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Editor’s Choice Articles

Editor’s Choice articles are based on recommendations by the scientific editors of MDPI journals from around the world. Editors select a small number of articles recently published in the journal that they believe will be particularly interesting to readers, or important in the respective research area. The aim is to provide a snapshot of some of the most exciting work published in the various research areas of the journal.

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16 pages, 2634 KiB  
Article
Optimized Production of Fungal Polygalacturonase Using Cupuaçu (Theobroma grandiflorum) Peel as Substrate and Its Effect on Clarification of Cupuaçu Juice
by Lucas de S. Falcão, Trisha E. de A. Monteiro, Thaís S. do Amaral, Sthéfanny C. M. Azevedo, Bárbara N. Batista, António M. Jordão and Patrícia M. Albuquerque
Beverages 2025, 11(1), 6; https://doi.org/10.3390/beverages11010006 - 28 Dec 2024
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 793
Abstract
Pectinolytic enzymes play a key role in many beverages manufacturing processes, improving their clarification and filtration steps. Fungal pectinases are considered promising green catalysts for industrial applications, and they can be produced using fruit-processing residues as substrate. In this study, we investigated the [...] Read more.
Pectinolytic enzymes play a key role in many beverages manufacturing processes, improving their clarification and filtration steps. Fungal pectinases are considered promising green catalysts for industrial applications, and they can be produced using fruit-processing residues as substrate. In this study, we investigated the optimal conditions to produce polygalacturonase from Aspergillus brasiliensis in a solid-phase bioprocess, using cupuaçu (Theobroma grandiflorum) peel as substrate. Then, the pectinolytic extract was applied in the clarification of cupuaçu juice. A central composite design was used to determine the optimal fungal cultivation conditions. Thus, the optimal fungal cultivation (maximum production of 11.81 U/g of polygalacturonase) was obtained using cupuaçu peel with 80% moisture, at 34 °C, for 7 days in a medium containing 4.2% phosphorus and 2.6% nitrogen. The enzymatic extract showed greater activity at 60 °C and stability at a pH range between 5.0 and 7.0. The pectinolytic extract was able to clarify the cupuaçu juice, causing a 53.95% reduction in its turbidity and maintaining its antioxidant activity. Our results demonstrate that the cupuaçu peel can be used as a substrate to produce polygalacturonase, and the enzymatic extract produced can be applied in the cupuaçu juice processing, contributing to the circular economy. Full article
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16 pages, 2397 KiB  
Article
Post-Fermentative Addition of Grape Seed Protein Hydrolysates and Their Impact on Wine Colour-Related Polyphenols
by Ana Belén Mora-Garrido, M. Luisa Escudero-Gilete, M. Lourdes González-Miret, Francisco J. Heredia and María Jesús Cejudo-Bastante
Beverages 2025, 11(1), 5; https://doi.org/10.3390/beverages11010005 - 27 Dec 2024
Viewed by 665
Abstract
This study evaluates the effect of protein hydrolysates, obtained from grape seed meal (industrial waste), as colour stabilisers in red wines from warm climates. Protein hydrolysates were added to the wine after fermentation and maceration. Assays were performed using different types and doses [...] Read more.
This study evaluates the effect of protein hydrolysates, obtained from grape seed meal (industrial waste), as colour stabilisers in red wines from warm climates. Protein hydrolysates were added to the wine after fermentation and maceration. Assays were performed using different types and doses of protein hydrolysates. Two grapevine-growing seasons were monitored over 8 months. Attention was focused on different families of polyphenolic compounds, copigmentation, and polymerisation, and colour changes were assessed by differential tristimulus colourimetry. Regardless of doses and typology, wines with protein hydrolysates suffered a decrease in the amount of phenolics and an increase in % polymerisation. Only wines treated with 3 g/L of hydrolysates showed lower colour intensity and greater clarity and hue after 8 months, while treatment with 0.5 g/L produced brownish wines. The addition of hydrolysates from a low hydrolysis time did not affect the copigmentation balances or produced negative visually perceptible colour differences over time. These results indicate that the post-fermentation addition of protein hydrolysates does not seem to significantly improve the stabilisation of the wine colour, in contrast to the addition at other stages. This information is of great interest to wineries to consider the application of this novel technique at the optimal time. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Wine, Spirits and Oenological Products)
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17 pages, 4040 KiB  
Article
Quality Evaluation of Fresh Sweet Pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) Juices Prepared Using a Household High-Speed Blender and a Low-Speed Masticating Juicer: A Comparative Study
by Van-Long Truong, Razanamanana H. G. Rarison, Yeon-Ji Bae, Ji-Hong Bang and Woo-Sik Jeong
Beverages 2025, 11(1), 2; https://doi.org/10.3390/beverages11010002 - 24 Dec 2024
Viewed by 781
Abstract
Fresh homemade juice has become increasingly popular as it contains healthy functional ingredients without additives and preservatives but has preserved freshness and nutritional value. Capsicum annuum L. fruits are a well-known natural source of bioactive components, including phenolic compounds, carotenoids, vitamins A and [...] Read more.
Fresh homemade juice has become increasingly popular as it contains healthy functional ingredients without additives and preservatives but has preserved freshness and nutritional value. Capsicum annuum L. fruits are a well-known natural source of bioactive components, including phenolic compounds, carotenoids, vitamins A and C, and dietary fiber. This study assessed the physicochemical property, antioxidant activity, and bioactive compounds of three homemade sweet pepper (yellow, orange, and red) juices prepared using two household juicers: high-speed blender and low-speed masticating juicer. The results indicated that all the juices prepared using both juicers exhibited high nutritional values and antioxidant activities, as evident from the total polyphenol, carotenoid, vitamin C, and glucose contents, total antioxidant capacity, and radical scavenging activities. Among them, orange pepper juice had better functional properties. Furthermore, seedless pepper juices appeared to be better than those with seeds. Additionally, pepper juices prepared using the low-speed juicer exhibited higher physicochemical and functional characteristics than those prepared using the high-speed blender throughout the 14-day storage period. These results demonstrate that seedless orange juice has diverse bioactive components and high antioxidant capacities. Moreover, using a low-speed juicer offers distinct advantages over a high-speed blender in producing pepper juices with superior quality and functional properties. Full article
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17 pages, 866 KiB  
Review
Carob-Based Functional Beverages: Nutritional Value and Health Properties
by Carla Buzzanca, Angela D’Amico, Enrica Pistorio, Vita Di Stefano and Maria Grazia Melilli
Beverages 2025, 11(1), 1; https://doi.org/10.3390/beverages11010001 - 24 Dec 2024
Viewed by 2020
Abstract
Functional carob beverages have recently attracted consumer attention as a natural and sustainable alternative due to their excellent nutritional profile and associated health benefits. Derived from the pods of the carob tree (Ceratonia siliqua L.), which thrives in Mediterranean regions, [...] Read more.
Functional carob beverages have recently attracted consumer attention as a natural and sustainable alternative due to their excellent nutritional profile and associated health benefits. Derived from the pods of the carob tree (Ceratonia siliqua L.), which thrives in Mediterranean regions, these beverages are naturally sweet, caffeine-free, and rich in bioactive compounds, including polyphenols, dietary fiber, and essential minerals. This review highlights the nutritional composition of carob beverages, noting their high fiber content, antioxidant capacity, and lack of stimulating alkaloids, making them an ideal option for health-conscious consumers. The manufacturing processes, phytochemical properties, and sensory qualities of carob beverages are discussed, along with their potential roles in promoting digestive, cardiovascular, and metabolic health. The growing interest in carob reflects broader trends in sustainable food systems and plant-based nutrition, positioning carob beverages as a promising choice in the functional beverage industry. Full article
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14 pages, 267 KiB  
Article
Enhancing the Aroma of Dealcoholized La Mancha Tempranillo Rosé Wines with Their Aromatic Distillates
by M. Osorio Alises, E. Sánchez-Palomo and M. A. González Viñas
Beverages 2024, 10(4), 123; https://doi.org/10.3390/beverages10040123 - 19 Dec 2024
Viewed by 777
Abstract
The increasing demand for non-alcoholic beverages has led to the development of dealcoholized wines. However, current dealcoholization techniques often negatively impact wine aroma due to the loss of volatile compounds. This study investigates the impact of incorporating an aromatic distillate, collected during the [...] Read more.
The increasing demand for non-alcoholic beverages has led to the development of dealcoholized wines. However, current dealcoholization techniques often negatively impact wine aroma due to the loss of volatile compounds. This study investigates the impact of incorporating an aromatic distillate, collected during the spinning cone column (SCC) dealcoholization process, back into dealcoholized Tempranillo rosé wines. The aromatic distillate was added to dealcoholized wine in varying concentrations (0.5%, 1.0%, and 1.5% v/v). A total of 57 volatile compounds, including 25 varietal and 32 fermentative compounds, were identified and quantified using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The addition of the aromatic distillate significantly increased the concentration of several volatile compounds, notably C6 compounds, terpenes, benzene compounds, and esters. The odor activity values (OAVs) reveal that increasing distillate concentrations led to a higher number of compounds with OAVs greater than 1, indicating enhanced individual aroma contributions. The fruity and sweet aromatic series were predominant in all samples, with their total intensity increasing with higher distillate concentrations. However, the addition of 1.5% v/v of the aromatic distillate (AW3) resulted in an alcohol content exceeding the legal limit for dealcoholized wine, classifying it as a reduced-alcohol wine. The study concludes that adding 1% v/v of the aromatic distillate to dealcoholized Tempranillo rosé wine effectively enhances the aroma profile while remaining within regulatory limits for dealcoholized wine. This approach presents a viable method for producing high-quality, aromatic, dealcoholized wines that meet consumer demand for non-alcoholic beverages. Full article
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11 pages, 1432 KiB  
Article
Volatile Fingerprints of Synthetic Wines Fermented by Different Oenological Yeast Strains
by Sandra Pati, Ilaria Benucci, Giuseppe Rosiello and Marco Esti
Beverages 2024, 10(4), 122; https://doi.org/10.3390/beverages10040122 - 12 Dec 2024
Viewed by 774
Abstract
Background: The role of the S. cerevisiae strain in defining the volatile fingerprint is expressed throughout alcoholic fermentation and post-fermentation sur lie aging and is crucial for customizing the wine style. Methods: In this study, the alcoholic fermentation was carried out in a [...] Read more.
Background: The role of the S. cerevisiae strain in defining the volatile fingerprint is expressed throughout alcoholic fermentation and post-fermentation sur lie aging and is crucial for customizing the wine style. Methods: In this study, the alcoholic fermentation was carried out in a synthetic must to exclusively bring out the performance of the yeast in terms of volatile compound production, excluding the effect of the grape. Results: Among the 33 volatile organic compounds identified in the synthetic wines by GC-MS, esters, alcohols, and acids, represented the major groups for the nine different commercial oenological strains tested. All the relevant differences in the volatile fingerprint of the synthetic wines, which were lab-scale fermented, were quantitative rather than qualitative. The clustergram representation of the volatiles revealed an outstanding fingerprint for two strains (VIN13 and VIN7) among those tested, featuring hexanoic acid, octanoic acid, the corresponding esters (ethyl hexanoate, ethyl octanoate), and the acetates (2-phenylethyl acetate, isoamyl acetate), all at the highest levels. No relationship was appreciated between the fermentation rate and the volatile fingerprints. Conclusions: The outcomes of this study address the wine industry’s needs, supplying a full characterization of a broad range of commercial yeasts’ ability in fermentative volatile production. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Beverage Technology Fermentation and Microbiology)
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18 pages, 671 KiB  
Article
Impact of French Oak Chip Maturation on the Volatile Composition and Sensory Profile of Agiorgitiko Wine
by Ioannis Ligas and Yorgos Kotseridis
Beverages 2024, 10(4), 121; https://doi.org/10.3390/beverages10040121 - 9 Dec 2024
Viewed by 1294
Abstract
The traditional practice of aging wines in oak barrels has long been associated with the evolution of wine aromas. However, due to rising costs, alternative approaches like aging with oak chips have gained popularity. The aging time, addition dose, and type of toasting [...] Read more.
The traditional practice of aging wines in oak barrels has long been associated with the evolution of wine aromas. However, due to rising costs, alternative approaches like aging with oak chips have gained popularity. The aging time, addition dose, and type of toasting of the oak chips are critical parameters affecting the quality of the wine’s aroma. In this study, we focus on wines from Agiorgitiko variety and explore the impact of oak chip maturation on both volatile composition and sensory profile. By analyzing volatile compounds of wine aroma using GC-MS/MS and conducting descriptive sensory analysis, we investigate the effects of three different oak chip toasting levels, three dosages, and three aging periods. Our findings reveal that almost all wines aged with oak chips exhibit higher ester concentrations compared to the control. Notably, heavily toasted oak chips contribute to the sensory attribute of smoky aroma, while medium oak chips are associated with the sensory attribute of barrel aroma. This study provides valuable data for winemakers to determine the most suitable application for their product. Full article
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18 pages, 5026 KiB  
Article
Using Latent Semantic Analysis to Investigate Wine Sensory Profiles—Application in Swedish Solaris Wines
by Gonzalo Garrido-Bañuelos, Mpho Mafata and Astrid Buica
Beverages 2024, 10(4), 120; https://doi.org/10.3390/beverages10040120 - 3 Dec 2024
Viewed by 1068
Abstract
Online text is a source of data in many fields, but it is yet to be explored by sensory scientists. The present work aimed to explore the suitability of using a bibliometric methodology such as Latent Semantic Analysis (LSA) to understand and define [...] Read more.
Online text is a source of data in many fields, but it is yet to be explored by sensory scientists. The present work aimed to explore the suitability of using a bibliometric methodology such as Latent Semantic Analysis (LSA) to understand and define wine sensory spaces. Data were also explored by the more conventional Multiple Correspondence Analysis (MCA). The present work shows the potential use of LSA in sensory science; the first part of the study investigates the sensory profile of Swedish Solaris wines, while the second part focuses on understanding their fit with two international monovarietal white wines (Albariño and Chenin Blanc). The results show that the majority of Swedish Solaris wines could be associated with two different styles (LSA topics). However, there is no evidence of a cultivar typicality, as when comparing the Solaris wines with Albariño and Chenin Blanc, they shared features with both cultivars. Chenin Blanc was also found to be associated with different styles. In contrast, Albariño wines showed to have more unique features as the majority were associated with a single LSA topic. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Innovative Characterization of Alcoholic Beverages: Sensory, Chemical and Terroir Insights)
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17 pages, 1040 KiB  
Review
Coffee: Lighting Its Complex Ground Truth and Percolating Its Molecular Brew
by Róża Paterek, Sive Geoghegan, Bernadette S. Creaven and Aoife Power
Beverages 2024, 10(4), 119; https://doi.org/10.3390/beverages10040119 - 2 Dec 2024
Viewed by 1341
Abstract
Coffee is one of the most widely traded commodities worldwide and its popularity is only increasing. The International Coffee Organisation (ICO) reported a 6% increase in global production in 2020 to 10.5 million tonnes. Coffee production is quite involved (from sowing to harvesting, [...] Read more.
Coffee is one of the most widely traded commodities worldwide and its popularity is only increasing. The International Coffee Organisation (ICO) reported a 6% increase in global production in 2020 to 10.5 million tonnes. Coffee production is quite involved (from sowing to harvesting, processing, packaging, and storage); consequently, the industry faces major challenges in terms of the assessment of its quality, flavour, and the components which contribute to coffee’s characterisation, as well as the sustainability of coffee production and global trade. This has prompted multiple studies on the nature of the aroma and taste of the many varieties of coffee around the world, which has resulted in the identification of approximately 1000 volatile compounds and the development and implementation of upwards of 100 lexicons to describe the specific sensory characteristics of coffee. The complex nature of coffee has necessitated the development and incorporation of new analytical methodologies, such as multidimensional separation technologies and spectroscopy coupled with multivariant analysis, to qualify the essential characteristics of coffee’s flavour. This work aims to review the research on coffee’s flavour, covering the roasting process of coffee beans, the volatile and non-volatile components generated by this process, and the chemical reactions responsible for their formation, as well as coffee’s sustainability, the coffee value chain, and various forms of regulation, particularly the current emphasis on ‘fair trade’. Full article
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15 pages, 1314 KiB  
Article
Ethanol’s Pharmacodynamic Effect on Odorant Detection in Distilled Spirits Models
by Zhuzhu Wang and Keith R. Cadwallader
Beverages 2024, 10(4), 116; https://doi.org/10.3390/beverages10040116 - 26 Nov 2024
Viewed by 1080
Abstract
Aroma perception in distilled spirits is influenced by both the physicochemical and pharmacodynamic effects of ethanol. This study measured these effects by examining the odor detection threshold (ODT) of various odorants. The physicochemical effect influences how odorants partition into the vapor matrix (headspace), [...] Read more.
Aroma perception in distilled spirits is influenced by both the physicochemical and pharmacodynamic effects of ethanol. This study measured these effects by examining the odor detection threshold (ODT) of various odorants. The physicochemical effect influences how odorants partition into the vapor matrix (headspace), while the pharmacodynamic effect affects the functioning of olfactory receptors cells (ORCs). Both factors contribute to changes in odorant ODTs, though it remains unclear which has a greater influence. Across three exploratory experiments, we demonstrated that ethanol in the vapor matrix suppressed the olfactory detection of key odorants in distilled spirits, with some chemical groups being more affected than others. This suppression effect increased as ethanol concentration rose. Notably, our results showed that ethanol’s pharmacodynamic effect plays the primary role in elevating ODTs in ethanol/water solutions, and this effect intensifies as ethanol concentration in the liquid matrix increases. These findings highlight the significant role of ethanol concentration in the vapor matrix and provide scientific support for practices such as diluting spirits or using specifically shaped glassware to lower ethanol headspace concentration during whiskey nosing (odor evaluation). Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Sensory Analysis of Beverages)
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8 pages, 1213 KiB  
Article
Investigation of Elemental Composition in White Wine Treated with Varying Doses of Bentonite
by Elisaveta Mladenova, Ivan Bakardzhiyski and Eva Dimitrova
Beverages 2024, 10(4), 114; https://doi.org/10.3390/beverages10040114 - 25 Nov 2024
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 768
Abstract
The mineral composition of wine is affected by numerous factors, including treatments with bentonite to control colloidal hazes. In this study, 10 parallel samples of white wine (Chardonnay, 2021 vintage year) were treated with pre-selected bentonite (activated calcium bentonite) at increasing doses, from [...] Read more.
The mineral composition of wine is affected by numerous factors, including treatments with bentonite to control colloidal hazes. In this study, 10 parallel samples of white wine (Chardonnay, 2021 vintage year) were treated with pre-selected bentonite (activated calcium bentonite) at increasing doses, from 0.3 to 3.0 g/L. Following acid mineralization, the content of some important elements was determined. The elements Al, Ba, Cd, Cu, Cr, Fe, Mg, Mn, P, Pb, and Zn were measured by inductively coupled plasma with optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES), while flame atomic absorption spectrometry (FAAS) was used for the determination of Ca, K, and Li. Depending on the applied dose, the bentonite changed the concentration of the determined elements in different ways. Results indicated that higher doses of bentonite led to an increase in Al, Ca, and Fe content, while Cu and Zn initially rose with low doses before declining to near-baseline levels with higher doses. Full article
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13 pages, 566 KiB  
Review
The Effect of Rooibos Tea (Aspalathus linearis) Consumption on Human Health Outcomes: A Systematic Literature Review
by Kathryn E. Speer, Jeanine L. Marnewick, Simeon E. H. Davies, Murray Turner, Viktoriya L. Nikolova, Richard Day, Andrew J. McKune and Nenad Naumovski
Beverages 2024, 10(4), 113; https://doi.org/10.3390/beverages10040113 - 22 Nov 2024
Viewed by 2496
Abstract
Rooibos tea, traditionally consumed by Indigenous populations, is naturally caffeine-free and contains unique polyphenols with strong antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-hyperglycaemic properties. As such, a systematic review was conducted following PRISMA 2020 guidelines (PROSPERO ID: CRD42023467829) to evaluate the potential association between rooibos tea [...] Read more.
Rooibos tea, traditionally consumed by Indigenous populations, is naturally caffeine-free and contains unique polyphenols with strong antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-hyperglycaemic properties. As such, a systematic review was conducted following PRISMA 2020 guidelines (PROSPERO ID: CRD42023467829) to evaluate the potential association between rooibos tea consumption and health outcomes. Relevant articles were searched from journal inception until October 2024 using five electronic databases (CINAHL, MEDLINE, Scopus, Web of Science Core Collection and Google Scholar) and one register (Cochrane Clinical Register of Controlled Trials). Included studies involved consumption of any rooibos tea beverage or supplement in humans 18 years or older and reported any health outcomes measured pre- and post-intervention. Following article screening and full text review, eight studies (175 participants) fulfilled the inclusion criteria and investigated the effects of rooibos consumption on biological [blood (n = 6); urine (n = 1)] and physiological [heart metrics (n = 2); muscle strength (n = 1)] health markers. Based on the included studies, the findings suggest benefits of rooibos consumption, particularly related to cardiometabolic health, with five studies supporting significant (p < 0.05) results. However, there is insufficient evidence to support the health benefits of rooibos consumption given the limited studies meeting inclusion criteria, the narrow scope of markers assessed and interstudy heterogeneity. Full article
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16 pages, 3612 KiB  
Article
The Bioactivities of Lactic Acid-Fermented Arthrospira platensis and Its Application in Functional Beverages
by Caterina Nicolotti, Javier Sanz Moxo, Benedetta Bottari, Martina Cirlini, Valentina Bernini, Monica Gatti, Ralph Urbatzka and Francesco Martelli
Beverages 2024, 10(4), 111; https://doi.org/10.3390/beverages10040111 - 20 Nov 2024
Viewed by 2778
Abstract
The demand for functional beverages with clean labels is growing. Arthrospira platensis and fermented products offer bioactive compounds, including antimicrobials. This study aimed to produce food-grade extracts from lactic acid-fermented A. platensis and evaluate its antimicrobial activity, lipid-reducing and glucose uptake effects, and [...] Read more.
The demand for functional beverages with clean labels is growing. Arthrospira platensis and fermented products offer bioactive compounds, including antimicrobials. This study aimed to produce food-grade extracts from lactic acid-fermented A. platensis and evaluate its antimicrobial activity, lipid-reducing and glucose uptake effects, and antioxidant properties. An in situ test was also conducted to assess antimicrobial activity in commercial soft drinks against Escherichia coli. Arthrospira platensis was fermented with five different QPS LAB strains: Limosilactobacillus fermentum UPCCO 1986, Companilactobacillus farciminis UPCCO 4841, Levilactobacillus brevis UPCCO 4873, Lentilactobacillus diolivorans UPCCO 5571, and Latilactobacillus curvatus UPCCO 6133, obtaining good results in aerobic and anaerobic conditions. The results have shown that the most versatile strain in fermenting biomass is L. brevis UPCCO 4873. Important in vitro antimicrobial activity was seen against Salmonella enterica, Listeria monocytogenes, Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. The extracts that exerted the highest antimicrobial activity (4841AE/AN, 5571AE, and 6133AN) were assessed for the in situ antimicrobial activity against E. coli ATCC 11229. Overall, the antimicrobial activity of the extracts was concentration-dependent, with higher concentrations exhibiting bactericidal effects and lower concentrations displaying bacteriostatic effects. Extracts from fermented A. platensis have also significantly reduced the neutral lipid reservoirs, which were not observed without fermentations. The strongest lipid-reducing effect was obtained with A. platensis fermented with Levilactobacillus brevis UPCCO 4873. This work opens the possibility of developing bioactive extracts or natural preservatives from fermented microalgae to be used in novel functional beverages. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Beverage Technology Fermentation and Microbiology)
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17 pages, 956 KiB  
Article
Replacement of Sulfur Dioxide in White, Rosé, and Red Wines by a Blend of Tannins Extracted from Multiple Plant Materials
by Aikaterini Karampatea, Adriana Skendi, Maria Irakli and Elisavet Bouloumpasi
Beverages 2024, 10(4), 110; https://doi.org/10.3390/beverages10040110 - 18 Nov 2024
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1101
Abstract
For a long time, sulfur dioxide (SO2) has been the most universally used additive in winemaking. With its wide range of effects, ease of use, and low cost, sulfur dioxide has not yet been completely replaced by any process or substance. [...] Read more.
For a long time, sulfur dioxide (SO2) has been the most universally used additive in winemaking. With its wide range of effects, ease of use, and low cost, sulfur dioxide has not yet been completely replaced by any process or substance. Since the expected trend for the near future is to keep reducing the concentration of sulfites, many investigations focus on alternative chemical, biological, or physical processes. This study aims to evaluate the chemical, antioxidant, and sensory impact of a plant-based product used as sulfur dioxide replacement (SDR) in white, rosé, and red wines produced as a result of the application of different vinification protocols. The physicochemical and sensory evaluation of the different wines produced showed that this plant-based product could be a good candidate, but appropriate winemaking treatments and optimization are needed to limit wine defects. Full article
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13 pages, 302 KiB  
Review
Beer with Probiotics: Benefits and Challenges of Their Incorporation
by Diana Santos, Luisa Barreiros, Ângelo Jesus, Ana Luísa Silva, João Paulo Martins, Ana Isabel Oliveira and Cláudia Pinho
Beverages 2024, 10(4), 109; https://doi.org/10.3390/beverages10040109 - 14 Nov 2024
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2580
Abstract
Beer is considered one of the most consumed beverages worldwide and a potential vehicle for probiotics. However, there are several technical challenges to overcome during the production and storage of beers, as probiotics must remain viable until the moment of consumption. Therefore, this [...] Read more.
Beer is considered one of the most consumed beverages worldwide and a potential vehicle for probiotics. However, there are several technical challenges to overcome during the production and storage of beers, as probiotics must remain viable until the moment of consumption. Therefore, this work aims to discuss how the incorporation of probiotics improves or adds value to beer and which variables influence the viability of the process. This is a narrative review of the literature with research in the PubMed, Web of Science, and b-on databases for articles related to the incorporation of probiotics in beer and the variables that influence the process. The results demonstrated that the incorporation of probiotics into beer faces technical challenges such as probiotic selection, pH, the presence of alcohol, and beer’s production and storage temperatures. However, strategies such as immobilizing probiotics in alginate, alginate–silica, and durian husk powder, fermentation with the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae var. boulardii, and co-fermentation with probiotics permit us to overcome these barriers. Thus, incorporating probiotics into beer brings added value, potentially increasing antioxidant activity and phenolic compound content and providing unique flavors and aromas. Nevertheless, strict control of the technical conditions involved is necessary to ensure probiotic viability and the health benefits they confer. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Developments in Brewing Processing and Analytical Techniques for the Evaluation of Beer Quality)
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12 pages, 645 KiB  
Article
Impact of Water Ionic Chemistry on Kombucha Fermentation
by Katherine A. Thompson-Witrick, Olivia Sundman, Sadie Disselkoen, Nicholas Hanson, Cheyenne Butler, Victoria Jordan, Ian Galbraith, Jada Spake, Seiler Pollock and Drew M. Budner
Beverages 2024, 10(4), 108; https://doi.org/10.3390/beverages10040108 - 13 Nov 2024
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1081
Abstract
Kombucha is made by using a symbiotic culture of bacteria and yeast (SCOBY) to ferment sweetened tea. This fermentation produces a beverage with a unique aroma and acidic flavor. Kombucha has recently gained popularity in the United States and has been reported to [...] Read more.
Kombucha is made by using a symbiotic culture of bacteria and yeast (SCOBY) to ferment sweetened tea. This fermentation produces a beverage with a unique aroma and acidic flavor. Kombucha has recently gained popularity in the United States and has been reported to have numerous health benefits. While there is a wide variation in kombucha composition, little is known about the impact water’s chemistry has on the fermentation and the resulting kombucha. Brewing water for kombucha was altered using the following ions: bicarbonate, chloride, calcium, magnesium, and sulfate at different concentrations. Pre-(tea) and post-(kombucha) fermentation (kombucha) products were analyzed for total acidity, pH, free amino nitrogen (FAN), total phenols, antioxidants, and biological components. A one-way ANOVA was run to determine statistical (p < 0.05) differences between the characteristics analyzed. Statistical differences were observed between the different water chemistry ions for all of the characteristics analyzed. Further investigation into the impact water chemistry has on flavor analysis is required. The information obtained from this research can be used to help producers to make kombuchas with an optimized chemical profile and improved antioxidant potentials. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Quality, Nutrition, and Chemistry of Beverages)
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16 pages, 1035 KiB  
Article
Volcanic Terroirs: Exploring Minerals in Canary Red Wine
by Jesus Heras-Roger, Carlos Díaz-Romero, Javier Darias-Rosales and Jacinto Darias-Martín
Beverages 2024, 10(4), 107; https://doi.org/10.3390/beverages10040107 - 7 Nov 2024
Viewed by 1263
Abstract
The mineral composition of monovarietal red wines from the Canary Islands was analyzed to evaluate the potential of mineral content as a marker for wine authenticity by geographical origin. Key minerals—K, Na, Mg, Mn, Fe, Cu, and Co—were quantified in 190 wine samples [...] Read more.
The mineral composition of monovarietal red wines from the Canary Islands was analyzed to evaluate the potential of mineral content as a marker for wine authenticity by geographical origin. Key minerals—K, Na, Mg, Mn, Fe, Cu, and Co—were quantified in 190 wine samples using flame absorption spectrometry. The study revealed slight mineral profile differences between recently introduced international grape cultivars and traditional ungrafted varieties. A significant correlation was found between K and Mg, highlighting their roles in vine physiology. The results indicated that Tenerife wines had elevated Fe and Mn, Lanzarote wines showed higher Na (likely from marine aerosols), and La Gomera wines had significantly high Mn. Linear discriminant analysis demonstrated that Mn, Mg, and Na differentiated wines by island with 85% classification accuracy, while Cu and Fe correlated with wine ageing. These findings emphasize the influence of volcanic soils and microclimate on mineral profiles, supporting mineral analysis as a cost-effective tool for classifying red wines by origin. This study offers insights into how terroir, grape cultivar, and winemaking practises define the unique characteristics of Canary Island wines. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Wine, Spirits and Oenological Products)
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17 pages, 1266 KiB  
Article
Influence of Terroir on the Grain Composition, and Volatile Profile of Irish Grain (Wheat) New Make Spirit
by Anukriti Vashishtha, Kieran N. Kilcawley, Iwona Skibinska, Stephen Whelan, John L. Byrne, Guiomar Garcia-Cabellos and Sinead Morris
Beverages 2024, 10(4), 106; https://doi.org/10.3390/beverages10040106 - 5 Nov 2024
Viewed by 1362
Abstract
Terroir refers to the combination of environmental factors, such as climate, soil, and agricultural practices, that shape the characteristics of a crop, contributing to the unique qualities of the final product. The concept has been traditionally linked to wine, but some recent findings [...] Read more.
Terroir refers to the combination of environmental factors, such as climate, soil, and agricultural practices, that shape the characteristics of a crop, contributing to the unique qualities of the final product. The concept has been traditionally linked to wine, but some recent findings suggest that it also holds importance for distilled spirits. The expanding Irish distilling sector is shifting towards local raw materials such as wheat and rye, driven by regulatory changes, economic benefits, and consumer demand for sustainable local products. This research examines the effects of wheat variety, geographical location, and harvest year on grain composition and volatile composition of the new make spirit. For this study, twenty lab-scale wheat whiskey samples were produced from five different wheat varieties grown at two different locations in Ireland over two consecutive years. The wheat samples were analysed for grain composition and the volatile profiling of new make spirit samples by headspace solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME) followed by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS). A total of fifty-one volatile compounds were detected, with ethanol, ethyl acetate, phenyl ethyl alcohol, and 3-methyl-1-butanol being predominant. Principal component analysis revealed that both the harvest year and geographical location moderately influenced the volatile compound distribution of the new make spirit, which is explained by a 43.25% variance. ANOVA analysis revealed that grain composition was significantly influenced by harvest year, location, and wheat variety. The 2020 samples showed higher protein and β-glucan content, whereas samples from the location Tipperary had higher starch content. This study indicates that terroir—specifically seasons (year) and geography (location)—affects the characteristics of wheat-based Irish whiskey, highlighting opportunities for distillers to differentiate their products by leveraging local environmental factors. Full article
(This article belongs to the Topic Advances in Analysis of Flavors and Fragrances: Chemistry, Properties and Applications in Food Quality Improvement)
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17 pages, 3510 KiB  
Article
Antimicrobial Activity of Chitosan from Different Sources Against Non-Saccharomyces Wine Yeasts as a Tool for Producing Low-Sulphite Wine
by Francesco Tedesco, Rocchina Pietrafesa, Gabriella Siesto, Carmen Scieuzo, Rosanna Salvia, Patrizia Falabella and Angela Capece
Beverages 2024, 10(4), 105; https://doi.org/10.3390/beverages10040105 - 28 Oct 2024
Viewed by 1071
Abstract
Chitosan is used as an antimicrobial agent in different agri-food applications; in winemaking, the use of chitosan from Aspergillus niger is authorized, but other sources of chitin, and consequently of chitosan, are available, such as crustaceans and insects. This work investigates the antimicrobial [...] Read more.
Chitosan is used as an antimicrobial agent in different agri-food applications; in winemaking, the use of chitosan from Aspergillus niger is authorized, but other sources of chitin, and consequently of chitosan, are available, such as crustaceans and insects. This work investigates the antimicrobial efficiency of chitosan from crustaceans and insects (Hermetia illucens) against non-Saccharomyces yeasts in wine. For this aim, the first step was to evaluate the effect of crustacean chitosan, tested both alone and in combination with low sulphur dioxide (SO2) concentrations, on the cell viability of 20 non-Saccharomyces strains in the first step of fermentations inoculated with each strain. Furthermore, the strain resistance to crustacean- and insect-based chitosan was evaluated in agarized media, together with the addition of different antimicrobial concentrations. Finally, the efficiency of different antimicrobial treatments was evaluated during laboratory-scale fermentations inoculated with a selected S. cerevisiae strain. The tested strains exhibited medium/high resistance to the chitosan; in some cases, the behaviour varied in the function of species/strain, and only four strains exhibited different resistance levels, depending on the chitosan source. The addition of chitosan alone during fermentation inoculated with S. cerevisiae showed lower antimicrobial activity than SO2, but the combined use with SO2 showed a better effect than chitosan alone. The evaluation of the suitability of chitosan obtained from a sustainable source, such as insects, will allow us to give new information on the future applications of this natural compound for the production of wine with low sulphite content. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Beverage Technology Fermentation and Microbiology)
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19 pages, 2857 KiB  
Article
Fermentative and Enological Features of Saccharomyces cerevisiae Populations Generated Through Adaptive Laboratory Evolution
by Maria Mavrommati, Stefania Christofi, Stamatina Kallithraka, Seraphim Papanikolaou and George Aggelis
Beverages 2024, 10(4), 102; https://doi.org/10.3390/beverages10040102 - 22 Oct 2024
Viewed by 1317
Abstract
Adaptive laboratory evolution (ALE) is a non-GMO technique utilized for the amelioration of wine yeast strains. Employing two-step ALE strategies, we recently acquired six evolved Saccharomyces cerevisiae populations with improved fermentative abilities compared to their parental strains in synthetic broths. Herein, we evaluated [...] Read more.
Adaptive laboratory evolution (ALE) is a non-GMO technique utilized for the amelioration of wine yeast strains. Employing two-step ALE strategies, we recently acquired six evolved Saccharomyces cerevisiae populations with improved fermentative abilities compared to their parental strains in synthetic broths. Herein, we evaluated the qualities of the abovementioned evolved populations under real winemaking conditions, using the grape musts Assyrtiko and Roditis. The ethanol-tolerant populations evolved solely with glucose delayed to complete the fermentation due to slow fructose assimilation, albeit showing improved ethanol yields, compared to their parental strains. The volatile compounds of the evolved populations were significantly different from those of parental strains. Statistically significant differences were observed in the organoleptic profiles between the evolved populations’ and parental strains’ wines. Notably, wine from one evolved population (BLR200) was rated higher in overall aroma and quality. This study supports the magnitude of ALE strategies for the generation of novel wine yeasts. Full article
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17 pages, 1375 KiB  
Review
Fruit Juices as Alternative to Dairy Products for Probiotics’ Intake
by Angela D’Amico, Carla Buzzanca, Enrica Pistorio, Maria Grazia Melilli and Vita Di Stefano
Beverages 2024, 10(4), 100; https://doi.org/10.3390/beverages10040100 - 21 Oct 2024
Viewed by 3156
Abstract
In the context of functional foods and beverages, probiotic fruit juices offer a unique opportunity to combine probiotics’ health benefits with fruit juices’ nutritious properties. Since most probiotic food products are dairy products, fruit juices could be a viable alternative to dairy foods. [...] Read more.
In the context of functional foods and beverages, probiotic fruit juices offer a unique opportunity to combine probiotics’ health benefits with fruit juices’ nutritious properties. Since most probiotic food products are dairy products, fruit juices could be a viable alternative to dairy foods. Moreover, the variety of tastes with which these juices can be produced can expand the market for these products to consumers of all ages. Important challenges for the probiotic juice manufacturing industry are stability and sensory properties, which can be altered by probiotics or their metabolites. Any functional food must be healthy but still acceptable to consumers’ tastes. To evaluate the safety of these products, and improve the efficacy of probiotics in fruit juices, innovative technologies have been proposed, such as microencapsulation and the contemporary use of antioxidants. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Traditional, Functional and Novel Fruit Beverages: Cultivation, Processing and Consumption)
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15 pages, 1020 KiB  
Article
Cider Terroir: Influence of Regionality on Australian Apple Cider Quality
by Madeleine L. Way, Joanna E. Jones, Ian Hunt, Robert G. Dambergs and Nigel D. Swarts
Beverages 2024, 10(4), 99; https://doi.org/10.3390/beverages10040099 - 19 Oct 2024
Viewed by 1534
Abstract
Understanding how regionality influences the key characteristics of cider will assist the industry to produce a premium and consistent quality product. Three dessert apple varieties were sourced from three (minimum) orchards per region from nine major growing regions across Australia over two seasons. [...] Read more.
Understanding how regionality influences the key characteristics of cider will assist the industry to produce a premium and consistent quality product. Three dessert apple varieties were sourced from three (minimum) orchards per region from nine major growing regions across Australia over two seasons. Ciders produced from these apples were analysed for base quality characteristics, including total phenolic content (TPC), pH, total soluble solids (TSS) and titratable acidity (TA). Across both seasons, region had a significant influence on TPC, with the region model explaining approximately 25% of the variation in TPC. TSS and TA were significantly influenced by an interaction between variety and region, with the model accounting for approximately 60% and 75% of the variation, respectively, over both seasons. An interaction between variety and region influenced pH results in the first season, with only mean effects in the second season. A climate model was developed using average rainfall data and growing degree days (GDDs). Differences in climate accounted for most, but not all, of the regional variation observed in cider quality measurements. These results demonstrate that the apple growing region can significantly impact the resulting cider quality. Such findings are critical for supporting cider producers to make informed decisions when sourcing fruit. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Innovative Characterization of Alcoholic Beverages: Sensory, Chemical and Terroir Insights)
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12 pages, 745 KiB  
Review
The Importance of Cleaning and Sanitation in Homebrewing
by Kristina Habschied, Vinko Krstanović and Krešimir Mastanjević
Beverages 2024, 10(4), 97; https://doi.org/10.3390/beverages10040097 - 5 Oct 2024
Viewed by 1438
Abstract
The expansion of homebrewing among hobbyists and beer lovers has enabled the availability of fabulous and non-conventional flavors to a broader public. However, homebrewing conditions are not standardized and greatly depend on the meticulosity of the homebrewer. To ensure minimum hygienic conditions, homebrewers [...] Read more.
The expansion of homebrewing among hobbyists and beer lovers has enabled the availability of fabulous and non-conventional flavors to a broader public. However, homebrewing conditions are not standardized and greatly depend on the meticulosity of the homebrewer. To ensure minimum hygienic conditions, homebrewers need to employ more effort than the standardized brewing industry. Cleaning and sanitation ask for a meticulous and thorough, almost perfect cleaning and sanitation pattern in order to ensure healthy fermentation and safe beer. The implementation of cleaning and sanitation methods can greatly prolong the lifespan of kegged or bottled beer and accent the excellent aromas and taste of homebrewed beer. Since there is a lack of scientific literature concerning this aspect of brewing, this paper is conceptualized as a review that covers all the major concerning/hazardous points in homebrewing and summarizes potential actions to maximize cleaning and sanitation efficiency in the homebrewing process. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Developments in Brewing Processing and Analytical Techniques for the Evaluation of Beer Quality)
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11 pages, 841 KiB  
Article
Sensory Discrimination Tests for Low- and High-Strength Alcohol
by Ari Franklin, Kevin D. Shield, Jürgen Rehm and Dirk W. Lachenmeier
Beverages 2024, 10(4), 95; https://doi.org/10.3390/beverages10040095 - 2 Oct 2024
Viewed by 1051
Abstract
Research is limited on consumers’ ability to detect perceptible sensory differences between low- and high-strength alcoholic beverages. This study, therefore, conducted three pilot experiments using ISO sensory analysis methods to assess accuracy for evaluating beverages of different strengths. Participants were food production professionals [...] Read more.
Research is limited on consumers’ ability to detect perceptible sensory differences between low- and high-strength alcoholic beverages. This study, therefore, conducted three pilot experiments using ISO sensory analysis methods to assess accuracy for evaluating beverages of different strengths. Participants were food production professionals trained in sensory analysis. Experiment 1 used a wide-range discrimination test to estimate low- to high-strength beverages (0–60% alcohol by volume (ABV) in 10% intervals). Experiment 2 included a narrower range of intermediate to high strengths (25–45% ABV in 5% intervals). Experiment 3 used 3-alternative forced choice tests (ISO 13301) to discriminate between beverages of varying strengths. Experiment 1 (n = 16) indicated that estimation ability was dependent upon the beverages’ ABV; as ABV increased, estimation significantly decreased (p < 0.005). These findings were not replicated in Experiment 2 (n = 13). In Experiment 3 (n = 17), a significant perceptible difference between high- and low-strength samples was observed in two of nine conditions (35% vs. 31% ABV (p = 0.009); 41% vs. 37% ABV (p = 0.037)). While people can detect large differences in beverage ABVs, they may have a moderate to poor ability to discriminate between beverages of similar strengths. These findings provide support for public health interventions that promote lower-strength alcoholic beverages. Full article
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17 pages, 1060 KiB  
Article
Application of HPLC Coupled with a Charged Aerosol Detector to the Evaluation of Fructose, Glucose, Sucrose, and Inositol Levels in Fruit Juices, Energy Drinks, Sports Drinks, and Soft Drinks
by Małgorzata Grembecka, Anna Lebiedzińska and Piotr Szefer
Beverages 2024, 10(4), 94; https://doi.org/10.3390/beverages10040094 - 1 Oct 2024
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1252
Abstract
The study aimed to estimate the levels of fructose, glucose, sucrose, and inositol levels in sweetened beverages with a newly developed method using HPLC coupled with a charged aerosol detector (CAD). In total, 85 commercially available non-alcoholic beverages, including 18 energy drinks, 8 [...] Read more.
The study aimed to estimate the levels of fructose, glucose, sucrose, and inositol levels in sweetened beverages with a newly developed method using HPLC coupled with a charged aerosol detector (CAD). In total, 85 commercially available non-alcoholic beverages, including 18 energy drinks, 8 sports drinks, 15 soft drinks, 14 fruit drinks, 7 fruit nectars, and 22 fruit juices were analyzed by HPLC-CAD. The method was validated, and it was characterized by a wide concentration range (1–150 µg/mL), sensitivity, and good accuracy (94.9–103%). The results showed significant variation in fructose, glucose, and sucrose concentrations in energy drinks, sports drinks, soft drinks, fruit drinks, fruit nectars, and juice. The highest total sugar contents (fructose, glucose, sucrose, and inositol) were found in energy drinks (14.2 g/100 mL), followed by fruit nectars (13.7 g/100 mL) and soft drinks (12.7 g/100 mL). Statistical analysis (Spearman correlation test, Kruskal–Wallis test) of the data showed significant relationships between particular sugars in the analyzed products. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Tea, Coffee, Water, and Other Non-Alcoholic Beverages)
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14 pages, 234 KiB  
Perspective
The Evolution and Impact of Distilled Spirits Regulation in the United States: Considerations for Policymakers and Academia
by Cortney L. Norris, Scott Taylor, Jr. and D. Christopher Taylor
Beverages 2024, 10(3), 92; https://doi.org/10.3390/beverages10030092 - 23 Sep 2024
Viewed by 1848
Abstract
This manuscript analyzes the issues presented in Executive Order 14036, which aimed to promote competition in the American economy, including specific directives for the alcohol industry. Specifically, this manuscript focuses on the issues regarding distilled spirits regulation and delves into the implications for [...] Read more.
This manuscript analyzes the issues presented in Executive Order 14036, which aimed to promote competition in the American economy, including specific directives for the alcohol industry. Specifically, this manuscript focuses on the issues regarding distilled spirits regulation and delves into the implications for the distilled spirits sector. The order addresses anti-competitive practices, encouraging regulatory bodies to review and revise existing policies that may hinder fair market practices. This paper explores these issues and provides a historical context of distilled spirits regulation in the United States, examining how past policies have shaped the current landscape. It analyzes the key provisions of Executive Order 14036, highlighting its potential to foster increased competition, innovation, and consumer choice within the distilled spirits market. Lastly, the article provides a call to action for policymakers, academia, and consumers which will aid distilled spirits producers in gaining parity with beer and wine producers. Full article
23 pages, 2691 KiB  
Review
Craft Beer in Food Science: A Review and Conceptual Framework
by Laura Gobbi, Marino Stanković, Marco Ruggeri and Marco Savastano
Beverages 2024, 10(3), 91; https://doi.org/10.3390/beverages10030091 - 18 Sep 2024
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 3082
Abstract
Craft beer represents a dynamic and creative segment within the food and beverage industry, emphasizing quality, aroma, health, sustainability, locality, and tailored brewing techniques. This paper explores the multifaceted roles of craft beer’s production and consumption growth dynamics. Both a bibliometric analysis and [...] Read more.
Craft beer represents a dynamic and creative segment within the food and beverage industry, emphasizing quality, aroma, health, sustainability, locality, and tailored brewing techniques. This paper explores the multifaceted roles of craft beer’s production and consumption growth dynamics. Both a bibliometric analysis and a systematic literature review were conducted on a sample of 239 scientific papers to provide an in-depth evaluation of the main characteristics and influences that craft beer has in the field of food science. Based on the identified roles of craft beer/breweries in the selected sample of literature, a conceptual framework was constructed to serve as a guideline for policymakers and different stakeholders. In this way, our findings enrich the existing literature and contribute to a better understanding of craft beer production and surroundings, which can be beneficial for promoting sustainable policies and innovative strategies for the growth of small/micro-producers and entrepreneurs in this niche market. Furthermore, this evidence can stimulate clear and ethical information to enhance consumers’ knowledge and agendas to strengthen the identity of local communities. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Malting, Brewing and Beer)
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16 pages, 1715 KiB  
Review
SAAZ—Fine Aroma Hop Pedigree: A Review of Current Knowledge
by Jana Olšovská, Lenka Straková, Vladimír Nesvadba, Tomáš Vrzal, Michaela Malečková, Josef Patzak and Pavel Donner
Beverages 2024, 10(3), 90; https://doi.org/10.3390/beverages10030090 - 14 Sep 2024
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1199
Abstract
The hop variety Saaz is well known over the world and is usually used for brewing of lager beers. Recently, the new related varieties Saaz Late, Brilliant, Comfort, and Shine were registered. Information about these varieties is splintered and often available only in [...] Read more.
The hop variety Saaz is well known over the world and is usually used for brewing of lager beers. Recently, the new related varieties Saaz Late, Brilliant, Comfort, and Shine were registered. Information about these varieties is splintered and often available only in the Czech language in regional journals. This review (i) summarizes previously published data (breeding history, genetic data, basic parameters such as yield, sensory profile, concentrations of key technologically important hop compounds), (ii) presents long-term data (2004–2021), and (iii) shows similarities/differences among these varieties. All Saaz varieties are typically fine aroma hops with a relatively low content of alpha bitter acids ranging from 5 to 7 wt%, cohumulone amounts lower than 30% rel., and hop oil content of about 1.0 wt%. Even though the new varieties have no identical chemical parameters to the original Saaz, they can substitute this established standard as well. Furthermore, the varieties Saaz Comfort and Saaz Shine show high resistance to Pseudoperonospora humuli as well as very good tolerance to drought. Full article
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15 pages, 287 KiB  
Article
Alternatives to Traditional Aging of Bobal Red Wines from Semi-Arid Climate: Influence on Phenolic Composition and Related Properties
by María Osorio Alises, Eva Sánchez Palomo and M. Ángel González-Viñas
Beverages 2024, 10(3), 89; https://doi.org/10.3390/beverages10030089 - 13 Sep 2024
Viewed by 1248
Abstract
The effect of oak chips on the phenolic composition, color characteristics, and antioxidant capacity of Bobal red wines caused by contact with oak chips at different stages of the winemaking process has been studied. Performance liquid chromatography–diode array detection (HPLC-DAD) was used to [...] Read more.
The effect of oak chips on the phenolic composition, color characteristics, and antioxidant capacity of Bobal red wines caused by contact with oak chips at different stages of the winemaking process has been studied. Performance liquid chromatography–diode array detection (HPLC-DAD) was used to determine the detailed phenolic composition of wines and antioxidant activity, and chromatic characteristics were determined by spectrophotometric methods. Standard red winemaking process was applied to make the Bobal control wine. The rest of the wines were elaborated with oak chip contact at two dose levels (3 and 6 g/L) in different phases of the winemaking process: during alcoholic fermentation (AF), during malolactic fermentation (MLF), and in young wines. The phenolic composition, antioxidant activity, and chromatic characteristics of Bobal control wines were slightly but significantly modified by contact with the oak chips. Wines in contact with oak chips during malolactic fermentation showed a decrease in the concentration of resveratrol-monomer stilbenes, monomeric anthocyanins, and pyranoanthocyanins. In general, the concentration of total resveratrol is influenced by the dose level used, resulting in a 10% decrease when the dose level is 6 g/L compared to the 3 g/L dose. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Wine, Spirits and Oenological Products)
17 pages, 1194 KiB  
Article
Preliminary Characterisation of Metschnikowia pulcherrima to Be Used as a Starter Culture in Red Winemaking
by Bruno Testa, Francesca Coppola, Massimo Iorizzo, Massimo Di Renzo, Raffaele Coppola and Mariantonietta Succi
Beverages 2024, 10(3), 88; https://doi.org/10.3390/beverages10030088 - 12 Sep 2024
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1580
Abstract
In the last decade, the application of non-Saccharomyces yeasts in oenology as a natural tool to obtain wine diversification and higher quality has aroused great interest. In this work, three Metschnikowia pulcherrima strains, isolated from a vineyard, were characterised through the evaluation [...] Read more.
In the last decade, the application of non-Saccharomyces yeasts in oenology as a natural tool to obtain wine diversification and higher quality has aroused great interest. In this work, three Metschnikowia pulcherrima strains, isolated from a vineyard, were characterised through the evaluation of their main oenological properties, antimicrobial activity, and specific enzymatic activities (β-glucosidase, β-lyase, polygalacturonase, and protease). The M. pulcherrima strains did not produce any inhibition against Saccharomyces cerevisiae, while they were able to exert an antimicrobial action against some unwanted bacteria and yeasts frequently present in grape must and potentially causing the alteration of wines. After this preliminary screening, M. pulcherrima AS3C1 has been selected to be used in the winemaking of red grape Vitis vinifera cv. Aglianico on a pilot scale. The effect of the sequential inoculation of M. pulcherrima AS3C1 with a commercial strain of S. cerevisiae was verified using for comparison a single inoculum with S. cerevisiae and a spontaneous fermentation. Our results showed a higher concentration of anthocyanins and catechins in wines obtained by the sequential inoculation of M. pulcherrima AS3C1 and S. cerevisiae. On the basis of the data obtained, M. pulcherrima AS3C1 possesses an enzymatic profile and some oenological properties that could contribute positively to the definition of the chemical composition of wines, suggesting its possible use for red winemaking processes. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Wine, Spirits and Oenological Products)
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20 pages, 1014 KiB  
Review
Application of Life Cycle Assessment in Beer Production: Systematic Review
by Fabrizio D’Ascenzo, Giuliana Vinci, Lucia Maddaloni, Marco Ruggeri and Marco Savastano
Beverages 2024, 10(3), 86; https://doi.org/10.3390/beverages10030086 - 10 Sep 2024
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 4009
Abstract
The production of beer, a beverage of global cultural and industrial importance, has a significant impact on the environment due to the use of natural resources and the emissions generated during the various stages of the production process. Therefore, this article examines the [...] Read more.
The production of beer, a beverage of global cultural and industrial importance, has a significant impact on the environment due to the use of natural resources and the emissions generated during the various stages of the production process. Therefore, this article examines the sustainability of beer production through a review of literature articles that have used Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) to assess its environmental impacts. A systematic literature review was conducted by selecting peer-reviewed articles published between 2001 and July 2024 using databases such as Scopus and Google Scholar. The search included studies analyzing different stages of the beer life cycle, from raw material production to packaging and distribution, using specific keywords related to LCA and brewing. The results showed that energy use and packaging are the two critical aspects identified in the review, which represent a significant part of the environmental footprint. However, it is important to note that the available studies on the subject are few and heterogeneous and they use different methodologies, impact categories, and functional units, which complicates the comparison and synthesis of results, limiting the ability to draw definitive conclusions. Recommendations were made to improve sustainability, including the adoption of more efficient technologies, the use of recycled materials for packaging, and the implementation of sustainable agricultural practices. These strategies could aim to significantly reduce the overall environmental impact of beer production. Full article
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9 pages, 819 KiB  
Article
Perceptions of Young People Regarding the Tax on Sweetened Drinks in Poland and an Assessment of Changes in Their Consumption in Terms of Taxation
by Regina Ewa Wierzejska, Agnieszka Wiosetek-Reske and Barbara Wojda
Beverages 2024, 10(3), 85; https://doi.org/10.3390/beverages10030085 - 10 Sep 2024
Viewed by 1310
Abstract
In 2021, the tax on sweetened beverages was introduced in Poland. It is worth knowing how consumers, especially young people, perceive the tax and whether there are any changes in the consumption of such drinks. This cross-sectional study was conducted in 2022 and [...] Read more.
In 2021, the tax on sweetened beverages was introduced in Poland. It is worth knowing how consumers, especially young people, perceive the tax and whether there are any changes in the consumption of such drinks. This cross-sectional study was conducted in 2022 and analyzed a convenience sample of young people’s attitudes towards the effectiveness of the tax as well as beverage consumption in the second year of the tax’s implementation. This study was conducted using a questionnaire method among 334 young people (167 school students and 167 university students). The vast majority of the study participants (84%) had heard about the introduction of the tax (there was no statistically significant difference between the school students’ and the university students’ knowledge). Of these, 90% knew that beverages with added sugar are taxed, but only 43% were conscious that beverages with sweeteners are also subject to the tax. Forty percent of those surveyed believed that the introduction of the tax could reduce beverage consumption, while 35% denied this possibility. The view that the tax would have a beneficial effect on reducing drink consumption was statistically significantly more frequently expressed by school students compared to university students (55% vs. 25%; p < 0.05). Of those who were aware of the tax, 31% declared they drank fewer beverages following its introduction, while 58% reported that they had not changed the amount they drank. About 33% of the respondents said they drank sweetened beverages several times a week. According to the study, as a result of the tax, almost one-third of surveyed young Poles reported drinking less beverages than before the tax. Full article
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14 pages, 3043 KiB  
Article
Chemometric Approach Application in Modern Wine Studies
by Martina Fikselová, Lucia Benešová, Silvia Jakabová, Ján Mezey, Jozef Čapla and Jozef Golian
Beverages 2024, 10(3), 84; https://doi.org/10.3390/beverages10030084 - 9 Sep 2024
Viewed by 1018
Abstract
The wine market is affected by the origin of wines, but the current wine traceability system has some limitations. The idea of geographical authenticity and quality has increased as one of the most important parameters influencing consumers’ preferences. Chemical parameters such as total [...] Read more.
The wine market is affected by the origin of wines, but the current wine traceability system has some limitations. The idea of geographical authenticity and quality has increased as one of the most important parameters influencing consumers’ preferences. Chemical parameters such as total polyphenolic content (TPC), alcohol and organic acid content (total acids, malic and tartaric acids), and antioxidant activity were observed in this work at 15 dry white wines of varieties Pinot blanc, Riesling, Sauvignon blanc, and Chardonnay, which originated from three different countries. FTIR and spectrophotometry methods (TPC and DPPH) were used and chemometric approaches such as ANOVA and PCA were selected as the most important for evaluation. In general, high levels of malic acid, TPC, and antioxidant activity were detected in Austrian wines. Pinot blanc, Chardonnay, and Sauvignon from the same producing region in Austria showed higher results. The higher overall acid concentration was a distinguishing feature of the Slovakian Sauvignon and Riesling varieties, particularly in the case of tartaric acid. Austrian samples showed significantly higher antioxidant activity compared to Hungarian Chardonnay (p = 0.002) and Sauvignon (p = 0.007), comparable to TPC. The application of statistical analysis was useful in demonstrating many discrepancies, particularly by application of the PCA method. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Wine, Spirits and Oenological Products)
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19 pages, 4046 KiB  
Article
The Effect of High Pressure on Levilactobacillus brevis in Beer—Inactivation and Sublethal Injury
by Justyna Nasiłowska, Barbara Sokołowska, Marzena Woszczyk, Joanna Bucka-Kolendo and Adrian Wojtczak
Beverages 2024, 10(3), 83; https://doi.org/10.3390/beverages10030083 - 6 Sep 2024
Viewed by 954
Abstract
Beer, with its low pH, presence of hop acids, alcohol content, and limited nutrient availability, presents a hostile environment for most bacteria. However, Levilactobacillus brevis remains a significant spoilage organism in the brewing industry. This study examines the impact of high hydrostatic pressure [...] Read more.
Beer, with its low pH, presence of hop acids, alcohol content, and limited nutrient availability, presents a hostile environment for most bacteria. However, Levilactobacillus brevis remains a significant spoilage organism in the brewing industry. This study examines the impact of high hydrostatic pressure (HHP) on the inactivation and sublethal injury of Lb. brevis KKP 3574 in beer and wort. The results indicate that applying HHP at 400 MPa for 5 min effectively inactivates Lb. brevis, achieving up to a 7 log CFU/mL reduction in bacterial counts in beer, with no detectable sublethal injuries in beer samples. In contrast, in 10% wort, a sublethal injury level of 1.1 log CFU/mL was observed following the same HHP treatment. Furthermore, this study reveals a differential response of Lb. brevis cells depending on their growth phase; cells in the logarithmic growth phase are more susceptible to HHP, showing greater reduction in viability compared to those in the stationary phase. The survival dynamics of sublethally injured cells during refrigerated storage are also explored, with no regeneration observed in beer samples treated at pressures of 400 MPa or higher. These findings underscore the potential of HHP as a robust method for enhancing the microbiological safety and stability of beer while minimizing the risk of spoilage due to sublethally injured bacterial cells. This study provides crucial insights into optimizing HHP parameters to ensure product quality in the brewing industry. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Malting, Brewing and Beer)
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17 pages, 4450 KiB  
Article
Effects of Pre-Fermentative Treatments with Non-Synthetic Ternary Component Fining Agents Based on Pea Protein on the Volatile Profiles of Aromatic Wines of Tămâioasă Românească
by Oana Arina Antoce and George Adrian Cojocaru
Beverages 2024, 10(3), 81; https://doi.org/10.3390/beverages10030081 - 2 Sep 2024
Viewed by 945
Abstract
To remove oxidizable polyphenolic compounds from wines, fining treatments with products of various origins are applied before or after fermentation. Seeking alternatives to the treatments with animal proteins or synthetic materials such as polyvinylpolypyrrolidone (PVPP), vegetal and mineral products are tested. One of [...] Read more.
To remove oxidizable polyphenolic compounds from wines, fining treatments with products of various origins are applied before or after fermentation. Seeking alternatives to the treatments with animal proteins or synthetic materials such as polyvinylpolypyrrolidone (PVPP), vegetal and mineral products are tested. One of these alternative agents is pea protein (P), which can be combined with chitosan (K), yeast cell walls (Y), active carbon (C), and/or Ca-bentonite (B). Aside from the proven polyphenol removal effect, these products can also have an impact on aroma. This research evaluates the effect of P and ternary combinations with P on the volatile compounds of aromatic wines from the Tămâioasă românească variety. Several variants of treatments with P and with ternary mixtures involving P were prepared in triplicate with a total dose of 20 g/hL of fining agent applied during the pre-fermentative phase. Volatile profiles were determined using a flash gas chromatograph with two short columns of different polarities. The chromatographic peak areas for the identified ethylic esters, acetates and terpenes were used to compare the fining treatment effects. To test the significant differences between experimental variants, the Analysis of Similarity (ANOSIM) was used. The influences of P used alone and PVPP used alone were both significantly different compared to control (untreated), but based on the dissimilarity index R, PVPP affected the volatile profile about twice as much as P, showing that pea protein is a good alternative for PVPP. The ethyl esters were especially reduced by PVPP, while P especially reduced the terpenes. From all the tested pea protein ternary agents, those containing bentonite (PCB and PYB) showed a significant reducing effect on all classes of compounds and therefore are not recommended. The combinations containing yeast cell walls, PCY and PKY, are the most interesting alternatives to both PVPP and P used independently, PCY being the least aggressive of all treatments on overall aroma, preserving well the aroma compounds of all determined classes, including terpenes. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Wine, Spirits and Oenological Products)
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21 pages, 3489 KiB  
Article
Understanding the Mellowing Effect of Bottle Aging on the Sensory Perceptions of Varietal Dry White Wines
by Giovanni Marasà, Joana Ferreira, Mariana Mota and Manuel Malfeito-Ferreira
Beverages 2024, 10(3), 78; https://doi.org/10.3390/beverages10030078 - 26 Aug 2024
Viewed by 1186
Abstract
The aging ability of dry white wines has been increasingly recognized. The present work aimed to identify which sensory features drive their quality assessment by experienced tasters. Individuals assessed several sensory attributes, using dark tasting glasses. Wines originated from the grape varieties Alvarinho, [...] Read more.
The aging ability of dry white wines has been increasingly recognized. The present work aimed to identify which sensory features drive their quality assessment by experienced tasters. Individuals assessed several sensory attributes, using dark tasting glasses. Wines originated from the grape varieties Alvarinho, Arinto, Sauvignon Blanc and Pinot Bianco with a wide range of ages. Basic physical–chemical analysis, browning (Abs 420 nm), elemental composition and a partial volatile fraction were also determined. The overall quality scores were a function of complexity and balance and were negatively influenced by the perception of faultiness. The aging process could be associated with a continuous sensory space characterized by a declining perception of freshness and an intensification in the mellowed flavors. Despite their age, wines were characterized by an austere perception caused by their acidity, saltiness, bitterness, smoothness and dryness. Nevertheless, quality scores were similar from the youngest to the oldest tasted wines (17 years old). The exception was a Sauvignon Blanc wine from a recent vintage that was judged as faulty due to the perception of earthiness. Overall, the tasted wines displayed an unexpected aging ability as demonstrated by the difference between the predicted and real wine ages. To improve the recognition of old wines, the metaphor “mellowed by age” is proposed to describe flavors resulting from beneficial aging instead of “oxidized by age”. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sensory Analysis as a Tool for the Improvement of the Quality of Beverages)
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18 pages, 1549 KiB  
Article
Impact of Different Wood Types on the Chemical Composition and Sensory Profile of Aged Tsipouro: A Comparative Study
by Athanassios Karathanos, Georgia Soultani, Nikolaos Kontoudakis and Yorgos Kotseridis
Beverages 2024, 10(3), 76; https://doi.org/10.3390/beverages10030076 - 23 Aug 2024
Viewed by 1036
Abstract
The production of high-quality aged marc spirits includes a minimum period of six months of ageing in oak barrels. Lastly, producers are interested in alternative botanical origin wood. The present study is aimed at investigating the influence of Greek oak (Quercus trojana [...] Read more.
The production of high-quality aged marc spirits includes a minimum period of six months of ageing in oak barrels. Lastly, producers are interested in alternative botanical origin wood. The present study is aimed at investigating the influence of Greek oak (Quercus trojana) and Greek chestnut (Castanea sativa) compared with French (Quercus petraia) and American oak (Quercus alba) on the chemical composition and sensorial characteristics of aged tsipouro, produced from marc from the Black Muscat variety. Gas chromatography–olfactometry–mass spectrometry (GC–O–MS) was used to identify volatile compounds of the aged tsipouro. Also, colour and polyphenol measurements were made, and an organoleptic evaluation was performed by 16 trained tasters. The findings revealed rather similar results between the tsipouro made from different wood species, especially between Greek and French oaks, and relative differentiation for that of chestnut. All the aged distillates exhibited a pleasant and rich aromatic potential, dominated by floral and fruity terpene varietal aromas as well as wood-related volatiles. Chestnut, with a high phenolic potential, gives pleasant organoleptic effects over time and can be an alternative wood for ageing spirits. This research highlights the importance of wood selection in the tsipouro ageing process and enables the use of Greek wood species in the ageing of spirits. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Wine and Spirits)
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13 pages, 1336 KiB  
Article
Decoding Preferences: A Comparative Analysis of Non-Alcoholic and Alcoholic Cocktails through Acceptance and Qualitative Insights
by María Mora, Elena Romeo-Arroyo, Francisco José Pérez-Elortondo, Iñaki Etaio and Laura Vázquez-Araújo
Beverages 2024, 10(3), 74; https://doi.org/10.3390/beverages10030074 - 22 Aug 2024
Viewed by 1722
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate consumer perception and acceptance of non-alcoholic cocktails compared to their traditional alcoholic counterparts in a restaurant setting. Three popular cocktails—gintonic, mojito, and mule—and their non-alcoholic versions (NoLo) were assessed following a three × two experimental design. A total [...] Read more.
This study aimed to evaluate consumer perception and acceptance of non-alcoholic cocktails compared to their traditional alcoholic counterparts in a restaurant setting. Three popular cocktails—gintonic, mojito, and mule—and their non-alcoholic versions (NoLo) were assessed following a three × two experimental design. A total of 600 participants (approximately 100 per cocktail) participated at the Basque Culinary Center’s restaurant. Participants rated their liking of the cocktails using a nine-point hedonic scale and provided open-ended responses about the sensory characteristics and the consumption contexts or emotions evoked by the different cocktails. The results showed differences in the acceptance of the six cocktails, but no significant differences between the alcoholic and non-alcoholic versions, suggesting that NoLo alternatives were similarly well-received. Open-ended responses were analyzed using latent dirichlet allocation (LDA) to uncover latent topics, and Fisher’s exact test and correspondence analysis were used to identify differences in the mentioned topics per cocktail. Specific sensory attributes, emotions, and contexts were associated with each type of cocktail, but no differences were found between the alcoholic and non-alcoholic versions. These findings demonstrate the viability of non-alcoholic cocktails in real consumption settings, eliciting similar liking scores, sensory attributes, contexts, and emotions in consumers. This study also highlighted the potential of natural language processing techniques for analyzing open-ended questions. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Sensory Analysis of Beverages)
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21 pages, 8765 KiB  
Article
Preparation of Polyphenol-Rich Herbal Beverages from White Willow (Salix alba) Bark with Potential Alzheimer’s Disease Inhibitory Activity In Silico
by Liwen Zheng, Jean-Christophe Jacquier and Niamh Harbourne
Beverages 2024, 10(3), 75; https://doi.org/10.3390/beverages10030075 - 22 Aug 2024
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1673
Abstract
White willow (Salix alba) is a medicinal plant traditionally used to treat pain and inflammation. The aims of this study were to produce polyphenol-rich herbal beverages from willow bark with different ethanol content, temperatures, and solvent pH and to explore neuroprotective [...] Read more.
White willow (Salix alba) is a medicinal plant traditionally used to treat pain and inflammation. The aims of this study were to produce polyphenol-rich herbal beverages from willow bark with different ethanol content, temperatures, and solvent pH and to explore neuroprotective potentials of willow polyphenols. The phenolic compounds quantified in the willow infusions were salicin, chlorogenic acid, epicatechin, p-salicylic acid, and p-coumaric acid; the former three compounds exhibited promising inhibitory potentials against acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE) in molecular docking studies. Total phenol content and antioxidant activity were maximum when prepared with 50% ethanol-in-water at room temperature. Although aqueous infusions contained fewer total phenols than those extracted with 50% hydroalcoholic solutions, they enhanced the extraction of chlorogenic acid and salicin content, which may possess promising neuroprotective potentials. The addition of citric acids in hot water infusions led to a higher proportion of non-tannins and had a lighter appearance, which may result in less astringent mouthfeel and better consumer acceptance. Overall, the obtained results indicate that willow bark prepared with hot water and/or with addition of citric acids is rich in bioactive compounds with high antioxidant activity and possible neuroprotective activities in silico, which could serve as valuable ingredients for inclusion in functional beverages. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Traditional, Functional and Novel Fruit Beverages: Cultivation, Processing and Consumption)
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12 pages, 646 KiB  
Article
Color and Its Effect on Dietitians’ Food Choices: Insights from Tomato Juice Evaluation
by Agnieszka Bielaszka, Wiktoria Staśkiewicz-Bartecka, Agata Kiciak, Martyna Wieczorek and Marek Kardas
Beverages 2024, 10(3), 70; https://doi.org/10.3390/beverages10030070 - 2 Aug 2024
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1245
Abstract
Color plays a significant role in consumer decisions about food products, influencing preferences and choices and eliciting positive or negative associations. This study aimed to investigate the impact of color on dietitian food preferences, using selected tomato juices as an example. This study [...] Read more.
Color plays a significant role in consumer decisions about food products, influencing preferences and choices and eliciting positive or negative associations. This study aimed to investigate the impact of color on dietitian food preferences, using selected tomato juices as an example. This study was conducted in two stages. In the first stage, the color of the tomato juices was evaluated using a Tri-Color SF80 spectrophotometer. In the second stage, the serialization method performed sensory analysis among dietitians. Results showed that dietitians pay special attention to the color of food products. Spectrophotometric analysis indicated that not all tested pairs of juices had color differences noticeable to an inexperienced observer. There was no clear correlation between the specific color parameters and the choices made by dietitians. These findings suggest that while color is an important factor in consumer preferences, it is not the sole determinant, highlighting the complexity of consumer decision-making processes and providing valuable insights for product marketing strategies. Full article
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22 pages, 315 KiB  
Review
Impact of Fining Agents on Color, Phenolics, Aroma, and Sensory Properties of Wine: A Review
by Yogesh Kumar and Rajat Suhag
Beverages 2024, 10(3), 71; https://doi.org/10.3390/beverages10030071 - 2 Aug 2024
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2179
Abstract
Fining agents are widely used in the wine industry to improve the quality and stability of wine by removing impurities and unwanted compounds. However, their impact on the color, phenolics, aroma, and sensory properties of wine remains poorly understood. This review aims to [...] Read more.
Fining agents are widely used in the wine industry to improve the quality and stability of wine by removing impurities and unwanted compounds. However, their impact on the color, phenolics, aroma, and sensory properties of wine remains poorly understood. This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the effects of fining agents on these critical wine attributes. We examine the role of different fining agents, including gelatin, pea proteins, and potato proteins, in modifying the color and phenolic profile of wine. Additionally, we discussed the impact of fining agents on the sensory properties of wine, including bitterness, astringency, sweetness, aroma and the flavor of wine. Our analysis highlights the importance of considering the origin, dosage, and composition of the wine when selecting fining agents to achieve optimal outcomes. Furthermore, we emphasize the need for preliminary trials and instrumental measurements to ensure the effectiveness of fining agents in different wine matrices. This review provides a valuable resource for winemakers and researchers seeking to optimize the use of fining agents in wine production. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Wine, Spirits and Oenological Products)
29 pages, 10006 KiB  
Article
The Impacts of Frozen Material-Other-Than-Grapes (MOG) on Aroma Compounds of Cabernet Franc and Cabernet Sauvignon
by Yibin Lan, Xiaoyu Xu, Jiaming Wang, Emily Aubie, Marnie Crombleholme and Andrew Reynolds
Beverages 2024, 10(3), 68; https://doi.org/10.3390/beverages10030068 - 2 Aug 2024
Viewed by 1344
Abstract
An undesirable sensory attribute (“floral taint”) has recently been detected in red wines from some winegrowing jurisdictions in North America (e.g., Ontario, British Columbia, Washington), caused by the introduction of frost-killed leaves and petioles [materials-other-than-grapes (MOG)] during mechanical harvest and winemaking. It was [...] Read more.
An undesirable sensory attribute (“floral taint”) has recently been detected in red wines from some winegrowing jurisdictions in North America (e.g., Ontario, British Columbia, Washington), caused by the introduction of frost-killed leaves and petioles [materials-other-than-grapes (MOG)] during mechanical harvest and winemaking. It was hypothesized that terpenes, norisoprenoids, and higher alcohols would be the main responsible compounds. The objectives were to investigate the causative volatile compounds for floral taint and explore threshold concentrations for this problem. Commercial wines displaying varying intensities of floral taint were subjected to GC-MS and sensory analysis. Several odor-active compounds were higher in floral-tainted wines, including terpenes (geraniol, citronellol, cis- and trans-rose oxide), norisoprenoids (β-damascenone, β-ionone), five ethyl esters, and three alcohols. Thereafter, fermentations of Cabernet Franc (CF) and Cabernet Sauvignon (CS) (2016, 2017) were conducted. MOG treatments were (w/w): 0, 0.5%, 1%, 2%, and 5% petioles, and 0, 0.25%, 0.5%, 1%, and 2% leaf blades. Terpenes (linalool, geraniol, nerol, nerolidol, citronellol, citral, cis- and trans-rose oxides, eugenol, myrcene), norisoprenoids (α- and β-ionone), and others (e.g., hexanol, octanol, methyl and ethyl salicylate) increased linearly/quadratically with increasing MOG levels in both cultivars. Principal components analysis separated MOG treatments from the controls, with 5% petioles and 2% leaves as extremes. Increasing MOG levels in CF wines increased floral aroma intensity, primarily associated with terpenes, higher alcohols, and salicylates. Increased leaf levels in CF were associated with higher vegetal and earthy attributes. Increased petioles in CS were not correlated with floral aromas, but increased leaves increased floral, vegetal, and herbaceous attributes. Overall, petioles contributed more to floral taint than leaves through increased terpenes and salicylates (floral notes), while leaves predominantly contributed norisoprenoids and C6 alcohols (green notes). Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Wine and Spirits)
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15 pages, 801 KiB  
Review
Cloud Point Extraction in Beverage Analysis: Innovations and Applications for Trace Elements
by Ingrid Hagarová and Martin Urík
Beverages 2024, 10(3), 67; https://doi.org/10.3390/beverages10030067 - 1 Aug 2024
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1676
Abstract
Cloud point extraction (CPE) has emerged as a highly promising method for the isolation and preconcentration of trace elements from beverages. By utilizing nonionic surfactants to form micellar structures that encapsulate analytes, CPE significantly enhances extraction efficiency and detection limits, often achieving improvements [...] Read more.
Cloud point extraction (CPE) has emerged as a highly promising method for the isolation and preconcentration of trace elements from beverages. By utilizing nonionic surfactants to form micellar structures that encapsulate analytes, CPE significantly enhances extraction efficiency and detection limits, often achieving improvements by several orders of magnitude. The optimization of CPE conditions, particularly the selection of surfactants and complexing agents, plays a crucial role in ensuring accurate analytical results. This review underscores the integration of CPE with spectrometric methods as a powerful approach for the separation, preconcentration, and quantification of numerous (ultra)trace elements across a wide range of beverages, including drinking water, wine, beer, juices, tea, and milk. The analytical potential of this integration is substantiated by the comprehensive examples listed in this paper, which include various strategies for sample preparation tailored specifically for different beverage types. While highlighting the effectiveness of conventional CPE methods, this review also emphasizes recent modifications and advancements in CPE techniques that further enhance their utility in beverage analysis. These advancements not only improve detection sensitivity but also align with the principles of green chemistry by reducing solvent consumption and energy requirements. Full article
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13 pages, 900 KiB  
Article
Influence of Ethanol Concentration on the Extraction of Cannabinoid and Volatile Compounds for Dry-Hemped Beer
by Santiago Cárdenas-Pinto, Jacob E. Gazaleh, Drew Budner, Shea Keene, Leena R. Dhoble, Abhisheak Sharma, Brian Pearson, Zhen Jia, Boce Zhang and Katherine A. Thompson-Witrick
Beverages 2024, 10(3), 65; https://doi.org/10.3390/beverages10030065 - 31 Jul 2024
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1804
Abstract
Beer is one of the most widely consumed beverages in the world. Since the legalization of low-delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) (<0.03%) Cannabis sativa in the United States, this controversial plant is being looked upon as a potential flavor additive for use in beer. Cannabis sativa [...] Read more.
Beer is one of the most widely consumed beverages in the world. Since the legalization of low-delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) (<0.03%) Cannabis sativa in the United States, this controversial plant is being looked upon as a potential flavor additive for use in beer. Cannabis sativa shares similar aromatic and flavor characteristics to that of hops (Humulus lupulus). This study was designed to determine the influence ethanol concentration has on the cannabinoid and volatile compounds found in beer. Three experimental beers with varying ethanol (3, 6, and 9% ABV) concentrations were used for this experiment. Using dry-hopping practices and dosing from commercial brewing techniques, hemp was placed in the beer for five days at 25 °C. Cannabinoids and volatile compounds were analyzed following the completion of the dry-hemping process. Statistical differences were observed only for the cannabinoid, tetrahydrocannabinolic acid (THCA), while, no other individual cannabinoid or the summation of the total cannabinoids were statistically different. Volatile compounds were analyzed using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Statistical differences were observed between the monoterpenes and the sesquiterpenes volatile compound groups. In summary, ethanol concentration appears to have no impact on the extraction efficiency of cannabinoids but does appear to influence volatile compounds when hemp is added to beer through the dry-hemping process. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Quality, Nutrition, and Chemistry of Beverages)
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28 pages, 871 KiB  
Article
Introducing a Standardized Sensory Analysis Method for Wine: A Methodology for the Recruitment, Selection, Training, and Monitoring of Assessors—Implementation on the Greek Variety “Agiorgitiko”
by Ioannis Ligas and Yorgos Kotseridis
Beverages 2024, 10(3), 63; https://doi.org/10.3390/beverages10030063 - 19 Jul 2024
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2283
Abstract
The international wine trade plays a crucial role in the global economy, and an effective method for wine sensory analysis is essential. The International Organization of Vine and Wine (OIV) has issued a review document on wine sensory analysis, but further specialization and [...] Read more.
The international wine trade plays a crucial role in the global economy, and an effective method for wine sensory analysis is essential. The International Organization of Vine and Wine (OIV) has issued a review document on wine sensory analysis, but further specialization and development remain indispensable. Our research team adopted standardized methodologies from the organoleptic evaluation of olive oil and the sensory analysis of milk and dairy products, which served as the foundation for creating a robust and repeatable methodology for the recruitment, selection, training, and monitoring of assessors for wine sensory analysis. A statistically validated method for wine sensory analysis was developed during this study. Simultaneously, a comparative study involving two distinct groups of candidate assessors was conducted, with one group trained in the organoleptic evaluation of olive oil and another untrained in this area, aiming to compare the effectiveness of untrained and trained assessors in further training for wine evaluation. Finally, the developed method was applied to sensorially evaluate 25 PDO Nemea wine products. Based on the results, it appears that the proposed method for recruiting, training, and selecting assessors is reliable and leads to sensory panels with excellent reproducibility. Furthermore, it establishes that assessors from an olive oil organoleptic evaluation panel have a higher likelihood of being selected as assessors for a wine sensory analysis panel. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Sensory Analysis of Beverages)
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18 pages, 2477 KiB  
Article
Innovative Green Tea Mate: Physicochemical Profile and Sensory Aspects
by Selene Ollani, Caterina Lo Presti, Dario Donno, Ilaria Stura, Nicole Roberta Giuggioli and Cristiana Peano
Beverages 2024, 10(3), 60; https://doi.org/10.3390/beverages10030060 - 11 Jul 2024
Viewed by 1683
Abstract
Yerba mate (Ilex paraguariensis) is a plant originating from South America. From this plant, mate a drink is produced. Brazil is the first mate producer in the world. The diffusion of mate is mainly limited to the native regions of South [...] Read more.
Yerba mate (Ilex paraguariensis) is a plant originating from South America. From this plant, mate a drink is produced. Brazil is the first mate producer in the world. The diffusion of mate is mainly limited to the native regions of South America, as it is consumed with cuia and bombilla. Trying to expand mate culture and export it towards Europe makes it necessary to offer this drink in a new guise that sets it apart from traditional preparation patterns. In this instance, the introduction of green tea mate may represent a solution. This innovative product comes from I. paraguariensis sprouts, which are further processed and consumed as green tea from Camellia sinensis. The present study aimed to investigate the physico-chemical and nutraceutical characteristics and consumer perceptions towards the visual aspect of the innovative green tea mate (L1, L2, and L3) compared to commercial traditional Brazilian mate (CI and CB) and roasted mate (L). Moreover, a preliminary sensory evaluation with untrained panellists was carried out. Significant results were detected, highlighting the higher content of bioactive compounds in the innovative product. Total Phenolic Content (TPC) almost doubled in green tea mate (L1 117.14 mg GAE/g d.p., L2 128.10 mg GAE/g d.p., L3 126.21 mg GAE/g d.p.) compared to the other samples (CI 71.91 mg GAE/g d.p., CB 54.23 mg GAE/g d.p., L 34.16 mg GAE/g d.p.) (p < 0.05). Considering caffeine, batches L1 and L3 had a content of 3.68 mg/g d.p. and 3.58 mg/g d.p., respectively, significantly higher when compared to the amount retrieved in the CB sample, 1.57 mg/g d.p. (p < 0.05). The consumer survey demonstrated the interest of consumers towards the new product, as it was perceived similar to more commonly consumed teas, while from a sensory point of view, a vegetal and hay flavour were more defining for the product. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Tea, Coffee, Water, and Other Non-Alcoholic Beverages)
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14 pages, 2980 KiB  
Article
Optimization of Extraction Parameters to Enhance the Antioxidant Properties of Pyrus spinosa Fruit Extract
by Konstantina Kotsou, Anna Papagiannoula, Theodoros Chatzimitakos, Vassilis Athanasiadis, Eleni Bozinou, Athanassios I. Sfougaris and Stavros I. Lalas
Beverages 2024, 10(3), 56; https://doi.org/10.3390/beverages10030056 - 5 Jul 2024
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1533
Abstract
Pyrus spinosa (PS), also known as wild pear, is an indigenous species to the Mediterranean basin. It has attracted interest for its potential use in the food and beverage industries due to its antioxidant properties. This research aims to develop an antioxidant-rich PS [...] Read more.
Pyrus spinosa (PS), also known as wild pear, is an indigenous species to the Mediterranean basin. It has attracted interest for its potential use in the food and beverage industries due to its antioxidant properties. This research aims to develop an antioxidant-rich PS fruit extract by optimizing the extraction parameters. More specifically, through a comprehensive study of the extraction parameters (including extraction duration, temperature, and ethanol concentration), the optimal conditions were determined that can achieve the highest antioxidant properties. High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) was employed for the identification and quantitation of the polyphenolic compounds present in PS fruits. The optimized extraction conditions significantly enhanced the antioxidant properties of the extract, with the total polyphenol content increasing by up to 345% (reaching a value of 50.97 mg gallic acid equivalents per g of dry weight in the optimum sample), total flavonoid content by up to 273%, and ascorbic acid content by up to 653%. Furthermore, the antioxidant capacity of the extracts increased by 2356% (by FRAP method) and 1622% (by the DPPH method), with varying extraction parameters. These findings highlight the importance and the effectiveness of optimizing the extraction parameters in order to increase the antioxidant properties of PS fruit extract. Based on these findings, PS extracts can be further utilized in the food and beverage industries to develop new products that will benefit from the antioxidant properties. Full article
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19 pages, 3938 KiB  
Article
Sugar Replacement in Chocolate-Flavored Milk: Differences in Consumer Segments’ Liking of Sweetener Systems Relate to Temporal Perception
by Glenn Birksø Hjorth Andersen, Caroline Laura Dam Christensen, John C. Castura, Niki Alexi, Derek V. Byrne and Ulla Kidmose
Beverages 2024, 10(3), 54; https://doi.org/10.3390/beverages10030054 - 3 Jul 2024
Viewed by 1992
Abstract
Chocolate-flavored milk contributes to excessive intake of added sugars among children and adolescents, which why it is a good candidate product for sucrose replacement. This study investigates how replacing sucrose partially or completely with different sweetener systems affects the sensory profile and consumer [...] Read more.
Chocolate-flavored milk contributes to excessive intake of added sugars among children and adolescents, which why it is a good candidate product for sucrose replacement. This study investigates how replacing sucrose partially or completely with different sweetener systems affects the sensory profile and consumer liking. Five chocolate-flavored milk treatments were formulated, varying in sucrose replacement level (partial: 58%; complete: 100%) and sweetener system (synthetic: acesulfame-K; natural: rebaudioside M-erythritol blend). Relative-to-Reference Scaling by a trained panel confirmed that no significant differences in the sensory profile when partial sucrose replacement was compared to sucrose, whereas the complete replacement increased bitter taste, pungent flavor, licorice flavor and mouth-drying. A total of 104 consumers evaluated the treatments for liking and indicated their temporal perceptions with temporal check-all-that-apply. Latent variable clustering performed on liking ratings revealed two clusters, which perceived temporal sensory characteristics differently depending on the sweetener system. Cluster 1 preferred the sucrose control over treatments with complete and partial replacement using a natural sweetener system, with complete replacement being perceived as having off-flavor. Cluster 2 preferred the sucrose control over partial and complete replacement using either of the sweetener replacements investigated, which were characterized as off-flavored and bitter. Understanding these consumer segments enables the food industry to develop effective low-energy formulations using synthetic and natural non-nutritive sweeteners, leading to reduced sugar consumption. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Beverage Technology Fermentation and Microbiology)
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12 pages, 1900 KiB  
Article
Optimization and Validation of Analytical Methodology for Determination of Pesticides in Grape, Must and Wine Samples with QuEChERS Extraction and Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry
by Dionysia L. Sykalia, Epameinondas P. Trantopoulos, Charoula S. Tsoutsi and Triantafyllos A. Albanis
Beverages 2024, 10(3), 53; https://doi.org/10.3390/beverages10030053 - 3 Jul 2024
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1277
Abstract
This study is focused on the optimization and application of an analytical methodology for the determination of 15 selected pesticides in three substrates during the vinification process. QuEChERS extraction was used followed by GC-MS to develop a simple and rapid method for the [...] Read more.
This study is focused on the optimization and application of an analytical methodology for the determination of 15 selected pesticides in three substrates during the vinification process. QuEChERS extraction was used followed by GC-MS to develop a simple and rapid method for the determination of these compounds. The optimized methodology was validated, providing for all selected pesticides excellent linearity, recoveries ranging between 60.9% and 95.0% and LOQs lower than 50 ng g−1 f for all substrates. The developed methodology was tested on real samples of grapes, must and wine obtained from a winery in the Epirus region. The results indicated the existence of some of the selected pesticides at comparatively low levels in contrast to the valid MRLs. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Wine, Spirits and Oenological Products)
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11 pages, 713 KiB  
Article
Witbier Fermented by Sequential Inoculation of Schizosaccharomyces pombe and Saccharomyces cerevisiae: Influence of Starchy Ingredients and S. cerevisiae Strain Used for In-Bottle Refermentation
by Antonietta Baiano, Francesco Grieco and Anna Fiore
Beverages 2024, 10(3), 51; https://doi.org/10.3390/beverages10030051 - 26 Jun 2024
Viewed by 1453
Abstract
Great attention has recently been dedicated to the use of non-Saccharomyces yeast strains for the development of new beer formulations. However, the effect of the Saccharomyces strain used in the refermentation of this type of beer has never been investigated. The research [...] Read more.
Great attention has recently been dedicated to the use of non-Saccharomyces yeast strains for the development of new beer formulations. However, the effect of the Saccharomyces strain used in the refermentation of this type of beer has never been investigated. The research described aimed to optimize the quality of beers fermented by an oenological Schizosaccharomyces pombe strain alternately combined with two S. cerevisiae strains (WB06, commercial; 9502, of an oenological origin). The influence of both in-bottle refermentation (alternately carried out by one of the two Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains used in the sequential first fermentation) and starchy ingredients (three mixtures of 65% of malted barley alternately combined with 35% of unmalted common, durum, or emmer wheat) was studied. The beer formulation was optimized through a two-factor mixed three- and two-level design, where the two factors were the starchy ingredients and the refermenting S. cerevisiae. Beers from durum wheat beers refermented by WB06 had the highest alcohol contents. Common wheat beers refermented by 9502 showed the highest antioxidant activity values. The highest overall sensory score was assigned to the beers refermented by 9502. The fitted quadratic model had a good predictive ability for five physicochemical and fourteen sensory characteristics, with an R2 often higher than 0.9. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Developments in Brewing Processing and Analytical Techniques for the Evaluation of Beer Quality)
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