Inorganics

21 pages, 8014 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Independent Acidic pH Reactivity of Non-Iron-Fenton Reaction Catalyzed by Copper-Based Nanoparticles for Fluorescent Dye Oxidation

by Zakia H. Alhashem, Hasna Abdullah Alali, Shehab A. Mansour, Maha A. Tony and Ashraf H. Farha

Inorganics 2025, 13(3), 97; https://doi.org/10.3390/inorganics13030097 - 20 Mar 2025

Viewed by 156

Abstract

The process of hydrogen peroxide decomposition, facilitated by copper oxide nanoparticles, produces reactive oxidants that possess the ability to oxidize multiple pollutants. CuO/Cu₂O hybrid nanoparticles were successfully synthesized through a thermal decomposition route and applied as a heterogeneous catalytic oxidant for [...] Read more.

The process of hydrogen peroxide decomposition, facilitated by copper oxide nanoparticles, produces reactive oxidants that possess the ability to oxidize multiple pollutants. CuO/Cu₂O hybrid nanoparticles were successfully synthesized through a thermal decomposition route and applied as a heterogeneous catalytic oxidant for a fluorescent dye, namely Basic Violet 10 (BV10) dye. The microstructure and morphology of the prepared catalyst were evaluated via X-ray diffraction (XRD) and a field-emission scanning electron microscope (FE-SEM), respectively. The produced nanoparticles (NPs) were induced through ultraviolet light as a green photodecomposition technology. The system parameters were investigated, and the optimal initial NP concentration, H₂O₂ concentration, and pH were assessed. The highest removal rate corresponding to 82% was achieved when 40 and 400 mg/L of NPs and H₂O₂ were introduced, respectively. The system could operate at various pH values, and the alkaline pH (8.0) was efficient in proceeding with the oxidation system that overcomes the limitation of the homogeneous acidic Fenton catalyst. The introduced catalyst demonstrated consistent sustainability, achieving a notable removal rate of 68% even after six consecutive cycles of use. This innovative technique’s accomplishment examines the feasibility of utilizing copper as a replacement for iron in the Fenton reaction, demonstrating efficacy over an extended pH range. Finally, the temperature effectiveness of the reaction showed that the reaction is exothermic in nature, working at a low energy barrier (20.4 kJ/mol) and following the pseudo-second-order kinetic model. Full article

► Show Figures

Figure 1

14 pages, 2546 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Hollow-Structured Carbon-Coated Co_xNi_ySe₂ Assembled with Ultrasmall Nanoparticles for Enhanced Sodium-Ion Battery Performance

by Chao Wang, Weijie Si and Xiongwu Kang

Inorganics 2025, 13(3), 96; https://doi.org/10.3390/inorganics13030096 - 20 Mar 2025

Viewed by 150

Abstract

Transition metal selenides are considered one of the most promising materials for sodium-ion battery anodes due to their excellent theoretical capacity. However, it remains challenging to suppress the volume variation and the resulted capacity decay during the charge–discharge process. Herein, hollow-structured CoNiSe₂ [...] Read more.

Transition metal selenides are considered one of the most promising materials for sodium-ion battery anodes due to their excellent theoretical capacity. However, it remains challenging to suppress the volume variation and the resulted capacity decay during the charge–discharge process. Herein, hollow-structured CoNiSe₂ dual transition metal selenides wrapped in a carbon shell (HS-Co_xNi_ySe₂@C) were deliberately designed and prepared through sequential coating of polyacrylonitrile (PAN), ion exchange of ZIF-67 with Ni²⁺ metal ions, and carbonization/selenization. The hollow structure was evidenced by transmission electron microscopy, and the crystalline structure was confirmed by X-ray diffraction. The ample internal space of HS-Co_xNi_ySe₂@C effectively accommodated volume expansion during the charge and discharge processes, and the large surface area enabled sufficient contact between the electrode and electrolyte and shortened the diffusion path of sodium ions for a feasible electrochemical reaction. The surface area and ionic conductivity of HS-Co_xNi_ySe₂@C were strongly dependent on the ratio of Co to Ni. The synergistic effect between Co and Ni enhanced the conductivity and electron mobility of HS-Co_xNi_ySe₂@C, thereby improving charge transfer efficiency. By taking into account the structural advantages and rational metal selenide ratios, significant improvements can be achieved in the cycling performance, rate performance, and overall electrochemical stability of sodium-ion batteries. The optimized HS-Co_xNi_ySe₂@C demonstrated excellent performance, and the reversible capacity remained at 334 mAh g⁻¹ after 1000 cycles at a high current of 5.0 A g⁻¹. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Inorganic Electrode Materials in High-Performance Energy Storage Devices)

► Show Figures

Graphical abstract

19 pages, 2363 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Effect of Central Metal Ions (Dy, Er, Ni, and V) on the Structural and HSA-Binding Properties of 2-Hydroxy-3-methoxybenzaldehyde Semicarbazone Complexes

by Violeta Jevtovic, Jelena M. Živković, Aleksandra A. Rakić, Aljazi Abdullah Alrashidi, Maha Awjan Alreshidi, Elham A. Alzahrani, Odeh A. O. Alshammari, Mostafa Aly Hussien and Dušan Dimić

Inorganics 2025, 13(3), 95; https://doi.org/10.3390/inorganics13030095 - 20 Mar 2025

Viewed by 167

Abstract

2-Hydroxy-3-methoxybenzaldehyde semicarbazone (HMBS) is a multidentate ligand with interesting coordination behavior that depends on the central metal ion and the overall complex geometry. In this contribution, the structural characteristics of five HMBS-containing complexes with different metal ions (Dy, Er, Ni, and V) were [...] Read more.

2-Hydroxy-3-methoxybenzaldehyde semicarbazone (HMBS) is a multidentate ligand with interesting coordination behavior that depends on the central metal ion and the overall complex geometry. In this contribution, the structural characteristics of five HMBS-containing complexes with different metal ions (Dy, Er, Ni, and V) were investigated. Four binuclear and one mononuclear complex were selected from the Cambridge Structural Database. The crystallographic structures and intermolecular interactions in the solid state were analyzed, and the effect of central metal ions was elucidated. The different contributions of the most numerous contacts were explained by examining additional ligands in the structure. Density functional theory (DFT) optimizations were performed for the selected complexes, and the applicability of different computational methods was discussed. The Quantum Theory of Atoms in Molecules (QTAIMs) approach was employed to identify and quantify interactions in nickel and vanadium complexes, highlighting the role of weak intermolecular interactions between ligands in stabilizing the overall structure. Molecular docking studies of the interaction between these complexes and Human Serum Albumin (HSA) demonstrated that all compounds bind within the active pocket of the protein. The overall size and presence of aromatic rings emerged as key factors in the formation of stabilizing interactions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Metal Ion Research and Applications)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

16 pages, 4666 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Studies on the Effect of Diamine Elongation in Copper(II) Complexes with NNO Tridentate Schiff Base Ligands

by Chiara Canovi, Francesco Genua, Kevin D’Addazio, Lara Gigli, Alessandra Forni, Petr Michálek, Mauro Carcelli, Dominga Rogolino and Luca Rigamonti

Inorganics 2025, 13(3), 94; https://doi.org/10.3390/inorganics13030094 - 19 Mar 2025

Viewed by 125

Abstract

The copper(II) complexes of general formula [Cu(^GL2^H,H)(Cl)] (A4–A6, G = NO₂, H and OMe, respectively), bearing NNO tridentate Schiff base ligands (^GL2^H,H)⁻ derived from the mono-condensation of 1,3-diaminopropane [...] Read more.

The copper(II) complexes of general formula [Cu(^GL2^H,H)(Cl)] (A4–A6, G = NO₂, H and OMe, respectively), bearing NNO tridentate Schiff base ligands (^GL2^H,H)⁻ derived from the mono-condensation of 1,3-diaminopropane and G-substituted salicylaldehydes, are here reported. The elongation of the diamine with one additional carbon atom with respect to the triad derived from ethylenediamine [Cu(^GL1^H,H)(Cl)] (A1–A3, G = NO₂, H and OMe, respectively) led to different synthetic procedures, with the difficult isolation of A6 that could be obtained only in few crystals suitable for X-ray diffractions. Operating in acidic conditions to promote the coordination of chloride and expulsion of pyridine from the complex [Cu(^GL2^H,H)(py)](ClO₄) (G = NO₂) allows for obtaining A4. On the other hand, structural rearrangement occurs when G = H, yielding the dinuclear species [Cu₂(μ-saltn)(^HL2^H,H)](ClO₄)⋅0.5MeOH (D5⋅0.5MeOH) instead of the desired A5, which can be obtained by avoiding the use of HCl and operating in the excess of LiCl. Finally, A4 and A5 were investigated as cytotoxic agents against malignant (MDA-MB-231 and 22-Rv1) and healthy (HaCaT) cell lines, and the ability of the most promising A5 to be internalized and interact with cellular targets was studied. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue State-of-the-Art Inorganic Chemistry in Italy)

► Show Figures

Graphical abstract

13 pages, 3701 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Novel 3-Ethoxysalicylaldehyde Lanthanide Complexes Obtained by Decomposition of Salen-Type Ligands

by Paula Mediavilla, Antonio Ribeiro, Ángel Gutiérrez, Santiago Herrero and Mari Carmen Torralba

Inorganics 2025, 13(3), 93; https://doi.org/10.3390/inorganics13030093 - 19 Mar 2025

Viewed by 123

Abstract

Three new asymmetrically coordinated lanthanide derivatives based on the bicompartmental salen-type ligands N,N′-bis(3-ethoxysalicylidene)propylene-1,3-diamine (H₂EtOsalpr) and 3-ethoxysalicylaldehyde (HEtvain) have been synthesized and structurally and photophysically characterized. All the compounds show dimeric structures of the [...] Read more.

Three new asymmetrically coordinated lanthanide derivatives based on the bicompartmental salen-type ligands N,N′-bis(3-ethoxysalicylidene)propylene-1,3-diamine (H₂EtOsalpr) and 3-ethoxysalicylaldehyde (HEtvain) have been synthesized and structurally and photophysically characterized. All the compounds show dimeric structures of the general formula [Ln(H₂EtOsalpr)(NO₃)₂(Etvain)]₂ (Ln = Nd, Eu, Dy), with each salen-type ligand bridging two lanthanide ions. The Etvain ligand comes from the H₂EtOsalpr decomposition being coordinated to the corresponding lanthanide. The Nd(III) derivative shows fluorescence emission in the NIR region, but for the Eu(III) and Dy(III) compounds, only a broad band, attributed to the ligand emission, was observed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Coordination Chemistry)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

18 pages, 2709 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Employing Molecular Dynamics Simulations to Explore the Behavior of Diphenylalanine Dipeptides in Graphene-Based Nanocomposite Systems

by Elena Markopoulou, Panagiotis Nikolakis, Gregory Savvakis and Anastassia N. Rissanou

Inorganics 2025, 13(3), 92; https://doi.org/10.3390/inorganics13030092 - 19 Mar 2025

Viewed by 435

Abstract

Utilizing all-atom molecular dynamics simulations, in the current study, we examine how three different graphene-based nanosheets (pristine graphene, graphene oxide and edge-functionalized graphene) impact the self-assembly mechanism of diphenylalanine dipeptides in aqueous solutions. By comparing the conformational properties and dynamics of diphenylalanine dipeptides [...] Read more.

Utilizing all-atom molecular dynamics simulations, in the current study, we examine how three different graphene-based nanosheets (pristine graphene, graphene oxide and edge-functionalized graphene) impact the self-assembly mechanism of diphenylalanine dipeptides in aqueous solutions. By comparing the conformational properties and dynamics of diphenylalanine dipeptides in the presence of each nanosheet, we elucidate the effects of the existence of functional groups, their type, and their position on the formed nanostructures. We quantify the interaction energy between diphenylalanine dipeptides and the nanosheets, analyzing various energetic components, to gain insights into the driving forces for the assembly procedure in the nanocomposite systems. Dipeptides readily coat nanosheets due to their high surface affinity. Subsequent diphenylalanine self-assembly is determined by the nanofiller type: in the systems with graphene oxide and edge functionalized graphene, there is an increase of the interfacial layer thickness, while in the system with pristine graphene a structure extended on top of the coating layer is formed. Additionally, we monitor how dipeptides facilitate the dispersion of graphene-based nanosheets in aqueous solution. The findings of this work enhance our understanding of the interplay between diphenylalanine dipeptides and graphene-based nanosheets, paving the way for the rational design of novel materials with tailored properties for specific applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Carbon Nanomaterials for Advanced Technology)

► Show Figures

Graphical abstract

20 pages, 4358 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Conversion Polymorphism of Perovskite Phases in the BiCrO₃–BiFeO₃ System

by Alexei A. Belik

Inorganics 2025, 13(3), 91; https://doi.org/10.3390/inorganics13030091 - 18 Mar 2025

Viewed by 169

Abstract

Perovskite-type materials containing Bi³⁺ cations at A sites are interesting from the viewpoints of applications and fundamental science as the lone pair of Bi³⁺ cations often stabilizes polar, ferroelectric structures. This can be illustrated by a lot of discoveries of different [...] Read more.

Perovskite-type materials containing Bi³⁺ cations at A sites are interesting from the viewpoints of applications and fundamental science as the lone pair of Bi³⁺ cations often stabilizes polar, ferroelectric structures. This can be illustrated by a lot of discoveries of different new functionalities in bulk and thin films of BiFeO₃ and its derivatives. In this work, we investigated solid solutions of BiCr_1−xFe_xO₃ with 0.1 ≤ x ≤ 0.4 prepared by a high-pressure (HP) method and post-synthesis annealing at ambient pressure (AP). HP-BiCr_1−xFe_xO₃ modifications with 0.1 ≤ x ≤ 0.3 were mixtures of two phases with space groups C2/c and Pbam, and the amount of the C2/c phase decreased with increasing x. The amount of the C2/c phase was also significantly decreased in AP-BiCr_1−xFe_xO₃ modifications, and the C2/c phase almost disappeared in AP-BiCr_1−xFe_xO₃ with 0.2 ≤ x ≤ 0.3. Fundamental, strong reflections of HP-BiCr_1−xFe_xO₃ and AP-BiCr_1−xFe_xO₃ were almost unchanged; on the other hand, weak superstructure reflections were different and showed clear signs of strong anisotropic broadening and incommensurate positions. These structural features prevented us from determining their room-temperature structures. On the other hand, HP-BiCr_1−xFe_xO₃ and AP-BiCr_1−xFe_xO₃ showed high-temperature structural phase transitions to the GdFeO₃-type Pnma modification at T_srt = 450 K (x = 0.1), T_srt = 480 K (x = 0.2), T_srt = 510 K (x = 0.3), and T_srt = 546 K (x = 0.4). Crystal structures of the GdFeO₃-type Pnma modifications of all the samples were investigated by synchrotron powder X-ray diffraction. Magnetic properties of HP-BiCr_1−xFe_xO₃ and AP-BiCr_1−xFe_xO₃ were quite close to each other (HP vs. AP), and the x = 0.2 samples demonstrated negative magnetization phenomena without signs of the exchange bias effect. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Photoelectric Research in Advanced Energy Materials)

► Show Figures

Graphical abstract

16 pages, 6437 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Cd(II)-Based Coordination Polymers and Supramolecular Complexes Containing Dianiline Chromophores: Synthesis, Crystal Structures, and Photoluminescence Properties

by Nicoleta Craciun, Elena Melnic, Anatolii V. Siminel, Natalia V. Costriucova, Diana Chisca and Marina S. Fonari

Inorganics 2025, 13(3), 90; https://doi.org/10.3390/inorganics13030090 - 18 Mar 2025

Viewed by 140

Abstract

Five new coordination compounds that included three coordination polymers and two supramolecular complexes were obtained by reactions of different cadmium salts (tetrafluoroborate, nitrate, and perchlorate) with dianiline chromophores, 4,4′-diaminodiphenylmethane (ddpm), and 4,4′-diaminodiphenylethane (ddpe). The crystal structures were studied by single-crystal X-ray analysis. The [...] Read more.

Five new coordination compounds that included three coordination polymers and two supramolecular complexes were obtained by reactions of different cadmium salts (tetrafluoroborate, nitrate, and perchlorate) with dianiline chromophores, 4,4′-diaminodiphenylmethane (ddpm), and 4,4′-diaminodiphenylethane (ddpe). The crystal structures were studied by single-crystal X-ray analysis. The coordination arrays with the ddpm chromophore included {[Cd(OH)(H₂O)(ddpm)₂](BF₄)}_n (1) as a one-dimensional (1D) coordination garland chain, {[Cd(NO₃)(ddpm)₂](H₂O)(NO₃)}_n (2) as a two-dimensional (2D) coordination layer, and [Cd(bpy)₂(ddpm)₂](ddpm)(NO₃)₂ (3) as a supramolecular complex. The products with the ddpe chromophore were identified as {[Cd(phen)₂(ddpe)](ClO₄)₂}_n (4) in the form of a linear coordination chain and [Cd(phen)₃](ClO₄)₂(ddpe)_0.5(CH₃CN)_0.5 (5) as a supramolecular complex. The extension of coordination arrays in 1, 2, and 4 was achieved via dianiline ligands as bidentate linkers and additionally via bridging of nitrate anions in 2. The diversification of products became possible due to usage of 2,2′-bipyridine (bpy) and 1,10-phenanthroline (phen) as co-ligands forming the terminal corner fragments [Cd(bpy)₂]²⁺, [Cd(phen)₂]²⁺, and [Cd(phen)₃]²⁺ in 3–5, respectively. The assembling of coordination entities occurred via the interplay of hydrogen bonds with the participation of amino groups, water molecules, and inorganic anions. Two dianilines were powerful luminophores in the crystalline phase, while the photoluminescence in 1–5 was considerably weaker than in the pure ddpm and ddpe luminophores and redistributed along the spectrum. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Coordination Chemistry)

► Show Figures

Graphical abstract

15 pages, 4763 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Synthesis of NiY Zeolite via the Acid Hydrolysis of Ethyl Silicate and Its Catalytic Performance in the Degradation of Benzyl Phenyl Ethers

by Bosen Zhou, Zhengbo Lai, Yuanyuan Li, Hualan Zhou, Ye Tian, Yibo Zhao and Ming Xia

Inorganics 2025, 13(3), 89; https://doi.org/10.3390/inorganics13030089 - 17 Mar 2025

Viewed by 149

Abstract

The siliceous precursor was hydrolyzed from tetraethylorthosilicate (TEOS) under acidic conditions, followed by the addition of sodium aluminate and sodium hydroxide. Y zeolite was subsequently obtained through hydrothermal crystallization under alkaline conditions. Key synthesis parameters, including reactant molar ratios, crystallization temperature, and time, [...] Read more.

The siliceous precursor was hydrolyzed from tetraethylorthosilicate (TEOS) under acidic conditions, followed by the addition of sodium aluminate and sodium hydroxide. Y zeolite was subsequently obtained through hydrothermal crystallization under alkaline conditions. Key synthesis parameters, including reactant molar ratios, crystallization temperature, and time, were systematically varied to optimize the synthesis conditions. The synthesized products were characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), nitrogen adsorption analysis, and inductively coupled plasma (ICP) elemental analysis. Well-crystallized Y zeolite with a silica-alumina ratio (SAR) of 5.55 was successfully synthesized via TEOS hydrolysis catalyzed by sulfuric acid at a low crystallization temperature of 85 °C. The catalytic performance of benzyl phenyl ether, a lignin model compound, over NiY catalyst was evaluated in a high-pressure reactor. The results indicate that the catalytic efficiency of Y zeolite synthesized using TEOS as the silicon source under acidic hydrolysis conditions is significantly superior to Y zeolite prepared using alkaline silica sol as the silicon source. Full article

► Show Figures

Figure 1

12 pages, 6351 KiB

Open AccessArticle

MoS₂/MgAl-LDH Composites for the Photodegradation of Rhodamine B Dye

by Jingjing Dai, Guofei Li, Yuanyuan Wang, Cancan Zhang, Hui Nan and Guijun Yang

Inorganics 2025, 13(3), 88; https://doi.org/10.3390/inorganics13030088 - 17 Mar 2025

Viewed by 161

Abstract

During the process of producing potassium fertilizer from salt lake resources, a large amount of waste liquid brine, rich in raw materials such as magnesium chloride, is generated. In this work, a MoS₂/MgAl-LDH composite material was constructed using the secondary hydrothermal [...] Read more.

During the process of producing potassium fertilizer from salt lake resources, a large amount of waste liquid brine, rich in raw materials such as magnesium chloride, is generated. In this work, a MoS₂/MgAl-LDH composite material was constructed using the secondary hydrothermal technique. Characterizations including X-ray diffractometer (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) confirmed the distribution of MoS₂ nanosheets on the surface of MgAl-LDH. Under full-spectrum irradiation, the degradation efficiency of Rhodamine B reached 85.5%, which was 69.2% higher than that of MgAl-LDH alone. The results from the electrochemical, UV-Vis, and XPS-VB tests indicate that the internal electric field accelerated the separation and transportation of charge carriers between MoS₂ and MgAl-LDH. These findings demonstrate the great potential of MoS₂/MgAl-LDH as a photocatalyst in the degradation of organic dyes, which will aid in the green recycling utilization of magnesium resources from salt lake by-products. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Photoelectric Research in Advanced Energy Materials)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

12 pages, 2034 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Folate-Receptor-Targeted Gold Nanoparticles Bearing a DNA-Binding Anthraquinone

by Ana B. Caballero, Nikolas J. Hodges and Michael J. Hannon

Inorganics 2025, 13(3), 87; https://doi.org/10.3390/inorganics13030087 - 17 Mar 2025

Viewed by 172

Abstract

In recent years, anthraquinones have been widening their therapeutic opportunities given their numerous health benefits. The search for adequate delivery platforms to improve their pharmacokinetics leads us to propose herein folate-capped gold nanoparticles with an anthraquinone derivative attached onto their surface. Through a [...] Read more.

In recent years, anthraquinones have been widening their therapeutic opportunities given their numerous health benefits. The search for adequate delivery platforms to improve their pharmacokinetics leads us to propose herein folate-capped gold nanoparticles with an anthraquinone derivative attached onto their surface. Through a straightforward, two-step procedure, we obtained stable nanoparticles that can deliver anthraquinones selectively to cells overexpressing folate receptors. The new conjugates were highly toxic against two tumour cell lines, lung carcinoma A549 and cervical carcinoma HeLa, and showed significant in vitro targeting effects for FR+ HeLa cells. We anticipate that the convenience of this synthetic procedure could enable the future development of folate-targeted conjugates bearing highly active anthraquinone-derived drugs. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Bioinorganic Chemistry)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

13 pages, 4654 KiB

Open AccessReview

An Introductory Overview of Various Typical Lead-Free Solders for TSV Technology

by Sooyong Choi, Sooman Lim, Muhamad Mukhzani Muhamad Hanifah, Paolo Matteini, Wan Yusmawati Wan Yusoff and Byungil Hwang

Inorganics 2025, 13(3), 86; https://doi.org/10.3390/inorganics13030086 - 15 Mar 2025

Viewed by 207

Abstract

As semiconductor packaging technologies face limitations, through-silicon via (TSV) technology has emerged as a key solution to extending Moore’s law by achieving high-density, high-performance microelectronics. TSV technology enables enhanced wiring density, signal speed, and power efficiency, and offers significant advantages over traditional wire-bonding [...] Read more.

As semiconductor packaging technologies face limitations, through-silicon via (TSV) technology has emerged as a key solution to extending Moore’s law by achieving high-density, high-performance microelectronics. TSV technology enables enhanced wiring density, signal speed, and power efficiency, and offers significant advantages over traditional wire-bonding techniques. However, achieving fine-pitch and high-density interconnects remains a challenge. Solder flip-chip microbumps have demonstrated their potential to improve interconnect reliability and performance. However, the environmental impact of lead-based solders necessitates a shift to lead-free alternatives. This review highlights the transition from Sn-Pb solders to lead-free options, such as Sn-Ag, Sn-Cu, Sn-Ag-Cu, Sn-Zn, and Bi- or In-based alloys, driven by regulatory and environmental considerations. Although lead-free solders address environmental concerns, their higher melting points pose challenges such as thermal stress and chip warping, which affect device reliability. To overcome these challenges, the development of low-melting-point solder alloys has gained momentum. This study examines advancements in low-temperature solder technologies and evaluates their potential for enhancing device reliability by mitigating thermal stress and ensuring long-term stability. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Inorganic Materials)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

21 pages, 7472 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Unveiling Electrochemical Frontiers: Enhanced Hydrazine Sensing with Na₃[Fe(CN)₅(PZT)] Modified Electrodes

by Kalil Cristhian Figueiredo Toledo and Juliano Alves Bonacin

Inorganics 2025, 13(3), 85; https://doi.org/10.3390/inorganics13030085 - 15 Mar 2025

Viewed by 149

Abstract

This study presents the synthesis, electrochemical characterization, and sensor application of Na₃[Fe(CN)₅(PZT)], a novel pentacyanidoferrate-based coordination compound incorporating 2-pyrazinylethanethiol (PZT) as a ligand. Unlike conventional Prussian blue analogues, this system exhibits enhanced electrocatalytic properties due to its unique ligand [...] Read more.

This study presents the synthesis, electrochemical characterization, and sensor application of Na₃[Fe(CN)₅(PZT)], a novel pentacyanidoferrate-based coordination compound incorporating 2-pyrazinylethanethiol (PZT) as a ligand. Unlike conventional Prussian blue analogues, this system exhibits enhanced electrocatalytic properties due to its unique ligand framework, which contributes to increased charge transfer efficiency and stability. The complex was synthesized via a controlled ligand substitution reaction, followed by UV-Vis and IR spectroscopy confirmation of its successful formation. The electrochemical properties of the Na₃[Fe(CN)₅(PZT)] complex were investigated using cyclic voltammetry (CV), differential pulse voltammetry (DPV), square-wave voltammetry (SWV), and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). Notably, the modified electrodes exhibited improved charge transfer kinetics and catalytic activity, making them promising candidates for electrochemical sensing applications. The Na₃[Fe(CN)₅(PZT)]-modified electrode demonstrated outstanding electrocatalytic performance towards hydrazine oxidation, exhibiting a low detection limit of 7.38 × 10⁻⁶ M, a wide linear response range from 5 to 64 µmol L⁻¹, and high sensitivity. The proposed system enables precise quantification of hydrazine with high selectivity, positioning Na₃[Fe(CN)₅(PZT)] as an effective electrochemical mediator for advanced sensing platforms. These findings provide new insights into the design of next-generation Prussian blue analogue-based sensors with superior analytical performance. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Inorganics Emerging Investigators Themed Collection 2024/2025)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

32 pages, 5535 KiB

Open AccessReview

Synthesis and Structural Engineering of Transition Metal Sulfides: Advances in Improving Hydrogen Evolution Reaction Catalytic Efficiency

by Yanhong Ding, Zhichao Gao and Haiyan Xiang

Inorganics 2025, 13(3), 84; https://doi.org/10.3390/inorganics13030084 - 14 Mar 2025

Viewed by 125

Abstract

Transition metal sulfide (TMS)-based electrocatalysts have received considerable attention in the field of sustainable energy, especially for their high activity in the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). This review summarizes how researchers have improved the performance of TMSs by adjusting their composition. This review [...] Read more.

Transition metal sulfide (TMS)-based electrocatalysts have received considerable attention in the field of sustainable energy, especially for their high activity in the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). This review summarizes how researchers have improved the performance of TMSs by adjusting their composition. This review introduces the research background of transition metal sulfides and clarifies the reaction mechanism of the HER and its performance evaluation indicators. Then, it elaborates on the general synthesis techniques for preparing TMS materials, including hydrothermal methods, electrochemical deposition, liquid-phase exfoliation, chemical vapor deposition, and other methods. Moreover, it discusses the realization of excellent electrocatalytic performance in the HER through doping, hole treatment, heterostructures, and multi-sulfides. Finally, this review summarizes the current challenges and future development opportunities of TMS materials in the field of water electrolysis for hydrogen production. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Inorganic Nanomaterials for Energy Conversion and Catalysis Applications)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

16 pages, 7837 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Light Output Response of a Barium Fluoride (BaF₂) Inorganic Scintillator Under X-Ray Radiation

by Vasileios Ntoupis, Christos Michail, Nektarios Kalyvas, Athanasios Bakas, Ioannis Kandarakis, George Fountos and Ioannis Valais

Inorganics 2025, 13(3), 83; https://doi.org/10.3390/inorganics13030083 - 13 Mar 2025

Viewed by 157

Abstract

In this study, the luminescence efficiency of a crystal-form barium fluoride (BaF₂) inorganic scintillator was assessed for medical imaging applications. For the experiments, we used a typical medical X-ray tube (50–140 kVp) for estimating the absolute luminescence efficiency (AE). Furthermore, we [...] Read more.

In this study, the luminescence efficiency of a crystal-form barium fluoride (BaF₂) inorganic scintillator was assessed for medical imaging applications. For the experiments, we used a typical medical X-ray tube (50–140 kVp) for estimating the absolute luminescence efficiency (AE). Furthermore, we examined the spectral matching of the inorganic scintillator with a series of optical detectors. BaF₂ showed a higher AE than cerium fluoride (CeF₃), comparable to that of commercially available bismuth germanate (Bi₄Ge₃O₁₂-BGO), but lower than that of the gadolinium orthosilicate (Gd₂SiO₅:Ce-GSO:Ce) inorganic scintillator. The maximum AE of BaF₂ was 2.36 efficiency units (EU is the S.I. equivalent μWm⁻²/(mR/s) at 140 kVp, which is higher than that of the corresponding fluoride-based CeF₃ (0.8334 EU)) at the same X-ray energy. GSO:Ce and BGO crystals, which are often integrated in commercial positron emission tomography (PET) scanners, had AE values of 7.76 and 3.41, respectively. The emission maximum (~310 nm) of BaF₂ is adequate for coupling with flat-panel position-sensitive (PS) photomultipliers (PMTs) and various photocathodes. The luminescence efficiency results of BaF₂ were comparable to those of BGO; thus, it could possibly be used in medical imaging modalities, considering its significantly lower cost. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Luminescent and Photoluminescent Properties of Hybrid Halide Materials)

► Show Figures

Graphical abstract

25 pages, 8004 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Facile Synthesis and Characterization of Novel Fe_0.65Mg_0.35Cr₂O₄@C Nanocomposite for Efficient Removal of Cd(II) Ions from Aqueous Media

by Ehab A. Abdelrahman, Reem K. Shah, Mortaga M. Abou-Krisha, Fawaz A. Saad and Alaa M. Munshi

Inorganics 2025, 13(3), 82; https://doi.org/10.3390/inorganics13030082 - 12 Mar 2025

Viewed by 198

Abstract

Cd(II) ions pose significant environmental and health threats due to their extreme toxicity, persistence, and bioaccumulation in ecosystems. They are associated with severe health disorders such as bone damage, kidney failure, and carcinogenic effects and disrupt aquatic life by impairing enzymatic and reproductive [...] Read more.

Cd(II) ions pose significant environmental and health threats due to their extreme toxicity, persistence, and bioaccumulation in ecosystems. They are associated with severe health disorders such as bone damage, kidney failure, and carcinogenic effects and disrupt aquatic life by impairing enzymatic and reproductive processes. In this research, novel Fe_0.65Mg_0.35Cr₂O₄@C nanocomposites, synthesized using the Pechini sol–gel method at 600 °C (F600) and 800 °C (F800), were investigated for their efficacy in removing Cd(II) ions from aqueous media. FE-SEM analysis showed that F600 had agglomerated spherical nanoparticles with an average grain size of 45.71 nm and a relatively porous structure, while F800 displayed denser and more compact spherical nanoparticles with an average grain size of 73.65 nm. HR-TEM images confirmed these findings, showing that F600 nanoparticles were loosely arranged with an average particle diameter of 14.72 nm, whereas F800 exhibited larger, more aggregated particles with an average diameter of 59.22 nm, reflecting enhanced particle coalescence at higher temperatures. EDX analysis confirmed the elemental composition of both samples, with F600 containing higher carbon content (7.0%) compared to F800 (3.4%), attributed to the more complete combustion of organic precursors during F800’s synthesis. This difference in composition, along with the structural variations, influenced their adsorption performance. F600 demonstrated superior adsorption with a maximum capacity of 295.86 mg/g compared to F800’s 185.19 mg/g. Thermodynamic and kinetic analyses confirmed that the adsorption was exothermic, spontaneous, and governed by a physical mechanism following the pseudo-second-order model and Langmuir isotherm. The superior performance of F600 is attributed to its higher surface area, porosity, and smaller particle size, which enhance the availability of active adsorption sites. Full article

► Show Figures

Figure 1

14 pages, 2411 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Assessment of Penetration Depth of Silver Diamine Fluoride in Synthetic Dental Minerals

by Daniella Battaglia, Brunna da Silva Nobrega Souza, Ana Carla B. C. J. Fernandes and Rodrigo França

Inorganics 2025, 13(3), 81; https://doi.org/10.3390/inorganics13030081 - 11 Mar 2025

Viewed by 267

Abstract

Dental caries is a prevalent global health issue characterized by the progressive demineralization of dental tissues, which occurs when the balance between demineralization and remineralization processes is disrupted at the tooth level. Silver diamine fluoride (SDF) has gained recognition for its ability to [...] Read more.

Dental caries is a prevalent global health issue characterized by the progressive demineralization of dental tissues, which occurs when the balance between demineralization and remineralization processes is disrupted at the tooth level. Silver diamine fluoride (SDF) has gained recognition for its ability to arrest caries. However, its interaction with mineralized tissues remains incompletely understood. This study aimed to investigate the chemical interactions between SDF and mineralized bioceramics, using hydroxyapatite (HA) and beta-tricalcium phosphate (β-TCP) as analogs for enamel and dentin. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) were employed to identify functional groups and quantify elemental compositions at varying depths. FTIR analysis revealed structural modifications in HA and β-TCP. XPS demonstrated high retention of fluoride, with limited penetration into deeper layers, while silver exhibited deeper penetration. These findings suggest that SDF primarily acts on superficial layers, forming calcium fluoride and silver phosphate as key reaction products. These findings highlight the potential of SDF in managing deep carious lesions by demonstrating its ability to form a protective CaF₂ layer at the surface while allowing deeper penetration of silver ions into mineralized tissues. This dual mechanism may contribute to SDF’s clinical efficacy in arresting caries and preventing further demineralization. Full article

► Show Figures

Figure 1

10 pages, 699 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Method for Removing Impurities by Treating Silicon Tetrachloride with Hydrogen Plasma

by Roman Kornev, Georgy Mochalov, Nikita Maleev, Sergei Romanov, Konstantin Kornev and Alexandra Kalinina

Inorganics 2025, 13(3), 80; https://doi.org/10.3390/inorganics13030080 - 10 Mar 2025

Viewed by 150

Abstract

The transformation of organochlorine and organic impurities such as CCl₄, C₂H₂Cl₂, C₂HCl₃, C₂Cl₄, C₂H₂Cl₄, CH₄, C₃H₈ [...] Read more.

The transformation of organochlorine and organic impurities such as CCl₄, C₂H₂Cl₂, C₂HCl₃, C₂Cl₄, C₂H₂Cl₄, CH₄, C₃H₈, C₄H₁₀, and C₆H₆ in the content range of 10⁻²–10⁻⁶ wt.%, as well as BCl₃ impurities at the level of 3 × 10⁻² wt.%, was considered. A method has been developed for removing limiting impurities of carbon and boron during the process of the hydrogen reduction of silicon tetrachloride in a high-frequency arc gas discharge at atmospheric pressure. The thermodynamic and gas-dynamic analyses of the reduction process of silicon tetrachloride in hydrogen plasma, along with the behavior of organochlorine impurities, organic substances, and boron trichloride, was conducted. These analyses suggest that under equilibrium conditions, the conversion reactions of impurities result in the formation of silicon carbide and boron silicide. Potential chemical reactions for the conversion of the studied impurities into silicon carbide and boron silicide have been proposed. A new potential for plasma chemical processes has been identified, enabling the effective purification of chlorosilanes from both limiting and limited impurities. The results demonstrate the possibility of significantly reducing the concentrations of organochlorine and organic impurities, as well as boron trichloride, during the reduction of silicon tetrachloride in hydrogen plasma. The maximum conversion rates achieved included 99% for the organochlorine impurity CCl₄ to silicon carbide, 91% for benzene impurity to silicon carbide, and 86% for boron trichloride to boron silicide. Full article

► Show Figures

Figure 1

11 pages, 3098 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Reinvestigation of Coalescence Reactions of Fullerenes

by Shumei Yang, Jicheng Yang, Jinyang Li, Guanxin Yao, Xianyi Zhang and Xianglei Kong

Inorganics 2025, 13(3), 79; https://doi.org/10.3390/inorganics13030079 - 9 Mar 2025

Viewed by 245

Abstract

Gas-phase studies of fullerenes and metallofullerenes, though less well explored compared to condensed-phase research in recent years, offer critical insights into the mechanisms governing their formation and behavior. In this study, we re-examined the coalescence reactions of fullerenes using a high-resolution Fourier transform [...] Read more.

Gas-phase studies of fullerenes and metallofullerenes, though less well explored compared to condensed-phase research in recent years, offer critical insights into the mechanisms governing their formation and behavior. In this study, we re-examined the coalescence reactions of fullerenes using a high-resolution Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance (FT ICR) mass spectrometer, especially the effect of electric fields in the source region on the formation of large-sized fullerenes. By varying the voltages on the metal plate where the C₆₀ was deposited, we achieved enhanced control over the coalescence process, revealing distinct distributions of fullerene products that differ from those reported in earlier studies. What is the most attractive is that a negative voltage applied on the metal plate is actually more conducive to the production of large-sized fullerene cations. Notably, we identified previously unobserved species, including doubly charged fullerene cations (e.g., C₁₆₀²⁺) and metallofullerene ions (e.g., Y_1–2C_94–124⁺), providing new evidence for the complexity of gas-phase fullerene chemistry. These findings underscore the importance of source region electric fields in shaping coalescence outcomes and highlight the potential of gas-phase approaches for synthesizing novel metallofullerenes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Inorganic Materials)

► Show Figures

Graphical abstract

10 pages, 1586 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Nanoformulations of Cosmetic Interest for the Cutaneous Uptake of Nickel

by Roberta Cassano, Emilia Furia, Sonia Trombino, Rosangela Elliani, Carmine Borgia, Francesco Gagliardi and Federica Curcio

Inorganics 2025, 13(3), 78; https://doi.org/10.3390/inorganics13030078 - 8 Mar 2025

Viewed by 168

Abstract

Cosmetic products contain numerous metals used as pigments, UV filters, preservatives, antiperspirants and antimicrobial agents, which are responsible for allergic skin reactions, with the most common being nickel. To reduce skin penetration of Ni, innovative pharmaceutical formulations such as lipogels with chelating action [...] Read more.

Cosmetic products contain numerous metals used as pigments, UV filters, preservatives, antiperspirants and antimicrobial agents, which are responsible for allergic skin reactions, with the most common being nickel. To reduce skin penetration of Ni, innovative pharmaceutical formulations such as lipogels with chelating action against the metal ions themselves can be used. Chelation therapy allows a chelating agent to combine with metal ions to form a stable ring structure called a chelate. The chelate structure is more soluble in water than the toxic metal, which facilitates removal of the toxic metal from the tissue and its excretion by the kidneys. The aim of the following work was to evaluate the chelating properties against nickel ions of different types of lipogels containing flavonoids such as resveratrol and epigallocatechin gallate with chelating activities largely dependent on the number and position of their hydroxyl groups. The results obtained showed that lipogels based on epigallocatechin gallate show high chelating action against nickel, especially at low concentrations. In addition, rheological studies showed an ideal profile to ensure viscoelasticity and swelling of the lipogel within 48 h, confirming reports of 75% epigallocatechin release from the lipogel after 48 h. Tests have shown that lipogels based on epigallocatechin gallate have high chelating action against nickel, especially at low concentrations. Full article

► Show Figures

Figure 1

17 pages, 5155 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Analysis of Tetracycline Modification Based on g-C₃N₄ Photocatalytic Degradation

by Jinghang Li, Qi Shi, Chaoyu Song, Chenxi Shi and Yuguang Lv

Inorganics 2025, 13(3), 77; https://doi.org/10.3390/inorganics13030077 - 7 Mar 2025

Viewed by 214

Abstract

To address challenges in antibiotic wastewater treatment, we synthesized a series of graphitic carbon nitride (g-C₃N₄)-based photocatalysts (BCN, PCN, TCN, BTCN, and TCNE-modified PTCN) via defect engineering. TCNE modification disrupted the triazine ring-bridging amino network in PTCN, forming a [...] Read more.

To address challenges in antibiotic wastewater treatment, we synthesized a series of graphitic carbon nitride (g-C₃N₄)-based photocatalysts (BCN, PCN, TCN, BTCN, and TCNE-modified PTCN) via defect engineering. TCNE modification disrupted the triazine ring-bridging amino network in PTCN, forming a porous structure with enhanced specific surface area validated by SEM/TEM while retaining the graphene-like framework confirmed by XRD/FTIR. Photoluminescence (PL) analysis revealed prolonged photogenerated carrier lifetime and improved separation efficiency in PTCN, achieving 89.10% degradation of chlortetracycline hydrochloride under visible light—1.65-fold higher than pristine g-C₃N₄. Mechanistic studies identified superoxide radicals (•O₂⁻) as dominant active species, generated via O₂ activation at defect sites and efficient electron-hole utilization. Optimized conditions enabled PTCN to maintain high activity across a broad pH range and retain 82.59% efficiency after five cycles. This work advances defect-engineered photocatalyst design for adaptable, high-performance antibiotic degradation, offering practical insights for wastewater remediation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nanocomposites for Photocatalysis, 2nd Edition)

► Show Figures

Graphical abstract

10 pages, 6059 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Mg-Doped Li₂FeTiO₄ as a High-Performance Cathode Material Enabling Fast and Stable Li-ion Storage

by Pengqing Hou, Yingdong Qu, Rui Huang, Xinru Tian, Guanglong Li and Shaohua Luo

Inorganics 2025, 13(3), 76; https://doi.org/10.3390/inorganics13030076 - 6 Mar 2025

Viewed by 224

Abstract

As a multi-electron system material, the excellent capacity and environmentally benign properties of Li₂FeTiO₄ cathodes make them attractive for lithium-ion batteries. Nevertheless, their electrochemical performance has been hampered by poor conductivity and limited ion transport. In this work, the synthesis [...] Read more.

As a multi-electron system material, the excellent capacity and environmentally benign properties of Li₂FeTiO₄ cathodes make them attractive for lithium-ion batteries. Nevertheless, their electrochemical performance has been hampered by poor conductivity and limited ion transport. In this work, the synthesis of Mg-doped Li₂Mg_xFe_1−xTiO₄ (LiFT-Mgx, x = 0, 0.01, 0.03, 0.05) cathode materials was successfully achieved. We observed significant gains in interlayer spacing, ionic conductivity, and kinetics. Hence, the sample of the LiFT-Mg0.03 cathode demonstrated charming initial capacity (112.1 mAh g⁻¹, 0.05 C), stability (85.0%, 30 cycles), and rate capability (96.5 mAh g⁻¹, 85.9%). This research provided precious insights into lithium storage with exceptional long-term stability and has the potential to drive the development of next-generation energy storage technologies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Novel Research on Electrochemical Energy Storage Materials)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

19 pages, 5085 KiB

Open AccessReview

Polyoxometalate–Polymer Composites with Distinct Compositions and Structures as High-Performance Solid Electrolytes

by Takeru Ito

Inorganics 2025, 13(3), 75; https://doi.org/10.3390/inorganics13030075 - 5 Mar 2025

Viewed by 134

Abstract

Solid electrolytes, including polymer electrolytes, are a promising option for improving the performance of environmentally friendly batteries such as rechargeable lithium-ion batteries or fuel cells. Hydrogen–oxygen fuel cells producing only water under power generation are attracting widespread attention, and they need proton conductors [...] Read more.

Solid electrolytes, including polymer electrolytes, are a promising option for improving the performance of environmentally friendly batteries such as rechargeable lithium-ion batteries or fuel cells. Hydrogen–oxygen fuel cells producing only water under power generation are attracting widespread attention, and they need proton conductors as electrolytes. Fluoropolymer electrolytes such as Nafion^® have been utilized for hydrogen–oxygen fuel cells below 100 °C; however, they are not applicable over the working temperature. Therefore, other types of polymer electrolytes are demanded for hydrogen–oxygen fuel cells. Polyoxometalate (POM) inorganic clusters are known as proton conductors and are utilized to prepare POM–polymer composites for solid electrolyte application. In such POM–polymer composites, distinct compositions and structures are significant for improving the performance of proton conductivity. Recently, POM–polymer composites with distinct compositions and structures have been synthesized to obtain high proton conductivity. The key factor is to use single-crystalline compounds. Here, several examples are overviewed by classifying them into three categories: (i) single-crystalline POM–polymer composites, (ii) organically modified POM (org-POM) polymers, and (iii) POM hybrid polymers using polymerizable cations. The application of proton-conductive solid electrolytes is focused on. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Inorganic Materials)

► Show Figures

Graphical abstract

13 pages, 6588 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Direct Synthesis of LiAlH₄ from Ti-Doped Active LiAl Alloy

by Yan Chu, Shiwei Fang, Yingjue Chen, Xiaoqi Zhang, Jie Zheng, Zhenglong Li, Wubin Du, Wengang Cui, Jian Miao, Yaxiong Yang, Yongfeng Liu, Mingxia Gao and Hongge Pan

Inorganics 2025, 13(3), 74; https://doi.org/10.3390/inorganics13030074 - 1 Mar 2025

Viewed by 266

Abstract

LiAlH₄, characterized by high hydrogen capacity and metastable properties, is regarded as a promising hydrogen source under mild conditions. However, its reversible regeneration from dehydrogenated production is hindered thermodynamically and kinetically. Herein, we demonstrate an active Li–Al–Ti nanocrystalline alloy prepared by [...] Read more.

LiAlH₄, characterized by high hydrogen capacity and metastable properties, is regarded as a promising hydrogen source under mild conditions. However, its reversible regeneration from dehydrogenated production is hindered thermodynamically and kinetically. Herein, we demonstrate an active Li–Al–Ti nanocrystalline alloy prepared by melt spinning and cryomilling to enable directly synthesizing nano-LiAlH₄. Due to the non-equilibrium preparation methods, the grain/particle size of the alloy was reduced, stress defects were introduced, and the dispersion of the Ti catalyst was promoted. The refined Li–Al–Ti nanocrystalline alloy with abundant defects and uniform catalytic sites demonstrated a high reactivity of the particle surface, thereby enhancing hydrogen absorption and desorption kinetics. Nano-LiAlH₄ was directly obtained by ball milling a 5% Ti containing Li–Al–Ti nanocrystalline alloy with a grain size of 17.4 nm and Al₃Ti catalytic phase distributed under 20 bar hydrogen pressure for 16 h. The obtained LiAlH₄ exhibited room temperature dehydrogenation performance and good reversibility. This finding provides a potential strategy for the non-solvent synthesis and direct hydrogenation of metastable LiAlH₄ hydrogen storage materials. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Inorganic Nanomaterials for Energy Conversion and Catalysis Applications)

► Show Figures

Graphical abstract

10 pages, 9975 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Fabrication and Electrochemical Performance of Br-Doped Na₃PS₄ Solid-State Electrolyte for Sodium–Sulfur Batteries via Melt-Quenching and Hot-Pressing

by Ao Ma, Shuhui Liu, Degui Li, Bin Gu, Sheng Li and Jing Wang

Inorganics 2025, 13(3), 73; https://doi.org/10.3390/inorganics13030073 - 28 Feb 2025

Viewed by 251

Abstract

Room-temperature all-solid-state sodium–sulfur (Na-S) batteries are being regarded as a promising technology for large-scale energy storage. However, the low ionic conductivity of existing sulfide solid electrolytes has been hindering the potential and commercialization of Na-S batteries. Na₃PS₄ has garnered extensive [...] Read more.

Room-temperature all-solid-state sodium–sulfur (Na-S) batteries are being regarded as a promising technology for large-scale energy storage. However, the low ionic conductivity of existing sulfide solid electrolytes has been hindering the potential and commercialization of Na-S batteries. Na₃PS₄ has garnered extensive attention among sulfide solid electrolytes due to its potential ionic conductivity (primarily predominated by vacancies) and ease of fabrication. Herein, we demonstrated a combined melt-quenching with Br doping technique to pre-generate abundant defects (vacancies) in the Na₃PS₄, which expanded ion transport channels and facilitated Na⁺ migration. The quenched Na_2.9PS_3.9Br_0.1 holds an ionic conductivity of 8.28 × 10⁻⁴ S/cm at room temperature. Followed by the hot-pressed fabrication at 450 °C was conducted on the quenched Na_2.9PS_3.9Br_0.1 to reduce interface resistance, the resultant Na_2.9PS_3.9Br_0.1 pellet shows an ionic conductivity up to 1.15 × 10⁻³ S/cm with a wide electrochemical window and chemical stability towards Na alloy anodes. The assembled all-solid-state Na₂S/Na_2.9PS_3.9Br_0.1/Na₁₅Sn₄ cell delivers an initial reversible capacity of 550 mAh/g at a current density of 0.1 mA/cm². After 50 cycles, it still maintains 420 mAh/g with a capacity retention of 76.4%. The integration of melt-quenching, doping, and hot-pressing provides a new strategy to enable sulfide electrolytes with high ionic conductivity and all-solid-state Na-S batteries with high performance. Full article

► Show Figures

Figure 1

20 pages, 3949 KiB

Open AccessReview

Precise Synthesis of High-Strength Chiral Au Nanomaterials: From Chiral Au Nanoclusters to Chiral Au Nanoparticles

by Haijuan Luo, Chuanhua Shi, Zhixun Zhang, Yan Nong, Juefei Dai, Chengcheng Feng, Wenjie Li, Xianyong Yu, Xueji Zhang and Huayan Yang

Inorganics 2025, 13(3), 72; https://doi.org/10.3390/inorganics13030072 - 27 Feb 2025

Viewed by 368

Abstract

Chiral gold nanomaterials have promising applications in biomedicine, catalysis, optics and other fields. However, the complexity of their chiral sources has led to many challenges in terms of the functional design and controlled synthesis. In this paper, we systematically review the development history [...] Read more.

Chiral gold nanomaterials have promising applications in biomedicine, catalysis, optics and other fields. However, the complexity of their chiral sources has led to many challenges in terms of the functional design and controlled synthesis. In this paper, we systematically review the development history of chiral Au nanomaterials; deeply analyze the synthesis strategy, chiral construction mechanism, and performance optimization pathway; and discuss the formation mechanism in light of the progress of cutting-edge research to look into the future direction of development. The aim is to provide theoretical and methodological support for the controllable synthesis of chiral gold nanomaterials. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Advances in Molecular Symmetry and Chirality Research)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

30 pages, 17823 KiB

Open AccessReview

Emerging Piezoelectric Sonosensitizer for ROS-Driven Sonodynamic Cancer Therapy

by Guiyun Wang, Yanxia Qi, Zhuang Liu and Ruowei Wang

Inorganics 2025, 13(3), 71; https://doi.org/10.3390/inorganics13030071 - 26 Feb 2025

Viewed by 284

Abstract

As a non-invasive modality, sonodynamic therapy (SDT) offers several advantages in cancer treatment, including deep tissue penetration and precise spatiotemporal control, resulting from the interplay between low-intensity ultrasound and sonosensitizers. Piezoelectric materials, known for their remarkable capacity of interconversion of mechanical and electrical [...] Read more.

As a non-invasive modality, sonodynamic therapy (SDT) offers several advantages in cancer treatment, including deep tissue penetration and precise spatiotemporal control, resulting from the interplay between low-intensity ultrasound and sonosensitizers. Piezoelectric materials, known for their remarkable capacity of interconversion of mechanical and electrical energy, have garnered considerable attention in biomedical applications, which can serve as pivotal sonosensitizers in SDT. These materials can generate internal electric fields via ultrasound-induced mechanical deformation, which modulates the alteration of charge carriers, thereby initiating surface redox reactions to generate reactive oxygen species (ROS) and realizing the therapeutic efficacy of SDT. This review provides an in-depth exploration of piezoelectric materials utilized in SDT, with a particular emphasis on recent innovations, elucidation of underlying mechanisms, and optimization strategies for advanced biomedical piezoelectric materials. Furthermore, the incorporation of piezoelectric sonosensitizers with immunotherapy, photodynamic, chemodynamic, and chemotherapy is explored, emphasizing their potential to enhance cancer therapy outcomes. By examining the basic principles of the piezoelectric effect and its contributions to SDT, this review sheds light on the promising applications of piezoelectric materials in oncology. It also highlights future directions for improving these materials and expanding their clinical utility in tumor sonodynamic therapy. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Development of Nanocomposite Materials for Environmental Remediation and Biomedical Application)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

13 pages, 4193 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Synthesis and Molecular Structure of Iron(III) Diaryl-Dithiocarbamate Complexes, [Fe(S₂CNAr₂)₃], and a Preliminary Study Exploring Their Potential as Single-Source Precursors for Nanoscale Iron Sulfides

by Jagodish C. Sarker, Tannith-Jade Cole, Xiang Xu, Firoz Alam, Paul D. McNaughter, Jeremy K. Cockcroft, David J. Lewis and Graeme Hogarth

Inorganics 2025, 13(3), 70; https://doi.org/10.3390/inorganics13030070 - 26 Feb 2025

Viewed by 265

Abstract

Diaryldithiocarbamate complexes, [Fe(S₂CNAr₂)₃], have been prepared and their structure, reactivity, and thermal degradation to afford iron sulfide nanomaterials have been investigated. The addition of three equivalents of LiS₂CNAr₂ to FeCl₂·4H₂O [...] Read more.

Diaryldithiocarbamate complexes, [Fe(S₂CNAr₂)₃], have been prepared and their structure, reactivity, and thermal degradation to afford iron sulfide nanomaterials have been investigated. The addition of three equivalents of LiS₂CNAr₂ to FeCl₂·4H₂O in water-air affords dark red [Fe(S₂CNAr₂)₃] in high yields. All show magnetic measurements consistent with a predominantly high-spin electronic arrangement at room temperature. The molecular structure of [Fe{S₂C(N-p-MeOC₆H₄)₂}₃] reveals the expected distorted octahedral geometry, but Fe-S distances are more consistent with a low-spin electronic configuration, likely a result of the low temperature (120 K) of the data collection. The thermal stability of [Fe{S₂C(N-p-MeC₆H₄)₂}₃] has been investigated. TGA shows that it begins to decompose at a significantly lower temperature (ca. 160 °C) than previously observed for [Fe(S₂CNEt₂)₃], and this is further lowered (to ca. 100 °C) in oleylamine. The decomposition of [Fe{S₂C(N-p-MeC₆H₄)₂}₃] in oleylamine, via either a heat-up or hot injection process, affords nanoparticles of Fe₃S₄ (greigite), while in contrast, dry heating at 450 °C affords FeS (troilite) as large agglomerates. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Editorial Board Members’ Collection Series in “Featuring Ligands and Their Applications in Coordination Chemistry”)

► Show Figures

Graphical abstract

15 pages, 7728 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Coordination Polymers Constructed from Polycarboxylic Acids and Semi-Rigid Bis-pyridyl-bis-imide Ligands: Synthesis, Structures and Iodine Adsorption

by Yi-Wun Chen, Zhi-Ling Chen, Song-Wei Wang and Jhy-Der Chen

Inorganics 2025, 13(3), 69; https://doi.org/10.3390/inorganics13030069 - 26 Feb 2025

Viewed by 149

Abstract

Reactions of N,N′-bis(3-pyridylmethyl)-pyromellitic diimide (L¹) or N,N’-bis(3-pyridyl)bicyclo(2,2,2,)oct-7-ene-2,3,5,6-tetracarboxylic diimide (L²) with 1,3,5-benzenetricarboxylic acid (1,3,5-H₃BTC), 4,4′-sulfonyldibenzoic acid (H₂SDA), or 4,4′-oxybisbenzoic acid (H₂OBA) and divalent metal salts afforded {[Co(1,3,5-HBTC)(H₂O)₂ [...] Read more.

Reactions of N,N′-bis(3-pyridylmethyl)-pyromellitic diimide (L¹) or N,N’-bis(3-pyridyl)bicyclo(2,2,2,)oct-7-ene-2,3,5,6-tetracarboxylic diimide (L²) with 1,3,5-benzenetricarboxylic acid (1,3,5-H₃BTC), 4,4′-sulfonyldibenzoic acid (H₂SDA), or 4,4′-oxybisbenzoic acid (H₂OBA) and divalent metal salts afforded {[Co(1,3,5-HBTC)(H₂O)₂(L¹)]·H₂O}_n, 1, {[Co(1,3,5-HBTC)(H₂O)₃(L¹)_0.5]·H₂O}_n, 2, {[Co(SDA)(L¹)_0.5]·H₂O}_n, 3, {[Co(1,3,5-HBTC)(H₂O(L²))]·H₂O}_n, 4, {[Ni(1,3,5-HBTC)(H₂O)(L²)]·H₂O}_n, 5, [Ni(SDA)(L²)]_n, 6, and [Ni(OBA)(L²)]_n, 7, which were structurally characterized by using single-crystal X-ray diffraction. Complexes 1 and 2 are 1D chains with the 2,4C6 and 2,3C2 topologies, respectively, and 3 is a 2D layer with the 4,5L51 topology, whereas 4 and 5 are 1D chains with the 2,4C6 topology and 6 and 7 are 2D layers with the 2,4L2 topology. Complex 3 shows a better iodine-adsorption factor of 133.77 mg g⁻¹ at 75 °C for 24 h than 5–7, revealing that the pi-pi conjugation of the dipyridyl ligand may govern the iodine adsorption capacity. Full article

► Show Figures

Graphical abstract

15 pages, 4980 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Fabrication and Characterization of 3D-Printed Porous Structures Based on Walstromite-Type Silicate Ceramics

by Ștefania Caramarin, Lidia Licu, Florentina-Gabriela Ioniță, Andreea-Nicoleta Ghiță, Dumitru-Valentin Drăguț, Miruna-Adriana Ioța and Laura-Mădălina Cursaru

Inorganics 2025, 13(3), 68; https://doi.org/10.3390/inorganics13030068 - 25 Feb 2025

Viewed by 289

Abstract

This study investigates the additive manufacturing of 3D porous scaffolds based on walstromite-type silicate ceramics for bone tissue engineering applications. Walstromite powders were synthesized using the sol-gel method and printed using extrusion-based 3D printing. Both sintered and unsintered scaffolds were characterized using scanning [...] Read more.

This study investigates the additive manufacturing of 3D porous scaffolds based on walstromite-type silicate ceramics for bone tissue engineering applications. Walstromite powders were synthesized using the sol-gel method and printed using extrusion-based 3D printing. Both sintered and unsintered scaffolds were characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-Ray diffraction (XRD) and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) analyses to evaluate the effects of sintering on microstructure, porosity, and mechanical properties. Results indicate that the unsintered scaffolds exhibited significantly higher compressive strength due to the presence of organic binders, whereas the sintered scaffolds demonstrated enhanced porosity, facilitating cell infiltration and nutrient flow. Therefore, the sintering process reduced compressive strength, probably due to the loss of organic compounds and increased porosity. These findings underline the need for optimizing sintering parameters to balance mechanical integrity and porosity, ensuring that the scaffolds meet the mechanical and biological requirements for bone regeneration. Alternative sintering methods, such as microwave sintering, are also suggested for future research to minimize the mechanical degradation observed post-sintering. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Novel Functional Ceramics)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

Journal Menu

Journal Browser

Inorganics, Volume 13, Issue 3 (March 2025) – 32 articles

Further Information

Guidelines

MDPI Initiatives

Follow MDPI