SDGs 2030 in Buildings and Infrastructure

Journal Name	Impact Factor	CiteScore	Launched Year	First Decision (median)	APC
Architecture architecture	-	-	2021	36.3 Days	CHF 1000
Buildings buildings	3.1	3.4	2011	15.3 Days	CHF 2600
Infrastructures infrastructures	2.7	5.2	2016	17.8 Days	CHF 1800
Land land	3.2	4.9	2012	16.9 Days	CHF 2600
Smart Cities smartcities	7.0	11.2	2018	28.4 Days	CHF 2000
Healthcare healthcare	2.4	3.5	2013	20.3 Days	CHF 2700
Systems systems	2.3	2.8	2013	19.6 Days	CHF 2400

26 pages, 3454 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Optimizing Maintenance Resource Scheduling and Site Selection for Urban Metro Systems: A Multi-Objective Approach to Enhance System Resilience

by Lingyi Tang, Shiqi Chen and Qiming Li

Systems 2024, 12(7), 262; https://doi.org/10.3390/systems12070262 - 21 Jul 2024

Viewed by 1524

Abstract

This study developed an optimization model for the strategic location of maintenance resource supply sites and the scheduling of multiple resources following failures in urban metro systems, with the objective of enhancing system resilience. The model employs a multi-objective optimization framework, focusing primarily [...] Read more.

This study developed an optimization model for the strategic location of maintenance resource supply sites and the scheduling of multiple resources following failures in urban metro systems, with the objective of enhancing system resilience. The model employs a multi-objective optimization framework, focusing primarily on minimizing resource scheduling time and reducing costs. It incorporates critical factors such as spatial location, network topology, station size, and passenger flow. A hybrid method, combining the non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm III and the technique for order of preference by similarity to ideal solution, is used to solve the model, with its effectiveness confirmed through a case study of the Nanjing Metro system. The simulation results yielded an optimal number of 21 maintenance resource supply stations and provided their placement. In the event of large-scale failures, the optimal resource scheduling strategy ensures demand satisfaction rates exceed 90% at critical stations, maintaining an overall rate of 87.09%, therefore significantly improving resource scheduling efficiency and the system’s emergency response capabilities and enhancing the physical resilience and recovery capabilities of the urban metro system. Moreover, the model accounts for economic factors, striving to balance emergency response capabilities with production continuity and cost efficiency through effective maintenance strategies and resource utilization. This approach provides a systematic framework for urban metro systems to manage sudden failures, ensuring rapid recovery to normal operations and minimizing operational disruptions in scenarios of limited resources. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic SDGs 2030 in Buildings and Infrastructure)

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18 pages, 2791 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Research on Collaborative Risk Management Mechanism of Mega Projects: A Tripartite Evolutionary Game Model Considering the Participation of Insurance Institution

by Qianqian Shi, Boya Li, Manqi Zhang and Marcel Hertogh

Systems 2024, 12(7), 240; https://doi.org/10.3390/systems12070240 - 4 Jul 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1078

Abstract

The frequent occurrence of mega project accidents has created an issue of risk management and has made its solution highly valued. In the case that the owner is at a regulatory disadvantage, insurance institution can provide a new pattern for risk management of [...] Read more.

The frequent occurrence of mega project accidents has created an issue of risk management and has made its solution highly valued. In the case that the owner is at a regulatory disadvantage, insurance institution can provide a new pattern for risk management of mega projects. The purpose of this paper is to study the impact of insurance institution’s participation in mega project risk management on the decision-making of all participants and the promotion of the overall effectiveness of collaborative risk management of all participants. By constructing a tripartite evolutionary game model between the insurance institution, supervision unit and contractor, the conditions of the behavior evolution process of each participant and the important parameters affecting the change in behavior strategies are analyzed. The results indicate that the participation of insurance institution can promote the risk management investment of the supervision unit and contractor, and punitive measures can make participants pay more attention to the losses caused by the occurrence of risks In order to encourage insurance institution to participate in risk management of mega projects, incentive measures need to be taken to dispel their concerns cost surrounding costs. This study is helpful to reduce the probability of risk occurrence so as to realize the sustainable development of mega projects and provides management suggestions for insurance institution to participate in risk management. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic SDGs 2030 in Buildings and Infrastructure)

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21 pages, 18062 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Methodology for Identifying Optimal Pedestrian Paths in an Urban Environment: A Case Study of a School Environment in A Coruña, Spain

by David Fernández-Arango, Francisco-Alberto Varela-García and Alberto M. Esmorís

Smart Cities 2024, 7(3), 1441-1461; https://doi.org/10.3390/smartcities7030060 - 14 Jun 2024

Viewed by 1970

Abstract

Improving urban mobility, especially pedestrian mobility, is a current challenge in virtually every city worldwide. To calculate the least-cost paths and safer, more efficient routes, it is necessary to understand the geometry of streets and their various elements accurately. In this study, we [...] Read more.

Improving urban mobility, especially pedestrian mobility, is a current challenge in virtually every city worldwide. To calculate the least-cost paths and safer, more efficient routes, it is necessary to understand the geometry of streets and their various elements accurately. In this study, we propose a semi-automatic methodology to assess the capacity of urban spaces to enable adequate pedestrian mobility. We employ various data sources, but primarily point clouds obtained through a mobile laser scanner (MLS), which provide a wealth of highly detailed information about the geometry of street elements. Our method allows us to characterize preferred pedestrian-traffic zones by segmenting crosswalks, delineating sidewalks, and identifying obstacles and impediments to walking in urban routes. Subsequently, we generate different displacement cost surfaces and identify the least-cost origin–destination paths. All these factors enable a detailed pedestrian mobility analysis, yielding results on a raster with a ground sampling distance (GSD) of 10 cm/pix. The method is validated through its application in a case study analyzing pedestrian mobility around an educational center in a purely urban area of A Coruña (Galicia, Spain). The segmentation model successfully identified all pedestrian crossings in the study area without false positives. Additionally, obstacle segmentation effectively identified urban elements and parked vehicles, providing crucial information to generate precise friction surfaces reflecting real environmental conditions. Furthermore, the generation of cumulative displacement cost surfaces allowed for identifying optimal routes for pedestrian movement, considering the presence of obstacles and the availability of traversable spaces. These surfaces provided a detailed representation of pedestrian mobility, highlighting significant variations in travel times, especially in areas with high obstacle density, where differences of up to 15% were observed. These results underscore the importance of considering obstacles’ existence and location when planning pedestrian routes, which can significantly influence travel times and route selection. We consider the capability to generate accurate cumulative cost surfaces to be a significant advantage, as it enables urban planners and local authorities to make informed decisions regarding the improvement of pedestrian infrastructure. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic SDGs 2030 in Buildings and Infrastructure)

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18 pages, 3764 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Quantifying Urban Spatial Morphology Indicators on the Green Areas Cooling Effect: The Case of Changsha, China, a Subtropical City

by Jiang Li, Hao Wang, Xiaoxi Cai, Shaobo Liu, Wenbo Lai, Yating Chang, Jialing Qi, Gexuan Zhu, Chuyu Zhang and Yudan Liu

Land 2024, 13(6), 757; https://doi.org/10.3390/land13060757 - 28 May 2024

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 1376

Abstract

Green city areas are crucial in mitigating the Urban Heat Island Effect (UHI). However, the cooling effect of green city areas can be influenced by the surrounding complex urban spatial environment. This study focuses on Changsha, a subtropical city in China, where 40 [...] Read more.

Green city areas are crucial in mitigating the Urban Heat Island Effect (UHI). However, the cooling effect of green city areas can be influenced by the surrounding complex urban spatial environment. This study focuses on Changsha, a subtropical city in China, where 40 green city areas were screened and analyzed. The study aims to quantify the specific impact of urban spatial morphology on the cooling effect of green city areas. Through statistical correlation and regression analysis, this study focused on six urban spatial morphology indicators: building density (BD), building floor area ratio (BFR), building volume density (BVD), building evenness index (BEI), building average height (BH), and building height standard deviation (BSD). The results indicate that the cooling effect of green city areas could be influenced by urban spatial morphology. Factors such as BD, BFR, BH, and BSD were found to be significantly correlated with the cooling effect of green city areas, with BH showing the strongest influence. BD and BFR were negatively correlated, while BH and BSD were positively correlated. The range values of BD, BFR, BH, and BSD were determined to achieve the optimal conditions for the cooling effect of green city areas. Additionally, the relative position of the green city areas in the neighboring urban areas affects the cooling effect of the green city areas. The cooling effect is most pronounced in the urban area situated to the south of the green city areas. These findings provide a solid foundation for urban planning around green city spaces and offer scientifically sound evidence for mitigating the UHI. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic SDGs 2030 in Buildings and Infrastructure)

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23 pages, 16425 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Methods for Coordinating Optimization of Urban Building Clusters and District Energy Systems

by Peng Wu and Yisheng Liu

Systems 2024, 12(3), 92; https://doi.org/10.3390/systems12030092 - 12 Mar 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1705

Abstract

In the face of increasingly severe global climate change, achieving zero-carbon development goals has gradually become a consensus across various industries. Enhancing the electrification level of building energy use and increasing the proportion of renewable energy applications are primary means to achieve zero-carbon [...] Read more.

In the face of increasingly severe global climate change, achieving zero-carbon development goals has gradually become a consensus across various industries. Enhancing the electrification level of building energy use and increasing the proportion of renewable energy applications are primary means to achieve zero-carbon development in the construction sector, which also imposes higher demands on energy system planning and operation. This study focuses on urban building clusters and district energy systems, proposing coordinated optimization methods for energy supply and demand. On the demand side, strategies such as utilizing energy storage from electric vehicles are applied to enhance the flexibility of building energy use, along with methods to improve building load leveling rates and increase renewable energy penetration rates. On the supply side, a dual-layer planning method is proposed for the optimal configuration and operation of district energy systems considering the construction of shared energy storage stations. Results indicate that the optimization methods for urban building clusters significantly improve the flexibility of building energy use, and different functional compositions of building clusters can enhance load leveling and renewable energy penetration rates to a certain extent. The dual-layer optimization method for district energy systems can further exploit the potential of building energy flexibility, thereby achieving a balance between economic and environmental benefits. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic SDGs 2030 in Buildings and Infrastructure)

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22 pages, 6959 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Influencing Factor Identification and Simulation for Urban Metro System Operation Processes—A Resilience Enhancement Perspective

by Kang Li, Xiaer Xiahou, Zhou Wu, Peng Shi, Lingyi Tang and Qiming Li

Systems 2024, 12(2), 43; https://doi.org/10.3390/systems12020043 - 29 Jan 2024

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2206

Abstract

When confronted with rainstorms and flood disturbances, the operational processes of urban metro systems demonstrate vulnerabilities to attacks, inadequate resistance, and sluggish recovery characteristics. The flood resilience of UMS operational processes requires urgent enhancements. This paper aims to enhance the flood resilience of [...] Read more.

When confronted with rainstorms and flood disturbances, the operational processes of urban metro systems demonstrate vulnerabilities to attacks, inadequate resistance, and sluggish recovery characteristics. The flood resilience of UMS operational processes requires urgent enhancements. This paper aims to enhance the flood resilience of urban metro operation processes by proposing a three-stage PEL resilience enhancement framework: prevention resilience, response resilience, and learning resilience. Additionally, it summarizes the influencing factors on UMS flood resilience from five dimensions: natural-physical-social-management-economic (NPSME). By employing system dynamics as a simulation tool, this study elucidates the logical interconnections among these influential factors. Furthermore, by utilizing economic change conditions as an illustrative example, it effectively simulates the response characteristics of both standardized benchmark scenarios and economic change scenarios. Based on these simulation results, corresponding strategies for flood resilience enhancement are proposed to offer valuable insights for metro operation management. The Nanjing metro system was taken as a case study, where relevant historical data were collected and strategies were simulated for different development scenarios to validate the effectiveness and rationality of the proposed method for enhancing resilience. The simulation results demonstrate that changes in economic conditions and population structure are the primary factors influencing the enhancement of flood resilience in UMS operations. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic SDGs 2030 in Buildings and Infrastructure)

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16 pages, 3849 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Visualization Study of Highway Investment Based on Network Analysis

by Xiangyu Cui, Qixun Zhou, Huajin Wang, Ke Feng, Zezhou Wu and Yongning Niu

Buildings 2023, 13(11), 2758; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings13112758 - 1 Nov 2023

Viewed by 1396

Abstract

The proportion of highways in infrastructure investment is growing and playing a significant role. It has many advantages in all aspects of social life and has become a timely subject of recent research. However, the existing literature lacks a systematic review of the [...] Read more.

The proportion of highways in infrastructure investment is growing and playing a significant role. It has many advantages in all aspects of social life and has become a timely subject of recent research. However, the existing literature lacks a systematic review of the current research status of highway investment. Thus, this study aims to conduct a scientometric analysis of the existing literature on highway investment to provide an overview of its current state of research. Using the Web of Science Core Collection database, this study conducted searches and screenings of 614 documents related to highway investment from 2013 to 2023. Subsequently, VOSviewer software was employed to perform a visual analysis of source journals, authors, countries/regions, article citations, and keywords. The results reveal that Transportation Research Record is identified as the most influential journal in the field of highway investment. Bullock, Darcy M. has published the greatest number of articles. In addition, the United States has published the largest number of studies and contributed significantly to the advancement of highway investment. Benjamin Faber has received the highest number of citations and normalized citations. Through co-occurring keywords analysis, keywords such as “risk”, “influence”, “investment decision”, and “infrastructure investment” receive more attention. The findings of this research can contribute to providing researchers and scholars with a more comprehensive understanding of the current research status of highway investment and its key issues. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic SDGs 2030 in Buildings and Infrastructure)

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23 pages, 51394 KiB

Open AccessArticle

An Analysis of the Isomerism of Tibetan Vernacular Dwellings Based on Space Syntax: A Case Study of the Semi-Agricultural and Semi-Pastoral District in Gannan Prefecture, China

by Yuyuan An, Lu Liu, Yixin Guo, Xiao Wu and Pengquan Liu

Buildings 2023, 13(10), 2501; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings13102501 - 1 Oct 2023

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 1981

Abstract

Vernacular dwellings carry both material and spiritual connotations, playing a significant role in preserving and developing regional culture. While current research on vernacular dwellings has primarily focused on the cultural center, there is a critical knowledge gap regarding the “differentiation” of dwellings in [...] Read more.

Vernacular dwellings carry both material and spiritual connotations, playing a significant role in preserving and developing regional culture. While current research on vernacular dwellings has primarily focused on the cultural center, there is a critical knowledge gap regarding the “differentiation” of dwellings in border areas. This knowledge gap poses risks to the sustainable development of vernacular dwellings. Therefore, this study employs a space syntax approach to analyze the spatial configuration of the Tibetan vernacular dwellings of the semi-agricultural and semi-pastoral areas in Gannan prefecture, China, which is situated in the Tibetan border area. The findings reveal the following key insights: (i) disparities exist in the spatial organization of “sacred–secular” node spaces and the structural characteristics of buildings, resulting in a misalignment between physical center spaces and psychological center spaces; (ii) variation in cultural intensity contributes to distinct characteristics, i.e., “prototype”, “transition”, and “mutant”, among dwellings in different counties; and (iii) the continuous development and adaptation of dwellings hinge on the homogeneity and differentiation of regional culture. The crux of achieving sustainable dwelling development lies in preserving the diversity of dwellings. This study offers a more comprehensive understanding of the relationship between the spatial configuration of vernacular dwellings in the Tibetan border area and their sociocultural connotations. Consequently, it provides valuable guidance for promoting the sustainable development of these dwellings. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic SDGs 2030 in Buildings and Infrastructure)

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21 pages, 19304 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Method for Optimizing the Layout of Public Service Facilities Based on the Needs of Different Age Groups: An Analysis of Hongkou District, Shanghai

by Chen Chen and Shuning Fu

Systems 2023, 11(8), 426; https://doi.org/10.3390/systems11080426 - 14 Aug 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2493

Abstract

This study focuses on the equity of spatial layout for public service facilities targeting different age groups and proposes a systematic analytical approach. The method mainly includes the following steps: (1) collecting spatial distribution data of population and various types of public service [...] Read more.

This study focuses on the equity of spatial layout for public service facilities targeting different age groups and proposes a systematic analytical approach. The method mainly includes the following steps: (1) collecting spatial distribution data of population and various types of public service facilities for each age group; (2) establishing demand matrices for different groups regarding different types of public service facilities and calculating supply-demand density; (3) calculating the level of public service accessibility for different population groups at any spatial location; (4) introducing the Gini coefficient to assess the spatial equity of public service accessibility for different age groups; (5) evaluating whether the Gini coefficient meets the planning objectives and identifying areas with inadequate public service accessibility for optimization of facility layout. Choosing Hongkou District in Shanghai as a case study, the analysis process and results indicate the technical feasibility of the proposed method and its supportive role in public service facility planning. Furthermore, the article discusses the importance of a systematic analysis perspective, the applicability of the methodology in planning decisions, and the enhancement of facility supply levels in weak areas. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic SDGs 2030 in Buildings and Infrastructure)

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27 pages, 15739 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Improving the Environmental Health Benefits of Modern Community Public Spaces: Taking the Renovation of Residential Facades as an Example

by Ribing Zhao, Weimin Guo, Fei Wei, Ying Luo and Chen Liu

Systems 2023, 11(8), 388; https://doi.org/10.3390/systems11080388 - 29 Jul 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2510

Abstract

The complications and sequelae of COVID-19 have jeopardized the well-being of residents, hindering community sustainability. Experiencing positive emotions can mitigate or counteract the negative effects of some diseases, but modern residential facades cannot effectively stimulate positive emotions among residents. Traditional culture influences people’s [...] Read more.

The complications and sequelae of COVID-19 have jeopardized the well-being of residents, hindering community sustainability. Experiencing positive emotions can mitigate or counteract the negative effects of some diseases, but modern residential facades cannot effectively stimulate positive emotions among residents. Traditional culture influences people’s emotional responses. However, it is unclear what the result would be if traditional architectural patterns, one of the symbols of traditional culture, were redecorated as modern residential facades. Therefore, this paper used questionnaire research to collect data from residents of the Zhouxinyuan community in Wuxi on different types of traditional architectural patterns in assessing architectural aesthetics (N = 365) and health benefits (N = 154), using the Wilcoxon signed rank test to analyze the data for variance. The results indicate that modern residential facades decorated with traditional architectural patterns were more consistent with residents’ visual preferences and more likely to stimulate positive emotions than existing residential facades. Most importantly, modern residential facades decorated with traditional architectural patterns showed higher health benefits, especially in calming emotions (mean = 5, SD = 1.033). Based on these findings and the theory of positive experience, this paper constructs a conceptual framework for modern community public space renovation that contributes to improving the health benefits of modern communities. The framework can mitigate or counteract the complications or sequelae of the pandemic, contributing to the sustainable development of modern community public space environmental systems. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic SDGs 2030 in Buildings and Infrastructure)

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19 pages, 1624 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Two-Stage Investment Decision-Making Model for Urban Rail Transit Drainage Renovation

by Tao Wang, Bingsheng Liu, Shimeng Liu, Kuan Zhang and Mingyue Ma

Systems 2023, 11(6), 280; https://doi.org/10.3390/systems11060280 - 1 Jun 2023

Viewed by 1651

Abstract

Climate change is the main cause of frequent extreme weather and natural disasters. Therefore, effective climate adaptation strategies for urban rail transit (URT) should be adopted to cope with extreme precipitation events (EPEs). This study proposes a decision-making model based on climate change [...] Read more.

Climate change is the main cause of frequent extreme weather and natural disasters. Therefore, effective climate adaptation strategies for urban rail transit (URT) should be adopted to cope with extreme precipitation events (EPEs). This study proposes a decision-making model based on climate change for drainage renovation, which consists of an optimal renovation sequence model and an optimal investment timing model. This study analyzes the inundation risk of each station and its node importance in the URT network and then uses a multi-attribute decision analysis (MADA) to determine the optimal renovation sequence. This study also uses a real options pricing approach to calculate the value of an option in order to defer the renovation project and determine the optimal investment timing. Then, the Beijing Urban Rail Transit (BURT) is taken as an example to conduct an empirical analysis of the proposed model. Considering the uncertainty of climate change and the complexity of the URT network, the model can obtain the optimal renovation sequence and the investment timing of each station, which is expected to provide a decision-making tool for urban governments to formulate an optimal plan that strengthens the prevention of flooding disasters. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic SDGs 2030 in Buildings and Infrastructure)

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15 pages, 617 KiB

Open AccessProtocol

The Effect of Herbal Medicine on Suicidal Behavior: A Protocol for Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

by Chan-Young Kwon and Boram Lee

Healthcare 2023, 11(10), 1387; https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare11101387 - 11 May 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2312

Abstract

Suicide is an important social and medical problem worldwide, including in countries that use traditional East Asian medicine (TEAM). Herbal medicine (HM) has been reported to be effective against several suicide-related conditions. This systematic review aimed to investigate the efficacy and safety of [...] Read more.

Suicide is an important social and medical problem worldwide, including in countries that use traditional East Asian medicine (TEAM). Herbal medicine (HM) has been reported to be effective against several suicide-related conditions. This systematic review aimed to investigate the efficacy and safety of HM in reducing suicidal behavior including suicidal ideation, attempts, or completed suicide. We conduct a comprehensive search in 15 electronic bibliographic databases from inception to September 2022. All types of prospective clinical studies—including randomized controlled clinical trials (RCTs)—involving HM without or with routine care are included. The primary outcomes of this review are validated measures of suicidal ideation including the Beck scale for suicidal ideation. The revised Cochrane’s risk of bias tool and other tools including the ROBANS-II tool are used to assess the methodological quality of RCTs and non-RCTs, respectively. A meta-analysis is performed using RevMan 5.4 in cases of homogeneous data from controlled studies. The results of the systematic review provide high-quality evidence to determine the efficacy and safety of HM for suicidal behavior. Our findings are informative for clinicians, policymakers, and researchers, aimed at reducing suicide rates, especially in countries that use TEAM. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic SDGs 2030 in Buildings and Infrastructure)
(This article belongs to the Section Preventive Medicine)

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17 pages, 5528 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Protection Schemes for DDoS, ARP Spoofing, and IP Fragmentation Attacks in Smart Factory

by Tze Uei Chai, Hock Guan Goh, Soung-Yue Liew and Vasaki Ponnusamy

Systems 2023, 11(4), 211; https://doi.org/10.3390/systems11040211 - 20 Apr 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 3352

Abstract

Industry Revolution 4.0 connects the Internet of Things (IoT) resource-constrained devices to Smart Factory solutions and delivers insights. As a result, a complex and dynamic network with a vulnerability inherited from the Internet becomes an attractive target for hackers to attack critical infrastructures. [...] Read more.

Industry Revolution 4.0 connects the Internet of Things (IoT) resource-constrained devices to Smart Factory solutions and delivers insights. As a result, a complex and dynamic network with a vulnerability inherited from the Internet becomes an attractive target for hackers to attack critical infrastructures. Therefore, this paper selects three potential attacks with the evaluation of the protections, namely (1) distributed denial of service (DDoS), (2) address resolution protocol (ARP) spoofing, and (3) Internet protocol (IP) fragmentation attacks. In the DDoS protection, the F1-score, accuracy, precision, and recall of the four-feature random forest with principal component analysis (RFPCA) model are 95.65%, 97%, 97.06%, and 94.29%, respectively. In the ARP spoofing, a batch processing method adopts the entropy calculated in the 20 s window with sensitivity to network abnormalities detection of various ARP spoofing scenarios involving victims’ traffic. The detected attacker’s MAC address is inserted in the block list to filter malicious traffic. The proposed protection in the IP fragmentation attack is implementing one-time code (OTC) and timestamp fields in the packet header. The simulation shows that the method detected 160 fake fragments from attackers among 2040 fragments. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic SDGs 2030 in Buildings and Infrastructure)

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27 pages, 2058 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Incentive Mechanism and Subsidy Design for Continuous Monitoring of Energy Consumption in Public Buildings (CMECPB): An Overview Based on Evolutionary Game Theory

by Hui Chen, Yao Xiao, Qiyue Liu and Guanghui Fu

Buildings 2023, 13(4), 984; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings13040984 - 7 Apr 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2346

Abstract

Rapid urbanization and the continued expansion of buildings have resulted in a consistent rise in the energy consumption of buildings. At the same time, the monitoring of building energy consumption has to achieve the goals of an “Emission peak” and “Carbon neutrality”. Numerous [...] Read more.

Rapid urbanization and the continued expansion of buildings have resulted in a consistent rise in the energy consumption of buildings. At the same time, the monitoring of building energy consumption has to achieve the goals of an “Emission peak” and “Carbon neutrality”. Numerous energy consumption monitoring systems have been established in several types of public buildings. However, there is a need to ensure that the data are continuously acquired and of superior quality. Scholars have noted that the in-depth research connected to the continuous monitoring of energy consumption in public buildings (CMECPB) is currently sparse. As a result, additional precise quantitative studies targeting the behavior of various stakeholders are also lacking. Hence, there is a need to explore the definition of value and the dynamic benefits of relevant subjects in continuous energy consumption monitoring based on evolutionary game theory and to propose incentive policies. This paper constructs an evolutionary game model for CMECPB between an energy service company (ESCO) and its owner to study the dynamic evolution path of a game system and the evolutionarily stable strategy under market-based mechanisms. Furthermore, by introducing government actions, the incentive policies and subsidy strategy for different subjects of interest are probed in detail by developing a principal-agent model to explore the incentive strength. The following conclusions can be reached: (1) it is inefficient and risky to rely only on the owner and the ESCO in achieving the optimal Pareto equilibrium; (2) the optimal incentives are “fixed incentives” in the case of information symmetry and a “fixed incentive + variable incentive” in the case of information asymmetry; (3) the choice of optimal incentive strategy is also influenced by the cost effort coefficient, risk aversion, external uncertainty, and integrated value transformation coefficient; (4) the incentive intensity and subsidy should be determined by comprehensive analysis with multiple indicators based on the conventional value of a project and the external value of a particular project. An in-depth understanding of each component of the CMECPB pathway yields insights into overcoming the challenges of building energy saving. Furthermore, the results may be useful in developing targeted, effective incentive policies for different disciplines and promoting the continued progress of monitoring building energy consumption and building energy efficiency. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic SDGs 2030 in Buildings and Infrastructure)

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12 pages, 768 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Examining the Impact of Infrastructure Financialization on Uneven Regional Development: Evidence from China

by Yun Li, Ming Xu, Juncheng Dai, Zhenshan Yang and Zhe Cheng

Land 2023, 12(3), 641; https://doi.org/10.3390/land12030641 - 8 Mar 2023

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2820

Abstract

Infrastructure financialization is an important economic phenomenon in urbanization and urban financialization. The existing studies are mainly focused on qualitative and theoretical analysis around the world. To quantitatively evaluate the impact of infrastructure financialization on uneven regional development, this study firstly measures the [...] Read more.

Infrastructure financialization is an important economic phenomenon in urbanization and urban financialization. The existing studies are mainly focused on qualitative and theoretical analysis around the world. To quantitatively evaluate the impact of infrastructure financialization on uneven regional development, this study firstly measures the characteristics of uneven regional development in China, then we use the Tobit model to analyze the impact of infrastructure financialization based on panel data from 2006 to 2019. The results find that infrastructure financialization plays a significant role in uneven regional development in China. Low infrastructure financialization constrains the economic growth and urbanization of underdeveloped regions. This study not only contributes to the knowledge body of global financialization theory, but also provides a scientific basis for the optimization of infrastructure development both in China and the Global South. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic SDGs 2030 in Buildings and Infrastructure)

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21 pages, 2019 KiB

Open AccessReview

Research Progress on Carbon Emissions of Public Buildings: A Visual Analysis and Review

by Zhen Gao, Hui Liu, Xiaoxiao Xu, Xiaer Xiahou, Peng Cui and Peng Mao

Buildings 2023, 13(3), 677; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings13030677 - 3 Mar 2023

Cited by 18 | Viewed by 3302

Abstract

As the global climate continues to change, lowering carbon emissions of public buildings (CEPB) is essential for reducing carbon emissions from the construction sector. Exploring the current status of the field is crucial to improving the effort to reduce CEPB. CiteSpace and VOSviewer [...] Read more.

As the global climate continues to change, lowering carbon emissions of public buildings (CEPB) is essential for reducing carbon emissions from the construction sector. Exploring the current status of the field is crucial to improving the effort to reduce CEPB. CiteSpace and VOSviewer are used in this research to visualize the literature on CEPB from the Web of Science Core Collection from 2002 to 2022, including an overview, collaborations, and keywords, as well as references. The paper then analyzes and reviews the research processes of CEPB in conjunction with the visualization results and the collation of information from the literature. The results show that the current research hotspots include (1) theoretical research and simulation modeling, (2) energy systems, (3) materials, (4) public building retrofitting, (5) the main factors that contribute to the reduction in CEPB. Architectural features and structures and digital technology are the frontiers of research in the field of CEPB. In general, there is still sufficient space to develop in the field. These findings intuitively encapsulate the valuable information and inherent value of a significant body of literature, which can help researchers quickly understand the field and provide some references. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic SDGs 2030 in Buildings and Infrastructure)

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25 pages, 5548 KiB

Open AccessArticle

From Policy to Implementation—An Analytic Network Process (ANP)-Based Assessment Tool for Low Carbon Urban and Neighborhood Planning

by Qinghua Lei, Stephen Siu Yu Lau, Yue Fan, Ivan Chin Shing Fu, Joseph Tin Yeung Chan, Yiqi Tao, Ling Zhang, Hongzhan Lai, Yijia Miao and Yi Qi

Buildings 2023, 13(2), 484; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings13020484 - 10 Feb 2023

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2426

Abstract

To achieve the goals of carbon peaking, a national policy instrument for carbon peaking in the building and construction sector has been launched by the Chinese MOHURD (30 June 2022). We have developed an actionable framework for implementing these policy objectives. The framework [...] Read more.

To achieve the goals of carbon peaking, a national policy instrument for carbon peaking in the building and construction sector has been launched by the Chinese MOHURD (30 June 2022). We have developed an actionable framework for implementing these policy objectives. The framework was designed by classifying and prioritizing selected strategic government recommendations in the form of an interactive indicator system and tool for evaluating the quality of low-carbon urban and neighborhood planning actions based on the decarbonation principles of carbon emission reduction and carbon capture. The analytic network process (ANP) was applied for processing the interactions and prioritizing the indicators (23 in total for the two principles applied). A scorecard was designed for assessing low-carbon urban and neighborhood planning strategies and technologies. The practical implementation of the tool was then tested with two real planning cases, one from a fourth-tier Chinese city and another from a high-density city. The applicability of the tool is further discussed by comparing it with well-developed international assessment tools in other contexts. This article contributes to the literature by first initiating research on the use of this evaluative tool for low-carbon planning and secondly by demonstrating how researchers can convert policies into practical implementations. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic SDGs 2030 in Buildings and Infrastructure)

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16 pages, 2537 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Multi-Role Collaborative Behavior in the Construction Industry through Training Strategies

by Xue Yan, Ruisi Yang, Heap-Yih Chong and Minyu Feng

Buildings 2023, 13(2), 482; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings13020482 - 10 Feb 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1945

Abstract

From a stakeholder perspective, the personal growth of industrial personnel is important for the promotion of the sustainable development of the construction industry. As an important part of knowledge management, training is a common way to improve the personal knowledge and skills of [...] Read more.

From a stakeholder perspective, the personal growth of industrial personnel is important for the promotion of the sustainable development of the construction industry. As an important part of knowledge management, training is a common way to improve the personal knowledge and skills of construction practitioners. Group role assignment with a training plan is thought to optimize group performance and the assignment of personnel with collaborative behaviors. However, existing mathematical models or approaches have mainly considered the loss of downtime caused by training while ignoring the different costs of training programs and personal capabilities, which affect the overall benefits. Hence, to solve the training-related role assignment problem, the intention of this study is to formulate a new model that integrates comprehensive training costs with various personal capabilities. After training, all roles need to be reassigned to maximize the overall benefit. Four experiments were conducted. The results show that training strategies can increase the total benefit, but also weaken it when the training costs are too high. Training strategies have a cumulative effect, i.e., training performance is positively related to the knowledge and skill levels of construction practitioners. Finally, training performance varies with the industrial role. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic SDGs 2030 in Buildings and Infrastructure)

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21 pages, 1614 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Impact of Nonstandard Default Risk of the Urban Investment and Development Companies on the Urban Investment Bond Market

by Xue Yan, Yuke Li, Meng Ming and Heap-Yih Chong

Systems 2023, 11(2), 68; https://doi.org/10.3390/systems11020068 - 28 Jan 2023

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 3921

Abstract

Under the general trend of reducing leverage and strictly controlling new implicit debts of local governments, the risk of nonstandard defaults by urban investment and development companies (UIDCs) continues to be released, which will increase the credit risk of UIDCs. This paper examines [...] Read more.

Under the general trend of reducing leverage and strictly controlling new implicit debts of local governments, the risk of nonstandard defaults by urban investment and development companies (UIDCs) continues to be released, which will increase the credit risk of UIDCs. This paper examines the impact of nonstandard default events of municipal investment platform companies on the urban investment bond (UIB) market through event analysis using 252 nonstandard default events of 32 municipal investment companies from 2018 to 2021 as sample data. The findings show that the UIB market is ineffective and affected by nonstandard defaults and that bond returns show abnormal short-term significant negative fluctuations. This study has important implications regarding the early warning of UIB default risk and the improvement of the sustainable development of urban investment enterprise financing. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic SDGs 2030 in Buildings and Infrastructure)

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22 pages, 16095 KiB

Open AccessReview

A Bibliometric and Content Review of Carbon Emission Analysis for Building Construction

by Yuanhang Wang, Zhiwen Jiang, Lingzhi Li, Yujun Qi, Jianwei Sun and Zhangzhang Jiang

Buildings 2023, 13(1), 205; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings13010205 - 12 Jan 2023

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 4228

Abstract

To combat climate change and meet energy conservation and emission reduction goals, the building sector must adopt low-carbon technologies and low-carbon management methods. To systematically explore existing research areas and track future research trends of carbon emission in the construction stage (CECS), this [...] Read more.

To combat climate change and meet energy conservation and emission reduction goals, the building sector must adopt low-carbon technologies and low-carbon management methods. To systematically explore existing research areas and track future research trends of carbon emission in the construction stage (CECS), this study conducts a bibliometric and content analysis of CECS studies. 563 relevant publications published between 2000 and 2022 are examined and analyzed using data from the Web of Science (WoS) core collection database. The findings reveal that studies of CECS have evolved through three stages: preliminary exploratory period, stable development period, and rapid development period. In addition, the literature co-citation network and content analysis classify the 13 found co-citation clusters into four knowledge domains: sources definition, data statistics, assessment methods, and carbon reduction strategies. Finally, a knowledge map of CECS studies is presented, outlining significant aspects of research, existing gaps in knowledge, and directions for future study. This work will make it easier for academics and professionals to pinpoint promising areas of study, fill in knowledge gaps, and broaden the scope of existing research on CECS. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic SDGs 2030 in Buildings and Infrastructure)

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17 pages, 1889 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Leveraging User Comments for the Construction of Recycled Water Infrastructure—Evidence from an Eye-Tracking Experiment

by Mengjie Zhang, Caixia Hou, Mengmeng Zhang, Jiachen Niu, Yu Lai and Hanliang Fu

Behav. Sci. 2023, 13(1), 29; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs13010029 - 28 Dec 2022

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 2263

Abstract

Building sufficient recycled water infrastructure is an effective way to solve problems related to water shortages and environmental degradation, and is of great strategic significance for saving resources, protecting the ecological environment, and promoting sustainable social and economic development. Although recycled water is [...] Read more.

Building sufficient recycled water infrastructure is an effective way to solve problems related to water shortages and environmental degradation, and is of great strategic significance for saving resources, protecting the ecological environment, and promoting sustainable social and economic development. Although recycled water is environmentally friendly, the public is still skeptical about its use, which has led to the failure of a large number of recycled water infrastructure investments; therefore, increasing the public’s willingness to re-use is critical for the construction of recycled water infrastructure. To identify the influence mechanism of user comments on public re-use behaviors, we conducted an eye-tracking experiment in China. The results demonstrated that (1) perceived usefulness, perceived quality, and perceived risk have significant impacts on the public’s willingness to buy; (2) user reviews can enhance the public’s perceived usefulness of recycled products and increase their willingness to buy; and (3) in the process of consumption, the public tends to pay attention to negative reviews, where user reviews alter the perceived risks and perceived prices of recycled products, thereby affecting the willingness to buy of consumers. This study provides a scientific reference for the construction of recycled water infrastructure and the further promotion of recycled water. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic SDGs 2030 in Buildings and Infrastructure)

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23 pages, 1635 KiB

Open AccessArticle

New Temporary Public Housing Typology in the Basque Country: A Legislative and Design Response to the New Requirements of the 21st Century Society

by María Romeo-Gurruchaga, Jorge Otaegi and Iñigo Rodríguez-Vidal

Architecture 2023, 3(1), 33-55; https://doi.org/10.3390/architecture3010002 - 27 Dec 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 3731

Abstract

The Administration of the Basque Country has been responsible for public housing since 1981. Since then, more than 104,000 protected housing units have been built for 2,200,000 inhabitants, 34,000 of which have been directly promoted by the Basque Government. To better adapt its [...] Read more.

The Administration of the Basque Country has been responsible for public housing since 1981. Since then, more than 104,000 protected housing units have been built for 2,200,000 inhabitants, 34,000 of which have been directly promoted by the Basque Government. To better adapt its policies to the requirements of a new contemporary society, the Housing Department of the Basque Government has developed a new Habitability Decree in 2022. This Decree aims to update housing to the new ways of living in Basque society and to incorporate new social requirements regarding housing, such as universal accessibility, gender perspective, productive housing, and remote work, while trying to open new ways to improve flexibility of the housing stock. This article analyses some of the key aspects of the new Decree and one of the newly regulated typologies for temporary housing aimed at young and older populations. In addition to the critical selection of the most relevant aspects of the Decree, this article aims at contextualising its requirements in the European context and the broader reference framework of the housing crisis in the Basque Country. To that end, the most notable novelties of the Decree are presented alongside the analysis of 13 temporary housing projects developed by the Housing Department before the approval of the Decree, placing special emphasis on the issue of over-occupation. The analysis makes it possible to typologically characterise the temporary accommodation built to date and to compare the new minimum living space requirements per person with other international regulations. As a conclusion, a discussion is offered about the usefulness of the Decree for adapting new housing in the Basque country to the 21st century, and for preventing the issue of overcrowding. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic SDGs 2030 in Buildings and Infrastructure)

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