Polymers

24 pages, 8560 KiB

Open AccessReview

Review of Developed Methods for Measuring Gas Uptake and Diffusivity in Polymers Enriched by Pure Gas under High Pressure

by Jae Kap Jung

Polymers 2024, 16(5), 723; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym16050723 - 6 Mar 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1177

Abstract

Gas emission and diffusion through polymeric materials play crucial roles in ensuring safety and monitoring gas concentrations in technology and industry. Especially, the gas permeation characteristics for O-ring material should be investigated for sealing application in a hydrogen infrastructure. To accommodate the requirements [...] Read more.

Gas emission and diffusion through polymeric materials play crucial roles in ensuring safety and monitoring gas concentrations in technology and industry. Especially, the gas permeation characteristics for O-ring material should be investigated for sealing application in a hydrogen infrastructure. To accommodate the requirements of different environments, we first developed four complementary effective methods for measuring the gas absorption uptake from polymers enriched by pure gas under high pressure and determining the gas diffusivity. The methods included the gravimetric method, the volumetric method, the manometric method, and gas chromatography, which are based on mass, volume, pressure, and volume measurements, respectively. The representative investigated results of the developed methods, such as gas uptake, solubility, and diffusivity are demonstrated. The measuring principles, measuring procedures, measured results, and the characteristics of the methods are compared. Finally, the developed methods can be utilized for testing transport properties, such as the leakage and sealing ability, of rubber and O-ring material under high pressure for hydrogen fueling stations and gas industry. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Polymer Analysis and Characterization)

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18 pages, 7831 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Mechanical Behaviors of Polymer-Based Composite Reinforcements within High-Field Pulsed Magnets

by Siyuan Chen, Tao Peng, Xiaotao Han, Quanliang Cao, Houxiu Xiao and Liang Li

Polymers 2024, 16(5), 722; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym16050722 - 6 Mar 2024

Viewed by 941

Abstract

The development of pulsed magnets capable of generating magnetic fields exceeding 100 Tesla has been recognized as a crucial pursuit for advancing the scientific research on high magnetic fields. However, the operation of magnets at ultra-high magnetic fields often leads to accidental failures [...] Read more.

The development of pulsed magnets capable of generating magnetic fields exceeding 100 Tesla has been recognized as a crucial pursuit for advancing the scientific research on high magnetic fields. However, the operation of magnets at ultra-high magnetic fields often leads to accidental failures at their ends, necessitating a comprehensive exploration of the underlying mechanisms. To this end, this study investigates, for the first time, the mechanical behaviors of Zylon fiber-reinforced polymers (ZFRPs) within pulsed magnets from a composite perspective. The study begins with mechanical testing of ZFRPs, followed by the development of its constitutive model, which incorporates the plasticity and progressive damage. Subsequently, in-depth analyses are performed on a 95-T double-coil prototype that experienced a failure. The outcomes reveal a notable reduction of approximately 45% in both the radial and axial stiffness of ZFRPs, and the primary reason for the failure is traced to the damage incurred by the end ZFRPs of the inner magnet. The projected failure field closely aligns with the experiment. Additionally, two other magnet systems, achieving 90.6 T and 94.88 T, are analyzed. Finally, the discussion delves into the impact of transverse mechanical strength of the reinforcement and axial Lorentz forces on the structural performance of magnets. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Damage and Failure Analysis of Polymer-Based Composites)

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17 pages, 2767 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Phase Behavior of Polydisperse Y-Shaped Polymer Brushes under Good Solvent Conditions

by Petr Fridrich and Zbyšek Posel

Polymers 2024, 16(5), 721; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym16050721 - 6 Mar 2024

Viewed by 1001

Abstract

Y-shaped polymer brushes represent a special class of binary mixed polymer brushes, in which a combination of different homopolymers leads to unique phase behavior. While most theoretical and simulation studies use monodisperse models, experimental systems are always polydisperse. This discrepancy hampers linking theoretical [...] Read more.

Y-shaped polymer brushes represent a special class of binary mixed polymer brushes, in which a combination of different homopolymers leads to unique phase behavior. While most theoretical and simulation studies use monodisperse models, experimental systems are always polydisperse. This discrepancy hampers linking theoretical and experimental results. In this theoretical study, we employed dissipative particle dynamics to study the influence of polydispersity on the phase behavior of Y-shaped brushes grafted to flat surfaces under good solvent conditions. Polydispersity was kept within experimentally achievable values and was modeled via Schulz–Zimm distribution. In total, 10 systems were considered, thus covering the phase behavior of monodisperse, partially polydisperse and fully polydisperse systems. Using such generic representation of real polymers, we observed a rippled structure and aggregates in monodisperse systems. In addition, polydisperse brushes formed a stable perforated layer not observed previously in monodisperse studies, and influenced the stability of the remaining phases. Although the perforated layer was experimentally observed under good solvent conditions and in the melt state, further confirmation of its presence in systems under good solvent conditions required mapping real polymers onto mesoscale models that reflected, for example, different polymer rigidity, and excluded volume effects or direct influence of the surface, just to mention a few parameters. Finally, in this work, we show that mesoscale modeling successfully describes polydisperse models, which opens the way for rapid exploring of complex systems such as polydisperse Y-shaped brushes in selective or bad solvents or under non-equilibrium conditions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Polymer Analysis and Characterization)

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15 pages, 4204 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Carboxymethylated and Sulfated Furcellaran from Furcellaria lumbricalis and Its Immobilization on PLA Scaffolds

by Kateřina Štěpánková, Kadir Ozaltin, Petr Sáha, Elif Vargun, Eva Domincová-Bergerová, Alenka Vesel, Miran Mozetič and Marian Lehocký

Polymers 2024, 16(5), 720; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym16050720 - 6 Mar 2024

Viewed by 1135

Abstract

This study involved the creation of highly porous PLA scaffolds through the porogen/leaching method, utilizing polyethylene glycol as a porogen with a 75% mass ratio. The outcome achieved a highly interconnected porous structure with a thickness of 25 μm. To activate the scaffold’s [...] Read more.

This study involved the creation of highly porous PLA scaffolds through the porogen/leaching method, utilizing polyethylene glycol as a porogen with a 75% mass ratio. The outcome achieved a highly interconnected porous structure with a thickness of 25 μm. To activate the scaffold’s surface and improve its hydrophilicity, radiofrequency (RF) air plasma treatment was employed. Subsequently, furcellaran subjected to sulfation or carboxymethylation was deposited onto the RF plasma treated surfaces with the intention of improving bioactivity. Surface roughness and water wettability experienced enhancement following the surface modification. The incorporation of sulfate/carboxymethyl group (DS = 0.8; 0.3, respectively) is confirmed by elemental analysis and FT-IR. Successful functionalization of PLA scaffolds was validated by SEM and XPS analysis, showing changes in topography and increases in characteristic elements (N, S, Na) for sulfated (SF) and carboxymethylated (CMF). Cytocompatibility was evaluated by using mouse embryonic fibroblast cells (NIH/3T3). Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Polymer Analysis and Characterization)

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21 pages, 8864 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Structural, Thermal and Morphological Characterization of Polylactic Acid/Β-Tricalcium Phosphate (PLA/Β-TCP) Composites upon Immersion in SBF: A Comprehensive Analysis

by Sondes Ftiti, Sandra C. Cifuentes, Awatef Guidara, Joaquín Rams, Hassib Tounsi and Juan P. Fernández-Blázquez

Polymers 2024, 16(5), 719; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym16050719 - 6 Mar 2024

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1744

Abstract

Biocomposite films based on PLA reinforced with different β-TCP contents (10%, 20%, and 25%wt.) were fabricated via solvent casting and immersed in SBF for 7, 14, and 21 days. The bioactivity, morphological, and thermal behavior of composites with immersion were studied using scanning [...] Read more.

Biocomposite films based on PLA reinforced with different β-TCP contents (10%, 20%, and 25%wt.) were fabricated via solvent casting and immersed in SBF for 7, 14, and 21 days. The bioactivity, morphological, and thermal behavior of composites with immersion were studied using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) microanalysis, weight loss (W_L), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and gel permeation chromatography (GPC). This broad analysis leads to a deeper understanding of the evolution of the polymer–filler interaction with the degradation of the biocomposites. The results showed that β-TCP gradually evolved into carbonated hydroxyapatite as the immersion time increased. This evolution affected the interaction of β-TCP with PLA. PLA and β-TCP interactions differed from PLA and carbonated hydroxyapatite interactions. It was observed that β-TCP inhibited PLA hydrolysis but accelerated the thermal degradation of the polymer. β-TCP retarded the cold crystallization of PLA and hindered its crystallinity. However, after immersion in SBF, particles accelerated the cold crystallization of PLA. Therefore, considering the evolution of β-TCP with immersion in SBF is crucial for an accurate analysis of the biocomposites’ degradation. These findings enhance the comprehension of the degradation mechanism in PLA/β-TCP, which is valuable for predicting the degradation performance of PLA/β-TCP in medical applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Biobased and Biodegradable Polymers)

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20 pages, 7988 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Viability Study of Serra da Estrela Dog Wool to Produce Green Composites

by Alexandra Soledade Gomes, Paulo Torrão Fiadeiro, André Costa Vieira and Joana Costa Vieira

Polymers 2024, 16(5), 718; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym16050718 - 6 Mar 2024

Viewed by 1053

Abstract

The environmental emergency has alerted consumers and industries to choose products derived from renewable sources over petroleum derivatives. Natural fibers of plant origin for reinforcing composite materials dominate the field of research aiming to replace synthetic fibers. The field of application of green [...] Read more.

The environmental emergency has alerted consumers and industries to choose products derived from renewable sources over petroleum derivatives. Natural fibers of plant origin for reinforcing composite materials dominate the field of research aiming to replace synthetic fibers. The field of application of green dog wool composite materials needs to be reinforced and proven, as the industry is looking for more sustainable solutions and on the other hand this type of raw material (pet grooming waste) tends to grow. Hence, in the present work, the feasibility of applying natural fibers of dog origin (mainly composed by keratin) in green composites was studied. The green composites were developed using chemically treated dog wool of the breed Serra da Estrela (with NaOH and PVA) as reinforcement and a green epoxy resin as a matrix. The chemical treatments aimed to improve adhesion between fibers and matrix. The fibers’ composition was determined using X-ray Diffraction (X-RD). Their morphology was determined using a scanning electron microscope (SEM). The wettability of the fiber was also evaluated qualitatively by analyzing drops of resin placed on the fibers treated with the different treatments. The mechanical properties of the composites were also studied through mechanical tensile, flexural, and relaxation tests. Overall, the best results were obtained for the dog wool fibers without treatment. The tensile and flexural strength of this biocomposite were 11 MPa and 26.8 MPa, respectively, while the tensile and flexural elastic modulus were 555 MPa and 1100 MPa, respectively. It was also possible to verify that the PVA treatment caused degradation of the fiber, resulting in a decrease in mechanical tensile strength of approximately 42.7%, 59.7% in flexural strength and approximately 59% of the stress after 120 min of relaxation when compared to fiber made from untreated dog wool. On the other hand, the NaOH treatment worked as a fiber wash process, removing waxes and fats naturally present on the fiber surface. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Polymer Fibers: Production and Applications)

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16 pages, 28127 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Impact Behavior and Residual Strength of PEEK/CF-Laminated Composites with Various Stacking Sequences

by Alexander V. Eremin, Mikhail V. Burkov, Alexey A. Bogdanov, Anastasia A. Kononova and Pavel S. Lyubutin

Polymers 2024, 16(5), 717; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym16050717 - 6 Mar 2024

Viewed by 1303

Abstract

Carbon fiber-reinforced composites are popular due to their high strength and light weight; thus, the structures demonstrate high performance and specific strength. However, these composites are susceptible to impact damage. The objective of this research was to study the behavior of carbon fiber-reinforced [...] Read more.

Carbon fiber-reinforced composites are popular due to their high strength and light weight; thus, the structures demonstrate high performance and specific strength. However, these composites are susceptible to impact damage. The objective of this research was to study the behavior of carbon fiber-reinforced laminates based on a polyetheretherketone (PEEK) matrix with six stacking sequences under static and impact loading. Four-point bending, short-beam bending, drop weight impact, and compression after impact tests were carried out. The results were complemented with digital shearography to estimate the damaged areas. Finite element modeling served to assess the failure mechanisms, such as fiber and matrix failure, in different layers due to tension of compression. Three behavior pattern of layups under drop-weight impact were found: (i)—energy redistribution due to mostly linear behavior (like a trampoline) and thus lower kinetic energy absorption for damage initiation, (ii)—moderate absorption of energy with initiation and propagation of concentrated damage with depressed redistribution of energy in the material, (iii)—moderate energy absorption with good redistribution due to initiation of small, dispersed damage. The results can be used to predict the mechanical behavior of composites with different stacking sequences in materials for proper structural design. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dynamic Behavior of Polymer Composite Materials and Structures)

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21 pages, 6029 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Copper-Containing Bionanocomposites Based on Natural Raw Arabinogalactan as Effective Vegetation Stimulators and Agents against Phytopathogens

by Spartak S. Khutsishvili, Alla I. Perfileva, Tatyana V. Kon’kova, Natalya A. Lobanova, Evgeniy K. Sadykov and Boris G. Sukhov

Polymers 2024, 16(5), 716; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym16050716 - 6 Mar 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1362

Abstract

Novel copper-containing bionanocomposites based on the natural raw arabinogalactan have been obtained as universal effective agents against phytopathogen Clavibacter sepedonicus and development stimulants of agricultural plants. Thus, the use of such nanosystems offers a solution to the tasks set in biotechnology while maintaining [...] Read more.

Novel copper-containing bionanocomposites based on the natural raw arabinogalactan have been obtained as universal effective agents against phytopathogen Clavibacter sepedonicus and development stimulants of agricultural plants. Thus, the use of such nanosystems offers a solution to the tasks set in biotechnology while maintaining high environmental standards using non-toxic, biocompatible, and biodegradable natural biopolymers. The physicochemical characteristics of nanocomposites were determined using a number of analytical methods (elemental analysis, transmission electron microscopy and spectroscopic parameters of electron paramagnetic resonance, UV–visible, etc.). The results of the study under the influence of the nanocomposites on the germination of soybean seeds (Glycine max L.) and the vegetation of potatoes (Solanum tuberosum L.) showed the best results in terms of biometric indicators. It is especially worth noting the pronounced influence of the nanocomposite on the development of the root system, and the increase in the mass of the potato root system reached 19%. It is also worth noting that the nanocomposites showed a stimulating effect on the antioxidant system and did not have a negative effect on the content of pigments in potato tissues. Moreover, the resulting bionanocomposite showed a pronounced antibacterial effect against the phytopathogenic bacterium. During the co-incubation of phytopathogen Clavibacter sepedonicus in the presence of the nanocomposite, the number of cells in the bacterial suspension decreased by up to 40% compared to that in the control, and a 10% decrease in the dehydrogenase activity of cells was also detected. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Biopolymers for Biotechnological and Biomedical Applications)

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15 pages, 4404 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Protective Effects of Carbonated Chitosan Montmorillonite on Vomitoxin-Induced Intestinal Inflammation

by Ruifan Tang, Xianghong Ju, Xueting Niu, Xiaoxi Liu, Youquan Li, Zhichao Yu, Xingbin Ma, Yuan Gao, Yin Li, Huili Xie, Qiu Zhou and Yanhong Yong

Polymers 2024, 16(5), 715; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym16050715 - 5 Mar 2024

Viewed by 1199

Abstract

Exposure to vomitoxin (DON) can negatively impact the intestinal health of livestock and poultry, leading to compromised nutrient absorption and utilization, resulting in slowed growth and reduced production efficiency. In this study, we synthesized carbonated chitosan montmorillonite intercalation complexes (CCM) through solution precipitation. [...] Read more.

Exposure to vomitoxin (DON) can negatively impact the intestinal health of livestock and poultry, leading to compromised nutrient absorption and utilization, resulting in slowed growth and reduced production efficiency. In this study, we synthesized carbonated chitosan montmorillonite intercalation complexes (CCM) through solution precipitation. The successful formation of intercalation complexes was confirmed by examining functional groups and surface features using infrared spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy. To assess the impact of CCM on DON-infected mice, we established an experimental mouse model of jejunal inflammation induced by DON infection. We analyzed the effects of CCM on blood biochemical and conventional indices, jejunal inflammatory factors, pathological changes, and the expression of proteins in the MAPK pathways in DON-infected mice. Our results indicate that CCM effectively mitigates the adverse effects of DON on growth performance, jejunal injury, and the inflammatory response in mice. CCM supplementation alleviated the negative effects of DON infection on growth performance and reduced intestinal inflammation in mice. Moreover, CCM supplementation successfully inhibited the activation of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway induced by DON. These findings suggest that the mitigating effect of CCM on DON-induced inflammatory injury in the murine jejunum is closely linked to the regulation of the MAPK signaling pathway. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Chitosan-Based Polymers as Promising Materials for a Variety of Biomedical Applications)

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26 pages, 7020 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Increasing the Adhesion of Bitumen to the Surface of Mineral Fillers through Modification with a Recycled Polymer and Surfactant Obtained from Oil Refining Waste

by Antonina Dyuryagina, Yuliya Byzova, Kirill Ostrovnoy, Alexandr Demyanenko, Aida Lutsenko and Tatyana Shirina

Polymers 2024, 16(5), 714; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym16050714 - 5 Mar 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1521

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to optimize the processes of wetting fillers by varying the content of such additives as a surfactant and polymer in bitumen–mineral compositions in order to achieve optimal performance. The cosine of the contact angle was used as [...] Read more.

The purpose of this study was to optimize the processes of wetting fillers by varying the content of such additives as a surfactant and polymer in bitumen–mineral compositions in order to achieve optimal performance. The cosine of the contact angle was used as a criterion for assessing the adhesion of the bitumen binder to the surface of crushed stone. The effect of the additives’ concentration on surface tension and adhesive efficiency in binary and ternary bitumen compositions was studied. The following chemicals were used as additives: the original product AS-1, industrial additive AMDOR-10, and used sealant AG-4I, a product based on polyisobutylene and petroleum oils. AS-1 was obtained from the oil refining waste in the laboratory of M. Kozybayev North Kazakhstan University. The ternary “bitumen–AG-4I–AS-1” composition provided a maximum decrease in the contact angle by 15.96° (gray crushed stone) and by 14.06° (red crushed stone) relative to original bitumen, providing better wettability of the mineral filler particles with the bitumen, and as a result, maximum adhesion between the bitumen and crushed stone. The optimal performance of the bitumen–mineral composition was recorded with the joint presence of additives in the bitumen: AS-1 at a level of 1.0 g/dm³ and AG-4I at a level of 1.0 g/dm³. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Polymer Applications)

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23 pages, 10414 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Evaluating Post-Treatment Effects on Electrospun Nanofiber as a Support for Polyamide Thin-Film Formation

by Anniza Cornelia Augusty, Ratthapol Rangkupan and Chalida Klaysom

Polymers 2024, 16(5), 713; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym16050713 - 5 Mar 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1191

Abstract

Poly(acrylonitrile-co-methyl acrylate) (PAN-co-MA) electrospun nanofiber (ENF) was used as the support for the formation of polyamide (PA) thin films. The ENF support layer was post-treated with heat-pressed treatment followed by NaOH hydrolysis to modify its support characteristics. The influence of heat-pressed conditions and [...] Read more.

Poly(acrylonitrile-co-methyl acrylate) (PAN-co-MA) electrospun nanofiber (ENF) was used as the support for the formation of polyamide (PA) thin films. The ENF support layer was post-treated with heat-pressed treatment followed by NaOH hydrolysis to modify its support characteristics. The influence of heat-pressed conditions and NaOH hydrolysis on the support morphology and porosity, thin-film formation, surface chemistry, and membrane performances were investigated. This study revealed that applying heat-pressing followed by hydrolysis significantly enhances the physicochemical properties of the support material and aids in forming a uniform polyamide (PA) thin selective layer. Heat-pressing effectively densifies the support surface and reduces pore size, which is crucial for the even formation of the PA-selective layer. Additionally, the hydrolysis of the support increases its hydrophilicity and decreases pore size, leading to higher sodium chloride (NaCl) rejection rates and improved water permeance. When compared with membranes that underwent only heat-pressing, those treated with both heat-pressing and hydrolysis exhibited superior separation performance, with NaCl rejection rates rising from 83% to 98% while maintaining water permeance. Moreover, water permeance was further increased by 29% through n-hexane-rinsing post-interfacial polymerization. Thus, this simple yet effective combination of heat-pressing and hydrolysis presents a promising approach for developing high-performance thin-film nanocomposite (TFNC) membranes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Polymer Membranes for Separation Processes)

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24 pages, 5478 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Tailoring Pectin-PLA Bilayer Film for Optimal Properties as a Food Pouch Material

by Nurul Saadah Said, Ibukunoluwa Fola Olawuyi and Won Young Lee

Polymers 2024, 16(5), 712; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym16050712 - 5 Mar 2024

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1817

Abstract

This study focuses on developing a biodegradable film using a novel hybrid citrus peel pectin. A bilayer approach with PLA was proposed and optimized using Response Surface Methodology (RSM) to complement pectin films’ mechanical and barrier property limitations. The optimized film composition (2.90 [...] Read more.

This study focuses on developing a biodegradable film using a novel hybrid citrus peel pectin. A bilayer approach with PLA was proposed and optimized using Response Surface Methodology (RSM) to complement pectin films’ mechanical and barrier property limitations. The optimized film composition (2.90 g PLA and 1.96 g pectin) showed enhanced mechanical strength with a tensile strength (TS) of 7.04 MPa and an elongation at break (EAB) of 462.63%. In addition, it demonstrated lower water vapor (1.45 × 10⁻¹⁰ g/msPa), oxygen (2.79 × 10⁻⁷ g/ms) permeability, and solubility (23.53%). Compared to single-layer pectin films, the optimized bilayer film had a 25% increased thickness, significantly improved water barrier (3806 times lower) and oxygen barrier (3.68 times lower) properties, and 22.38 times higher stretchability, attributed to hydrogen bond formation, as confirmed by FTIR analysis. The bilayer film, effectively protected against UV and visible light, could be a barrier against light-induced lipid oxidation. Moreover, it demonstrated superior seal efficiency, ensuring secure sealing in practical applications. The bilayer pouch containing mustard dressing exhibited stable sealing with no leakage after immersion in hot water and ethanol, making it suitable for secure food pouch packaging. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Polymers from Biomass: Characterization, Modification, Degradation and Applications)

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20 pages, 10360 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Experimental and Numerical Investigation of Polymer-Based 3D-Printed Lattice Structures with Largely Tunable Mechanical Properties Based on Triply Periodic Minimal Surface

by Zhenjie Wang, Menghui Xu, Jianke Du and Yuan Jin

Polymers 2024, 16(5), 711; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym16050711 - 5 Mar 2024

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1448

Abstract

Triply periodic minimal surfaces (TPMSs) have demonstrated significant potential in lattice structure design and have been successfully applied across multiple industrial fields. In this work, a novel lattice structure with tunable anisotropic properties is proposed based on two typical TPMS types, and their [...] Read more.

Triply periodic minimal surfaces (TPMSs) have demonstrated significant potential in lattice structure design and have been successfully applied across multiple industrial fields. In this work, a novel lattice structure with tunable anisotropic properties is proposed based on two typical TPMS types, and their mechanical performances are studied both experimentally and numerically after being fabricated using a polymer 3D printing process. Initially, adjustments are made to the original TPMS lattice structures to obtain honeycomb lattice structures, which are found to possess significant anisotropy, by utilizing numerical homogenization methods. Based on this, a continuous self-twisting deformation is proposed to change the topology of the honeycomb lattice structures to largely tune the mechanical properties. Quasi-static compression experiments are conducted with different twisting angles, and the results indicate that self-twisting can affect the mechanical properties in specific directions of the structure, and also enhance the energy absorption capacity. Additionally, it mitigates the risk of structural collapse and failure during compression while diminishing structural anisotropy. The proposed self-twisting strategy, based on honeycomb lattice structures, has been proven valuable in advancing the investigation of lattice structures with largely tunable mechanical properties. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Polymer Processing and Engineering)

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13 pages, 2688 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Influence of a Microstructural Conformation of Oriented Floating Films of Semiconducting Polymers on Organic Device Performance

by Shubham Sharma, Kumar Vivek Gaurav, Shuichi Nagamatsu and Shyam S. Pandey

Polymers 2024, 16(5), 710; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym16050710 - 5 Mar 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1324

Abstract

Extended π-conjugation with backbone-planarity-driven π-π stacking dominates charge transport in semiconducting polymers (SCPs). The roles of SCP film morphology and macromolecular conformation concerning the substrate in influencing charge transport and its impact on device performance have been a subject of extensive debate. Face-on [...] Read more.

Extended π-conjugation with backbone-planarity-driven π-π stacking dominates charge transport in semiconducting polymers (SCPs). The roles of SCP film morphology and macromolecular conformation concerning the substrate in influencing charge transport and its impact on device performance have been a subject of extensive debate. Face-on SCPs promote out-of-plane charge transport primarily through π-π stacking, with conjugated polymeric chains assisting transport in connecting crystalline domains, whereas edge-on SCPs promote in-plane charge transport primarily through conjugation and π-π stacking. In this work, we fabricated three different types of devices, namely, organic field effect transistors, organic Schottky diodes, and organic bistable memristors, as representatives of planar and vertical devices. We demonstrate that a planar device, i.e., an organic field effect transistor, performs well in an edge-on conformation exhibiting a field-effect mobility of 0.12 cm²V⁻¹s⁻¹ and on/off ratio >10⁴, whereas vertical devices, i.e., organic Schottky diodes and organic memristors, perform well in a face-on conformation, exhibiting exceptionally high on/off ratios of ~10⁷ and 10⁶, respectively. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Progress in Semiconducting Polymer Nanoparticles)

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41 pages, 3217 KiB

Open AccessReview

An Updated Overview of Magnetic Composites for Water Decontamination

by Adelina-Gabriela Niculescu, Bogdan Mihaiescu, Dan Eduard Mihaiescu, Tony Hadibarata and Alexandru Mihai Grumezescu

Polymers 2024, 16(5), 709; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym16050709 - 5 Mar 2024

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2345

Abstract

Water contamination by harmful organic and inorganic compounds seriously burdens human health and aquatic life. A series of conventional water purification methods can be employed, yet they come with certain disadvantages, including resulting sludge or solid waste, incomplete treatment process, and high costs. [...] Read more.

Water contamination by harmful organic and inorganic compounds seriously burdens human health and aquatic life. A series of conventional water purification methods can be employed, yet they come with certain disadvantages, including resulting sludge or solid waste, incomplete treatment process, and high costs. To overcome these limitations, attention has been drawn to nanotechnology for fabricating better-performing adsorbents for contaminant removal. In particular, magnetic nanostructures hold promise for water decontamination applications, benefiting from easy removal from aqueous solutions. In this respect, numerous researchers worldwide have reported incorporating magnetic particles into many composite materials. Therefore, this review aims to present the newest advancements in the field of magnetic composites for water decontamination, describing the appealing properties of a series of base materials and including the results of the most recent studies. In more detail, carbon-, polymer-, hydrogel-, aerogel-, silica-, clay-, biochar-, metal–organic framework-, and covalent organic framework-based magnetic composites are overviewed, which have displayed promising adsorption capacity for industrial pollutants. Full article

(This article belongs to the Collection Polymer Applications in Environmental Science)

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23 pages, 21120 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Post-Heat Flexural Properties of Siloxane-Modified Epoxy/Phenolic Composites Reinforced by Glass Fiber

by Yundong Ji, Xinchen Zhang, Changzeng Wang, Shuxin Li and Dongfeng Cao

Polymers 2024, 16(5), 708; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym16050708 - 5 Mar 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1360

Abstract

The post-heat mechanical property is one of the important indices for the fire-resistance evaluation of fiber-reinforced polymers. At present, the primary approach to improving the post-heat mechanical property of a material involves incorporating inorganic fillers; yet, the enhancement is limited, and is accompanied [...] Read more.

The post-heat mechanical property is one of the important indices for the fire-resistance evaluation of fiber-reinforced polymers. At present, the primary approach to improving the post-heat mechanical property of a material involves incorporating inorganic fillers; yet, the enhancement is limited, and is accompanied by a reduction in room-temperature performance and processability. This study prepares glass-fiber-reinforced composites with elevated mechanical properties after heat through utilizing two variants of epoxy resins modified with polysiloxane, phenolic resin, kaolin, and graphite. In comparison to the phenolic samples, the phenylpropylsiloxane-modified epoxy resulted in a 115% rise in post-heat flexural strength and a 70% increase in the room-temperature flexural strength of phenolic composites. On the other hand, dimethylsiloxane-modified epoxy leads to a 117% improvement in post-heat flexural strength but a 44% decrease in the room-temperature flexural strength of phenolic composites. Macroscopic/microscopic morphologies and a residual structure model of the composites after heat reveal that, during high temperature exposure, the pyrolysis products of polysiloxane promote interactions between carbon elements and fillers, thus preserving more residues and improving the dimensional stability as well as the density of materials. Consequently, a notable enhancement is observed in both the post-heat flexural strength and the mass of carbon residue after the incorporation of polysiloxane and fillers into the materials. The pyrolysis products of polysiloxane-modified epoxy play a vital role in enhancing the post-heat flexural strength by promoting carbon retention, carbon fixation, and interactions with fillers, offering novel pathways for the development of advanced composites with superior fire-resistance properties. Full article

(This article belongs to the Collection Polymers and Polymer Composites: Structure-Property Relationship)

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13 pages, 2742 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Catalyzed Hydrothermal Pretreatment of Oat Husks for Integrated Production of Furfural and Lignocellulosic Residue

by Maris Puke, Daniela Godina and Prans Brazdausks

Polymers 2024, 16(5), 707; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym16050707 - 5 Mar 2024

Viewed by 1299

Abstract

This study presents a novel approach for biorefining oat husks into furfural, leveraging a unique pilot-scale setup. Unlike conventional furfural manufacturing processes, which often result in substantial cellulose degradation and environmental concerns associated with sulfuric acid usage, our method utilizes phosphoric acid as [...] Read more.

This study presents a novel approach for biorefining oat husks into furfural, leveraging a unique pilot-scale setup. Unlike conventional furfural manufacturing processes, which often result in substantial cellulose degradation and environmental concerns associated with sulfuric acid usage, our method utilizes phosphoric acid as a catalyst to achieve high furfural yield while minimizing cellulose destruction. Drawing on our research conducted in a distinctive pilot-scale environment, we successfully developed and implemented a tailored biorefining process for oat husks. Through meticulous experimentation, we attained a remarkable furfural yield of 11.84% from oven-dried mass, accompanied by a 2.64% yield of acetic acid. Importantly, our approach significantly mitigated cellulose degradation, preserving 88.31% of the cellulose content in oat husks. Existing catalytic (H₂SO₄) furfural manufacturing processes often lead to substantial cellulose degradation (40–50%) in lignocellulosic leftover during the pretreatment stage. As a result of the research, it was also possible to reduce the destruction of cellulose in the lignocellulose leftover to 11.69% of the output (initial) cellulose of oat husks. This research underscores the feasibility and sustainability of utilizing oat husks as a valuable feedstock for furfural production, highlighting the potential of phosphoric acid as a catalyst in biorefining processes. By showcasing our unique pilot-scale methodology, this study contributes to advancing the field of environmentally friendly biorefining technologies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Green and Sustainable Chemistry)

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34 pages, 3619 KiB

Open AccessReview

A 3D-Printed Scaffold for Repairing Bone Defects

by Jianghui Dong, Hangxing Ding, Qin Wang and Liping Wang

Polymers 2024, 16(5), 706; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym16050706 - 5 Mar 2024

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 3065

Abstract

The treatment of bone defects has always posed challenges in the field of orthopedics. Scaffolds, as a vital component of bone tissue engineering, offer significant advantages in the research and treatment of clinical bone defects. This study aims to provide an overview of [...] Read more.

The treatment of bone defects has always posed challenges in the field of orthopedics. Scaffolds, as a vital component of bone tissue engineering, offer significant advantages in the research and treatment of clinical bone defects. This study aims to provide an overview of how 3D printing technology is applied in the production of bone repair scaffolds. Depending on the materials used, the 3D-printed scaffolds can be classified into two types: single-component scaffolds and composite scaffolds. We have conducted a comprehensive analysis of material composition, the characteristics of 3D printing, performance, advantages, disadvantages, and applications for each scaffold type. Furthermore, based on the current research status and progress, we offer suggestions for future research in this area. In conclusion, this review acts as a valuable reference for advancing the research in the field of bone repair scaffolds. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biomaterials for Bone/Teeth Regeneration Applications)

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18 pages, 3665 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Global Sensitivity Analysis of Factors Influencing the Surface Temperature of Mold during Autoclave Processing

by Jiayang He, Lihua Zhan, Youliang Yang and Yongqian Xu

Polymers 2024, 16(5), 705; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym16050705 - 5 Mar 2024

Viewed by 1039

Abstract

During the process of forming carbon fiber reinforced plastics (CFRP) in an autoclave, deeply understanding the global sensitivity of factors influencing mold surface temperature is of paramount importance for optimizing large frame-type mold thermally and enhancing curing quality. In this study, the convective [...] Read more.

During the process of forming carbon fiber reinforced plastics (CFRP) in an autoclave, deeply understanding the global sensitivity of factors influencing mold surface temperature is of paramount importance for optimizing large frame-type mold thermally and enhancing curing quality. In this study, the convective heat transfer coefficient (CHTC), the thickness of composite laminates (TCL), the thickness of mold facesheet (TMF), the mold material type (MMT), and the thickness of the auxiliary materials layer (TAL) have been quantitatively assessed for the effects on the mold surface temperature. This assessment was conducted by building the thermal–chemical curing model of composite laminates and utilizing the Sobol global sensitivity analysis (GSA) method. Additionally, the interactions among these factors were investigated to gain a comprehensive understanding of their combined effects. The results show that the sensitivity order of these factors is as follows: CHTC > MMT > TMF > TCL > TAL. Moreover, CHTC, MMT, and TMF are the main factors influencing mold surface temperature, as the sum of their first-order sensitivity indices accounts for over 97.3%. The influence of a single factor is more significant than that of the interaction between factors since the sum of the first-order sensitivity indices of the factors is more than 78.1%. This study will support the development of science-based guidelines for the thermal design of molds and associated heating equipment design. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Polymer Processing and Engineering)

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17 pages, 8612 KiB

Open AccessArticle

High-Throughput Additive Manufacturing of Continuous Carbon Fiber-Reinforced Plastic by Multifilament

by Yiwen Tu, Yuegang Tan, Fan Zhang, Shulin Zou and Jun Zhang

Polymers 2024, 16(5), 704; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym16050704 - 5 Mar 2024

Viewed by 1601

Abstract

Additive manufacturing (or 3D printing) of continuous carbon fiber-reinforced plastics with fused deposition modeling is a burgeoning manufacturing method because of its potential as a powerful approach to produce lightweight, high strength and complex parts without the need for a mold. Nevertheless, it [...] Read more.

Additive manufacturing (or 3D printing) of continuous carbon fiber-reinforced plastics with fused deposition modeling is a burgeoning manufacturing method because of its potential as a powerful approach to produce lightweight, high strength and complex parts without the need for a mold. Nevertheless, it cannot manufacture parts rapidly due to low throughput. This paper proposes a high-throughput additive manufacturing of continuous carbon fiber-reinforced plastics by multifilament with reference to fiber tape placement. Three filaments were fed and compaction printed simultaneously by a robotic manufacturing system. The coupled thermal-mechanical model of the filament deformation during printing was developed to eliminate the initial interval between the filaments and improved mechanical properties. Furthermore, the mathematical relationship between filament deformation and printing parameters consisting of printing temperature, printing speed and roller pressure was proposed using response surface methodology with the line width as the response. The tensile tests demonstrate that the tensile properties of printed parts are positively correlated with the line width, but not infinitely improved. The maximum tensile strength and tensile modulus are 503.4 MPa and 83.11 Gpa, respectively, which are better than those obtained by traditional methods. Void fraction and scanning electron microscope images also reveal that the appropriate line width achieved by the reasonable printing parameters contributes to the high-throughput multifilament additive manufacturing of continuous carbon fiber-reinforced plastics. The comparison results indicate that the high-throughput multifilament additive manufacturing proposed in this paper can effectively improve the speed of continuous carbon fiber-reinforced plastics additive manufacturing without degrading the mechanical performance. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced FFF-Printed Polymeric Composites: Characterization, Modification, and Application)

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14 pages, 29555 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Highly Permeable Ultrafiltration Membranes Based on Polyphenylene Sulfone with Cardo Fragments

by Alisa Raeva, Dmitry Matveev, Nikolay Bezrukov, Evgenia Grushevenko, Azamat Zhansitov, Zhanna Kurdanova, Kamila Shakhmurzova, Tatyana Anokhina, Svetlana Khashirova and Ilya Borisov

Polymers 2024, 16(5), 703; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym16050703 - 5 Mar 2024

Viewed by 1087

Abstract

For the first time, copolymers of polyphenylene sulfone (PPSU) with cardo fragments of phenolphthalein (PP) were synthesized to develop highly permeable flat-sheet ultrafiltration membranes. By introducing cardo fragments into the polymer chain, we achieved a mechanical strength 1.3 times higher than the strength [...] Read more.

For the first time, copolymers of polyphenylene sulfone (PPSU) with cardo fragments of phenolphthalein (PP) were synthesized to develop highly permeable flat-sheet ultrafiltration membranes. By introducing cardo fragments into the polymer chain, we achieved a mechanical strength 1.3 times higher than the strength of commercial PPSU. It is shown that the introduction of the cardo monomer significantly increases the solubility of the polymer in aprotic solvents. The highest solubility is observed at the concentration of PP 50 mol.%. It is found that reduced viscosity of cardo polymer solutions leads to an increase in the coagulation rate. The permeance of asymmetric ultrafiltration membranes increases with PP concentration from 17.5 L/(m²·h·bar) (10 mol.% PP) to 85.2 L/(m²·h·bar) (90 mol.% PP). These data are in agreement with the results of a study of the coagulation rate of polymer solutions. Thus, for ultrafiltration membranes with 1.5–8 times higher permeance in comparison with PPSU due to the introduction of cardo fragments in the polymer chain, possessing high rejection of the model dye Blue Dextran (M_W = 70,000 g/mol), more than 99.2%, as well as high strength characteristics, were achieved. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Polymer Membranes and Films)

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15 pages, 4946 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Feasibility of Invasive Brown Seaweed Rugulopteryx okamurae as Source of Alginate: Characterization of Products and Evaluation of Derived Gels

by Ismael Santana, Manuel Felix and Carlos Bengoechea

Polymers 2024, 16(5), 702; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym16050702 - 5 Mar 2024

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1315

Abstract

Rugulopteryx okamurae (RO) is an invasive brown seaweed that causes severe environmental problems in the Mediterranean Sea. This work proposed an extraction method that enables their use as a raw material for producing sodium alginate. Alginate was successfully extracted from this invasive seaweed, [...] Read more.

Rugulopteryx okamurae (RO) is an invasive brown seaweed that causes severe environmental problems in the Mediterranean Sea. This work proposed an extraction method that enables their use as a raw material for producing sodium alginate. Alginate was successfully extracted from this invasive seaweed, with its gelling performance in the presence of Ca²⁺ ions comparable to existing commercial alginates. The mannuronic acid (M)-to-guluronic (G) acid ratio in the ¹H-NMR profile indicated a higher percentage of G in the RO-extracted alginate, which implies a greater formation of so-called egg box structures. These differences resulted in their different rheological behaviour, as sodium alginate aqueous solutions exhibited a greater viscosity (

η

at 1 s⁻¹ = 3.8 ± 0.052 Pa·s) than commercial alginate (2.8 ± 0.024 Pa·s), which is related to the egg box structure developed. When gelled in the presence of calcium, an increase in the value of the elastic modulus was observed. However, the value of the tan δ for the extracted alginate was lower than that of commercial alginate gels, confirming a structure more densely packed, which implies a different restructuring of the alginate chain when gelling. These results confirm the suitability of using invasive Rugulopteryx okamurae as a source of calcium alginate gels. In this way, sustainable bio-based materials may be produced from undesired biomass that currently poses a threat to the ecosystem. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Scientific Advances in STEM: Synergies to Achieve Success, 3rd Volume)

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15 pages, 49884 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Design and Analysis of Porous Elastomeric Polymer Based on Electro-Mechanical Coupling Characteristics for Flexible Pressure Sensor

by Yingxuan Bu, Jian Wu, Zheming Zhang, Qiandiao Wei, Benlong Su and Youshan Wang

Polymers 2024, 16(5), 701; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym16050701 - 4 Mar 2024

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1237

Abstract

Elastomeric polymers have gained significant attention in the field of flexible electronics. The investigation of the electro-mechanical response relationship between polymer structure and flexible electronics is in increasing demand. This study investigated the factors that affect the performance of flexible capacitive pressure sensors [...] Read more.

Elastomeric polymers have gained significant attention in the field of flexible electronics. The investigation of the electro-mechanical response relationship between polymer structure and flexible electronics is in increasing demand. This study investigated the factors that affect the performance of flexible capacitive pressure sensors using the finite element method (FEM). The sensor employed a porous elastomeric polymer as the dielectric layer. The results indicate that the sensor’s performance was influenced by both the structural and material characteristics of the porous elastomeric polymer. In terms of structural characteristics, porosity was the primary factor influencing the performance of sensors. At a porosity of 76%, the sensitivity was 42 times higher than at a porosity of 1%. In terms of material properties, Young’s modulus played a crucial role in influencing the performance of the sensors. In particular, the influence on the sensor became more pronounced when Young’s modulus was less than 1 MPa. Furthermore, porous polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) with porosities of 34%, 47%, 67%, and 72% was fabricated as the dielectric layer for the sensor using the thermal expansion microsphere method, followed by sensing capability testing. The results indicate that the sensor’s sensitivity was noticeably influenced within the high porosity range, aligning with the trend observed in the simulation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Flexible Electronics Applications of Polymer Materials)

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23 pages, 7021 KiB

Open AccessReview

Advances in Additive Manufacturing of Polymer-Fused Deposition Modeling on Textiles: From 3D Printing to Innovative 4D Printing—A Review

by Edgar Adrian Franco Urquiza

Polymers 2024, 16(5), 700; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym16050700 - 4 Mar 2024

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 3503

Abstract

Technological advances and the development of new and advanced materials allow the transition from three-dimensional (3D) printing to the innovation of four-dimensional (4D) printing. 3D printing is the process of precisely creating objects with complex shapes by depositing superimposed layers of material. Current [...] Read more.

Technological advances and the development of new and advanced materials allow the transition from three-dimensional (3D) printing to the innovation of four-dimensional (4D) printing. 3D printing is the process of precisely creating objects with complex shapes by depositing superimposed layers of material. Current 3D printing technology allows two or more filaments of different polymeric materials to be placed, which, together with the development of intelligent materials that change shape over time or under the action of an external stimulus, allow us to innovate and move toward an emerging area of research, innovative 4D printing technology. 4D printing makes it possible to manufacture actuators and sensors for various technological applications. Its most significant development is currently in the manufacture of intelligent textiles. The potential of 4D printing lies in modular manufacturing, where fabric-printed material interaction enables the creation of bio-inspired and biomimetic devices. The central part of this review summarizes the effect of the primary external stimuli on 4D textile materials, followed by the leading applications. Shape memory polymers attract current and potential opportunities in the textile industry to develop smart clothing for protection against extreme environments, auxiliary prostheses, smart splints or orthoses to assist the muscles in their medical recovery, and comfort devices. In the future, intelligent textiles will perform much more demanding roles, thus envisioning the application fields of 4D printing in the next decade. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Additive Processes and 3D Printing for Polymer Composites)

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29 pages, 7908 KiB

Open AccessReview

PVDF-Based Piezo-Catalytic Membranes—A Net-Zero Emission Approach towards Textile Wastewater Purification

by Amna Siddique, Hifza Nawaz, Shumaila Razzaque, Anila Tabasum, Hugh Gong, Humaira Razzaq and Muhammad Umar

Polymers 2024, 16(5), 699; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym16050699 - 4 Mar 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2168

Abstract

Among the various water purification techniques, advancements in membrane technology, with better fabrication and analysis, are receiving the most research attention. The piezo-catalytic degradation of water pollutants is an emerging area of research in water purification technology. This review article focuses on piezoelectric [...] Read more.

Among the various water purification techniques, advancements in membrane technology, with better fabrication and analysis, are receiving the most research attention. The piezo-catalytic degradation of water pollutants is an emerging area of research in water purification technology. This review article focuses on piezoelectric polyvinylidene difluoride (PVDF) polymer-based membranes and their nanocomposites for textile wastewater remediation. At the beginning of this article, the classification of piezoelectric materials is discussed. Among the various membrane-forming polymers, PVDF is a piezoelectric polymer discussed in detail due to its exceptional piezoelectric properties. Polyvinylidene difluoride can show excellent piezoelectric properties in the beta phase. Therefore, various methods of β-phase enhancement within the PVDF polymer and various factors that have a critical impact on its piezo-catalytic activity are briefly explained. This review article also highlights the major aspects of piezoelectric membranes in the context of dye degradation and a net-zero approach. The β-phase of the PVDF piezoelectric material generates an electron–hole pair through external vibrations. The possibility of piezo-catalytic dye degradation via mechanical vibrations and the subsequent capture of the resulting CO₂ and H₂ gases open up the possibility of achieving the net-zero goal. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Polymer for Membrane Applications)

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11 pages, 5896 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Preparation, Structure and Properties of Epoxy/Carbonyl Iron Powder Wave-Absorbing Foam for Electromagnetic Shielding

by Xiaoli Liu, Hao Huang and Haijun Lu

Polymers 2024, 16(5), 698; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym16050698 - 4 Mar 2024

Viewed by 1704

Abstract

The application of absorbing materials for electromagnetic shielding is becoming extensive, and the use of absorbents is one of the most important points of preparing absorbing foam materials. In this work, epoxy resin was used as the matrix and carbonyl iron powder (CIP) [...] Read more.

The application of absorbing materials for electromagnetic shielding is becoming extensive, and the use of absorbents is one of the most important points of preparing absorbing foam materials. In this work, epoxy resin was used as the matrix and carbonyl iron powder (CIP) was used as the absorbent, and the structural absorbing foam materials were prepared by the ball mill dispersion method. Scanning electron microscopy showed that the CIP was evenly dispersed in the resin matrix. The foam structures formed at pre-polymerization times of 10 min, 30 min and 50 min were analyzed, and it was found that the cell diameter decreased from 0.47 mm to 0.31 mm with the increase in the pre-polymerization time. The reflectivity of the frontal and reverse sides of the foam gradually tends to be unified at frequencies of 2–18 GHz. When the CIP content increased from 30 wt% to 70 wt%, the cell diameter increased from 0.32 mm to 0.4 mm, and the uniformity of CIP distribution deteriorated. However, with the increase in the CIP content, the absorption properties of the composite materials were enhanced, and the absorption frequency band broadened. When the CIP content reached 70 wt%, the compression strength and modulus of the foam increased to 1.32 MPa and 139.0 MPa, respectively, indicating a strong ability to resist deformation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Collection Polymers and Polymer Composites: Structure-Property Relationship)

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13 pages, 3181 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Study on the Properties of Composite Modified Mortar with Styrene–Butadiene Rubber Latex and Silica Fume

by Renwei Yan, Laifa Wang, Yongjun Ni, Shuowen Zhang, Zhenqing He and Bowen Guan

Polymers 2024, 16(5), 697; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym16050697 - 4 Mar 2024

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1494

Abstract

To solve the problem of the poor abrasion resistance of concrete pavement surface mortar, this study substituted cement with equal amounts of styrene–butadiene rubber (SBR) latex and silica fume (SF) to investigate the effects of organic/inorganic material composite modification on the fluidity, drying [...] Read more.

To solve the problem of the poor abrasion resistance of concrete pavement surface mortar, this study substituted cement with equal amounts of styrene–butadiene rubber (SBR) latex and silica fume (SF) to investigate the effects of organic/inorganic material composite modification on the fluidity, drying shrinkage, mechanical properties, and abrasion resistance of cement mortar. Also in this study, the microstructure, product, and pore structure characteristics of the composite modified cement mortar were investigated using scanning electron microscope (SEM), X-Ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), and the Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) method. This research found that the sole substitution of SF negatively impacted the mortar’s fluidity and drying shrinkage yet enhanced its mechanical strength and abrasion resistance; the incorporation of SBR latex improved fluidity, reduced shrinkage, and increased flexural strength but adversely affected the compressive strength of the mortar. Additionally, the enhancement of the mortar’s abrasion resistance with SBR latex was significantly greater than that with SF. When SBR latex and SF were used together as substitutes, the latex struggled to offset the negative impact of SF on mortar fluidity but effectively reduced shrinkage; SF compensated for the detrimental effect of the latex on compressive strength. Moreover, the primary role in enhancing the mortar’s abrasion resistance was played by the latex. Microscopic tests showed that SBR latex and SF could increase the content of calcium silicate hydrate (C-S-H) gel, inhibit the formation of ettringite (AFt) and reduce carbonation, refine the pore size of cement mortar, and effectively improve the microstructure of mortar. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Polymer Composites and Nanocomposites)

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10 pages, 1491 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Processing Method and Performance Evaluation of Flame-Retardant Corrugated Sandwich Panel

by Yiliang Sun, Jingwen Li and Boming Zhang

Polymers 2024, 16(5), 696; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym16050696 - 4 Mar 2024

Viewed by 1125

Abstract

In this study, in order to expand the engineering application range of thermoplastic corrugated sheets, flame-retardant thermoplastic corrugated sheets were prepared by the thermoplastic molding method. Based on our previous research results, we prepared flame-retardant prepreg tapes with the flame retardant addition accounting [...] Read more.

In this study, in order to expand the engineering application range of thermoplastic corrugated sheets, flame-retardant thermoplastic corrugated sheets were prepared by the thermoplastic molding method. Based on our previous research results, we prepared flame-retardant prepreg tapes with the flame retardant addition accounting for 15%, 20%, and 25% of the resin matrix. Then, we prepared flame-retardant thermoplastic corrugated sandwich panels with corresponding flame retardant addition amounts. The limiting oxygen index test, vertical combustion test, cone calorimetry test, and mechanical property test were carried out on each group of samples and control group samples. The results showed that when the flame retardant was added at 25%, the flame retardant level could reach the V0 level. Compared with the control group, the flexural strength and flexural modulus decreased by 2.6%, 14.1%, and 19.9% and 7.3%, 16.1%, and 21.9%, respectively. When the amount of flame retardant was 15%, 20%, and 25%, respectively, the total heat release decreased by 16.3%, 23.5%, and 34.1%, and the maximum heat release rate decreased by 12.5%, 32.4%, and 37.4%, respectively. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fiber Reinforced Thermoplastic Composites: Processing/Structure/Performance Inter-relationships)

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16 pages, 8283 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Silicon Hybrid EPDM Composite with High Thermal Protection Performance

by Chenyang Yan, Bo Chen, Xiangmei Li, Jiyu He, Xin Zhao, Yanli Zhu and Rongjie Yang

Polymers 2024, 16(5), 695; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym16050695 - 4 Mar 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1641

Abstract

The effects of octaphenylsilsesquioxane (OPS), fumed silica, and silica aerogel on the thermal insulation properties of ethylene propylene diene monomer (EPDM) rubber were studied. On this basis, two kinds of fillers with good performances were selected to study the thermal insulation of an [...] Read more.

The effects of octaphenylsilsesquioxane (OPS), fumed silica, and silica aerogel on the thermal insulation properties of ethylene propylene diene monomer (EPDM) rubber were studied. On this basis, two kinds of fillers with good performances were selected to study the thermal insulation of an EPDM full-formula system. The results show that the addition of fumed silica or silica aerogel had a positive effect on the thermal insulation performance of EPDM rubber and its composite. A 30 wt% silica aerogel can be well dispersed in the EPDM rubber system and with a lower thermal conductivity compared with fumed silica. EPDM composite with 23.4 wt% fumed silica can produce more char residues at 1000 °C than at 500 °C in a burn-through test and formed the compact and porous char at 1000 °C, which had a lowest thermal conductivity. EPDM composite with fumed silica cannot be burned through 1000 °C burning, and comparison with silica aerogel revealed that it achieved the lowest back temperature and had a temperature of 388 °C after 800 s. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Green Flame-Retardant Polymer Material)

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14 pages, 8160 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceCommunication

Fabrication and Characterization of Electrospun Cu-Doped TiO₂ Nanofibers and Enhancement of Photocatalytic Performance Depending on Cu Content and Electron Beam Irradiation

by So-Hyeon Lee, Kyeong-Han Na, Jae-Yoon Kim, Han-Sol Yoon, HyukSu Han and Won-Youl Choi

Polymers 2024, 16(5), 694; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym16050694 - 4 Mar 2024

Viewed by 1451

Abstract

Titanium dioxide (TiO₂) is a widely studied material with many attractive properties such as its photocatalytic features. However, its commercial use is limited due to issues such as deactivation in the visible spectrum caused by its wide bandgap and the short lifetime of [...] Read more.

Titanium dioxide (TiO₂) is a widely studied material with many attractive properties such as its photocatalytic features. However, its commercial use is limited due to issues such as deactivation in the visible spectrum caused by its wide bandgap and the short lifetime of photo-excited charge carriers. To overcome these challenges, various modifications could be considered. In this study, we investigated copper doping and electron beam treatment. As-spun TiO₂ nanofibers were fabricated by electrospinning a TiO₂ sol, which obtained viscosity through a polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) matrix. Cu-doped TiO₂ nanofibers with varying dopant concentrations were synthesized by adding copper salts. Then, the as-spun nanofibers were calcined for crystallization. To evaluate photocatalytic performance, a photodegradation test of methylene blue aqueous solution was performed for 6 h. Methylene blue concentration was measured over time using UV-Vis spectroscopy. The results showed that Cu doping at an appropriate concentration and electron-beam irradiation showed improved photocatalytic efficiency compared to bare TiO₂ nanofibers. When the molar ratio of Cu/Ti was 0.05%, photodegradation rate was highest, which was 10.39% higher than that of bare TiO₂. As a result of additional electron-beam treatment of this sample, photocatalytic efficiency improved up to 8.93% compared to samples without electron-beam treatment. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Electrospun Nanofibers: Current Advances and Future Perspective)

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Polymers, Volume 16, Issue 5 (March-1 2024) – 159 articles

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