Machines

13 pages, 11709 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Optimizing Main Process Parameters When Conducting Powder-Mixed Electrical Discharge Machining of Hardened 90CrSi

by Anh-Tuan Nguyen, Xuan-Hung Le, Van-Tung Nguyen, Dang-Phong Phan, Quoc-Hoang Tran, Dinh-Ngoc Nguyen, Manh-Cuong Nguyen and Ngoc-Pi Vu

Machines 2021, 9(12), 375; https://doi.org/10.3390/machines9120375 - 20 Dec 2021

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 2892

Abstract

In the current study, an optimization process of powder-mixed electrical discharge machining (PMEDM) process when machining cylindrically shaped parts made of hardened 90CrSi steel is reported. In this study, SiC powder was mixed into the Diel MS 7000 dielectric solution. Additionally, graphite was [...] Read more.

In the current study, an optimization process of powder-mixed electrical discharge machining (PMEDM) process when machining cylindrically shaped parts made of hardened 90CrSi steel is reported. In this study, SiC powder was mixed into the Diel MS 7000 dielectric solution. Additionally, graphite was chosen as the electrode material. The multi-objective functions were minimizing the surface roughness (SR) and electrode wear rate (EWR) and maximizing the material removal rate (MRR). The used input parameters of the optimization process included the powder concentration, the pulse-on time, the pulse-off time, the pulse current, and the servo voltage. A combination between the Taguchi method and the grey relation analysis (GRA) method with the support of Minitab R19 software was used to design the experiment and analyze the results. It was found that the optimal set of process parameters that can satisfy the above responses are Cp of 0.5 g/L, Ton of 8 µs, Toff of 8 µs, IP of 5 A, and SV of 4 V. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Advanced Manufacturing)

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21 pages, 10106 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Adjustable Speed Control and Damping Analysis of Torsional Vibrations in VSD Compressor Systems

by Mattia Rossi, Maria Stefania Carmeli and Marco Mauri

Machines 2021, 9(12), 374; https://doi.org/10.3390/machines9120374 - 20 Dec 2021

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 3113

Abstract

This paper proposes a model-based two-degree-of-freedom (2DOF) speed control for a medium voltage (MV) variable speed drive (VSD) connected to a centrifugal compressor (CC) train. Torsional mode excitations in the drive shaft due to converter switching behaviour are considered. An effective description of [...] Read more.

This paper proposes a model-based two-degree-of-freedom (2DOF) speed control for a medium voltage (MV) variable speed drive (VSD) connected to a centrifugal compressor (CC) train. Torsional mode excitations in the drive shaft due to converter switching behaviour are considered. An effective description of the harmonics transfer is proposed. The tuning strategy aims to optimize the tracking behaviour of the step and ramp command, taking care of critical speed excitations. The stability of the closed-loop dynamics against time delay and drive parameter variations are studied by means of Nyquist diagrams and time-domain simulations. A descriptive method for the process damping behaviour is proposed. The control strategy is evaluated through simulations as well as an experimental setup, based on a hardware in the loop (HIL) in a master–slave configuration. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Electrical Machines and Drives)

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20 pages, 11313 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Numerical and Experimental Study of Hydraulic Performance and Wear Characteristics of a Slurry Pump

by Guangjie Peng, Long Tian, Hao Chang, Shiming Hong, Daoxing Ye and Baojian You

Machines 2021, 9(12), 373; https://doi.org/10.3390/machines9120373 - 20 Dec 2021

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2833

Abstract

The slurry pump is widely used in ore mining, metal smelting, petrochemical, and other industries, mainly to transport fluid media containing large solid particles. Importantly, it is easy to damage the impeller of a slurry pump in the operation process, which greatly affects [...] Read more.

The slurry pump is widely used in ore mining, metal smelting, petrochemical, and other industries, mainly to transport fluid media containing large solid particles. Importantly, it is easy to damage the impeller of a slurry pump in the operation process, which greatly affects the performance of the pump. In this paper, a 25 MZ slurry pump was selected as the research object, and the Euler–Euler multiphase flow model was employed to analyze the internal flow characteristics of the slurry pump under the conditions of clear water and solid–liquid two-phase flow. Additionally, the flow characteristics of each part under different flow conditions were studied, and the effects of different particle volume concentrations, particle sizes, and pump speeds on the impeller’s wear characteristics and hydraulic performance were analyzed. In order to verify the reliability and accuracy of the numerical simulation results, clean water and solid–liquid two-phase flow wear tests of the slurry pump were carried out, and the results showed that a high solid volume fraction and solid–phase slip velocity were generated at the junction of the blade leading edge and the rear cover plate, thus leading to easier wear of the blade. Therefore, enhancing the strength of the junction between the blade leading edge and the rear cover plate is beneficial for improving service life and should be considered in the design of slurry pumps. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Optimization and Flow Characteristics in Advanced Fluid Machinery)

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17 pages, 6473 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Data-Driven Models for Gas Turbine Online Diagnosis

by Iván González Castillo, Igor Loboda and Juan Luis Pérez Ruiz

Machines 2021, 9(12), 372; https://doi.org/10.3390/machines9120372 - 20 Dec 2021

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 3655

Abstract

The lack of gas turbine field data, especially faulty engine data, and the complexity of fault embedding into gas turbines on test benches cause difficulties in representing healthy and faulty engines in diagnostic algorithms. Instead, different gas turbine models are often used. The [...] Read more.

The lack of gas turbine field data, especially faulty engine data, and the complexity of fault embedding into gas turbines on test benches cause difficulties in representing healthy and faulty engines in diagnostic algorithms. Instead, different gas turbine models are often used. The available models fall into two main categories: physics-based and data-driven. Given the models’ importance and necessity, a variety of simulation tools were developed with different levels of complexity, fidelity, accuracy, and computer performance requirements. Physics-based models constitute a diagnostic approach known as Gas Path Analysis (GPA). To compute fault parameters within GPA, this paper proposes to employ a nonlinear data-driven model and the theory of inverse problems. This will drastically simplify gas turbine diagnosis. To choose the best approximation technique of such a novel model, the paper employs polynomials and neural networks. The necessary data were generated in the GasTurb software for turboshaft and turbofan engines. These input data for creating a nonlinear data-driven model of fault parameters cover a total range of operating conditions and of possible performance losses of engine components. Multiple configurations of a multilayer perceptron network and polynomials are evaluated to find the best data-driven model configurations. The best perceptron-based and polynomial models are then compared. The accuracy achieved by the most adequate model variation confirms the viability of simple and accurate models for estimating gas turbine health conditions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Diagnostics and Optimization of Gas Turbine)

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14 pages, 2893 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Event-Triggered Intervention Framework for UAV-UGV Coordination Systems

by Wu Wang, Junyou Guo, Guoqing Tian, Yutao Chen and Jie Huang

Machines 2021, 9(12), 371; https://doi.org/10.3390/machines9120371 - 20 Dec 2021

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2982

Abstract

Air-ground coordination systems are usually composed of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV) and unmanned ground vehicles (UGV). In such a system, UAVs can utilize their much more perceptive information to plan the path for UGVs. However, the correctness and accuracy of the planned route [...] Read more.

Air-ground coordination systems are usually composed of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV) and unmanned ground vehicles (UGV). In such a system, UAVs can utilize their much more perceptive information to plan the path for UGVs. However, the correctness and accuracy of the planned route are often not guaranteed, and the communication and computation burdens increase with more sophisticated algorithms. This paper proposes a new type of air-ground coordination framework to enable UAVs intervention into UGVs tasks. An event-triggered mechanism in the null space behavior control (NSBC) framework is proposed to decide if an intervention is necessary and the timing of the intervention. Then, the problem of whether to accept the intervention is formulated as an integer programming problem and is solved using model predictive control (MPC). Simulation results show that the UAV can intervene in UGVs accurately and on time, and the UGVs can effectively decide whether to accept the intervention to get rid of troubles, thereby improving the intelligence of the air-ground coordination system. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nonlinear and Optimal, Real-Time Control of UAV)

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26 pages, 3650 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Model-Based and Goal-Oriented Approach for the Conceptual Design of Smart Grid Services

by Miguel Angel Orellana, Jose Reinaldo Silva and Eduardo L. Pellini

Machines 2021, 9(12), 370; https://doi.org/10.3390/machines9120370 - 20 Dec 2021

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2997

Abstract

A solid demand to integrate energy consumption and co-generation emerged worldwide, motivated, on one hand, by the need to diversify and enhance energy supply, and, one the other hand, by the pressure to attend to the requirements of a heterogeneous class of users. [...] Read more.

A solid demand to integrate energy consumption and co-generation emerged worldwide, motivated, on one hand, by the need to diversify and enhance energy supply, and, one the other hand, by the pressure to attend to the requirements of a heterogeneous class of users. The coupling between energy service provision and final users also includes balancing user needs, eliminating excesses, and optimizing energy supply while avoiding blackouts. Another motivation is the challenge of having sustainable sources and many adapted to the user ecosystem. Altogether, these motivations lead to more abstract design approaches to co-generation-distributed systems, such as those based on goal-oriented requirements used to model smart grids. This work considers the available design practices and its difficulties in proposing a new method capable of producing a flexible requirement model that could serve for design and maintenance purposes. We suggest coupling the approach based on goal-oriented requirements with model-based engineering to support such a model. The expected result is a sound and flexible requirements model, including a model for the interaction with the final user (now being considered a producer and consumer simultaneously). A case study is presented, wherein a small energy service system in an isolated community in the Amazon rain forest was designed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Industrial Applications: New Solutions for the New Era)

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26 pages, 2875 KiB

Open AccessReview

Monitoring and Predicting the Surface Generation and Surface Roughness in Ultraprecision Machining: A Critical Review

by K Manjunath, Suman Tewary, Neha Khatri and Kai Cheng

Machines 2021, 9(12), 369; https://doi.org/10.3390/machines9120369 - 19 Dec 2021

Cited by 26 | Viewed by 5905

Abstract

The aim of manufacturing can be described as achieving the predefined high quality product in a short delivery time and at a competitive cost. However, it is unfortunately quite challenging and often difficult to ensure that certain quality characteristics of the products are [...] Read more.

The aim of manufacturing can be described as achieving the predefined high quality product in a short delivery time and at a competitive cost. However, it is unfortunately quite challenging and often difficult to ensure that certain quality characteristics of the products are met following the contemporary manufacturing paradigm, such as surface roughness, surface texture, and topographical requirements. Ultraprecision machining (UPM) requirements are quite common and essential for products and components with optical finishing, including larger and highly accurate mirrors, infrared optics, laser devices, varifocal lenses, and other freeform optics that can satisfy the technical specifications of precision optical components and devices without further post-polishing. Ultraprecision machining can provide high precision, complex components and devices with a nanometric level of surface finishing. Nevertheless, the process requires an in-depth and comprehensive understanding of the machining system, such as diamond turning with various input parameters, tool features that are able to alter the machining efficiency, the machine working environment and conditions, and even workpiece and tooling materials. The non-linear and complex nature of the UPM process poses a major challenge for the prediction of surface generation and finishing. Recent advances in Industry 4.0 and machine learning are providing an effective means for the optimization of process parameters, particularly through in-process monitoring and prediction while avoiding the conventional trial-and-error approach. This paper attempts to provide a comprehensive and critical review on state-of-the-art in-surfaces monitoring and prediction in UPM processes, as well as a discussion and exploration on the future research in the field through Artificial Intelligence (AI) and digital solutions for harnessing the practical UPM issues in the process, particularly in real-time. In the paper, the implementation and application perspectives are also presented, particularly focusing on future industrial-scale applications with the aid of advanced in-process monitoring and prediction models, algorithms, and digital-enabling technologies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Tool Life Prediction in Machining)

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22 pages, 7362 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Motion Planning of Ground Simulator for Space Instable Target Based on Energy Saving

by Xinlin Bai, Xiwen Li, Zhen Zhao, Mingyi Yang, Zhang Zhang, Zhigang Xu, Mingyang Liu and Qi Xia

Machines 2021, 9(12), 368; https://doi.org/10.3390/machines9120368 - 18 Dec 2021

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2567

Abstract

In order to achieve the high-precision motion trajectory in ground experiment of space instable target (SIT) while reducing the energy consumption of the motion simulator, a robot motion planning method based on energy saving is proposed. Observable-based ground robot motion experiment system for [...] Read more.

In order to achieve the high-precision motion trajectory in ground experiment of space instable target (SIT) while reducing the energy consumption of the motion simulator, a robot motion planning method based on energy saving is proposed. Observable-based ground robot motion experiment system for SIT is designed and motion planning process is illustrated. Discrete optimization mathematical model of energy consumption of motion simulator is established. The general motion form of the robot joints in ground test is given. The optimal joint path of motion simulator based on energy consumption under discontinuous singularity configuration is solved by constructing the complete energy consumption directed path and Dijkstra algorithm. An improved method by adding the global optimization algorithm is used to decouple the coupled robot joints to obtain the minimum energy consumption path under the continuous singularity configuration of the motion simulator. Simulations are carried out to verify the proposed solution. The simulation data show that total energy saving of motion simulator joints adopting the proposed method under the condition of non-singularity configuration, joints coupled motion with continuous singularity configuration, and coexistence of non-singularity path and continuous singularity path are, respectively, 72.67%, 28.24%, and 62.23%, which proves that the proposed method can meet the requirements of ground motion simulation for SIT and effectively save energy. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Motion Planning and Control for Robotics)

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17 pages, 2189 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Human Gait Data Augmentation and Trajectory Prediction for Lower-Limb Rehabilitation Robot Control Using GANs and Attention Mechanism

by Yan Wang, Zhikang Li, Xin Wang, Hongnian Yu, Wudai Liao and Damla Arifoglu

Machines 2021, 9(12), 367; https://doi.org/10.3390/machines9120367 - 18 Dec 2021

Cited by 19 | Viewed by 4121

Abstract

To date, several alterations in the gait pattern can be treated through rehabilitative approaches and robot assisted therapy (RAT). Gait data and gait trajectories are essential in specific exoskeleton control strategies. Nevertheless, the scarcity of human gait data due to the high cost [...] Read more.

To date, several alterations in the gait pattern can be treated through rehabilitative approaches and robot assisted therapy (RAT). Gait data and gait trajectories are essential in specific exoskeleton control strategies. Nevertheless, the scarcity of human gait data due to the high cost of data collection or privacy concerns can hinder the performance of controllers or models. This paper thus first creates a GANs-based (Generative Adversarial Networks) data augmentation method to generate synthetic human gait data while still retaining the dynamics of the real gait data. Then, both the real collected and the synthesized gait data are fed to our constructed two-stage attention model for gait trajectories prediction. The real human gait data are collected with the five healthy subjects recruited from an optical motion capture platform. Experimental results indicate that the created GANs-based data augmentation model can synthesize realistic-looking multi-dimensional human gait data. Also, the two-stage attention model performs better compared with the LSTM model; the attention mechanism shows a higher capacity of learning dependencies between the historical gait data to accurately predict the current values of the hip joint angles and knee joint angles in the gait trajectory. The predicted gait trajectories depending on the historical gait data can be further used for gait trajectory tracking strategies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Design and Control of Advanced Mechatronics Systems)

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10 pages, 2493 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Evaluating Service Characteristics of Working Surfaces of Car Parts by Microgeometric Quality Parameters

by Volodymyr Dzyura, Pavlo Maruschak, Stoyan Slavov, Volodymyr Gurey and Olegas Prentkovskis

Machines 2021, 9(12), 366; https://doi.org/10.3390/machines9120366 - 17 Dec 2021

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2108

Abstract

The correlation between the service characteristics of the working surfaces of car parts belonging to the rotary body class, and quality parameters—in particular, the height-related roughness parameter Ra—was estimated. Low values of R_a were found to be unable to guarantee an optimal [...] Read more.

The correlation between the service characteristics of the working surfaces of car parts belonging to the rotary body class, and quality parameters—in particular, the height-related roughness parameter Ra—was estimated. Low values of R_a were found to be unable to guarantee an optimal microrelief geometry and, accordingly, high-performance characteristics of the working surface. The oil-accumulation power of the parts was investigated as a primary characteristic of sliding friction using the group of Rk parameters in the Abbott–Firestone diagram, based on the profilogram of the test specimen’s surfaces. The oil-absorption power of the surfaces formed by different technological operations was compared with different microgeometric quality parameter values. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Material Processing Technology)

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20 pages, 61630 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Optimization Design of Energy-Saving Mixed Flow Pump Based on MIGA-RBF Algorithm

by Rong Lu, Jianping Yuan, Guangjuan Wei, Yong Zhang, Xiaohui Lei and Qiaorui Si

Machines 2021, 9(12), 365; https://doi.org/10.3390/machines9120365 - 17 Dec 2021

Cited by 12 | Viewed by 3392

Abstract

Mixed flow pumps driven by hydraulic motors have been widely used in drainage in recent years, especially in emergency pump trucks. Limited by the power of the truck engine, its operating efficiency is one of the key factors affecting the rescue task. In [...] Read more.

Mixed flow pumps driven by hydraulic motors have been widely used in drainage in recent years, especially in emergency pump trucks. Limited by the power of the truck engine, its operating efficiency is one of the key factors affecting the rescue task. In this study, an automated optimization platform was developed to improve the operating efficiency of the mixed flow pump. A three-dimensional hydraulic design, meshing, and computational fluid dynamics (CFD) were executed repeatedly by the main program. The objective function is to maximize hydraulic efficiency under design conditions. Both meridional shape and blade profiles of the impeller and diffuser were optimized at the same time. Based on the CFD results obtained by Optimal Latin Hypercube (OLH) sampling, surrogate models of the head and hydraulic efficiency were built using the Radial Basis Function (RBF) neural network. Finally, the optimal solution was obtained by the Multi- Island Genetic Algorithm (MIGA). The local energy loss was further compared with the baseline scheme using the entropy generation method. Through the regression analysis, it was found that the blade angles have the most significant influence on pump efficiency. The CFD results show that the hydraulic efficiency under design conditions increased by 5.1%. After optimization, the incidence loss and flow separation inside the pump are obviously improved. Additionally, the overall turbulent eddy dissipation and entropy generation were significantly reduced. The experimental results validate that the maximum pump efficiency increased by 4.3%. The optimization platform proposed in this study will facilitate the development of intelligent optimization of pumps. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Optimization and Flow Characteristics in Advanced Fluid Machinery)

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14 pages, 6262 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Development of a Gracilis and Quadriceps Tendons Calibration Device for Uniaxial Tensile Tests

by Ivan Grgić, Mirko Karakašić, Željko Ivandić and Tanja Jurčević Lulić

Machines 2021, 9(12), 364; https://doi.org/10.3390/machines9120364 - 17 Dec 2021

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2237

Abstract

To determine the biomechanical properties of the distal tendon of the gracilis muscle and the upper third of the quadriceps femoris muscle used for reconstruction of the medial patellofemoral ligament (MPFL), it is necessary to develop a calibration device for specimen preparation for [...] Read more.

To determine the biomechanical properties of the distal tendon of the gracilis muscle and the upper third of the quadriceps femoris muscle used for reconstruction of the medial patellofemoral ligament (MPFL), it is necessary to develop a calibration device for specimen preparation for uniaxial tensile tests. The need to develop this device also stems from the fact that there is currently no suitable regulatory or accurate protocol by which soft tissues such as tendons should be tested. In recent studies, various methods have been used to prepare test specimens, such as the use of different ratios of gauge lengths, different gripping techniques, etc., with the aim of obtaining measurable and comparable biomechanical tissue properties. Since tendons, as anisotropic materials, have viscoelastic properties, the guideline for manufacturing calibrator devices was the ISO 527-1:1993 standard, used for testing polymers, since they also have viscoelastic behaviour. The functionality of a calibrator device was investigated by preparing gracilis and quadriceps tendon samples. Fused deposition modeling (FDM) technology was used for the manufacturing of parts with complex geometry. The proposed calibrator could operate in two positions, horizontal and vertical. The maximum gauge length to be achieved was 60 mm, with the maximum tendon length of 120 mm. The average preparation time was 3 min per tendon. It was experimentally proven that it is possible to use a calibrator to prepare tendons for tensile tests. This research can help in the further development of soft tissue testing devices and also in the establishment of standards and exact protocols for their testing. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Bioengineering Technology)

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18 pages, 48907 KiB

Open AccessArticle

An Investigation on the Grasping Position Optimization-Based Control for Industrial Soft Robot Manipulator

by Guangcheng Zhang, Shenchen Li, Yi Wu and Mingkang Zhu

Machines 2021, 9(12), 363; https://doi.org/10.3390/machines9120363 - 17 Dec 2021

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2619

Abstract

Mitigating fatigue damage and improving grasping performance are the two main challenging tasks of applying the soft manipulator into industrial production. In this paper, the grasping position optimization-based control strategy is proposed for the soft manipulator and the corresponding characteristics are studied theoretically [...] Read more.

Mitigating fatigue damage and improving grasping performance are the two main challenging tasks of applying the soft manipulator into industrial production. In this paper, the grasping position optimization-based control strategy is proposed for the soft manipulator and the corresponding characteristics are studied theoretically and experimentally. Specifically, based on the simulation, the resultant stress of step-function-type channels at the same pressure condition that was smallest compared with those of sine-function- and ramp-function-type channels, hence, a pneumatic network with step-function-type channels was selected for the proposed soft manipulator. Furthermore, in order to improve the grasping performance, the kinematics, mechanical, and grasping modeling for the soft manipulator were established, and a control strategy considering the genetic algorithm is introduced to detect the optimal position of the soft manipulator. The corresponding fabrication process and experiments were conducted to cross verify the results of the modeling and the control strategy. It is demonstrated that the internal pressure of the soft manipulator was reduced by 13.05% at the optimal position, which effectively helped mitigate the fatigue damage of the soft manipulator and prolonged the lifespan. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Control of Industrial Electro-Hydraulic Systems)

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13 pages, 3656 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Industrial Upper-Limb Exoskeleton Characterization: Paving the Way to New Standards for Benchmarking

by Vitor Neves Hartmann, Décio de Moura Rinaldi, Camila Taira and Arturo Forner-Cordero

Machines 2021, 9(12), 362; https://doi.org/10.3390/machines9120362 - 17 Dec 2021

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 3037

Abstract

Exoskeletons have been introduced in industrial environments to prevent overload or repetitive stress injuries in workers. However, due to the lack of public detailed information about most of the commercial exoskeletons, it is necessary to further assess their load capacity and evolution over [...] Read more.

Exoskeletons have been introduced in industrial environments to prevent overload or repetitive stress injuries in workers. However, due to the lack of public detailed information about most of the commercial exoskeletons, it is necessary to further assess their load capacity and evolution over time, as their performance may change with use. We present the design and construction of a controlled device to measure the torque of industrial exoskeletons, along with the results of static and dynamic testing of an exoskeleton model. A step motor in the test bench moves the exoskeleton arm in a pre-defined path at a prescribed speed. The force measured with a beam load cell located at the interface between the exoskeleton arm and the test bench is used to derive the torque. The proposed test bench can be easily modified to allow different exoskeleton models to be tested under the same conditions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Industrial Applications: New Solutions for the New Era)

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21 pages, 3548 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Implementation of Hardware-Based Expert Systems and Comparison of Their Performance to Software-Based Expert Systems

by Noah Ritter and Jeremy Straub

Machines 2021, 9(12), 361; https://doi.org/10.3390/machines9120361 - 17 Dec 2021

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 4160

Abstract

Expert systems are a form of highly understandable artificial intelligence that allow humans to trace the decision-making processes that are used. While they are typically software implemented and use an iterative algorithm for rule-fact network processing, this is not the only possible implementation [...] Read more.

Expert systems are a form of highly understandable artificial intelligence that allow humans to trace the decision-making processes that are used. While they are typically software implemented and use an iterative algorithm for rule-fact network processing, this is not the only possible implementation approach. This paper implements and evaluates the use of hardware-based expert systems. It shows that they work accurately and can be developed to parallel software implementations. It also compares the processing speed of software and hardware-based expert systems, showing that hardware-based systems typically operate two orders of magnitude faster than the software ones. The potential applications that hardware-based expert systems can be used for and the capabilities that they can provide are discussed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feature Papers to Celebrate the First Impact Factor of Machines)

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20 pages, 2518 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Intelligent Fault Diagnosis Method for Blade Damage of Quad-Rotor UAV Based on Stacked Pruning Sparse Denoising Autoencoder and Convolutional Neural Network

by Pu Yang, Chenwan Wen, Huilin Geng and Peng Liu

Machines 2021, 9(12), 360; https://doi.org/10.3390/machines9120360 - 16 Dec 2021

Cited by 19 | Viewed by 3081

Abstract

This paper introduces a new intelligent fault diagnosis method based on stack pruning sparse denoising autoencoder and convolutional neural network (sPSDAE-CNN). This method processes the original input data by using a stack denoising autoencoder. Different from the traditional autoencoder, stack pruning sparse denoising [...] Read more.

This paper introduces a new intelligent fault diagnosis method based on stack pruning sparse denoising autoencoder and convolutional neural network (sPSDAE-CNN). This method processes the original input data by using a stack denoising autoencoder. Different from the traditional autoencoder, stack pruning sparse denoising autoencoder includes a fully connected autoencoding network, the features extracted from the front layer of the network are used for the operation of the subsequent layer, which means that some new connections will appear between the front and rear layers of the network, reduce the loss of information, and obtain more effective features. Firstly, a one-dimensional sliding window is introduced for data enhancement. In addition, transforming one-dimensional time-domain data into the two-dimensional gray image can further improve the deep learning (DL) ability of models. At the same time, pruning operation is introduced to improve the training efficiency and accuracy of the network. The convolutional neural network model with sPSDAE has a faster training speed, strong adaptability to noise interference signals, and can also suppress the over-fitting problem of the convolutional neural network to a certain extent. Actual experiments show that for the fault of unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) blade damage, the sPSDAE-CNN model we use has better stability and reliable prediction accuracy than traditional convolutional neural networks. At the same time, For noise signals, better results can be obtained. The experimental results show that the sPSDAE-CNN model still has a good diagnostic accuracy rate in a high-noise environment. In the case of a signal-to-noise ratio of −4, it still has an accuracy rate of 90%. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Deep Learning-Based Machinery Fault Diagnostics)

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12 pages, 2326 KiB

Open AccessCommunication

Position Estimation of a Two-Phase Switched Reluctance Motor at Standstill

by Jiayi Fan, Insu Jung and Yongkeun Lee

Machines 2021, 9(12), 359; https://doi.org/10.3390/machines9120359 - 16 Dec 2021

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2077

Abstract

In this paper, a sensorless position detection method of a two-phase switched reluctance motor (SRM) at standstill is proposed based on the voltage pulse injection method. Due to the torque dead zone and the lack of starting capability in the two-phase SRM, a [...] Read more.

In this paper, a sensorless position detection method of a two-phase switched reluctance motor (SRM) at standstill is proposed based on the voltage pulse injection method. Due to the torque dead zone and the lack of starting capability in the two-phase SRM, a rotor with a stepped structure is adopted to ensure continuous torque generation. The inductance characteristics of the asymmetric SRM are analyzed, and the region of the rotor position is categorized into linear regions and nonlinear regions with several key rotor positions and threshold values of self-inductance. A simple analytical model of the phase self-inductance profile of the asymmetric rotor SRM is proposed, which only requires a few linear equations, to replace the conventional look-up table. A pulse injection-based position estimation method is proposed based on the aforementioned analytical model. Short voltage pulses are injected into both phases at the same time to determine the position where the rotor is actually located at standstill. The proposed position detection method is simple and requires no extra circuitry. The simulation results are given and show the proposed estimation method can acquire a precise rotor position accurately at a standstill condition. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Electrical Machines and Drives)

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11 pages, 7136 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Method and Test Bench for Hydro-Mechanical Continuously Variable Transmission Based on Multi-Level Test and Verification

by Hanzheng Dai, Lirong Wan, Qingliang Zeng, Zhenguo Lu, Zhiyuan Sun and Wenting Liu

Machines 2021, 9(12), 358; https://doi.org/10.3390/machines9120358 - 16 Dec 2021

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2958

Abstract

According to the structural characteristics of Hydro-mechanical continuously variable transmission (HMCVT), a multi-functional test bench was developed, and the basic structure, working principle, and test functions of the test bench were introduced. The test bench has the following characteristics: To analyze the impact [...] Read more.

According to the structural characteristics of Hydro-mechanical continuously variable transmission (HMCVT), a multi-functional test bench was developed, and the basic structure, working principle, and test functions of the test bench were introduced. The test bench has the following characteristics: To analyze the impact of mechanical transmission and hydraulic transmission on the HMCVT transmission system, the performance can be tested separately by using a test bench; the coupling characteristics of the hydraulic transmission and mechanical transmission can also be tested; it can also test and verify the performance of the HMCVT transmission system and the control system; the test bench has a simple structure, diverse functions, and convenient operation. Using the multi-functional test bench, this paper proposes a method of multi-level test and verification. Through this method, the simulation models are revised and improved many times, and the accuracy of the models is improved, which are consistent with the physical model, and eventually, the accuracy of the simulation result is improved. This method is used to test and verify the hydraulic transmission system, analyze the characteristics of the hydraulic transmission system, and verify the feasibility and practicability of the multi-level verification method. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Applied Nonlinear Dynamics, Vibration, and Control in Industrial Systems)

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20 pages, 20782 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Adaptive Stretch-Forming Process: A Computer Vision and Statistical Analysis Approach

by Cosmin Constantin Grigoras, Valentin Zichil, Bogdan Chirita and Vlad Andrei Ciubotariu

Machines 2021, 9(12), 357; https://doi.org/10.3390/machines9120357 - 15 Dec 2021

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 5167

Abstract

An industrial process is defined through its quality of parts and their production costs. Labour-intensive operations must be applied to produce high-quality components with inexpensive resources. Recent development in dedicated software allows the industrial sector to rely on more and more autonomous solutions [...] Read more.

An industrial process is defined through its quality of parts and their production costs. Labour-intensive operations must be applied to produce high-quality components with inexpensive resources. Recent development in dedicated software allows the industrial sector to rely on more and more autonomous solutions to obtain an optimum ratio between part quality and cost. The stretch forming process is an operation that has a high degree of difficulty, due to the process parameters and the spring-back effect of materials. Our approach to solving several of the shortcomings of this process was to develop a self-adaptive algorithm with computer vision capabilities that adapts to the process in real-time. This experimental study highlights the results obtained using this method, as well as a comparison to a classical method for the stretch-forming process (SFP). The results have noted that the stretch-forming algorithm improves the process, while adapting its decisions with each step. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Robotics and Automation in Smart Manufacturing Systems)

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16 pages, 4518 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Performance of Multifunctional Smart PV-Based Domestic Distributed Generator in Dual-Mode Operation

by Kumar Chandrasekaran, Jasper John Sahayam, Sundarsingh Jebaseelan Somasundaram David Thanasingh, Sripriya Ramalingam, Hady H. Fayek, Nagananthini Ravichandran and Eugen Rusu

Machines 2021, 9(12), 356; https://doi.org/10.3390/machines9120356 - 15 Dec 2021

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2616

Abstract

This article briefs about a smart multifunctional single-phase inverter control for a domestic solar photo voltaic (PV)-based distributed generation that can work in both a grid-connected mode and an islanded mode by making the inverter mimic the operation of a synchronous generator. The [...] Read more.

This article briefs about a smart multifunctional single-phase inverter control for a domestic solar photo voltaic (PV)-based distributed generation that can work in both a grid-connected mode and an islanded mode by making the inverter mimic the operation of a synchronous generator. The control objectives were threefold: to provide the required active and reactive power for normal operating conditions and under varying operating conditions, to maintain the rated voltage and the rated frequency for the islanded mode, and to switch between the two modes of operation with the least amount of disturbance for the system while behaving as a virtual synchronous generator (VSG). The control structure is divided into three major loops: the outermost loop responsible for power control, the middle loop responsible for voltage control, and the innermost loop responsible for current control. The proposed control methodology incorporates the functionalities of the grid-connected and the islanded-mode control into a single complex structure and thus provides support to the grid under abnormal conditions while providing good-quality power to consumers under grid failure. The efficacy of the system is good. The operation under various modes were simulated in MATLAB Simulink, and the proportional integral (PI) controllers used for current controllers were tuned using particle swarm optimization (PSO). It can be concluded that the control structure becoming complex is benefitted by the added advantages of the smart PV system. The smart domestic PV system helps the prosumer to actively provide frequency support and voltage support, adding frequency support to the existing multifunctional PV systems. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Electrical Machines, Drives and Vehicles)

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20 pages, 5271 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Robotic Milling System Based on 3D Point Cloud

by Yongzhuo Gao, Haibo Gao, Kunpeng Bai, Mingyang Li and Wei Dong

Machines 2021, 9(12), 355; https://doi.org/10.3390/machines9120355 - 15 Dec 2021

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 3581

Abstract

Industrial robots have advantages in the processing of large-scale components in the aerospace industry. Compared to CNC machine tools, robot arms are cheaper and easier to deploy. However, due to the poor consistency of incoming materials, large-scale and lightweight components make it difficult [...] Read more.

Industrial robots have advantages in the processing of large-scale components in the aerospace industry. Compared to CNC machine tools, robot arms are cheaper and easier to deploy. However, due to the poor consistency of incoming materials, large-scale and lightweight components make it difficult to automate robotic machining. In addition, the stiffness of the tandem structure is quite low. Therefore, the stability of the milling process is always a concern. In this paper, the robotic milling research is carried out for the welding pre-processing technology of large-scale components. In order to realize the automatic production of low-conformity parts, the on-site measurement–planning–processing method is adopted with the laser profiler. On the one hand, the laser profiler hand–eye calibration method is optimized to improve the measurement accuracy. On the other hand, the stiffness of the robot’s processing posture is optimized, combined with the angle of the fixture turntable. Finally, the experiment shows the feasibility of the on-site measurement–planning–processing method and verifies the correctness of the stiffness model. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Learning Control Design and Analysis for Human-Robot Interaction)

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16 pages, 11790 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Research and Experimental Verification on Topology-Optimization Design Method of Space Mirror Based on Additive-Manufacturing Technology

by Yanchao Fan, Deyi Dong, Chao Li, Yuxin Sun, Zhiyu Zhang, Fanlu Wu, Liwei Yang, Quhao Li and Yingjun Guan

Machines 2021, 9(12), 354; https://doi.org/10.3390/machines9120354 - 15 Dec 2021

Cited by 13 | Viewed by 3151

Abstract

As one of the most-critical components in space optical cameras, the performance of space mirrors directly affects the imaging quality of space optical cameras, and the lightweight form of mirror blanks is a key factor affecting the structural quality and the surface-shape accuracy [...] Read more.

As one of the most-critical components in space optical cameras, the performance of space mirrors directly affects the imaging quality of space optical cameras, and the lightweight form of mirror blanks is a key factor affecting the structural quality and the surface-shape accuracy of mirrors. For the design requirements of lightweight and high surface-shape accuracy with space mirrors, this study proposes a design and manufacturing method that integrates topology-optimization with additive-manufacturing technology. This article firstly introduced the basic process and key technologies of space-mirror design and analyzed the superiority of combining a topology-optimized configuration design and additive-manufacturing technology; secondly, the topology-optimized design method of a back-open-structure mirror was used to complete the scheme design of a

Φ

260 mm aperture mirror; finally, the laser selective-melting manufacturing technology was used to complete the

Φ

260 mm aperture mirror blank. The mirror and its support structure were assembled and tested in a modal mode; the resonant frequencies of the mirror assembly were all over 600 Hz; and the deviation from the analytical results was within 2%. The optical surface of the mirror was turned by the single-point diamond-turning (SPDT) technique. The accuracy of the optical surface was checked by a Zygo interferometer. The RMS accuracy of the mirror surface was 0.041

λ

(

λ

is the wavelength;

λ

= 632 nm). In the test of the influence of gravity on the surface-shape accuracy, the mirror was turned over, which was equivalent to twice the gravity, and the RMS of the mirror surface-shape accuracy was 0.043

λ

, which met the requirement. The verification results show that the mirror designed and fabricated by the additive-manufacturing-based mirror-topology-optimization method can be prepared by the existing process, and the machinability and mechanical properties can meet the requirements, which provides an effective development method for improving the structural design and optimizing the manufacturing of space reflectors. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Precision Measurement and Machines)

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18 pages, 10240 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Influence of Blade Type on the Flow Structure of a Vortex Pump for Solid-Liquid Two-Phase Flow

by Hui Quan, Yanan Li, Lei Kang, Xinyang Yu, Kai Song and Yongkang Wu

Machines 2021, 9(12), 353; https://doi.org/10.3390/machines9120353 - 15 Dec 2021

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 2793

Abstract

Vortex pumps have good non-clogging performance owing to their impellers being retracted into retraction cavities, but they are much less efficient than ordinary centrifugal pumps. In this paper, numerical simulations were performed on a model of the 150WX200-20 vortex pump for four different [...] Read more.

Vortex pumps have good non-clogging performance owing to their impellers being retracted into retraction cavities, but they are much less efficient than ordinary centrifugal pumps. In this paper, numerical simulations were performed on a model of the 150WX200-20 vortex pump for four different blade types, and the influence of blade structure on pump performance was determined. The simulations revealed the existence of axial vortices in the flow passage between the blades in the impeller region. The geometric characteristics of these axial vortices were more regular in two-phase solid-liquid flow than single-phase liquid flow. The presence of the solid phase reduced the vortex strength compared with the single-phase flow and suppressed the increase in size of the secondary circulation vortex. It was found, however, that the blade shape had a greater influence on the circulating flow than the presence of the solid phase. The flow state of the medium flowing out of the impeller domain had a direct effect on the circulating flow with this effect being related to the law governing the flow of the medium in the flow channel between the blades. It was found that the performance of a front-bent blade was the best and that of a curved blade the worst. This influence of blade type on the internal flow structure was used to further explain the relationship between the internal flow structure and the external characteristics of the vortex pump, the understanding of which is crucial for blade selection and hydraulic optimization. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Optimization and Flow Characteristics in Advanced Fluid Machinery)

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23 pages, 1719 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Design of Mixed-Model Assembly Lines Integrating New Energy Vehicles

by Qidong Yin, Xiaochuan Luo and Julien Hohenstein

Machines 2021, 9(12), 352; https://doi.org/10.3390/machines9120352 - 14 Dec 2021

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 4135

Abstract

The automotive industry is undergoing a transformational period where more and more new energy vehicles (NEVs) are being produced and delivered to the market. Accordingly, some new challenges arise during the manufacturing process for car companies. Since the mixed-model assembly line has been [...] Read more.

The automotive industry is undergoing a transformational period where more and more new energy vehicles (NEVs) are being produced and delivered to the market. Accordingly, some new challenges arise during the manufacturing process for car companies. Since the mixed-model assembly line has been widely used, how to integrate the NEVs into the existing assembly system that was designed for the production of gasoline cars is a key issue. A practical approach assigning a specific workforce to handle NEV assembly work is applied at the BMW assembly shop. This work studies this new production pattern and focuses on the design of the assembly system under this pattern. This work aims to develop a method for minimizing the production cost of NEV assembly. Thus, an exact algorithm for hierarchically solving the assembly line balancing problem and vehicle model sequencing problem is proposed. Mixed integer programming mathematical models that describe these two problems are formulated for the first time. Three new benchmark problems and one industry case that include the NEV models are created to evaluate the effectiveness of the proposed method. Results of numerical tests demonstrate that the developed algorithm can quickly generate reconfiguration solutions of the assembly line for various model mix scenarios and production rates. High flexibility of the manufacturing system can be obtained using the proposed approach. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Industrial Systems)

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54 pages, 1710 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

A Systematic Literature Review of Cutting Tool Wear Monitoring in Turning by Using Artificial Intelligence Techniques

by Lorenzo Colantonio, Lucas Equeter, Pierre Dehombreux and François Ducobu

Machines 2021, 9(12), 351; https://doi.org/10.3390/machines9120351 - 10 Dec 2021

Cited by 38 | Viewed by 8161

Abstract

In turning operations, the wear of cutting tools is inevitable. As workpieces produced with worn tools may fail to meet specifications, the machining industries focus on replacement policies that mitigate the risk of losses due to scrap. Several strategies, from empiric laws to [...] Read more.

In turning operations, the wear of cutting tools is inevitable. As workpieces produced with worn tools may fail to meet specifications, the machining industries focus on replacement policies that mitigate the risk of losses due to scrap. Several strategies, from empiric laws to more advanced statistical models, have been proposed in the literature. More recently, many monitoring systems based on Artificial Intelligence (AI) techniques have been developed. Due to the scope of different artificial intelligence approaches, having a holistic view of the state of the art on this subject is complex, in part due to a lack of recent comprehensive reviews. This literature review therefore presents 20 years of literature on this subject obtained following a Systematic Literature Review (SLR) methodology. This SLR aims to answer the following research question: “How is the AI used in the framework of monitoring/predicting the condition of tools in stable turning condition?” To answer this research question, the “Scopus” database was consulted in order to gather relevant publications published between 1 January 2000 and 1 January 2021. The systematic approach yielded 8426 articles among which 102 correspond to the inclusion and exclusion criteria which limit the application of AI to stable turning operation and online prediction. A bibliometric analysis performed on these articles highlighted the growing interest of this subject in the recent years. A more in-depth analysis of the articles is also presented, mainly focusing on six AI techniques that are highly represented in the literature: Artificial Neural Network (ANN), fuzzy logic, Support Vector Machine (SVM), Self-Organizing Map (SOM), Hidden Markov Model (HMM), and Convolutional Neural Network (CNN). For each technique, the trends in the inputs, pre-processing techniques, and outputs of the AI are presented. The trends highlight the early and continuous importance of ANN, and the emerging interest of CNN for tool condition monitoring. The lack of common benchmark database for evaluating models performance does not allow clear comparisons of technique performance. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Tool Life Prediction in Machining)

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19 pages, 6549 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Analysing Efficiency and Reliability of High Speed Drive Inverters Using Wide Band Gap Power Devices

by Niklas Langmaack, Florian Lippold, Daiyi Hu and Regine Mallwitz

Machines 2021, 9(12), 350; https://doi.org/10.3390/machines9120350 - 9 Dec 2021

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 3155

Abstract

Within the project ‘ARIEL’ an electrical turbo compressor unit for fuel cell applications is deeply investigated. The necessary drive inverter is especially designed for high fundamental frequency and high switching frequency to cope with the requirements of the implemented electrical machine. This paper [...] Read more.

Within the project ‘ARIEL’ an electrical turbo compressor unit for fuel cell applications is deeply investigated. The necessary drive inverter is especially designed for high fundamental frequency and high switching frequency to cope with the requirements of the implemented electrical machine. This paper presents investigations on the inverter’s efficiency and its prospective lifetime at different stages of the development. In the design process different wide band gap power semiconductor devices in discrete packages are evaluated in terms of the achievable power density and efficiency, both by simulations and measurements. Finally, an optimised design using surface mount silicon carbide MOSFETs is developed. Compared to a former inverter design using silicon devices in a three-level topology, the power density of the inverter is significantly increased. The lifetime of power electronic systems is often limited by the lifetime of the power semiconductor devices. Based on loss calculations and the resulting temperature swing of the virtual junction the lifetime of the inverter is estimated for the most frequent operating points and for different mission profiles. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue High Speed Air Compressor for a Fuel Cell System for Use in a Vehicle)

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40 pages, 15945 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Detachment Detection in Cam Follower System Due to Nonlinear Dynamics Phenomenon

by Louay S. Yousuf

Machines 2021, 9(12), 349; https://doi.org/10.3390/machines9120349 - 9 Dec 2021

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 3069

Abstract

The detachment between the cam and the follower was investigated for different cam speeds (N) and different internal distance of the follower guide from inside (I.D.). The detachment between the cam and the follower were detected using largest Lyapunov exponent parameter, power density [...] Read more.

The detachment between the cam and the follower was investigated for different cam speeds (N) and different internal distance of the follower guide from inside (I.D.). The detachment between the cam and the follower were detected using largest Lyapunov exponent parameter, power density function of Fast Fourier Transform (FFT), and Poincare’ maps due to the nonlinear dynamics phenomenon of the follower. The follower displacement and the contact force between the cam and the follower were used in the detection of the detachment heights. Multi-degrees of freedom (spring-damper-mass) systems at the very end of the follower were used to improve the dynamic performance and to reduce the detachment between the cam and the follower. Nonlinear response of the follower displacement was calculated at different cam speeds, different coefficient of restitution, different contact conditions, and different internal distance of the follower guide from inside. SolidWorks program was used in the numerical solution while high speed camera at the foreground of the OPTOTRAK 30/20 equipment was used to catch the follower position. The friction and impact were considered between the cam and the follower and between the follower and its guide. The peak of nonlinear response of the follower displacement was reduced to (15%, 32%, 45%, and 62%) after using multiple degrees of freedom systems. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dynamic Analysis of Multibody Mechanical Systems)

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14 pages, 6355 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Torque Ripple Reduction of Switched Reluctance Motor with Non-Uniform Air-Gap and a Rotor Hole

by Grace Firsta Lukman and Jin-Woo Ahn

Machines 2021, 9(12), 348; https://doi.org/10.3390/machines9120348 - 9 Dec 2021

Cited by 14 | Viewed by 5046

Abstract

A switched reluctance motor has a very simple structure which becomes its key signature and leads to various advantages. However, because of its double saliency and switching principle, the motor is also known to have a relatively high torque ripple, and this hinders [...] Read more.

A switched reluctance motor has a very simple structure which becomes its key signature and leads to various advantages. However, because of its double saliency and switching principle, the motor is also known to have a relatively high torque ripple, and this hinders its use as a high-performance drive. In this paper, a method to reduce torque ripple while maintaining average torque is introduced. Two elements are used to achieve this, namely, a non-uniform air-gap on the rotor-pole face and one hole in each non-uniform region, which maintains the saturation level of the air-gap. This approach preserves the mechanical simplicity of the motor and is easy to implement. Simulations and experiments were performed to verify the effectiveness of the proposed design. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Design and Control of Electrical Machines)

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26 pages, 7851 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Modeling, Design, and Implementation of an Underactuated Gripper with Capability of Grasping Thin Objects

by Long Kang, Sang-Hwa Kim and Byung-Ju Yi

Machines 2021, 9(12), 347; https://doi.org/10.3390/machines9120347 - 9 Dec 2021

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 6435

Abstract

Underactuated robotic grippers have the advantage of lower cost, simpler control, and higher safety over the fully actuated grippers. In this study, an underactuated robotic finger is presented. The design issues that should be considered for stable grasping are discussed in detail. This [...] Read more.

Underactuated robotic grippers have the advantage of lower cost, simpler control, and higher safety over the fully actuated grippers. In this study, an underactuated robotic finger is presented. The design issues that should be considered for stable grasping are discussed in detail. This robotic finger is applied to design a two-fingered underactuated gripper. Firstly, a new three-DOF linkage-driven robotic finger that combines a five-bar mechanism and a double parallelogram is presented. This special architecture allows us to put all of the required actuators into the palm. By adding a torsion spring and a mechanical stopper at a passive joint, this underactuated finger mechanism can be used to perform parallel grasping, shape-adaptive grasping, and environmental contact-based grasp. Secondly, the dynamic model of this robotic finger is developed to investigate how to select an appropriate torsion spring. The dynamic simulation is performed with a multi-body dynamic simulator to verify our proposed approach. Moreover, static grasp models of both two-point and three-point contact grasps are investigated. Finally, different types of grasping modes are verified experimentally with a two-fingered underactuated robotic gripper. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Automation and Control Systems)

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27 pages, 11280 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Formation Control of a Multi-Autonomous Underwater Vehicle Event-Triggered Mechanism Based on the Hungarian Algorithm

by Juan Li, Yanxin Zhang and Wenbo Li

Machines 2021, 9(12), 346; https://doi.org/10.3390/machines9120346 - 9 Dec 2021

Cited by 14 | Viewed by 3063

Abstract

Among the key technologies of Autonomous Underwater Vehicle (AUV) leader–follower formations control, formation reconfiguration technology is one of the main technologies to ensure that multiple AUVs successfully complete their tasks in a complex operating environment. The biggest drawback of the leader–follower formations technology [...] Read more.

Among the key technologies of Autonomous Underwater Vehicle (AUV) leader–follower formations control, formation reconfiguration technology is one of the main technologies to ensure that multiple AUVs successfully complete their tasks in a complex operating environment. The biggest drawback of the leader–follower formations technology is the failure of the leader and the excessive communication pressure of the leader. Aiming at the problem of leader failure in multi- AUV leader–follower formations, the Hungarian algorithm is used to reconstruct the failed formation with a minimum cost, and the improvement of the Hungarian algorithm can solve the problem of a non-standard assignment. In order to solve the problem of an increased leader communication task after formation reconfiguration, the application of an event-triggered mechanism (ETM) can reduce unnecessary and useless communication, while the efficiency of the ETM can be improved through increasing the event-triggered conditions of the sampling error threshold. The simulation results of multi-AUV formation control show that the Hungarian algorithm proposed in this paper can deal with the leader failure in the multi-AUV leader–follower formation, and the ETM designed in this paper can reduce about 90% of the communication traffic of the formation which also proves the highly efficient performance of the improved ETM in the paper. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Robotics and Automation in Smart Manufacturing Systems)

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