Advances in Renewable Energy Technologies and Systems Solutions

Journal Name	Impact Factor	CiteScore	Launched Year	First Decision (median)	APC
Sustainability sustainability	3.3	6.8	2009	19.7 Days	CHF 2400
Energies energies	3.0	6.2	2008	16.8 Days	CHF 2600
Wind wind	-	-	2021	35.7 Days	CHF 1000
Applied Sciences applsci	2.5	5.3	2011	18.4 Days	CHF 2400
Systems systems	2.3	2.8	2013	19.6 Days	CHF 2400

36 pages, 14602 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Reliability Enhancement of a Double-Switch Single-Ended Primary Inductance–Buck Regulator in a Wind-Driven Permanent Magnet Synchronous Generator Using a Double-Band Hysteresis Current Controller

by Walid Emar, Mais Alzgool and Ibrahim Mansour

Energies 2024, 17(19), 4868; https://doi.org/10.3390/en17194868 - 27 Sep 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 851

Abstract

The wind power exchange system (WECS) covered in this paper consists of a voltage source inverter (VSI), a DSSB regulator, and an uncontrolled rectifier. An AC grid or a heavy inductive or resistive load (RL) can be supplied by this system. The DSSB [...] Read more.

The wind power exchange system (WECS) covered in this paper consists of a voltage source inverter (VSI), a DSSB regulator, and an uncontrolled rectifier. An AC grid or a heavy inductive or resistive load (RL) can be supplied by this system. The DSSB is a recently developed DC-DC regulator consisting of an improved single-ended primary inductance regulator (SEPIC) followed by a buck regulator. It has a peak efficiency of 95–98% and a voltage gain of (

D (1 + D) / (1 - D)

. where D is the regulator transistor’s on-to-off switching ratio. The proposed regulator improves the voltage stability and MPPT strategy (optimal or maximum power-point tracking). The combination of the DSSB and the proposed regulator improves the efficiency of the system and increases the power output of the wind turbine by reducing the harmonics of the system voltages and current. This method also reduces the influence of air density as well as wind speed variations on the MPPT strategy. Classical proportional–integral (PI) controllers are used in conjunction with a vector-controlled voltage source inverter, which adheres to the suggested DSSB regulator, to control the PMSM speed and d-q axis currents and to correct for current error. In addition to the vector-controlled voltage source inverter (which follows the recommended DSSB regulator), classical proportional–integral controllers are used to regulate the PMSM speed and d-q axis currents, and to correct current errors. In addition, a model Predictive Controller (PPC) is used with the pitch angle control (PAC) of WECS. This is done to show how well the proposed WECS (WECS with DSSB regulator) enhances voltage stability. A software-based simulation (MATLAB/Simulink) evaluates the results for ideal and unoptimized parameters of the WT and WECS under a variety of conditions. The results of the simulation show an increase in MPPT precision and output power performance. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Advances in Renewable Energy Technologies and Systems Solutions)

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15 pages, 4599 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Thermal Image and Inverter Data Analysis for Fault Detection and Diagnosis of PV Systems

by Özge Baltacı, Zeki Kıral, Konuralp Dalkılınç and Oğulcan Karaman

Appl. Sci. 2024, 14(9), 3671; https://doi.org/10.3390/app14093671 - 25 Apr 2024

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2309

Abstract

The world’s energy demand is on the rise, leading to an increased focus on renewable energy options due to global warming and rising emissions from fossil fuels. To effectively monitor and maintain these renewable energy systems connected to electrical grids, efficient methods are [...] Read more.

The world’s energy demand is on the rise, leading to an increased focus on renewable energy options due to global warming and rising emissions from fossil fuels. To effectively monitor and maintain these renewable energy systems connected to electrical grids, efficient methods are needed. Early detection of PV faults is vital for enhancing the efficiency, reliability, and safety of PV systems. Thermal imaging emerges as an efficient and effective technique for inspection. On the other hand, evidence indicates that monitoring inverters within a solar energy farm reduces maintenance expenses and boosts production. Optimizing the efficiency of solar energy farms necessitates comprehensive analytics and data on every inverter, encompassing voltage, current, temperature, and power. In this study, our objective was to perform two distinct fault analyses utilizing image processing techniques with thermal images and machine learning techniques using inverter and other physical data. The results show that hotspot and bypass failures on the panels can be detected successfully using these methods. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Advances in Renewable Energy Technologies and Systems Solutions)

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18 pages, 2707 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Operational Robustness Assessment of the Hydro-Based Hybrid Generation System under Deep Uncertainties

by Jianhua Jiang, Bo Ming, Qiang Huang and Qingjun Bai

Energies 2024, 17(8), 1974; https://doi.org/10.3390/en17081974 - 22 Apr 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1010

Abstract

The renewable-dominant hybrid generation systems (HGSs) are increasingly important to the electric power system worldwide. However, influenced by uncertain meteorological factors, the operational robustness of HGSs must be evaluated to inform the associated decision-making. Additionally, the main factors affecting the HGS’s robustness should [...] Read more.

The renewable-dominant hybrid generation systems (HGSs) are increasingly important to the electric power system worldwide. However, influenced by uncertain meteorological factors, the operational robustness of HGSs must be evaluated to inform the associated decision-making. Additionally, the main factors affecting the HGS’s robustness should be urgently identified under deep uncertainties, as this provides valuable guidance for HGS capacity configuration. In this paper, a multivariate stochastic simulation method is developed and used to generate uncertain resource scenarios of runoff, photovoltaic power, and wind power. Subsequently, a long-term stochastic optimization model of the HGS is employed to derive the optimal operating rules. Finally, these operating rules are used to simulate the long-term operation of an HGS, and the results are used to evaluate the HGS’s robustness and identify its main sensitivities. A clean energy base located in the Upper Yellow River Basin, China, is selected as a case study. The results show that the HGS achieves greater operational robustness than an individual hydropower system, and the robustness becomes weaker as the total capacity of photovoltaic and wind power increases. Additionally, the operational robustness of the HGS is found to be more sensitive to the total capacity than to the capacity ratio between photovoltaic and wind power. Full article

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30 pages, 4675 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Reinforcement Learning-Based Multi-Objective Optimization for Generation Scheduling in Power Systems

by Awol Seid Ebrie and Young Jin Kim

Systems 2024, 12(3), 106; https://doi.org/10.3390/systems12030106 - 19 Mar 2024

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 3226

Abstract

Multi-objective power scheduling (MOPS) aims to address the simultaneous minimization of economic costs and different types of environmental emissions during electricity generation. Recognizing it as an NP-hard problem, this article proposes a novel multi-agent deep reinforcement learning (MADRL)-based optimization algorithm. Within a custom [...] Read more.

Multi-objective power scheduling (MOPS) aims to address the simultaneous minimization of economic costs and different types of environmental emissions during electricity generation. Recognizing it as an NP-hard problem, this article proposes a novel multi-agent deep reinforcement learning (MADRL)-based optimization algorithm. Within a custom multi-agent simulation environment, representing power-generating units as collaborative types of reinforcement learning (RL) agents, the MOPS problem is decomposed into sequential Markov decision processes (MDPs). The MDPs are then utilized for training an MADRL model, which subsequently offers the optimal solution to the optimization problem. The practical viability of the proposed method is evaluated across several experimental test systems consisting of up to 100 units featuring bi-objective and tri-objective problems. The results demonstrate that the proposed MADRL algorithm has better performance compared to established methods, such as teaching learning-based optimization (TLBO), real coded grey wolf optimization (RCGWO), evolutionary algorithm based on decomposition (EAD), non-dominated sorting algorithm II (NSGA-II), and non-dominated sorting algorithm III (NSGA-III). Full article

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22 pages, 3150 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Integration of Different Storage Technologies towards Sustainable Development—A Case Study in a Greek Island

by Maria Margarita Bertsiou and Evangelos Baltas

Wind 2024, 4(1), 68-89; https://doi.org/10.3390/wind4010004 - 1 Mar 2024

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1842

Abstract

The necessity for transitioning to renewable energy sources and the intermittent nature of the natural variables lead to the integration of storage units into these projects. In this research paper, wind turbines and solar modules are combined with pumped hydro storage, batteries, and [...] Read more.

The necessity for transitioning to renewable energy sources and the intermittent nature of the natural variables lead to the integration of storage units into these projects. In this research paper, wind turbines and solar modules are combined with pumped hydro storage, batteries, and green hydrogen. Energy management strategies are described for five different scenarios of hybrid renewable energy systems, based on single or hybrid storage technologies. The motivation is driven by grid stability issues and the limited access to fresh water in the Greek islands. A RES-based desalination unit is introduced into the hybrid system for access to low-cost fresh water. The comparison of single and hybrid storage methods, the exploitation of seawater for the simultaneous fulfillment of water for domestic and agricultural purposes, and the evaluation of different energy, economic, and environmental indices are the innovative aspects of this research work. The results show that pumped hydro storage systems can cover the energy and water demand at the minimum possible price, 0.215 EUR/kWh and 1.257 EUR/m³, while hybrid storage technologies provide better results in the loss of load probability, payback period and CO₂ emissions. For the pumped hydro–hydrogen hybrid storage system, these values are 21.40%, 10.87 years, and 2297 tn/year, respectively. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Advances in Renewable Energy Technologies and Systems Solutions)

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33 pages, 6024 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Energy, Exergy, Exergoeconomic Analysis, and Optimization in a Natural Gas Decompression Station with a Vortex Tube and Geothermal Preheating

by Luis F. Villalón-López, Víctor M. Ambriz-Díaz, Carlos Rubio-Maya, Oscar Chávez and Israel Y. Rosas

Sustainability 2024, 16(4), 1669; https://doi.org/10.3390/su16041669 - 18 Feb 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1287

Abstract

Natural gas stations require a preheating stage to prevent the formation of hydrates inside of them provoked by a sudden decompression process of the natural gas. The preheating process has been investigated to improve efficiency and to reduce costs as well. This work [...] Read more.

Natural gas stations require a preheating stage to prevent the formation of hydrates inside of them provoked by a sudden decompression process of the natural gas. The preheating process has been investigated to improve efficiency and to reduce costs as well. This work studies the behavior of a natural gas decompression station with a first-stage preheating process using a vortex tube and a geothermal heat exchanger, followed by a second stage involving a water bath heater (heating vat). An energetic, exergetic, and exergoeconomic study has been carried out based on a mathematical model and the theory of exergetic cost, obtaining key thermodynamic and thermoeconomic variables, including exergy flows and equipment costs. A heat flow of 26.41 kW was obtained in the geothermal preheating stage; meanwhile, a 60.43 kW heat flow was obtained in the heating vat. The results showed a saving in station fuel using only 2.046% of the natural gas in the system at the second preheating stage. Also, the system was optimized, obtaining a 15.73% reduction in the decompressed natural gas cost. These findings show the possibility of implementing these systems in zones with many geothermal resources to reach a constant, profitable natural gas supply in areas where a pipeline network does not exist. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Advances in Renewable Energy Technologies and Systems Solutions)

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18 pages, 588 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Privacy-Preserving Electricity Trading for Connected Microgrids

by Oriol Alàs and Francesc Sebé

Appl. Sci. 2024, 14(4), 1458; https://doi.org/10.3390/app14041458 - 10 Feb 2024

Viewed by 1078

Abstract

The electricity market is evolving from the traditional unidirectional model into a bidirectional one in which households also generate and sell energy. This new scenario requires technology able to manage the available energy and guarantee that all the participants pay or are paid [...] Read more.

The electricity market is evolving from the traditional unidirectional model into a bidirectional one in which households also generate and sell energy. This new scenario requires technology able to manage the available energy and guarantee that all the participants pay or are paid appropriately. Unfortunately, fine-grained monitoring of energy production and consumption makes it possible to infer sensitive information about confidential aspects of people’s private life. In this paper, we propose a system designed for privacy-preserving electricity trading in a connected microgrid. The system guarantees that at the end of a billing period, the distribution system operator can compute the quantity to be charged or paid to each household while being unable to trace its consumption details. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Advances in Renewable Energy Technologies and Systems Solutions)

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18 pages, 2328 KiB

Open AccessReview

Photo-Fermentative Bacteria Used for Hydrogen Production

by Soumya Gupta, Annabel Fernandes, Ana Lopes, Laura Grasa and Jesús Salafranca

Appl. Sci. 2024, 14(3), 1191; https://doi.org/10.3390/app14031191 - 31 Jan 2024

Cited by 32 | Viewed by 5445

Abstract

Photo-fermentation is an efficient hydrogen production pathway in which purple non-sulfur bacteria (PNSB) play an active role and produce hydrogen as a part of their metabolism under optimal conditions. These bacteria work under the influence of light to advance their metabolism and use [...] Read more.

Photo-fermentation is an efficient hydrogen production pathway in which purple non-sulfur bacteria (PNSB) play an active role and produce hydrogen as a part of their metabolism under optimal conditions. These bacteria work under the influence of light to advance their metabolism and use various substrates, such as simple sugars and volatile fatty acids, to produce hydrogen. This article presents a comparative review of several bacterial strains that have been efficiently used to produce hydrogen by photo-fermentation under different optimized conditions, including the substrate, its concentration, type and capacity of the bioreactor, light sources and intensities, and process conditions to achieve the maximum biohydrogen production rate. The analysis showed that the Rhodopseudomonas palustris is the main bacterium used for hydrogen production, with a maximum hydrogen production rate of 3.2 mM/h using 27.8 mM of glucose in a 165 mL serum bottle and 3.23 mM/h using 50 mM of glycerol at pH 7, followed by Rhodobacter sphaeroides, which gave a hydrogen production rate as high as 8.7 mM/h, using 40 mM of lactic acid, pH 7, and 30 °C temperature in a single-walled glass bioreactor. However, it is not preferred over R. palustris due to its versatile metabolism and ability to use an alternative mode if the conditions are not carefully adjusted, which can be a problem in hydrogen production. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Advances in Renewable Energy Technologies and Systems Solutions)

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12 pages, 3678 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Efficiency Enhancement in Photovoltaic–Thermoelectric Hybrid Systems through Cooling Strategies

by Selcuk Bulat, Erdal Büyükbicakci and Mustafa Erkovan

Energies 2024, 17(2), 430; https://doi.org/10.3390/en17020430 - 16 Jan 2024

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2081

Abstract

The integration of photovoltaic (PV) and thermoelectric (TE) modules in PV-TE systems has shown potential for expanding the utilization of the solar spectrum, enhancing the total power output, and reducing the space that is required for PV power plants. This paper discusses the [...] Read more.

The integration of photovoltaic (PV) and thermoelectric (TE) modules in PV-TE systems has shown potential for expanding the utilization of the solar spectrum, enhancing the total power output, and reducing the space that is required for PV power plants. This paper discusses the characteristics of a practical PV-TE system model. Typically, to boost the power output of the TE component, a significant temperature difference is induced across the thermoelectric generator (TEG) module using various heat removal methods. These cooling techniques not only enhance the TEG module’s efficiency but may also improve the performance of the PV component. In this study, we evaluate the efficiencies of PV-TE systems that are equipped with polycrystalline silicon solar cells and seven distinct TEGs under four different conditions. Initially, the PV-TE hybrid systems are tested without a cooling mechanism at an ambient temperature of 25 °C (Standard Test Conditions EN/IEC 61215). Subsequently, we examine the systems with a passive cooling approach, employing aluminum heat sinks to facilitate improved heat dissipation. Further tests involve an active cooling system using water and then nanofluid as coolants. The results from these assessments aim to establish a benchmark for enhancing the efficiency of future PV-TE systems. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Advances in Renewable Energy Technologies and Systems Solutions)

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16 pages, 4107 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Enhancing Islanded Power Systems: Microgrid Modeling and Evaluating System Benefits of Ocean Renewable Energy Integration

by Miguel Vicente, Alessandra Imperadore, Francisco X. Correia da Fonseca, Mário Vieira and José Cândido

Energies 2023, 16(22), 7517; https://doi.org/10.3390/en16227517 - 10 Nov 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2100

Abstract

The energy transition hinges on the effective integration of renewable energy sources into the power grid. Islands can provide invaluable insights into the challenges and opportunities of integrating variable renewable energy into the grid due to their relatively small power systems, isolated grids, [...] Read more.

The energy transition hinges on the effective integration of renewable energy sources into the power grid. Islands can provide invaluable insights into the challenges and opportunities of integrating variable renewable energy into the grid due to their relatively small power systems, isolated grids, and diverse availability of renewable energy resources. This paper presents a study on the system benefits and challenges of marine energy integration in insular power systems, focusing on the Orkney Islands as a case study. A microgrid modeling approach that optimizes the mix of renewable sources and energy storage systems for future scenarios considering strategic time horizons (2030, 2040, and 2050) was employed. Results suggest that integrating ocean energies, namely, wave and tidal energy, yields notable benefits compared to traditional renewable energy sources exclusively. These benefits encompass reduced installed capacity, minimized energy storage requirements, lower excess generation, and overall cost-saving. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Advances in Renewable Energy Technologies and Systems Solutions)

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19 pages, 2967 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Designing Sustainable Domestic Electricity Supply from Renewable Energy Mixes: Application to Java and Bali, Indonesia

by Diyono Diyono, Hans Cappon, Katarzyna Kujawa-Roeleveld and Karel J. Keesman

Energies 2023, 16(22), 7461; https://doi.org/10.3390/en16227461 - 7 Nov 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1797

Abstract

Many countries, including Indonesia, have abundant renewable energy sources (RES), but the share of RES in the current national energy supply is still insignificant. The study aimed to investigate and provide the most feasible combinations of RES that meet domestic electricity demand. For [...] Read more.

Many countries, including Indonesia, have abundant renewable energy sources (RES), but the share of RES in the current national energy supply is still insignificant. The study aimed to investigate and provide the most feasible combinations of RES that meet domestic electricity demand. For Java and Bali, Indonesia, initially, 35 scenarios, given 4 primary RES (solar, wind, hydropower, geothermal) and municipal solid waste, were assessed based on economic and environmental indicators. This explorative data-driven study found that the existing capacity could only meet 51% of the electricity demand. However, the proposed energy mixes could cover 100% of the electricity demand in 2020 with a required capacity of 8.32–19.10 GW, varying on each scenario. The feasible energy mixes can reduce CO₂ emissions by 90–94% compared to a fossil energy mix with gas-fired power plants. The installation, and operation and maintenance costs per life cycle can range from 29–50 and 4–16 billion dollars. The wind-based energy mix, with installed capacities of geothermal (1.16 GW), hydropower (2.87 GW), solar (0.003 GW) and municipal solid waste (0.18 GW) in 2020, showed the highest return on investment (139% ROI) and smallest CO₂ emission with highest CO₂ reduction (94%). This study provides a scientific method of selecting, projecting, and evaluating viable RES combinations for generating electricity without using fossil fuels. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Advances in Renewable Energy Technologies and Systems Solutions)

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23 pages, 5985 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Research on Pure Hydrogen Production Using a Fuel-Processing System Combined with a PSA System

by Seokkyun Ko and Sangyong Lee

Appl. Sci. 2023, 13(21), 11947; https://doi.org/10.3390/app132111947 - 1 Nov 2023

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 3252

Abstract

Research was conducted to improve the system efficiency of a fuel-processing system combined with a hydrogen-purification system to supply hydrogen to a 10 kW residential building proton-exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC). The system consists of a steam-reforming reactor, a water–gas shift reactor, heat [...] Read more.

Research was conducted to improve the system efficiency of a fuel-processing system combined with a hydrogen-purification system to supply hydrogen to a 10 kW residential building proton-exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC). The system consists of a steam-reforming reactor, a water–gas shift reactor, heat exchangers and a pressure swing adsorption (PSA) system, increasing the purity of the produced hydrogen by over 99.97%. Aspen Plus^® and Aspen adsorption^® simulators were used to optimize operating conditions by calculating thermal efficiency and hydrogen-production yield under various temperature and pressure conditions in the reformer. To optimize the hydrogen-production system, simulations were performed under conditions of 1 to 10 atm and 600 to 1000 °C, and simulations were also performed while maintaining the PSA pressure at 9 atm. The overall system efficiency was expressed as a function of methane conversion, and the methane conversion was expressed as a function of reformer temperature and pressure. The fuel-processing system showed the highest thermal efficiency of 82.40% at a pressure of 1 atm and a temperature range of 800 °C. For the combined system of a fuel-processing system and a hydrogen-purification system, the highest hydrogen-production yield was 43.17% at 800 °C and 1 atm. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Advances in Renewable Energy Technologies and Systems Solutions)

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18 pages, 8128 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Experimental Study on Properties of Syngas, Tar, and Biochar Derived from Different Gasification Methods

by Yang Yue, Xiaoling Jin and Lei Deng

Appl. Sci. 2023, 13(20), 11490; https://doi.org/10.3390/app132011490 - 20 Oct 2023

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2733

Abstract

Biomass gasification technology is a clean and renewable energy utilization approach. Understanding the evolution of gasification product properties is crucial to achieving carbon neutrality goals. A fixed-bed reactor is employed for the biomass gasification with CO₂ in this study. Various methodologies have [...] Read more.

Biomass gasification technology is a clean and renewable energy utilization approach. Understanding the evolution of gasification product properties is crucial to achieving carbon neutrality goals. A fixed-bed reactor is employed for the biomass gasification with CO₂ in this study. Various methodologies have been conducted to characterize the syngas, tar, and biochar produced from the electric gasification (EG) and microwave gasification (MG) of oak and corn stalk samples at different temperatures. When gasifying the same biomass at the same temperature, the syngas yield of MG is generally 3–7% higher than that of EG, and the difference increases with decreasing temperature. The biochar yield of MG is 3–6% higher than that of EG. EG produces more tar at 600–800 °C. The yield of syngas increases as the gasification temperature rises from 600 to 1000 °C, but that of tar and biochar falls. The syngas mainly comprises H₂, CH₄, CO, and CO₂. MG produces 8–15% higher CO content and 2.5–3.5% higher H₂ content than EG. This is due to different heating mechanisms. The net calorific value of syngas increases with temperature, reaching a maximum of 11.61 MJ m⁻³ at 1000 °C for syngas from corn stalk MG. When the temperature rises from 600 to 1000 °C, more primary tars are converted into polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). At 900 °C, corn stalk biochar from MG has a maximum specific total pore volume (0.62 cm³ g⁻¹), surface area (525.87 m² g⁻¹), and average pore diameter (4.18 nm). The intensities of the characteristic peaks of biochar functional groups decrease gradually. The heating method has little effect on the types of functional groups. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Advances in Renewable Energy Technologies and Systems Solutions)

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19 pages, 5521 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Hybrid Wind/PV E-Bike Charging Station: Comparison of Onshore and Offshore Systems

by Wardah Afzal, Li-Ye Zhao, Guang-Zhi Chen and Yu Xue

Sustainability 2023, 15(20), 14963; https://doi.org/10.3390/su152014963 - 17 Oct 2023

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 3411

Abstract

The concept behind this research article is advancement towards utilizing renewable energy sources of wind–solar to generate electrical energy for E-bike (electric bike) charging stations. To optimize the design and operation control of the wind–solar E-bike charging station system, the development of modelling [...] Read more.

The concept behind this research article is advancement towards utilizing renewable energy sources of wind–solar to generate electrical energy for E-bike (electric bike) charging stations. To optimize the design and operation control of the wind–solar E-bike charging station system, the development of modelling this hybrid power generation system, consisting of solar and wind energy combined with battery storage, is proposed and will be studied in this paper. A university campus setting is utilized for the case study by comparing offshore (Huangdao) and onshore (Laoshan) sites. The proposed research will focus on annual energy production (AEP) and system cost analysis. The proposed work’s main objectives are to analyze the wind/solar properties of the installation’s location using the last 20 years’ data, calculate the AEP for wind turbines and solar PV, and estimate how many E-bikes can be charged day/year with reliable operation. We have calculated that the hybrid power available is 27.08 kWh/day offshore and 22 kWh/day onshore. This research study concludes that on average, based on AEP, in the case of offshore, 5110 E-bikes can be charged per year and in the case of onshore, 4015 E-bikes can be charged per year. We have also calculated the COE (cost of energy) for 20 years for the proposed project, which is $0.62/kWh onshore and $0.46/kWh offshore. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Advances in Renewable Energy Technologies and Systems Solutions)

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18 pages, 26977 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Combustion Instability and Ash Agglomeration in Wood Pellets Boiler

by Lelis Fraga, Eduardo Ferreira, Pedro Ribeiro, Carlos Castro, Jorge Martins and José C. Teixeira

Energies 2023, 16(18), 6539; https://doi.org/10.3390/en16186539 - 11 Sep 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1648

Abstract

The combustion instability and ash agglomeration in a wood pellet boiler were investigated in this study. The tests were conducted using the Taguchi method of orthogonal array L₂₇(13³). Several parameters are applied, including grate area (GA), primary to secondary [...] Read more.

The combustion instability and ash agglomeration in a wood pellet boiler were investigated in this study. The tests were conducted using the Taguchi method of orthogonal array L₂₇(13³). Several parameters are applied, including grate area (GA), primary to secondary air split ratio (SR), excess air (EA), and fuel power (P). Pine wood pellets were used, and the boiler’s nominal load was 20 kW. The results show that instability during combustion occurs since the fuel bed rises as the accumulation of the unburned wood pellets on the grate causes a slow combustion rate and pressure drop, which creates noise and disturbances. A good combination of the parameters applied to TN9 and TN20 can be useful in obtaining stable combustion. In addition, the ash agglomerations were influenced by the duration of the combustion and the temperature of the fuel bed. The largest size of the ash agglomeration was referred to as test number-TN26 (P: 16 kW, EA: 110%, SR: 30/70, and GA: 115 mm × 75 mm), which is 59 mm, and the duration time is 14,400 s (≈4 h). Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Advances in Renewable Energy Technologies and Systems Solutions)

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26 pages, 1548 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Two-Sided Matching Decision Method of Electricity Sales Package Based on Disappointment Theory

by Jianyu Ruan, Yingtong Wan and Yuanqian Ma

Appl. Sci. 2023, 13(17), 9683; https://doi.org/10.3390/app13179683 - 27 Aug 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1492

Abstract

Under the background of the “dual carbon” targets and continuously promoted power system reform, the application of a high proportion of renewable energy is becoming increasingly widespread. All sectors of society have greater demands for more appropriate electricity sales packages to guide the [...] Read more.

Under the background of the “dual carbon” targets and continuously promoted power system reform, the application of a high proportion of renewable energy is becoming increasingly widespread. All sectors of society have greater demands for more appropriate electricity sales packages to guide the behavior of power users, which will in turn help conserve energy, reduce emissions, and finally achieve low-carbon operation of the power market economy. However, the existing methods of recommending electricity sales packages fail to provide appropriate and accurate recommendations for the users lacking preference information. Therefore, this paper proposes a two-sided matching decision-making method of an electricity sales package based on disappointment theory. First of all, according to the incomplete fuzzy preference relationship provided by the power user and the electricity sales package, the respective priority weight vector is calculated, and then the subjective satisfaction matrix of the power user and the electricity sales package is calculated. Next, the adjusted satisfaction matrix is calculated by adding the influence of the theory of elation and disappointment. Then, on the basis of the adjusted satisfaction matrix, an optimization model aiming at maximizing the total satisfaction of electric power customers and electricity sales packages is established, and the optimal stable matching model of electric power customers and electricity sales packages is obtained. Lastly, taking an industrial park in Zhejiang Province as an example, using the bilateral matching method proposed in this article, the optimal matching schemes for five electric power customers and six electricity sales packages is obtained, which shows the effectiveness and rationality of the two-sided matching decision-making method of electricity sales packages based on the disappointment theory. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Advances in Renewable Energy Technologies and Systems Solutions)

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20 pages, 4283 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Performance Analysis of Marine-Predator-Algorithm-Based Optimum PI Controller with Unified Power Flow Controller for Loss Reduction in Wind–Solar Integrated System

by Chandu Valuva and Subramani Chinnamuthu

Energies 2023, 16(17), 6157; https://doi.org/10.3390/en16176157 - 24 Aug 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1330

Abstract

Transmission line losses are a crucial and essential issue in stable power system operation. Numerous methodologies and techniques prevail for minimizing losses. Subsequently, Flexible Alternating Current Transmission Systems (FACTSs) efficiently reduce transmission losses, and the Unified Power Flow Controller (UPFC) is a reactive [...] Read more.

Transmission line losses are a crucial and essential issue in stable power system operation. Numerous methodologies and techniques prevail for minimizing losses. Subsequently, Flexible Alternating Current Transmission Systems (FACTSs) efficiently reduce transmission losses, and the Unified Power Flow Controller (UPFC) is a reactive power compensation controller. The parameter strength of the proportional–integral (PI) controller was calibrated with the Marine Predator Algorithm (MPA), a recent metaheuristic algorithm. An MPA-based optimum PI controller with a UPFC evaluates the optimal location of the UPFC and PI controller parameters to accomplish the desired research objective. The power rating of the UPFC was determined depending on the voltage collapse rating and power loss and an evaluated performance analysis of the MPA–PI-controlled UPFC on a modified IEEE-30 bus transmission network in MATLAB Simulink code. The Newton–Raphson method was used to perform the load flow analysis. Hence, the proposed MPA–PI controller was examined in contrast to preferred heuristic algorithms, the Artificial Bee Colony (ABC) and Moth Flame Optimization algorithms (MFO); the results showed that the MPA–PI controller exhibited better performance with an improved voltage profile and surpasses active power losses with the optimal placement of the UPFC device under different loading conditions. The active power loss, considering a UPFC with the proposed algorithm, reduced from 0.0622 p.u to 0.0301 p.u; consequently, the voltage profile was improved in the respective buses, and the loss percentage reduction during a 100% base load was 68.39%, which was comparatively better than the ABC and MFO algorithms. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Advances in Renewable Energy Technologies and Systems Solutions)

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16 pages, 4114 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Theoretical Analysis for Improving the Efficiency of HT-PEMFC through Unreacted Hydrogen Circulation

by Sanghyoun Park and Sangyong Lee

Appl. Sci. 2023, 13(16), 9292; https://doi.org/10.3390/app13169292 - 16 Aug 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1746

Abstract

To increase the efficiency of a fuel processor and HT-PEMFC (high temperature-proton exchange membrane fuel cell) combined system, it is essential to improve the efficiency of the fuel processor. In this research, the fuel processor was simulated by the Aspen Hysys^® simulator, [...] Read more.

To increase the efficiency of a fuel processor and HT-PEMFC (high temperature-proton exchange membrane fuel cell) combined system, it is essential to improve the efficiency of the fuel processor. In this research, the fuel processor was simulated by the Aspen Hysys^® simulator, and the effect of the various operating conditions on the total efficiency was investigated. The thermal efficiency of the fuel processor increased as the temperature and S/C (steam-to-carbon) ratio increased, and the efficiency was higher at an S/C ratio of 3 than at an S/C of 4 with a reformer temperature of 700 °C and higher. Under the selected operating conditions of the fuel processor, the recycling of unreacted hydrogen from the anode off-gas (AOG) of the HT-PEMFC improved the overall efficiency of the combined fuel processor and HT-PEMFC by a factor of 1.28. The operating conditions where the AOG supplied more heat than was required for fuel processor operation were excluded. The high-efficiency operating conditions of the fuel cell system were proposed with the target of 5 kW of output as the capacity of the household HT-PEMFC. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Advances in Renewable Energy Technologies and Systems Solutions)

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19 pages, 1600 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A New Golden Eagle Optimization with Stooping Behaviour for Photovoltaic Maximum Power Tracking under Partial Shading

by Zhi-Kai Fan, Kuo-Lung Lian and Jia-Fu Lin

Energies 2023, 16(15), 5712; https://doi.org/10.3390/en16155712 - 31 Jul 2023

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 3108

Abstract

Solar photovoltaic (PV) systems often encounter a problem called partial shading condition (PSC), which causes a significant decrease in the system’s output power. To address this issue, meta-heuristic algorithms (MHAs) can be used to perform maximum power point tracking (MPPT) on the system’s [...] Read more.

Solar photovoltaic (PV) systems often encounter a problem called partial shading condition (PSC), which causes a significant decrease in the system’s output power. To address this issue, meta-heuristic algorithms (MHAs) can be used to perform maximum power point tracking (MPPT) on the system’s multiple-peak P-V curves due to PSCs. Particle swarm optimization was one of the first MHA methods to be implemented for MPPT. However, PSO has some drawbacks, including long settling time and sustained PV output power oscillations during tracking. Hence, some improved MHA methods have been proposed. One approach is to combine a MHA with a deterministic approach (DA) such as P & O method. However, such a hybrid method is more complex to implement. Also, the transition criteria from a DA to a MHA and vice versa is sometimes difficult to define. Another approach, as adapted in this paper is to modify the existing MHAs. This includes modifying the search operators or the parameter settings, to enhance exploration or exploitation capabilities of MHAs. This paper proposed to incorporate the stooping behaviour in the golden eagle optimization (GEO) algorithm. Stooping is in fact a hunting technique frequently employed by golden eagles. Inclusion of stooping in the GEO algorithm not only truly model golden eagles’ hunting behaviour but also yields great performance. Stooping behavior only requires one extra parameter. Nevertheless, on average, the proposed method can reduce tracking time by

42.41 %

and improve dynamic tracking accuracy by

1.95 %

, compared to GEO. Moreover, compared to PSO, GWO, and BA, the proposed method achieves an improvement of

2.66 %

,

3.56 %

, and

4.24 %

in dynamic tracking accuracy, respectively. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Advances in Renewable Energy Technologies and Systems Solutions)

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20 pages, 6332 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Design of Cascaded Multilevel Inverter and Enhanced MPPT Method for Large-Scale Photovoltaic System Integration

by Fatima Z. Khemili, Omar Bouhali, Moussa Lefouili, Lakhdar Chaib, Attia A. El-Fergany and Ahmed M. Agwa

Sustainability 2023, 15(12), 9633; https://doi.org/10.3390/su15129633 - 15 Jun 2023

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 2404

Abstract

The key goal of this effort is to develop an efficient control system for a three-phase cascaded H-bridge multilevel inverter powered by the photovoltaic (PV) system. The power for the system is generated through the use of PV modules, which serve as DC [...] Read more.

The key goal of this effort is to develop an efficient control system for a three-phase cascaded H-bridge multilevel inverter powered by the photovoltaic (PV) system. The power for the system is generated through the use of PV modules, which serve as DC inputs for the cascaded H-bridge multilevel inverter. The authors aim to achieve a nearly sinusoidal signal at the voltage level and are specifically focused on minimizing the total harmonic distortion (THD) to the smallest possible value. Hence, an advanced N-level space vector modulation (SVM) is developed to ensure an appropriate control for the cascaded inverter. The aim is to design an effective control strategy to increase inverter efficacy and, thus, supply the best output quality. In addition, a robust approach to the maximum power point (MPP) tracking (MPPT) technique is developed based on an adaptive perturb and observe (P&O) algorithm to ensure superior tracking of the MPP. The developed algorithm eliminates 90% of the power curve area in the search space process and only maintains 10% of the area that includes the MPP. Each PV system employs its own improved MPPT control. The numerical results confirm that the enhanced P&O algorithm attains a precise response with superior efficiency and a fast response under the fast alteration of environmental conditions. Hence, the energy loss is reduced. The simulation results validate the effectiveness of this study, highlighting the high efficiency of the control strategy and the enhanced performance of the proposed scheme with lesser THD values. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Advances in Renewable Energy Technologies and Systems Solutions)

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20 pages, 2774 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Assessing Economic Complementarity in Wind–Solar Hybrid Power Plants Connected to the Brazilian Grid

by Rafael B. S. Veras, Clóvis B. M. Oliveira, Shigeaki L. de Lima, Osvaldo R. Saavedra, Denisson Q. Oliveira, Felipe M. Pimenta, Denivaldo C. P. Lopes, Audálio R. Torres Junior, Francisco L. A. Neto, Ramon M. de Freitas and Arcilan T. Assireu

Sustainability 2023, 15(11), 8862; https://doi.org/10.3390/su15118862 - 31 May 2023

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2084

Abstract

The share of electricity generation from Variable Renewable Energy Sources (VRES) has increased over the last 20 years. Despite promoting the decarbonization of the energy mix, these sources bring negative characteristics to the energy mix, such as power ramps, load mismatch, unpredictability, and [...] Read more.

The share of electricity generation from Variable Renewable Energy Sources (VRES) has increased over the last 20 years. Despite promoting the decarbonization of the energy mix, these sources bring negative characteristics to the energy mix, such as power ramps, load mismatch, unpredictability, and fluctuation. One of the ways to mitigate these characteristics is the hybridization of power plants. This paper evaluates the benefits of hybridizing a plant using an AI-based methodology for optimizing the wind–solar ratio based on the Brazilian regulatory system. For this study, the hybrid plant was modeled using data collected over a period of 10 months. The measurements were obtained using two wind profilers (LIDAR and SODAR) and a sun tracker (Solys 2) as part of the EOSOLAR R&D project conducted in the state of Maranhão, Brazil. After the power plant modeling, a Genetic Algorithm (GA) was used to determine the optimal wind–solar ratio, considering costs with transmission systems. The algorithm achieved a monthly profit increase of more than 39% with an energy curtailment inferior to 1%, which indicates economic complementarity. Later, the same methodology was also applied to verify the wind–solar ratio’s sensitivity to solar energy pricing. The results show that a price increase of 15% would change the power plant’s optimal configuration. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Advances in Renewable Energy Technologies and Systems Solutions)

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17 pages, 3720 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Decision Support Software Application for the Design of Agrophotovoltaic Systems in Republic of Korea

by Youngjin Kim, Yeongjae On, Junyong So, Sumin Kim and Sojung Kim

Sustainability 2023, 15(11), 8830; https://doi.org/10.3390/su15118830 - 30 May 2023

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 1898

Abstract

Agrophotovoltaic (APV) systems produce both solar energy and crops, so they are considered a sustainable alternative to traditional solar power plants, which can potentially destroy farmlands. However, it is challenging to diffuse APV systems because of their high installation and operating costs. Thus, [...] Read more.

Agrophotovoltaic (APV) systems produce both solar energy and crops, so they are considered a sustainable alternative to traditional solar power plants, which can potentially destroy farmlands. However, it is challenging to diffuse APV systems because of their high installation and operating costs. Thus, to resolve the issue by maximizing the productivity and profits of an APV system, this study aims to propose a mobile-phone-based decision support system (DSS) for a supply chain network design for APV systems in South Korea using satellite imagery incorporating geographic information system (GIS) data. Particularly, polynomial regression models estimating annual corn (Zea mays) yields and the predicted generation of electricity were developed and integrated with the proposed DSS. Field experiment data provided by the APV system at Jeollanamdo Agricultural Research and Extension Services in South Korea were utilized. Two photovoltaic (PV) module types (mono-facial and bi-facial) and three different shading ratios for APV systems (21.3%, 25.6%, and 32.0%) were considered design factors for APV systems. An optimal network structure of 6 candidate APV systems and 15 agricultural markets was devised using the generalized reduced gradient (GRG) method. The profits of the six candidate APV systems are mainly affected by the transportation costs to the markets and the policy of the electricity selling prices. As a result, the proposed supply chain design framework successfully identifies an APV system network with maximum profits from crop production as well as electricity generation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Advances in Renewable Energy Technologies and Systems Solutions)

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17 pages, 5200 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Optimal Shape Design of Direct-Drive Permanent Magnet Generator for 1 kW-Class Wind Turbines

by Hyung Joon Park, Hyo Lim Kang, Dae Gyun Ahn and Seung Ho Han

Appl. Sci. 2023, 13(10), 5856; https://doi.org/10.3390/app13105856 - 9 May 2023

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 3676

Abstract

Direct-drive permanent magnet generators are becoming an attractive option for highly efficient small-scale wind turbines due to their high-power density and size reduction capabilities. In this study, the optimal shape design of a direct-drive permanent magnet generator for 1 kW-class wind turbines was [...] Read more.

Direct-drive permanent magnet generators are becoming an attractive option for highly efficient small-scale wind turbines due to their high-power density and size reduction capabilities. In this study, the optimal shape design of a direct-drive permanent magnet generator for 1 kW-class wind turbines was conducted while considering power generation and weight. Half of the geometry of a single stage in the generator was considered for a electromagnetic analysis under given electrical parameters. In order to construct a response surface model, a sensitivity analysis was conducted on seven design parameters of the proposed generator. The desirability function was used to minimize the weight of the generator while meeting a requirement of the target specification. The results indicated that the optimized design parameters for the generator met the target specification while maintaining the generator’s weight at the same level as the initial design model. From the comparisons with other research, the optimized generator exhibited a higher power generation/weight ratio than the generator with a rated capacity under 3 kW. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Advances in Renewable Energy Technologies and Systems Solutions)

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17 pages, 5107 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Impact on Energy Yield of Varying Turbine Designs under Conditions of Misalignment to the Current Flow

by Luke Evans, Ian Ashton and Brian G. Sellar

Energies 2023, 16(9), 3923; https://doi.org/10.3390/en16093923 - 6 May 2023

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1690

Abstract

Tidal energy resource characterisation using acoustic velocimetry sensors mounted on the seabed informs developers of the location and performance of a tidal energy converter (TEC). This work studies the consequences of miscalculating the established flow direction, i.e., the direction of assumed maximum energy [...] Read more.

Tidal energy resource characterisation using acoustic velocimetry sensors mounted on the seabed informs developers of the location and performance of a tidal energy converter (TEC). This work studies the consequences of miscalculating the established flow direction, i.e., the direction of assumed maximum energy yield. Considering data only above the proposed TEC cut-in velocities showed a difference in the estimated flow direction of up to 4°. Using a power weighted rotor average (PWRA) method to obtain the established flow direction resulted in a difference of less than 1° compared with the hub-height estimate. This study then analysed the impact of turbine alignment on annual energy production (AEP) estimates for a non-yawing tidal turbine. Three variants of horizontal axis tidal turbines, which operate in different locations of the water column, were examined; one using measured data, and the other two via modelled through power curves. During perfect alignment to the established flow direction, natural variations in flow meant that the estimate of AEP differed by up to 1.1% from the theoretical maximum of a fully yawed turbine. In the case of misalignment from the established flow direction, the difference in AEP increased. For a 15° misalignment, the AEP differed by up to 13%. These results quantify important uncertainties in tidal energy site design and performance assessment. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Advances in Renewable Energy Technologies and Systems Solutions)

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12 pages, 4868 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Electrical Vehicle Battery Charger Based on Smart Microgrid

by Dorin Petreus, Toma Patarau, Eniko Szilagyi and Marcian Cirstea

Energies 2023, 16(9), 3853; https://doi.org/10.3390/en16093853 - 30 Apr 2023

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2258

Abstract

The need to reduce pollution and the shortage of fossil fuels has led to the increased development of hybrid and full electric vehicles. There is also increased development and an increased use of renewable energy resources such as photovoltaic, wind, tidal, etc. These [...] Read more.

The need to reduce pollution and the shortage of fossil fuels has led to the increased development of hybrid and full electric vehicles. There is also increased development and an increased use of renewable energy resources such as photovoltaic, wind, tidal, etc. These two trends pose serious challenges to the existing grids: a lack of supply power when the demand is high, deficient management of excess power, an increased number off grid faults, grid instabilities and others. One way to increase the penetration of electric vehicles (EV) into the market and to keep the existing grid infrastructure is to combine renewable energy resources with the grid and local battery packs to make EV charging stations. This paper focuses on developing such an EV charging station. The main advantages of the proposed EV charger include the fact that it uses only off-the-shelf inverters, and it is intended to be used in households where the maximum installed power is 3.6 kW to enable fast-charging operation modes or to reduce the costs of energy while charging the EV battery; it can reduce the energy demand from the grid during peak power consumption; it has the potential to lower electrical energy costs; it offers the possibility of vehicle-to-home (V2H) implementation; it is modular (if other technologies become available and more affordable, the consumers can easily update the system, adding more power or adding other types of renewable resources). Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Advances in Renewable Energy Technologies and Systems Solutions)

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33 pages, 9710 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Reducing Energy Consumption in a Poultry Farm by Designing and Optimizing the Solar Heating/Photovoltaic System

by Mansour Jalali, Ahmad Banakar, Behfar Farzaneh and Mehdi Montazeri

Sustainability 2023, 15(7), 6059; https://doi.org/10.3390/su15076059 - 31 Mar 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 4618

Abstract

A solar heating system is designed to reduce energy consumption in a poultry farm. According to the physics and conditions of the indoor environment of the poultry building and the effect of the poultry weather conditions, the amount of 1.37 × 10⁸ [...] Read more.

A solar heating system is designed to reduce energy consumption in a poultry farm. According to the physics and conditions of the indoor environment of the poultry building and the effect of the poultry weather conditions, the amount of 1.37 × 10⁸ kJ/h during the year energy is required for heating. Then, by using double-glazed windows and insulation for the exterior walls of the building in the building architecture section, the amount of energy consumption is drastically reduced, and the required annual gas consumption is equal to 11,833 m³. The surface required for the collector is recommended to supply 50% of the energy from the sun with the rest from the hybrid system. The results showed that 26 m² of a solar collector with an optimal slope of 45 degrees, and a tank volume of 440 L and a pump discharge of 1700 kg/h are required to provide 100% of energy. To receive the maximum amount of solar energy (maximum solar fraction (SF)), a collector surface equal to 30 m² is required. However, when the economic point of view is considered, the collector surface equivalent to 26 m² is recommended. To establish a balance, that is, 50% of the energy from the auxiliary system and the rest from the solar system, between the use of solar energy and the use of the auxiliary system, a collector area of 16 m² is needed. Based on this, 60 photovoltaic modules, which are 10 cells in series in 6 parallel circuits, is the most optimal mode. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Advances in Renewable Energy Technologies and Systems Solutions)

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23 pages, 7917 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Large-Eddy Simulation of Wind Turbine Wakes in Forest Terrain

by Yunliang Li, Zhaobin Li, Zhideng Zhou and Xiaolei Yang

Sustainability 2023, 15(6), 5139; https://doi.org/10.3390/su15065139 - 14 Mar 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 4998

Abstract

In this study, large-eddy simulation was employed to investigate the influence of the forest canopy on wind turbine wakes. Nine forest case studies were carried out with different vertical distributions of leaf area density (LAD) and values of leaf area index (LAI). It [...] Read more.

In this study, large-eddy simulation was employed to investigate the influence of the forest canopy on wind turbine wakes. Nine forest case studies were carried out with different vertical distributions of leaf area density (LAD) and values of leaf area index (LAI). It was found that the wake in forest canopies recovers at a faster rate when compared with the flat terrain. An interesting observation was the significant reduction in turbulence kinetic energy (TKE) in the lower part of the wake above the forest in comparison with the inflow TKE, which occurred for a wide range of turbine downstream positions. The increase of TKE, on the other hand, was mainly located in the region around the top tip. Analyses of the power spectral density showed that the increase in TKE happened at a certain range of frequencies for the forest canopy cases and at all the examined frequencies for the flat case. Wake meandering was also examined and was found to be of a higher amplitude and a lower dominant frequency for the forest cases compared with the flat case. In terms of the influence of forest canopy parameters, the LAI was found to have an impact greater than the vertical distribution of LAD. Specifically, the wake-added TKE and wake-added Reynolds shear stress were found to be approximately the same for cases with the same LAI, regardless of the vertical distribution of LAD. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Advances in Renewable Energy Technologies and Systems Solutions)

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26 pages, 4411 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Optimal Insertion of Energy Storage Systems Considering the Economic Dispatch and the Minimization of Energy Not Supplied

by Andrés Rengel, Alexander Aguila Téllez, Leony Ortiz and Milton Ruiz

Energies 2023, 16(6), 2593; https://doi.org/10.3390/en16062593 - 9 Mar 2023

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 3066

Abstract

This study presents an optimal insertion model for battery storage systems in the nodes of an electrical transmission network. The proposed model is developed through mixed integer linear programming applied to the calculation of DC power flows, considering restrictions given by the characteristics [...] Read more.

This study presents an optimal insertion model for battery storage systems in the nodes of an electrical transmission network. The proposed model is developed through mixed integer linear programming applied to the calculation of DC power flows, considering restrictions given by the characteristics of the network and by the parameters of the generation units. The proposal’s main objective is to reduce the costs of operation and non-supplied energy produced, due to needing to meet the demand fully or partially. As a case study to evaluate the proposed methodology, the IEEE 24-bar test system is used. In this base case, electrical generators that depend on different primary energy resources are modeled: hydraulic, thermal, photovoltaic, and wind, in addition to potential electrical energy storage systems. These storage systems are assigned as possible analysis scenarios through the proposed optimization technique. The study is carried out in a time horizon of 24 h per day, according to a standard demand curve. With the incorporation of optimally selected storage systems in their capacity and location, it is possible to minimize dependence on the use of fossil fuels. In addition, considerable savings are obtained by reducing generation costs, and the stability of the energy supply is guaranteed. This novel proposal presents a methodology that covers all the variables of this problem, thus guaranteeing an authentic and precise study in terms of optimization. The results obtained highlight and demonstrate the benefits of stability, continuous attention to demand, reduction in dependence on exhaustible and polluting sources, and cost reduction. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Advances in Renewable Energy Technologies and Systems Solutions)

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14 pages, 11787 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Audio Magnetotelluric and Gravity Investigation of the High-Heat-Generating Granites of Midyan Terrane, Northwest Saudi Arabia

by Essam Aboud, Aref Lashin, Faisal Zaidi, Abdulaziz Al-Bassam, Nassir Al Arifi, Mohamed Abu Anbar and Emad Al-Homadhi

Appl. Sci. 2023, 13(6), 3429; https://doi.org/10.3390/app13063429 - 8 Mar 2023

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 3337

Abstract

The Midyan Terrane (northwest Saudi Arabia) is characterized by the presence of a massive belt of radioactive granitic rocks and thick sedimentary cover near the coastal areas. The area is greatly influenced by the tectonic activities of the Red Sea and Gulf of [...] Read more.

The Midyan Terrane (northwest Saudi Arabia) is characterized by the presence of a massive belt of radioactive granitic rocks and thick sedimentary cover near the coastal areas. The area is greatly influenced by the tectonic activities of the Red Sea and Gulf of Aqaba, implying its high potentiality of geothermal energy. In the present work, geophysical surveys, including audio magnetotelluric and gravity methods, were integrated to investigate the subsurface structural pattern of the study area, which identified regional deep and shallow fault systems and detected the subsurface geometry/extension of the granitic rocks as well as detecting the thickness of the sedimentary basins near the coastal area. A total number of 80 audio magnetotelluric and 246 gravity stations were recorded, analyzed, and interpreted. Two high-potential geothermal targets were indicated: high-heat-generating granites and thick anomalous sedimentary basins near the coastal areas. High-heat-generating granites are significant in terms of enhanced geothermal systems (EGSs) whereas sedimentary basins play a crucial role in the formation of conventional geothermal systems. Both areas require more exploration plans to evaluate the energy potential of geothermal reservoirs. The results also contribute to the identification of the subsurface orientation and geometry of radioactive granites, providing the necessary parameters to enhance a volumetric estimation for geothermal reserves. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Advances in Renewable Energy Technologies and Systems Solutions)

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15 pages, 35870 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Design Method of Primary Structures of a Cost-Effective Cable-Supported Photovoltaic System

by Hao Ding, Xuhui He, Haiquan Jing, Xiaoping Wu and Xiaojun Weng

Appl. Sci. 2023, 13(5), 2968; https://doi.org/10.3390/app13052968 - 25 Feb 2023

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 2567

Abstract

Cable-supported photovoltaic systems (CSPSs) are a new technology for supporting structures that have broad application prospects owing to their cost-effectiveness, light weight, large span, high headroom, few pile foundations, short construction period, and symbiosis with fisheries and farms. Recently, a new CSPS with [...] Read more.

Cable-supported photovoltaic systems (CSPSs) are a new technology for supporting structures that have broad application prospects owing to their cost-effectiveness, light weight, large span, high headroom, few pile foundations, short construction period, and symbiosis with fisheries and farms. Recently, a new CSPS with a much smaller settlement and stronger wind resistance was proposed. The new CSPS, with a 10% lower cost compared with traditional fix-tilted PV support, is a better alternative to traditional photovoltaic (PV) support systems. In this study, the failure models and bearing capacity of the primary structures of the new CSPS were investigated in detail using the FEM method, and a design method for the new structure was proposed based on the limit state design method. The results showed that the structure had a strong load-bearing capacity. Failure of the cables and triangular brackets are the two main types of failure of the primary structure. The cross-sectional area of the cables is the most important factor affecting the load-bearing capacity of the structure and directly affecting the failure modes of the CSPS. The numerical case verified that the proposed design method works well and that the designed structure has sufficient loading capacity and is cost-effective. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Advances in Renewable Energy Technologies and Systems Solutions)

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21 pages, 2859 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Energy-Saving Scheduling for Flexible Job Shop Problem with AGV Transportation Considering Emergencies

by Hongliang Zhang, Chaoqun Qin, Wenhui Zhang, Zhenxing Xu, Gongjie Xu and Zhenhua Gao

Systems 2023, 11(2), 103; https://doi.org/10.3390/systems11020103 - 13 Feb 2023

Cited by 13 | Viewed by 3142

Abstract

Emergencies such as machine breakdowns and rush orders greatly affect the production activities of manufacturing enterprises. How to deal with the rescheduling problem after emergencies have high practical value. Meanwhile, under the background of intelligent manufacturing, automatic guided vehicles are gradually emerging in [...] Read more.

Emergencies such as machine breakdowns and rush orders greatly affect the production activities of manufacturing enterprises. How to deal with the rescheduling problem after emergencies have high practical value. Meanwhile, under the background of intelligent manufacturing, automatic guided vehicles are gradually emerging in enterprises. To deal with the disturbances in flexible job shop scheduling problem with automatic guided vehicle transportation, a mixed-integer linear programming model is established. According to the traits of this model, an improved NSGA-II is designed, aiming at minimizing makespan, energy consumption and machine workload deviation. To improve solution qualities, the local search operator based on a critical path is designed. In addition, an improved crowding distance calculation method is used to reduce the computation complexity of the algorithm. Finally, the validity of the improvement strategies is tested, and the robustness and superiority of the proposed algorithm are verified by comparing it with NSGA, NSGA-II and SPEA2. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Advances in Renewable Energy Technologies and Systems Solutions)

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42 pages, 14754 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Energy Modeling and Techno-Economic Feasibility Analysis of Greenhouses for Tomato Cultivation Utilizing the Waste Heat of Cryptocurrency Miners

by Nima Asgari, Matthew T. McDonald and Joshua M. Pearce

Energies 2023, 16(3), 1331; https://doi.org/10.3390/en16031331 - 27 Jan 2023

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 7633

Abstract

Greenhouses extend growing seasons in upper latitudes to provide fresh, healthy food. Costs associated with carbon-emission-intensive natural gas heating, however, limit greenhouse applications and scaling. One approach to reducing greenhouse heating costs is electrification by using waste heat from cryptocurrency miners. To probe [...] Read more.

Greenhouses extend growing seasons in upper latitudes to provide fresh, healthy food. Costs associated with carbon-emission-intensive natural gas heating, however, limit greenhouse applications and scaling. One approach to reducing greenhouse heating costs is electrification by using waste heat from cryptocurrency miners. To probe this potential, a new quasi-steady state thermal model is developed to simulate the thermal interaction between a greenhouse and the environment, thereby estimating the heating and cooling demands of the greenhouse. A cryptocurrency mining system was experimentally evaluated for heating potential. Using these experimental values, the new thermal model was applied to the waste heat of the three cryptocurrency mining systems (1, 50, and 408 miners) for optimally sized greenhouses in six locations in Canada and the U.S.: Alberta, Ontario, Quebec, California, Texas, and New York. A comprehensive parametric study was then used to analyze the effect of various parameters (air exchange rate, planting area, lighting allowance factor, and photoperiod) on the thermal demands and optimal sizing of greenhouses. Using waste heat from cryptocurrency mining was found to be economically profitable to offset natural gas heating depending on the utility rates and Bitcoin value in a wide range of scenarios. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Advances in Renewable Energy Technologies and Systems Solutions)

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17 pages, 8160 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Modeling, Load Profile Validation, and Assessment of Solar-Rooftop Energy Potential for Low-and-Moderate-Income Communities in the Caribbean

by Daniel D. Campo-Ossa, Cesar A. Vega Penagos, Oscar D. Garzon and Fabio Andrade

Appl. Sci. 2023, 13(2), 1184; https://doi.org/10.3390/app13021184 - 16 Jan 2023

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2543

Abstract

This document presents the modeling of load profile consumption for Low-and-Moderate-Income (LMI) communities in the Caribbean Islands, as well as an assessment of the solar-rooftop energy potential. In this work, real data, together with synthetic and electricity bill data, were collected to validate [...] Read more.

This document presents the modeling of load profile consumption for Low-and-Moderate-Income (LMI) communities in the Caribbean Islands, as well as an assessment of the solar-rooftop energy potential. In this work, real data, together with synthetic and electricity bill data, were collected to validate and improve the load profile models. The solar-rooftop energy potential was obtained through a National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) software called the PVWatts calculator, and mathematical analysis. The analysis of rooftop solar energy potential was conducted to enable the minimum size of solar power systems to fit the energy demand in the community. The results obtained allow estimation of the capacity of the energy system for each house or an entire community. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Advances in Renewable Energy Technologies and Systems Solutions)

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19 pages, 4164 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Active and Reactive Power Control of the Voltage Source Inverter in an AC Microgrid

by Hamid Saeed Khan and Attaullah Y. Memon

Sustainability 2023, 15(2), 1621; https://doi.org/10.3390/su15021621 - 13 Jan 2023

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 4052

Abstract

This paper presents the mathematical model and control of a voltage source inverter (VSI) connected to an alternating current (AC) microgrid. The VSI considered in this paper is six switches three-phase Pulse Width Modulated (PWM) inverter, whose output active and reactive power is [...] Read more.

This paper presents the mathematical model and control of a voltage source inverter (VSI) connected to an alternating current (AC) microgrid. The VSI considered in this paper is six switches three-phase Pulse Width Modulated (PWM) inverter, whose output active and reactive power is controlled in the

d q

reference frame. The control strategy presented here is state feedback control with disturbance cancellation. This disturbance signal is either provided by a voltage sensor or estimated using a presented extended high gain observer (EHGO). The control strategy without EHGO requires a current sensor and a voltage sensor, and the control strategy with EHGO requires only a current sensor. The EHGO is saving the requirement of a voltage sensor. The stability analysis of the presented control strategy is showing that the error is ultimately bounded in the presence of disturbance, formed due to Pulse Width Modulated (PWM) inverters. The microgrid is simulated using the SimPowerSystems Toolbox of MATLAB/Simulink. The simulation results are also showing the effectiveness of the proposed control strategy, that the output active and reactive power control is achieved with ultimately bounded errors. The comparison of the proposed control with the PI-based control scheme is also presented, and it is shown that better reference tracking with the desired settling time of “0.04 s” is achieved with the proposed control. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Advances in Renewable Energy Technologies and Systems Solutions)

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20 pages, 4053 KiB

Open AccessReview

Review of Data-Driven Approaches for Wind Turbine Blade Icing Detection

by Chang Cai, Jicai Guo, Xiaowen Song, Yanfeng Zhang, Jianxin Wu, Shufeng Tang, Yan Jia, Zhitai Xing and Qing’an Li

Sustainability 2023, 15(2), 1617; https://doi.org/10.3390/su15021617 - 13 Jan 2023

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 3525

Abstract

Onshore wind turbines are primarily installed in high-altitude areas with good wind energy resources. However, in winter, the blades are easy to ice, which will seriously impact their aerodynamic performance, as well as the power and service life of the wind turbine. Therefore, [...] Read more.

Onshore wind turbines are primarily installed in high-altitude areas with good wind energy resources. However, in winter, the blades are easy to ice, which will seriously impact their aerodynamic performance, as well as the power and service life of the wind turbine. Therefore, it is of great practical significance to predict wind turbine blade icing in advance and take measures to eliminate the adverse effects of icing. Along these lines, three approaches to supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) data feature selection were summarized in this work. The problems of imbalance between positive and negative sample datasets, the underutilization of SCADA data time series information, the scarcity of high-quality labeled data, and weak model generalization capabilities faced by data-driven approaches in wind turbine blade icing detection, were reviewed. Finally, some future trends in data-driven approaches were discussed. Our work provides guidance for the use of technical means in the actual detection of wind turbine blades. In addition, it also gives some insights to the further research of fault diagnosis technology. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Advances in Renewable Energy Technologies and Systems Solutions)

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14 pages, 3369 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Study of the Evolution of the Performance Ratio of Photovoltaic Plants Operating in a Utility-Scale Installation Located at a Subtropical Climate Zone Using Mixed-Effects Linear Modeling

by Carlos Montes, Roberto Dorta-Guerra, Benjamín González-Díaz, Sara González-Pérez, Luis Ocaña and Elena Llarena

Appl. Sci. 2022, 12(21), 11306; https://doi.org/10.3390/app122111306 - 7 Nov 2022

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2626

Abstract

This paper assessed the evolution of the performance ratio (PR) of a utility-scale photovoltaic (PV) installation that operates at subtropical climate conditions. The period of study encompassed 8 years, and the PR was calculated according to the ICE 61724 standard with a monthly [...] Read more.

This paper assessed the evolution of the performance ratio (PR) of a utility-scale photovoltaic (PV) installation that operates at subtropical climate conditions. The period of study encompassed 8 years, and the PR was calculated according to the ICE 61724 standard with a monthly resolution. A linear mixed effects model (LME) is a suitable tool for analyzing longitudinal data. Three LME models were assessed to provide the degradation rate. The “null model” evaluates the general relationship between PR and time with a monthly declination rate (ΔPR%) of 0.0391%/month. The “typology model” considered the relationship between PR and, as covariates, time, Manufacturer, Technology, and NominalP. Only the ΔPR% related to NominalP was found to be significant, so that, when the nominal power of a type of PV module used for a PV production unit is increased by one unit, the ΔPR% of the corresponding unit increases by 0.000897%/month. Finally, the “location model” took into account the relationship between PR and, as covariates, time, Edge, and LengthSt. These last two factors were significant, resulting in an increase of 0.0132%/month for a PV unit located at the edge of the facility and 0.00117%/month and per PV production unit when considering the length of a street, respectively. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Advances in Renewable Energy Technologies and Systems Solutions)

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18 pages, 9234 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Robust Control and Optimization Method for Single-Phase Grid-Connected Inverters Based on All-Pass-Filter Phase-Locked Loop in Weak Grid

by Longyue Yang, Tian Cao, Huapeng Chen, Xinwei Dong and Shuyuan Zhang

Energies 2022, 15(19), 7355; https://doi.org/10.3390/en15197355 - 6 Oct 2022

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2122

Abstract

In a distributed generation system, the all-pass-filter phase-locked loop (APF-PLL) is a commonly used method for grid synchronization. However, the coupling effect between APF-PLL and current control loop increases the risk of oscillation instability for the inverter in the weak grid. At present, [...] Read more.

In a distributed generation system, the all-pass-filter phase-locked loop (APF-PLL) is a commonly used method for grid synchronization. However, the coupling effect between APF-PLL and current control loop increases the risk of oscillation instability for the inverter in the weak grid. At present, there are few effective methods to solve the adverse effect of APF-PLL on the inverter-grid interconnection system in the weak grid. Therefore, a small-signal impedance model of the inverter considering the dual d-q frame brought by APF-PLL is first established. Then the reason for the inverter instability caused by APF-PLL in the weak grid is analyzed. Subsequently, an impedance reshaping method based on a modified first-order filter PLL with a complex coefficient filter (CCF-MFOF-PLL) and its parameter optimization design method are proposed. Finally, the experimental results verify that the proposed method widens the stable range of the inverter and ensures the stable operation of the inverter even with the large grid impedance. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Advances in Renewable Energy Technologies and Systems Solutions)

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27 pages, 3402 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Design, Modelling, and Thermodynamic Analysis of a Novel Marine Power System Based on Methanol Solid Oxide Fuel Cells, Integrated Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells, and Combined Heat and Power Production

by Phan Anh Duong, Borim Ryu, Jinwon Jung and Hokeun Kang

Sustainability 2022, 14(19), 12496; https://doi.org/10.3390/su141912496 - 30 Sep 2022

Cited by 17 | Viewed by 3826

Abstract

A novel maritime power system that uses methanol solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) to power marine vessels in an eco-friendly manner is proposed. The SOFCs, gas turbine (GT), steam Rankine cycle (SRC), proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs), and organic Rankine cycle (ORC) [...] Read more.

A novel maritime power system that uses methanol solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) to power marine vessels in an eco-friendly manner is proposed. The SOFCs, gas turbine (GT), steam Rankine cycle (SRC), proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs), and organic Rankine cycle (ORC) were integrated together to generate useful energy and harvest wasted heat. The system supplies the exhaust heat from the SOFCs to the methanol dissociation unit for hydrogen production, whereas the heat exchangers and SRC recover the remaining waste heat to produce useful electricity. Mathematical models were established, and the thermodynamic efficiencies of the system were evaluated. The first and second laws of thermodynamics were used to construct the dynamic behavior of the system. Furthermore, the exergy destruction of all the subsystems was estimated. The thermodynamic performances of the main subsystem and entire system were evaluated to be 77.75% and 44.71% for the energy and exergy efficiencies, respectively. With a hydrogen distribution ratio of β = 0.12, the PEMFCs can generate 432.893 kW for the propulsion plant of the target vessel. This is also important for the rapid adaptation of the vessel’s needs for power generation, especially during start-up and maneuvering. A comprehensive parametric analysis was performed to examine the influence of changing current densities in the SOFCs, as well as the influence of the hydrogen distribution ratio and hydrogen storage ratio on the operational performance of the proposed systems. Increasing the hydrogen storage ratio (φ = 0–0.5) reduces the PEMFCs power output, but the energy efficiency and exergy efficiency of the PEMFC-ORC subsystem increased by 2.29% and 1.39%, respectively. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Advances in Renewable Energy Technologies and Systems Solutions)

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18 pages, 5802 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Energy Transition: Renewable Energy-Based Combined Heat and Power Optimization Model for Distributed Communities

by Eid Gul, Giorgio Baldinelli and Pietro Bartocci

Energies 2022, 15(18), 6740; https://doi.org/10.3390/en15186740 - 15 Sep 2022

Cited by 12 | Viewed by 2488

Abstract

New energy technologies are gaining rising importance because of climate change and increasing energy demand, and they show an enormous potential to mitigate environmental issues. With the purpose of maximizing the renewable energy utilization, combined heat and power systems are considered more effective, [...] Read more.

New energy technologies are gaining rising importance because of climate change and increasing energy demand, and they show an enormous potential to mitigate environmental issues. With the purpose of maximizing the renewable energy utilization, combined heat and power systems are considered more effective, economical, and ecological. However, renewable energy-based combined heat and power systems are still in the development phase. Hence, this study presents a new methodology to produce combined electricity and heat from wind and solar PV systems to meet the energy demand of small, distributed communities. For this scope, an optimization model is developed to exploit rationally the power generation from renewables and meet the electricity and heating demand of two selected communities. The curtailed energy of solar and wind systems is used to produce heat by a thermal load controller combined with a natural gas boiler. The developed model is also integrated with the grid station for energy exchange. This study contributes also to evaluate the economic and environmental feasibility of combined heat and power systems, and determine the best optimal operational strategies to extend the renewable energy utilization and minimize energy costs. The obtained results show that a significant amount of clean energy can be produced, covering the 79% of the energy demand of the selected communities, at the lowest levelized cost of energy of 0.013 €/kWh; meanwhile, the proposed system reduces 4129 tons of CO₂ emissions annually. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Advances in Renewable Energy Technologies and Systems Solutions)

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