Life | Special Issue : Feature Paper in Physiology and Pathology: 2nd Edition

Research

13 pages, 10525 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Dexmedetomidine Improves Learning Functions in Male Rats Modeling Cognitive Impairment by Modulating the BDNF/TrkB/CREB Signaling Pathway

by Sinan Saral, Tolga Mercantepe, Atilla Topçu, Ali Koray Kaya and Aykut Öztürk

Life 2024, 14(12), 1672; https://doi.org/10.3390/life14121672 - 17 Dec 2024

Viewed by 372

Abstract

Dexmedetomidine (DEX) is a selective alpha-2 adrenergic receptor agonist with sedative and anxiolytic properties. Increasing evidence reports that DEX has a neuroprotective effect. In this study, we investigated the potential effects of DEX on learning and memory functions in rats with experimental cognitive [...] Read more.

Dexmedetomidine (DEX) is a selective alpha-2 adrenergic receptor agonist with sedative and anxiolytic properties. Increasing evidence reports that DEX has a neuroprotective effect. In this study, we investigated the potential effects of DEX on learning and memory functions in rats with experimental cognitive impairment. In the study, 21 adult male rats were used. The rats were divided into three groups, namely control, Scopolamine (SCOP) and SCOP + DEX. Cognitive impairment was induced with 1 mg/kg SCOP daily for 21 days. DEX was administered at a dose of 10 µg/kg between days 14 and 21 of the experiment. Following the injections, a spatial memory test was performed with a Morris Water Maze (MWM). At the end of the experiment, the hippocampus was dissected. The brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), acetylcholine (ACh) and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) levels were determined by ELISA. The tropomyosin receptor kinase B (TrkB) and Cyclic AMP-Response Element-Binding Protein (CREB) levels were measured by immunohistochemistry. DEX treatment improved the learning performance of rats compared to SCOP for 5 days. However, it did not significantly change memory performance. DEX increased the BDNF and ACh levels in the hippocampus while decreasing the AChE levels. Similarly, DEX treatment significantly increased CREB phosphorylation. No significant difference was observed between the TrkB receptor levels of the groups. This study demonstrated that the role of DEX in reducing SCOP-induced cognitive impairment is partially mediated by the increase in BDNF/TrkB/CREB signaling pathway activity. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feature Paper in Physiology and Pathology: 2nd Edition)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

15 pages, 5394 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Intrauterine Growth Restriction Alters Postnatal Hippocampal Dentate Gyrus Neuron and Microglia Morphology and Cytokine/Chemokine Milieu in Mice

by Frank A. Strnad, Ashley S. Brown, Matthew Wieben, Emilio Cortes-Sanchez, Megan E. Williams and Camille M. Fung

Life 2024, 14(12), 1627; https://doi.org/10.3390/life14121627 - 9 Dec 2024

Viewed by 536

Abstract

Infants born with intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) have up to a five-fold higher risk of learning and memory impairment than those with normal growth. Using a mouse model of hypertensive diseases of pregnancy (HDP) to replicate uteroplacental insufficiency (UPI), we have previously shown [...] Read more.

Infants born with intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) have up to a five-fold higher risk of learning and memory impairment than those with normal growth. Using a mouse model of hypertensive diseases of pregnancy (HDP) to replicate uteroplacental insufficiency (UPI), we have previously shown that UPI causes premature embryonic hippocampal dentate gyrus (DG) neurogenesis in IUGR offspring. The DG is a brain region that receives the first cortical information for memory formation. In the current study, we examined the postnatal DG neuron morphology one month after delivery (P28) using recombinant adeno-associated viral labeling of neurons. We also examined DG microglia’s morphology using immunofluorescent histochemistry and defined the hippocampal cytokine/chemokine milieu using Luminex xMAP technology. We found that IUGR preserved the principal dendrite lengths but decreased the dendritic branching and volume of DG neurons. IUGR augmented DG microglial number and cell size. Lastly, IUGR altered the hippocampal cytokine/chemokine profile in a sex-specific manner. We conclude that the prematurely-generated neuronal progenitors develop abnormal morphologies postnatally in a cell-autonomous manner. Microglia appear to modulate neuronal morphology by interacting with dendrites amidst a complex cytokine/chemokine environment that could ultimately lead to adult learning and memory deficits in our mouse model. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feature Paper in Physiology and Pathology: 2nd Edition)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

26 pages, 11236 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Electroacupuncture Mitigates TRPV1 Overexpression in the Central Nervous System Associated with Fibromyalgia in Mice

by Doan Thi Ngoc Anh and Yi-Wen Lin

Life 2024, 14(12), 1605; https://doi.org/10.3390/life14121605 - 4 Dec 2024

Viewed by 574

Abstract

Background: Fibromyalgia (FM) is characterized by chronic pain, significantly affecting the quality of life and functional capabilities of patients. In addition to pain, patients may experience insomnia, chronic fatigue, depression, anxiety, and headaches, further complicating their overall well-being. The Transient Receptor Potential Vanilloid [...] Read more.

Background: Fibromyalgia (FM) is characterized by chronic pain, significantly affecting the quality of life and functional capabilities of patients. In addition to pain, patients may experience insomnia, chronic fatigue, depression, anxiety, and headaches, further complicating their overall well-being. The Transient Receptor Potential Vanilloid 1 (TRPV1) receptor responds to various noxious stimuli and plays a key role in regulating pain sensitivity and inflammation. Thus, targeting TRPV1 may provide analgesic and anti-inflammatory benefits. This study investigates the efficacy of electroacupuncture (EA) in alleviating chronic pain in FM through TRPV1 and its downstream molecules in the central nervous system (CNS). Methods: To model FM, we subjected mice to intermittent cold stress (ICS) for three days. The study comprised five rodent groups: Control (CON), ICS, ICS + EA, ICS + Sham EA, and ICS + KO (TRPV1 knockout mice). Results: Our findings revealed that ICS induced allodynia and hyperalgesia in mice by day four, persisting until day 21. EA at 2 Hz and TRPV1 KO significantly decreased both mechanical and thermal hypersensitivity (Withdrawal—Day 14: 2.43 ± 0.19 g; Day 21: 5.88 ± 0.47 g, n = 6, p < 0.05; Latency—Day 14: 2.77 ± 0.22 s; Day 21: 5.85 ± 0.41 s, n = 6, p < 0.05). In contrast, sham EA did not produce significant effects. Additionally, TRPV1 and several pain-related proteins were significantly elevated in the thalamus, somatosensory cortex (SSC), medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC), hippocampus, hypothalamus, cerebellum regions V (CB V), VI (CB VI) and VII (CB VII) after the ICS model. Both EA at the ST36 acupoint and TRPV1 KO mice showed diminished overexpression of pain-related proteins, with the sham EA group showing no significant changes compared to the ICS group. Conclusions: Chronic widespread pain was reduced by EA and TRPV1 KO, with the effects of EA on the TRPV1 pain pathway clearly evident in the CNS after 21 days. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feature Paper in Physiology and Pathology: 2nd Edition)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

13 pages, 3981 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Fresh Hemorrhages in Intestinal Resection Margins Are Associated with Unfavorable Clinical Outcomes in Preterm Infants with Necrotizing Enterocolitis with Surgical Intervention

by Ole Schickedanz, Florian Friedmacher, Steffen Gretser, Yannick Braun, Peter Johanes Wild, Udo Rolle and Elise Gradhand

Life 2024, 14(11), 1510; https://doi.org/10.3390/life14111510 - 20 Nov 2024

Viewed by 637

Abstract

Background: Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) is a common disease in premature infants. If conservative treatment does not respond, surgical removal of the necrotic section of bowel is common practice. This study investigates whether there is a correlation between the histopathological findings and the postoperative [...] Read more.

Background: Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) is a common disease in premature infants. If conservative treatment does not respond, surgical removal of the necrotic section of bowel is common practice. This study investigates whether there is a correlation between the histopathological findings and the postoperative clinical course of the children who have undergone surgery. To date, only a few detailed studies on a possible correlation have been published. Methods: The surgical specimens of 49 infants diagnosed with NEC in the years 2010–2019 were re-evaluated. The histologic specimens were examined for tissue viability and hemorrhage of the resection margins, peritonitis or perforation of the central resection segment. The groups were divided according to the clinical outcome: death, postoperative complications and patients without complications. Results: 5 of 49 (10.2%) children died, 22 children (44.9%) required reoperation, while 22 (44.9%) had no complications. Univariate and multivariate analyses showed a significant association between fresh hemorrhage in the resection margins and postoperative outcome. In our data, correlation between the vitality of the resection margins or the extent of necrosis and the postoperative course was not seen. Conclusion: This retrospective study shows a significant correlation between a fresh hematoma in the tissue of the resection margin and the clinical prognosis. Fresh bleeding in the resection margins was associated with increased morbidity with stenosis and possibly another surgical intervention. In contrast, no further correlation was found between the vitality of the tunica mucosae, the tunica muscularis or peritonitis in the resection margin or central part of the NEC specimen and the clinical course. In summary, it can be said that the presence of a fresh hematoma at the resection margin is significantly linked to a poorer clinical outcome for the infants with NEC surgery. Other histopathological findings of the surgical specimen with regard to the clinical course show now significant correlation and, therefore, the histological examination mainly serves the medico-legal documentation and quality assurance of the NEC operation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feature Paper in Physiology and Pathology: 2nd Edition)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

9 pages, 223 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Perioperative Anti-Fibrotic Treatment Prevents Acute Exacerbation of Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis After Lung Cancer Surgery

by Stefano Bongiolatti, Alberto Salvicchi, Elisabetta Rosi, Elena Bargagli, Giovanni Mugnaini, Alessandro Gonfiotti, Federico Lavorini, Paolo Spagnolo, Andrea Dell’Amore, Federico Rea and Luca Voltolini

Life 2024, 14(11), 1506; https://doi.org/10.3390/life14111506 - 19 Nov 2024

Viewed by 663

Abstract

Background: The surgical treatment of concomitant lung cancer in patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis is challenging due to the risk of life-threatening complications such as acute exacerbation development in the perioperative period. Few studies have investigated the role of anti-fibrotic drugs in this [...] Read more.

Background: The surgical treatment of concomitant lung cancer in patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis is challenging due to the risk of life-threatening complications such as acute exacerbation development in the perioperative period. Few studies have investigated the role of anti-fibrotic drugs in this setting. The aim of this multicenter retrospective study was to evaluate the incidence of acute exacerbation, according to Collard, after lung resection in patients affected by concomitant idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis and lung cancer who were or were not on antifibrotic treatment. Secondary outcomes included: 30 and 90-day mortality and an estimation of overall and disease-free survival. Material and Methods: The study population consisted of patients affected by idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis who received curative-intent lung surgery in three Italian academic centers between 2015 and 2022. Patients were divided into two groups based on whether they were on perioperative treatment with anti-fibrotic drugs (chronical or prophylactic use) or not. To define predictors of acute exacerbation, univariate and multivariable exact logistic regression analysis were performed. The Kaplan–Meier method with log-rank test was used to estimate survival. Results: During the study period, n = 55 patients underwent lung resection for lung cancer, including 29 patients who were treated with antifibrotic agents. Although the sample size was small and few events were studied, the incidence of acute exacerbation was significantly lower among patient on anti-fibrotic therapy (3.4% vs. 23.1%, p = 0.044); in addition, anti-fibrotic treatment was the strong factor preventing acute exacerbation at the multivariable analysis (OR 0.089, p = 0.038). Post-operative 30- and 90-day mortality rates were not significantly lower in the anti-fibrotic treatment group (0% and 0% vs. 7.7% and 11.5%, p = 0.21 and p = 0.099, respectively). Overall and disease-free survival rates were similar. Conclusions: Considering the limitations of this retrospective study with a small sample size, anti-fibrotic perioperative treatment was associated with reduced incidence of acute exacerbation. Based on these real-world data, this pathway could be proposed as a prophylactic treatment in patients with concomitant idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis and cancer undergoing lung resection. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feature Paper in Physiology and Pathology: 2nd Edition)

25 pages, 2871 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Immunological Biomarkers in Autism Spectrum Disorder: The Role of TNF-Alpha and Dependent Trends in Serum IL-6 and CXCL8

by Catalina Mihaela Anastasescu, Veronica Gheorman, Eugen-Cristi Stoicanescu, Florica Popescu, Victor Gheorman and Ion Udriștoiu

Life 2024, 14(9), 1201; https://doi.org/10.3390/life14091201 - 22 Sep 2024

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1221

Abstract

Background: Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) has seen a rise in prevalence, and the immune system’s role in brain development is increasingly recognized. This study investigates the relationship between immune dysregulation and ASD by examining serum concentrations of interleukin 6 (IL-6), interleukin 8 (CXCL8), [...] Read more.

Background: Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) has seen a rise in prevalence, and the immune system’s role in brain development is increasingly recognized. This study investigates the relationship between immune dysregulation and ASD by examining serum concentrations of interleukin 6 (IL-6), interleukin 8 (CXCL8), and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) in children. Methods: Serum samples from 45 children with ASD and 30 controls, aged 2 to 12 years, were analyzed using electrochemiluminescence, chemiluminescent microparticle immunoassay, and chemiluminescent immunoassay. ASD symptoms were assessed using the Autism Spectrum Rating Scale (ASRS) and Social Communication Questionnaire (SCQ). Results: No significant correlation was observed between CXCL8 levels and ASD. IL-6 levels showed a trend toward elevation in boys with ASD. TNF-alpha levels were significantly higher in children with ASD under 5 years compared to older children and controls, though no correlation with symptom severity was found. Conclusions: TNF-alpha may be a potential biomarker for early ASD detection, especially in younger children. Further research on larger cohorts is needed to understand the role of immune dysregulation in ASD. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feature Paper in Physiology and Pathology: 2nd Edition)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

11 pages, 349 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Improvement in Body’s Dynamic Adaptation during Walking with Vestibular Rehabilitation Therapy in Patients with Cerebellopontine Angle Tumor Resection

by Natasa Kos, Tomaz Velnar, Marusa Brcar and Marko Brcar

Life 2024, 14(9), 1100; https://doi.org/10.3390/life14091100 - 31 Aug 2024

Viewed by 986

Abstract

Background: Our study aimed to investigate the effects of vestibular rehabilitation therapy on functional gait performance in patients with balance disorders. Methods: A total of 40 post-operative patients with balance disorders were included in the study. They were divided into two groups and [...] Read more.

Background: Our study aimed to investigate the effects of vestibular rehabilitation therapy on functional gait performance in patients with balance disorders. Methods: A total of 40 post-operative patients with balance disorders were included in the study. They were divided into two groups and participated in a vestibular rehabilitation program during their hospital stay. After discharge, the intervention group performed vestibular exercises at home, while the control group did not. Balance was assessed using the Functional Gait Assessment Scale at discharge and three months after surgery. Results: The intervention group included 15 women and 5 men with an average age of 45 years, while the control group included 7 women and 13 men with an average age of 50 years. Three months after surgery, the change in Functional Gait Assessment (FGA) scores exceeded the clinically significant threshold of 5 points in 17 patients in the intervention group and 14 in the control group. There was a statistically significant difference in FGA progression between the groups (p = 0.034). After three months post-surgery, 7 patients in the intervention group experienced falls compared to 12 in the control group. Conclusion: Three months after surgery, we observed a significant improvement in the performance of balance tasks while walking and a lower risk of falls in the intervention group. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feature Paper in Physiology and Pathology: 2nd Edition)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

13 pages, 830 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Single Center Characterization of a Cohort of Salivary Gland Carcinomas

by Ria Winkelmann, Maja Weißgerber, Peter J. Wild, Julia Bein, Maximilian Fleischmann, Melanie Demes, Panagiotis Balermpas, Andreas Loth, Katrin Bankov and Jens von der Grün

Life 2024, 14(9), 1089; https://doi.org/10.3390/life14091089 - 29 Aug 2024

Viewed by 703

Abstract

Salivary gland cancer (SGC) is a rare cancer that can present a diagnostic challenge to pathologists, with emerging, but still limited options for the treatment of recurrent/metastatic disease. We aimed to characterize the cohort of salivary gland cancers in our institute and generate [...] Read more.

Salivary gland cancer (SGC) is a rare cancer that can present a diagnostic challenge to pathologists, with emerging, but still limited options for the treatment of recurrent/metastatic disease. We aimed to characterize the cohort of salivary gland cancers in our institute and generate a tissue microarray (TMA) with clinical data available for immunohistochemical analysis. We extracted the cases of salivary gland cancers in our institute and generated a TMA with 72 patients between 2002 and 2017 with sufficient paraffin block material. Follow-up data were present for all cases. The TMA was stained with three p53 antibodies as well as MSH2, MSH6, PMS2 and MLH1 antibodies. Additionally, we applied fragment analysis based on the Bethesda panel, and the IdyllaTM MSI test to cases with expression loss of any of the mismatch repair proteins (MMR-P) according to our immunohistochemistry (IHC). The investigated cohort shows that pT and pN stage are the only factors independently associated with survival, according to our multivariate analysis (p = 0.037 and p = 0.014). In univariate analysis, risk factors identified in our cohort were also age (p = 0.015), (lympho-) vascular invasion (p = 0.002 and p = 0.003) and risk stratification (p = 0.037). The p53 protein investigated by three antibodies showed no statistically significant association with survival or other tumor characteristics in the investigated cohort. According to MMR-P IHC, six cases of SGC showed an aberrant IHC phenotype. Additional IdyllaTM MSI test and fragment length analysis failed to confirm microsatellite instability. The pT and pN stage are the most important factors for survival in our cohort. In our cohort, antibodies directed against the protein p53 did not contribute to clinical decision-making and were not correlated with any known clinical characteristics. MSI appears to be insignificant in SGCs. Larger cohorts are needed for verification. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feature Paper in Physiology and Pathology: 2nd Edition)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

9 pages, 1500 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Salivary Gland Sonography in Patients with Primary Fibromyalgia—A Pilot Study

by Ching-Tsai Lin, Der-Yuan Chen, Yi-Hsing Chen, Chien-Chen Lai and Kuo-Tung Tang

Life 2024, 14(8), 1043; https://doi.org/10.3390/life14081043 - 22 Aug 2024

Viewed by 826

Abstract

Primary Sjogren’s syndrome (pSS) is often concomitant with fibromyalgia (FM). Salivary gland sonography aids in the diagnosis of pSS. We aimed to discover, in primary FM patients, the presence of pSS in undiagnosed patients through salivary gland sonography. We prospectively recruited 42 primary [...] Read more.

Primary Sjogren’s syndrome (pSS) is often concomitant with fibromyalgia (FM). Salivary gland sonography aids in the diagnosis of pSS. We aimed to discover, in primary FM patients, the presence of pSS in undiagnosed patients through salivary gland sonography. We prospectively recruited 42 primary FM patients. FM symptoms were evaluated based on the revised Fibromyalgia Impact Questionnaire (FIQR). Salivary gland sonography was performed. Patients with positive findings underwent salivary gland biopsy. Comparisons were undertaken using the Mann–Whitney U tests and Chi-squared test. In primary FM patients, the prevalence of dry eye was 83%, and dry mouth was 90%. The salivary gland sonographic score did not differ between patients with and without dry eye/mouth. One patient with a positive finding at salivary gland sonography had a positive result of salivary gland biopsy. In the other four patients who received salivary gland biopsy, despite negative findings in salivary gland sonography, only one had a positive result of salivary gland biopsy. To be noted, scores evaluated by salivary gland sonography were negatively associated with levels of pain (rho = −0.360, p= 0.023) and levels of sleep quality (rho = −0.447, p = 0.004). Our pilot study demonstrated the potential of salivary gland biopsy in detecting undiagnosed pSS in primary FM patients. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feature Paper in Physiology and Pathology: 2nd Edition)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

13 pages, 1317 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Comparative Effects of Fatiguing Exercise on Anticipatory and Compensatory Postural Adjustments between Trained and Untrained Individuals

by Hui Lyu, Xueying Cao and Jian Wang

Life 2024, 14(8), 943; https://doi.org/10.3390/life14080943 - 28 Jul 2024

Viewed by 840

Abstract

This study evaluates the effects of general fatiguing exercises on anticipatory postural adjustments (APAs), compensatory postural adjustments (CPAs), and standing stability between 18 individuals with comprehensive training experience (TR) and 18 untrained individuals (UT). Assessments were conducted before and after a 20-min fatiguing [...] Read more.

This study evaluates the effects of general fatiguing exercises on anticipatory postural adjustments (APAs), compensatory postural adjustments (CPAs), and standing stability between 18 individuals with comprehensive training experience (TR) and 18 untrained individuals (UT). Assessments were conducted before and after a 20-min fatiguing exercise using surface electromyography and a force platform during self-initiated perturbation and postural stability tests. Key findings include that, irrespective of fatigue, the APAs onsets in the TrA/IO (p = 0.004), LMF (PRE p = 0.003, POST p < 0.001), and ST (PRE p = 0.001, POST p = 0.006) muscles activated earlier in the TR group than in the UT group. Additionally, the APA co-contraction indices of the TrA/IO-LMF (PRE p = 0.011, POST p = 0.029), TrA/IO-ST (p = 0.014), and LMF-ST (PRE p = 0.002, POST p = 0.005) muscle pairs were higher in the TR group. After fatigue, the UT group significantly increased CPA co-contraction indices for the TrA/IO-LMF (p = 0.035) and LMF-ST (p = 0.005) muscle pairs. This research highlights the importance of comprehensive training in facilitating feedforward control strategies, particularly for individuals facing challenging postural conditions, such as fatigue or disturbances. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feature Paper in Physiology and Pathology: 2nd Edition)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

Review

Jump to: Research, Other

18 pages, 2504 KiB

Open AccessReview

Exploring the Functionality of the Krüppel-like Factors in Kidney Development, Metabolism, and Diseases

by Itzel S. Salmon-Cabrales, David A. de la Garza-Kalife, Gabriel García-González, Ana E. Estrada-Rodríguez, Marco Antonio Jiménez-Gutiérrez, Michelle G. Santoyo-Suárez, Oscar Rodríguez-Núñez, Elsa N. Garza-Treviño, Diego F. Benítez-Chao, Gerardo R. Padilla-Rivas and Jose Francisco Islas

Life 2024, 14(12), 1671; https://doi.org/10.3390/life14121671 - 17 Dec 2024

Viewed by 358

Abstract

The kidneys contribute to the overall health of an organism by maintaining systemic homeostasis. This process involves various biological mechanisms, in which the Krüppel-like factors (KLFs), a family of transcription factors, are essential for regulating development, differentiation, proliferation, and cellular apoptosis. They also [...] Read more.

The kidneys contribute to the overall health of an organism by maintaining systemic homeostasis. This process involves various biological mechanisms, in which the Krüppel-like factors (KLFs), a family of transcription factors, are essential for regulating development, differentiation, proliferation, and cellular apoptosis. They also play a role in the metabolic regulation of essential nutrients, such as glucose and lipids. The dysregulation of these transcription factors is associated with the development of various pathologies, which can ultimately lead to renal fibrosis, severely compromising kidney function. In this context, the present article provides a comprehensive review of the existing literature, offering an enriching analysis of the findings related to the role of KLFs in nephrology, while also highlighting their potential therapeutic role in the treatment of renal diseases. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feature Paper in Physiology and Pathology: 2nd Edition)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

13 pages, 542 KiB

Open AccessReview

Mental Manifestations and Biomarkers of Alcohol Consumption

by Ana-Maria Sarpe (Paduraru), Cristina Dodul, Emil-Andrei Vlase, Cristian Onișor, Elena Niculet, Octavian Catalin Ciobotaru and Eduard Polea Drima

Life 2024, 14(7), 873; https://doi.org/10.3390/life14070873 - 12 Jul 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1179

Abstract

The purpose of this study is to examine healthcare usage, morbidities, and alcohol consumption monitoring in patients before a diagnosis of mental manifestations to assist in the early identification of individuals at risk. Biological markers of alcoholism are separated into two groups: those [...] Read more.

The purpose of this study is to examine healthcare usage, morbidities, and alcohol consumption monitoring in patients before a diagnosis of mental manifestations to assist in the early identification of individuals at risk. Biological markers of alcoholism are separated into two groups: those biological variables that highlight with great confidence and validate the presence of a predisposition to alcoholism, also called trait markers, or those that highlight alcohol consumption, called markers of alcoholism (“status markers”). Biomarkers are the true “gold standard” for the diagnosis of alcoholism. They are valuable for tracking evolution and progress during biological and psychological therapy and for highlighting relapse. This review compiles the existing data from research on healthcare utilization, comorbidities, and alcohol consumption monitoring in patients before a diagnosis of mental manifestations to aid in the early identification of individuals at risk. This documentary study took place over three to four months by searching for terms on the Science Direct platform, PubMed, Web of Science, and Google Scholar such as alcoholism, alcohol use disorders, alcohol abuse, and biomarkers. Studies reporting on the development, characteristics, and utilization of blood biomarkers for alcohol consumption were included in the search. The initial search included a number of 11.019 articles that contained the keywords biomarkers and alcohol. Finally, a total of 50 research articles were considered. I am involved in clinical studies, meta-analyses, reviews, and case studies regarding alcohol consumption detection, as well as potential alcohol markers. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feature Paper in Physiology and Pathology: 2nd Edition)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

Other

Jump to: Research, Review

14 pages, 2414 KiB

Open AccessSystematic Review

Effects of High-Intensity Interval Training on Blood Pressure Levels in Hypertensive Patients: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Clinical Trials

by Luis Romero-Vera, David Ulloa-Díaz, Sergio Araya-Sierralta, Francisco Guede-Rojas, Oscar Andrades-Ramírez, Claudio Carvajal-Parodi, Gustavo Muñoz-Bustos, María Matamala-Aguilera and Darío Martínez-García

Life 2024, 14(12), 1661; https://doi.org/10.3390/life14121661 - 14 Dec 2024

Viewed by 578

Abstract

Objective: This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to (I) evaluate the evidence on the effects of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) on systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) in hypertensive patients; (II) determine whether HIIT impacts SBP and DBP differently; and [...] Read more.

Objective: This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to (I) evaluate the evidence on the effects of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) on systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) in hypertensive patients; (II) determine whether HIIT impacts SBP and DBP differently; and (III) assess the clinical relevance of these effects. Methods: A comprehensive search was conducted across multiple electronic databases, resulting in the inclusion of seven randomized clinical trials in the meta-analysis. The outcomes were analyzed using random-effects models to compute mean differences (MD) and standardized mean differences (SMD) for SBP and DBP. Results: A small reduction in SBP was observed with HIIT interventions (MD −3.00; 95% CI −4.61 to −1.39; p < 0.0001; SMD −0.28; 95% CI −0.42 to −0.13; p = 0.0003). However, no statistically significant reductions were detected for DBP (MD −0.70; 95% CI −1.80 to 0.39; p = 0.21; SMD −0.07; 95% CI −0.22 to 0.08; p = 0.35). Despite demonstrating statistical significance for SBP, the effects did not reach clinical relevance. Conclusions: HIIT interventions yield small reductions in SBP, with minimal impact on DBP. These findings suggest limited clinical relevance in the management of hypertension. Further randomized controlled trials are necessary to standardize HIIT protocols, with specific emphasis on intensity control and manipulation, to better understand their potential role in hypertensive populations. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feature Paper in Physiology and Pathology: 2nd Edition)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

13 pages, 5017 KiB

Open AccessEssay

The “Culture” of Organs: A Holistic Theory on the Origins of the Cancer Tissue Environment

by Robert D. Rehnke

Life 2024, 14(12), 1622; https://doi.org/10.3390/life14121622 - 7 Dec 2024

Viewed by 524

Abstract

For over a century, the somatic gene mutation theory of cancer has been a scientific orthodoxy. The recent failures of causal explanations using this theory and the lack of significant progress in addressing the cancer problem medically have led to a new competition [...] Read more.

For over a century, the somatic gene mutation theory of cancer has been a scientific orthodoxy. The recent failures of causal explanations using this theory and the lack of significant progress in addressing the cancer problem medically have led to a new competition of ideas about just what cancer is. This essay presents an alternative view of cancer as a developmental process gone wrong. More specifically, cancer is a breakdown in the autopoietic process of organ maintenance and the multicellular coordination of tissues. Breast cancer is viewed through a systems science perspective as an example of the importance of framing one’s theoretical assumptions before making empirical judgments. Finally, a new understanding of the histoarchitecture of the interstitium is presented as a first principle of cancer: a process of cells coming from cells, invading the space between cells. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feature Paper in Physiology and Pathology: 2nd Edition)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

18 pages, 1680 KiB

Open AccessSystematic Review

Glucagon, Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Steatotic Liver Disease and Amino Acids in Humans and Animals without Diabetes Mellitus—An Evidence Map

by Katharina Maruszczak, Pia Koren, Konrad Radzikowski, Thomas Pixner, Malte Palm Suppli, Nicolai J. Wewer Albrechtsen, Daniel Weghuber and Gabriel Torbahn

Life 2024, 14(10), 1292; https://doi.org/10.3390/life14101292 - 12 Oct 2024

Viewed by 1189

Abstract

Introduction: Health systems are confronted with not only the growing worldwide childhood obesity epidemic but also associated comorbidities. These subsequently cause variations in distinct metabolic pathways, leading to metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD). The aim of this evidence map is to systematically [...] Read more.

Introduction: Health systems are confronted with not only the growing worldwide childhood obesity epidemic but also associated comorbidities. These subsequently cause variations in distinct metabolic pathways, leading to metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD). The aim of this evidence map is to systematically evaluate the evidence and to identify research gaps on glucagon-induced amino acid (AA) turnover and its metabolic interaction with MASLD. Methodology: A systematic literature search was conducted up to April 2023 in three electronic databases. Studies were required to include at least two of the main research areas, glucagon, AA metabolism and MASLD. Two independent reviewers screened titles and abstracts according to prespecified eligibility criteria, as well as full-text articles. Results are summarized in tables stratified by human and animal studies and study population age. Results: Thirty-four references were ultimately included. The publication years dated back to 1965 showed a great increase from 2012 to 2023. In total, there were 19 animal studies and 15 human studies. Among the human studies, except for two studies in adolescents, all the studies were conducted in adults. In human studies, the methods used to evaluate metabolic changes differed among hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp and oral glucose tolerance tests. Thirteen studies focused on the metabolic effects of MASLD, while only two studies explored the interaction between MASLD, glucagon and AA metabolism in humans. The other 19 studies focused on metabolomics, beta cell function or just one topic of a research area and not on interactions between one another. Conclusion: Research on the interaction between MASLD, glucagon and AA metabolism in humans is sparse and complete lacking in pediatrics. Furthermore, longitudinal studies with a focus on hyperglucagonemia independent of diabetes but related to MASLD present an unambiguous research gap. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feature Paper in Physiology and Pathology: 2nd Edition)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

Journal Menu

Journal Browser

Feature Paper in Physiology and Pathology: 2nd Edition

Share This Special Issue

Special Issue Editors

Special Issue Information

Keywords

Benefits of Publishing in a Special Issue

Related Special Issue

Published Papers (15 papers)

Research

Review

Other

Further Information

Guidelines

MDPI Initiatives

Follow MDPI