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Chemosensors
Volume 13
Issue 3
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Chemosensors, Volume 13, Issue 3 (March 2025) – 39 articles

Cover Story (view full-size image): In recent decades, metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) have been widely employed for a variety of applications such as sensors, adsorption, and catalysis. MOFs have excellent gas sensing properties and a large specific surface area, which makes them a suitable candidate for the determination of toxic and hazardous gases. Some reports have also shown that the integration of MOFs with other materials such as graphene, metal oxides, or conducting polymers may further improve their sensing performance. MOF-derived materials have also demonstrated excellent gas sensing properties. In this review article, we compiled the recent progress in MOFs, MOF-based composites, and MOF-derived materials for gas sensing applications. We believe that the article will benefit readers who are planning or working on the development of MOF-based gas sensors. View this paper
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30 pages, 7372 KiB  
Review
Progress in Layered Double Hydroxide-Based Materials for Gas and Electrochemical Sensing Applications
by Waseem Raza, Khursheed Ahmad and Tae Hwan Oh
Chemosensors 2025, 13(3), 115; https://doi.org/10.3390/chemosensors13030115 - 20 Mar 2025
Viewed by 130
Abstract
In the current scenario, it is considered that environmental pollution is one of the significant challenges for the global world. Various toxic and hazardous substances such as hydrazine, phenolic compounds, and pharmaceutical waste significantly contribute to environmental pollution. Exposure to such substances and [...] Read more.
In the current scenario, it is considered that environmental pollution is one of the significant challenges for the global world. Various toxic and hazardous substances such as hydrazine, phenolic compounds, and pharmaceutical waste significantly contribute to environmental pollution. Exposure to such substances and compounds increases the chances of negative effects on human health as well as the environment. Therefore, it is considered that monitoring toxic gases and hazardous substances/compounds is of great significance. In the past few years, layered double hydroxide (LDH)-based materials have received significant interest for gas sensing and electrochemical sensing studies. The presence of layered structured, larger surface area, decent conductivity, and electrochemical properties makes them a suitable material for sensing applications. This motivates us to summarize the recent progress in the development of LDH material-based gas and electrochemical sensors for the detection of toxic and hazardous gases/compounds. It was observed in previous reports that LDH-based materials are promising candidates for gas sensing as well as electrochemical sensing applications. It was found that LDH and its composites may exhibit larger surface areas and high electrical conductivity when combined with other materials such as metal oxides, MXenes, polymers, and metal sulfides. Thus, researchers prepared hybrid composites of LDH-based materials for gas and electrochemical sensing applications. It is worth mentioning that many solvents which have negative impacts on the environment could not be detected by electrochemical methods, while some toxic compounds/substances could not be determine by gas sensing methods. This may create a gap between the determinations of different kinds of pollutants that exist in the environment. Thus, it is required to find a bi-functional material which can be used for kind of sensing technology. In addition, it may also overcome the limitations or gap between the two sensing techniques. LDH-based materials have demonstrated excellent performance in gas and electrochemical sensing technologies. Thus, it would be of great significance to employ the single LDH-based materials for gas as well as electrochemical sensing applications. In this review article, we have tried our best to compile the progress in the various LDH-based materials for gas sensing and electrochemical sensing applications towards the detection of hazardous compounds. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Chemical Sensors for Gas Detection)
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12 pages, 2779 KiB  
Article
A Miniaturized Device Based on Cobalt Oxide Nanoparticles for the Quantification of Uric Acid in Artificial and Human Sweat
by Carlos D. Ruiz-Guerrero, Dulce V. Estrada-Osorio, Alejandro Gutiérrez, Fabiola I. Espinosa-Lagunes, Gabriel Luna-Barcenas, Ricardo A. Escalona-Villalpando, Luis G. Arriaga and Janet Ledesma-García
Chemosensors 2025, 13(3), 114; https://doi.org/10.3390/chemosensors13030114 - 20 Mar 2025
Viewed by 143
Abstract
Co3O4-based materials have multiple applications in the field of materials, especially in sensor technology. In this work, Co3O4 nanoparticles were synthesized using a chemical method. The crystalline phase and crystal size were investigated by XRD, the [...] Read more.
Co3O4-based materials have multiple applications in the field of materials, especially in sensor technology. In this work, Co3O4 nanoparticles were synthesized using a chemical method. The crystalline phase and crystal size were investigated by XRD, the morphology by SEM and the oxidation states by XPS techniques. The Co3O4 material was used to immobilize the urate oxidase enzyme (UOx), which showed a higher current density (1.6 times higher) than the enzyme alone in cyclic voltammetry in phosphate buffer pH 5.6. GCE/Co3O4/UOx achieved a linear range of 3.7–500 µM and a higher sensitivity of 65 µA mM−1 cm−2 compared to 45 µA mM−1 cm−2 achieved by the enzyme alone in a uric acid sensor. The favorable activity of GCE/Co3O4/UOx enabled its use in a miniaturized device with low sample volume using artificial and real human sweat. The device was used to quantify uric acid levels in five samples and showed a relative error between the calculated and expected value of less than 10%. The implementation of GCE/Co3O4/UOx is attractive in a biosensor that can be used as a uric acid sensor in biological fluids. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Biomarkers (Glucose, Lactate, Uric Acid, Ketones, Cholesterol, Glutamate) Biosensors)
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31 pages, 4312 KiB  
Review
Advances in Cost-Effective Chemosensors for Sustainable Monitoring in Food Safety and Processing
by Camelia Albu, Ana Chira, Gabriel-Lucian Radu and Sandra A. V. Eremia
Chemosensors 2025, 13(3), 113; https://doi.org/10.3390/chemosensors13030113 - 20 Mar 2025
Viewed by 274
Abstract
Cost-effective chemosensors have become an indispensable tool for sustainable monitoring in food safety and processing, where there is an urgent need for affordable, efficient, and real-time analytical solutions. This review discusses recent advances in low-cost chemosensor technologies, highlighting developments in materials, miniaturization, and [...] Read more.
Cost-effective chemosensors have become an indispensable tool for sustainable monitoring in food safety and processing, where there is an urgent need for affordable, efficient, and real-time analytical solutions. This review discusses recent advances in low-cost chemosensor technologies, highlighting developments in materials, miniaturization, and integration into portable and accessible platforms. The focus is on applications for detecting contaminants, monitoring quality, and ensuring safety in food production and processing. This review also addresses the challenges related to sensor sensitivity, selectivity, and operational stability and provides insights into future directions and the role of low-cost chemosensors in supporting sustainable practices in these important sectors. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Low-Cost Chemosenors for Applications in Environment, Health, Food, and Industry Process Control)
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24 pages, 1756 KiB  
Review
Recent Advances in Nanomaterials for Enhanced Colorimetric Detection of Viruses and Bacteria
by Caroline R. Basso, Marcos V. B. Filho, Victoria D. Gavioli, Joao P. R. L. L. Parra, Gustavo R. Castro and Valber A. Pedrosa
Chemosensors 2025, 13(3), 112; https://doi.org/10.3390/chemosensors13030112 - 19 Mar 2025
Viewed by 236
Abstract
The increasing prevalence of pathogen outbreaks underscores the urgent need for rapid, accurate, and cost-effective diagnostic tools. Colorimetric detection has gained significant attention among the available techniques due to its simplicity, portability, and potential for point-of-care applications. The nanomaterial-based colorimetric detection field continues [...] Read more.
The increasing prevalence of pathogen outbreaks underscores the urgent need for rapid, accurate, and cost-effective diagnostic tools. Colorimetric detection has gained significant attention among the available techniques due to its simplicity, portability, and potential for point-of-care applications. The nanomaterial-based colorimetric detection field continues to evolve, with innovations focusing on improving sensitivity, specificity, robustness, cost-effectiveness, and friendly analysis. Additionally, efforts to address limitations, such as stability and environmental impact, pave the way for more sustainable and reliable diagnostic solutions. This review highlights recent advances in nanomaterials for colorimetric pathogen detection in the last five years. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Nanomaterials-Based (Bio)sensors for Electrochemical Detection and Analysis)
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13 pages, 1915 KiB  
Article
Gold Nanoparticle-Enhanced Graphene Immunosensor for Rapid Detection of Gardnerella vaginalis in Clinical Diagnostics
by Wioleta Lewandowska, Marta Sosnowska, Tomasz Łęga, Kasjan Szemiako, Sabina Żołędowska, Dawid Nidzworski and Beata Gromadzka
Chemosensors 2025, 13(3), 111; https://doi.org/10.3390/chemosensors13030111 - 19 Mar 2025
Viewed by 154
Abstract
The global market increasingly demands alternative rapid diagnostic tools, such as disposable biosensors, to meet the growing need for point-of-care clinical testing of infectious diseases. Bacterial vaginosis (BV), a common infection caused by Gardnerella vaginalis, requires efficient and accurate detection methods to [...] Read more.
The global market increasingly demands alternative rapid diagnostic tools, such as disposable biosensors, to meet the growing need for point-of-care clinical testing of infectious diseases. Bacterial vaginosis (BV), a common infection caused by Gardnerella vaginalis, requires efficient and accurate detection methods to improve patient outcomes and prevent complications. However, existing diagnostic approaches often lack sensitivity, specificity, or rapid response times, highlighting the need for innovative biosensing solutions. In response to this challenge, we developed a peptide-based electrochemical biosensor for the specific detection of Gardnerella vaginalis. The sensor was designed to achieve high sensitivity, selectivity, and stability, with detection performed through electrochemical techniques. Cyclic voltammetry (CV) was employed to monitor electron transfer kinetics at the electrode surface, while electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) provided insights into changes in resistance and capacitance during peptide binding. The sensor fabrication involved covalently bonding anti-Gardnerella vaginalis peptides to a gold nanoparticle (AuNP)-modified graphene electrode, significantly enhancing bioreceptor immobilization stability and increasing the surface area for target binding interactions. The incorporation of AuNPs improved signal amplification due to their high surface-to-volume ratio and excellent conductivity, leading to enhanced sensor performance. The biosensor demonstrated a low detection limit (LOD) of 0.02305 μg/mL, with a rapid response time of 5 min across various concentrations of the target Gardnerella vaginalis antigen. The results confirmed specific and selective binding to the pathogen marker, with minimal interference from non-target species, ensuring high accuracy. The combination of graphene, AuNPs, and peptide bioreceptors resulted in robust signal enhancement, making this biosensor a promising tool for fast and reliable point-of-care diagnostics in clinical settings. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Low-Cost Chemosenors for Applications in Environment, Health, Food, and Industry Process Control)
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11 pages, 2745 KiB  
Communication
Fluorescence Detection of 4-Hydroxy-2,5-dimethyl-3(2H)-furanone Based on Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer and Competitive Host–Guest Recognition
by Xiaowan Zhang, Chenchen Wang, Yurong Zhuang, Dingzhong Wang, Peng Li, Shihao Sun and Wei Wei
Chemosensors 2025, 13(3), 110; https://doi.org/10.3390/chemosensors13030110 - 16 Mar 2025
Viewed by 209
Abstract
Sweetening compounds are commonly incorporated into food products to enhance their texture and flavor, thereby indicating product quality. 4-Hydroxy-2,5-dimethyl-3(2H)-furanone (HDMF) is a sweet aromatic compound characterized by its pineapple-like baking scent. While it serves as a taste enhancer in various industries, including wine [...] Read more.
Sweetening compounds are commonly incorporated into food products to enhance their texture and flavor, thereby indicating product quality. 4-Hydroxy-2,5-dimethyl-3(2H)-furanone (HDMF) is a sweet aromatic compound characterized by its pineapple-like baking scent. While it serves as a taste enhancer in various industries, including wine production and soy sauce manufacturing, HDMF also exhibits DNA-damaging activity in foods. In this study, a fluorescence detection method based on fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) for the sensitive detection of HDMF was developed. Initially, gold nanoparticles were deposited onto the surface of Fe3O4 to create fluorescence-quenching materials. Subsequently, thiol-functionalized β-cyclodextrin (SH-β-CD) was modified to provide cavities that allow the fluorescent dye rhodamine 6G (R6G) to enter. The fluorescence of R6G remains quenched until HDMF is present because it will compete with R6G for binding sites within the SH-β-CD cavities through competitive host–guest recognition. Furthermore, the fluorescence intensity of R6G at 553 nm exhibited a strong linear correlation with the logarithmic value of HDMF concentration over a range from 5 × 10−7 M to 10−4 M. This rapid and sensitive fluorescence detection strategy rooted in FRET and competitive host–guest recognition demonstrated significant potential for detecting HDMF in food products. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dedicated to Professor Huangxian Ju and Professor Xueji Zhang on the Occasion of Their 60th Birthday for Their Outstanding Contributions to the Field of Chemical/Bio Sensors)
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13 pages, 3764 KiB  
Article
Study of a Sensitive and Selective Electrochemical Biosensor for Glucose Based on Bi2Ru2O7 Pyrochlore Clusters Combined with MWCNTs
by Jelena Isailović, Aleksandra Dapčević, Milan Žunić, Matjaž Finšgar, Kristijan Vidović, Nikola Tasić and Samo B. Hočevar
Chemosensors 2025, 13(3), 109; https://doi.org/10.3390/chemosensors13030109 - 15 Mar 2025
Viewed by 282
Abstract
The development of sensitive, selective, and reliable glucose biosensors remains a persistent challenge in clinical diagnostics. In this study, we exploited the advantageous (electro)catalytic properties of bismuth ruthenate (Bi2Ru2O7) pyrochlore clusters, known for their high surface activity [...] Read more.
The development of sensitive, selective, and reliable glucose biosensors remains a persistent challenge in clinical diagnostics. In this study, we exploited the advantageous (electro)catalytic properties of bismuth ruthenate (Bi2Ru2O7) pyrochlore clusters, known for their high surface activity and metallic-like conductivity, and the favorable physicochemical properties of multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) by combining them with glucose oxidase (GOD) in a sensitive and selective disposable glucose biosensor. The integration of Bi2Ru2O7 enabled an enhanced and more reproducible response of the biosensor along with fast and improved communication between the supporting electrode and the upper biosensing layer. The architecture of the biosensor involves the deposition of an MWCNT layer on a ferrocyanide-modified screen-printed carbon electrode (FCN-SPCE), followed by the application of a biorecognition layer including GOD and Bi2Ru2O7 clusters. The voltammetric biosensor showed excellent electroanalytical performance, capable of detecting low glucose concentrations with a detection limit of 40 µM along with a linear response across the examined concentration range of 1.0–20.0 mM. The biosensor exhibited good reproducibility with a relative standard deviation (RSD) of 1.2% and interference-free operation against several of the most common interfering compounds. The practical applicability of the biosensor was demonstrated by the determination of glucose in a real serum sample spiked with different concentrations of glucose. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Carbon Nanomaterials and Related Materials for Sensing Applications, Volume II)
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13 pages, 6356 KiB  
Article
Detection of Ascorbic Acid in Tears with an Extended-Gate Field-Effect Transistor-Based Electronic Tongue Made of Electropolymerized Porphyrinoids on Laser-Induced Graphene Electrodes
by Kishore Pushparaj, Lorena Di Zazzo, Valerio Allegra, Rosamaria Capuano, Alexandro Catini, Gabriele Magna, Roberto Paolesse and Corrado Di Natale
Chemosensors 2025, 13(3), 108; https://doi.org/10.3390/chemosensors13030108 - 15 Mar 2025
Viewed by 270
Abstract
Porphyrinoids are suitable sensitive materials for potentiometric electronic tongues. In this paper, we take advantage of these properties to develop an electronic tongue using an extended-gate field-effect transistor as a signal transducer. The sensitive films were made of different porphyrins and corroles electropolymerized [...] Read more.
Porphyrinoids are suitable sensitive materials for potentiometric electronic tongues. In this paper, we take advantage of these properties to develop an electronic tongue using an extended-gate field-effect transistor as a signal transducer. The sensitive films were made of different porphyrins and corroles electropolymerized in situ onto laser-induced graphene electrodes. The electronic tongue was duly characterized with respect to ascorbic acid, a common natural antioxidant. The sensors were shown to be sensitive and selective with respect to common interferents, such as dopamine and uric acid. Finally, the sensors were tested to detect ascorbic acid in artificial tears. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Chemical Sensors for Bio-Medical and Environmental Applications, 2nd Edition)
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14 pages, 1866 KiB  
Article
Multi-Way Fluorescence Technique Combined with Four-Way Calibration for the Determination of Thiabendazole and Carbaryl in Apple
by Haiyan Chang, Hailong Wu, Tong Wang, Xiaozhi Wang and Ruqin Yu
Chemosensors 2025, 13(3), 107; https://doi.org/10.3390/chemosensors13030107 - 14 Mar 2025
Viewed by 354
Abstract
In this study, an excitation–emission–pH multi-way fluorescence technique coupled with a third-order calibration method based on an alternating quadrilinear decomposition (AQLD) algorithm was proposed for the simultaneous determination of thiabendazole (TBZ) and carbaryl (CAR) in apples. AQLD can be considered a “mathematical separation” [...] Read more.
In this study, an excitation–emission–pH multi-way fluorescence technique coupled with a third-order calibration method based on an alternating quadrilinear decomposition (AQLD) algorithm was proposed for the simultaneous determination of thiabendazole (TBZ) and carbaryl (CAR) in apples. AQLD can be considered a “mathematical separation” technique that extracts the pure signal of the target analyte from complex mixed signals, thereby effectively addressing fluorescence peak overlap and unknown interference. The average spiked recoveries of the target analytes ranged from 98.4% to 101.9%, and the relative standard deviation was less than 5.6%. To evaluate the performance of the method, a number of parameters were calculated, including sensitivity (SEN), selectivity (SEL), limit of detection (LOD), limit of quantification (LOQ), and intra-day and inter-day precision. The results of the third-order calibration method were compared with those of the second-order calibration method (based on excitation–emission matrix fluorescence). These results showed that the former was superior. In short, the proposed strategy is simple, cost-effective, and anti-interference, providing a valuable reference for accurate quantification of TBZ and CAR in complex food matrices with uncalibrated interferences. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Chemometrics for Analytical Chemistry: Second Edition)
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17 pages, 850 KiB  
Article
Validation of an LC-MS Method for Quantification of Mycotoxins and Characterization of Fungal Strains Occurring in Food and Feed
by Julien Masquelier, Emmanuel K. Tangni, Pierre Becker, Julie Sanders, Joëlle Laporte and Birgit Mertens
Chemosensors 2025, 13(3), 106; https://doi.org/10.3390/chemosensors13030106 - 14 Mar 2025
Viewed by 226
Abstract
Mycotoxins are naturally occurring secondary metabolites produced by specific fungal strains. They can cause adverse effects, posing a serious health threat to both humans and livestock. Focusing on several mycotoxins, this study first aimed at optimizing and validating an ultra-high liquid chromatography-tandem mass [...] Read more.
Mycotoxins are naturally occurring secondary metabolites produced by specific fungal strains. They can cause adverse effects, posing a serious health threat to both humans and livestock. Focusing on several mycotoxins, this study first aimed at optimizing and validating an ultra-high liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry quantification method. This method was then applied to evaluate the production of the targeted mycotoxins in maize cultivated in the presence of Aspergillus spp., Fusarium spp., and Alternaria spp. The limits of detection of the analytical method for the different mycotoxins ranged between 0.5 and 200 μg kg−1, while the limits of quantification were between 1 and 400 μg kg−1. The linearities of the calibration curves were evaluated, with calculated R2 values above 0.99. The mean recoveries fell within the acceptable range of 74.0–106.0%, the repeatability was not higher than 14.4% RSD, and the highest intra-laboratory reproducibility was 16.2% RSD. The expanded measurement uncertainties ranged between 4.0% and 54.7%. Several fungal strains cultivated on maize grains were demonstrated to produce the targeted toxins, with production at µg kg−1 to mg kg−1 levels for aflatoxins and up to g kg−1 levels for fumonisins, zearalenone, and alternariol. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Chemometrics for Food, Environmental and Biological Analysis)
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14 pages, 4941 KiB  
Article
The Construction of Carbazole-Based Metal–Organic Frameworks as Fluorescent Probes for Picric Acid Detection
by Yichang Jia, Xin Wang, Hechuan Li and Cheng He
Chemosensors 2025, 13(3), 105; https://doi.org/10.3390/chemosensors13030105 - 13 Mar 2025
Viewed by 332
Abstract
Nitroaromatic-explosives (NEs) not only threaten global security but are also recognized as a highly toxic pollutant. Metal–organic framework Zn-Ms (Zn-M1, Zn-M2) were synthesized in this study via the coordination-driven self-assembly of Zn ions and a carbazole-based ligand [...] Read more.
Nitroaromatic-explosives (NEs) not only threaten global security but are also recognized as a highly toxic pollutant. Metal–organic framework Zn-Ms (Zn-M1, Zn-M2) were synthesized in this study via the coordination-driven self-assembly of Zn ions and a carbazole-based ligand L containing an aldehyde group. They inherited the excellent fluorescence performance of ligand L and could work as a fluorescent sensor for detecting picric acid (PA) at low concentrations. Zn-Ms showed an emission at 450 nm and exhibited a higher fluorescence quenching efficiency toward PA than other related NEs. The results suggest that the fluorescent response might be attributed to the inner filter effect (IFE); Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET); and possibly, photo-induced electron transfer (PET). In addition, the critical role of the aldehyde group as a recognition site was corroborated using a post-modification strategy. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in Chemical Sensors in Dalian University of Technology: Fundamental Science and Applications)
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14 pages, 4481 KiB  
Article
A Hydrogen Peroxide Responsive Biotin-Guided Near-Infrared Hemicyanine-Based Fluorescent Probe for Early Cancer Diagnosis
by Lingyu Zhong, Yingfei Wang, Qing Hao and Hong Liu
Chemosensors 2025, 13(3), 104; https://doi.org/10.3390/chemosensors13030104 - 13 Mar 2025
Viewed by 246
Abstract
H2O2 plays an important role in oxidative damage and redox signaling. Studies have shown that abnormal levels of H2O2 are closely related to the development of cancer. The levels of H2O2 in tumor cells [...] Read more.
H2O2 plays an important role in oxidative damage and redox signaling. Studies have shown that abnormal levels of H2O2 are closely related to the development of cancer. The levels of H2O2 in tumor cells are higher than in normal cells. Thus, it is of great importance to develop a fluorescent probe to monitor the level of H2O2 in vivo. This work reports a new biotin-guided NIR fluorescent probe, Bio-B-Cy, consisting of boronic acid ester as a H2O2-recognition site and biotin as a tumor binding site, which accelerates the fluorescence response to H2O2 in vivo. Bio-B-Cy exhibits good sensitivity and selectivity toward H2O2. In addition, Bio-B-Cy shows a dose-dependent response to H2O2 and the detection limit is 0.14 μM. We further demonstrate that Bio-B-Cy could successfully detect the H2O2 in biotin receptor-positive cancer cells and tumor tissues. Based on the results, Bio-B-Cy has the potential to serve as an efficient tool for early diagnosis of cancer. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dedicated to Professor Huangxian Ju and Professor Xueji Zhang on the Occasion of Their 60th Birthday for Their Outstanding Contributions to the Field of Chemical/Bio Sensors)
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13 pages, 1786 KiB  
Article
Method Validation and Determination of Ametryn Pesticide in Water Samples by QuEChERS-GC-MS
by Luis Felipe Lima Guimarães, Maria Zillene Franklin da Silva, Ronaldo Ferreira do Nascimento and Daniel Barbosa Alcântara
Chemosensors 2025, 13(3), 103; https://doi.org/10.3390/chemosensors13030103 - 13 Mar 2025
Viewed by 257
Abstract
This study developed an analytical method to monitor pesticide residues in water, ensuring compliance with maximum limits and protecting human health. While the QuEChERS method is commonly used for food matrices, its application to aqueous samples has been limited. This research aims to [...] Read more.
This study developed an analytical method to monitor pesticide residues in water, ensuring compliance with maximum limits and protecting human health. While the QuEChERS method is commonly used for food matrices, its application to aqueous samples has been limited. This research aims to extend its use to water matrices by optimizing and validating chromatographic conditions for detecting Ametryn using GC-MS. Calibration curves for both the solvent and matrix extracts demonstrated satisfactory linearity. Significant matrix effects were observed, influencing the signal intensity. Detection and quantification limits were determined, with a higher sensitivity in the matrix. Precision (RSD%) and accuracy (recovery tests) met acceptable standards. Although Ametryn was not detected in the real water samples, 2,4-Di-tert-butylphenol, a possible degradation byproduct of pentachlorophenol, was found. This study advances pesticide detection methods, addressing key factors like selectivity, linearity, and matrix effects, while providing insights into degradation byproduct detection and pesticide contamination in water sources. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feature Papers in the Section "Analytical Methods, Instrumentation and Miniaturization")
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21 pages, 15416 KiB  
Review
The Screening and Diagnosis Technologies Towards Pneumoconiosis: From Imaging Analysis to E-Noses
by Yuqian Zhang, Wufan Xuan, Shuai Chen, Mingna Yang and Huakun Xing
Chemosensors 2025, 13(3), 102; https://doi.org/10.3390/chemosensors13030102 - 11 Mar 2025
Viewed by 306
Abstract
Pneumoconiosis, as the most widely distributed occupational disease globally, poses serious health and social hazards. Its diagnostic techniques have evolved from conventional imaging and computer-assisted analysis to emerging sensor strategies covering biomarker analysis, routine breath sensing, integrated electronic nose (E-nose), etc. All of [...] Read more.
Pneumoconiosis, as the most widely distributed occupational disease globally, poses serious health and social hazards. Its diagnostic techniques have evolved from conventional imaging and computer-assisted analysis to emerging sensor strategies covering biomarker analysis, routine breath sensing, integrated electronic nose (E-nose), etc. All of them both have special advantages and face shortcomings or challenges in practical application. In recent years, the emergence of advanced data analysis technologies, including artificial intelligence (AI), has provided opportunities for large-scale screening of pneumoconiosis. On the basis of a deep analysis of the characteristics of the technologies for screening and diagnosis of pneumoconiosis, this paper comprehensively and systematically reviews the current development of these technologies, especially focusing on the research progress of emerging sensor technologies, and provides a forecast for their future development. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Chemical Sensors for Gas Detection)
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12 pages, 2358 KiB  
Article
Cellulose-Based SERS Substrate for Vapor-Phase Thiol Detection with PCA for Enhanced Chemical Selectivity
by Ba-Thong Trinh, Sy Khiem Nguyen, Dayeon Kim, Huu-Quang Nguyen, Jaebeom Lee, Youngku Sohn and Ilsun Yoon
Chemosensors 2025, 13(3), 101; https://doi.org/10.3390/chemosensors13030101 - 10 Mar 2025
Viewed by 223
Abstract
In this work, we present a low-cost, label-free cellulose-based paper SERS (Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering) substrate for the sensitive detection of thiol compounds. Uniform silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) were synthesized on cellulose filter paper via in situ reduction of a silver precursor under UVC irradiation, [...] Read more.
In this work, we present a low-cost, label-free cellulose-based paper SERS (Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering) substrate for the sensitive detection of thiol compounds. Uniform silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) were synthesized on cellulose filter paper via in situ reduction of a silver precursor under UVC irradiation, achieving a high SERS enhancement factor of 8.5 × 106. The Ag-cellulose substrate demonstrated reliable detection of benzenethiol, capturing its characteristic SERS signals with remarkable sensitivity. Quantitative analysis was enabled by adjusting exposure times for accurate calibration. Furthermore, Principal Component Analysis (PCA) was successfully employed to distinguish mixed samples of benzenethiol, hexanethiol, and propanethiol, showcasing the substrate’s capability in separating complex mixtures. This cellulose-based AgNP platform offers a sustainable, cost-effective solution for rapid chemical detection, with significant potential for real-world applications such as environmental monitoring and food safety. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Chemosensors Based on Advanced Materials for Environmental Detection and Monitoring)
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20 pages, 3584 KiB  
Article
Determination of the Critical Micelle Concentration of Gelatin, ι-Carrageenan, Pectin, Gellan Gum and Xanthan Gum by Mid Infrared Spectroscopy Among Other Techniques
by Joel Henri Konan Kouakou Koko, Vama Etienne Tia, Gaoussou Karamoko and Romdhane Karoui
Chemosensors 2025, 13(3), 99; https://doi.org/10.3390/chemosensors13030099 - 9 Mar 2025
Viewed by 265
Abstract
Critical micelle concentration (CMC) is the main physico-chemical parameter to be determined for surfactants due to its impact on surface activity and self-assembled aggregation. The aim of the present study is to determine CMC at 40 °C of gelatin, ι-carrageenan, pectin, gellan gum [...] Read more.
Critical micelle concentration (CMC) is the main physico-chemical parameter to be determined for surfactants due to its impact on surface activity and self-assembled aggregation. The aim of the present study is to determine CMC at 40 °C of gelatin, ι-carrageenan, pectin, gellan gum and xanthan gum by using different analytical techniques, particularly mid-infrared (MIR) spectroscopy as a rapid technique. The CMC values obtained for each hydrocolloid were relatively identical regardless of the applied technique: rheometer, conductimetry and automatic drop tensiometer (tracker). Indeed, CMC values of 55.16 g/L, 14 g/L, 6.04 g/L, 7 g/L and 3.48 g/L were obtained, respectively, for gelatin, ι-carrageenan, pectin, gellan gum and xanthan gum by using the surface tension method (tracker). Similar results were obtained for MIR spectroscopy since CMC values of 70 g/L, 15 g/L, 7 g/L, 5 g/L and 6 g/L were observed, respectively, for gelatin, ι-carrageenan, pectin, gellan gum and xanthan gum. The results presented here clearly demonstrate that it is possible to use MIR spectroscopy as a rapid analytical technique for the CMC determination of the investigated hydrocolloids. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feature Papers in the Section "Analytical Methods, Instrumentation and Miniaturization")
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27 pages, 8380 KiB  
Review
Recent Progress in MOFs and MOF-Derived Materials for Gas Sensing Applications
by Khursheed Ahmad and Tae Hwan Oh
Chemosensors 2025, 13(3), 100; https://doi.org/10.3390/chemosensors13030100 - 9 Mar 2025
Viewed by 348
Abstract
In the past few decades, metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) have been widely employed for a variety of applications such as sensors, adsorption, and catalysis. MOFs have excellent gas sensing properties and a large specific surface area which makes them a suitable candidate for the [...] Read more.
In the past few decades, metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) have been widely employed for a variety of applications such as sensors, adsorption, and catalysis. MOFs have excellent gas sensing properties and a large specific surface area which makes them a suitable candidate for the determination of toxic and hazardous gases. Some reports have also shown that integration of MOFs with other materials such as graphene, metal oxides, or conducting polymers may further improve their sensing performance. MOF-derived materials have also demonstrated excellent gas sensing properties. In this review article, we have compiled the recent progress in MOFs, MOF-based composites, and MOF-derived materials for gas sensing applications. We believe that the present review article may benefit readers who are planning or working on the development of MOF-based gas sensors. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Progress on Sensors and Smart Systems for In-Situ Gas Monitoring)
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16 pages, 3766 KiB  
Article
Relationship Between Sensor Sensitivity and Chemical Structure of Benzene-Carboxylic Modifiers for Umami Substance Detection
by Wenhao Yuan, Sota Otsuka, Jiarui Jin, Takeshi Onodera, Rui Yatabe, Shunsuke Kimura and Kiyoshi Toko
Chemosensors 2025, 13(3), 98; https://doi.org/10.3390/chemosensors13030098 - 8 Mar 2025
Viewed by 253
Abstract
A 2,6-dihydroxyterephthalic acid (2,6-DHTA)-treated taste sensor exhibited sensitivity and selectivity for umami substances, as previously reported. This study aims to investigate the relationship between the sensor’s sensitivity to umami substance and the chemical structure of modifiers—specifically ortho, meta, and para substituents. The investigations [...] Read more.
A 2,6-dihydroxyterephthalic acid (2,6-DHTA)-treated taste sensor exhibited sensitivity and selectivity for umami substances, as previously reported. This study aims to investigate the relationship between the sensor’s sensitivity to umami substance and the chemical structure of modifiers—specifically ortho, meta, and para substituents. The investigations focused on using structurally different modifiers to measure monosodium L-glutamate (MSG) at various concentrations. Additionally, based on the investigation of lipid and modifier conditions, a 1 mM lipid concentration was chosen for fabricating the lipid/polymer membranes used in MSG measurements, and each membrane was treated with a 0.03 wt% modifier solution. The results revealed that the sensor’s sensitivity varied depending on the modifier structures as well as the presence of an intramolecular H-bond within these modifiers, indicating the critical role of modifier structures in effectively detecting umami substance with the taste sensor. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sensors for Food Testing, Environmental Analysis, and Medical Diagnostics)
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14 pages, 2280 KiB  
Article
Preclinical Validation of an Electrochemical Sensor for Alcohol Consumption Monitoring in a Polydrug Self-Administration Animal Model
by Lucía Garrido-Matilla, Roberto María-Hormigos, Olga Monago-Maraña, Alberto Marcos, Emilio Ambrosio and Agustin G. Crevillen
Chemosensors 2025, 13(3), 97; https://doi.org/10.3390/chemosensors13030097 - 8 Mar 2025
Viewed by 257
Abstract
An electrochemical sensor for identification and monitoring of alcoholism was preclinically validated by analyzing plasma from polydrug-consuming rats (alcohol and cocaine). The sensor measures by adsorptive transfer square wave voltammetry the glycosylation level of transferrin, which is an alcoholism biomarker, through a recently [...] Read more.
An electrochemical sensor for identification and monitoring of alcoholism was preclinically validated by analyzing plasma from polydrug-consuming rats (alcohol and cocaine). The sensor measures by adsorptive transfer square wave voltammetry the glycosylation level of transferrin, which is an alcoholism biomarker, through a recently reported parameter called the electrochemical index of glycosylation (EIG). Three rat groups were designed: saline group, cocaine group, and cocaine–alcohol group. Moreover, two periods of withdrawal were studied, after 2 days and 30 days. The alcohol–cocaine group after 2 days of withdrawal showed significantly lower EIG values (p < 0.1) than the rest of groups and also alcohol–cocaine group after 30 days of withdrawal, so the sensor was able to identify the alcohol consumption in rats and to monitor the recovery of glycosylation level after 30 days of withdrawal, even combined with cocaine. Furthermore, the effect of sex was also considered. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were developed for each sex and the corresponding cut-off values were determined. The sensor showed a clinical sensitivity of 70% for male and 75% for female, and a specificity of 67% for both sexes. This preclinical validation demonstrated the possibilities of this sensor for point of care testing of alcoholism, even in cocaine addicts, making it a potential tool for diagnosis and monitoring of alcohol consumption in detox treatments for humans. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Electrochemical Sensing in Medical Diagnosis)
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18 pages, 3646 KiB  
Article
A NO2 Sensitive MnO2/Graphene Oxide Composite Based Gas Sensor
by Mohamed Ayoub Alouani, Juan Casanova-Chafer, Santiago de Bernardi-Martín, Alejandra García-Gómez, Xavier Vilanova and Eduard Llobet
Chemosensors 2025, 13(3), 96; https://doi.org/10.3390/chemosensors13030096 - 8 Mar 2025
Viewed by 375
Abstract
Nanosized manganese dioxide (MnO2) material has been successfully incorporated into a graphene oxide (GO) sensitive layer. Since this type of heterojunction has never been reported in the literature related to gas sensing, these sensors were prepared, tested, and reported. The morphological [...] Read more.
Nanosized manganese dioxide (MnO2) material has been successfully incorporated into a graphene oxide (GO) sensitive layer. Since this type of heterojunction has never been reported in the literature related to gas sensing, these sensors were prepared, tested, and reported. The morphological properties and composition of the MnO2@GO material have been thoroughly studied via FESEM, XRD, Raman spectroscopy, HR-TEM, and ATR-IR. Gas sensitivity and selectivity towards mainly NO2 and other gases (NH3, CO, ethanol, benzene, and H2) have also been studied. The obtained sensors were exposed to different concentrations of NO2 ranging from 200 ppb to 1000 ppb at 150 °C and under close to real conditions (25% relative humidity and 70% relative humidity). The MnO2@GO sensors have shown a high response of 16.3% towards 1 ppm of NO2 under dry conditions and a higher response of 44% at 70% RH towards the same concentration. Finally, it has also shown a strong sensitivity for NO2. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Novel Materials for Gas Sensing)
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13 pages, 3888 KiB  
Article
Gas Sensitivity Improvements of Nanowire Hexadecafluorinated Iron Phthalocyanines by Thermal Vacuum Annealing
by Carmen L. Metzler, Soraya Y. Flores, John Cruz Lozada, Jean González, Sebastián Suárez Schmidt, Danilo Barrionuevo, Peter Feng, Wilfredo Otaño, Luis Fonseca and Dalice M. Piñero Cruz
Chemosensors 2025, 13(3), 95; https://doi.org/10.3390/chemosensors13030095 - 7 Mar 2025
Viewed by 444
Abstract
In the quest for more sensitive gas sensors, researchers have studied how heating the sensors, using UV light, and thermally annealing sensors improve performance. During thermal annealing, the heating process can improve the crystallinity of the material while also increasing the electrode and [...] Read more.
In the quest for more sensitive gas sensors, researchers have studied how heating the sensors, using UV light, and thermally annealing sensors improve performance. During thermal annealing, the heating process can improve the crystallinity of the material while also increasing the electrode and sensing material interactions to create more available active sites and thus improve sensor performance. Hexadecafluorinated iron (II) phthalocyanine (FePcF16) nanowires have high sensitivity towards NH3 selectively, and thermally annealing the NWs after the deposition can further improve the sensing response and recovery. For this reason, the effect of annealing FePcF16 NWs at different temperatures was studied to optimize these systems. In this work, FePcF16 NWs were synthesized using physical vapor deposition (PVD) to deposit on interdigitated electrodes. The NWs were characterized by SEM, EDS, PXRD, FTIR, and Raman spectroscopy to confirm their purity. The sensors were annealed at different temperatures, inserted into a gas sensing chamber, and exposed to 1 ppm NH3 in air, and the electrical current was measured. The results show that the optimized FePcF16 NWs have excellent sensing properties, with a 58% increase in response towards NH3 after a stepwise annealing at 300 °C confirming these systems are good prospective candidates for sensing NH3 at room temperature. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Nanostructures for Chemical Sensing)
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11 pages, 1464 KiB  
Article
GC-MS Analysis with In Situ Derivatization for Managing Toxic Oxidative Hair Dye Ingredients in Hair Products
by Geon Park, Won-Young Cho, Jisu Park, Yujin Jeong, Jihwan Kim, Hyo Joon Park, Kyung Hyun Min and Wonwoong Lee
Chemosensors 2025, 13(3), 94; https://doi.org/10.3390/chemosensors13030094 - 6 Mar 2025
Viewed by 258
Abstract
Hair care products that have oxidative hair dye ingredients have been widely used to permanently change hair color for the characteristic and younger appearance of people and/or their companion animals. In the European Union and the Republic of Korea, these ingredients have been [...] Read more.
Hair care products that have oxidative hair dye ingredients have been widely used to permanently change hair color for the characteristic and younger appearance of people and/or their companion animals. In the European Union and the Republic of Korea, these ingredients have been carefully used or prohibited for cosmetic products according to their genotoxic potential. There is a growing demand for reliable quantification methods to monitor oxidative hair dye ingredients in hair care products. However, accurately quantifying oxidative dyes in cosmetic samples is challenging due to their high reactivity and chemical instability under both basic and ambient conditions. For this reason, for the quantification methods, elaborate sample preparation procedures should be accompanied by chemical derivatization to avoid chemical reactions between hair dye ingredients, before instrumental analysis. Therefore, this study utilized a gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS) method combined with in situ chemical derivatization to quantify 26 oxidative hair dye ingredients in hair care products. In situ derivatization using acetic anhydride provided the characteristic [M-CH2CO]+ ions at m/z (M-42), produced by the loss of a ketene from the hair dye ingredient derivatives. These characteristic ions can be used to establish a selective ion monitoring (SIM) mode of GC-MS. The established method was successfully applied to hair dye products (n = 13) and hair coloring shampoos (n = 12). Most products contained unintended hair dye ingredients including catechol without labeling. It was cautiously speculated that these unintended hair dye ingredients might be caused by biodegradation due to various enzymes in natural product extracts. This study presents a reliable GC-MS method with in situ derivatization to quantify 26 oxidative hair dye ingredients in hair care products, addressing challenges related to their chemical instability. This method is crucial for public health and regulatory compliance. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue GC, MS and GC-MS Analytical Methods: Opportunities and Challenges (Third Edition))
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12 pages, 4358 KiB  
Article
Proving the Formation of Carbonic Acid Hemiesters Using Self-Assembled Monolayers and Electrochemistry
by Berlane G. Santos, Fernanda P. Carli, Claudimir L. do Lago, Ivano G. R. Gutz and Lúcio Angnes
Chemosensors 2025, 13(3), 93; https://doi.org/10.3390/chemosensors13030093 - 6 Mar 2025
Viewed by 281
Abstract
This study demonstrates, for the first time, the formation of a hemiester of carbonic acid on self-assembled monolayers using voltammetric techniques and redox probes. A gold electrode (GE) was modified with 2-mercaptoethanol (ME) through self-assembly. With this modified electrode (GE-ME), a well-defined peak [...] Read more.
This study demonstrates, for the first time, the formation of a hemiester of carbonic acid on self-assembled monolayers using voltammetric techniques and redox probes. A gold electrode (GE) was modified with 2-mercaptoethanol (ME) through self-assembly. With this modified electrode (GE-ME), a well-defined peak was observed by differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) for the negatively charged redox probe, ferricyanide/ferrocyanide, [Fe(CN)6]3−/4−, in sodium acetate as an electrolyte adjusted to pH 8.2. In the presence of dissolved CO2 in equilibrium with bicarbonate, there is a decrease in the ferrocyanide peak current with time (~30% in 60 min), attributed to the formation of hemiester 2-mercapto ethyl carbonate at the GE-ME/solution interface. Similarly, dissolved CO2 and bicarbonate also affect the electrochemical impedance measurements by increasing resistance to the charge transfer process with time (elevation of Rct values), compatible with the formation of the hemiester. The addition of barium salt led to the displacement of the equilibrium towards BaCO3 precipitation and consequent dissociation of the hemiester, attested by the recovery of the initial ferricyanide DPV signal. With the positively charged redox probe [Ru(NH3)6]2+, no decrease in the DPV peak was observed during the formation of the hemiester by reaction with bicarbonate. The repulsion of [Fe(CN)6]3−, but not of [Ru(NH3)6]2+, suggests that the formed species is the negatively charged 2-mercapto-ethyl carbonate, i.e., the hemiester with a dissociated proton. Due to the lack of a voltammetric signal from the hemiester itself, the formation of a self-assembled layer of thio-alcohol followed by the gradual formation of the corresponding carbonic acid hemiester allowed us to reach an elegant way of electrochemically demonstrating the formation of these species. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Electrochemical Sensing and Analysis)
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61 pages, 8313 KiB  
Review
Promising Solutions to Address the Non-Specific Adsorption in Biosensors Based on Coupled Electrochemical-Surface Plasmon Resonance Detection
by Alina Vasilescu, Szilveszter Gáspár, Mihaela Gheorghiu, Cristina Polonschii, Roberta Maria Banciu, Sorin David, Eugen Gheorghiu and Jean-Louis Marty
Chemosensors 2025, 13(3), 92; https://doi.org/10.3390/chemosensors13030092 - 5 Mar 2025
Viewed by 437
Abstract
Nonspecific adsorption (NSA) impacts the performance of biosensors in complex samples. Coupled electrochemical–surface plasmon resonance biosensors (EC-SPR) offer interesting opportunities to evaluate NSA. This review details the main solutions to minimize fouling in electrochemical (EC), surface plasmon resonance (SPR) and EC-SPR biosensors. The [...] Read more.
Nonspecific adsorption (NSA) impacts the performance of biosensors in complex samples. Coupled electrochemical–surface plasmon resonance biosensors (EC-SPR) offer interesting opportunities to evaluate NSA. This review details the main solutions to minimize fouling in electrochemical (EC), surface plasmon resonance (SPR) and EC-SPR biosensors. The discussion was centered on blood, serum and milk as examples of complex matrices. Emphasis was placed on antifouling coatings, NSA evaluation protocols and universal functionalization strategies to obtain antifouling biosensors. In the last 5 years, various antifouling coatings were developed for EC biosensors, including new peptides, cross-linked protein films and hybrid materials. Due to the comparatively much more scarce literature, for SPR and EC-SPR biosensors the discussion was extended to the early 2010s. The analysis revealed a wide range of antifouling materials with tunable conductivity, thickness and functional groups that can be tested in the future with EC-SPR. The high-throughput screening of new materials, molecular simulations and machine learning-assisted evaluations will even further widen the range of antifouling materials available for biosensors. The minimization of NSA’s impact on the analytical signal is moreover facilitated by unique sensing mechanisms associated with the bioreceptor or the particularities of the detection method. It is hoped that this review will encourage research in the field of EC-SPR biosensors. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sensors for Food Testing, Environmental Analysis, and Medical Diagnostics)
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14 pages, 2209 KiB  
Article
Development of a Carbon Paste Electrode Modified with Saffron-Conjugated Silver Nanoparticles for the Simultaneous Determination of Cd, Pb, Zn, Cu and Cl in Soils and Plants
by Stella Girousi, Vasiliki Keramari, Ioanna Paraschi, Sophia Karastogianni and Evangelia E. Golia
Chemosensors 2025, 13(3), 91; https://doi.org/10.3390/chemosensors13030091 - 5 Mar 2025
Viewed by 251
Abstract
A simple and easily applicable analytical method for the simultaneous determination of Cd2+, Pb2+, Zn2+, Cu2+, and Cl− by applying a modified carbon paste electrode with saffron-conjugated silver nanoparticles (AgNPs@Sa) is being presented. The modified [...] Read more.
A simple and easily applicable analytical method for the simultaneous determination of Cd2+, Pb2+, Zn2+, Cu2+, and Cl− by applying a modified carbon paste electrode with saffron-conjugated silver nanoparticles (AgNPs@Sa) is being presented. The modified CPE was then used for the simultaneous determination of Cd2+, Pb2+, Zn2+, and Cu2+ as well as chloride ions in soil and plants. The comparative analysis demonstrated a significant enhancement in the applicability of the modified electrode through the incorporation of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) at the carbon paste electrode (CPE) surface, leading to the development of a poly-Sa-CPE. This newly proposed method offers notably superior qualitative performance compared to other metal nanoparticle-based modifications reported in the literature. The accordingly modified electrode was successfully applied in the development of a chloride ion. A novel sensor is being proposed that makes possible the determination of heavy metals and chlorides in the same solution, in soil and plant samples. The enhanced sensitivity and selectivity of the poly-Sa-CPE system highlights its potential as a more effective alternative for heavy metal and chloride analysis, further demonstrating its advantages in electrochemical applications. The LODs of Cd2+, Pb2+, Zn2+, Cu2+, and Cl− for their simultaneous determination are 0.38 μg·L−1, 0.44 μg·L−1, 0.72 μg·L−1, 0.42 μg·L−1, and 0.11 μg·L−1, respectively, with comparably high relative standard deviations of about 8.1%, 9.4%, 8.3%, 7.6%, and 7.9%, respectively. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sensors for Food Testing, Environmental Analysis, and Medical Diagnostics)
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3 pages, 162 KiB  
Editorial
pH Sensors, Biosensors and Systems
by Pietro Salvo and Lorena Tedeschi
Chemosensors 2025, 13(3), 90; https://doi.org/10.3390/chemosensors13030090 - 5 Mar 2025
Viewed by 206
Abstract
The study of biological systems for the protection of the environment, food, and health is among the most important research fields in the scientific literature [...] Full article
(This article belongs to the Collection pH Sensors, Biosensors and Systems)
18 pages, 1620 KiB  
Review
Applications of 3D Printing in Paper-Based Devices for Biochemical and Environmental Analyses
by Tran Quoc Thang and Joohoon Kim
Chemosensors 2025, 13(3), 89; https://doi.org/10.3390/chemosensors13030089 - 4 Mar 2025
Viewed by 398
Abstract
Paper-based analytical devices (PADs) have received considerable attention due to their affordability, portability, and ease of use, making them suitable for on-site and point-of-care testing. The conventional fabrication of PADs has been explored for years to enhance their performance in sensing applications. Recently, [...] Read more.
Paper-based analytical devices (PADs) have received considerable attention due to their affordability, portability, and ease of use, making them suitable for on-site and point-of-care testing. The conventional fabrication of PADs has been explored for years to enhance their performance in sensing applications. Recently, to facilitate the automated production of PADs and support their practical use, 3D printing technology has been applied to fabricate PADs. Integrating 3D printing with PADs allows for precise fabrication without human intervention, improves fluidic control, and enables the development of complete devices. This technology allows for the printing of 3D parts that can be integrated with smartphones, making portable sensing applications of PADs more feasible. This mini-review highlights recent advancements in the application of 3D printing techniques to PADs. It focuses on their use in detecting biochemical analytes and monitoring environmental pollutants. Additionally, this review discusses the challenges and future possibilities of integrating 3D printing with PADs. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Low-Cost Chemosenors for Applications in Environment, Health, Food, and Industry Process Control)
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18 pages, 6350 KiB  
Article
Microextraction of Polycyclic Musks from Surface Water with Deep-Eutectic-Solvent-Coated Membrane Followed by Gas-Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry Analysis
by Fabiana Terlizzi, José O. Fernandes, Tamara Gonzalez, Mateus H. Petrarca, Leandro dos S. Silva, Rafaela S. Lamarca, Mario H. Gonzalez, Rui Lapa and Sara C. Cunha
Chemosensors 2025, 13(3), 88; https://doi.org/10.3390/chemosensors13030088 - 4 Mar 2025
Viewed by 304
Abstract
Deep eutectic solvents (DESs), a novel class of eco-friendly solvents, are attracting considerable attention in extraction techniques. In this study, a hydrophobic DES, created by combining a quaternary ammonium salt and hexanoic acid, was coated onto a commercial cellulose membrane for polycyclic musks [...] Read more.
Deep eutectic solvents (DESs), a novel class of eco-friendly solvents, are attracting considerable attention in extraction techniques. In this study, a hydrophobic DES, created by combining a quaternary ammonium salt and hexanoic acid, was coated onto a commercial cellulose membrane for polycyclic musks (cashmeran, celestolide, galaxolide, and tonalid) microextraction from surface waters followed by gas-chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC MS) analysis. A series of DESs were synthesized and characterized to identify suitable candidates for use as a coating on cellulose membranes. A factorial design approach was employed to investigate key factors, including DES volume, membrane type, dissolving solvent volume, DES incorporation time, and extraction duration, following a preliminary selection of the DES type, membrane, and dissolving solvent. Under optimized conditions, a cellulose acetate membrane impregnated with DES (TBAB:C6, 1:3 molar ratio) was used for 1 h to extract polycyclic musks from surface water; the extract was then dissolved in methanol prior to the GC-MS analysis. The DES-coated membrane demonstrated a linear detection range from 2.5 to 100 μg/L, with limits of detection (LODs) ranging from 0.06 to 0.15 µg/L, while the LOQ values varied from 0.2 to 0.5 µg/L. The validated method was successfully applied to real samples, allowing us to find the presence of galaxolide and tonalide. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue GC, MS and GC-MS Analytical Methods: Opportunities and Challenges (Third Edition))
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18 pages, 2477 KiB  
Article
Electrochemical Detection of Dopamine with a Non-Enzymatic Sensor Based on Au@SiO2-APTES Composite
by Afef Dhaffouli, Pedro A. Salazar-Carballo, Soledad Carinelli, Michael Holzinger, Bruno V. M. Rodrigues and Houcine Barhoumi
Chemosensors 2025, 13(3), 87; https://doi.org/10.3390/chemosensors13030087 - 3 Mar 2025
Viewed by 378
Abstract
A novel material composed of Au@SiO2-(3-Aminopropyl Triethoxysilane) (Au@SiO2-APTES) was successfully synthesised using the sol–gel method, and was used to modify glassy carbon electrodes. Its effectiveness as a molecular recognition element is evaluated in the design of an electrochemical sensor [...] Read more.
A novel material composed of Au@SiO2-(3-Aminopropyl Triethoxysilane) (Au@SiO2-APTES) was successfully synthesised using the sol–gel method, and was used to modify glassy carbon electrodes. Its effectiveness as a molecular recognition element is evaluated in the design of an electrochemical sensor for the precise detection of dopamine. The Au@SiO2-APTES composite was analysed using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, and X-ray diffraction. Elemental analysis verified the presence of oxygen, silicon, and gold, with atomic percentages of around 77.19%, 21.12%, and 1.65%, respectively. The corresponding elemental mapping for Au@SiO2-APTES composite showed that the spatial distribution of all the elements was fairly homogeneous throughout the composite, indicating that the Au NPs are embedded in the silica structures. Traces of dopamine were detected by differential pulse voltammetry with a low limit of detection (S/N = 3) and quantification (S/N = 10) of 1.4 × 10−8 molL−1 and 4.7 × 10−8 molL−1, respectively. The Au@SiO2-APTES composite had two linear ranges: from 4.7 × 10−8 to 1 × 10−7 molL−1 and 1.25 × 10−7 to 8.75 × 10−7 molL−1. Moreover, the sensor showed outstanding selectivity even in the presence of various potential interfering species. It also demonstrated good reusability and signal recovery when tested in human urine and plasma samples spiked with different dopamine concentrations. The electrochemical sensor, constructed using this novel composite material, shows great promise in the selective and sensitive detection of dopamine in the biological matrix. These results underscore the sensor’s capability for practical application in analysing real-world samples. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sensors for Food Testing, Environmental Analysis, and Medical Diagnostics)
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17 pages, 3293 KiB  
Review
Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering of Bioaerosol: Where Are We Now? A Systematic Review
by Stefano Fornasaro, Sabrina Semeraro, Sabina Licen and Pierluigi Barbieri
Chemosensors 2025, 13(3), 86; https://doi.org/10.3390/chemosensors13030086 - 3 Mar 2025
Viewed by 240
Abstract
Surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) spectroscopy has grown in popularity as a bioaerosol monitoring method due to its high sensitivity and specificity, as well as its ability to be performed in complex biological mixtures using portable and relatively inexpensive devices. However, due to a [...] Read more.
Surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) spectroscopy has grown in popularity as a bioaerosol monitoring method due to its high sensitivity and specificity, as well as its ability to be performed in complex biological mixtures using portable and relatively inexpensive devices. However, due to a lack of standardised methodologies, SERS sensing of bioaerosols remains difficult. Full-length peer-reviewed journal articles related to the application of SERS spectroscopy to examine bioaerosols were systematically searched in PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science databases using the PRISMA guidelines. A total of 13 studies met the inclusion criteria for our systematic literature search. A critical evaluation of the experimental aspects involved in the collection of bioaerosols for SERS analysis is presented, as well as the elective applicability and weaknesses of various experimental setups, helping to provide a solid foundation for real-time bioaerosol characterisation using SERS spectroscopy. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering (SERS) Spectroscopy as a Tool for Analytical and Bioanalytical Analyses)
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