Veterinary Sciences

8 pages, 27757 KiB

Open AccessCase Report

Pulmonary Adenocarcinoma with Cutaneous Metastasis in a Dog

by Anita Greyling, Louise van der Weyden, Antonia V. Lensink and Nicolize O’Dell

Vet. Sci. 2024, 11(7), 312; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci11070312 - 11 Jul 2024

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Primary lung cancer is rare in dogs and depending on the tumour stage and subtype, the prognosis can be poor. In this report, we describe a 10 year-old female intact Yorkshire terrier that presented progressive weight loss and chronic pain of unknown origin. [...] Read more.

Primary lung cancer is rare in dogs and depending on the tumour stage and subtype, the prognosis can be poor. In this report, we describe a 10 year-old female intact Yorkshire terrier that presented progressive weight loss and chronic pain of unknown origin. Due to the poor condition of the dog, it was subsequently euthanized. Post-mortem evaluation revealed a single large mass in the left caudal lung lobe, with numerous pale, proliferative lesions of various sizes dispersed throughout all the lobes. Additionally, a solitary skin mass was palpated on the mid-thoracic body wall. Histopathological examination of the lung samples revealed multiple distinct, non-encapsulated, expansive neoplastic epithelial cell proliferations with dense cellularity, exhibiting growth patterns, ranging from papillary to micropapillary to solid, accompanied by central areas of necrosis. In some areas, microvilli-like structures were observed on the luminal cytoplasmic margins of the neoplastic cells. The histopathology of the skin mass closely resembled that of the lung. Electron microscopy of the skin samples revealed regions containing cells resembling the respiratory epithelium, along with cells exhibiting processes or microvilli indicative of cilia. The diagnosis was pulmonary adenocarcinoma with cutaneous metastasis. This is the first report of a canine with primary lung cancer that metastasized to the skin. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Focus on Tumours in Pet Animals)

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21 pages, 763 KiB

Open AccessReview

Antimicrobial Strategies Proposed for the Treatment of S. pseudintermedius and Other Dermato-Pathogenic Staphylococcus spp. in Companion Animals: A Narrative Review

by Valentina Stefanetti, Fabrizio Passamonti and Elisa Rampacci

Vet. Sci. 2024, 11(7), 311; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci11070311 - 11 Jul 2024

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Abstract

The treatment of dermato-pathogenic Staphylococcus spp., particularly Staphylococcus pseudintermedius, in companion animals presents significant challenges due to rising antimicrobial resistance. This review explores innovative strategies to combat these infections. We examined novel antimicrobials and the repurposing of existing drugs to enhance their [...] Read more.

The treatment of dermato-pathogenic Staphylococcus spp., particularly Staphylococcus pseudintermedius, in companion animals presents significant challenges due to rising antimicrobial resistance. This review explores innovative strategies to combat these infections. We examined novel antimicrobials and the repurposing of existing drugs to enhance their efficacy against resistant strains. Additionally, we evaluate the potential of natural products, nanomaterials, and skin antiseptics as alternative treatments. The review also investigates the use of antimicrobial peptides and bacteriophages, highlighting their targeted action against staphylococcal pathogens. Furthermore, the role of adjuvants in antibiotic treatments, such as antimicrobial resistance breakers, is discussed, emphasizing their ability to enhance therapeutic outcomes. Our analysis underscores the importance of a multifaceted approach in developing effective antimicrobial strategies for companion animals, aiming to mitigate resistance and improve clinical management of staphylococcal skin infections. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Veterinary Dermatology: Challenges and Advances)

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11 pages, 935 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Determination of Rhythmicity and Gestational Stage-Related Distribution of Blood Plasma Melatonin Concentrations in Donkey Mares

by Levente Harmat, János Nagy, Bence Somoskői, Alán Alpár, Sándor György Fekete and András Gáspárdy

Vet. Sci. 2024, 11(7), 310; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci11070310 - 11 Jul 2024

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Abstract

The aim of this study is to obtain a more complete picture of blood plasma melatonin concentrations in the donkey mares. To this purpose, sampling and statistical processing were carried out in such a way that allowed the researchers to establish the annual [...] Read more.

The aim of this study is to obtain a more complete picture of blood plasma melatonin concentrations in the donkey mares. To this purpose, sampling and statistical processing were carried out in such a way that allowed the researchers to establish the annual and daily rhythms. Based on human observations, according to the hypothesis of the authors, the blood plasma melatonin concentration of pregnant individuals rises during the late gestational period, before parturition. To confirm this, the melatonin concentrations of pregnant and non-pregnant jennies were monitored and compared. In regard to the circannual rhythm, the significantly lowest midnight melatonin value (27.67 pg mL^–¹) was typical for the summer solstice. Under consideration of circadian changes, a significantly strongest melatonin production (45.16 pg mL^–¹) was observed on the night of the winter solstice (p < 0.001). Considering gestational age, the blood plasma melatonin concentration (around 38 pg mL^–¹) does not change as gestation progresses (p = 0.136). The results obtained in this studied population of the domestic ass usefully expand the little knowledge previously gathered about the development of the blood plasma melatonin concentrations of this species. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Animal Reproductive Physiology, Reproductive Endocrine and Obstetric Diseases—2nd Edition)

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12 pages, 2192 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Incompetence of Vector Capacity of Rhipicephalus bursa to Transmit Babesia aktasi following Feeding on Clinically Infected Goat with High Level of Parasitemia

by Mehmet Can Ulucesme, Sezayi Ozubek and Munir Aktas

Vet. Sci. 2024, 11(7), 309; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci11070309 - 10 Jul 2024

Viewed by 238

Abstract

A recent molecular survey revealed a high prevalence of Babesia aktasi in indigenous goats from the Mediterranean region of Türkiye, coinciding with heavy Rhipicephalus bursa infestations. This geographical overlap has raised the possibility that R. bursa may serve as a vector for the parasite. To [...] Read more.

A recent molecular survey revealed a high prevalence of Babesia aktasi in indigenous goats from the Mediterranean region of Türkiye, coinciding with heavy Rhipicephalus bursa infestations. This geographical overlap has raised the possibility that R. bursa may serve as a vector for the parasite. To evaluate the potential of R. bursa to serve as a vector for the parasite, an experimental study was conducted in indigenous goats. An immune-suppressed donor goat was intravenously injected with 15 mL of the cryopreserved B. aktasi stabilate, resulting in severe clinical babesiosis and parasitemia. Subsequently, R. bursa larvae and adults derived from Babesia-free laboratory colonies were allowed to feed on the infected donor goat. After oviposition, engorged female carcasses, representative engorged nymphs, unfed larvae, and adult pools were used for DNA extraction and PCR analysis. No PCR positivity was detected in any of the DNA samples, except for those with engorged female carcasses and nymphs. Three immune-suppressed recipient goats were infested with the unfed immature and mature ticks consuming the blood of a donor infected with B. aktasi. No clinical or parasitological findings were encountered in the recipient for 40 days post-infestation. These findings indicated that R. bursa was not a competent vector for B. aktasi. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Ticks and Tick-Borne Pathogens)

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13 pages, 255 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Study of the Influence of Non-Genetic Factors on the Growth and Development Traits and Cashmere Production Traits of Inner Mongolia White Cashmere Goats (Erlangshan Type)

by Yue Shi, Yunpeng Qi, Yan Liu, Youjun Rong, Xiaofang Ao, Mingzhu Zhang, Qincheng Xia, Yanjun Zhang and Ruijun Wang

Vet. Sci. 2024, 11(7), 308; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci11070308 - 10 Jul 2024

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Abstract

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of non-genetic factors on the growth and development performance of Inner Mongolia white cashmere goats (Erlanghan type), such as birth weight (BW), weaning weight (WW), 6-month weight (6 WT), 12-month weight (12 WT), [...] Read more.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of non-genetic factors on the growth and development performance of Inner Mongolia white cashmere goats (Erlanghan type), such as birth weight (BW), weaning weight (WW), 6-month weight (6 WT), 12-month weight (12 WT), body height (BH), and body length (BL), and wool production performance, such as cashmere fineness (CF), cashmere thickness (CT), and cashmere yield (CY). The research objects were 4654 kids produced by 45 buck goats and 2269 doe goats in the Erlang Mountain Ranch of Beiping Textile Co., Ltd., Inner Mongolia, from 2020 to 2023. Based on the generalized linear model, ANOVA was used to analyze the effects of non-genetic factors, such as birth year (Y), birth month (M), sex (S), birth type (T), birth herd (H), assay flock (F), age at measurement (MA), and the age of doe goats at lambing (DLA), on growth and development traits and cashmere traits. The results show that the birth weight (BW), weaning weight (WW), 6-month weight (6 WT), 12-month weight (12 WT), body length (BL), body height (BH), chest depth (CD), chest width (CW), chest circumference (CC), cannon circumference (CNC), wool length (WL), and cashmere yield (CY) of buck goats were significantly higher than those of doe goats (p < 0.01), and the fineness of the cashmere produced by doe goats was significantly finer than that produced by buck goats (p < 0.01). The birth weight, weaning weight, and 6-month weight of single kids were significantly higher than those of multiple kids (p < 0.01), but the effect on the 12-month weight was not significant (p > 0.05). The age of doe goats at lambing had significant effects on birth weight, weaning weight, and 6-month weight (p < 0.01). Assay flock and age at measurement had significant effects on cashmere fineness, cashmere thickness, and cashmere yield (p < 0.01). This study will provide a basis for the scientific breeding and management of cashmere goats and lay a foundation for the setting of fixed effects in the genetic evaluation model of Inner Mongolia white cashmere goats (Erlangshan type). Full article

9 pages, 1122 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Comparison of Nanoparticles and Single-Layer Centrifugation for Separation of Dead from Live Stallion Spermatozoa

by Christian Bisiau, Paula Moffett, James Graham and Patrick McCue

Vet. Sci. 2024, 11(7), 307; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci11070307 - 10 Jul 2024

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Abstract

The goal of this study was to compare the efficacy of coated iron-core nanoparticles and single-layer centrifugation for separation of dead from live stallion spermatozoa. Our hypothesis was that nanoparticles would bind to dead sperm and allow for separation from live sperm using [...] Read more.

The goal of this study was to compare the efficacy of coated iron-core nanoparticles and single-layer centrifugation for separation of dead from live stallion spermatozoa. Our hypothesis was that nanoparticles would bind to dead sperm and allow for separation from live sperm using a magnet, resulting in a population of spermatozoa with a high percentage of total and progressive motility. Treatment Group 1 was an untreated control. Treatment Group 2 (nanoparticles, NP) utilized sperm incubated with nanoparticles followed by application of a magnet to remove dead sperm adhered to the coated nanoparticles. Treatment Group 3 (single-layer centrifugation, SLC) layered sperm above EquiPure™ followed by centrifugation. Semen samples were subsequently evaluated for sperm motility parameters, plasma membrane integrity, acrosome status, and morphology. The SLC technique yielded higher (p < 0.05) progressive motility (76 ± 9.2%) than the NP separation technique (59 ± 12.2%) or the untreated control (47.3 ± 5.1%). However, the total number of sperm recovered was higher (p < 0.05) in the NP technique (526.2 ± 96.6 × 10⁶) than the SLC procedure (211.7 ± 70 × 10⁶), yielding a higher total number of progressively motile sperm (317.6 ± 109 × 10⁶) recovered using the NP technique than the SLC technique (157.8 ± 43.6 × 10⁶). The percentage of live, acrosome intact sperm recovered was higher for SLC than NP. In summary, the SLC technique yielded a higher percentage of sperm motility, intact plasma membranes, and acrosome integrity, but yielded lower total sperm than with the nanoparticle separation technique. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sperm Biotechnology in Animals Reproduction)

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11 pages, 282 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Clinical and Diagnostic Findings in Dogs Infected with Trichuris vulpis: A Retrospective Study

by Mario Cervone, Marine Hugonnard, Gilles Bourdoiseau, Luc Chabanne, Emilie Krafft and Jean-Luc Cadoré

Vet. Sci. 2024, 11(7), 306; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci11070306 - 10 Jul 2024

Viewed by 389

Abstract

Trichuris vulpis is a parasite of the large intestine of canids and has a global distribution. Despite its well-established epidemiology, the question of its pathogenicity in dogs remains debated. It has been suggested that younger age and concurrent infection with Ancylostoma caninum may [...] Read more.

Trichuris vulpis is a parasite of the large intestine of canids and has a global distribution. Despite its well-established epidemiology, the question of its pathogenicity in dogs remains debated. It has been suggested that younger age and concurrent infection with Ancylostoma caninum may be responsible for more severe clinical presentations. This retrospective study aimed to describe the clinical and diagnostic features of T. vulpis-infected dogs and to compare these findings with dogs infected with both T. vulpis and other intestinal parasites (poly-infected dogs). Forty-five dogs were included, with twenty-five being solely infected by T. vulpis and twenty poly-infected dogs. Only weight loss was more frequent (p = 0.006) in poly-infected dogs compared to T. vulpis mono-infected dogs. No significant differences were observed in laboratory abnormalities between mono-infected and poly-infected dogs. Only diarrhea was more frequent (p = 0.007) in younger dogs compared to adults. The egg shedding pattern was significantly higher (p = 0.04) among adult dogs compared to young ones, and there was a significant positive correlation between egg shedding and age (r = 0.41; p = 0.005). These findings suggest that T. vulpis might be responsible for both clinical signs and laboratory abnormalities in dogs, irrespective of the host’s age and the presence of other intestinal parasites. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Small Animal Gastrointestinal Diseases: Challenges and Advances)

14 pages, 7964 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Development and Clinical Application of a Molecular Assay for Four Common Porcine Enteroviruses

by Zhonghao Xin, Shiheng Li, Xiao Lu, Liping Liu, Yuehua Gao, Feng Hu, Kexiang Yu, Xiuli Ma, Yufeng Li, Bing Huang, Jiaqiang Wu and Xiaozhen Guo

Vet. Sci. 2024, 11(7), 305; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci11070305 - 9 Jul 2024

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Abstract

Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV), porcine transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV), porcine deltacoronavirus (PDCoV), and porcine rotavirus-A (PoRVA) are the four main pathogens that cause viral diarrhea in pigs, and they often occur in mixed infections, which are difficult to distinguish only according to [...] Read more.

Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV), porcine transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV), porcine deltacoronavirus (PDCoV), and porcine rotavirus-A (PoRVA) are the four main pathogens that cause viral diarrhea in pigs, and they often occur in mixed infections, which are difficult to distinguish only according to clinical symptoms. Here, we developed a multiplex TaqMan-probe-based real-time RT-PCR method for the simultaneous detection of PEDV, TGEV, PDCoV, and PoRVA for the first time. The specific primers and probes were designed for the M protein gene of PEDV, N protein gene of TGEV, N protein gene of PDCoV, and VP7 protein gene of PoRVA, and corresponding recombinant plasmids were constructed. The method showed extreme specificity, high sensitivity, and excellent repeatability; the limit of detection (LOD) can reach as low as 2.18 × 10² copies/μL in multiplex real-time RT-PCR assay. A total of 97 clinical samples were used to compare the results of the conventional reverse transcription PCR (RT-PCR) and this multiplex real-time RT-PCR for PEDV, TGEV, PDCoV, and PoRVA detection, and the results were 100% consistent. Subsequently, five randomly selected clinical samples that tested positive were sent for DNA sequencing verification, and the sequencing results showed consistency with the detection results of the conventional RT-PCR and our developed method in this study. In summary, this study developed a multiplex real-time RT-PCR method for simultaneous detection of PEDV, TGEV, PDCoV, and PoRVA, and the results of this study can provide technical means for the differential diagnosis and epidemiological investigation of these four porcine viral diarrheic diseases. Full article

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12 pages, 2673 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Size Gynomimicry in the Sanmartinero Creole Bovine of the Colombian Orinoquia

by Arcesio Salamanca-Carreño, Pere M. Parés-Casanova, Mauricio Vélez-Terranova, Germán Martínez-Correal and David Eduardo Rangel-Pachón

Vet. Sci. 2024, 11(7), 304; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci11070304 - 5 Jul 2024

Viewed by 774

Abstract

Variations in the size of animals of the same species but of different sex are called sexual size dimorphism. The aim of this study was to compare the biometrics between males and females of the Sanmartinero creole bovine, of Colombia, to establish if [...] Read more.

Variations in the size of animals of the same species but of different sex are called sexual size dimorphism. The aim of this study was to compare the biometrics between males and females of the Sanmartinero creole bovine, of Colombia, to establish if sexual dimorphism appears in the breed. A total of 94 animals (16 uncastrated males and 78 females, average age of 4.3 ± 1.4 and 4.2 ± 2.3 years, respectively) from three different farms were measured. A total of 21 linear variables were obtained using standard morphometric methods and live weight. A one-way NPMANOVA was used to evaluate between sexes, ages, and farms, a Principal Component Analysis was used to detect the most discriminating variables, and a multivariate regression used age as an independent value. Statistically significant differences were reflected between sexes (p = 0.033) and not by age and farms. The variables that differentiated the most between males and females were those related to size (thoracic circumference, body length, dorso-sternal diameter, height at the withers, height at the rump, and horn length), variables that were biased toward males, although only the height at the withers and the rump were the ones that presented statistically significant differences. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Anatomy, Histology and Pathology)

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14 pages, 2163 KiB

Open AccessArticle

First Report on the Molecular Detection of Canine Astrovirus (CaAstV) in Dogs with Gastrointestinal Disease in Ecuador Using a Fast and Sensitive RT-qPCR Assay Based on SYBR Green^®

by Anthony Loor-Giler, Sara Castillo-Reyes, Silvana Santander-Parra, Martín Campos, Renán Mena-Pérez, Santiago Prado-Chiriboga and Luis Nuñez

Vet. Sci. 2024, 11(7), 303; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci11070303 - 4 Jul 2024

Viewed by 409

Abstract

Enteric viruses are responsible for a significant number of gastrointestinal illnesses in dogs globally. One of the main enteric viruses is the canine astrovirus (CaAstV), which causes diarrhea in dogs of various ages. It is linked to symptoms such as diarrhea, vomiting, depression [...] Read more.

Enteric viruses are responsible for a significant number of gastrointestinal illnesses in dogs globally. One of the main enteric viruses is the canine astrovirus (CaAstV), which causes diarrhea in dogs of various ages. It is linked to symptoms such as diarrhea, vomiting, depression and a significant mortality rate due to gastrointestinal disorders. It is a single-stranded positive RNA virus, with three open reading frames, ORF1a, ORF1b and ORF2, where the last one codes for the virus capsid protein and is the most variable and antigenic region of the virus. The aim of this work is to develop and standardize a quick detection method to enable the diagnosis of this etiological agent in dogs with gastroenteritis in Ecuador in order to provide prompt and suitable treatment. The assay was specific for amplification of the genome of CaAstV, as no amplification was shown for other canine enteric viruses (CPV-2, CCoV and CDV), sensitive by being able to detect up to one copy of viral genetic material, and repeatable with inter- and intra-assay coefficients of variation of less than 10% between assays. The standard curve showed an efficiency of 103.9%. For the validation of this method, 221 fecal samples from dogs affected with gastroenteritis of various ages from different provinces of Ecuador were used. From the RT-qPCR protocol, 119 samples were found positive for CaAstV, equivalent to 53.8% of the samples processed. CaAstV was detected in dogs where both the highest virus prevalence in the tested strains and the highest viral loads were seen in the younger canine groups up to 48 weeks; in addition, different strains of the virus were identified based on a sequenced fragment of ORF1b, demonstrating the first report of the presence of CaAstV circulating in the domestic canine population affected by gastroenteritis in Ecuador, which could be associated with the etiology and severity of enteric disease. Full article

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13 pages, 1812 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Detection of Serum IgG Specific for Brachyspira pilosicoli and “Brachyspira canis” in Dogs

by Julia Gothe, Matthias Horn, Christoph G. Baums, Romy M. Heilmann and Wieland Schrödl

Vet. Sci. 2024, 11(7), 302; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci11070302 - 3 Jul 2024

Viewed by 556

Abstract

Brachyspira pilosicoli (B. pilosicoli) is a pathogen in pigs, poultry, and humans causing colitis, diarrhea, and poor growth rates. Its role as a canine pathogen is controversial, and the seroprevalence of specific IgG antibodies against B. pilosicoli in dogs is unknown. [...] Read more.

Brachyspira pilosicoli (B. pilosicoli) is a pathogen in pigs, poultry, and humans causing colitis, diarrhea, and poor growth rates. Its role as a canine pathogen is controversial, and the seroprevalence of specific IgG antibodies against B. pilosicoli in dogs is unknown. A further, not yet officially recognized Brachyspira species in dogs is “Brachyspira canis” (“B. canis“), which is proposed to be apathogenic. This study evaluates enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) measuring serum IgG antibodies specific for B. pilosicoli or “B. canis” and investigates levels of specific IgG antibodies against B. pilosicoli and “B. canis” in a cohort of clinical patients presented at an animal referral clinic. These ELISAs use detergent-extracted antigens from B. pilosicoli and “B. canis”. To increase analytic specificity, we precipitated the antigens with trichloroacetic acid (TCA) to isolate and concentrate the respective protein fraction. Our results indicate that a large number of serum IgG antibodies bind to shared epitopes of detergent-extracted antigens of the two spirochaetes. Our data also suggest that dogs might not only carry B. pilosicoli but also have “B. canis”-specific serum IgG antibodies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Immunological Assessment of Veterinary Infectious Diseases)

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17 pages, 3384 KiB

Open AccessArticle

EⅡB Mutation Reduces the Pathogenicity of Listeria monocytogenes by Negatively Regulating Biofilm Formation Ability, Infective Capacity, and Virulence Gene Expression

by Caixia Liu, Ruixuan Qian, Weidi Shi, Lijun Kou, Jing Wang, Xun Ma, Huijie Ren, Shengjie Gao and Jingjing Ren

Vet. Sci. 2024, 11(7), 301; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci11070301 - 2 Jul 2024

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Abstract

To explore the role of the membrane permease ⅡB (EⅡB) gene of Listeria pathogenicity island 4 (LIPI-4) in the virulence of Listeria monocytogenes, both an EⅡB deletion strain (∆EⅡB) and a complemented strain were constructed. In vitro experiments demonstrated that EⅡB deletion [...] Read more.

To explore the role of the membrane permease ⅡB (EⅡB) gene of Listeria pathogenicity island 4 (LIPI-4) in the virulence of Listeria monocytogenes, both an EⅡB deletion strain (∆EⅡB) and a complemented strain were constructed. In vitro experiments demonstrated that EⅡB deletion affected the biofilm formation ability of the wild-type strain (Lm928). Moreover, this deletion decreased the intracellular proliferation abilities of L. monocytogenes. Mice infected with ∆EⅡB survived longer and experienced less weight loss on days 1, 2, and 3 post-infection. The bacterial load in the liver tissue of ∆EⅡB-infected mice was significantly reduced, and a considerable decrease in the blood levels of inflammatory cytokines IL-β, IL-6, IL-10, and TNF-α were observed. Following EⅡB deletion, 65% (13/20) of genes were downregulated, 25% (5/20) were upregulated, and 10% (2/20) showed no change. These findings suggest that EⅡB deletion may reduce both the in vivo and in vitro virulence levels as well as the biofilm formation ability of Lm928 by downregulating the transcription levels of genes associated with virulence and biofilm formation. These findings provide a foundation for further examining the pathogenic mechanisms of LIPI-4 and EⅡB in L. monocytogenes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Veterinary Microbiology, Parasitology and Immunology)

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25 pages, 1173 KiB

Open AccessReview

The Reproduction Number of Swine Viral Respiratory Diseases: A Systematic Review

by Dana C. Pittman Ratterree, Sapna Chitlapilly Dass and Martial L. Ndeffo-Mbah

Vet. Sci. 2024, 11(7), 300; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci11070300 - 2 Jul 2024

Viewed by 598

Abstract

Diseases in the swine industry can cause significant economic and health impacts. This review examines R₀ estimates for respiratory diseases in pigs, assessing variations and comparing transmission risks within and between farms. A literature search of three databases aggregated peer-reviewed research articles [...] Read more.

Diseases in the swine industry can cause significant economic and health impacts. This review examines R₀ estimates for respiratory diseases in pigs, assessing variations and comparing transmission risks within and between farms. A literature search of three databases aggregated peer-reviewed research articles on swine viral respiratory diseases’ R₀ values. The study focused on seven diseases: Aujeszky’s disease (AD), Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus (PRRSV), Circovirus, Influenza A (IA), Encephalomyocarditis Virus (EV), Classical Swine Fever (CSF), and African Swine Fever (ASF). R₀ values were estimated for transmission within and between herds/farms using various methods, from complex mathematical models to simple calculations. Data primarily came from disease surveillance and laboratory experiments. The median R₀ for within-herd and between-herd transmission was 10 and 3.31 for AD, 2.78 and 1.14 for PRRSV, 5.9 and 0.89 for Circovirus, 1.75 and 1.6 for CSF, and 3.94 and 3.15 for ASF. For IA and EV, only within-herd R₀ values were estimated at 8.65 and 1.3, respectively. Diseases with high R₀ values highlight the need for prompt detection and response to outbreaks. Continuous monitoring and evaluation of pathogen transmissibility are crucial for enhancing disease surveillance and reducing the impact of livestock diseases. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Emerging and Re-emerging Swine Viruses)

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13 pages, 1638 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Putative mRNA Biomarkers for the Eradication of Infection in an Equine Experimental Model of Septic Arthritis

by Roman V. Koziy, José L. Bracamonte, George S. Katselis, Daniel Udenze, Shahina Hayat, S. Austin Hammond and Elemir Simko

Vet. Sci. 2024, 11(7), 299; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci11070299 - 2 Jul 2024

Viewed by 435

Abstract

Septic arthritis (SA) in horses has long-term health implications. The success of its resolution hinges on the implementation of early, aggressive treatment, which is often sustained over a prolonged period. Common diagnostic methods do not allow for the reliable detection of the eradication [...] Read more.

Septic arthritis (SA) in horses has long-term health implications. The success of its resolution hinges on the implementation of early, aggressive treatment, which is often sustained over a prolonged period. Common diagnostic methods do not allow for the reliable detection of the eradication of joint infection. A potential alternative is the discovery and characterization of mRNA biomarkers. The purpose of this study was to identify potential mRNA biomarkers for the eradication of joint infection in equine SA and to compare their expression with our previously published proteomics data. In addition, the transcriptomics data were compared to the mRNA biomarker panel, SeptiCyte Lab, used to distinguish sepsis from non-septic shock in humans. A comparative transcriptomics analysis of synovial fluid from the SA joints of five horses with active infection and subsequent post-treatment eradicated infection in the same joints and five horses with non-septic synovitis was performed. Eight novel mRNA transcripts were identified that were significantly upregulated (>3-fold) in horses with active SA compared to horses post-eradication of infection after treatment and horses with non-septic synovitis. Two proteins in our proteomics data corresponded to these mRNA transcripts, but were not statistically different. The transcripts used in the SeptiCyte test were not differentially expressed in our study. Our results suggest that mRNA may be a useful source of biomarkers for the eradication of joint infection in horses and warrants further investigation. Full article

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15 pages, 1179 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Diagnostic Value of Serum Amyloid A and Other Laboratory and Clinical Variables in Cats with Increased Liver Enzyme Activity

by Josefine Öberg, Jens Häggström, Lena Pelander, Anna Hillström and Ingrid Ljungvall

Vet. Sci. 2024, 11(7), 298; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci11070298 - 1 Jul 2024

Viewed by 435

Abstract

Distinguishing inflammatory from non-inflammatory liver disease in cats may impact management. The study aim was to evaluate if certain diagnostic variables, including Serum Amyloid A (SAA), differ (1) between various clinical disease categories (Primary liver disease, Extrahepatic, Trauma and Inconclusive [...] Read more.

Distinguishing inflammatory from non-inflammatory liver disease in cats may impact management. The study aim was to evaluate if certain diagnostic variables, including Serum Amyloid A (SAA), differ (1) between various clinical disease categories (Primary liver disease, Extrahepatic, Trauma and Inconclusive) and (2) between cytological findings of severe hepatic lipidosis and other cytological findings in cats with increased liver enzymes. Medical records from 5042 cats, where SAA had been measured, were reviewed, and 566 cats fulfilled inclusion criteria consisting of increased liver enzymes and available biochemical panel results. SAA was higher in cats diagnosed with trauma compared to other diseases (p = 0.008). Cytology results were available in 85 cats, and cats with severe lipidosis had lower serum SAA concentration (p < 0.0001) and were younger (p < 0.0002) compared to cats with other cytological findings. The study shows that SAA was higher in cats diagnosed with trauma compared to cats with other causes of increased liver enzymes and that SAA may be useful to distinguish cats with cytologic evidence of hepatic lipidosis from cats with other liver pathologies. Serum Amyloid A may be a valuable complement to liver cytology when investigating cats with increased liver enzymes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Veterinary Internal Medicine)

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12 pages, 4602 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Impact of Novel BMPR1B Mutations on Litter Size in Short-Tailed Gobi Sheep and Larger-Tailed Ujimqin Sheep

by Yanyu Bai, Shenyuan Wang, Kaifeng Wu, Ming Zhang, Suhe Alatan, Ming Cang, Guifang Cao, Hai Jin, Changqing Li and Bin Tong

Vet. Sci. 2024, 11(7), 297; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci11070297 - 1 Jul 2024

Viewed by 347

Abstract

The significant deposition of tail fat in sheep has a profound impact on the economic benefits of animal husbandry. Furthermore, increasing the litter size is a crucial means of enhancing economic benefits. The BMPR1B and T/Brachyury genes are considered major functional [...] Read more.

The significant deposition of tail fat in sheep has a profound impact on the economic benefits of animal husbandry. Furthermore, increasing the litter size is a crucial means of enhancing economic benefits. The BMPR1B and T/Brachyury genes are considered major functional genes that could affect sheep litter size and tail bone number, respectively. In this study, we employed direct sequencing to identify specific mutations of the BMPR1B gene in Gobi short tail sheep and carried out genotyping using MassARRAY technology for each variant of both the BMPR1B and T genes. Significant associations were demonstrated between the c.687G>A mutation of BMPR1B and the litter size in both the Gobi short tail sheep and Ujimqin sheep breeds. Meanwhile, the g.30058882_30058873GCAGATTAAAIndel mutation was significantly associated with the litter size in Gobi short tail sheep. These findings may provide valuable genetic markers for expanding sheep litter size. In addition, we also confirmed that the frequency of tail-bone-number-related T alleles was significantly higher in Gobi short tail sheep than in longer-tailed Ujimqin sheep. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Application of Reproductive and Genomic Biotechnologies for Livestock Breeding and Selection)

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18 pages, 1585 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Long-Term Effect of Intra-Articular Adipose-Derived Stromal Vascular Fraction and Platelet-Rich Plasma in Dogs with Elbow Joint Disease—A Pilot Study

by Annika Bergström, Miriam Kjörk Granström, Lars Roepstorff, Mohammad J. Alipour, Kjerstin Pettersson and Ingrid Ljungvall

Vet. Sci. 2024, 11(7), 296; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci11070296 - 1 Jul 2024

Viewed by 475

Abstract

(1) Background: The aim of the current pilot study was to describe the long-term effects of a single intra-articular injection of autologous stromal vascular fraction (SVF) with platelet-rich plasma (PRP) in dogs with confirmed elbow OA, using orthopedic lameness scoring and kinetic and [...] Read more.

(1) Background: The aim of the current pilot study was to describe the long-term effects of a single intra-articular injection of autologous stromal vascular fraction (SVF) with platelet-rich plasma (PRP) in dogs with confirmed elbow OA, using orthopedic lameness scoring and kinetic and kinematic gait analysis. For comparison of normal long-term variation of gait over time, a group of healthy control dogs (CDs) was also evaluated. (2) Methods: A prospective longitudinal clinical pilot study investigating 19 client-owned dogs with elbow OA (OADs) treated with SVF and PRP and eight CDs not receiving treatment. The OAD and CD groups were evaluated before and after 6 and at least 12 months following treatment with SVF and PRP (OAD group) and twice with a six-month interval (CD group), respectively, through orthopedic examinations, goniometry, and kinetic and kinematic analyses (seven variables). (3) Results: The OAD had an increase in fore–hind peak force symmetry ≥12 months after treatment (p < 0.05), but no other objective variables changed over time. Orthopedic consensus scores had improved at ≥six months follow-up evaluation (p < 0.05). None of the investigated gait variables had changed at ≥six months follow-up evaluation in the CD group. (4) Conclusions: The current study could not confirm a significant benefit from SVF and PRP treatment in OADs, but future studies should be conducted in order to fully evaluate the potential of the treatment. The improvement seen in fore–hindlimb symmetry may represent an improvement in gait or an incidental finding. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Veterinary Surgery)

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17 pages, 807 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Bacterial Contamination and Antimicrobial Resistance in Two-Spotted (Gryllus bimaculatus) and House (Acheta domesticus) Cricket Rearing and Harvesting Processes

by Jamlong Mitchaothai, Nils T. Grabowski, Rachakris Lertpatarakomol, Tassanee Trairatapiwan and Achara Lukkananukool

Vet. Sci. 2024, 11(7), 295; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci11070295 - 1 Jul 2024

Viewed by 398

Abstract

Food safety for cricket production is a crucial factor in producing edible crickets with safety for consumers and sustainability for two-spotted (Gryllus bimaculatus) as well as house (Acheta domesticus) cricket production. This study was conducted by simultaneously rearing two cricket [...] Read more.

Food safety for cricket production is a crucial factor in producing edible crickets with safety for consumers and sustainability for two-spotted (Gryllus bimaculatus) as well as house (Acheta domesticus) cricket production. This study was conducted by simultaneously rearing two cricket species, comprising two-spotted crickets (G. bimaculatus) and house crickets (A. domesticus). A total of 16 rearing crates were used for the present study, which were allocated into 8 rearing crates for each studied cricket species, including paper egg cartons. Cricket eggs were incubated in the rearing crates. Once the crickets hatched, tap water and powdered feed were provided ad libitum throughout the experiment. At the end of this study (35 and 42 days for the two-spotted and house crickets, respectively), all crickets were harvested, rinsed in tap water, and boiled in water for 5 min. During the rearing and harvesting processes, samples were collected from various potential contamination points for bacteria, including E. coli and Salmonella spp. There were samples of the initial input (feed, drinking water, and staff hands), rearing environment (water pipe, crate wall, living cartons, frass, and cricket surface), and harvesting crickets (harvested, washed, and boiled crickets), with a 2-week sampling interval, except for the last round of sampling for the two-spotted crickets. Subsequently, all samples were submitted to isolate and identify contaminated bacteria. The samples from the last round of sampling for both kinds of crickets were submitted to quantify the level of contamination for E. coli and Salmonella spp., including antimicrobial resistance by the disk diffusion method for the positive isolate. The results showed that bacterial contamination was found in the rearing of both cricket species, primarily involving Klebsiella spp. and Enterobacter spp., mainly found in prepared drinking water and the water pipes of drinking water supply equipment, which are potential sources of contamination with cricket frass. E. coli was found in 4.8% and 4.3% of the two-spotted and house crickets, respectively, while no presence of Salmonella spp. was detected in any submitted samples. The quantification of E. coli and Salmonella spp. indicated E. coli contamination near the water pipe and the frass of two-spotted crickets, but Salmonella spp. was undetectable in both two-spotted and house crickets. The antimicrobial resistance of isolated E. coli mainly involved penicillin G, amoxicillin, ampicillin, erythromycin, lincomycin, and tiamulin. Thus, good farm management with proper sanitation practices (such as cleaning and keeping the environment dry), as well as boiling crickets during the harvesting process, may help ensure the safety of edible cricket production. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Veterinary Food Safety and Zoonosis)

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11 pages, 251 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Retrospective Study of 222 Dogs Suffering from Food-Responsive Enteropathy—Correlation with Clinical Variables, Diet and Breed

by Alessia Candellone, Gaia Raviri, Vittorio Saettone, Martine Didier, Giacomo Rossi, Andrea Marchegiani, Alessandra Gavazza, Alessandro Di Cerbo and Matteo Cerquetella

Vet. Sci. 2024, 11(7), 294; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci11070294 - 1 Jul 2024

Viewed by 670

Abstract

Food-responsive enteropathy (FRE) is the most frequent form of canine chronic inflammatory enteropathy (CIE). It can be diagnosed if, after excluding known causes of diarrhea, clinical signs resolve or significantly improve after an appropriate dietary trial. No universal diet can resolve the clinical [...] Read more.

Food-responsive enteropathy (FRE) is the most frequent form of canine chronic inflammatory enteropathy (CIE). It can be diagnosed if, after excluding known causes of diarrhea, clinical signs resolve or significantly improve after an appropriate dietary trial. No universal diet can resolve the clinical signs in every case of FRE, as genetic predisposition and environment (e.g., the possible role of the diet feed before the disease onset) are suggested as possible players. The study aimed to retrospectively evaluate the possible correlations between disease, diet, and breed in a large cohort of dogs (n = 222) suffering from FRE. Throughout the study, dogs differed based on dietary options: commercial diet group, homemade diet group, and mixed diet group. Diet, breed, age, body weight, body condition score (BCS), fecal score (FS), canine chronic enteropathy activity index (CCECAI), and selected clinical signs were variably evaluated at T0 and at final time (FT—based on response to the diet[s], but between 30 and 60 days). Significant differences between T0 and FT were found regarding FS, BCS, and CCECAI, as well as between age, BCS, and CCECAI at FT with the FS at FT. The CCECAI at FT was significantly directly correlated only with the shift from a mixed to a homemade diet. Finally, the multiple linear regression analysis between the covariables of different breeds versus clinical response to the dietary trials did not highlight any difference except for the passage from commercial to mixed diet in a specific subgroup of breeds. The present study reports the clinical progression in 222 dogs suffering from FRE, and it could represent a reference for the variables investigated, considering the large number of patients included. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Small Animal Gastrointestinal Diseases: Challenges and Advances)

14 pages, 3399 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Chronic Heat Stress Induces Oxidative Stress and Induces Inflammatory Injury in Broiler Spleen via TLRs/MyD88/NF-κB Signaling Pathway in Broilers

by Haoxiang Chen, Feiyao Wang, Xingyue Wu, Songchen Yuan, Huili Dong, Chenyang Zhou, Siliang Feng, Zhanqin Zhao and Lifang Si

Vet. Sci. 2024, 11(7), 293; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci11070293 - 1 Jul 2024

Viewed by 581

Abstract

The spleen is the largest peripheral immune organ of the organism, accounting for 25% of the total lymphoid tissue of the body. During HS, the spleen is damaged due to the elevated environment, which seriously affects life performance and broilers’ health. This study [...] Read more.

The spleen is the largest peripheral immune organ of the organism, accounting for 25% of the total lymphoid tissue of the body. During HS, the spleen is damaged due to the elevated environment, which seriously affects life performance and broilers’ health. This study aimed to investigate the mechanism of chronic HS damage to broiler spleen tissues. The broilers were typically raised until they reached 21 days of age, after which they were arbitrarily allocated into two groups: an HS group and a cntrol group. The HS group was subjected to a temperature of 35 °C for 10 h each day, starting at 21 days of age. At 35 and 42 days of age, spleen and serum samples were obtained from the broilers. The results showed that after HS, a significant decrease in productive performance was observed at 42 days of age (p < 0.01), and the spleen index, and bursa index were significantly decreased (p < 0.01). T-AOC of the organism was significantly decreased (p < 0.05), GSH-PX, SOD, and CAT antioxidant factors were significantly decreased (p < 0.01), and MDA was significantly elevated (p < 0.01). HS also led to a significant increase in cytokines IL-6, TNF-α, and INF-γ and a significant decrease in IL-4 in the spleen. The histopathologic results showed that the spleen’s red-white medulla was poorly demarcated. The cells were sparsely arranged after HS. After HS, the expression of TLRs, MYD88, and NF-κB genes increased significantly. The expression of HSP70 increased significantly, suggesting that HS may induces an inflammatory response in broiler spleens through this signaling pathway, which may cause pathological damage to broiler spleens, leading to a decrease in immune function and progressively aggravating HS-induced damage with the prolongation of HS. Full article

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16 pages, 2317 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Molecular Characterization of Feline Parvovirus from Domestic Cats in Henan Province, China from 2020 to 2022

by Zuhua Yu, Wenjie Wang, Chuan Yu, Lei He, Ke Ding, Ke Shang and Songbiao Chen

Vet. Sci. 2024, 11(7), 292; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci11070292 - 30 Jun 2024

Viewed by 474

Abstract

Carnivore protoparvovirus-1, feline parvovirus (FPV), and canine parvovirus (CPV) continue to spread in companion animals all over the world. As a result, FPV and CPV underwent host-to-host transfer in carnivorous wild-animal hosts. Here, a total of 82 fecal samples of suspected cat [...] Read more.

Carnivore protoparvovirus-1, feline parvovirus (FPV), and canine parvovirus (CPV) continue to spread in companion animals all over the world. As a result, FPV and CPV underwent host-to-host transfer in carnivorous wild-animal hosts. Here, a total of 82 fecal samples of suspected cat FPV infections were collected from Henan Province from 2020 to 2022. The previously published full-length sequence primers of VP2 and NS1 genes were used to amplify the targeted genes of these samples, and the complete gene sequences of 11 VP2 and 21 NS1 samples were obtained and analyzed. Analysis showed that the amino acid homology of the VP2 and NS1 genes of these isolates was 96.1–100% and 97.6–100%, respectively. The phylogenetic results showed that the VP2 and NS1 genes of the local isolates were mainly concentrated in the G1 subgroup, while the vaccine strains were distributed in the G3 subgroup. Finally, F81 cells were inoculated with the local endemic isolate Luoyang-01 (FPV-LY strain for short) for virus amplification, purification, and titer determination, and the pathogenesis of FPV-LY was detected. After five generations of blind transmission in F81 cells, cells infected with FPV-LY displayed characteristic morphological changes, including a round, threadlike, and wrinkled appearance, indicative of viral infection. The virus titer associated with this cytopathic effect (CPE) was measured at 1.5 × 10⁶ TCID₅₀/mL. Subsequent animal regression tests confirmed that the virus titer of the PFV-LY isolate remained at 1.5 × 10⁶ TCID₅₀/mL, indicating its highly pathogenic nature. Cats exposed to the virus exhibited typical clinical symptoms and pathological changes, ultimately succumbing to the infection. These results suggest that the gene mutation rate of FPV is increasing, resulting in a complex pattern of gene evolution in terms of host preference, geographical selection, and novel genetic variants. The data also indicate that continuous molecular epidemiological surveillance is required to understand the genetic diversity of FPV isolates. Full article

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22 pages, 1138 KiB

Open AccessReview

The Novel Role of the NLRP3 Inflammasome in Mycotoxin-Induced Toxicological Mechanisms

by Chengshui Liao, Fengru Xu, Zuhua Yu, Ke Ding and Yanyan Jia

Vet. Sci. 2024, 11(7), 291; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci11070291 - 28 Jun 2024

Viewed by 336

Abstract

Mycotoxins are secondary metabolites produced by several fungi and moulds that exert toxicological effects on animals including immunotoxicity, genotoxicity, hepatotoxicity, teratogenicity, and neurotoxicity. However, the toxicological mechanisms of mycotoxins are complex and unclear. The nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain (NOD)-like receptor (NLR) family pyrin domain [...] Read more.

Mycotoxins are secondary metabolites produced by several fungi and moulds that exert toxicological effects on animals including immunotoxicity, genotoxicity, hepatotoxicity, teratogenicity, and neurotoxicity. However, the toxicological mechanisms of mycotoxins are complex and unclear. The nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain (NOD)-like receptor (NLR) family pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome is a multimeric cytosolic protein complex composed of the NLRP3 sensor, ASC adapter protein, and caspase-1 effector. Activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome plays a crucial role in innate immune defence and homeostatic maintenance. Recent studies have revealed that NLRP3 inflammasome activation is linked to tissue damage and inflammation induced by mycotoxin exposure. Thus, this review summarises the latest advancements in research on the roles of NLRP3 inflammasome activation in the pathogenesis of mycotoxin exposure. The effects of exposure to multiple mycotoxins, including deoxynivalenol, aflatoxin B1, zearalenone, T-2 toxin, ochratoxin A, and fumonisim B1, on pyroptosis-related factors and inflammation-related factors in vitro and in vivo and the pharmacological inhibition of specific and nonspecific NLRP3 inhibitors are summarized and examined. This comprehensive review contributes to a better understanding of the role of the NLRP3 inflammasome in toxicity induced by mycotoxin exposure and provides novel insights for pharmacologically targeting NLRP3 as a novel anti-inflammatory agent against mycotoxin exposure. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutraceuticals to Mitigate the Secret Killers in Animals)

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14 pages, 553 KiB

Open AccessReview

Impact of Chlorella vulgaris Intake Levels on Performance Parameters and Blood Health Markers in Broiler Chickens

by Ana R. Mendes, Maria P. Spínola, Madalena Lordelo and José A. M. Prates

Vet. Sci. 2024, 11(7), 290; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci11070290 - 28 Jun 2024

Viewed by 395

Abstract

This systematic review examines the effects of cumulative Chlorella vulgaris intake levels on broiler chickens, focusing on growth performance and systemic health markers. The review establishes a clear relationship between cumulative C. vulgaris intake and significant outcomes in poultry nutrition and health through [...] Read more.

This systematic review examines the effects of cumulative Chlorella vulgaris intake levels on broiler chickens, focusing on growth performance and systemic health markers. The review establishes a clear relationship between cumulative C. vulgaris intake and significant outcomes in poultry nutrition and health through a detailed analysis of various studies. The correlation analysis revealed that cumulative C. vulgaris intake levels ranging from 0.8 to 718 g/bird influenced growth rates and feed efficiency, following sigmoid models. Specifically, intakes of approximately 20 g/bird maximized final body weight (R² = 0.616, p < 0.001), cumulative body weight gain (R² = 0.627, p < 0.001) and daily weight gain (R² = 0.639, p < 0.001). The feed conversion ratio also improved with increasing C. vulgaris intakes up to this level, although this was non-significant (R² = 0.289, p = 0.117). In addition, similar cumulative C. vulgaris intake levels impacted plasma health markers in broilers, leading to reductions in triacylglycerols and cholesterol and improvements in immunoglobulin levels. These findings underscore the importance of carefully calibrated C. vulgaris supplementation strategies to optimise poultry growth and health without adverse effects. Future research should focus on refining C. vulgaris dosing guidelines and further exploring its long-term effects and mechanisms of action to enhance poultry health and production sustainability. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Assessment of Oxidant and Antioxidant Status in Livestock)

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11 pages, 2550 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Rapid Differential Detection of Wild-Type Classical Swine Fever Virus and Hog Cholera Lapinized Virus Vaccines by TaqMan MGB-Based Dual One-Step Real-Time RT-PCR

by Yongzhe Zhang, Meiqi Wang, Yajuan Sun, Xingyu Xiao, Songsong Wang, Peng Li, Yansong Liu, Hongri Zhao, Yan Meng and Rui Yin

Vet. Sci. 2024, 11(7), 289; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci11070289 - 28 Jun 2024

Viewed by 513

Abstract

To establish a rapid real-time RT-PCR method for differentiating wild-type classical swine fever virus (CSFV) strains from vaccine strains (HCLV), we designed a universal primer targeting the NS3 gene to detect wild-type CSFV strains and vaccine strains simultaneously, and two TaqMan-MGB probes were [...] Read more.

To establish a rapid real-time RT-PCR method for differentiating wild-type classical swine fever virus (CSFV) strains from vaccine strains (HCLV), we designed a universal primer targeting the NS3 gene to detect wild-type CSFV strains and vaccine strains simultaneously, and two TaqMan-MGB probes were designed to differentiate between wild-type and vaccine strains. After optimizing the RT-qPCR conditions, a rapid dual TaqMan-MGB RT-qPCR method for the detection and identification of CSFV and HCLV was developed. The results showed that method could specifically detect CSFV and HCLV with no cross-reactivity with other swine pathogens. The analytic sensitivity for the NS3 gene of CSFV and HCLV were 1.67 × 10¹ copies/μL, respectively. For precision testing, the repeatability and reproducibility of the test was less than 2%. This method was successfully used for the rapid detection of 193 biological samples collected from CSFV-vaccinated pigs. This fast and accurate detection technology can be used for the detection of CSFV and is suitable for differentiating between wild-type CSFV strains and vaccine strains. Full article

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14 pages, 3912 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Investigation of the Seroprevalence of Brucella Antibodies and Characterization of Field Strains in Immunized Dairy Cows by B. abortus A19

by Yong Shi, Yimeng Cui, Gaowa Wudong, Shengnan Li, Ye Yuan, Danyu Zhao, Shurong Yin, Ziyang Diao, Bin Li, Dong Zhou, Xuejun Li, Zhanlin Wang, Fengxia Zhang, Min Xie, Zehui Zhao, Aihua Wang and Yaping Jin

Vet. Sci. 2024, 11(7), 288; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci11070288 - 28 Jun 2024

Viewed by 538

Abstract

(1) Background: One method of eradicating brucellosis is to cull cattle that test positive for antibodies 12 months after being vaccinated with the 19-strain vaccine. Variations in immunization regimens and feeding practices may contribute to differences in the rate of persistent antibodies. We [...] Read more.

(1) Background: One method of eradicating brucellosis is to cull cattle that test positive for antibodies 12 months after being vaccinated with the 19-strain vaccine. Variations in immunization regimens and feeding practices may contribute to differences in the rate of persistent antibodies. We conducted this study to investigate the real positive rate of Brucella antibody in field strains of Brucella spp. after immunization over 12 months in dairy cows. This research aims to provide data to support the development of strategies for preventing, controlling, and eradicating brucellosis. (2) Method: We employed the baseline sampling method to collect samples from cows immunized with the A19 vaccine for over 12 months in Lingwu City from 2021 to 2023. Serological detection was conducted using the RBPT method. An established PCR method that could distinguish between 19 and non-19 strains of Brucella was utilized to investigate the field strains of Brucella on 10 dairy farms based on six samples mixed into one using the Mathematical Expectation strategy. (3) Results: We analyzed the rates of individual seropositivity and herd seropositive rates in dairy cattle in Lingwu City from 2021 to 2023 and revealed that antibodies induced by the Brucella abortus strain A19 vaccine persist in dairy herds for more than 12 months. We established a PCR method for identifying both Brucella A19 and non-A19 strains, resulting in the detection of 10 field strains of Brucella abortus from 1537 dairy cows. By employing a Mathematical Expectation strategy, we completed testing of 1537 samples after conducting only 306 tests, thereby reducing the workload by 80.1%. (4) Conclusions: There was a certain proportion of cows with a persistent antibody titer, but there was no evidence that all of these cattle were naturally infected with Brucella. The established PCR method for distinguishing between Brucella abortus strain 19 and non-19 strains can be specifically utilized for detecting natural Brucella infection in immunized cattle. We propose that relying solely on the detection of antibodies in cattle immunized with the A19 vaccine more than 12 months previously should not be solely relied upon as a diagnostic basis for brucellosis, and it is essential to complement this approach with PCR analysis to specifically identify field Brucella spp. Brucella abortus was the predominant strain identified in the field during this study. Detection based on the Mathematical Expectation strategy can significantly enhance detection efficiency. Full article

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12 pages, 5434 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Blunt Force Trauma in the Canarian Houbara Bustard (Chlamydotis undulata fuertaventurae) Produced by Collision with Overhead Lines

by Cristian M. Suárez-Santana, Lucía Marrero-Ponce, Jose Navarro-Sarmiento, Candela Rivero Herrera, Raiden Grandía-Guzmán, Ana Colom-Rivero, Óscar Quesada-Canales, Eva Sierra and Antonio Fernández

Vet. Sci. 2024, 11(7), 287; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci11070287 - 27 Jun 2024

Viewed by 481

Abstract

The mortality of birds resulting from collisions and electrocutions with overhead lines, such as power lines and phone lines, among others, has been implicated in the decline of various avian species globally. Specifically, overhead line collisions pose a significant threat to the conservation [...] Read more.

The mortality of birds resulting from collisions and electrocutions with overhead lines, such as power lines and phone lines, among others, has been implicated in the decline of various avian species globally. Specifically, overhead line collisions pose a significant threat to the conservation of the Canarian houbara bustard (Chlamydotis undulata fuertaventurae), an endangered subspecies endemic to the Canary Islands. This study centers on the postmortem findings of Canarian houbara bustards that have collided with overhead lines, providing insights into the post-collision outcomes for these birds. A complete standardized necropsy of nine Canarian houbara bustards revealed that trauma was the cause of death in all cases. The most notable gross lesions associated with trauma included bone fractures, soft tissue lacerations, hemorrhages, luxations, and hemocoelom. The inguinal area, chest, and wings were the body regions more frequently affected. A histopathology, immunohistochemistry, and entomology analysis confirmed that numerous birds survived the initial trauma. We concluded that when a houbara bustard collides with an overhead line, it frequently survives the initial trauma, with a survival time ranging from minutes to hours. The histopathology, immunohistochemistry, or entomologic analysis may be helpful to approximate the timing interval between trauma and death. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Anatomy, Histology and Pathology)

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15 pages, 1965 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Dietary Features Are Associated with Differences in the Urinary Microbiome in Clinically Healthy Adult Dogs

by Emily L. Coffey, Zoe W. Becker, Andres M. Gomez, Aaron C. Ericsson, Julie A. Churchill, Erin N. Burton, Jennifer L. Granick, Jody P. Lulich and Eva Furrow

Vet. Sci. 2024, 11(7), 286; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci11070286 - 27 Jun 2024

Viewed by 818

Abstract

Nutrition plays an important role in shaping the gut microbiome composition, although the impact of diet on the urinary microbiome (i.e., urobiome) remains unknown. The aim of this pilot study was to discover how nutritional features affect the diversity and composition of the [...] Read more.

Nutrition plays an important role in shaping the gut microbiome composition, although the impact of diet on the urinary microbiome (i.e., urobiome) remains unknown. The aim of this pilot study was to discover how nutritional features affect the diversity and composition of the urobiome in dogs. Dietary histories were obtained for 15 clinically healthy adult dogs, including limited nutrient (protein, fat, crude fiber), commercial diet brand, and dietary diversity profiles. The urine samples were collected via cystocentesis, followed by sequencing of the bacterial 16S rRNA gene. The data were analyzed to determine associations between major nutrients and dietary sources with the urobiome’s composition. The protein, fat, and crude fiber contents had no statistically significant effect on the alpha or beta diversity. However, the beta diversity values differed (PERMANOVA; p = 0.017, R² = 0.10) between dogs fed one commercial diet brand compared to dogs consuming any other brand. The beta diversity values also differed (p = 0.019, R² = 0.10) between dogs consuming more diverse daily diets compared to those consuming less diverse diets (≥3 or <3 unique food sources, respectively). Overall, the results of this pilot study suggest that diet might impact the urobiome and support further exploration of the relationship between diet and the urobiome’s composition in dogs. Full article

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15 pages, 5934 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Identification, Genetic Characterization, and Pathogenicity of Three Feline Herpesvirus Type 1 Isolates from Domestic Cats in China

by Mingliang Deng, Haiyang Liang, Yue Xu, Qiwen Shi, Fang Bao, Caiying Mei, Zhihong Dai and Xianhui Huang

Vet. Sci. 2024, 11(7), 285; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci11070285 - 25 Jun 2024

Viewed by 781

Abstract

(1) Background: Feline herpesvirus (FHV-1) is a significant pathogen in cats, causing respiratory and ocular diseases with consequential economic and welfare implications. (2) Methods: This study aimed to isolate and characterize FHV-1 from clinical samples and assess its pathogenicity. We collected 35 nasal [...] Read more.

(1) Background: Feline herpesvirus (FHV-1) is a significant pathogen in cats, causing respiratory and ocular diseases with consequential economic and welfare implications. (2) Methods: This study aimed to isolate and characterize FHV-1 from clinical samples and assess its pathogenicity. We collected 35 nasal and ocular swabs from cats showing symptoms of upper respiratory tract infection and FHV positivity detected by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Viral isolation was carried out using feline kidney (F81) cell lines. Confirmation of FHV-1 presence was achieved through PCR detection, sequencing, electron microscopy, and indirect immunofluorescence assay. The isolated strains were further characterized by evaluating their titers, growth kinetics, and genetic characteristics. Additionally, we assessed the pathogenicity of the isolated strains in a feline model, monitoring clinical signs, viral shedding, and histopathological changes. (3) Results: Three strains of FHV-1 were isolated, purified, and identified. The isolated FHV-1 strains exhibited high homology among themselves and with domestic isolates and FHV-1 viruses from around the world. However, they showed varying degrees of virulence, with one strain (FHV-A1) causing severe clinical signs and histopathological lesions. (4) Conclusion: This study advances our understanding of the genetic and pathogenic characteristics of FHV-1 in China. These findings underscore FHV-A1 isolate as a potentially ideal candidate for establishing a challenge model and as a potential vaccine strain for vaccine development. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Immunological Assessment of Veterinary Infectious Diseases)

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9 pages, 252 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Molecular Survey on the Occurrence of Tick-Borne Bacteria in Wild Birds from Central Italy

by Fabrizio Bertelloni, Giulia Cagnoli, Paolo Interrante, Renato Ceccherelli and Valentina Virginia Ebani

Vet. Sci. 2024, 11(7), 284; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci11070284 - 24 Jun 2024

Viewed by 478

Abstract

Birds are known to be carriers of ticks infected by tick-borne pathogens, including bacteria. However, not many studies have been carried out on avian tissues to detect these agents. The aim of the present survey was to investigate, using PCR, the presence of [...] Read more.

Birds are known to be carriers of ticks infected by tick-borne pathogens, including bacteria. However, not many studies have been carried out on avian tissues to detect these agents. The aim of the present survey was to investigate, using PCR, the presence of Anaplasma phagocytophilum, Bartonella spp., Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato, Chlamydia psittaci, Coxiella burnetii, Ehrlichia canis, Francisella tularensis, and Rickettsia spp. in the spleens collected from 300 wild birds of different orders and species from Central Italy. A total of 53 (17.67%) samples were PCR positive for at least one investigated pathogen. One (0.33%) bird was positive for Bartonella spp., five (1.67%) birds were positive for C. burnetii, eleven (3.67%) for B. burgdorferi s.l., and thirty-six (12%) for C. psittaci. No coinfection was detected. All samples were negative for A. phagocytophilum, E. canis, F. tularensis, and Rickettsia spp. The findings showed that wild birds may harbor different zoonotic tick-borne bacteria; therefore, they can contribute to the diffusion of these agents. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Wild Birds as Sentinels of the Health Status of the Environment)

14 pages, 885 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Application of RNA-Seq Technology for Screening Reproduction-Related Differentially Expressed Genes in Tibetan and Yorkshire Pig Ovarian Tissue

by Yikai Yin, Jian Zhang, Xindi Li, Mengqi Duan, Mingxuan Zhao, Feifan Zhang, Yangzom Chamba and Peng Shang

Vet. Sci. 2024, 11(7), 283; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci11070283 - 21 Jun 2024

Viewed by 473

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to explore and verify genes that regulate the reproductive traits of Tibetan pigs at the mRNA level. The ovarian tissues of Tibetan pigs (TPs) and Yorkshire pigs (YPs) were selected as research objects, and cDNA libraries of [...] Read more.

The purpose of this study was to explore and verify genes that regulate the reproductive traits of Tibetan pigs at the mRNA level. The ovarian tissues of Tibetan pigs (TPs) and Yorkshire pigs (YPs) were selected as research objects, and cDNA libraries of the ovarian tissue transcripts of Tibetan pigs and Yorkshire pigs were successfully constructed by the RNA-Seq technique. A total of 651 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were screened, including 414 up-regulated genes and 237 down-regulated genes. Through GO and KEGG enrichment analysis, it was found that these differentially expressed genes were significantly enriched in cell process, reproductive process, reproduction, cell proliferation, binding, and catalytic activity, as well as oxidative phosphorylation, endocrine resistance, thyroid hormone, Notch, and other signal transduction pathways. Genes significantly enriched in pathways closely related to reproductive regulation were analyzed and selected, and the AR, CYP11A1, CYP17A1, INHBA, ARRB2, EGFR, ETS1, HSD17B1, IGF1R, MIF, SCARB1, and SMAD4 genes were identified as important candidate genes. Twelve differentially expressed genes related to reproduction were verified by RT-qPCR. The results showed that the expression of the AR, CYP17A1, EGFR, ETS1, IGF1R, and SMAD4 genes was significantly higher in Tibetan pigs than in Yorkshire pigs, while the expression of the CYP11A1, INHBA, ARRB2, HSD17B, MIF, and SCARB1 genes in Tibetan pigs was significantly lower than in Yorkshire pigs. The purpose of this study is to provide a theoretical basis for exploring the molecular mechanism of reproductive trait effect genes and the application of molecular breeding in Tibetan pigs. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Application of Reproductive and Genomic Biotechnologies for Livestock Breeding and Selection)

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Vet. Sci., Volume 11, Issue 7 (July 2024) – 30 articles

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