Sustainability

25 pages, 5958 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Characterization of Energy Profile and Load Flexibility in Regional Water Utilities for Cost Reduction and Sustainable Development

by B. M. Ruhul Amin, Rakibuzzaman Shah, Suryani Lim, Tanveer Choudhury and Andrew Barton

Sustainability 2025, 17(8), 3364; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17083364 - 9 Apr 2025

Viewed by 310

Abstract

Water utilities use a significant amount of electrical energy due to the rising demand for wastewater treatment driven by environmental and economic reasons. The growing demand for energy, rising energy costs, and the drive toward achieving net-zero emissions require a sustainable energy future [...] Read more.

Water utilities use a significant amount of electrical energy due to the rising demand for wastewater treatment driven by environmental and economic reasons. The growing demand for energy, rising energy costs, and the drive toward achieving net-zero emissions require a sustainable energy future for the water industry. This can be achieved by integrating onsite renewable energy sources (RESs), energy storage, demand management, and participation in demand response (DR) programs. This paper analyzes the energy profile and load flexibility of water utilities using a data-driven approach to reduce energy costs by leveraging RESs for regional water utilities. It also assesses the potential for DR participation across different types of water utilities, considering peak-load shifting and battery storage installations. Given the increasing frequency of extreme weather events, such as bushfires, heatwaves, droughts, and prolonged cold and wet season floods, regional water industries in Australia serve as a relevant case study of sectors already impacted by these challenges. First, the data characteristics across the water and energy components of regional water industries are analyzed. Next, barriers and challenges in data acquisition and processing in water industries are identified and recommendations are made for improving data coordination (interoperability) to enable the use of a single platform for identifying DR opportunities. Finally, the energy profile and load flexibility of regional water industries are examined to evaluate onsite generation and battery storage options for participating in DR operations. Operational data from four regional sites across two regional Australian water utilities are used in this study. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Enhancing Sustainability Through Power System Flexibility, Smart Grids, and Energy Digitalization)

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20 pages, 12622 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Settlement Expansion Versus Environmental Protection: Ecosystem Services for Environmental Regulation Planning in Izmir, Turkiye

by Esra Kut Görgün and Stefano Salata

Sustainability 2025, 17(7), 3237; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17073237 - 5 Apr 2025

Viewed by 379

Abstract

Land use and planning decisions, such as the designation of urban development areas, have a significant impact on ecosystem services (Ess). In urban planning, it is essential to consider the environmental values of ecosystem services when determining urban development zones. Spatial analyses play [...] Read more.

Land use and planning decisions, such as the designation of urban development areas, have a significant impact on ecosystem services (Ess). In urban planning, it is essential to consider the environmental values of ecosystem services when determining urban development zones. Spatial analyses play a crucial role in guiding decision-making processes by balancing environmental value and urban expansion. This study aims to identify areas of alignment or conflict between environmental values derived from ecosystem services and settlement expansion zones according to the Environmental Regulation Plan in the Izmir metropolitan area. The study employs the InVEST^® (Integrated Valuation of Ecosystem Services and Trade-offs) model and Geographic Information Systems (GIS) to map ecosystem services. Environmental values derived from ecosystem services, such as habitat quality, carbon storage and sequestration, and sediment delivery ratio, were analyzed. The results demonstrate a trade-off between high environmental values and settlement expansion zones. The five largest conflict areas with high environmental value are located near the coast and were converted from shrubland and forest areas. This study underscores the importance of identifying and prioritizing conservation sites with high composite environmental value. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Land Management: Urban Planning and Land Use)

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33 pages, 1969 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Collaborative Adaptive Management in the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem: A Rangeland Living Laboratory at the US Sheep Experiment Station

by Hailey Wilmer, Jonathan Spiess, Patrick E. Clark, Michelle Anderson, Amira Burns, Arica Crootof, Lily Fanok, Tracy Hruska, Bruce J. Mincher, Ryan S. Miller, William Munger, Christian J. Posbergh, Carrie S. Wilson, Eric Winford, Jessica Windh, Nicole Strong, Marlen Eve and J. Bret Taylor

Sustainability 2025, 17(7), 3086; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17073086 - 31 Mar 2025

Viewed by 630

Abstract

Social conflict over rangeland-use priorities, especially near protected areas, has long pitted environmental and biodiversity conservation interests against livestock livelihoods. Social–ecological conflict limits management adaptation and creativity while reinforcing social and disciplinary divisions. It can also reduce rancher access to land and negatively [...] Read more.

Social conflict over rangeland-use priorities, especially near protected areas, has long pitted environmental and biodiversity conservation interests against livestock livelihoods. Social–ecological conflict limits management adaptation and creativity while reinforcing social and disciplinary divisions. It can also reduce rancher access to land and negatively affect wildlife conservation. Communities increasingly expect research organizations to address complex social dynamics to improve opportunities for multiple ecosystem service delivery on rangelands. In the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem (GYE), an area of the western US, long-standing disagreements among actors who argue for the use of the land for livestock and those who prioritize wildlife are limiting conservation and ranching livelihoods. Researchers at the USDA-ARS US Sheep Experiment Station (USSES) along with University and societal partners are responding to these challenges using a collaborative adaptive management (CAM) methodology. The USSES Rangeland Collaboratory is a living laboratory project leveraging the resources of a federal range sheep research ranch operating across sagebrush steppe ecosystems in Clark County, Idaho, and montane/subalpine landscapes in Beaverhead County, Montana. The project places stakeholders, including ranchers, conservation groups, and government land managers, in the decision-making seat for a participatory case study. This involves adaptive management planning related to grazing and livestock–wildlife management decisions for two ranch-scale rangeland management scenarios, one modeled after a traditional range sheep operation and the second, a more intensified operation with no use of summer ranges. We discuss the extent to which the CAM approach creates opportunities for multi-directional learning among participants and evaluate trade-offs among preferred management systems through participatory ranch-scale grazing research. In a complex system where the needs and goals of various actors are misaligned across spatiotemporal, disciplinary, and social–ecological scales, CAM creates a structure and methods to focus on social learning and land management knowledge creation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Sustainable Management)

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32 pages, 5388 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

The Effect of Long-Term Soil System Use and Diversified Fertilization on the Sustainability of the Soil Fertility—Organic Matter and Selected Trace Elements

by Agnieszka Andrzejewska and Maria Biber

Sustainability 2025, 17(7), 2907; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17072907 - 25 Mar 2025

Viewed by 317

Abstract

It has been assumed that the long-term impact of a diversified soil use system (SUS) and the continuous application of manure and/or mineral fertilizers (NPK) affects the sustainability of soil fertility components. This influence is manifested through the content and distribution of nutrients, [...] Read more.

It has been assumed that the long-term impact of a diversified soil use system (SUS) and the continuous application of manure and/or mineral fertilizers (NPK) affects the sustainability of soil fertility components. This influence is manifested through the content and distribution of nutrients, as well as some bioavailable heavy metals in the soil. This hypothesis was verified in 2022 in a long-term field experiment that started in 1957. It consisted of a seven-course crop rotation: potato–spring barley–winter triticale–alfalfa–alfalfa–winter wheat–winter rye and monocultures of these crops plus black fallow. The studies were carried out on three separate fields: black fallow (BF), winter wheat grown in monoculture (WW-MO), and crop rotation (WW-CR). Each of these experimental objects consists of five fertilizer variants (FVs) fertilized in the same way every year: absolute control (AC)—variant without fertilizers for 75 years; farmyard manure—FM; mineral fertilizers—NPK; mixed variant—NPK + FM; mineral fertilizers plus annually applied lime—NPK + L. The second factor was the soil layer: 0.0–0.3 m, 0.3–0.6 m, or 0.6–0.9 m. The obtained results clearly indicate that long-term fertilization with NPK + FM, especially in rotation with legumes, strengthens the eluviation/illuviation processes, decreasing the sustainability of soil fertility. Liming is a factor stabilizing the content and distribution of silt and clay particles in the soil. The key factor determining the content and distribution of micronutrients and heavy metals in the soil was the content of organic carbon (C_org). Its content decreased in the following order: WW-CR (13.2 ± 5.8) ≥ WW-MO (12.3 ± 6.9) > BF (6.6 ± 2.8 g·kg⁻¹). The large variability resulted from a distribution trend with soil depth, which increased as follows: MO ≥ CR > BF. FVs with FM had the highest C_org content. NPK, regardless of the long-term soil use system (SUS), had the lowest content. Among the elements studied, the key one impacting the content of both micronutrients and heavy metals was iron (Fe). The Fe content decreased in the order BL (100%) > WW-MO (90.5%) > WW-CR (85%). The opposite tendency was found for the remaining elements, the content of which was consistent with the content of C_org, which was the highest in CR. The strongest impact of Fe, modified by the SUS, was found for Zn, Pb, and Cd. Despite the differences observed between SUSs, fertilization variants, and soil layers, the content of Fe and Mn was in the medium class, while Zn and Cu were in the high class of availability. The content of Ni was the highest for NPK + FM in WW-CR. The content of Pb was weakly affected by the long-term SUS but showed a strong tendency for accumulation in the topsoil layer. The content of Cd was the highest in BF, where it exceeded the threshold of 0.27 mg·kg⁻¹. The long-term diversified SUS, as the main factor determining the sustainability of soil fertility, makes it possible to indicate the directions of humus accumulation and its distribution in the soil. It turned out to be a key factor, but in cooperation with Fe, it determined the content of micronutrients and bioavailable heavy metals in the soil. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainability of the Agricultural System and Agro-Ecological Environment)

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13 pages, 696 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Grassland-Based Farming Systems Targeting Agroecology: Which Indicators Should Be Used for On-Farm Assessment?

by Elena Benedetti del Rio, Audrey Michaud, Gilles Brunschwig and Enrico Sturaro

Sustainability 2025, 17(6), 2720; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17062720 - 19 Mar 2025

Viewed by 240

Abstract

This study investigates grassland-based farming systems within the framework of agroecology (AE), focusing on the identification of relevant indicators for on-farm assessment. The purpose of this research is to test indicator compliance with AE at the farming system level in grassland farms, particularly [...] Read more.

This study investigates grassland-based farming systems within the framework of agroecology (AE), focusing on the identification of relevant indicators for on-farm assessment. The purpose of this research is to test indicator compliance with AE at the farming system level in grassland farms, particularly in High-Nature-Value (HNV) areas. Seventeen farms in France and Italy were selected for this study, and data were collected through semi-structured interviews. These interviews explored various indicators across environmental, economic, and social dimensions. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) was employed to analyze the quantitative indicators, while qualitative data offered insights into farm management and learning practices. The results highlighted the importance of forage self-sufficiency (livestock production dimension) and revenue (economic dimension) as key indicators of successful agroecological management. The study also found that increasing forage self-sufficiency was linked to higher farmer satisfaction, an indicator related to the social dimension. Additionally, qualitative data underscored the significance of self-sufficiency, workload management, and social interaction and continuous learning as critical elements in grassland-based farming. In conclusion, this research proposes self-sufficiency as an indicator that can facilitate the assessment of grassland-based systems, aiding in the broader adoption of agroecological practices in compliance with European policies. Full article

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23 pages, 5608 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Electricity Access Linkages to Sustainable Development Goals in Rural Sudan

by Ayah Mohammed, Patrick James and AbuBakr Bahaj

Sustainability 2025, 17(6), 2441; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17062441 - 11 Mar 2025

Viewed by 457

Abstract

This paper investigates the impact of a lack of electricity services on social and economic development in the context of patriarchal, rural Sudan. Quantitative data were gathered from key informant interviews in four rural villages across three different states (n = 240). Not [...] Read more.

This paper investigates the impact of a lack of electricity services on social and economic development in the context of patriarchal, rural Sudan. Quantitative data were gathered from key informant interviews in four rural villages across three different states (n = 240). Not having access to electricity adversely affects four main variables: (i) health, (ii) education, (iii) gender equality, and (iv) income generation. A multiple logistic regression model assessed school attendance of all boys or girls in a household as a function of declared household income, survey respondent education level, number of children, number of hours per day of household chores, and hours per day of biomass collection (a task that girls usually undertake). Boys are observed to be more likely to attend school than girls regardless of household income; their attendance likelihood increases with the number of children in the household (which we attribute to the greater likelihood of girls being in a household to undertake tasks). Increased biomass collection time is seen to increase the likelihood of boys’ attendance to school as this is typically seen as a female task. Girls are primarily required to undertake chores which reduces school attendance. Girls’ attendance also appears dependent on a higher household income (Odds Ratio 1.24, p value 0.052). The likelihood of attendance at school for each additional hour of required household chores was reduced by 22% for boys and 10% for girls. In relation to accessing health services, (traditional vs. modern), we observed no influence of household income suggesting social norms play a strong role here. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Energy Sustainability)

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23 pages, 3770 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Valorisation of Limestone in Sustainable Cements

by Elisa Blasi, Alessandra Mobili, Eldho Choorackal, Francesca Tittarelli and Davide Garufi

Sustainability 2025, 17(6), 2402; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17062402 - 10 Mar 2025

Viewed by 542

Abstract

This study investigates the development of two sustainable cements, CEM II/B-LL and CEM VI, in accordance with the UNI EN 197-1 and 197-5 standards. CEM II/B-LL was produced by replacing Portland cement with limestone (LS) at varying dosages (0%, 15%, 25%, and 35% [...] Read more.

This study investigates the development of two sustainable cements, CEM II/B-LL and CEM VI, in accordance with the UNI EN 197-1 and 197-5 standards. CEM II/B-LL was produced by replacing Portland cement with limestone (LS) at varying dosages (0%, 15%, 25%, and 35% by mass), and CEM VI was made by substituting blast furnace slag with limestone at different levels (0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, and 40% by mass). The results show that both binders are classified as structural cements. LS substitution increases the setting time of CEM II/B-LL but does not significantly affect the setting time of CEM VI. When cured at low temperatures (10 °C), CEM VI mortars retain their mechanical properties even at high LS levels, making them particularly suitable for cold climates. Mortar properties such as total porosity and capillary water absorption increase with LS content, with CEM VI exhibiting lower sensitivity to LS additions. Free shrinkage in CEM II/B-LL mortars decreases with LS content, whereas in CEM VI mortars, it initially increases with up to 20% LS and then decreases at higher LS levels (30–40%). Restrained shrinkage is also lower in CEM VI than in CEM II/B-LL. The Global Warming Potential (GWP) of CEM II/B-LL decreases significantly with increased LS content, whereas in CEM VI, it remains almost constant up to a 40% substitution. However, CEM VI demonstrates a 50% lower environmental impact compared to CEM II/B-LL, underscoring its superior sustainability. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Sustainable Materials)

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22 pages, 7151 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Soil Nematodes as an Indicator of the Efficiency of Hydrophytic Treatment Plants with Vertical Wastewater Flow

by Magdalena Bagińska, Tomasz Warężak, Wacław Romaniuk, Dawid Kozacki, Zbigniew Skibko, Andrzej Borusiewicz and Jarosław Dąbrowski

Sustainability 2025, 17(3), 1329; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17031329 - 6 Feb 2025

Viewed by 725

Abstract

This paper presents the role of soil nematodes as bio-indicators of the functioning of soil-plant beds in hydrophytic vertical-flow constructed wetland (VFCW) wastewater treatment plants. This study aimed to determine the abundance and trophic composition of nematode populations in seven soil-plant beds, the [...] Read more.

This paper presents the role of soil nematodes as bio-indicators of the functioning of soil-plant beds in hydrophytic vertical-flow constructed wetland (VFCW) wastewater treatment plants. This study aimed to determine the abundance and trophic composition of nematode populations in seven soil-plant beds, the third component of plant-based wastewater treatment plants designed as Nature-Based Solutions (NBSs), in line with blue–green infrastructure and the closed-loop economy. The technology of this type of treatment plant is also in line with the idea of sustainability due to the very low energy requirements of the wastewater treatment system. In addition, soil nematodes were analysed in the soil adjacent to the WWTPs to assess the differences in trophic structure between these environments. The average nematode abundance in the soil-plant beds ranged from 606,000 [N·m⁻²] to 1,982,000 [N·m⁻²], with bacterivorous nematodes being the most abundant trophic group (61–73% of the population). This study’s results confirmed that soil-plant beds are abundantly populated by bacteria participating in key organic matter decomposition processes and nitrogen and phosphorus compound transformations, contributing to adequate wastewater treatment. The dominance of bacterivorous nematodes indicates a practical support of physicochemical and biological processes that reduce pollutant concentrations and eliminate pathogenic bacteria flowing into the deposits with the wastewater. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Energy Sustainability)

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19 pages, 290 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Changes in Farm Production in the Context of Overinvestment: A Case Study from Poland

by Jagoda Zmyślona, Arkadiusz Sadowski and Izabela Kurzawa

Sustainability 2025, 17(3), 1288; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17031288 - 5 Feb 2025

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 499

Abstract

Investments are the development core of every economic operator and the driving force for national economic development. While finding the optimal investment point is extremely difficult, every operator may seek to attain a level of fixed assets which allows them to maintain an [...] Read more.

Investments are the development core of every economic operator and the driving force for national economic development. While finding the optimal investment point is extremely difficult, every operator may seek to attain a level of fixed assets which allows them to maintain an increase in production and keep their income flowing. The difficulties in finding this optimum may lead to overinvestment. Hence, this paper estimates the parameters of the production function at various investment levels. Its purpose is to identify the relationship between the investment levels, the use of productive inputs, and growth or decline in production (output) levels. This study used microdata for 3273 Polish farms, as retrieved from the FADN (Farm Accountancy Data Network). The differences found at various farm investment levels allow for highlighting some problematic areas, e.g., in the context of excessive capital use relative to yearly increments in production values. The proposed method of analyzing overinvestment based on the production function can be extended to other countries. According to this paper, farms that invested too little or too much in relation to their production potential showed the worst economic performances, including the greatest declines in production. Full article

23 pages, 251 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Renewable Energy and Socio-Economic Transformation: Three Case Studies

by Eleonora Santos

Sustainability 2025, 17(3), 1196; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17031196 - 1 Feb 2025

Viewed by 1034

Abstract

Portugal’s renewable energy transition plays a pivotal role in addressing climate change, enhancing energy security, and promoting sustainable development. This study examines the socio-economic impacts of renewable energy policies in Portugal from 2014 to 2022, with a focus on financial performance, employment trends, [...] Read more.

Portugal’s renewable energy transition plays a pivotal role in addressing climate change, enhancing energy security, and promoting sustainable development. This study examines the socio-economic impacts of renewable energy policies in Portugal from 2014 to 2022, with a focus on financial performance, employment trends, and gender equity. Utilizing financial assessments from the Orbis database and input–output analysis, the research examines three companies—EDP, E-Redes, and Logical Gravity—classified under NACE Rev. 2 code 3513. The study finds that investments in renewable energy improved profitability and solvency, especially during recovery phases, reflecting the sector’s financial resilience. Larger firms like EDP experienced employment growth, while smaller firms faced more volatility, highlighting the need for targeted support. Despite progress, gender disparities and pay gaps persist, underscoring the need for gender-sensitive policies. This research provides valuable insights for policymakers seeking to ensure a just and sustainable energy transition, emphasizing strategic investments, workforce adaptation, and inclusivity. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Achieving Carbon Neutrality: Recent Progress of Sustainable Energy Economic, Energy Policy and Energy Transition)

30 pages, 3139 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Integrated Water Resources Management for Implementing Sustainable Energy Development—Challenges and Perspectives in Poland

by Monika Bryła, Iwona Zdralewicz, Iwona Lejcuś, Katarzyna Kraj, Grzegorz Dumieński, Tamara Tokarczyk and Tomasz Walczykiewicz

Sustainability 2025, 17(3), 1169; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17031169 - 31 Jan 2025

Viewed by 964

Abstract

Climate change causes a problem for the energy system in Poland, which is based on the availability of water resources throughout the year. In situations of water scarcity resulting from increased demand or due to water deficits caused by the phenomenon of drought, [...] Read more.

Climate change causes a problem for the energy system in Poland, which is based on the availability of water resources throughout the year. In situations of water scarcity resulting from increased demand or due to water deficits caused by the phenomenon of drought, it is necessary to develop efficient management methods that take into account the needs of all stakeholders and obtaining approval for new investments. The principles of Integrated Water Resources Management (IWRM) enable this efficiency to be achieved. The research used 51 questions in 3 surveys to assess the potential for IWRM implementation in 3 catchments located in an area of southern and south-western Poland with different topography, regional and socio-economic characteristics, i.e., the Białka (tourism domination), the Nysa Kłodzka (potential for hydropower) and the Widawa (lowland character). In order to interpret the results, the author’s method of grouping survey questions from different sources was applied. The results of the study showed that there is considerable social potential and willingness to develop cooperation between different stakeholder groups but there are barriers related to the state of knowledge and its transfer between stakeholders. It is important not to ignore the stakeholders whose resistance can effectively delay investment processes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Integrated Regional Energy Planning towards Sustainable Development)

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18 pages, 2581 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Mitigating Land Degradation Through Sustainable Urban Landscapes Planning

by Erica Maria Lovello, Donatella Valente and Irene Petrosillo

Sustainability 2025, 17(3), 967; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17030967 - 24 Jan 2025

Viewed by 674

Abstract

Land-take leads to the loss of natural and semi-natural areas. The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development highlights the important role played by land-take and degradation mitigation to promote sustainable cities. This research aims to assess (1) the temporal dynamics of land-take and land [...] Read more.

Land-take leads to the loss of natural and semi-natural areas. The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development highlights the important role played by land-take and degradation mitigation to promote sustainable cities. This research aims to assess (1) the temporal dynamics of land-take and land degradation, (2) their spatial configuration, and (3) their ecological effects in three Italian urban landscapes. Spatial analyses from 2006 to 2022 reveal a significant urban sprawl, with an increase in land-take across all municipalities, with the highest land-take per capita in Nardò, higher than the national value. The land-take patterns showed the highest aggregation in Galatone, the smallest municipality. This municipality showed the highest percentage of degraded land (60% of the total area), followed by Lecce (about 47%) and then Nardò (about 42%), where it is possible to notice several areas of improvements (743 ha) scattered throughout the landscape. Degraded areas have increasingly impacted natural areas (25% in Lecce, 22% in Galatone, and 10% in Nardò). The results are discussed in terms of methodology limitations and policy-making implications, highlighting the important role of tools like Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA) in assessing the coherence of landscape plans with sustainable development targets. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Environmental Sustainability and Applications)

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22 pages, 2686 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Dynamic Shear Properties of Recycled Combustion Slag, a Sustainable Material, in Road Construction

by Katarzyna Gabryś

Sustainability 2025, 17(3), 926; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17030926 - 23 Jan 2025

Viewed by 815

Abstract

Solid waste recycling challenges civil and environmental engineers to use waste from different industries to exceed sustainable development while meeting current material costs. Combustion slag (CS) is the material resulting from the combustion of hard coal in pulverized coal boilers. It is removed [...] Read more.

Solid waste recycling challenges civil and environmental engineers to use waste from different industries to exceed sustainable development while meeting current material costs. Combustion slag (CS) is the material resulting from the combustion of hard coal in pulverized coal boilers. It is removed by gravity from the furnace chamber and transported by hydraulics through the slugger to the sedimentation chambers and from there to the heaps. The waste combustion slag can be used for land leveling, road building, and sports and leisure facilities. This paper presents the geomechanical characterization of the CS from the “Siekierki” CHP Plant, located in Warsaw, Poland. Particular emphasis was placed on the dynamic properties of combustion slag, including shear modulus (G) and damping ratio (D). Correct estimation of these parameters over a wide strain range is essential for laboratory research and modeling. A laboratory test program was defined to obtain the G-modulus, G_max-modulus, shear modulus degradation curve G(γ)/G_max, D-ratio, depending on the mean effective stress and relative density, in the strain range of 10⁻⁶ up to 10⁻³. Stiffness of CS was obtained using laboratory investigations typical for natural soils, namely, standard resonant column tests, and bender element tests. From the many different methods for soil damping estimation, two of the most common were selected: logarithmic decay and half-power bandwidth. The dynamic properties and their changes with strain of the Siekierki combustion slag are in line with general trends for granulated natural soils and other recycled materials. The outcomes of the presented research promote the reuse of CS as aggregate in road construction, which contributes to limiting the extraction of natural aggregate, reducing the filling of lands with this type of waste, and ultimately reducing the transport of materials and consequently lowering greenhouse emissions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Sustainable Geotechnical Engineering and Civil Engineering)

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29 pages, 1373 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

How the Concept of “Regenerative Good Growth” Could Help Increase Public and Policy Engagement and Speed Transitions to Net Zero and Nature Recovery

by Jules Pretty, Dennis Garrity, Hemant Kumar Badola, Mike Barrett, Cornelia Butler Flora, Catherine Cameron, Natasha Grist, Leanne Hepburn, Heather Hilburn, Amy Isham, Erik Jacobi, Rattan Lal, Simon Lyster, Andri Snaer Magnason, Jacquie McGlade, Jan Middendorf, E. J. Milner-Gulland, David Orr, Lloyd Peck, Chris Reij, Johan Rockström, Yarema Ronesh, Osamu Saito, Jo Smith, Pete Smith, Peter Thorne, Atsushi Watabe, Steve Waters and Geoff Wells Show full author list Hide full author list

Sustainability 2025, 17(3), 849; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17030849 - 22 Jan 2025

Viewed by 5837

Abstract

Just and fair transitions to low-carbon and nature-positive ways of living need to occur fast enough to limit and reverse the climate and nature crises, but not so fast that the public is left behind. We propose the concept of “Regenerative Good Growth” [...] Read more.

Just and fair transitions to low-carbon and nature-positive ways of living need to occur fast enough to limit and reverse the climate and nature crises, but not so fast that the public is left behind. We propose the concept of “Regenerative Good Growth” (RGG) to replace the language and practice of extractive, bad GDP growth. RGG centres on the services provided by five renewable capitals: natural, social, human, cultural, and sustainable physical. The term “growth” tends to divide rather than unite, and so here we seek language and storylines that appeal to a newly emergent climate-concerned majority. Creative forms of public engagement that lead to response diversity will be essential to fostering action: when people feel coerced into adopting single options at pace, there is a danger of backlash or climate authoritarianism. Policy centred around storytelling can help create diverse public responses and institutional frameworks. The practises underpinning RGG have already created business opportunities, while delivering sharp falls in unit costs. Fast transitions and social tipping points are emerging in the agricultural, energy, and city sectors. Though further risks will emerge related to rebound effects and lack of decoupling of material consumption from GDP, RGG will help cut the externalities of economies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Impacts of Industry Innovation and Environmental Regulation on Sustainable Development: Regional, National, and Global Perspectives)

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34 pages, 11386 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Sustainable Emulsified Acid Treatments for Enhanced Oil Recovery in Injection Wells: A Case Study in the Qusahwira Field

by Charbel Ramy, Razvan George Ripeanu, Salim Nassreddine, Maria Tănase, Elias Youssef Zouein, Alin Diniță and Constantin Cristian Muresan

Sustainability 2025, 17(3), 856; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17030856 - 22 Jan 2025

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1390

Abstract

Emulsified acid treatments present an innovative and environmentally sustainable alternative to conventional hydrochloric acid (HCl) methods in enhancing oil recovery. This study investigates the application of a stable emulsified acid formulation in matrix acidizing operations to improve injectivity in four wells within the [...] Read more.

Emulsified acid treatments present an innovative and environmentally sustainable alternative to conventional hydrochloric acid (HCl) methods in enhancing oil recovery. This study investigates the application of a stable emulsified acid formulation in matrix acidizing operations to improve injectivity in four wells within the Qusahwira Field. Compared to traditional 15% HCl treatments, the emulsified acid demonstrates deeper acid penetration and retardation effect leading to enhanced injection rate. By delivering deep worm holing effects against calcium carbonate formation, this dual-phase system enhances injectivity by 14 times while minimizing the environmental and material impacts associated with spent acid volumes. The methodology integrates advanced neural network modeling to predict stimulation outcomes based on 15 operational and reservoir factors. This model reduces the trial-and-error approach, cutting operational costs and time for carbonate reservoir. Field trials reveal significant improvements in injection pressure and a marked reduction in circulation pressure during stimulation, underscoring the treatment’s efficiency. Developed in a Superior Abu Dhabi laboratory, the emulsified acid achieves high-temperature stability (200 °F) and deep acid penetration, further reducing the ecological footprint of acid stimulation by enhancing operational precision and reducing chemical use. This paper highlights a sustainable approach to optimizing reservoir productivity, aligning with global efforts to minimize environmental impacts in oil recovery processes. Full article

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25 pages, 3661 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

The Effect of Eco-Friendly/Sustainable Agricultural Practices (Legume Green Manure and Compost Soil Amendment) on a Tobacco Crop Grown Under Deficit Irrigation

by Maria Isabella Sifola, Linda Carrino, Eugenio Cozzolino, Mario Palladino, Mariarosaria Sicignano, Daniele Todisco and Luisa del Piano

Sustainability 2025, 17(2), 769; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17020769 - 19 Jan 2025

Viewed by 1031

Abstract

A field experiment was conducted in 2018 at Marciano della Chiana (Arezzo, AR, Central Italy) with the main aim of investigating the effect of soil amendment with organic fraction municipal solid waste (OFMSW) compost and legume green manuring (Vicia villosa Roth, cv. [...] Read more.

A field experiment was conducted in 2018 at Marciano della Chiana (Arezzo, AR, Central Italy) with the main aim of investigating the effect of soil amendment with organic fraction municipal solid waste (OFMSW) compost and legume green manuring (Vicia villosa Roth, cv. villana) on a tobacco crop (dark fire-cured Kentucky type, cv. Foiano) grown under both full (100% of ET_c) and deficit (70% of crop evapotranspiration, ET_c) irrigation. The treatments are hereafter reported as GM (vetch green manuring) and NGM (no vetch green manuring), FI (full irrigation) and DI (deficit irrigation), and C (compost soil amendment) and NC (no compost soil amendment). The following parameters were calculated: (i) yield of the cured product (CLY, Mg ha⁻¹) at a standard moisture content of 19%; (ii) irrigation water use efficiency (IWUE, kg of cured product m⁻³ seasonal irrigation volume), nitrogen (N) agronomic efficiency (NAE, kg of cured product kg⁻¹ mineral N by synthetic fertilizers). Dry biomass accumulated in the stem and leaves (Mg ha⁻¹) was also measured at 25, 57, 74, and 92 days after transplanting (DAT). The N recovery from the different plant parts (kg ha⁻¹) was determined at 57 and 74 DAT. The C/N ratio, NO₃-N (kg ha⁻¹), the soil organic matter (SOM, %), and the soil contents of P₂O₅ and K₂O (mg kg⁻¹) were also analytically determined at 43, 74, and 116 DAT. Water retention measurements were carried out on soil samples at 116 DAT at 0–0.3 and 0.3–0.6 soil depths. Overall, there was a negative effect of both compost amendment and green manuring on yield. Green manuring and compost soil amendment improved soil chemical characteristics (i.e., SOM and C/N), as well as the plant N recovery, the IWUE, and the NAE. They increased the water retention capacity of the soil when the tobacco crop was deficit-irrigated and appeared to be promising practices to support the deficit irrigation strategy, contributing to reaching good agronomic results, although under the conditions of water shortage, and showing synergistic action in those conditions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Sustainable Agriculture)

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14 pages, 1249 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Modeling the Effects of Strict Protection of Forest Areas—Part of the Provisions of the EU Biodiversity Strategy 2030

by Katarzyna Giełda-Pinas, Monika Starosta-Grala, Marek Wieruszewski, Joanna Dynowska, Marta Molińska-Glura and Krzysztof Adamowicz

Sustainability 2025, 17(2), 737; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17020737 - 18 Jan 2025

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1202

Abstract

The case study included approx. 0.5 million ha of forest areas in Poland that are managed by the Regional Directorate of State Forests. The objective was to assess the impact of four different scenarios restricting the size of forest areas available for commercial [...] Read more.

The case study included approx. 0.5 million ha of forest areas in Poland that are managed by the Regional Directorate of State Forests. The objective was to assess the impact of four different scenarios restricting the size of forest areas available for commercial use. Based on different criteria, each scenario set aside 10% of the total land area for strict protection on forested land, which is in line with the EU Biodiversity Strategy 2030. The economic impact (volume of reduced wood raw material) was statistically estimated for each of the four scenarios. It was confirmed that the layout of forest habitats is essential for specific limitations in forest production. For the optimal implementation of the provisions of the strategy, a balance in the selection of social, economic, and natural elements must be considered. This protects primarily the most valuable natural habitats characterized by the highest level of biodiversity, age diversity, and dispersion within the studied forest unit. The presented results may support decision-making processes used to maximize biodiversity protection while minimizing the negative economic impact of this environmental protection. Full article

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12 pages, 1502 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

The U.S. Biodiesel Outlook: A Pathway Toward Sustainability

by Deepayan Debnath, Jarrett Whistance and Wyatt Thompson

Sustainability 2025, 17(2), 689; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17020689 - 16 Jan 2025

Viewed by 902

Abstract

Policies to support renewable fuels are associated with economic and environmental sustainability in the United States and relate to the United Nations’ sustainable development goals. Consequently, these fuels have been subject to scientific scrutiny and public debate; however, new developments in biomass-based diesel [...] Read more.

Policies to support renewable fuels are associated with economic and environmental sustainability in the United States and relate to the United Nations’ sustainable development goals. Consequently, these fuels have been subject to scientific scrutiny and public debate; however, new developments in biomass-based diesel can overturn past understandings and create new trends and questions. An applied economic model of these fuels, their feedstocks, and related markets is used to project volumes and associated GHG emissions into the medium-term future. Results suggest a growing use of renewable diesel that directly displaces diesel and some recovery in biodiesel use, a near-substitute fuel. Yellow grease (used cooking oil)-based feedstock usage rises, while soybean and similar oil use remain stable. The expansion of renewable diesel made from yellow grease is associated with lower GHG emissions given the regulatory settings, but these projections also raise questions about the implications for environmental and economic sustainability. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Energy: Addressing Issues Related to Renewable Energy)

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39 pages, 7831 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Integrated Renewable Energy Systems for Buildings: An Assessment of the Environmental and Socio-Economic Sustainability

by Hossam A. Gabbar and A. Ramadan

Sustainability 2025, 17(2), 656; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17020656 - 16 Jan 2025

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1484

Abstract

Developing a green energy strategy for municipalities requires creating a framework to support the local production, storage, and use of renewable energy and green hydrogen. This framework should cover essential components for small-scale applications, including energy sources, infrastructure, potential uses, policy backing, and [...] Read more.

Developing a green energy strategy for municipalities requires creating a framework to support the local production, storage, and use of renewable energy and green hydrogen. This framework should cover essential components for small-scale applications, including energy sources, infrastructure, potential uses, policy backing, and collaborative partnerships. It is deployed as a small-scale renewable and green hydrogen unit in a municipality or building demands meticulous planning and considering multiple elements. Municipality can promote renewable energy and green hydrogen by adopting policies such as providing financial incentives like property tax reductions, grants, and subsidies for solar, wind, and hydrogen initiatives. They can also streamline approval processes for renewable energy installations, invest in hydrogen refueling stations and community energy projects, and collaborate with provinces and neighboring municipalities to develop hydrogen corridors and large-scale renewable projects. Renewable energy and clean hydrogen have significant potential to enhance sustainability in the transportation, building, and mining sectors by replacing fossil fuels. In Canada, where heating accounts for 80% of building energy use, blending hydrogen with LPG can reduce emissions. This study proposes a comprehensive approach integrating renewable energy and green hydrogen to support small-scale applications. The study examines many scenarios in a building as a case study, focusing on economic and greenhouse gas (GHG) emission impacts. The optimum scenario uses a hybrid renewable energy system to meet two distinct electrical needs, with 53% designated for lighting and 10% for equipment with annual saving CAD$ 87,026.33. The second scenario explores utilizing a hydrogen-LPG blend as fuel for thermal loads, covering 40% and 60% of the total demand, respectively. This approach reduces greenhouse gas emissions from 540 to 324 tCO₂/year, resulting in an annual savings of CAD$ 251,406. This innovative approach demonstrates the transformative potential of renewable energy and green hydrogen in enhancing energy efficiency and sustainability across sectors, including transportation, buildings, and mining. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Renewable Energy Integration and Application in Buildings for Carbon Neutrality 2nd Edition)

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19 pages, 5877 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Assessing the Greenhouse Gas Mitigation Potential of Harvested Wood Products in Romania and Their Contribution to Achieving Climate Neutrality

by Cosmin Ion Braga, Stefan Petrea, Alexandru Zaharia, Alexandru Bogdan Cucu, Tibor Serban, Gruita Ienasoiu and Gheorghe Raul Radu

Sustainability 2025, 17(2), 640; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17020640 - 15 Jan 2025

Viewed by 773

Abstract

Forests mitigate greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions by capturing CO₂ and storing it as carbon in various forms, including living biomass, dead wood, soil, and forest litter. Importantly, when trees are harvested, a portion of the above-ground biomass is converted into harvested wood products [...] Read more.

Forests mitigate greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions by capturing CO₂ and storing it as carbon in various forms, including living biomass, dead wood, soil, and forest litter. Importantly, when trees are harvested, a portion of the above-ground biomass is converted into harvested wood products (HWPs), which can retain carbon for decades. With approximately 7 million hectares of forest (30% of its land area), Romania significantly contributes to the country’s carbon budget through the HWP pool. Using country-specific data from 1961 to 2022 and an IPCC method, we tracked HWP carbon storage and projected future scenarios to evaluate the category’s significance in achieving the 2050 climate target. During this period, the carbon stored in Romanian HWPs more than doubled from 28.20 TgC to 60.76 TgC, with sawnwood products as major contributors. Fluctuations were influenced by domestic policies, market dynamics, and industry changes, notably after the 1990s. Annual carbon inflow dipped to 0.65 TgC in 1994 and peaked at 2.54 TgC in 2013. By analyzing the scenarios, we demonstrated that a moderate growth trajectory in carbon inflow, combined with a focus on producing long-lived wood products, could double carbon stock changes by 2050 to 4.4 TgC—roughly 4% of the country’s current total emissions excluding the LULUCF sector. Additionally, based on sustainable forest management practices in Romania, this approach would significantly enhance the carbon pool and its importance in achieving the country’s climate policies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Forestry for a Sustainable Future)

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25 pages, 2695 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Problems with Implementation of Sustainable Urban Mobility in Selected Polish Cities

by Piotr Szagała, Andrzej Brzeziński, Tomasz Dybicz, Piotr Olszewski and Beata Osińska

Sustainability 2024, 16(24), 11003; https://doi.org/10.3390/su162411003 - 15 Dec 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1341

Abstract

The concepts of sustainable development and later sustainable mobility were used as principal ideas to formulate transport policies for Polish cities since the early 1990s. This paper aims to review the implementation of these policies over the past 30 years. It presents changes [...] Read more.

The concepts of sustainable development and later sustainable mobility were used as principal ideas to formulate transport policies for Polish cities since the early 1990s. This paper aims to review the implementation of these policies over the past 30 years. It presents changes and developments in urban transport systems in selected Polish cities, together with shifts in the travel behavior of their residents. A major factor contributing to the increase in car travel is the growing rate of motorization. The current state of urban transport subsystems—including public transport, road networks, parking, and pedestrian and bicycle infrastructure—is examined. Additionally, related issues such as spatial planning, road safety, and air pollution are discussed. Although most city councils have adopted sustainable mobility policies, their implementation remains unsatisfactory. The paper concludes with insights from nearly three decades of experience, highlighting obstacles that hinder the achievement of intended goals, such as the lack of national legislation and guidance on sustainable urban mobility planning and limited political backing. However, two recently adopted national strategic documents offer hope for progress in addressing sustainable mobility challenges. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Selected Problems Arising in the Development of Sustainable Transport Systems)

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21 pages, 8899 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

The Impact of Thermal Energy Storage on the Emission of Particulate Pollutants into the Atmosphere

by Ryszard Zwierzchowski, Marlena Ziomacka and Olgierd Niemyjski

Sustainability 2024, 16(24), 10926; https://doi.org/10.3390/su162410926 - 13 Dec 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 828

Abstract

To improve the energy, operational, and ecological efficiency of a district heating system (DHS) powered by a combined heat and power (CHP) plant or a heating plant, thermal energy storage (TES) should be used. The presented paper examines the impact of the use [...] Read more.

To improve the energy, operational, and ecological efficiency of a district heating system (DHS) powered by a combined heat and power (CHP) plant or a heating plant, thermal energy storage (TES) should be used. The presented paper examines the impact of the use and operation of TES built in a CHP plant supplying a large DHS, based on the amount of particulates emitted into the atmosphere. Detailed research was carried out for the Siekierki–Warsaw and Białystok CHP plants in Poland. The analysis helped to determine the factors affecting the reduction in pollutant emissions and the volume of the energy effect of using TES in the CHP plant. In order to objectify the results of the comparative analysis of the impact of TES in the CHP plant on the emission of particulates, the so-called comparative index (CI) was introduced. The CI takes into account the volume of electricity and heat production and climatic conditions in the analyzed time periods. The CI for the analyzed years should have a similar value so that the results of the comparative analysis are fully representative. This condition is met for the CHP plant and DHS of Białystok, so the detailed results of the analysis are presented for this facility. As a result of the application of TES in the Białystok CHP plant, significant environmental effects related to the reduction in particulate emissions have been achieved; for example, the total amount of annual particulate matter (PM) emission (PM₁₀ and PM_2.5) has been reduced by 27% and the maximum emission by 29%. On the other hand, the average decrease in particulate emissions in the heating season varied in the range of 10–50%, while in the summer season, the values of particulate emissions were at a comparable level. A significant decrease in annual and one-hour average concentrations for PM₁₀ and PM_2.5 and particulate fallout for these two analyzed years was also found. The use of TES to reduce the occurrence and nuisance of the smog phenomenon, the main components of which are PM, is proposed, and selected models of forecasting concentrations of pollutants in the air, including particulate emissions, are presented in order to implement this type of activity. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Energy Use, Storage and Emission Analysis for Industrial Decarbonization)

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18 pages, 979 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Key Tensions in the Development of Regional Heat Infrastructure in The Netherlands: The Dilemmas of an Interorganizational Strategy Process

by Arnoud R. Toering, Toyah S. G. H. Rodhouse, Mark L. C. de Bruijne, Wijnand W. Veeneman, Aad F. Correljé and Udo Pesch

Sustainability 2024, 16(24), 10899; https://doi.org/10.3390/su162410899 (registering DOI) - 12 Dec 2024

Viewed by 1178

Abstract

The proposed solutions for sustainable development generally require new links and the involvement of multiple sectors. As a consequence, organizations can rely less on closed and rational analysis-based forms of strategizing; they increasingly see the need for joint strategy processes. However, a joint [...] Read more.

The proposed solutions for sustainable development generally require new links and the involvement of multiple sectors. As a consequence, organizations can rely less on closed and rational analysis-based forms of strategizing; they increasingly see the need for joint strategy processes. However, a joint strategy process challenges the boundaries of the organizations involved, which creates tensions. This paper takes stock of conflicts and uncertainties that organizations which become involved in joint strategizing encounter. Our focal point is the sustainable development of infrastructure. We focus on an explorative single case study on the coordination of heat infrastructure development in the Regional Energy Strategy Rotterdam-The Hague (RES R-TH). The primary data were collected via three sources of information: observations from roundtable meetings, interviews with representatives of the organizations involved in the RES-TH and reflections from participants of these actors in research-led ateliers. We illuminate a wide range of tensions between organizations and identify three categories of dilemmas: input, throughput and outcome. By explicating dilemmas and identifying categories, we discard the idea that a universal solution exists for organizations engaging in joint strategizing. Instead, we provide evidence of different types of decision-making challenges, which emerges from a more granular analysis of the open strategizing process. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Innovation for Sustainability, Circular Economy, System Transitions and Societal Transformations)

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21 pages, 566 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Shaping the Rural Landscape: Institutions of Land Use Change in Non-Urbanized Areas in Poland

by Justyna Ślawska

Sustainability 2024, 16(24), 10902; https://doi.org/10.3390/su162410902 (registering DOI) - 12 Dec 2024

Viewed by 1058

Abstract

Although extensive research has examined land use dynamics in urban settings, non-urbanized areas remain understudied, particularly in post-socialist contexts. This study investigates the political, economic, and institutional drivers of land use changes in the non-urbanized areas of Poland through the Political Market Framework. [...] Read more.

Although extensive research has examined land use dynamics in urban settings, non-urbanized areas remain understudied, particularly in post-socialist contexts. This study investigates the political, economic, and institutional drivers of land use changes in the non-urbanized areas of Poland through the Political Market Framework. It focuses on how local government structures and interest group interactions shape land development decisions. The two-stage Heckman model was used to address sample selection bias. The results reveal three key findings: (1) municipal council composition significantly influences land use outcomes, with farmers and highly educated councilors generally opposing intensive development, while partisan councilors favor it; (2) interest groups, particularly production companies and the tourism sector, drive both the initiation and scale of land use changes; and (3) institutional factors, including agricultural land quality and farm size, moderate these relationships. This study advances our understanding of rural land use governance by demonstrating how political–economic forces interact with local institutional contexts to shape spatial development patterns. These findings have important implications for land use policy in transitional economies and contribute to broader discussions on rural governance. Full article

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21 pages, 482 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Assessment of Stakeholder Benefits from Participating in Community-Shared Solar Photovoltaics Through Monthly Renting and Load Management in South Korea

by Somi Jung and Dongwoo Kim

Sustainability 2024, 16(24), 10878; https://doi.org/10.3390/su162410878 - 12 Dec 2024

Viewed by 825

Abstract

Various studies have explored community-shared solar (CSS) initiatives to help lower energy costs and increase the use of renewable energy sources. Various forms of CSS have been developed worldwide, specifically adapted to meet local economic and environmental conditions as well as technological readiness. [...] Read more.

Various studies have explored community-shared solar (CSS) initiatives to help lower energy costs and increase the use of renewable energy sources. Various forms of CSS have been developed worldwide, specifically adapted to meet local economic and environmental conditions as well as technological readiness. This study proposes a variant of CSS that incorporates monthly photovoltaic (PV) rental options and load management functions for households in South Korea, a country characterized by limited land availability, high population density, and extremely high land-use costs. This study evaluates the feasibility of the proposed CSS by assessing the economic benefits for all stakeholders involved, including households, the CSS business (or government), and the grid service provider. It utilizes a mathematical programming model for its formulation and employs an iterative algorithm based on Karush–Kuhn–Tucker conditions for solving it. Additionally, a numerical assessment is conducted with 400 customers classified into three different categories of energy usage. The findings indicate that participating households experienced a reduction in electricity costs ranging from 36.8% to 56.7%, depending on the season and specific scenarios. The CSS business also realized significant profits while the grid service provider benefited from reduced fluctuations in power supply, leading to improved efficiency in grid operations and maintenance. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sharing Economy and Sustainability)

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16 pages, 3696 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Integrating Short Supply Chains and Smart Village Initiatives: Strategies for Sustainable Rural Development

by Wioleta Sobczak-Malitka and Nina Drejerska

Sustainability 2024, 16(23), 10529; https://doi.org/10.3390/su162310529 - 30 Nov 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1158

Abstract

A profound transformation of the entire food system is necessary to achieve sustainable development in the agricultural sector. This pertains to the production, distribution, and consumption of food. In the case of distribution, this transformation involves changes both at the beginning of the [...] Read more.

A profound transformation of the entire food system is necessary to achieve sustainable development in the agricultural sector. This pertains to the production, distribution, and consumption of food. In the case of distribution, this transformation involves changes both at the beginning of the chain, namely, in the agricultural structure, and at the final stage, in consumer behaviour. By analysing the existing literature, we identify key areas where the principles of short supply chains can be harmonised with smart village initiatives. The concept of smart villages itself is based on using modern technologies and innovative practices to improve the quality of life in rural areas and support sustainable development. Consequently, as mentioned, one of the critical elements of this concept is the cooperation of farmers for sustainable short supply chain management. This study analysed statistical data from the Central Statistical Office of Poland and unpublished data from the General Veterinary Inspectorate, complemented by desk research on relevant reports, scientific literature, and legal documents concerning local food systems. The study investigates local food systems in the Mazowieckie region, where 9% of Polish entities operating within local food systems are registered. Activity within this framework is characterised by significant spatial diversity across the region. The spatial distribution is mainly related to the location of the raw material base, e.g., the concentration of specialised agricultural production, distance to the sales market (proximity to consumers), and other broadly understood conditions for conducting business activity. The paper highlights the need to transform food systems to support sustainable agricultural development, focusing on short supply chains and smart village initiatives. By examining local food systems in Poland’s Mazowieckie region, it identifies how spatial and resource factors impact local food distribution and rural sustainability. Full article

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22 pages, 2411 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Air Cargo Handling System Assessment Model: A Hybrid Approach Based on Reliability Theory and Fuzzy Logic

by Jacek Ryczyński, Artur Kierzkowski and Anna Jodejko-Pietruczuk

Sustainability 2024, 16(23), 10469; https://doi.org/10.3390/su162310469 - 29 Nov 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1330

Abstract

(1) Background: This paper presents the results of a study on developing a hybrid evaluation model for air cargo handling systems, combining fuzzy logic and reliability theory. (2) Methods: The research methodology consisted of two stages: the first used reliability analysis to calculate [...] Read more.

(1) Background: This paper presents the results of a study on developing a hybrid evaluation model for air cargo handling systems, combining fuzzy logic and reliability theory. (2) Methods: The research methodology consisted of two stages: the first used reliability analysis to calculate the performance of individual processes in the cargo handling system. In contrast, the second used fuzzy logic to integrate these metrics and generate an overall system evaluation. Statistical metrics, including mean and standard deviation, were used to construct adaptable membership functions for the fuzzy logic model. (3) Results: 27 test scenarios were built, in which the impact of individual compositions of operator teams (depending on their experience) implementing individual air cargo handling processes on the final assessment of the entire system was examined. Configurations with experienced operators consistently achieved the highest performance evaluations, although the strategic integration of less experienced personnel in noncritical roles was shown to maintain system functionality. (4) Conclusions: The results confirm that the proposed model is a practical decision-support tool for air cargo terminal management. It enables precise process evaluation, supports resource optimization and increases air cargo operations’ overall reliability and efficiency. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Contribution of Intelligent Transport Systems to Sustainable Development Goals)

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37 pages, 14968 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Sustainable Solutions Through Innovative Plastic Waste Recycling Technologies

by Mohammad Alaghemandi

Sustainability 2024, 16(23), 10401; https://doi.org/10.3390/su162310401 - 27 Nov 2024

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 14886

Abstract

Innovation in plastic waste recycling technologies is essential for tackling the environmental challenges of plastic pollution. Traditional plastic waste management strategies, such as landfill disposal and mechanical recycling, are increasingly recognized as insufficient for addressing the problem’s complexity and scale. This review highlights [...] Read more.

Innovation in plastic waste recycling technologies is essential for tackling the environmental challenges of plastic pollution. Traditional plastic waste management strategies, such as landfill disposal and mechanical recycling, are increasingly recognized as insufficient for addressing the problem’s complexity and scale. This review highlights advanced methods that transform plastic waste into valuable resources, aligning with circular economy principles. I focus on cutting-edge technologies such as chemical recycling that convert mixed and contaminated plastics back into monomers for new production. Biological approaches utilizing enzymes and microorganisms are studied for their potential to biodegrade resistant plastics like PET. Additionally, mechanical innovations like advanced sorting techniques leveraging AI and compatibilization strategies that enhance the quality of recycled materials are discussed. By analyzing recent developments and practical applications, effective and economically viable solutions are identified. These findings emphasize that ongoing technological advancements, supported by robust policies and stakeholder collaboration, are crucial for reducing plastic waste and advancing toward a sustainable circular economy. Full article

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17 pages, 5541 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Assessment of CO₂ Emissions for Light-Duty Vehicles Using Dynamic Perturbation Additive Regression Trees

by Hang Thi Thanh Vu and Jeonghan Ko

Sustainability 2024, 16(23), 10335; https://doi.org/10.3390/su162310335 - 26 Nov 2024

Viewed by 938

Abstract

Effective predictive modeling is crucial for assessing and mitigating energy consumption and CO₂ emissions in light-duty vehicles (LDVs) throughout the whole value chain of an organization. This study enhances the modeling of LDV CO₂ emissions by developing novel approaches to analyzing [...] Read more.

Effective predictive modeling is crucial for assessing and mitigating energy consumption and CO₂ emissions in light-duty vehicles (LDVs) throughout the whole value chain of an organization. This study enhances the modeling of LDV CO₂ emissions by developing novel approaches to analyzing vehicle feature datasets. New tree-based machine learning models are developed to increase the accuracy and interpretability in modeling the CO₂ emissions in LDVs. In particular, this study develops a new algorithm called dynamic perturbation additive regression trees (DPART). This new algorithm integrates dynamic perturbation within an iterative boosting framework. DPART progressively adjusts prediction values and explores various tree structures to improve predictive performance with reduced computation time. The effectiveness of the new ensemble-tree-based models is compared to that of other models for the vehicle emission data. The results demonstrate the new models’ capability to significantly improve predicting accuracy and reliability compared to other models. The new models also enable identifying key vehicle features affecting emissions, and thus provide valuable insights into the complex relationships among vehicle features in the dataset. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Energy Sustainability)

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15 pages, 2035 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Preliminary Analysis and Possibilities of Reducing the Carbon Footprint of Embedded Materials on the Example of Innovative Systemic Railway Stations (ISS)

by Marta Thomas, Maria Ratajczak and Agnieszka Ślosarczyk

Sustainability 2024, 16(23), 10345; https://doi.org/10.3390/su162310345 - 26 Nov 2024

Viewed by 859

Abstract

The paper presents a comprehensive analysis of the environmental impact of building materials used in the construction of railway stations. It analyses two examples of innovative railway stations built in Poland in recent years and examines the impact of the choice of building [...] Read more.

The paper presents a comprehensive analysis of the environmental impact of building materials used in the construction of railway stations. It analyses two examples of innovative railway stations built in Poland in recent years and examines the impact of the choice of building materials on the Global Warming Potential (GWP) of the stations. The analysis found significant differences in GWP between the two stations, with structural steel being the largest contributor for one station, accounting for 48% of the total GWP. Replacing traditional materials with low-emission alternatives was shown to reduce the total GWP for both stations by around 60%. The research highlights the importance of analysing the GWP of all building materials, even in small quantities, as some materials, such as high-pressure laminates, can have a disproportionate impact on carbon emissions. The study also shows that the correct use of low-carbon building materials in the construction of the station can lead to a significant reduction in the carbon footprint of the building. Collaboration between designers, investors and contractors is essential to achieve sustainable building designs that minimise the environmental impact of construction. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Research Progress and Evaluation Challenges of By-Product and Waste Valorization)

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23 pages, 1916 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Zero Plastic Drive: A Comprehensive Review on Unveiling Innovative Sustainable Solutions for a Circular Plastics Economy

by Mohammad Shamsuddoha and Mohammad Abul Kashem

Sustainability 2024, 16(23), 10329; https://doi.org/10.3390/su162310329 - 26 Nov 2024

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2198

Abstract

Living in a society where plastic has become a necessity, the over-reliance on these materials is quite disturbing as they have social and economic effects, especially in waste disposal and resource management. Such issues have introduced the circular plastics economy (CPE), which aims [...] Read more.

Living in a society where plastic has become a necessity, the over-reliance on these materials is quite disturbing as they have social and economic effects, especially in waste disposal and resource management. Such issues have introduced the circular plastics economy (CPE), which aims to eliminate plastic waste by focusing on reducing, recycling, and reusing (3R) and designing biodegradable plastic products. Owing to these facts, a systematic literature review (SLR) was conducted to analyze the existing literature on circular economy principles and plastic waste management systems in terms of 3R initiatives. Also, this study showcases the CPE by investigating how it is possible to manage plastic within a circular economy instead of a linear system. Additionally, system dynamics modeling (SDM) was applied to examine the inter-relationships between key elements such as plastic production, waste generation, recycling rates, and regulatory actions, along with the cognizance phase of waste diversion and advanced sorting technology to minimize landfill dependency and environmental pollution initiatives, including producer responsibility programs and zero-landfill targets. This study accumulated that zero waste strategies, such as plastic circularity, national waste management, and high-quality recycling, have achieved recycling rates ranging from 30% to 81% across various countries, significantly reducing plastic waste and enhancing resource efficiency. However, the added strategies in countries that are related to policy-driven initiatives can prospectively be useful for increasing recycling capacity to eliminate plastic waste in landfills, promoting a circular economy and sustainable waste management practices. This study also involved the critical stakeholders of the CPE who will make the utilization of plastic waste a reality. Ultimately, this research contributes to the fast-growing knowledge base on plastic waste management by presenting an interdisciplinary framework based on model synthesis and mathematical modeling, which is crucial for decision-makers, industries, and researchers. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Waste Valorization and Management to Increase the Resources Sustainability)

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13 pages, 1722 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Atmospheric Pollution Depicted in Impressionists’ Paintings

by Eirini N. Avgeri and Dimitris K. Papanastasiou

Sustainability 2024, 16(22), 10147; https://doi.org/10.3390/su162210147 - 20 Nov 2024

Viewed by 1543

Abstract

Art is perhaps the most important means of expressing creativity and imagination. It can serve as a form of communication, allowing artists to convey messages and comment on various topics. Environmental art is a dynamic and multifaceted form of artistic expression that highlights [...] Read more.

Art is perhaps the most important means of expressing creativity and imagination. It can serve as a form of communication, allowing artists to convey messages and comment on various topics. Environmental art is a dynamic and multifaceted form of artistic expression that highlights the causes and consequences of environmental problems, such as atmospheric pollution, and facilitate the environmental awareness of societies along with the need to find sustainable solutions to address environmental degradation. The aim of this study was to present paintings created by impressionists that depict atmospheric pollution. A total of 43 paintings were listed after searching the websites of 26 museums worldwide and 10 of them were indicatively selected by applying specific criteria and commented on in this paper. Four of the selected paintings were created by Claude Monet, two by Jean-Baptiste Armand Guillaumin, and the rest of them by James McNeill Whistler, Charles-François Daubigny, Camille Pissarro, and Vincent Van Gogh. These 10 paintings depict, among other things, the emission of pollutants into the atmosphere, due to fossil fuel combustion, mainly coal, which contributes to smog development. This study could be exploited by authorities, associations, educational centres, and other interested parties when planning educational activities for the causes, consequences, and solutions of atmospheric pollution over time, while promoting the use of art in environmental and sustainability education. Full article

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21 pages, 1992 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Sustainable Urban Heat Risk Resilience: Lessons on Opportunities and Barriers to Action from Colombo, Sri Lanka

by Shifana Simath, Rohinton Emmanuel and Eeva Aarrevaara

Sustainability 2024, 16(21), 9488; https://doi.org/10.3390/su16219488 - 31 Oct 2024

Viewed by 1419

Abstract

Cities face increasing heat risk due to global and local warming, and the risk is greater in the developing world. South Asia, in particular, faces increasing urban climate risk, but the translation of urban climate knowledge into sustainable climate-sensitive planning is weak. In [...] Read more.

Cities face increasing heat risk due to global and local warming, and the risk is greater in the developing world. South Asia, in particular, faces increasing urban climate risk, but the translation of urban climate knowledge into sustainable climate-sensitive planning is weak. In this paper, we report on our conversations with experts from the Sri Lankan urban planning community on the barriers to and opportunities for urban climate mitigation action. We uncover six themes (insights, integrate, specify, exhort, commitment, and continuity) that best exemplify both the barriers to and opportunities for enhancing heat risk resilience in this primate city. We then map a set of agencies and actors that need to be involved in any holistic risk resilience plan and draw wider lessons to sustainably manage the urgent practical gaps in heat health planning. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Urban Planning Models and Effective Management Tools in Resilient Low-Carbon Cities: Issues, Methods and Innovations)

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24 pages, 1783 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Promoting Urban Net Zero Transitions Through Multi-Level Governance: The Intermediary Role of Systemic Collaborative Platforms

by Jaime Moreno-Serna, Teresa Sánchez-Chaparro, Wendy M. Purcell, Olga Kordas, Julio Lumbreras, Carlos Mataix, Leda Stott, Miguel Soberón and John D. Spengler

Sustainability 2024, 16(21), 9470; https://doi.org/10.3390/su16219470 - 31 Oct 2024

Viewed by 2205

Abstract

In the fields of partnership research and social innovation, there has been an increasing number of calls for evidence regarding the kind of collaborative multi-level governance structures that might support large-scale transformation processes, especially in regard to climate-neutral cities. This paper conceptualizes a [...] Read more.

In the fields of partnership research and social innovation, there has been an increasing number of calls for evidence regarding the kind of collaborative multi-level governance structures that might support large-scale transformation processes, especially in regard to climate-neutral cities. This paper conceptualizes a new type of intermediary actor, the Systemic Collaborative Platform (SCP). Using the example of a multi-stakeholder arrangement set up to design and implement Madrid’s Climate Neutrality Roadmap, the key features of an SCP include a focus on multi-stakeholder and cross-sectoral collaboration for public policy development, in this case operating at both a systemic level and a city scale, and a strong link to a key actor within this regime (a city council). Our study reveals how an SCP can contribute to articulation of a shared mandate among city actors and enhance the efficiency and effectiveness of a targeted transition by attracting, aligning and managing a wide and diverse organizational ecosystem through distributed facilitation, collaborative leadership, and continuous learning. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Co-design and Social Innovation for Climate Neutrality)

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17 pages, 239 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Assessing the Economic Impacts of Sustainable Energy: An Analysis of Ohio’s Community Solar Program

by Tuyen Pham, Clara Bone and G. Jason Jolley

Sustainability 2024, 16(21), 9436; https://doi.org/10.3390/su16219436 - 30 Oct 2024

Viewed by 1670

Abstract

“Ensure access to affordable, reliable, sustainable, and modern energy for all” is one of the United Nations’ 17 Sustainable Development Goals. A key target for achieving this goal is increasing the share of renewable energy. In the United States, many states are evaluating [...] Read more.

“Ensure access to affordable, reliable, sustainable, and modern energy for all” is one of the United Nations’ 17 Sustainable Development Goals. A key target for achieving this goal is increasing the share of renewable energy. In the United States, many states are evaluating the environmental and economic impacts of the renewable energy transition. This study provides an in-depth evaluation of the economic impact of Ohio’s proposed Community Solar Pilot Program, which plans to install 1750 MW of new solar capacity, including 250 MW on distressed Appalachian sites. We combine two input–output models to estimate the economic impact of community solar projects: the Jobs and Economic Development Impact (JEDI) model from the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) for the construction phase, and IMPLAN for the projects’ 25-year lifespan. Data for this study were gathered through surveys of local solar developers, who are familiar with the regional costs of installing and operating solar projects. Our findings indicate that the community solar program could support 32,430 full-time job years and contribute USD 4.37 billion to Ohio’s Gross State Product (GSP). Additionally, the program could generate USD 409.5 million in local tax revenue over its lifetime. The study highlights the potential of renewable energy initiatives to foster economic growth, particularly in economically distressed regions like Appalachian Ohio. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Regional and Local Economic Development and Policies in Sustainable Economy)

16 pages, 629 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Influence of Arsenate Competition on Tungstate Sorption by Soil

by Francesca Pedron and Gianniantonio Petruzzelli

Sustainability 2024, 16(21), 9363; https://doi.org/10.3390/su16219363 - 28 Oct 2024

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 902

Abstract

The green and digital transitions toward sustainable development will drive an increased demand for critical raw materials, among which tungsten plays a crucial role in emerging sustainable technologies. Understanding the sorption processes of tungsten in soils is essential for assessing its bioavailability and [...] Read more.

The green and digital transitions toward sustainable development will drive an increased demand for critical raw materials, among which tungsten plays a crucial role in emerging sustainable technologies. Understanding the sorption processes of tungsten in soils is essential for assessing its bioavailability and potential toxicity to living organisms. In many soils, tungsten may co-exist with other contaminants, such as arsenic. Investigating the competitive sorption between these two anions helps clarify how they interact within the soil matrix. Batch experiments were conducted on three Mediterranean soils to evaluate the sorption behavior of tungstate and arsenate, both individually and in combination, using a “Langmuir-type” model. Both anions exhibited the highest sorption in acidic soils and the lowest in alkaline soils. While the shapes of the isotherms were similar in both single and binary systems, the maximum sorption values decreased when a co-occurring anion was present. These reductions can be attributed to competition for soil sorption sites, which have a high affinity for both anions. In all tested soils, the percentage decrease in arsenate sorption in the presence of tungstate was greater than the decrease observed for tungstate in the presence of arsenate. Gaining a deeper understanding of tungsten’s sorption mechanisms is critical, not only for advancing environmental research but also for informing regulations that currently give limited attention to the presence of tungsten in soils. Full article

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24 pages, 4128 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Integrating Biofertilizers with Organic Fertilizers Enhances Photosynthetic Efficiency and Upregulates Chlorophyll-Related Gene Expression in Rice

by Pretty Mthiyane, Murat Aycan and Toshiaki Mitsui

Sustainability 2024, 16(21), 9297; https://doi.org/10.3390/su16219297 - 25 Oct 2024

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2982

Abstract

Biofertilizers offer a sustainable method for improving rice growth and productivity, yet their effects on the interaction between plant growth, photosynthetic activity, and gene expression remain under-researched. This study examines how biofertilizer influences rice physiology, focusing on photosynthetic regulation and expression of chlorophyll-related [...] Read more.

Biofertilizers offer a sustainable method for improving rice growth and productivity, yet their effects on the interaction between plant growth, photosynthetic activity, and gene expression remain under-researched. This study examines how biofertilizer influences rice physiology, focusing on photosynthetic regulation and expression of chlorophyll-related genes. Eight fertilizer treatments were applied: control (CNT), biofertilizer (BF), deactivated biofertilizer (DABF), rice straw (RS), rice straw with biofertilizer (RS+BF), organic fertilizer (OF), organic fertilizer with biofertilizer (OF+BF), and inorganic fertilizer (IOF). Plant height, tiller number, SPAD, NDVI, chlorophyll content, and photosynthesis rates were measured, while gene expression analysis was conducted using RT-qPCR. The OF+BF treatment produced the most significant results, leading to a 31% increase in plant height, a 135% increase in tiller number, and a 42% increase in chlorophyll content (SPAD values) compared to the control. Additionally, OF+BF enhanced photosynthetic efficiency by 74%, with the highest net photosynthetic rate of 48.23 μmol CO₂ m⁻² s⁻¹. Gene expression analysis revealed that OF+BF upregulated key photosynthesis-related genes, such as OsChlD and OsCHLM, showing a 70% and 90% increase in expression. These findings highlight the potential of integrating biofertilizers with organic fertilizers to sustainably boost rice growth and productivity, contributing to global food security and climate change mitigation. Full article

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28 pages, 8087 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Hazard Identification and Risk Assessment During Simultaneous Operations in Industrial Plant Maintenance Based on Job Safety Analysis

by Sung-Jin Kwon, So-Won Choi and Eul-Bum Lee

Sustainability 2024, 16(21), 9277; https://doi.org/10.3390/su16219277 - 25 Oct 2024

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 3317

Abstract

The risk of accidents during simultaneous operations (SIMOPS) in plant maintenance has been increasing. However, research on methods to prevent such accidents has been limited. This study aims to develop a novel framework, hazard identification and risk assessment of simultaneous operations (HIRAS), for [...] Read more.

The risk of accidents during simultaneous operations (SIMOPS) in plant maintenance has been increasing. However, research on methods to prevent such accidents has been limited. This study aims to develop a novel framework, hazard identification and risk assessment of simultaneous operations (HIRAS), for identifying and evaluating potential hazards during concurrent tasks. The framework developed herein is expected to be an effective safety management tool that can help prevent accidents during these operations. To this end, the job location and hazard information in job safety analysis (JSA) were standardized into four attributes. The standardized information was then synchronized spatially and temporally to develop a HIRAS model that identifies and assesses the impact of hazards between operations. The model was tested using 40 JSA documents corresponding to maintenance operations at Company P, a South Korean steel-making company. The model was tested in two scenarios: one with planned operations and the other with unplanned operations in addition to planned operations. The performance evaluation results of the first scenario showed an F1-score of 98.33%. In this case, a recall of 97.52% means that the model identified 97.52% of the hazard-inducing factors. The second scenario was compared with the results of a review by six subject matter experts (SMEs). The comparison of the results identified by the SMEs and the model showed an accuracy of 89.3%. This study demonstrates the potential of JSA, which incorporates the domain knowledge of workers and can be used not only for individual tasks but also as a safety management tool for surrounding operations. Furthermore, by improving the plant maintenance work environment, it is expected to prevent accidents, protect workers’ lives and health, and contribute to the long-term sustainable management of companies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Application of Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Digital Transformation (DT) to Sustainable Engineering Project Management)

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16 pages, 1577 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Digital Twins for Reducing Energy Consumption in Buildings: A Review

by Buddhika Arsecularatne, Navodana Rodrigo and Ruidong Chang

Sustainability 2024, 16(21), 9275; https://doi.org/10.3390/su16219275 - 25 Oct 2024

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 3663

Abstract

This research investigates the use of digital twin (DT) technology to improve building energy management and analyse occupant behaviour. DTs perform the function of acting as virtual replicas of physical assets, which facilitates real-time monitoring, predictive maintenance, and data-driven decision-making. Consequently, energy performance [...] Read more.

This research investigates the use of digital twin (DT) technology to improve building energy management and analyse occupant behaviour. DTs perform the function of acting as virtual replicas of physical assets, which facilitates real-time monitoring, predictive maintenance, and data-driven decision-making. Consequently, energy performance and occupant comfort can be enhanced. This study evaluates the efficiency of DTs in optimising energy usage by a mix of a systematic literature review and scientometric analysis of 466 articles from the Scopus database. Among the main obstacles noted are interoperability issues, privacy and data quality difficulties, and the requirement for a more thorough integration of digital and physical interactions. The results highlight the necessity of standardised frameworks to direct DT implementations and suggest areas for further study, especially in the areas of improving cybersecurity and incorporating occupant behaviour into DT models. This research makes practical recommendations for using DT technology to increase energy efficiency and sustainability in the built environment. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Intelligent and Innovative Solutions for Sustainable and Healthy Built Environment)

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16 pages, 2938 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Spatial and Temporal Variability in the Bottom Sediment Characteristics of a Shallow Lake under Backwater Separation and Application of Effective Microorganisms

by Renata Dondajewska-Pielka

Sustainability 2024, 16(19), 8650; https://doi.org/10.3390/su16198650 - 6 Oct 2024

Viewed by 1221

Abstract

Lake Konin is a small and shallow lake under the influence of highly eutrophic riverine waters. Feeding the lake as a backwater during high water level periods, the River Obra had exerted a decisive impact on lake water quality, and thus a new [...] Read more.

Lake Konin is a small and shallow lake under the influence of highly eutrophic riverine waters. Feeding the lake as a backwater during high water level periods, the River Obra had exerted a decisive impact on lake water quality, and thus a new dike with a closing device was created. Protective measures were followed by the application of Effective Microorganisms (EM), aiming at a reduction in nutrient concentrations and CyanoHABs. Positive changes in the ecosystem were initiated (increased phytoplankton diversity), but cyanobacteria blooms were still present due to high nutrient content. Some changes were observed in the lake sediments (phosphorus (P) and its fractions, P in pore waters, organic matter and experimental assessment of internal P loading) studied before and during treatment. A slight increase in P content in sediments was noted, as a result of an increase in the Res-P fraction. Simultaneously, a decrease in the most mobile fractions was observed. Summer internal P load was reduced from 5.4 kgP d⁻¹ before the treatment to less than 1 kgP d⁻¹ in the first year, but increased again in the second year to 4.5 kgP d⁻¹. Similarly to lake water quality, positive changes were induced in the lake sediments; nevertheless, they still acted as an important source of nutrients for primary producers. Additional restoration methods shall be considered, as combined treatments used simultaneously are reported to be the most effective for water quality improvement. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Management of Aquatic Ecosystems)

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25 pages, 731 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Artificial Intelligence for Social Innovation: Beyond the Noise of Algorithms and Datafication

by Igor Calzada

Sustainability 2024, 16(19), 8638; https://doi.org/10.3390/su16198638 - 6 Oct 2024

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 7087

Abstract

In an era of rapid technological advancement, decisions about the ownership and governance of emerging technologies like Artificial Intelligence will shape the future of both urban and rural environments in the Global North and South. This article explores how AI can move beyond [...] Read more.

In an era of rapid technological advancement, decisions about the ownership and governance of emerging technologies like Artificial Intelligence will shape the future of both urban and rural environments in the Global North and South. This article explores how AI can move beyond the noise of algorithms by adopting a technological humanistic approach to enable Social Innovation, focusing on global inequalities and digital justice. Using a fieldwork Action Research methodology, based on the Smart Rural Communities project in Colombia and Mozambique, the study develops a framework for integrating AI with SI. Drawing on insights from the AI4SI International Summer School held in Donostia-San Sebastián in 2024, the article examines the role of decentralized Web3 technologies—such as Blockchain, Decentralized Autonomous Organizations, and Data Cooperatives—in enhancing data sovereignty and fostering inclusive and participatory governance. The results demonstrate how decentralization can empower marginalized communities in the Global South by promoting digital justice and addressing the imbalance of power in digital ecosystems. The conclusion emphasizes the potential for AI and decentralized technologies to bridge the digital divide, offering practical recommendations for scaling these innovations to support equitable, community-driven governance and address systemic inequalities across the Global North and South. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Smart Cities and Smart Villages and the Global Digital Transformation: Strategy and Community Engagement—2nd Edition)

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17 pages, 3429 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Exploring the Influence of Pulsed Electric Field and Temperature on Key Physical Attributes in Sustainable Hot-Air-Dried Apple Tissue

by Agnieszka Ciurzyńska, Katarzyna Rybak, Dorota Witrowa-Rajchert and Małgorzata Nowacka

Sustainability 2024, 16(17), 7699; https://doi.org/10.3390/su16177699 - 4 Sep 2024

Viewed by 1401

Abstract

The study aimed to determine the optimal parameters of the pulsed electric field as pre-treatment, and air temperature, in order to determine the sustainable production of dried apples with beneficial selected physical properties. A combination of PEF with energies of 1, 3.5, and [...] Read more.

The study aimed to determine the optimal parameters of the pulsed electric field as pre-treatment, and air temperature, in order to determine the sustainable production of dried apples with beneficial selected physical properties. A combination of PEF with energies of 1, 3.5, and 6 kJ/kg with hot-air drying at 60, 70, and 80 °C was used. The highest dry matter content was observed in tissue treated with PEF with an energy of 6 kJ/kg, and dried at a temperature of 80 °C. Both the drying and pre-treatment parameters influenced the change in the color of the dried material and the loss of dry matter during rehydration, but did not cause significant changes in the rehydration capacity and thermogravimetric properties (TGA). The novelty of investigations indicates that PEF treatment is capable of altering the quality of dried products. Nevertheless, the selection of particular drying temperatures has a more significant influence on the ultimate product quality. Therefore, choosing specific parameters for the treatment and drying process should be guided by the desired properties of the final product. PEF treatment is one of the most promising pre-treatments used before drying, and examining the possibility of its application to apples, which are one of the most frequently preserved fruits, will make an important contribution to the study of this field of science. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainability in Industrial Engineering and Engineering Management)

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13 pages, 2109 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Green Web Meter: Structuring and Implementing a Real-Time Digital Sustainability Monitoring System

by Antonello Sala, Lorenzo Barbetti and Andrea Rosini

Sustainability 2024, 16(17), 7627; https://doi.org/10.3390/su16177627 - 3 Sep 2024

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1568

Abstract

The central aim of this paper is to present the Green Web Meter software, which is designed to support the measurement of the digital ESG performance of websites and web apps, as well as providing sound-based analytic tools for improving their overall quality. [...] Read more.

The central aim of this paper is to present the Green Web Meter software, which is designed to support the measurement of the digital ESG performance of websites and web apps, as well as providing sound-based analytic tools for improving their overall quality. In this work, we will discuss the process our research team adhered to in order to provide a basic structure to the general framework of our tool, select a consistent set of KPIs that are suitable for automated real-time tracking, and determine the proper calculation methods to compute the final scores on which the ESG assessment is based. Specifically, we began from the analysis of the UNI PdR 147 guidelines on digital sustainability, highlighting the relevance of the quality construct, and subsequently selected three quality assessment models (E-S Qual, Sitequal, and Webqual 4.0) to define the core references to structure the basic framework. Starting from this general perspective, we proceeded to define the eight related KPIs and the individual scores based on the automatic calculations. Full article

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24 pages, 3947 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Insights from 20 Years (2004–2023) of Supply Chain Disruption Research: Trends and Future Directions Based on a Bibliometric Analysis

by Federico Solari, Natalya Lysova, Giovanni Romagnoli, Roberto Montanari and Eleonora Bottani

Sustainability 2024, 16(17), 7530; https://doi.org/10.3390/su16177530 - 30 Aug 2024

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 6497

Abstract

This paper explores the research trends in the literature about supply chain disruptions published over the last 20 years through a comprehensive review and keyword-based analysis. A sample of 4239 papers retrieved from Scopus was analyzed to identify the key themes covered and [...] Read more.

This paper explores the research trends in the literature about supply chain disruptions published over the last 20 years through a comprehensive review and keyword-based analysis. A sample of 4239 papers retrieved from Scopus was analyzed to identify the key themes covered and the shifts in time of those themes. The results highlight a significant rise in the number of publications on supply chain disruptions since 2021, reflecting the dynamic nature of supply chains and the need to adapt them to increasingly complex scenarios. The findings point out the importance of resilience and risk management but also the progressive shift toward technological innovations and digital tools, as a means to enhance supply chain robustness and sustainability in response to recent global disruptions (e.g., the COVID-19 pandemic, the Russia–Ukraine conflict, and the climate change). From the analyses carried out, interesting opportunities for future research directions are delineated. This study represents a unicum in the scientific literature in terms of the number of articles analyzed, the timespan, as well as the scientometric approach adopted. Finally, the paper highlights the main trends in the field of supply chain disruptions, providing valuable insights for future research activities. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Sustainable Management)

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24 pages, 6036 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

The Impact of Digitalization on Industrial Engineering Students’ Training from the Perspective of Their Insertion in the Labor Market in a Sustainable Economy: A Students’ Opinions Survey

by Ionel Crinel Raveica, Ionel Olaru, Eugen Herghelegiu, Nicolae Catalin Tampu, Maria-Crina Radu, Bogdan Alexandru Chirita, Carol Schnakovszky and Vlad Andrei Ciubotariu

Sustainability 2024, 16(17), 7499; https://doi.org/10.3390/su16177499 - 29 Aug 2024

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2006

Abstract

The paper presents the results of a survey conducted among a total of 155 industrial engineering students from a Romanian public university to assess their awareness and concern about the facts and challenges imposed by the ongoing digital transformation. The study is based [...] Read more.

The paper presents the results of a survey conducted among a total of 155 industrial engineering students from a Romanian public university to assess their awareness and concern about the facts and challenges imposed by the ongoing digital transformation. The study is based on a statistical analysis of the answers obtained from a questionnaire that contained closed-ended questions with predefined answers and open-ended questions where the respondents could express a personal point of view. Understanding the students’ needs and expectations, as well as the impact of the digital transition on their professional training and integration in a sustainable economy, will serve as a background upon which the quality of study programs can be improved by implementing appropriate measures. The results highlighted the necessity to supplement the curriculum with specialized courses in emerging technologies, to intensify students’ counseling on the digital transition, to upgrade the university’s infrastructure with equipment and software in the field of emerging technologies, to assist students with insufficient resources, and to stimulate women to participate in skilling, upskilling, and reskilling programs in STEM fields. These changes will expand the sustainable development principles in formal university education, ensure competency-centered learning, and increase access to inclusive and quality education. Full article

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19 pages, 553 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Evaluation of a Greenhouse Ecosystem to Treat Craft Beverage Wastewater

by Carley E. Allison and Steven I. Safferman

Sustainability 2024, 16(17), 7395; https://doi.org/10.3390/su16177395 - 28 Aug 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1188

Abstract

An aerated greenhouse ecosystem, often referred to as a Living Machine^®, is a technology for biological wastewater treatment within a greenhouse structure that uses plants with their roots submerged in the wastewater. This system has a small footprint relative to traditional [...] Read more.

An aerated greenhouse ecosystem, often referred to as a Living Machine^®, is a technology for biological wastewater treatment within a greenhouse structure that uses plants with their roots submerged in the wastewater. This system has a small footprint relative to traditional onsite wastewater treatment systems and constructed wetland, can treat high-strength wastewater, and can provide a high level of treatment to allow for reuse for purposes such as irrigation, toilet flushing, and landscape irrigation. Synthetic and actual craft beverage wastewaters (wastewater from wineries, breweries, and cideries) were examined for their treatability in bench-scale greenhouse ecosystems. The tested wastewater was high strength with chemical oxygen demands (COD) concentrations of 1120 to 15,000 mg/L, total nitrogen (TN) concentrations of 3 to 45 mg/L, and total phosphorus (TP) concentrations of 2.3 to 90 mg/L. The COD, TN, and TP concentrations after treatment ranged from below 125 to 560 mg/L, 1.5 to 15 mg/L, and below 0.25 to 7.8 mg/L, respectively. The results confirm the ability of the aerated greenhouse ecosystem to be a viable treatment system for craft beverage wastewater and it is estimated to require 54 and 26% lower hydraulic retention time than an aerobic lagoon and a low temperature, constructed wetland, respectively, the types of systems that would likely be used for this type of wastewater for onsite locations. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Pollution Prevention, Mitigation and Sustainability)

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26 pages, 49693 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Material Flow Analysis-Based Sustainability Assessment for Circular Economy Scenarios of Urban Building Stock of Vienna

by Jakob Lederer and Dominik Blasenbauer

Sustainability 2024, 16(17), 7319; https://doi.org/10.3390/su16177319 - 26 Aug 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2031

Abstract

Urban buildings consume raw material and energy, and they produce waste and greenhouse gasses. Sustainable urban development strategies aim to reduce these. Using the case study of buildings in Vienna, this article evaluates the impact of a defined urban development pathway on the [...] Read more.

Urban buildings consume raw material and energy, and they produce waste and greenhouse gasses. Sustainable urban development strategies aim to reduce these. Using the case study of buildings in Vienna, this article evaluates the impact of a defined urban development pathway on the heating energy demand, greenhouse gas emissions, and total material requirement of buildings in Vienna for 2021–2050. Furthermore, the impact of recycling to reduce the total material requirement and to increase the circular material use rate is evaluated. The results show that the heating energy demand can be reduced to meet the targets of Vienna’s sustainable development strategy. The same does not count for greenhouse gas emissions. To meet the targets for the latter, the renovation of old buildings by thermal insulation should be expanded and heating systems substituted. With respect to the total material requirement, the recycling of demolition waste from buildings in Vienna to produce secondary raw materials for buildings in Vienna can help to achieve the reduction targets of Vienna’s sustainable development strategy so that in the year 2050, the material footprint is only 44% of the value of the year 2019. Since there is a contradiction between the total material requirement and the circular material use rate, the latter has to be discussed for its use as a circular economy indicator, since the aim of circular economy is not to produce as much recycling materials as possible, but to reduce resource consumption to a sustainable level. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Green Building)

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28 pages, 4209 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Comparing the Effects of Erosion and Accretion along the Eastern Coast of Río de Janeiro and Guanabara Bay in Brazil

by Silvia V. González Rodríguez, Vicente Negro Valdecantos, José María del Campo and Vanessa Torrodero Numpaque

Sustainability 2024, 16(13), 5728; https://doi.org/10.3390/su16135728 - 4 Jul 2024

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2097

Abstract

This paper presents a case study of a general research project investigating the coastal landscapes’ evolution in different port cities of the American continent with a common historical background: colonization. The general aim is to ascertain whether the evolution of coastal landscapes in [...] Read more.

This paper presents a case study of a general research project investigating the coastal landscapes’ evolution in different port cities of the American continent with a common historical background: colonization. The general aim is to ascertain whether the evolution of coastal landscapes in the selected port cities is influenced by the origins of their colonizers, who initiated changes that shaped these cities into repositories of artistic, cultural, and historical heritage. The paper presents a study of the coastal landscape transformation in Rio de Janeiro and Guanabara Bay, Brazil. The study employs a comparative approach, utilizing cartographic maps from disparate historical periods, with the objective of identifying and quantifying changes in the coastline. The results indicate that accretion exceeded erosion over the study period. The erosion is associated with the loss of mangroves, underscoring the necessity for environmental protection and reconstruction efforts in affected regions. The research contributes to the existing body of knowledge by providing a comprehensive analysis of the coastal transformation in Rio de Janeiro and Guanabara Bay and its impact on the environment. Furthermore, it allows for a comparison with the port cities of the other case studies in the overall research. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Anthropogenic Impacts in Marine Coastal Waters: Assessment, Case Studies and Solutions)

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16 pages, 2623 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Antibiotic Residues in Struvite Fertilizers Precipitated by Different Processes in Municipal Wastewater Treatment Plants

by Elke Bloem, Sophia Albert, Maria Thiel, Paul Keßeler, Joachim Clemens, Andreas Kolb and Thomas Dockhorn

Sustainability 2024, 16(13), 5726; https://doi.org/10.3390/su16135726 - 4 Jul 2024

Viewed by 1563

Abstract

Struvite (MgNH₄PO₄·6H₂O) is a precipitation product that can be obtained in municipal wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) and represents a promising fertilizer and technical solution for phosphorus recovery. Struvite can be recovered from the wastewater stream, during sludge [...] Read more.

Struvite (MgNH₄PO₄·6H₂O) is a precipitation product that can be obtained in municipal wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) and represents a promising fertilizer and technical solution for phosphorus recovery. Struvite can be recovered from the wastewater stream, during sludge digestion or by accelerated acid leaching from sludge followed by solid–liquid separation and struvite precipitation from the liquid phase. Moreover, struvite can be precipitated from industrial effluents or agricultural wastes. The resulting products are of different purity. Antibiotic residues are a relevant class of contaminants as already traces can induce or promote the development of antibiotic resistance in the environment. The aim of the current study was a screening of struvite raw materials precipitated by different processes in German WWTPs for their contamination by selected antibiotics out of the classes of sulfonamides (SAs), fluoroquinolones (FQs) and tetracyclines (TCs). Slightly higher antibiotic residues were detected when struvite was precipitated from the solid phase with a maximum of 133 µg TCs, 484 µg FQs and 8 µg SAs compared to 8 µg TCs, 86 µg FQs and 9 µg SAs per kg dry weight (DW) when struvite was obtained from the liquid phase. FQs were most frequently found in low but quantifiable concentrations in almost all struvite raw materials. Yet, the contamination level of struvite from WWTPs can generally be regarded as low compared to sewage sludge. Products received from effluents from the food industry were found to be almost free of antibiotic residues. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Environmental Sustainability and Applications)

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22 pages, 5450 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Transforming Healthcare Delivery with Advanced Air Mobility: A Rural Study with GIS-Based Optimization

by Raj Bridgelall and Denver Tolliver

Sustainability 2024, 16(13), 5709; https://doi.org/10.3390/su16135709 - 4 Jul 2024

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1968

Abstract

The efficient and timely delivery of pharmaceuticals is critical, particularly in regions with dispersed populations and challenging logistics. Inclement weather often disrupts ground transport, complicating the consistent supply of essential medications. Advanced air mobility (AAM), particularly through the use of drones, presents a [...] Read more.

The efficient and timely delivery of pharmaceuticals is critical, particularly in regions with dispersed populations and challenging logistics. Inclement weather often disrupts ground transport, complicating the consistent supply of essential medications. Advanced air mobility (AAM), particularly through the use of drones, presents a promising solution to these logistical challenges by enabling smaller, more frequent deliveries to low density populated places and bypassing traditional transport constraints. This study evaluates the potential benefits of AAM for pharmaceutical transport in North Dakota (ND). The authors developed a comprehensive GIS and optimization framework to identify optimal locations for logistical centers and routes for drone and truck transport. The study introduces a person-years-saved (PYS) metric to rank the potential for AAM deployments to foster healthcare improvements in underserved communities. Moreover, the study found that drone trips were significantly more cost-effective and efficient than truck trips, with trucks being 2.3 times more expensive and having a 2.8 times higher underutilization rate. The study concludes with recommendations for regulatory support and future research to validate and expand the application of AAM in pharmaceutical logistics, contributing to improved healthcare delivery and operational efficiency in often overlooked rural populations. These insights provide a foundation for the practical implementation of AAM technologies, emphasizing their potential to revolutionize pharmaceutical logistics in challenging environments. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Design of Sustainable Supply Chain and Transportation Service Mode)

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