Antioxidants

20 pages, 2190 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Assessment of Bio-Compounds Content, Antioxidant Activity, and Neuroprotective Effect of Red Cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. Capitata rubra) Processed by Convective Drying at Different Temperatures

by Antonio Vega-Galvez, Luis S. Gomez-Perez, Francisca Zepeda, René L. Vidal, Felipe Grunenwald, Nicol Mejías, Alexis Pasten, Michael Araya and Kong Shun Ah-Hen

Antioxidants 2023, 12(9), 1789; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox12091789 - 21 Sep 2023

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2357

Abstract

Parkinson’s disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disorder, and no efficient therapy able to cure or slow down PD is available. In this study, dehydrated red cabbage was evaluated as a novel source of bio-compounds with neuroprotective capacity. Convective drying was [...] Read more.

Parkinson’s disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disorder, and no efficient therapy able to cure or slow down PD is available. In this study, dehydrated red cabbage was evaluated as a novel source of bio-compounds with neuroprotective capacity. Convective drying was carried out at different temperatures. Total phenolics (TPC), flavonoids (TFC), anthocyanins (TAC), and glucosinolates (TGC) were determined using spectrophotometry, amino acid profile by LC-DAD and fatty acid profile by GC-FID. Phenolic characterization was determined by liquid chromatography-high-resolution mass spectrometry. Cytotoxicity and neuroprotection assays were evaluated in SH-SY5Y human cells, observing the effect on preformed fibrils of α-synuclein. Drying kinetic confirmed a shorter processing time with temperature increase. A high concentration of bio-compounds was observed, especially at 90 °C, with TPC = 1544.04 ± 11.4 mg GAE/100 g, TFC = 690.87 ± 4.0 mg QE/100 g and TGC = 5244.9 ± 260.2 µmol SngE/100 g. TAC degraded with temperature. Glutamic acid and arginine were predominant. Fatty acid profiles were relatively stable and were found to be mostly C18:3n3. The neochlorogenic acid was predominant. The extracts had no cytotoxicity and showed a neuroprotective effect at 24 h testing, which can extend in some cases to 48 h. The present findings underpin the use of red cabbage as a functional food ingredient. Full article

(This article belongs to the Collection Advances in Antioxidant Ingredients from Natural Products)

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20 pages, 2478 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Colorants and Antioxidants Deriving from Methylglyoxal and Heterocyclic Maillard Reaction Intermediates

by Leon Valentin Bork, Maximilian Baumann, Tobias Stobernack, Sascha Rohn and Clemens Kanzler

Antioxidants 2023, 12(9), 1788; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox12091788 - 21 Sep 2023

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1409

Abstract

The Maillard reaction is well known for producing antioxidant compounds alongside colored substances. Low-molecular-weight antioxidant intermediates such as maltol (MAL) or norfuraneol (NF) are well described, but it is still unclear which of these Maillard intermediates are the precursors of antioxidant and colored [...] Read more.

The Maillard reaction is well known for producing antioxidant compounds alongside colored substances. Low-molecular-weight antioxidant intermediates such as maltol (MAL) or norfuraneol (NF) are well described, but it is still unclear which of these Maillard intermediates are the precursors of antioxidant and colored melanoidins—the so-called late stage Maillard reaction products. This study aimed to provide novel insights into the correlation between browning potential and antioxidant properties of reaction products formed during the heat treatment of prominent Maillard reaction intermediates. It was achieved by the incubation of binary reaction systems composed of methylglyoxal (MGO) or NF in combination with furfural (FF), MAL, and pyrrole-2-carbaldehyde (PA) at pH 5 and 130 °C for up to 120 min. Overall, it could be shown that the formation of colored products in the binary NF reaction systems was more efficient compared to those of MGO. This was reflected in an increased browning intensity of up to 400% and a lower conversion rate of NF compared to MGO. The colorants formed by NF and FF or PA (~0.34 kDa and 10–100 kDa) were also found to exhibit higher molecular weights compared to the analogue products formed in the MGO incubations (<0.34 kDa and 10–100 kDa). The incorporation of NF into these heterogenous products with FF and PA resulted in the preservation of the initial antioxidant properties of NF (p < 0.05), whereas no antioxidant products were formed after the incubation of MGO. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antioxidant Research in Germany)

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14 pages, 1102 KiB

Open AccessReview

Influence of Reactive Oxygen Species on Wound Healing and Tissue Regeneration in Periodontal and Peri-Implant Tissues in Diabetic Patients

by Prima Buranasin, Hiromi Kominato, Koji Mizutani, Risako Mikami, Natsumi Saito, Kohei Takeda and Takanori Iwata

Antioxidants 2023, 12(9), 1787; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox12091787 - 21 Sep 2023

Cited by 12 | Viewed by 2782

Abstract

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is associated with periodontal disease. Clinically, periodontal treatment is less effective for patients with DM. Oxidative stress is one of the mechanisms that link DM to periodontitis. The production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) is increased in the periodontal tissues [...] Read more.

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is associated with periodontal disease. Clinically, periodontal treatment is less effective for patients with DM. Oxidative stress is one of the mechanisms that link DM to periodontitis. The production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) is increased in the periodontal tissues of patients with DM and is involved in the development of insulin resistance in periodontal tissues. Insulin resistance decreases Akt activation and inhibits cell proliferation and angiogenesis. This results in the deterioration of wound healing and tissue repair in periodontal tissues. Antioxidants and insulin resistance ameliorants may inhibit ROS production and improve wound healing, which is worsened by DM. This manuscript provides a comprehensive review of the most recent basic and clinical evidence regarding the generation of ROS in periodontal tissues resulting from microbial challenge and DM. This study also delves into the impact of oxidative stress on wound healing in the context of periodontal and dental implant therapies. Furthermore, it discusses the potential benefits of administering antioxidants and anti-insulin resistance medications, which have been shown to counteract ROS production and inflammation. This approach may potentially enhance wound healing, especially in cases exacerbated by hyperglycemic conditions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Oxidative Stress in Wound Healing)

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17 pages, 742 KiB

Open AccessReview

Potential Neuroprotective Role of Melatonin in Sepsis-Associated Encephalopathy Due to Its Scavenging and Anti-Oxidative Properties

by Mariusz Sieminski, Karolina Szaruta-Raflesz, Jacek Szypenbejl and Klaudia Krzyzaniak

Antioxidants 2023, 12(9), 1786; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox12091786 - 21 Sep 2023

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 2066

Abstract

Sepsis is defined as life-threatening organ dysfunction caused by a dysregulated host response to infection. The brain is one of the organs involved in sepsis, and sepsis-induced brain injury manifests as sepsis-associated encephalopathy (SAE). SAE may be present in up to 70% of [...] Read more.

Sepsis is defined as life-threatening organ dysfunction caused by a dysregulated host response to infection. The brain is one of the organs involved in sepsis, and sepsis-induced brain injury manifests as sepsis-associated encephalopathy (SAE). SAE may be present in up to 70% of septic patients. SAE has a very wide spectrum of clinical symptoms, ranging from mild behavioral changes through cognitive disorders to disorders of consciousness and coma. The presence of SAE increases mortality in the population of septic patients and may lead to chronic cognitive dysfunction in sepsis survivors. Therefore, therapeutic interventions with neuroprotective effects in sepsis are needed. Melatonin, a neurohormone responsible for the control of circadian rhythms, exerts many beneficial physiological effects. Its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties are well described. It is considered a potential therapeutic factor in sepsis, with positive results from studies on animal models and with encouraging results from the first human clinical trials. With its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory potential, it may also exert a neuroprotective effect in sepsis-associated encephalopathy. The review presents data on melatonin as a potential drug in SAE in the wider context of the pathophysiology of SAE and the specific actions of the pineal neurohormone. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Free-Radical Scavenging and Antioxidant Properties of Melatonin)

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15 pages, 759 KiB

Open AccessReview

Antimicrobial, Antioxidant, and Anti-Inflammatory Properties of Monofloral Honeys from Chile

by Erick Poulsen-Silva, Felipe Gordillo-Fuenzalida, Patricia Velásquez, Felipe M. Llancalahuen, Rodrigo Carvajal, Mauricio Cabaña-Brunod and María Carolina Otero

Antioxidants 2023, 12(9), 1785; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox12091785 - 21 Sep 2023

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 3323

Abstract

Honey is a mixture of compounds produced by bees that has been appreciated by humanity since the creation of the oldest civilizations. It has multiple uses and can be a highly nutritional and healing substance. It has been used in traditional medicine as [...] Read more.

Honey is a mixture of compounds produced by bees that has been appreciated by humanity since the creation of the oldest civilizations. It has multiple uses and can be a highly nutritional and healing substance. It has been used in traditional medicine as a natural alternative for the treatment of diverse clinical conditions. This is due to its reported bioactive properties. The objective of this article is to exhibit and analyze the biological properties of different types of honey originating from Chile based on their antimicrobial, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory activities, focusing primarily on recompiling experimental studies made on monofloral honey of plant species present in the Chilean territory. The result of this bibliographical review shows that Chilean honey possesses remarkable bioactive properties, mainly antimicrobial and antioxidant activities, with a few studies on its anti-inflammatory activity. Most of these results were attributed to monofloral honey belonging to ulmo (Eucryphia cordifolia) and quillay (Quillaja saponaria Molina) plant species. These properties are related to the presence of several bioactive components, such as phenolic components (mainly flavonoids), hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂), enzymes, proteins, and carbohydrates. The biodiversity of the flora and the environmental conditions of the Chilean territory are responsible for the wide range of bioactive compounds and biological properties found in Chilean honey. Further studies must be made to uncover the medicinal potential of these native honeys. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antioxidant Research in Chile)

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3 pages, 182 KiB

Open AccessEditorial

Role of Oxidative Stress in Mitochondrial Function: Relevance for Liver Function

by Jie Xu and Zhihui Feng

Antioxidants 2023, 12(9), 1784; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox12091784 - 20 Sep 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1477

Abstract

The traditional recognition of mitochondria as powerhouses that generate ATP and reactive oxygen species (ROS) via oxidative phosphorylation and the tricarboxylic acid cycle has ceased [...] Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Role of Oxidative Stress in Mitochondrial Function: Relevance for Liver Function)

12 pages, 1244 KiB

Open AccessReview

Protecting the Eye Lens from Oxidative Stress through Oxygen Regulation

by Witold Karol Subczynski, Marta Pasenkiewicz-Gierula and Justyna Widomska

Antioxidants 2023, 12(9), 1783; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox12091783 - 20 Sep 2023

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2032

Abstract

Molecular oxygen is a primary oxidant that is involved in the formation of active oxygen species and in the oxidation of lipids and proteins. Thus, controlling oxygen partial pressure (concentration) in the human organism, tissues, and organs can be the first step in [...] Read more.

Molecular oxygen is a primary oxidant that is involved in the formation of active oxygen species and in the oxidation of lipids and proteins. Thus, controlling oxygen partial pressure (concentration) in the human organism, tissues, and organs can be the first step in protecting them against oxidative stress. However, it is not an easy task because oxygen is necessary for ATP synthesis by mitochondria and in many biochemical reactions taking place in all cells in the human body. Moreover, the blood circulatory system delivers oxygen to all parts of the body. The eye lens seems to be the only organ that is protected from the oxidative stress through the regulation of oxygen partial pressure. The basic mechanism that developed during evolution to protect the eye lens against oxidative damage is based on the maintenance of a very low concentration of oxygen within the lens. This antioxidant mechanism is supported by the resistance of both the lipid components of the lens membrane and cytosolic proteins to oxidation. Any disturbance, continuous or acute, in the working of this mechanism increases the oxygen concentration, in effect causing cataract development. Here, we describe the biophysical basis of the mechanism and its correlation with lens transparency. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Oxidative Stress and Eye Diseases)

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27 pages, 10202 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Chiisanoside Mediates the Parkin/ZNF746/PGC-1α Axis by Downregulating MiR-181a to Improve Mitochondrial Biogenesis in 6-OHDA-Caused Neurotoxicity Models In Vitro and In Vivo: Suggestions for Prevention of Parkinson’s Disease

by Yu-Ling Hsu, Hui-Jye Chen, Jia-Xin Gao, Ming-Yang Yang and Ru-Huei Fu

Antioxidants 2023, 12(9), 1782; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox12091782 - 20 Sep 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1861

Abstract

The degeneration of dopamine (DA) neurons is known to be associated with defects in mitochondrial biogenesis caused by aging, environmental factors, or mutations in genes, leading to Parkinson’s disease (PD). As PD has not yet been successfully cured, the strategy of using small [...] Read more.

The degeneration of dopamine (DA) neurons is known to be associated with defects in mitochondrial biogenesis caused by aging, environmental factors, or mutations in genes, leading to Parkinson’s disease (PD). As PD has not yet been successfully cured, the strategy of using small molecule drugs to protect and restore mitochondrial biogenesis is a promising direction. This study evaluated the efficacy of synthetic chiisanoside (CSS) identified in the leaves of Acanthopanax sessiliflorus to prevent PD symptoms. The results show that in the 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) model, CSS pretreatment can effectively alleviate the reactive oxygen species generation and apoptosis of SH-SY5Y cells, thereby lessening the defects in the C. elegans model including DA neuron degeneration, dopamine-mediated food sensitivity behavioral disorders, and shortened lifespan. Mechanistically, we found that CSS could restore the expression of proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator-1-alpha (PGC-1α), a key molecule in mitochondrial biogenesis, and its downstream related genes inhibited by 6-OHDA. We further confirmed that this is due to the enhanced activity of parkin leading to the ubiquitination and degradation of PGC-1α inhibitor protein Zinc finger protein 746 (ZNF746). Parkin siRNA treatment abolished this effect of CSS. Furthermore, we found that CSS inhibited 6-OHDA-induced expression of miR-181a, which targets parkin. The CSS’s ability to reverse the 6-OHDA-induced reduction in mitochondrial biogenesis and activation of apoptosis was abolished after the transfection of anti-miR-181a and miR-181a mimics. Therefore, the neuroprotective effect of CSS mainly promotes mitochondrial biogenesis by regulating the miR-181a/Parkin/ZNF746/PGC-1α axis. CSS potentially has the opportunity to be developed into PD prevention agents. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Role of Natural Antioxidant in the Treatment of Neurological Disorders)

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19 pages, 5049 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Pectic Polysaccharide from Codonopsis pilosula Alleviates Inflammatory Response and Oxidative Stress of Aging Mice via Modulating Intestinal Microbiota-Related Gut–Liver Axis

by Yuanfeng Zou, Hong Yan, Cenyu Li, Fang Wen, Xiaoping Jize, Chaowen Zhang, Siqi Liu, Yuzhe Zhao, Yuping Fu, Lixia Li, Fan Liu, Ji Chen, Rui Li, Xingfu Chen and Mengliang Tian

Antioxidants 2023, 12(9), 1781; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox12091781 - 19 Sep 2023

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 2204

Abstract

Aging is a biological process that leads to the progressive deterioration and loss of physiological functions in the human body and results in an increase in morbidity and mortality, and aging-related disease is a major global problem that poses a serious threat to [...] Read more.

Aging is a biological process that leads to the progressive deterioration and loss of physiological functions in the human body and results in an increase in morbidity and mortality, and aging-related disease is a major global problem that poses a serious threat to public health. Polysaccharides have been shown to delay aging by reducing oxidative damage, suppressing inflammatory responses, and modulating intestinal microbiota. Our previous studies have shown that polysaccharide CPP-1 extracted from the root of Codonopsis pilosula possesses noticeable anti-oxidant activity in vitro. Thus, in our study, we tested the anti-aging effect of CPP-1 in naturally aging mice (in vivo). Eighteen C57/BL mice (48-week-old, male) were divided into a control group, high-dose CPP-1 group (20 mg/mL), and low-dose CPP-1 group (10 mg/mL). We discovered that CPP-1 can exert a reparative effect on aging stress in the intestine and liver, including alleviating inflammation and oxidative damage. We revealed that CPP-1 supplementation improved the intestinal microbiota composition and repaired the intestinal barrier in the gut. Furthermore, CPP-1 was proved to modulate lipid metabolism and repair hepatocyte injury in the liver by influencing the enterohepatic axis associated with the intestinal microbiota. Therefore, we concluded that CPP-1 prevents and alleviates oxidative stress and inflammatory responses in the intestine and liver of aging mice by modulating the intestinal microbiota-related gut–liver axis to delay aging. Full article

(This article belongs to the Collection Advances in Antioxidant Ingredients from Natural Products)

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12 pages, 1113 KiB

Open AccessReview

Methanethiol: A Scent Mark of Dysregulated Sulfur Metabolism in Cancer

by Thilo Magnus Philipp, Anne Sophie Scheller, Niklas Krafczyk, Lars-Oliver Klotz and Holger Steinbrenner

Antioxidants 2023, 12(9), 1780; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox12091780 - 19 Sep 2023

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 3715

Abstract

In order to cope with increased demands for energy and metabolites as well as to enhance stress resilience, tumor cells develop various metabolic adaptations, representing a hallmark of cancer. In this regard, the dysregulation of sulfur metabolism that may result in elevated levels [...] Read more.

In order to cope with increased demands for energy and metabolites as well as to enhance stress resilience, tumor cells develop various metabolic adaptations, representing a hallmark of cancer. In this regard, the dysregulation of sulfur metabolism that may result in elevated levels of volatile sulfur compounds (VSCs) in body fluids, breath, and/or excretions of cancer patients has recently gained attention. Besides hydrogen sulfide (H₂S), methanethiol is the predominant cancer-associated VSC and has been proposed as a promising biomarker for non-invasive cancer diagnosis. Gut bacteria are the major exogenous source of exposure to this foul-smelling toxic gas, with methanethiol-producing strains such as Fusobacterium nucleatum highly abundant in the gut microbiome of colorectal carcinoma (CRC) patients. Physiologically, methanethiol becomes rapidly degraded through the methanethiol oxidase (MTO) activity of selenium-binding protein 1 (SELENBP1). However, SELENBP1, which is considered a tumor suppressor, is often downregulated in tumor tissues, and this has been epidemiologically linked to poor clinical outcomes. In addition to impaired removal, an increase in methanethiol levels may derive from non-enzymatic reactions, such as a Maillard reaction between glucose and methionine, two metabolites enriched in cancer cells. High methionine concentrations in cancer cells may also result in enzymatic methanethiol production in mitochondria. Moreover, enzymatic endogenous methanethiol production may occur through methyltransferase-like protein 7B (METTL7B), which is present at elevated levels in some cancers, including CRC and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). In conclusion, methanethiol contributes to the scent of cancer as part of the cancer-associated signature combination of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) that are increasingly being exploited for non-invasive early cancer diagnosis. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Health Outcomes of Antioxidants and Oxidative Stress)

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20 pages, 3414 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Seed Priming with Salicylic Acid Alleviates Salt Stress Toxicity in Barley by Suppressing ROS Accumulation and Improving Antioxidant Defense Systems, Compared to Halo- and Gibberellin Priming

by Hasna Ellouzi, Walid Zorrig, Souhir Amraoui, Samia Oueslati, Chedly Abdelly, Mokded Rabhi, Kadambot H. M. Siddique and Kamel Hessini

Antioxidants 2023, 12(9), 1779; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox12091779 - 18 Sep 2023

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 2618

Abstract

Plants are highly sensitive to various environmental stresses, which can hinder their growth and reduce yields. In this study, we investigated the potential of seed priming with salicylic acid (SA), gibberellic acid (GA₃), and sodium chloride (NaCl) to mitigate the adverse [...] Read more.

Plants are highly sensitive to various environmental stresses, which can hinder their growth and reduce yields. In this study, we investigated the potential of seed priming with salicylic acid (SA), gibberellic acid (GA₃), and sodium chloride (NaCl) to mitigate the adverse effects of salinity stress in Hordeum vulgare at the germination and early seedling stages. Exposing H. vulgare seeds to salt stress reduced the final germination percentage and seedling shoot and root growth. Interestingly, all seed treatments significantly improved salt-induced responses, with GA₃ being more effective in terms of germination performance, plant growth, and photosynthesis. SA priming exhibited promising effects on antioxidant defense mechanisms, proline, sugar, and ascorbic acid production. Notably, SA priming also suppressed reactive oxygen species accumulation and prevented lipid peroxidation. These findings highlight the ability of SA to manage crosstalk within the seed, coordinating many regulatory processes to support plant adaptation to salinity stress. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Role of Reactive Oxygen Species in Response to Environmental Stress)

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15 pages, 4559 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Caloric Restriction Mitigates Kidney Fibrosis in an Aged and Obese Rat Model

by Daniele La Russa, Laura Barberio, Alessandro Marrone, Anna Perri and Daniela Pellegrino

Antioxidants 2023, 12(9), 1778; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox12091778 - 18 Sep 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1506

Abstract

Caloric restriction is an effective intervention to protract healthspan and lifespan in several animal models from yeast to primates, including humans. Caloric restriction has been found to induce cardiometabolic adaptations associated with improved health and to delay the onset and progression of kidney [...] Read more.

Caloric restriction is an effective intervention to protract healthspan and lifespan in several animal models from yeast to primates, including humans. Caloric restriction has been found to induce cardiometabolic adaptations associated with improved health and to delay the onset and progression of kidney disease in different species, particularly in rodent models. In both aging and obesity, fibrosis is a hallmark of kidney disease, and epithelial–mesenchymal transition is a key process that leads to fibrosis and renal dysfunction during aging. In this study, we used an aged and obese rat model to evaluate the effect of long-term (6 months) caloric restriction (−40%) on renal damage both from a structural and functional point of view. Renal interstitial fibrosis was analyzed by histological techniques, whereas effects on mesenchymal (N-cadherin, Vimentin, Desmin and α-SMA), antioxidant (SOD1, SOD2, Catalase and GSTP1) inflammatory (YM1 and iNOS) markers and apoptotic/cell cycle (BAX, BCL2, pJNK, Caspase 3 and p27) pathways were investigated using Western blot analysis. Our results clearly showed that caloric restriction promotes cell cycle division and reduces apoptotic injury and fibrosis phenotype through inflammation attenuation and leukocyte infiltration. In conclusion, we highlight the beneficial effects of caloric restriction to preserve elderly kidney function. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Redox Homeostasis in Response to Exogenous Stimuli)

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17 pages, 13715 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Antioxidant Potential of Resveratrol from Red Vine Leaves Delivered in an Electrospun Nanofiber System

by Magdalena Paczkowska-Walendowska, Andrzej Miklaszewski, Bożena Michniak-Kohn and Judyta Cielecka-Piontek

Antioxidants 2023, 12(9), 1777; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox12091777 - 18 Sep 2023

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 2005

Abstract

Despite the wide pharmacological action of polyphenols, their usefulness is limited due to their low oral bioavailability, which is due to their low solubility and rapid first-pass metabolism. Red vine leaf extract is an herbal medicine containing several polyphenols, with resveratrol and polydatin [...] Read more.

Despite the wide pharmacological action of polyphenols, their usefulness is limited due to their low oral bioavailability, which is due to their low solubility and rapid first-pass metabolism. Red vine leaf extract is an herbal medicine containing several polyphenols, with resveratrol and polydatin as the main compounds exhibiting antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. In the first stage of the work, using the Design of Experiment (DoE) approach, the red vine leaf extract (50% methanol, temperature 70 °C, and three cycles per 60 min) was obtained, which showed optimal antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. In order to circumvent the above-described limitations and use innovative technology, electrospun nanofibers containing the red vine leaf extract, polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP), and hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (HPβCD) were first developed. The optimization of the process involved the time of system mixing prior to electrospinning, the mixture flow rate, and the rotation speed of the collector. Dissolution studies of nanofibers showed improved resveratrol release from the nanofibers (over five-fold). Additionally, a PAMPA-GIT assay confirmed significantly better buccal penetration of resveratrol from this nanofiber combination (over ten-fold). The proposed strategy for electrospun nanofibers with the red vine leaf extract is an innovative approach to better use the synergy of the biological action of active compounds present in extracts that are beneficial for the development of nutraceuticals. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Plant Materials and Their Antioxidant Potential)

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17 pages, 2360 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Oleacein and Oleocanthal: Key Metabolites in the Stability of Extra Virgin Olive Oil

by Alexandra Olmo-Cunillera, Maria Pérez, Anallely López-Yerena, Mohamed M. Abuhabib, Antònia Ninot, Agustí Romero-Aroca, Anna Vallverdú-Queralt and Rosa Maria Lamuela-Raventós

Antioxidants 2023, 12(9), 1776; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox12091776 - 18 Sep 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1796

Abstract

The oxidative stability of extra virgin olive oil (EVOO) depends on its composition, primarily, phenolic compounds and tocopherols, which are strong antioxidants, but also carotenoids, squalene, and fatty acids contribute. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of malaxation conditions [...] Read more.

The oxidative stability of extra virgin olive oil (EVOO) depends on its composition, primarily, phenolic compounds and tocopherols, which are strong antioxidants, but also carotenoids, squalene, and fatty acids contribute. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of malaxation conditions and olive storage on the composition of ‘Corbella’ EVOO produced in an industrial mill to determine which parameters and compounds could give more stable oils. Although a longer malaxation time at a higher temperature and olive storage had a negative effect on the content of α-tocopherol, squalene, flavonoids, lignans, phenolic acids, and phenolic alcohols, the antioxidant capacity and oxidative stability of the oil were improved because of an increase in the concentration of oleacein (56–71%) and oleocanthal (42–67%). Therefore, these two secoiridoids could be crucial for better stability and a longer shelf life of EVOOs, and their enhancement should be promoted. A synergistic effect between secoiridoids and carotenoids could also contribute to EVOO stability. Additionally, ‘Corbella’ cultivar seems to be a promising candidate for the production of EVOOs with a high oleic/linoleic ratio. These findings signify a notable advancement and hold substantial utility and significance in addressing and enhancing EVOO stability. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antioxidant Properties in Food During Post-Harvest Storage and Processing)

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23 pages, 8375 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Pharmacological Ascorbate Elicits Anti-Cancer Activities against Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer through Hydrogen-Peroxide-Induced-DNA-Damage

by Kittipong Sanookpan, Naphat Chantaravisoot, Nuttiya Kalpongnukul, Chatchapon Chuenjit, Onsurang Wattanathamsan, Sara Shoaib, Pithi Chanvorachote and Visarut Buranasudja

Antioxidants 2023, 12(9), 1775; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox12091775 - 18 Sep 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2810

Abstract

Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) poses a significant global health burden with unsatisfactory survival rates, despite advancements in diagnostic and therapeutic modalities. Novel therapeutic approaches are urgently required to improve patient outcomes. Pharmacological ascorbate (P-AscH⁻; ascorbate at millimolar concentration in plasma) [...] Read more.

Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) poses a significant global health burden with unsatisfactory survival rates, despite advancements in diagnostic and therapeutic modalities. Novel therapeutic approaches are urgently required to improve patient outcomes. Pharmacological ascorbate (P-AscH⁻; ascorbate at millimolar concentration in plasma) emerged as a potential candidate for cancer therapy for recent decades. In this present study, we explore the anti-cancer effects of P-AscH⁻ on NSCLC and elucidate its underlying mechanisms. P-AscH⁻ treatment induces formation of cellular oxidative distress; disrupts cellular bioenergetics; and leads to induction of apoptotic cell death and ultimately reduction in clonogenic survival. Remarkably, DNA and DNA damage response machineries are identified as vulnerable targets for P-AscH⁻ in NSCLC therapy. Treatments with P-AscH⁻ increase the formation of DNA damage and replication stress markers while inducing mislocalization of DNA repair machineries. The cytotoxic and genotoxic effects of P-AscH⁻ on NSCLC were reversed by co-treatment with catalase, highlighting the roles of extracellular hydrogen peroxide in anti-cancer activities of P-AscH⁻. The data from this current research advance our understanding of P-AscH⁻ in cancer treatment and support its potential clinical use as a therapeutic option for NSCLC therapy. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Oxidative Stress-Related Mechanisms and Antioxidant Therapy in Cancer)

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18 pages, 2114 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Dietary Supplementation of Tannic Acid Promotes Performance of Beef Cattle via Alleviating Liver Lipid Peroxidation and Improving Glucose Metabolism and Rumen Fermentation

by Tengfei He, Guang Yi, Jiangong Li, Zhenlong Wu, Yao Guo, Fang Sun, Jijun Liu, Chunjuan Tang, Shenfei Long and Zhaohui Chen

Antioxidants 2023, 12(9), 1774; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox12091774 - 18 Sep 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2031

Abstract

This study aimed to investigate the effects of dietary tannic acid (TAN) on the gas production, growth performance, antioxidant capacity, rumen microflora, and fermentation function of beef cattle through in vitro and in vivo experiments. TAN was evaluated at 0.15% (dry matter basis, [...] Read more.

This study aimed to investigate the effects of dietary tannic acid (TAN) on the gas production, growth performance, antioxidant capacity, rumen microflora, and fermentation function of beef cattle through in vitro and in vivo experiments. TAN was evaluated at 0.15% (dry matter basis, DM) in the in vitro experiment and 0.20% (DM basis) in the animal feeding experiment. The in vitro results revealed that compared with control (CON, basal diet without TAN), the addition of TAN significantly increased the cumulative gas production and asymptotic gas production per 0.20 g dry matter substrate (p < 0.01), with a tendency to reduce methane concentration after 96 h of fermentation (p = 0.10). Furthermore, TAN supplementation significantly suppressed the relative abundance of Methanosphaera and Methanobacteriaceae in the fermentation fluid (LDA > 2.50, p < 0.05). The in vivo experiment showed that compared with CON, the dietary TAN significantly improved average daily gain (+0.15 kg/d), dressing percent (+1.30%), net meat percentage (+1.60%), and serum glucose concentration (+23.35%) of beef cattle (p < 0.05), while it also significantly reduced hepatic malondialdehyde contents by 25.69% (p = 0.02). Moreover, the TAN group showed significantly higher alpha diversity (p < 0.05) and increased relative abundance of Ruminococcus and Saccharomonas (LDA > 2.50, p < 0.05), while the relative abundance of Prevotellaceae in rumen microbial community was significantly decreased (p < 0.05) as compared to that of the CON group. In conclusion, the dietary supplementation of TAN could improve the growth and slaughter performance and health status of beef cattle, and these favorable effects might be attributed to its ability to alleviate liver lipid peroxidation, enhance glucose metabolism, and promote a balanced rumen microbiota for optimal fermentation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Feeding Livestock for Health Improvement)

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28 pages, 1973 KiB

Open AccessReview

Anthocyanin Effects on Vascular and Endothelial Health: Evidence from Clinical Trials and Role of Gut Microbiota Metabolites

by Samuele Laudani, Justyna Godos, Federica Martina Di Domenico, Ignazio Barbagallo, Cinzia Lucia Randazzo, Gian Marco Leggio, Fabio Galvano and Giuseppe Grosso

Antioxidants 2023, 12(9), 1773; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox12091773 - 18 Sep 2023

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2069

Abstract

Hypertension and derived cardiovascular disease (CVD) are among the leading causes of death worldwide. Increased oxidative stress and inflammatory state are involved in different alterations in endothelial functions that contribute to the onset of CVD. Polyphenols, and in particular anthocyanins, have aroused great [...] Read more.

Hypertension and derived cardiovascular disease (CVD) are among the leading causes of death worldwide. Increased oxidative stress and inflammatory state are involved in different alterations in endothelial functions that contribute to the onset of CVD. Polyphenols, and in particular anthocyanins, have aroused great interest for their antioxidant effects and their cardioprotective role. However, anthocyanins are rarely detected in blood serum because they are primarily metabolized by the gut microbiota. This review presents studies published to date that report the main results from clinical studies on the cardioprotective effects of anthocyanins and the role of the gut microbiota in the metabolism and bioavailability of anthocyanins and their influence on the composition of the microbiota. Even if it seems that anthocyanins have a significant effect on vascular health, more studies are required to better clarify which molecules and doses show vascular benefits without forgetting the crucial role of the microbiota. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Oxidative Stress and Inflammation as Targets for Novel Preventive and Therapeutic Approaches in Non-Communicable Diseases III)

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13 pages, 999 KiB

Open AccessReview

The Role of Oxidative Stress in Kidney Injury

by Nejc Piko, Sebastjan Bevc, Radovan Hojs and Robert Ekart

Antioxidants 2023, 12(9), 1772; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox12091772 - 16 Sep 2023

Cited by 20 | Viewed by 3922

Abstract

Acute kidney injury and chronic kidney disease are among the most common non-communicable diseases in the developed world, with increasing prevalence. Patients with acute kidney injury are at an increased risk of developing chronic kidney disease. One of kidney injury’s most common clinical [...] Read more.

Acute kidney injury and chronic kidney disease are among the most common non-communicable diseases in the developed world, with increasing prevalence. Patients with acute kidney injury are at an increased risk of developing chronic kidney disease. One of kidney injury’s most common clinical sequelae is increased cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. In recent years, new insights into the pathophysiology of renal damage have been made. Oxidative stress is the imbalance favoring the increased generation of ROS and/or reduced body’s innate antioxidant defense mechanisms and is of pivotal importance, not only in the development and progression of kidney disease but also in understanding the enhanced cardiovascular risk in these patients. This article summarizes and emphasizes the role of oxidative stress in acute kidney injury, various forms of chronic kidney disease, and also in patients on renal replacement therapy (hemodialysis, peritoneal dialysis, and after kidney transplant). Additionally, the role of oxidative stress in the development of drug-related nephrotoxicity and also in the development after exposure to various environmental and occupational pollutants is presented. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Redox Balance in Kidney Disease)

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23 pages, 5285 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Interaction of Garcinia cambogia (Gaertn.) Desr. and Drugs as a Possible Mechanism of Liver Injury: The Case of Montelukast

by Silvia Di Giacomo, Antonella Di Sotto, Ester Percaccio, Erica Scuotto, Cecilia Battistelli, Gabriela Mazzanti, Francesca Menniti-Ippolito and Ilaria Ippoliti

Antioxidants 2023, 12(9), 1771; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox12091771 - 16 Sep 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2223

Abstract

Overweight and obesity prevalence has increased worldwide. Apart from conventional approaches, people also resort to botanical supplements for reducing body weight, although several adverse events have been associated with these products. In this context, the present study aimed at evaluating the toxicity of [...] Read more.

Overweight and obesity prevalence has increased worldwide. Apart from conventional approaches, people also resort to botanical supplements for reducing body weight, although several adverse events have been associated with these products. In this context, the present study aimed at evaluating the toxicity of Garcinia cambogia-based products and shedding light on the mechanisms involved. The suspected hepatotoxic reactions related to G. cambogia-containing products collected within the Italian Phytovigilance System (IPS) were examined. Then, an in vitro study was performed to evaluate the possible mechanisms responsible for the liver toxicity, focusing on the modulation of oxidative stress and Nrf2 expression. From March 2002 to March 2022, the IPS collected eight reports of hepatic adverse reactions related to G. cambogia, which exclusively involved women and were mostly severe. The causality assessment was probable in three cases, while it was possible in five. In the in vitro experiments, a low cytotoxicity of G. cambogia was observed. However, its combination with montelukast greatly reduced cell viability, increased the intracellular ROS levels, and affected the cytoplasmic Nrf2 expression, thus suggesting an impairment of the antioxidant and cytoprotective defenses. Overall, our results support the safety concerns about G. cambogia-containing supplements and shed light on the possible mechanisms underpinning its hepatotoxicity. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Something is Rotten in the State of Redox)

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16 pages, 2160 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Uncovering the Early Events Associated with Oligomeric Aβ-Induced Src Activation

by Sandra I. Mota, Lígia Fão, Patrícia Coelho and A. Cristina Rego

Antioxidants 2023, 12(9), 1770; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox12091770 - 16 Sep 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1702

Abstract

Soluble Aβ_1–42 oligomers (AβO) are formed in the early stages of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and were previously shown to trigger enhanced Ca²⁺ levels and mitochondrial dysfunction via the activation of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors (NMDAR). Src kinase is a ubiquitous redox-sensitive non-receptor [...] Read more.

Soluble Aβ_1–42 oligomers (AβO) are formed in the early stages of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and were previously shown to trigger enhanced Ca²⁺ levels and mitochondrial dysfunction via the activation of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors (NMDAR). Src kinase is a ubiquitous redox-sensitive non-receptor tyrosine kinase involved in the regulation of several cellular processes, which was demonstrated to have a reciprocal interaction towards NMDAR activation. However, little is known about the early-stage mechanisms associated with AβO-induced neurodysfunction involving Src. Thus, in this work, we analysed the influence of brief exposure to oligomeric Aβ_1–42 on Src activation and related mechanisms involving mitochondria and redox changes in mature primary rat hippocampal neurons. Data show that brief exposure to AβO induce H₂O₂-dependent Src activation involving different cellular events, including NMDAR activation and mediated intracellular Ca²⁺ rise, enhanced cytosolic and subsequent mitochondrial H₂O₂ levels, accompanied by mild mitochondrial fragmentation. Interestingly, these effects were prevented by Src inhibition, suggesting a feedforward modulation. The current study supports a relevant role for Src kinase activation in promoting the loss of postsynaptic glutamatergic synapse homeostasis involving cytosolic and mitochondrial ROS generation after brief exposure to AβO. Therefore, restoring Src activity can constitute a protective strategy for mitochondria and related hippocampal glutamatergic synapses. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Targeting Antioxidants to Mitochondria: A Novel Therapeutic Direction)

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4 pages, 216 KiB

Open AccessEditorial

Redox Metabolism in Ecophysiology and Evolution

by Daniel C. Moreira, Tania Zenteno-Savín and Marcelo Hermes-Lima

Antioxidants 2023, 12(9), 1769; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox12091769 - 16 Sep 2023

Viewed by 1168

Abstract

Aerobic organisms have developed a complex system of endogenous antioxidants to manage the reactivity of oxygen and its byproducts [...] Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Redox Metabolism in Ecophysiology and Evolution)

18 pages, 6441 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Genomic Identification and Expression Profiling of Lesion Simulating Disease Genes in Alfalfa (Medicago sativa) Elucidate Their Responsiveness to Seed Vigor

by Shoujiang Sun, Wen Ma, Zhicheng Jia, Chengming Ou, Manli Li and Peisheng Mao

Antioxidants 2023, 12(9), 1768; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox12091768 - 15 Sep 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1459

Abstract

Seed aging, a common physiological phenomenon during forage seed storage, is a crucial factor contributing to a loss of vigor, resulting in delayed seed germination and seedling growth, as well as limiting the production of hay. Extensive bodies of research are dedicated to [...] Read more.

Seed aging, a common physiological phenomenon during forage seed storage, is a crucial factor contributing to a loss of vigor, resulting in delayed seed germination and seedling growth, as well as limiting the production of hay. Extensive bodies of research are dedicated to the study of seed aging, with a particular focus on the role of the production and accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the ensuing oxidative damage during storage as a primary cause of decreases in seed vigor. To preserve optimal seed vigor, ROS levels must be regulated. The excessive accumulation of ROS can trigger programmed cell death (PCD), which causes the seed to lose vigor permanently. LESION SIMULATING DISEASE (LSD) is one of the proteins that regulate PCD, encodes a small C2C2 zinc finger protein, and plays a molecular function as a transcriptional regulator and scaffold protein. However, genome-wide analysis of LSD genes has not been performed for alfalfa (Medicago sativa), as one of the most important crop species, and, presently, the molecular regulation mechanism of seed aging is not clear enough. Numerous studies have also been unable to explain the essence of seed aging for LSD gene regulating PCD and affecting seed vigor. In this study, we obtained six MsLSD genes in total from the alfalfa (cultivar Zhongmu No. 1) genome. Phylogenetic analysis demonstrated that the MsLSD genes could be classified into three subgroups. In addition, six MsLSD genes were unevenly mapped on three chromosomes in alfalfa. Gene duplication analysis demonstrated that segmental duplication was the key driving force for the expansion of this gene family during evolution. Expression analysis of six MsLSD genes in various tissues and germinating seeds presented their different expressions. RT-qPCR analysis revealed that the expression of three MsLSD genes, including MsLSD2, MsLSD5, and MsLSD6, was significantly induced by seed aging treatment, suggesting that they might play an important role in maintaining seed vigor. Although this finding will provide valuable insights into unveiling the molecular mechanism involved in losing vigor and new strategies to improve alfalfa seed germinability, additional research must comprehensively elucidate the precise pathways through which the MsLSD genes regulate seed vigor. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antioxidant Mechanisms and Redox Signalling in Seeds)

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14 pages, 6790 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Antifungal Action of Arabidopsis thaliana TCP21 via Induction of Oxidative Stress and Apoptosis

by Seong-Cheol Park, A-Mi Yoon, Young-Min Kim, Min-Young Lee and Jung Ro Lee

Antioxidants 2023, 12(9), 1767; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox12091767 - 15 Sep 2023

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 1824

Abstract

The realm of antimicrobial proteins in plants is extensive but remains relatively uncharted. Understanding the mechanisms underlying the action of plant antifungal proteins (AFPs) holds promise for antifungal strategies. This study aimed to bridge this knowledge gap by comprehensively screening Arabidopsis thaliana species [...] Read more.

The realm of antimicrobial proteins in plants is extensive but remains relatively uncharted. Understanding the mechanisms underlying the action of plant antifungal proteins (AFPs) holds promise for antifungal strategies. This study aimed to bridge this knowledge gap by comprehensively screening Arabidopsis thaliana species to identify novel AFPs. Using MALDI-TOF analysis, we identified a member of the TEOSINTE BRANCHED1/CYCLOIDEA/PROLIFERATING CELL FACTOR1 (TCP) family of transcription factors as a novel AFP, A. thaliana TCP21 (AtTCP21; accession number NP_196450). Bacterially purified recombinant AtTCP21 inhibited the growth of various pathogenic fungal cells. AtTCP21 was more potent than melittin, a well-known AFP, in combating Colletotrichum gloeosporioides. Growth inhibition assays against various fungal pathogens and yeasts confirmed the pH-dependent antimicrobial activity of AtTCP21. Without inducing any membrane alterations, AtTCP21 penetrates the fungal cell wall and membrane, where it instigates a repressive milieu for fungal cell growth by generating intracellular reactive oxygen species and mitochondrial superoxides; resulting in morphological changes and apoptosis. Our findings demonstrate the redox-regulating effects of AtTCP21 and point to its potential as an antimicrobial agent. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Oxidative Stress in Microbial Infections)

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16 pages, 5782 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Study on the Properties and Synergistic Antioxidant Effects of Novel Bifunctional Fusion Proteins Expressed Using the UTuT6 System

by Qi Yan, Jingyan Wei, Junxia Song, Mengna Li, Xin Guan and Jian Song

Antioxidants 2023, 12(9), 1766; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox12091766 - 14 Sep 2023

Viewed by 1339

Abstract

Important antioxidant enzymes, glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and superoxide dismutase (SOD), are involved in maintaining redox balance. They can protect each other and result in more efficiently removing excessive reactive oxygen species (ROS), protecting cells against injury, and maintaining the normal metabolism of ROS. [...] Read more.

Important antioxidant enzymes, glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and superoxide dismutase (SOD), are involved in maintaining redox balance. They can protect each other and result in more efficiently removing excessive reactive oxygen species (ROS), protecting cells against injury, and maintaining the normal metabolism of ROS. In this study, human cytosolic GPx (hGPx1) and human phospholipid hydroperoxide GPx (hGPx4) genes were integrated into the same open reading frame with human extracellular SOD active site (SOD3-72P) genes, respectively, and several novel fusion proteins were obtained by using the UTuT6 expression system for the first time. Among them, Se-hGPx1_UAG-L₄-SOD3-72P is the bifunctional fusion protein with the highest GPx activity and the best anti-hydrogen peroxide inactivation ability thus far. The Se-hGPx4_UAG-L₃-SOD3-72P fusion protein exhibits the strongest alkali and high temperature resistance and a greater protective effect against lipoprotein peroxidation damage. Se-hGPx1_UAG-L₄-SOD3-72P and Se-hGPx4_UAG-L₃-SOD3-72P fusion proteins both have good synergistic and antioxidant abilities in H₂O₂-induced RBCs and liver damage models. We believe that this research will help with the development of novel bifunctional fusion proteins and the investigation of the synergistic and catalytic mechanisms of GPx and SOD, which are important in creating novel protein therapeutics. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Natural and Synthetic Antioxidants)

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16 pages, 3287 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Andrographolide Induces ROS-Mediated Cytotoxicity, Lipid Peroxidation, and Compromised Cell Integrity in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

by Tanaporn Phetruen, Bloem van Dam and Sittinan Chanarat

Antioxidants 2023, 12(9), 1765; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox12091765 - 14 Sep 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1952

Abstract

Andrographolide, a bioactive compound found in Andrographis paniculata, has gained significant attention for its potential therapeutic properties. Despite its promising benefits, the understanding of its side effects and underlying mechanisms remains limited. Here, we investigated the impact of andrographolide in Saccharomyces cerevisiae [...] Read more.

Andrographolide, a bioactive compound found in Andrographis paniculata, has gained significant attention for its potential therapeutic properties. Despite its promising benefits, the understanding of its side effects and underlying mechanisms remains limited. Here, we investigated the impact of andrographolide in Saccharomyces cerevisiae and observed that andrographolide induced cytotoxicity, particularly when oxidative phosphorylation was active. Furthermore, andrographolide affected various cellular processes, including vacuole fragmentation, endoplasmic reticulum stress, lipid droplet accumulation, reactive oxygen species levels, and compromised cell integrity. Moreover, we unexpectedly observed that andrographolide induced the precipitation of biomolecules secreted from yeast cells, adding an additional source of stress. Overall, this study provides insights into the cellular effects and potential mechanisms of andrographolide in yeast, shedding light on its side effects and underlying cytotoxicity pathways. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Antioxidant Activity in Plants, Plant-Derived Bioactive Compounds and Foods)

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12 pages, 4304 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Strongly Metal-Adhesive and Self-Healing Gelatin@Polydopamine-Based Hydrogels with Long-Term Antioxidant Activity

by Jordana Hirtzel, Guillaume Leks, Julie Favre, Benoît Frisch, Isabelle Talon and Vincent Ball

Antioxidants 2023, 12(9), 1764; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox12091764 - 14 Sep 2023

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 1876

Abstract

Bioinspired adhesives have been increasingly developed, especially towards a biomedical application. Therefore, in this study, dopamine (DA) was oxidized into polydopamine (PDA) in a gelatin mixture via titration with NaIO₄ as a strong oxidant to easily obtain an adhesive antioxidant and self-healing [...] Read more.

Bioinspired adhesives have been increasingly developed, especially towards a biomedical application. Therefore, in this study, dopamine (DA) was oxidized into polydopamine (PDA) in a gelatin mixture via titration with NaIO₄ as a strong oxidant to easily obtain an adhesive antioxidant and self-healing PDA–gelatin hydrogel. Rheology experiments show a stiffness in the order of kPa and a thermal resistance above 50 °C, much above the gel–sol transition temperature of pristine gelatin. After heating at 55 °C, the gel is self-healing. In addition, just after formulation, it shows strong peeling-rate-dependent adhesion to steel with a tensile work per unit area (W) of up to 100 ± 39 J/m², which is 2.5 times higher than that of the same gel without PDA at a peeling rate of 1000 µm/s. The increase in W between peeling rates of 10 and 1000 µm/s was studied and interpreted in terms of the gels’ viscoelasticity. Moreover, this hydrogel offers significant antioxidant activity (measured by DPPH scavenging) that lasts with storage for at least over 15 days, this being then prolonged for 2 additional days, which seems particularly relevant considering the importance of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in wound healing. To summarize, PDA–gelatin gel is a promising strong and antioxidant adhesive. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Phenolic Polymers and Redox-Active Films)

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18 pages, 2962 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Potent Antioxidant and Anti-Tyrosinase Activity of Butein and Homobutein Probed by Molecular Kinetic and Mechanistic Studies

by Wenkai Pan, Ilaria Giovanardi, Tomiris Sagynova, Alice Cariola, Veronica Bresciani, Matteo Masetti and Luca Valgimigli

Antioxidants 2023, 12(9), 1763; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox12091763 - 14 Sep 2023

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2322

Abstract

Butein (BU) and homobutein (HB) are bioactive polyhydroxylated chalcones widespread in dietary plants, whose antioxidant properties require mechanistic definition. They were investigated by inhibited autoxidation kinetic studies of methyl linoleate in Triton™ X-100 micelles at pH 7.4, 37 °C. Butein had k_inh [...] Read more.

Butein (BU) and homobutein (HB) are bioactive polyhydroxylated chalcones widespread in dietary plants, whose antioxidant properties require mechanistic definition. They were investigated by inhibited autoxidation kinetic studies of methyl linoleate in Triton™ X-100 micelles at pH 7.4, 37 °C. Butein had k_inh = (3.0 ± 0.9) × 10⁴ M⁻¹s⁻¹ showing a chain-breaking mechanism with higher antioxidant activity than reference α-tocopherol (k_inh = (2.2 ± 0.6) × 10⁴ M⁻¹s⁻¹), particularly concerning the stoichiometry or peroxyl radical trapping n = 3.7 ± 1.1 vs. 2.0 for tocopherol. Homobutein had k_inh = (2.8 ± 0.9) × 10³ M⁻¹s⁻¹, pairing the relative BDE_OH measured by radical equilibration EPR as 78.4 ± 0.2 kcal/mol for BU and estimated as 82.6 kcal/mol for HB. The inhibition of mushroom tyrosinase (mTYR) by HB and BU was also investigated. BU gives a reversible uncompetitive inhibition of monophenolase reaction with K_I′ = 9.95 ± 2.69 µM and mixed-type diphenolase inhibition with K_I = 3.30 ± 0.75 µM and K_I′ = 18.75 ± 5.15 µM, while HB was nearly competitive toward both mono- and diphenolase with respective K_I of 2.76 ± 0.70 µM and 2.50 ± 1.56 µM. IC₅₀ values (monophenolase/diphenolase at 1 mM substrate) were 10.88 ± 2.19 µM/15.20 ± 1.25 µM, 14.78 ± 1.05 µM/12.36 ± 2.00 µM, and 33.14 ± 5.03 µM/18.27 ± 3.42 µM, respectively, for BU, HB, and reference kojic acid. Molecular docking studies confirmed the mechanism. Results indicate very potent antioxidant activity for BU and potent anti-tyrosinase activity for both chalcones, which is discussed in relation to bioactivity toward protection from skin disorders and food oxidative spoilage. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Phenolic Polymers and Redox-Active Films)

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4 pages, 211 KiB

Open AccessEditorial

Oxidative Stress-Induced Neurodegeneration and Antioxidative Strategies: Current Stage and Future Perspectives

by Ana-Maria Buga and Carmen-Nicoleta Oancea

Antioxidants 2023, 12(9), 1762; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox12091762 - 14 Sep 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1290

Abstract

Neurodegenerative diseases (NDs) are the leading cause of neurological disorders, constituting a public health problem with an exponentially growing incidence rate [...] Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Novel Therapies of Oxidative Stress-Induced Age-Related Neurodegenerative Diseases)

23 pages, 2019 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Maternal Supplementation of Vitamin E or Its Combination with Hydroxytyrosol Increases the Gut Health and Short Chain Fatty Acids of Piglets at Weaning

by Hernan D. Laviano, Gerardo Gómez, Rosa Escudero, Yolanda Nuñez, Juan M. García-Casco, María Muñoz, Ana Heras-Molina, Clemente López-Bote, Antonio González-Bulnes, Cristina Óvilo and Ana I. Rey

Antioxidants 2023, 12(9), 1761; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox12091761 - 13 Sep 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1629

Abstract

An adequate intestinal environment before weaning may contribute to diarrhea predisposition and piglet development. This study evaluates how the dietary supplementation of vitamin E (VE) (100 mg/kg), hydroxytyrosol (HXT) (1.5 mg/kg) or the combined administration (VE + HXT) given to Iberian sows from [...] Read more.

An adequate intestinal environment before weaning may contribute to diarrhea predisposition and piglet development. This study evaluates how the dietary supplementation of vitamin E (VE) (100 mg/kg), hydroxytyrosol (HXT) (1.5 mg/kg) or the combined administration (VE + HXT) given to Iberian sows from gestation affects the piglet’s faecal characteristics, short chain fatty acids (SCFAs), fatty acid profile or intestinal morphology as indicators of gut health; and quantify the contribution of the oxidative status and colostrum/milk composition to the piglet’s SCFAs content and intestinal health. Dietary VE increased isobutyric acid (iC4), butyric acid (C4), isovaleric acid (iC5), and ∑SCFAs, whereas HXT increased iC4 and tended to decrease ∑SCFAs of faeces. Piglets from HXT-supplemented sows also tended to have higher faecal C20:4n-6/C20:2 ratio C22:6 proportion and showed lower occludin gene expression in the duodenum. The combination of both antioxidants had a positive effect on iC4 and iC5 levels. Correlation analyses and regression equations indicate that faecal SCFAs were related to oxidative status (mainly plasma VE) and colostrum and milk composition (mainly C20:2, C20:3, C20:4 n-6). This study would confirm the superiority of VE over HXT supplementation to improve intestinal homeostasis, gut health, and, consequently piglet growth. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dietary Antioxidants and Gut Health)

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34 pages, 6247 KiB

Open AccessReview

Potential Role of Natural Antioxidants in Countering Reperfusion Injury in Acute Myocardial Infarction and Ischemic Stroke

by Sofía Orellana-Urzúa, Camilo Briones-Valdivieso, Silvia Chichiarelli, Luciano Saso and Ramón Rodrigo

Antioxidants 2023, 12(9), 1760; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox12091760 - 13 Sep 2023

Cited by 16 | Viewed by 4730

Abstract

Stroke and acute myocardial infarction are leading causes of mortality worldwide. The latter accounts for approximately 9 million deaths annually. In turn, ischemic stroke is a significant contributor to adult physical disability globally. While reperfusion is crucial for tissue recovery, it can paradoxically [...] Read more.

Stroke and acute myocardial infarction are leading causes of mortality worldwide. The latter accounts for approximately 9 million deaths annually. In turn, ischemic stroke is a significant contributor to adult physical disability globally. While reperfusion is crucial for tissue recovery, it can paradoxically exacerbate damage through oxidative stress (OS), inflammation, and cell death. Therefore, it is imperative to explore diverse approaches aimed at minimizing ischemia/reperfusion injury to enhance clinical outcomes. OS primarily arises from an excessive generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and/or decreased endogenous antioxidant potential. Natural antioxidant compounds can counteract the injury mechanisms linked to ROS. While promising preclinical results, based on monotherapies, account for protective effects against tissue injury by ROS, translating these models into human applications has yielded controversial evidence. However, since the wide spectrum of antioxidants having diverse chemical characteristics offers varied biological actions on cell signaling pathways, multitherapy has emerged as a valuable therapeutic resource. Moreover, the combination of antioxidants in multitherapy holds significant potential for synergistic effects. This study was designed with the aim of providing an updated overview of natural antioxidants suitable for preventing myocardial and cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injuries. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antioxidant Research in Chile)

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