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Functional Polymers: Synthesis, Properties and Applications

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A special issue of Applied Sciences (ISSN 2076-3417). This special issue belongs to the section "Materials Science and Engineering".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (20 September 2023) | Viewed by 21383

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Special Issue Editors

Dr. Sergey A. Milenin

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Enikolopov Institute of Synthetic Polymeric Materials of Russian Academy of Sciences (ISPM RAS), 117393 Moscow, Russia
Interests: polydimethylsiloxanes; siloxane polymers; polyorganosiloxanes; dendrimers; hybrid dendrimers; carbosilane dendrimers; functional polymers; hybrid copolymers
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Dr. Anton A. Anisimov

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A. N. Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds of Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 119991, Russia
Interests: siloxanes; dendrimers; stereoregular organocyclosilsesquioxanes; metallasiloxanes; hydrosilylation; hydrothiolation
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Dr. Fedor Valerevich Drozdov

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Enikolopov Institute of Synthetic Polymeric Materials of Russian Academy of Sciences (ISPM RAS), 117393 Moscow, Russia
Interests: functional polysiloxanes; carbosilane dendrimers; Janus dendrimers; hydrophobic siloxanes; antibacterial siloxanes; renewable polymers
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Macromolecular compounds are an important and extensive branch of modern chemistry. Successes in this direction have allowed humanity to reach a fundamentally new level of existence. Polymers surround us in various aspects of life from household to high-tech materials. It can be argued that without the development of the chemistry of macromolecular compounds, the level of human life at which we are now would not be achievable. Polymer chemistry continues to develop dynamically to this day. Successes in the development of high-molecular compounds have made it possible to create new high-tech materials. Additionally, it is worth mentioning functional polymers. Without them, it is difficult to imagine current development in this field of chemistry. This issue focuses on the latest advances in various aspects of functional polymer science:

development of new synthetic approaches to the production of functional polymers;
study of the kinetics of the processes of polycondensation and polymerization;
studying the mechanisms of assembly of macromolecules and establishing the structure of functional polymers;
study of the properties of functional polymers by various physicochemical methods. Establishing a structure-property relationship;
the use of functional polymeric materials in various aspects of human life.

Dr. Sergey A. Milenin
Dr. Anton A. Anisimov
Dr. Fedor Valerevich Drozdov
Guest Editors

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Keywords

polymers
macromolecular compounds
polymerization
dendrimers
polymer materials
branched polymers
polymer networks
functional polymers
structure properties
click reactions
polymer properties
polymer applications

Published Papers (13 papers)

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Research

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18 pages, 2767 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Polymer-Stabilized Silver (Gold)–Zinc Oxide Nanoheterodimer Structures as Antimicrobials

by Nadezhda A. Samoilova, Maria A. Krayukhina, Alexander V. Naumkin, Alexander A. Korlyukov, Nelya M. Anuchina and Dmitry A. Popov

Appl. Sci. 2023, 13(20), 11121; https://doi.org/10.3390/app132011121 - 10 Oct 2023

Viewed by 773

Abstract

A simple one-pot method is proposed for obtaining the colloidal nanohybrid structures of silver (gold) and zinc oxide as well as nanostructures doped with zinc ions. The copolymers of maleic acid were used for the stabilization of nanoheterostructures. To characterize the preparation, UV–Vis spectroscopy, TEM, FTIR, XPS, and XRD were used. The bactericidal properties of the nanoheterostructures were studied in relation to the fungus C. albicans and the bacteria E. coli and S. aureus, used in planktonic form. In general, the samples containing nanosilver were the most active, and the preparations containing gold nanoparticles were the least active. The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of the Ag/ZnO samples, based on all copolymers, were in the ranges of 1.4–1.7 μg/mL for C. albicans, 2.9–6.8 μg/mL for E. coli, and 23–27 μg/mL for S. aureus; the MIC values of Au/ZnO samples were 472 μg/mL for S. aureus and 945 μg/mL for C. albicans and E. coli. The additional introduction of zinc cations into heterodimers had practically no effect on the antimicrobial properties of the composites. For all prepared composites and all tested microorganisms, the fractional inhibitory concentration indexes were in the range of 0.5–2.2, which indicates a close-to-additive contribution of the bioactive components in the samples used in the bactericidal process. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Functional Polymers: Synthesis, Properties and Applications)

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15 pages, 5763 KiB

Open AccessArticle

High-Performance Castor Oil-Based Polyurethane Composites Reinforced by Birch Wood Fibers

by Dmitry S. Konovalov, Natalia N. Saprykina and Vjacheslav V. Zuev

Appl. Sci. 2023, 13(14), 8258; https://doi.org/10.3390/app13148258 - 17 Jul 2023

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1127

Abstract

A new method for the preparation of coatings based on renewable biomaterials such as castor oil and birch flour is suggested in this study. The introduction of birch flour in a polyurethane matrix synthesized from castor oil and oligomeric methylene diphenyl diisocyanate (MDI) leads to a more than doubled value of tensile strength and almost doubled strength of adhesion to steel at 20 wt.% loading. The composite with such level loading has tensile strength equal to 7.1 MPa at an elongation at break of 31%, with an adhesion to steel of 3.71 MPa. Hence, the use of such level loading allows for an increase in tensile strength of 887.5% in comparison with that of polyurethane based on neat (as received) castor oil, leading to a decrease in the value of elongation at break. The adhesion to steel of these composites increases by 185.5% in comparison with starting polyurethane. FTIR and SEM studies identified the mechanism of the reinforcement effect of birch fibers. This reinforcement is based on the good wetting of birch fibers by polyurethane with the formation of chemical bonds between them, and the cellulose and lignin components of wood fillers. As a result, we obtained cheap bio-based coatings with acceptable mechanical and adhesion properties. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Functional Polymers: Synthesis, Properties and Applications)

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18 pages, 6799 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Carbon Fiber Reinforced Plastics Based on an Epoxy Binder with the Effect of Thermally Induced Self-Repair

by Tuyara V. Petrova, Ilya V. Tretyakov, Aleksey V. Kireynov, Elena O. Platonova, Polina F. Ponomareva, Olga V. Alexeeva, Vitaliy I. Solodilov, Gleb Yu. Yurkov and Alexander Al. Berlin

Appl. Sci. 2023, 13(11), 6557; https://doi.org/10.3390/app13116557 - 28 May 2023

Viewed by 1723

Abstract

The authors have proposed the novel approach for evaluation of the self-healing effect in carbon fiber reinforced plastics (CFRP) on micro- and macro samples, using the dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) and the double-cantilever beam delamination methods, respectively. A modified epoxy resin with a self-healing effect was used as the matrix for carbon plastics. The flexural modulus E’ of microsamples with delamination and the specific delamination energy (crack resistance) G_IR of macrosamples with a given initial crack were chosen as criteria for evaluating the self-healing of carbon plastics. The sensitivity of the E’ and G_IR parameters to the applied initial crack is shown. The value of the elastic modulus E’ with the initial crack can be reduced up to two times compared to the E’ values for the control materials, depending on the length of the initial crack. The degree of recovery of E’ for CFRP with a microcrack varies from 91 to 118%. A high degree of healing could be achieved in 48 h. The G_IR value of CFRP samples with a given macroseparation after heat treatment is 7% of the initial G_IR value (0.7 kJ/m²). Recovery of delaminations for microsamples is more efficient than for macrosamples. The study of CFRP cracks by X-ray tomography before and after self-healing showed that the crack “overgrows” during the heat treatment cycle, and the defects (pores) formed during the manufacture of the sample decrease in size. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Functional Polymers: Synthesis, Properties and Applications)

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11 pages, 2084 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Copolymerization of Ethylene with Alpha-Olefins over Supported Titanium–Magnesium Catalysts Containing Titanium Compounds in Different Oxidation and Coordination States

by Tatiana B. Mikenas, Vladimir A. Zakharov, Peng Guan and Mikhail A. Matsko

Appl. Sci. 2023, 13(8), 5030; https://doi.org/10.3390/app13085030 - 17 Apr 2023

Viewed by 1173

Abstract

Data were obtained on the copolymerization of ethylene with α-olefins over supported titanium–magnesium catalysts (TMC) prepared on the same magnesium dichloride support but differing in the composition and oxidation state of titanium. The copolymerization kinetics of ethylene with 1-hexene over TMC of different compositions were studied. Data on the composition of the produced ethylene–1-hexene copolymers, their molecular weight distribution, thermophysical characteristics, and branching distribution were presented. The constants of ethylene–1-hexene copolymerization over catalysts with different compositions were calculated. The TMC containing only Ti(II) compounds as the active component exhibited increased copolymerizing ability compared to the conventional TiCl₄/MgCl₂ catalyst containing Ti(III) compounds as the active component. In addition, TMC with Ti(II) as an active component produces copolymers with a more uniform branching distribution. It was shown that the TMC containing isolated Ti(II) ions could be used to produce X-ray amorphous ethylene-propylene elastomers with a high yield. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Functional Polymers: Synthesis, Properties and Applications)

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23 pages, 8714 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Fouling of Polyalkylmethylsiloxane Composite Membranes during Pervaporation Separation of ABE-Fermentation Mixtures

by Tatyana N. Rokhmanka, Evgenia A. Grushevenko, Olga V. Arapova, Galina N. Bondarenko, George S. Golubev, Ilya L. Borisov and Alexey V. Volkov

Appl. Sci. 2023, 13(6), 3827; https://doi.org/10.3390/app13063827 - 16 Mar 2023

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1679

Abstract

Production of bio-alcohols is one of the approaches used in the development of alternative energy. Pervaporation is a promising option for the separation of bio-alcohols from the fermentation mixture. A serious problem in the process of continuous extraction of biobutanol from the fermentation broth is the contamination of the membrane, which leads to a decrease in its permeability over time. In this work, the transport properties of composite membranes based on polyheptylmethylsiloxane (PHeptMS), polydecylmethylsiloxane (PDecMS), and a commercial membrane MDK-3 were studied during separation of a real ABE-fermentation broth in vacuum pervaporation mode. The study was performed before and after continuous contact of the membranes with the fermentation broth for one month. Visually and by scanning electron spectroscopy, the presence of membrane surface residue and its effect on the wettability of the membrane selective layer by the components of the ABE broth were determined. The sediment composition was evaluated by energy dispersive analysis and infrared spectroscopy. According to the pervaporation separation of the ABE-broth using PHeptMS, PDecMS, and MDK-3 membranes, the butanol flux was 0.029, 0.012, and 0.054 kg/(m²·h), respectively. The butanol-water partition factor was 41, 22, and 13 for PHeptMS, PDecMS, and MDK-3, respectively. After one month of incubation of the membranes in ABE-fermentation broth during the separation of the model mixture, a decrease of 10 and 5% in permeate flux and separation factor, respectively, was observed for all membranes. Temperature dependences (30–60 °C) of permeate flux, permeability, and selectivity were obtained for the membranes after clogging. The most promising in terms of minimal negative changes as a result of fouling was demonstrated by the PHeptMS membrane. For it, the clogging dynamics during separation of the real fermentation broth for 216 h were investigated. Two characteristic steps of decrease in transport and separation properties were observed, after 28 and 150 h of the experiment. After 216 h of experiment, a 1.28-fold decrease in total flux through the membrane, a 9% decrease in butanol permeability, and a 10% decrease in n-butanol selectivity were found for PHeptMS. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Functional Polymers: Synthesis, Properties and Applications)

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12 pages, 1779 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Effect of Local Doping of the Polymer–Polymer Interface Using Cu₂O Particles

by Alexey N. Lachinov, Danfis D. Karamov, Azat F. Galiev, Alexey A. Lachinov, Azat R. Yusupov, Vera V. Shaposhnikova, Sergey N. Salazkin and Alla B. Chebotareva

Appl. Sci. 2023, 13(6), 3684; https://doi.org/10.3390/app13063684 - 14 Mar 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1218

Abstract

Electrically conductive polymer materials are increasingly being used as electronic materials, for example, in thin-film transistors. However, the low mobility of charge carriers limits their use. One of the ways to increase the mobility of charge carriers can be the use of interface conductivity along the regions separating the two polymer films. It is important that it could be realized with non-conjugated polymers. There is no direct experimental evidence that the transport of charge carriers occurs along such an interface. It is impossible to deny the possibility of transport on the surfaces of polymer films. The purpose of this work is to study the current flow path in a multilayer sample by marking the polymer–polymer interface with a doping nanolayer of a Cu₂O island film. Spectral methods in the field of electronic absorption of copper oxide were used to control the island film. The electronic parameters of the polymer–polymer interface were studied using injection methods and volt-ampere characteristics. Atomic force microscopy was used to control the thickness and uniformity of the samples. It was found that the doping of the polymer–polymer interface using Cu₂O particles strongly affects the transport of charge carriers; in particular, the conductivity of the structure increases. It is established that this is due to an increase in the mobility of the charge carriers and a decrease in the height of the potential barrier at the 3D metal–2D interface area. Thus, it is established that the transport of charge carriers occurs along the polymer–polymer interface at the structure parameters specified in this work. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Functional Polymers: Synthesis, Properties and Applications)

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14 pages, 6900 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Cyclodextrin Polymers as a Promising Drug Carriers for Stabilization of Meropenem Solutions

by Linara R. Yakupova, Anna A. Skuredina, Pavel O. Markov, Irina M. Le-Deygen and Elena V. Kudryashova

Appl. Sci. 2023, 13(6), 3608; https://doi.org/10.3390/app13063608 - 11 Mar 2023

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1622

Abstract

Here we report the development of new drug carriers for meropenem based on the hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (HPCD) polymers with variable linkers, namely, 1,6-hexamethylenediisocyanate (HMD), citric acid (CA), succinic anhydride (SA). The structures of obtained polyesters and polyurethanes nanoparticles (120–200 nm) were investigated by NMR and FTIR-spectroscopy. The PXRD pattern demonstrated that HPCD polymers form complexes with meropenem (MP), and the majority of MP molecules are encapsulated into a complex. MP’s imprinting in the HPCD-HMD polymer matrix lead to an encapsulation efficiency of up to 82%. HPCD-HMD and HPCD-SA polymers increase MP’s stability during the storage of its aqueous solution (in 1.4 and 1.2 times, respectively). In contrast, HPCD-CA polymer negatively affects MP’s stability. In prospect, the HPCD-HMD polymer may be promising for the development of a highly efficient drug delivery system for MP. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Functional Polymers: Synthesis, Properties and Applications)

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15 pages, 4092 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Rhodospirillum rubrum L-Asparaginase Conjugates with Polyamines of Improved Biocatalytic Properties as a New Promising Drug for the Treatment of Leukemia

by Natalia V. Dobryakova, Dmitry D. Zhdanov, Nikolay N. Sokolov, Svetlana S. Aleksandrova, Marina V. Pokrovskaya and Elena V. Kudryashova

Appl. Sci. 2023, 13(5), 3373; https://doi.org/10.3390/app13053373 - 6 Mar 2023

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1858

Abstract

L-asparaginase Rhodospirillum rubrum (RrA) is an enzyme (amidohydrolases; EC 3.5.1.1) that catalyzes the L-asparagine hydrolysis reaction to form L-aspartic acid. Due to the shortcomings of existing L-asparaginases from Esherichia coli (EcA) and Erwinia chrysanthemi (ErA), RrA may turn out to be a new promising drug for the treatment of leukemia. RrA has a low homology with EcA and ErA, which makes the enzyme potentially less immunogenic. RrA has pronounced antitumor activity on a number of leukemia cells. However, there is a need to improve the biocatalytic properties of the enzyme. So, in this study, the RrA conjugates with polyamines with different molecular architectures were developed to regulate the catalytic properties of the enzyme. Linear polyethyleneimine (PEI), branched polyethyleneimine, modified with polyethylene glycol (PEI-PEG), and spermine (Spm) were used to obtain conjugates with RrA. It was discovered by gel permeation chromatography that Spm allows the most active tetrameric form of RrA to be obtained and stabilized. Molecular docking was used to study the binding of spermine to RrA subunits. The activity of the RrA conjugates with Spm and PEI-PEG was 23–30% higher than the native enzyme. The pH optimum of the conjugates shifted from 9.0 to 8.5. The conjugates had higher stability: Spm and PEI-PEG reduced the inactivation constant (k_in) more than two-fold upon incubation at 53 °C. The conjugate RrA-PEI-PEG reduced the accessibility of trypsin to the protein surface and reduced k_in by eight times. The modification of RrA with polyamines made it possible to obtain enzyme preparations with improved biocatalytic properties. These conjugates represent interest for further study as potential therapeutic agents. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Functional Polymers: Synthesis, Properties and Applications)

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12 pages, 1155 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Walkway from Crayfish to Oligochitosan

by Evgeniya A. Bezrodnykh, Oxana V. Vyshivannaya, Boris B. Berezin, Inesa V. Blagodatskikh and Vladimir E. Tikhonov

Appl. Sci. 2023, 13(5), 3360; https://doi.org/10.3390/app13053360 - 6 Mar 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1306

Abstract

Edible crayfish are an object of local fishing and artificial breeding in many countries. This industry is very promising in terms of production of healthy foods and byproducts, such as biologically active polyaminosaccharide—chitosan and its derivatives. However, crayfishing is far from being at the level at which it could be. This laboratory scale protocol describes a walkway from crayfish Actacus leptodactylus to chitin, chitosan, and oligochitosan hydrochloride, with the main emphasis on the way of getting rid of the impurities (residual heavy metals, proteins and other residues) commonly present in commercial chitosan and its derivatives, as well as the characterization of the products by means of inductively-coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDXS), protein and elemental analysis, proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (¹H NMR), and chromatography methods. The protocol includes the preparation of crude shell waste; the extraction of proteins from crude shell waste and preparation of deproteinated shell waste, demineralization and decolorization of the deproteinated crayfish shell waste, deacetylation of chitin, and depolymerization of chitosan. EDXS shows the presence of Al and Si residues in chitin is found when the deproteination of crayfish waste is carried out in an alumosilicate glass vessel. In contrast, these residues are absent when deproteination is carried out in the borosilicate glass flask. Analytical data show that the content of residues in chitosan and oligochitosan hydrochloride meets pharmaceutical requirements. The study demonstrates crayfish waste a promising for the purification of chitosan, for the preparation of pharmaceutical grade oligochitosan hydrochloride, and can improve commercialization of crayfishes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Functional Polymers: Synthesis, Properties and Applications)

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14 pages, 4416 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Use of Copper Terephthalate for the Determination and Separation of Organic Dyes via Solid-Phase Extraction with Spectrophotometric Detection

by Maria A. Chernomorova, Natali S. Khrabrova, Vladimir A. Zhinzhilo and Igor E. Uflyand

Appl. Sci. 2023, 13(5), 3063; https://doi.org/10.3390/app13053063 - 27 Feb 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1542

Abstract

In this work, a metal–organic framework (MOF), copper benzene dicarboxylate (Cu-MOF), was tested for the adsorptive recovery of organic dyes (Sunset Yellow FCF, Tartrazine, Orange II, and Methyl Orange) from aqueous solutions. Studies were also carried out to determine the effects of various parameters, and isothermal and kinetic models were proposed. The adsorption capacity of Cu-MOF was much higher than that of activated carbon. The experimental data are best described by the Langmuir isotherm model (R² > 0.997) and show the ability of Cu-MOF to adsorb 435 mg/g of the dye under optimal conditions. The study of the kinetics of the dye adsorption process followed a pseudo-second-order kinetic model indicating the coexistence of physical and chemisorption, with diffusion within the particles being the rate-limiting step. Thermodynamic studies were also carried out, and they led to the conclusion that the adsorption of the dye was a feasible, spontaneous, and exothermic process (−25.53 kJ mol⁻¹). The high organic dye recovery shows that Cu-MOF can be used as an efficient and reusable adsorbent for the extraction of dyes from aqueous solutions. These studies may lead to economic interest in this adsorbent material for environmental purposes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Functional Polymers: Synthesis, Properties and Applications)

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13 pages, 1875 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Approaches to the Functionalization of Organosilicon Dendrones Based on Limonene

by Aleksei I. Ryzhkov, Fedor V. Drozdov, Georgij V. Cherkaev and Aziz M. Muzafarov

Appl. Sci. 2023, 13(4), 2121; https://doi.org/10.3390/app13042121 - 7 Feb 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1248

Abstract

Previously, we reported the synthesis of carbosilane and carbosilane-siloxane dendrons of various generations based limonene, a natural terpene. Limonene that contains two double bonds, namely cyclohexene and isoprenyl ones, was shown to undergo regioselective hydrosilylation exclusively at its isoprenyl double bond. This finding was used to prepare carbosilane dendrons (CDs) with a limonene moiety at the focal point. In this study, we present variants for the functionalization of the cyclohexene double bond by an epoxidation reaction in order to use the resulting dendrons for the preparation of various macromolecular objects, including Janus dendrimers (JDs), dendronized polymers, and macroinitiators. Moreover, it was shown that dendrons with peripheral azide functions could be obtained. These methods offer both the possibilities of the further growth of branches and the addition of polymers with a different nature by the azide–alkyne cycloaddition reaction. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Functional Polymers: Synthesis, Properties and Applications)

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11 pages, 3351 KiB

Open AccessArticle

One-Step Synthesis of Functional Sulfonated Polynaphthoylenebenzimidazoles for Biosensing Applications

by Elena G. Bulycheva, Natalya M. Belomoina, Roman S. Begunov, Galina G. Nikiforova, Viktor G. Vasil’ev, Radmir V. Gainutdinov, Mikhail Yu. Yablokov, Alexander I. Buzin and Mikhail I. Buzin

Appl. Sci. 2023, 13(2), 1073; https://doi.org/10.3390/app13021073 - 13 Jan 2023

Viewed by 1188

Abstract

Polynaphthoylenebenzimidazoles containing functional sulfo groups were synthesized by a one-step method in a sulfuric acid medium with oleum. A polymer-analogous transformation of these polymers with aqueous solutions of metal salts (K, Ca, and Cr) was carried out. Their chemical structure was characterized by FTIR, NMR, and elemental analysis. Polymer salt coatings were deposited on QCM sensor surfaces by electron beam-induced vacuum deposition. The morphology of the coatings was characterized by AFM. It was shown that the coatings formed from a series of polymer salts have different adsorption activity in acetaminophen–water solution compared to distilled water. The QCM results indicate that sensor signal correlates with polymer coating thickness, morphology, and its chemical composition. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Functional Polymers: Synthesis, Properties and Applications)

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Review

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24 pages, 26086 KiB

Open AccessReview

Poly(lactic acid)-Based Blends: A Comprehensive Review

by Leonid Ilyich Vayshbeyn, Elena Evgenyevna Mastalygina, Anatoly Aleksandrovich Olkhov and Maria Victorovna Podzorova

Appl. Sci. 2023, 13(8), 5148; https://doi.org/10.3390/app13085148 - 20 Apr 2023

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 3262

Abstract

Aliphatic and aromatic polyesters of hydroxycarboxylic acids are characterized not only by biodegradability, but also by biocompatibility and inertness, which makes them suitable for use in different applications. Polyesters with high enzymatic hydrolysis capacity include poly(lactic acid), poly(ε-caprolactone), poly(butylene succinate) and poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate), poly(butylene succinate-co-adipate). At the same time, poly(lactic acid) is the most durable, widespread, and cheap polyester from this series. However, it has a number of drawbacks, such as high brittleness, narrow temperature-viscosity processing range, and limited biodegradability. Three main approaches are known for poly(lactic acid) modification: incorporation of dispersed particles or low molecular weight and oligomeric substances, copolymerization with other polymers, and blending with other polymers. The review includes an analysis of experimental works devoted to developing mixtures based on poly(lactic acid) and other polymers. Regularities in the formation of the structure of such systems and the possibility of controlling the properties of poly(lactic acid) are considered. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Functional Polymers: Synthesis, Properties and Applications)

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