa L. var. crispa) plants. The seaweed extract (simple or in combination), presented favorable effect on lettuce growth and nutritional properties. The aqueous algal extract, and it in combination with BlueN, produced heavier lettuce leaves (74.25 ± 6.86 and 74.13 ± 3.07 g, respectively) than the controls and enriched leaf micronutrient contents (zinc and manganese). Also, this study demonstrated that a combined seaweed-bacteria fertilizer did not show synergistic behavior, being a non-profitable solution when compared to a simple seaweed extract. In summary, this study demonstrated that simple (crude) seaweed extracts can be considered as an important key for natural plant biofertilizers and growth stimulators concerned with the blue circular economy. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Marine Biology)

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16 pages, 8734 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Real-Time Instance Segmentation for Detection of Underwater Litter as a Plastic Source

by Brendan Chongzhi Corrigan, Zhi Yung Tay and Dimitrios Konovessis

J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2023, 11(8), 1532; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse11081532 - 31 Jul 2023

Cited by 53 | Viewed by 8252

Abstract

Thousands of tonnes of litter enter the ocean every day, posing a significant threat to marine life and ecosystems. While floating and beach litter are often in the spotlight, about 70% of marine litter eventually sinks to the seafloor, making underwater litter the [...] Read more.

Thousands of tonnes of litter enter the ocean every day, posing a significant threat to marine life and ecosystems. While floating and beach litter are often in the spotlight, about 70% of marine litter eventually sinks to the seafloor, making underwater litter the largest accumulation of marine litter that often goes undetected. Plastic debris makes up the majority of ocean litter and is a known source of microplastics in the ocean. This paper focuses on the detection of ocean plastic using neural network models. Two neural network models will be trained, i.e., YOLACT and the Mask R-CNN, for the instance segmentation of underwater litter in images. The models are trained on the TrashCAN dataset, using pre-trained model weights trained using COCO. The trained neural network could achieve a mean average precision (

m A P

) of 0.377 and 0.365 for the Mask R-CNN and YOLACT, respectively. The lightweight nature of YOLACT allows it to detect images at up to six times the speed of the Mask R-CNN, while only making a comparatively smaller trade-off in terms of performance. This allows for two separate applications: YOLACT for the collection of litter using autonomous underwater vehicles (AUVs) and the Mask R-CNN for surveying litter distribution. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Marine Litter and Sustainability of Ocean Ecosystems)

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24 pages, 4096 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Sensitivity Analysis of Modal Parameters of a Jacket Offshore Wind Turbine to Operational Conditions

by Nasim Partovi-Mehr, Emmanuel Branlard, Mingming Song, Babak Moaveni, Eric M. Hines and Amy Robertson

J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2023, 11(8), 1524; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse11081524 - 30 Jul 2023

Cited by 26 | Viewed by 4857

Abstract

Accurate estimation of offshore wind turbine (OWT) modal parameters has a prominent effect on the design loads, lifetime prediction, and dynamic response of the system. Modal parameters can vary during the operation of OWTs. This paper studies the variation and sensitivity analysis of [...] Read more.

Accurate estimation of offshore wind turbine (OWT) modal parameters has a prominent effect on the design loads, lifetime prediction, and dynamic response of the system. Modal parameters can vary during the operation of OWTs. This paper studies the variation and sensitivity analysis of an OWT’s modal parameters with respect to operational and environmental conditions. Three finite element models of a jacket-supported OWT at the Block Island Wind Farm are created within the OpenSees, SAP2000, and OpenFAST platforms and validated using experimental measurements. The OpenFAST model is used to simulate the modal parameters of the turbine under various wind speed, rotor speed, power, yaw angle, mean sea level, blade pitch angle, and soil spring values. The model-predicted modal parameters of the first fore–aft (FA) and side–side (SS) modes are compared to those identified from experimental measurements. Results from the simulations show that the first FA natural frequency and damping ratio mostly depend on the rotor speed and wind speed, respectively, while yaw angle and mean sea level do not have a visible effect. It is observed that there is about 8% stiffening in the first FA frequency and an aerodynamic damping of 7.5% during the operation of the OWT. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Tenth Anniversary of JMSE – Recent Advances and Future Perspectives)

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28 pages, 871 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Measuring Resilience to Sea-Level Rise for Critical Infrastructure Systems: Leveraging Leading Indicators

by Lamis Amer, Murat Erkoc, Rusty A. Feagin, Sabarethinam Kameshwar, Katharine J. Mach and Diana Mitsova

J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2023, 11(7), 1421; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse11071421 - 15 Jul 2023

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 3998

Abstract

There has been a growing interest in research on how to define and build indicators of resilience to address challenges associated with sea-level rise. Most of the proposed methods rely on lagging indicators constructed based on the historical performance of an infrastructure sub-system. [...] Read more.

There has been a growing interest in research on how to define and build indicators of resilience to address challenges associated with sea-level rise. Most of the proposed methods rely on lagging indicators constructed based on the historical performance of an infrastructure sub-system. These indicators are traditionally utilized to build curves that describe the past response of the sub-system to stressors; these curves are then used to predict the future resilience of the sub-system to hypothesized events. However, there is now a growing concern that this approach cannot provide the best insights for adaptive decision-making across the broader context of multiple sub-systems and stakeholders. As an alternative, leading indicators that are built on the structural characteristics that embody system resilience have been gaining in popularity. This structure-based approach can reveal problems and gaps in resilience planning and shed light on the effectiveness of potential adaptation activities. Here, we survey the relevant literature for these leading indicators within the context of sea-level rise and then synthesize the gained insights into a broader examination of the current research challenges. We propose research directions on leveraging leading indicators as effective instruments for incorporating resilience into integrated decision-making on the adaptation of infrastructure systems. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sea Level Rise: Drivers, Variability and Impacts)

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19 pages, 7231 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Fatigue Analysis of Inter-Array Power Cables between Two Floating Offshore Wind Turbines Including a Simplified Method to Estimate Stress Factors

by Dennis Beier, Anja Schnepf, Sean Van Steel, Naiquan Ye and Muk Chen Ong

J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2023, 11(6), 1254; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse11061254 - 20 Jun 2023

Cited by 24 | Viewed by 7578

Abstract

The use of floating offshore wind farms for electrical energy supply is expected to rise significantly over the coming years. Suspended inter-array power cables are a new design to connect floating offshore wind turbines (FOWTs) with shorter cable lengths than conventional setups. The [...] Read more.

The use of floating offshore wind farms for electrical energy supply is expected to rise significantly over the coming years. Suspended inter-array power cables are a new design to connect floating offshore wind turbines (FOWTs) with shorter cable lengths than conventional setups. The present study investigates the fatigue life of a suspended power cable with attached buoys connecting two spar-type FOWTs. Typical environmental conditions for the North Sea are applied. The nonlinear bending behavior of the power cable is considered in the analysis. Fatigue assessment is performed using the numerical software OrcaFlex based on stress factors obtained from cross-section analysis. An effective method for obtaining the stress factors is proposed for early engineering design stages and compared with the finite element software UFLEX simulation results. The simplified method delivers similar results for axial tension loads and conservative results for bending loads compared with results obtained from the finite element software. Stress components resulting from curvature variation are identified as the main contributors to fatigue damage. The most critical locations along the power cable for fatigue life are close to the hang-off points. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Innovative Development of Offshore Wind Technology)

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26 pages, 6532 KB

Open AccessFeature PaperEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Methodological Design Optimization of a Marine LNG Internal Combustion Gas Engine to Burn Alternative Fuels

by Ander Ruiz Zardoya, Iñigo Oregui Bengoetxea, Angel Lopez Martinez, Iñaki Loroño Lucena and José A. Orosa

J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2023, 11(6), 1194; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse11061194 - 8 Jun 2023

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 5251

Abstract

Marine emission policies are becoming more demanding; thus, ship propulsion and power generation technologies need to be adapted to current scenarios. LNG is already considered to be a transition fuel, and new alternative marine fuels are emerging. The aim of this study was [...] Read more.

Marine emission policies are becoming more demanding; thus, ship propulsion and power generation technologies need to be adapted to current scenarios. LNG is already considered to be a transition fuel, and new alternative marine fuels are emerging. The aim of this study was to develop an innovative methodology to optimize and adapt the combustion system of an LNG internal combustion marine engine to burn alternative marine fuels. The present study was based on LBG, but the methodology could be replicated with other fuels. A total of six tests were carried out, with three prechamber designs and three spark plug designs. Each test was carried out in a single-cylinder engine with two types of high-methane-number fuel. The influence on thermal efficiency parameters such as the prechamber volume, the orientation of the flame holes, and the existence of a central hole was studied. In the case of the spark plug, the influence of the amount of precious metal in the electrode, its shape and its insertion into the prechamber were analysed. Experiments showed that by modifying both the prechamber and the spark plug, maximum improvements in thermal efficiency of 1.9% can be achieved. Those improvements allowed the LBG engine to suffer only a 4.3% thermal efficiency reduction, as opposed to its LNG counterpart. By applying the proposed methodology, the thermal efficiency of commercially available internal combustion gas engines could be improved. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Marine Engines Performance and Emissions Ⅲ)

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19 pages, 758 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Maritime Anomaly Detection for Vessel Traffic Services: A Survey

by Thomas Stach, Yann Kinkel, Manfred Constapel and Hans-Christoph Burmeister

J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2023, 11(6), 1174; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse11061174 - 3 Jun 2023

Cited by 43 | Viewed by 8978

Abstract

A Vessel Traffic Service (VTS) plays a central role in maritime traffic safety. Regulations are given by the International Maritime Organization (IMO) and Guidelines by the International Association of Marine Aids to Navigation and Lighthouse Authorities (IALA). Accordingly, VTS facilities utilize communication and [...] Read more.

A Vessel Traffic Service (VTS) plays a central role in maritime traffic safety. Regulations are given by the International Maritime Organization (IMO) and Guidelines by the International Association of Marine Aids to Navigation and Lighthouse Authorities (IALA). Accordingly, VTS facilities utilize communication and sensor technologies such as an Automatic Identification System (AIS), radar, radio communication and others. Furthermore, VTS operators are motivated to apply Decision Support Tools (DST), since these can reduce workloads and increase safety. A promising type of DST is anomaly detection. This survey presents an overview of state-of-the-art approaches of anomaly detection for the surveillance of maritime traffic. The approaches are characterized in the context of VTS and, thus, most notably, sorted according to utilized communication and sensor technologies, addressed anomaly types and underlying detection techniques. On this basis, current trends as well as open research questions are deduced. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Maritime Security and Risk Assessments)

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24 pages, 3404 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Measuring Detection Efficiency of High-Residency Acoustic Signals for Estimating Probability of Fish–Turbine Encounter in a Fast-Flowing Tidal Passage

by Brian Gavin Sanderson, Charles William Bangley, Louise Patricia McGarry and Daniel James Hasselman

J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2023, 11(6), 1172; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse11061172 - 2 Jun 2023

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 3447

Abstract

Semidiurnal tidal currents can exceed 5 ms

^{- 1}

in Minas Passage, Bay of Fundy, where a tidal energy demonstration area has been designated to generate electricity using marine hydrokinetic turbines. The risk of harmful fish–turbine interaction cannot be dismissed for either migratory [...] Read more.

Semidiurnal tidal currents can exceed 5 ms

^{- 1}

in Minas Passage, Bay of Fundy, where a tidal energy demonstration area has been designated to generate electricity using marine hydrokinetic turbines. The risk of harmful fish–turbine interaction cannot be dismissed for either migratory or local fish populations. Individuals belonging to several fish populations were acoustically tagged and monitored by using acoustic receivers moored within the Minas Passage. Detection efficiency

ρ

is required as the first step to estimate the probability of fish–turbine encounter. Moored Innovasea HR2 receivers and high-residency (HR) tags were used to obtain detection efficiency

ρ

as a function of range and current speed, for near-seafloor signal paths within the tidal energy development area. Strong tidal currents moved moorings, so HR tag signals and their reflections from the sea surface were used to measure ranges from tags to receivers. HR2 self-signals that reflected off the sea surface showed which moorings were displaced to lower and higher levels on the seafloor. Some of the range testing paths had anomalously low

ρ

, which might be attributed to variable bathymetry blocking the line-of-sight signal path. Clear and blocked signal paths accord with mooring levels. The application of

ρ

is demonstrated for the calculation of abundance, effective detection range, and detection-positive intervals. High-residency signals were better detected than pulse position modulation (PPM) signals. Providing that the presently obtained

ρ

applies to tagged fish that swim higher in the water column, there is a reasonable prospect that probability of fish–turbine encounter can be estimated by monitoring fish that carry HR tags. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Interface between Offshore Renewable Energy and the Environment)

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28 pages, 836 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Modes of Operation and Forcing in Oil Spill Modeling: State-of-Art, Deficiencies and Challenges

by Panagiota Keramea, Nikolaos Kokkos, George Zodiatis and Georgios Sylaios

J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2023, 11(6), 1165; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse11061165 - 1 Jun 2023

Cited by 17 | Viewed by 6822

Abstract

Oil spills may have devastating effects on marine ecosystems, public health, the economy, and coastal communities. As a consequence, scientific literature contains various up-to-date, advanced oil spill predictive models, capable of simulating the trajectory and evolution of an oil slick generated by the [...] Read more.

Oil spills may have devastating effects on marine ecosystems, public health, the economy, and coastal communities. As a consequence, scientific literature contains various up-to-date, advanced oil spill predictive models, capable of simulating the trajectory and evolution of an oil slick generated by the accidental release from ships, hydrocarbon production, or other activities. To predict in near real time oil spill transport and fate with increased reliability, these models are usually coupled operationally to synoptic meteorological, hydrodynamic, and wave models. The present study reviews the available different met-ocean forcings that have been used in oil-spill modeling, simulating hypothetical or real oil spill scenarios, worldwide. Seven state-of-the-art oil-spill models are critically examined in terms of the met-ocean data used as forcing inputs in the simulation of twenty-three case studies. The results illustrate that most oil spill models are coupled to different resolution, forecasting meteorological and hydrodynamic models, posing, however, limited consideration in the forecasted wave field (expressed as the significant wave height, the wave period, and the Stokes drift) that may affect oil transport, especially at the coastal areas. Moreover, the majority of oil spill models lack any linkage to the background biogeochemical conditions; hence, limited consideration is given to processes such as oil biodegradation, photo-oxidation, and sedimentation. Future advancements in oil-spill modeling should be directed towards the full operational coupling with high-resolution atmospheric, hydrodynamic, wave, and biogeochemical models, improving our understanding of the relative impact of each physical and oil weathering process. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Reviews in Physical Oceanography)

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23 pages, 10377 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Ocean Surface Gravity Wave Evolution during Three Along-Shelf Propagating Tropical Cyclones: Model’s Performance of Wind-Sea and Swell

by Chu-En Hsu, Christie A. Hegermiller, John C. Warner and Maitane Olabarrieta

J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2023, 11(6), 1152; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse11061152 - 31 May 2023

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 4378

Abstract

Despite recent advancements in ocean–wave observations, how a tropical cyclone’s (TC’s) track, intensity, and translation speed affect the directional wave spectra evolution is poorly understood. Given the scarcity of available wave spectral observations during TCs, there are few studies about the performance of [...] Read more.

Despite recent advancements in ocean–wave observations, how a tropical cyclone’s (TC’s) track, intensity, and translation speed affect the directional wave spectra evolution is poorly understood. Given the scarcity of available wave spectral observations during TCs, there are few studies about the performance of spectral wave models, such as Simulating Waves Nearshore (SWAN), under various TC scenarios. We combined the National Data Buoy Center observations and numerical model hindcasts to determine the linkages between wave spectrum evolution and TC characteristics during hurricanes Matthew 2016, Dorian 2019, and Isaias 2020. Five phases were identified in the wave spectrogram based on the normalized distance to the TC, the sea–swell separation frequency, and the peak wave frequency, indicating how the wave evolution relates to TC characteristics. The wave spectral structure and SWAN model’s performance for wave energy distribution within different phases were identified. The TC intensity and its normalized distance to a buoy were the dominant factors in the energy levels and peak wave frequencies. The TC heading direction and translation speed were more likely to impact the durations of the phases. TC translation speeds also influenced the model’s performance on swell energy. The knowledge gained in this work paves the way for improving model’s performance during severe weather events. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Extreme Coastal and Ocean Waves)

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