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  • Article
  • Open Access
37 Citations
8,019 Views
21 Pages

Potential and Most Promising Second-Life Applications for Automotive Lithium-Ion Batteries Considering Technical, Economic and Legal Aspects

  • Emanuele Michelini,
  • Patrick Höschele,
  • Florian Ratz,
  • Michael Stadlbauer,
  • Werner Rom,
  • Christian Ellersdorfer and
  • Jörg Moser

18 March 2023

Electric vehicle (EV) batteries, i.e., currently almost exclusively lithium-ion batteries, are removed from the vehicle once they no longer meet certain requirements. However, instead of being disposed of or recycled, the removed batteries can be use...

  • Article
  • Open Access
18 Citations
5,170 Views
14 Pages

Circular Economy-Based Alternatives beyond Second-Life Applications: Maximizing the Electric Vehicle Battery First Life

  • Maite Etxandi-Santolaya,
  • Lluc Canals Casals,
  • Beatriz Amante García and
  • Cristina Corchero

Electric vehicle battery second-life applications are gaining attention as a way to minimize the environmental impact and increase economic profits. However, the demand for stationary energy storage is expected to be saturated in the near future with...

  • Article
  • Open Access
20 Citations
7,212 Views
25 Pages

Design and Analysis of Generic Energy Management Strategy for Controlling Second-Life Battery Systems in Stationary Applications

  • Mohamed Abdel-Monem,
  • Omar Hegazy,
  • Noshin Omar,
  • Khiem Trad,
  • Sven De Breucker,
  • Peter Van Den Bossche and
  • Joeri Van Mierlo

29 October 2016

Recently, second-life battery systems have received a growing interest as one of the most promising alternatives for decreasing the overall cost of the battery storage systems in stationary applications. The high-cost of batteries represents a promin...

  • Article
  • Open Access
688 Views
25 Pages

Increasing electric vehicle (EV) adoption raises concerns about EV waste management and the impact on the environment. To improve energy efficiency and exploit their remaining usable capacity, the retired batteries may be repurposed in second-life ap...

  • Review
  • Open Access
36 Citations
14,005 Views
22 Pages

Second-Life Batteries: A Review on Power Grid Applications, Degradation Mechanisms, and Power Electronics Interface Architectures

  • Ali Hassan,
  • Shahid Aziz Khan,
  • Rongheng Li,
  • Wencong Su,
  • Xuan Zhou,
  • Mengqi Wang and
  • Bin Wang

27 November 2023

The adoption of electric vehicles (EVs) is increasing due to governmental policies focused on curbing climate change. EV batteries are retired when they are no longer suitable for energy-intensive EV operations. A large number of EV batteries are exp...

  • Article
  • Open Access
11 Citations
5,995 Views
27 Pages

End-of-life electric vehicle (EV) batteries can be reused to reduce their environmental impact and economic costs. However, the growth of the second-life market is limited by the lack of information on the characteristics and performance of these bat...

  • Proceeding Paper
  • Open Access
1,771 Views
7 Pages

Investigating the Impact of Cycling Aging on the Long-Term Performance of RES-Driven, Second-Life EV Battery Storage Configurations in Residential-Scale Applications

  • Angelos Kaldellis,
  • Konstantinos Christopoulos,
  • Panagiotis Triantafyllopoulos,
  • Georgios Spyropoulos,
  • Kosmas Kavadias and
  • Dimitrios Zafirakis

Battery storage is nowadays considered a key component not only in off-grid applications but also in the context of grid-tied, residential-scale systems, facilitating the broader use of RES even in heavily congested distribution grids. Since batterie...

  • Article
  • Open Access
18 Citations
4,334 Views
15 Pages

26 August 2023

With the development of the electric vehicle industry, the number of batteries that are retired from vehicles is increasing rapidly, which raises critical environmental and waste issues. Second-life batteries recycled from automobiles have eighty per...

  • Article
  • Open Access
1,492 Views
23 Pages

Aging Estimation and Clustering of Used EV Batteries for Second-Life Applications

  • Álvaro Pérez-Borondo,
  • Jon Sagardui-Lacalle and
  • Lucia Gauchia

28 August 2025

This study presents an integrated machine learning framework to evaluate the aging states of lithium-ion batteries and to classify them according to their second-life application potential. The methodology combines two key components: a set of regres...

  • Review
  • Open Access
26 Citations
15,600 Views
34 Pages

20 December 2024

While lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) have pushed the progression of electric vehicles (EVs) as a viable commercial option, they introduce their own set of issues regarding sustainable development. This paper investigates how using end-of-life LIBs in s...

  • Perspective
  • Open Access
32 Citations
9,005 Views
19 Pages

Second-Life of Lithium-Ion Batteries from Electric Vehicles: Concept, Aging, Testing, and Applications

  • Kateřina Nováková,
  • Anna Pražanová,
  • Daniel-Ioan Stroe and
  • Vaclav Knap

28 February 2023

The last decade has seen a significant increase in electromobility. With this trend, it will be necessary to start dealing with the subsequent recycling and disposal of electric vehicles, including the batteries. Currently, the battery is one of the...

  • Article
  • Open Access
1 Citations
2,414 Views
36 Pages

9 July 2025

To alleviate the impact of economic and environmental detriments caused by the increased demands of electric vehicle battery production and disposal, the use of spent batteries in second-life stationary applications such as energy storage for renewab...

  • Perspective
  • Open Access
504 Views
26 Pages

Use of Lithium-Ion Batteries from Electric Vehicles for Second-Life Applications: Technical, Legal, and Economic Perspectives

  • Jörg Moser,
  • Werner Rom,
  • Gregor Aichinger,
  • Viktoria Kron,
  • Pradeep Anandrao Tuljapure,
  • Florian Ratz and
  • Emanuele Michelini

This perspective provides a multidisciplinary assessment of the use of lithium-ion batteries from electric vehicles (EVs) for second-life applications, motivated by the need to improve resource efficiency, reduce environmental impacts, and support a...

  • Article
  • Open Access
7 Citations
5,099 Views
15 Pages

Postmortem Analysis of 18650 Graphite/LFP Cells in a Long-Term Aging Study for Second-Life Applications

  • William Wheeler,
  • Yann Bultel,
  • Pascal Venet,
  • Ali Sari and
  • Elie Riviere

Second-life applications for lithium-ion batteries offer industry opportunities to defer recycling costs, enhance economic value, and reduce environmental impacts. However, cells are affected by numerous aging phenomena which can lead to an accelerat...

  • Perspective
  • Open Access
47 Citations
26,204 Views
18 Pages

Smart Battery Technology for Lifetime Improvement

  • Remus Teodorescu,
  • Xin Sui,
  • Søren B. Vilsen,
  • Pallavi Bharadwaj,
  • Abhijit Kulkarni and
  • Daniel-Ioan Stroe

9 October 2022

Applications of lithium-ion batteries are widespread, ranging from electric vehicles to energy storage systems. In spite of nearly meeting the target in terms of energy density and cost, enhanced safety, lifetime, and second-life applications, there...

  • Article
  • Open Access
3 Citations
1,243 Views
13 Pages

17 June 2025

Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) are widely deployed in electric vehicles due to their high energy density and long cycle life. Even after retirement, typically at around 80% of their rated capacity, LIBs can still be repurposed for second-life applicati...

  • Review
  • Open Access
5 Citations
4,642 Views
29 Pages

29 September 2025

Wind power is integral to the transformation of energy systems towards sustainability. However, the increasing number of wind turbines approaching the end of their service life presents significant challenges in terms of waste management and environm...

  • Article
  • Open Access
61 Citations
10,536 Views
19 Pages

Procedure for Assessing the Suitability of Battery Second Life Applications after EV First Life

  • Tomás Montes,
  • Maite Etxandi-Santolaya,
  • Josh Eichman,
  • Victor José Ferreira,
  • Lluís Trilla and
  • Cristina Corchero

9 September 2022

Using batteries after their first life in an Electric Vehicle (EV) represents an opportunity to reduce the environmental impact and increase the economic benefits before recycling the battery. Many different second life applications have been propose...

  • Article
  • Open Access
27 Citations
11,527 Views
14 Pages

Batteries are used in the electricity grid to provide ancillary services. Area regulation seems to provide substantial revenues and profit, but Li-ion batteries are still too expensive to enter widely into this market. On the other hand, electric veh...

  • Review
  • Open Access
28 Citations
8,518 Views
40 Pages

A Review of the Technical Challenges and Solutions in Maximising the Potential Use of Second Life Batteries from Electric Vehicles

  • Farhad Salek,
  • Shahaboddin Resalati,
  • Meisam Babaie,
  • Paul Henshall,
  • Denise Morrey and
  • Lei Yao

27 February 2024

The increasing number of electric vehicles (EVs) on the roads has led to a rise in the number of batteries reaching the end of their first life. Such batteries, however, still have a capacity of 75–80% remaining, creating an opportunity for a s...

  • Review
  • Open Access
31 Citations
11,377 Views
39 Pages

Empowering Electric Vehicles Batteries: A Comprehensive Look at the Application and Challenges of Second-Life Batteries

  • Seyedreza Azizighalehsari,
  • Prasanth Venugopal,
  • Deepak Pratap Singh,
  • Thiago Batista Soeiro and
  • Gert Rietveld

The surge in electric vehicle adoption has resulted in a significant rise in end-of-life batteries, which are unsuitable for demanding EV applications. Repurposing these batteries for secondary applications presents a promising avenue to tackle envir...

  • Feature Paper
  • Review
  • Open Access
23 Citations
13,141 Views
33 Pages

A Survey on Using Second-Life Batteries in Stationary Energy Storage Applications

  • Majid Gharebaghi,
  • Omid Rezaei,
  • Changyao Li,
  • Zhanle Wang and
  • Yili Tang

26 December 2024

As a key component of transportation decarbonization, the adoption of electric vehicles (EVs) is rapidly increasing. However, EV batteries are typically retired once their state of health drops to around 80%, usually after 10 to 20 years of use. Desp...

  • Article
  • Open Access
22 Citations
8,775 Views
15 Pages

Electrical Characterization of Li-Ion Battery Modules for Second-Life Applications

  • Daniel Kehl,
  • Torben Jennert,
  • Frank Lienesch and
  • Michael Kurrat

The reuse and repurposing of lithium-ion batteries for transportation in stationary energy systems improve the economic value of batteries. A precise suitability test at the beginning of the second life is therefore necessary. Common methods such as...

  • Article
  • Open Access
8 Citations
4,773 Views
21 Pages

Sustainable Battery Lifecycle: Non-Destructive Separation of Batteries and Potential Second Life Applications

  • Gernot Schlögl,
  • Stefan Grollitsch,
  • Christian Ellersdorfer,
  • Florian Feist,
  • Christoph Kirschner,
  • Josef Ecker and
  • Franz Haas

Large quantities of battery systems will be discarded from electric vehicles in the future. Non-destructive separation of used electric vehicle (EV) traction batteries enables a second life of battery components, extraction of high value secondary ma...

  • Article
  • Open Access
21 Citations
7,943 Views
19 Pages

The Effects of Lithium Sulfur Battery Ageing on Second-Life Possibilities and Environmental Life Cycle Assessment Studies

  • Deidre Wolff,
  • Lluc Canals Casals,
  • Gabriela Benveniste,
  • Cristina Corchero and
  • Lluís Trilla

25 June 2019

The development of Li-ion batteries has enabled the re-entry of electric vehicles into the market. As car manufacturers strive to reach higher practical specific energies (550 Wh/kg) than what is achievable for Li-ion batteries, new alternatives for...

  • Article
  • Open Access
46 Citations
9,693 Views
23 Pages

Second-Life Electric Vehicle Batteries for Home Photovoltaic Systems: Transforming Energy Storage and Sustainability

  • Md. Tanjil Sarker,
  • Mohammed Hussein Saleh Mohammed Haram,
  • Siow Jat Shern,
  • Gobbi Ramasamy and
  • Fahmid Al Farid

13 May 2024

Solar-based home PV systems are the most amazing eco-friendly energy innovations in the world, which are not only climate-friendly but also cost-effective solutions. The tropical environment of Malaysia makes it difficult to adopt photovoltaic (PV) s...

  • Article
  • Open Access
10 Citations
3,902 Views
23 Pages

26 March 2023

Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) from electrified vehicles (EVs) that have reached the automotive end of life (EoL) may provide a low-cost, highly available energy storage solution for grid-connected systems, such as peak shaving and ancillary services....

  • Article
  • Open Access
13 Citations
7,478 Views
13 Pages

Technical Assessment of Reusing Retired Electric Vehicle Lithium-Ion Batteries in Thailand

  • Teeraphon Phophongviwat,
  • Sompob Polmai,
  • Chaitouch Maneeinn,
  • Komsan Hongesombut and
  • Kanchana Sivalertporn

A rapid growth in electric vehicles has led to a massive number of retired batteries in the transportation sector after 8–10 years of use. However, retired batteries retain over 60% of their original capacity and can be employed in less demandi...

  • Article
  • Open Access
40 Citations
12,602 Views
18 Pages

This paper focuses on the fast characterization of automotive second life lithium-ion batteries that have been recently re-used in many projects to create battery storages for stationary applications and sporadically for embedded applications. Specif...

  • Review
  • Open Access
54 Citations
8,159 Views
30 Pages

31 December 2021

Polymers are widely employed in several fields thanks to their wide versatility and the easy derivatization routes. However, a wide range of commercial polymers suffer from limited use on a large scale due to their inert nature. Nowadays, acrylate an...

  • Article
  • Open Access
13 Citations
4,039 Views
17 Pages

Second-Life Battery Capacity Estimation and Method Comparison

  • Jingxi Yang,
  • Matthew Beatty,
  • Dani Strickland,
  • Mina Abedi-Varnosfaderani and
  • Joe Warren

4 April 2023

There is increased talk about using second-life batteries in applications. In first-life applications, the batteries start from new, and a range of life cycle estimation techniques are applied. However, it is not clear how second-life batteries shoul...

  • Review
  • Open Access
1 Citations
2,467 Views
26 Pages

A Comprehensive Review of Equalization Techniques for Reconfigured Second-Life Battery Systems

  • Jiajin Qi,
  • Yuefei Xu,
  • Shizhe Chen,
  • Jinggui Shen,
  • Ranchen Yang and
  • Huajun Xu

30 August 2025

As the demand for second-life lithium-ion battery applications continues to grow, efficient cell equalization has become essential to mitigate parameter inconsistencies and extend system longevity. Owing to their diverse origins and varying aging pat...

  • Review
  • Open Access
112 Citations
15,212 Views
23 Pages

Agri-Food Wastes for Bioplastics: European Prospective on Possible Applications in Their Second Life for a Circular Economy

  • Annamaria Visco,
  • Cristina Scolaro,
  • Manuela Facchin,
  • Salim Brahimi,
  • Hossem Belhamdi,
  • Vanessa Gatto and
  • Valentina Beghetto

5 July 2022

Agri-food wastes (such as brewer’s spent grain, olive pomace, residual pulp from fruit juice production, etc.) are produced annually in very high quantities posing a serious problem, both environmentally and economically. These wastes can be us...

  • Article
  • Open Access
4 Citations
2,932 Views
16 Pages

Study on Capacity Estimation Methods of Second-Life Application Batteries

  • Linkang Ma,
  • Caiping Zhang,
  • Jinyu Wang,
  • Kairang Wang and
  • Jie Chen

For the capacity estimation problem of cells in series-retired battery modules, this paper proposed three different methods from the perspective of data-driven, battery curve matching and recession characteristics for different applications. Firstly,...

  • Article
  • Open Access
12 Citations
3,624 Views
15 Pages

On the Performance and Recyclability of a Green Composite Based on AESO Resin

  • Cláudio P. Seabra,
  • Ana Catarina Sousa,
  • Ivo M. F. Bragança,
  • Carlos M. A. Silva,
  • M. Paula Robalo,
  • M. Amélia R. Loja and
  • Paulo A. F. Martins

The aims and objectives of this paper are two-fold: first to investigate the production of a green composite manufactured with renewable materials (i.e., jute fabric as reinforcement, acrylate epoxidase soybean oil (AESO) as matrix and sisal particle...

  • Article
  • Open Access
31 Citations
11,421 Views
12 Pages

The second-life concept helps to reduce the cost for electric vehicles by adding monetary value to disused automotive batteries. However, the sudden-death effect, a change in ageing behaviour limits the total lifetime and might reduce the second-life...

  • Review
  • Open Access
30 Citations
11,874 Views
14 Pages

Identification of Challenges for Second-Life Battery Systems—A Literature Review

  • Achim Kampker,
  • Heiner Hans Heimes,
  • Christian Offermanns,
  • Janis Vienenkötter,
  • Merlin Frank and
  • Daniel Holz

Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) have been proven to be increasingly popular and are the solution of choice for many companies and business models around the world. One major question for battery owners is how to deal with returning batteries if they sti...

  • Feature Paper
  • Article
  • Open Access
10 Citations
3,598 Views
24 Pages

Assessing the Impact of First-Life Lithium-Ion Battery Degradation on Second-Life Performance

  • Sadia Tasnim Mowri,
  • Anup Barai,
  • Sanghamitra Moharana,
  • Aniruddha Gupta and
  • James Marco

19 January 2024

The driving and charging behaviours of Electric Vehicle (EV) users exhibit considerable variation, which substantially impacts the battery degradation rate and its root causes. EV battery packs undergo second-life application after first-life retirem...

  • Article
  • Open Access
5 Citations
3,423 Views
27 Pages

Second Life for Lithium-Ion Traction Batteries

  • Lea H. Guenther,
  • Volker Klein,
  • Georg Loef,
  • André Pohl,
  • Haimanot Okube,
  • Ralf Winterbur,
  • Georg Röwer,
  • Bianca Wegener,
  • Roland Goertz and
  • Stefan Bracke

24 August 2024

For the reuse of traction batteries, many different scenarios exist, for example, stationary storage farms or fast charging stations. Another second-life usage scenario is the reuse of batteries as home energy storage in combination with a photovolta...

  • Feature Paper
  • Article
  • Open Access
14 Citations
10,933 Views
17 Pages

Second-Life Assessment of Commercial LiFePO4 Batteries Retired from EVs

  • Zhi Cao,
  • Wei Gao,
  • Yuhong Fu,
  • Christopher Turchiano,
  • Naser Vosoughi Kurdkandi,
  • Jing Gu and
  • Chris Mi

30 August 2024

LiFePO4 (LFP) batteries are well known for their long cycle life. However, there are many reports of significant capacity degradation in LFP battery packs after only three to five years of operation. This study assesses the second-life potential of c...

  • Article
  • Open Access
9 Citations
5,023 Views
24 Pages

Assessment of Health Indicators to Detect the Aging State of Commercial Second-Life Lithium-Ion Battery Cells through Basic Electrochemical Cycling

  • Emanuele Michelini,
  • Patrick Höschele,
  • Syed Muhammad Abbas,
  • Christian Ellersdorfer and
  • Jörg Moser

1 November 2023

Upon reaching certain limits, electric vehicle batteries are replaced and may find a second life in various applications. However, the state of such batteries in terms of aging and safety remains uncertain when they enter the second-life market. The...

  • Article
  • Open Access
107 Citations
18,585 Views
14 Pages

Life Cycle Assessment of a Lithium Iron Phosphate (LFP) Electric Vehicle Battery in Second Life Application Scenarios

  • Christos S. Ioakimidis,
  • Alberto Murillo-Marrodán,
  • Ali Bagheri,
  • Dimitrios Thomas and
  • Konstantinos N. Genikomsakis

This paper presents a life cycle assessment (LCA) study that examines a number of scenarios that complement the primary use phase of electric vehicle (EV) batteries with a secondary application in smart buildings in Spain, as a means of extending the...

  • Proceeding Paper
  • Open Access
2 Citations
5,015 Views
6 Pages

Impact of Lithium Battery Recycling and Second-Life Application on Minimizing Environmental Waste

  • Dimitrios Rimpas,
  • Stavros D. Kaminaris,
  • Dimitrios D. Piromalis,
  • Georgios Vokas and
  • Vasilios A. Orfanos

In the prospect of greener transportation means and global emission limitations for the protection of the environment, the electric vehicles’ market share is constantly increasing. It is expected that 32% of new vehicles sold in 2030 will be pu...

  • Review
  • Open Access
34 Citations
11,028 Views
53 Pages

Towards to Battery Digital Passport: Reviewing Regulations and Standards for Second-Life Batteries

  • Carlos Antônio Rufino Júnior,
  • Eleonora Riva Sanseverino,
  • Pierluigi Gallo,
  • Daniel Koch,
  • Sergej Diel,
  • Gero Walter,
  • Lluís Trilla,
  • Víctor J. Ferreira,
  • Gabriela Benveniste Pérez and
  • Hudson Zanin
  • + 3 authors

Greenhouse gas emissions from transportation harm the environment. In response to these environmental concerns, numerous countries encourage the adoption of electric vehicles (EVs) as a more environmentally friendly option than traditional gasoline-p...

  • Article
  • Open Access
48 Citations
14,726 Views
17 Pages

Electric Vehicle Battery Health Expected at End of Life in the Upcoming Years Based on UK Data

  • Lluc Canals Casals,
  • Maite Etxandi-Santolaya,
  • Pere Antoni Bibiloni-Mulet,
  • Cristina Corchero and
  • Lluis Trilla

7 October 2022

Second-life businesses from Electric Vehicle (EV) batteries are gaining attention considering that these batteries are deemed as inappropriate for transport purposes once they reach 80 or 70% of State of Health (SoH). However, the limited number of r...

  • Article
  • Open Access
11 Citations
5,636 Views
17 Pages

Design and On-Field Validation of an Embedded System for Monitoring Second-Life Electric Vehicle Lithium-Ion Batteries

  • Diego Hilario Castillo-Martínez,
  • Adolfo Josué Rodríguez-Rodríguez,
  • Adrian Soto,
  • Alberto Berrueta,
  • David Tomás Vargas-Requena,
  • Ignacio R. Matias,
  • Pablo Sanchis,
  • Alfredo Ursúa and
  • Wenceslao Eduardo Rodríguez-Rodríguez

24 August 2022

In the last few years, the growing demand for electric vehicles (EVs) in the transportation sector has contributed to the increased use of electric rechargeable batteries. At present, lithium-ion (Li-ion) batteries are the most commonly used in elect...

  • Article
  • Open Access
18 Citations
6,151 Views
19 Pages

28 March 2023

This study discusses the use of a retired battery from an electric vehicle for stationary energy storage electric vehicle charging in a residential household. This research provides a novel in-depth examination of the processes that may be necessary...

  • Review
  • Open Access
1,314 Views
27 Pages

17 November 2025

The growing use of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) in electric vehicles has accelerated the need for efficient strategies to extend their lifespan through second-life applications, where retired batteries are repurposed for stationary storage and other...

  • Article
  • Open Access
1,101 Views
13 Pages

1 December 2025

Textile recycling promotes a circular economy, a system seeking to minimize waste and maximize the value of textiles by reusing them. Currently, mechanical recycling produces short, weak, and low-quality fibers that diminish the value of the textiles...

  • Article
  • Open Access
4 Citations
2,009 Views
17 Pages

Identification and Mitigation of Predominant Challenges in the Utilization of Aged Traction Batteries within Stationary Second-Life Scenarios

  • Merlin Frank,
  • Daniel Serafin Holz,
  • Domenic Klohs,
  • Christian Offermanns,
  • Heiner Hans Heimes and
  • Achim Kampker

20 February 2024

As the production of battery cells experiences exponential growth and electric vehicle fleets continue to expand, an escalating number of traction batteries are nearing the conclusion of their operational life for mobility purposes, both presently an...

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