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0 pages, 6365 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Decellularized Wharton’s Jelly and Amniotic Membrane Demonstrate Potential Therapeutic Implants in Tracheal Defects in Rabbits

by Aloysio Enck Neto, Katia Martins Foltz, Thiago Fuchs, Luize Kremer Gamba, Marcos Antonio Denk, Paulo Cesar Lock Silveira, Thatyanne Gradowski do Nascimento, Alice Machado Clemencia, Julio César Francisco, Lucia de Noronha and Luiz César Guarita-Souza

Life 2024, 14(6), 782; https://doi.org/10.3390/life14060782 - 20 Jun 2024

Viewed by 391

Abstract

Background: Tracheal grafts have been investigated for over a century, aiming to replace various lesions. However, tracheal reconstruction surgery remains a challenge, primarily due to anatomical considerations, intraoperative airway management, the technical complexity of reconstruction, and the potential postoperative morbidity and mortality. Due [...] Read more.

Background: Tracheal grafts have been investigated for over a century, aiming to replace various lesions. However, tracheal reconstruction surgery remains a challenge, primarily due to anatomical considerations, intraoperative airway management, the technical complexity of reconstruction, and the potential postoperative morbidity and mortality. Due to research development, the amniotic membrane (AM) and Wharton’s Jelly (WJ) arise as alternatives within the new set of therapeutic alternatives. These structures hold significant therapeutic potential for tracheal defects. This study analyzed the capacity of tracheal tissue regeneration after 60 days of decellularized WJ and AM implantation in rabbits submitted to conventional tracheostomy. Methods: An in vivo experimental study was carried out using thirty rabbits separated into three groups (Control, AM, and WJ) (n = 10). The analyses were performed 60 days after surgery through immunohistochemistry. Results: Different immunomarkers related to scar regeneration, such as aggrecan, TGF-β1, and α-SMA, were analyzed. However, they highlighted no significant difference between the groups. Collagen type I, III, and Aggrecan also showed no significant difference between the groups. Conclusions: Both scaffolds appeared to be excellent frameworks for tissue engineering, presenting biocompatibility and a desirable microenvironment for cell survival; however, they did not display histopathological benefits in trachea tissue regeneration. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Cell Biology and Tissue Engineering)

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14 pages, 577 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Association of HLA Haplotypes with Autoimmune Pathogenesis in Newly Diagnosed Type 1 Romanian Diabetic Children: A Pilot, Single-Center Cross-Sectional Study

by Amalia Ioana Arhire, Sorin Ioacara, Teodora Papuc, Miruna Sânziana Chiper, Irina Monica Dutescu, Ana Moise, Ioana Roxana Badea, Suzana Florea, Adelina Vlad and Simona Fica

Life 2024, 14(6), 781; https://doi.org/10.3390/life14060781 - 20 Jun 2024

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Abstract

Background: The increasing incidence of autoimmune diseases in type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) patients highlights the influence of human leukocyte antigen (HLA) haplotypes on their development. This study aims to determine genetic predisposition to autoimmune diseases in T1DM patients, including thyroid disease and [...] Read more.

Background: The increasing incidence of autoimmune diseases in type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) patients highlights the influence of human leukocyte antigen (HLA) haplotypes on their development. This study aims to determine genetic predisposition to autoimmune diseases in T1DM patients, including thyroid disease and celiac diseases, and explore its correlation with vitamin D deficiency. Methods: A cross-sectional study involving thirty-six T1DM children was conducted. Typing was performed for the HLA A, B, C, DP, DR, and DQ loci. Regression analysis linked DR-DQ haplotypes to T1DM and the associated conditions. Results: The most frequent predisposing alleles and haplotypes were HLA-DR3 (70.27%), DQ2 (70.27%), DR3-DQ2 (70.27%), DQB1*02:01 (70.27%), A02 (54.05%), whereas the most prevalent protecting allele was DPB1*04:01 (52.63%). Positive correlations were observed between positive anti-thyroid peroxidase antibodies and the absence of protective alleles (DPB1*04:02, p = 0.036; DPB1*04:01, p = 0.002). Associations were found between the absence of DPB1*04:01 and anti-thyroglobulin antibodies (p = 0.03). HLA allele DPB1*03:01 was linked with vitamin D deficiency (p = 0.021). Positive anti-transglutaminase antibodies correlated with C03:03 (p = 0.026) and DRB1*04:01-DQA1*03-DQB1*03:01 (p < 0.0001) and the lack of DQA1*01:03-DQB1*06:03-DRB1*13:01 (p < 0.0001). Conclusions: The predisposing T1DM haplotypes were associated with the presence of anti-transglutaminase and anti-thyroid antibodies, indicating a genetic predisposition to autoimmune diseases. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Medical Research)

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14 pages, 4284 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Leaf Segmentation Using Modified YOLOv8-Seg Models

by Peng Wang, Hong Deng, Jiaxu Guo, Siqi Ji, Dan Meng, Jun Bao and Peng Zuo

Life 2024, 14(6), 780; https://doi.org/10.3390/life14060780 - 20 Jun 2024

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Abstract

Computer-vision-based plant leaf segmentation technology is of great significance for plant classification, monitoring of plant growth, precision agriculture, and other scientific research. In this paper, the YOLOv8-seg model was used for the automated segmentation of individual leaves in images. In order to improve [...] Read more.

Computer-vision-based plant leaf segmentation technology is of great significance for plant classification, monitoring of plant growth, precision agriculture, and other scientific research. In this paper, the YOLOv8-seg model was used for the automated segmentation of individual leaves in images. In order to improve the segmentation performance, we further introduced a Ghost module and a Bidirectional Feature Pyramid Network (BiFPN) module into the standard Yolov8 model and proposed two modified versions. The Ghost module can generate several intrinsic feature maps with cheap transformation operations, and the BiFPN module can fuse multi-scale features to improve the segmentation performance of small leaves. The experiment results show that Yolov8 performs well in the leaf segmentation task, and the Ghost module and BiFPN module can further improve the performance. Our proposed approach achieves a 86.4% leaf segmentation score (best Dice) over all five test datasets of the Computer Vision Problems in Plant Phenotyping (CVPPP) Leaf Segmentation Challenge, outperforming other reported approaches. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Crop Phenotyping Based on Artificial Intelligence Methods)

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13 pages, 613 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Sleep Difficulties in Swiss Elite Athletes

by Albrecht P. A. Vorster, Daniel Erlacher, Daniel Birrer and Philipp Röthlin

Life 2024, 14(6), 779; https://doi.org/10.3390/life14060779 - 20 Jun 2024

Viewed by 457

Abstract

For athletes, sleep is essential for recovery and performance. Yet, up to two-thirds of athletes report poor sleep quality. Comprehensive data across all sports disciplines on the underlying causes of sleep problems are missing. We reanalyzed a data set of N = 1004 [...] Read more.

For athletes, sleep is essential for recovery and performance. Yet, up to two-thirds of athletes report poor sleep quality. Comprehensive data across all sports disciplines on the underlying causes of sleep problems are missing. We reanalyzed a data set of N = 1004 Swiss top athletes across an extensive array of 88 sports to gain knowledge on the specific deficits in sleep health with respect to gender, sport classes, sport-related factors, and well-being. We found that 18% of athletes were affected by at least two out of five high-risk sleep factors: 9% of athletes slept less than 6 h per day, 30% were dissatisfied with their sleep, 17% showed problems falling asleep within 30 min, 18% of athletes reported difficulty maintaining sleep more than three times a week, and 6% of athletes used sleeping pills more than once a week. We found sleep health strongly linked to overall well-being and mental health (22% showed at least moderate symptoms of either depression or anxiety). Therefore, screening and treating sleep disorders might effectively improve mental health and general well-being as well as performance among athletes around the globe. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sleep and Sleep Disorders in Sports and Advanced Physical Exercise)

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12 pages, 1910 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Evaluation of 3D Footprint Morphology of Knee-Related Muscle Attachments Based on CT Data Reconstruction: A Feasibility Study

by Anne-Marie Neumann, Maeruan Kebbach, Rainer Bader, Guido Hildebrandt and Andreas Wree

Life 2024, 14(6), 778; https://doi.org/10.3390/life14060778 - 19 Jun 2024

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Abstract

A three-dimensional (3D) understanding of muscle attachment footprints became increasingly relevant for musculoskeletal modeling. The established method to project attachments as points ignores patient-specific individuality. Research focuses on investigating certain muscle groups rather than comprehensively studying all muscles spanning a joint. Therefore, we [...] Read more.

A three-dimensional (3D) understanding of muscle attachment footprints became increasingly relevant for musculoskeletal modeling. The established method to project attachments as points ignores patient-specific individuality. Research focuses on investigating certain muscle groups rather than comprehensively studying all muscles spanning a joint. Therefore, we present a reliable method to study several muscle attachments in order to reconstruct the attachment sites in 3D based on CT imaging for future applications in musculoskeletal modeling. For the present feasibility study, 23 knee-related muscle attachments were CT-scanned postmortem from four nonadipose male specimens. For this, the specific muscle attachments were dissected and marked with a barium sulfate containing paint (60 g BaSO₄ in 30 mL water and 10 mL acrylic paint). Subsequently, bone geometries and muscle attachments were reconstructed and evaluated from CT datasets. Bone morphology and footprint variations were studied. Exemplarily, variations were high for pes anserinus insertions (mean 56%) and the origins of M. biceps femoris (mean 54%). In contrast, the origins of the vastus muscles as well as the insertion of the Achilles tendon showed low variation (mean 9% and 13%, respectively). Most attachment sites showed variation exceeding the individuality of bone morphology. In summary, the present data were consistent with the few published studies of specific muscle footprints. Our data shed light on the high variability of muscle attachments, which need to be addressed when studying muscle forces and movements through musculoskeletal modeling. This is the first step to achieving a more profound understanding of muscle morphology to be utilized in numerical simulations. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Topographic and Functional Anatomy of Musculoskeletal System)

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17 pages, 265 KiB

Open AccessReview

Screening for Breast Cancer: A Comparative Review of Guidelines

by Laskarina Katsika, Eirini Boureka, Ioannis Kalogiannidis, Ioannis Tsakiridis, Ilias Tirodimos, Konstantinos Lallas, Zoi Tsimtsiou and Themistoklis Dagklis

Life 2024, 14(6), 777; https://doi.org/10.3390/life14060777 - 19 Jun 2024

Viewed by 453

Abstract

Breast cancer is the most common malignancy diagnosed in the female population worldwide and the leading cause of death among perimenopausal women. Screening is essential, since earlier detection in combination with improvements in breast cancer treatment can reduce the associated mortality. The aim [...] Read more.

Breast cancer is the most common malignancy diagnosed in the female population worldwide and the leading cause of death among perimenopausal women. Screening is essential, since earlier detection in combination with improvements in breast cancer treatment can reduce the associated mortality. The aim of this study was to review and compare the recommendations from published guidelines on breast cancer screening. A total of 14 guidelines on breast cancer screening issued between 2014 and 2022 were identified. A descriptive review of relevant guidelines by the World Health Organization (WHO), the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF), the American Cancer Society (ACS), the National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN), the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG), the American Society of Breast Surgeons (ASBrS), the American College of Radiology (ACR), the Task Force on Preventive Health Care (CTFPHC), the European Commission Initiative on Breast Cancer (ECIBC), the European Society for Medical Oncology (ESMO), the Royal Australian College of General Practitioners (RACGP) and the Japanese Journal of Clinical Oncology (JJCO) for women both at average and high-risk was carried out. There is a consensus among all the reviewed guidelines that mammography is the gold standard screening modality for average-risk women. For this risk group, most of the guidelines suggest annual or biennial mammographic screening at 40–74 years, while screening should particularly focus at 50–69 years. Most of the guidelines suggest that the age limit to stop screening should be determined based on the women’s health status and life expectancy. For women at high-risk, most guidelines recommend the use of annual mammography or magnetic resonance imaging, while the starting age should be earlier than the average-risk group, depending on the risk factor. There is discrepancy among the recommendations regarding the age at onset of screening in the various high-risk categories. The development of consistent international practice protocols for the most appropriate breast cancer screening programs seems of major importance to reduce mortality rates and safely guide everyday clinical practice. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Early Diagnosis and Management of Gynecological Malignancies)

15 pages, 4687 KiB

Open AccessProtocol

β3-adREnoceptor Analysis in CORD Blood of Neonates (β3 RECORD): Study Protocol of a Pilot Clinical Investigation

by Rosa Teresa Scaramuzzo, Stefania Crucitta, Marzia del Re, Maurizio Cammalleri, Paola Bagnoli, Massimo Dal Monte, Alessandro Pini and Luca Filippi

Life 2024, 14(6), 776; https://doi.org/10.3390/life14060776 - 19 Jun 2024

Viewed by 364

Abstract

Background and Objective: The embryo and the fetus develop in a physiologically hypoxic environment, where vascularization is sustained by HIF-1, VEGF, and the β-adrenergic system. In animals, β3-adrenoceptors (β3-ARs), up-regulated by hypoxia, favor global fetal wellness to such an extent that most [...] Read more.

Background and Objective: The embryo and the fetus develop in a physiologically hypoxic environment, where vascularization is sustained by HIF-1, VEGF, and the β-adrenergic system. In animals, β3-adrenoceptors (β3-ARs), up-regulated by hypoxia, favor global fetal wellness to such an extent that most diseases related to prematurity are hypothesized to be induced or aggravated by a precocious β3-AR down-regulation, due to premature exposure to a relatively hyperoxic environment. In animals, β3-AR pharmacological agonism is currently investigated as a possible new therapeutic opportunity to counteract oxygen-induced damages. Our goal is to translate the knowledge acquired in animals to humans. Recently, we have demonstrated that fetuses become progressively more hypoxemic from mid-gestation to near-term, but starting from the 33rd–34th week, oxygenation progressively increases until birth. The present paper aims to describe a clinical research protocol, evaluating whether the expression level of HIF-1, β3-ARs, and VEGF is modulated by oxygen during intrauterine and postnatal life, in a similar way to animals. Materials and Methods: In a prospective, non-profit, single-center observational study we will enroll 100 preterm (group A) and 100 full-term newborns (group B). We will collect cord blood samples (T0) and measure the RNA expression level of HIF-1, β3-ARs, and VEGF by digital PCR. In preterms, we will also measure gene expression at 48–72h (T1), 14 days (T2), and 30 days (T3) of life and at 40 ± 3 weeks of post-menstrual age (T4), regardless of the day of life. We will compare group A (T0) vs. group B (T0) and identify any correlations between the values obtained from serial samples in group A and the clinical data of the patients. Our protocol has been approved by the Pediatric Ethical Committee for Clinical Research of the Tuscany region (number 291/2022). Expected Results: The observation that in infants, the HIF-1/β3-ARs/VEGF axis shows similar modulation to that of animals could suggest that β3-ARs also promote fetal well-being in humans. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue From Stem Cells to Embryos, Congenital Anomalies and Epidemiology)

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8 pages, 491 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Sleep, Mood, and Nutrition Patterns of Postmenopausal Women Diagnosed with Major Depressive Disorder by Menopause Periods

by Cansu Kabadayı Demir, Sinem Bayram, Beril Köse, Esra Köseler Beyaz and Esen Yeşil

Life 2024, 14(6), 775; https://doi.org/10.3390/life14060775 - 19 Jun 2024

Viewed by 550

Abstract

Menopausal women experience changes in ovarian activity and fluctuating hormone levels. The aim of this study was to detect ongoing sleep and nutritional problems in postmenopausal women. This study was conducted with 62 postmenopausal women who had been diagnosed with major depressive disorder, [...] Read more.

Menopausal women experience changes in ovarian activity and fluctuating hormone levels. The aim of this study was to detect ongoing sleep and nutritional problems in postmenopausal women. This study was conducted with 62 postmenopausal women who had been diagnosed with major depressive disorder, were aged 42–64, were not dieting for at least 1 month, and had been using antidepressants for at least 6 months. The Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index and Depression Anxiety Stress Scale–42 were used. Anthropometric measurements were taken and body composition analysis was performed. The prevalence of obesity and overweight were 12.9% and 71%, respectively. Hot flashes, night sweats, and mood swing were more common in those who had been through menopause for <5 years. Also, the PSQI, Depression, and Stress scores of those women were higher. Women who had been menopausal for ≥5 years had a higher BMI, waist/hip ratio, and fat mass and better sleep quality and lower daytime dysfunction according to the PSQI. Energy and fat intake were higher, while protein, vitamin C, and calcium intakes were lower in women who had been menopausal for ≥5 years. It is crucial for healthcare professionals to review approaches for early and late menopausal periods and to individualize treatment options, especially in patients whose symptoms persist. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Understanding Comorbidities in Gynecologic Diseases: A Holistic Approach to Women’s Health)

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7 pages, 500 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Assessment of Bone Age Based on Hand Radiographs Using Regression-Based Multi-Modal Deep Learning

by Jeoung Kun Kim, Donghwi Park and Min Cheol Chang

Life 2024, 14(6), 774; https://doi.org/10.3390/life14060774 - 18 Jun 2024

Viewed by 383

Abstract

(1) Objective: In this study, a regression-based multi-modal deep learning model was developed for use in bone age assessment (BAA) utilizing hand radiographic images and clinical data, including patient gender and chronological age, as input data. (2) Methods: A dataset of hand radiographic [...] Read more.

(1) Objective: In this study, a regression-based multi-modal deep learning model was developed for use in bone age assessment (BAA) utilizing hand radiographic images and clinical data, including patient gender and chronological age, as input data. (2) Methods: A dataset of hand radiographic images from 2974 pediatric patients was used to develop a regression-based multi-modal BAA model. This model integrates hand radiographs using EfficientNetV2S convolutional neural networks (CNNs) and clinical data (gender and chronological age) processed by a simple deep neural network (DNN). This approach enhances the model’s robustness and diagnostic precision, addressing challenges related to imbalanced data distribution and limited sample sizes. (3) Results: The model exhibited good performance on BAA, with an overall mean absolute error (MAE) of 0.410, root mean square error (RMSE) of 0.637, and accuracy of 91.1%. Subgroup analysis revealed higher accuracy in females ≤ 11 years (MAE: 0.267, RMSE: 0.453, accuracy: 95.0%) and >11 years (MAE: 0.402, RMSE: 0.634, accuracy 92.4%) compared to males ≤ 13 years (MAE: 0.665, RMSE: 0.912, accuracy: 79.7%) and >13 years (MAE: 0.647, RMSE: 1.302, accuracy: 84.6%). (4) Conclusion: This model showed a generally good performance on BAA, showing a better performance in female pediatrics compared to male pediatrics and an especially robust performance in female pediatrics ≤ 11 years. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Artificial Intelligence for Medical Image Analysis)

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12 pages, 2623 KiB

Open AccessCase Report

Cutaneous Sarcoidosis Induced by Laser Therapy: Case Report and Review of the Literature

by Hanna Cisoń, Magdalena Simon-Błażewicz, Joanna Suseł, Marianna Suseł, Zdzisław Woźniak, Rafał Białynicki-Birula and Jacek C. Szepietowski

Life 2024, 14(6), 773; https://doi.org/10.3390/life14060773 - 17 Jun 2024

Viewed by 480

Abstract

Background: Sarcoidosis, characterized by non-caseating epithelioid granulomas, presents diagnostic and therapeutic challenges. Method: Here we present a 38-year-old woman who exhibited erythematous and infiltrated skin lesions on her facial region following fractional laser treatment. Results: Histological analysis confirmed cutaneous sarcoidosis. Initial interventions with [...] Read more.

Background: Sarcoidosis, characterized by non-caseating epithelioid granulomas, presents diagnostic and therapeutic challenges. Method: Here we present a 38-year-old woman who exhibited erythematous and infiltrated skin lesions on her facial region following fractional laser treatment. Results: Histological analysis confirmed cutaneous sarcoidosis. Initial interventions with topical clobetasol and oral chloroquine provided transient relief. Subsequent outpatient management comprised topical tacrolimus and clobetasol, as well as systemic methotrexate, later substituted with prednisone. Gradual tapering resulted in lesion reduction. Conclusions: This case underscores the intricate nature of cutaneous sarcoidosis and the necessity for personalized therapeutic approaches. The association with cosmetic procedures highlights the importance of understanding potential triggers. The presented case highlights and reminds the medical community that lasers are not only used for therapeutic purposes but can also induce specific responses through laser therapy. Notably, while laser therapy is frequently employed in treating cutaneous sarcoidosis, its role in inducing sarcoidosis warrants further investigation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Current Research on Dermatology: Pathology, Clinical Manifestation, Investigation and Therapy: 2nd Edition)

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13 pages, 255 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Retrospective Analysis of Effective Management Strategies for Primary Amenorrhea of Reproductive Age in Saudi Arabia

by Hanadi Bakhsh

Life 2024, 14(6), 772; https://doi.org/10.3390/life14060772 - 17 Jun 2024

Viewed by 557

Abstract

Primary amenorrhea, the absence of menstruation by age 15, can have significant implications for reproductive health and overall well-being. This retrospective study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of various management strategies for primary amenorrhea among women of reproductive age in Saudi Arabia. Medical [...] Read more.

Primary amenorrhea, the absence of menstruation by age 15, can have significant implications for reproductive health and overall well-being. This retrospective study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of various management strategies for primary amenorrhea among women of reproductive age in Saudi Arabia. Medical records of 63 eligible patients from 2018 to 2023 were analyzed, assessing diagnostic methods, treatment modalities, and associated outcomes. The findings revealed that hormonal therapy was the most commonly employed management strategy (50.0%) and demonstrated the highest rate of achieving menstrual regularity (62.5%). Surgical interventions were utilized in 28.1% of cases, with a 50.0% rate of symptom resolution. Lifestyle modifications were less frequent (21.9%) but showed a moderate rate of symptom resolution (35.7%). Logistic regression analysis identified age, underlying etiology, and management strategy as significant predictors of treatment success. Subgroup analyses highlighted the efficacy of hormonal therapy and lifestyle modifications for genetic etiologies, while surgical interventions were more effective for anatomical causes. The study underscores the importance of a comprehensive diagnostic approach and personalized treatment plans tailored to individual patient characteristics. Despite limitations, the findings contribute to the understanding of optimal management strategies for primary amenorrhea and emphasize the need for multidisciplinary collaboration in addressing this complex condition. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Human Infertility and Reproductive Endocrinology: 2nd Edition)

10 pages, 552 KiB

Open AccessReview

The Impact of Vitamin D on Immune Function and Its Role in Hashimoto’s Thyroiditis: A Narrative Review

by Michela Soda, Claudia Priante, Ciro Pesce, Giovanni De Maio and Mauro Lombardo

Life 2024, 14(6), 771; https://doi.org/10.3390/life14060771 - 17 Jun 2024

Viewed by 633

Abstract

Vitamin D, an essential nutrient, plays a crucial role in numerous biological functions, acting as a hormone and being important for the proper functioning of the immune system. This review illustrates the interactions between adequate vitamin D levels and an appropriate immune response, [...] Read more.

Vitamin D, an essential nutrient, plays a crucial role in numerous biological functions, acting as a hormone and being important for the proper functioning of the immune system. This review illustrates the interactions between adequate vitamin D levels and an appropriate immune response, highlighting the implications for Hashimoto’s thyroiditis (HT), a chronic inflammation of the thyroid characterized by the production of autoantibodies. A comprehensive review of the existing literature shows that vitamin D inhibits the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines, leading to an improvement in the clinical picture in HT by switching from a pro-inflammatory to immune balance. Vitamin D supplementation has been shown to reduce elevated serum levels of thyroid peroxidase antibodies, a key marker of HT. Although the results are conflicting, the evidence suggests that an adequate vitamin D intake supports the immune function and counteracts autoimmune conditions such as HT by improving their symptoms. There is evidence of vitamin D’s key role in supporting the immune system function and managing autoimmunity, such as in HT. An adequate vitamin D intake is crucial for improving the clinical picture and the symptoms of HT. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Vitamin D in Autoimmune and Infectious Diseases)

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14 pages, 2136 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Lysophosphatidic Acid Modulates TGF-β2-Induced Biological Phenotype in Human Conjunctival Fibroblasts

by Megumi Watanabe, Yuri Tsugeno, Tatsuya Sato, Megumi Higashide, Nami Nishikiori, Araya Umetsu, Toshifumi Ogawa, Masato Furuhashi and Hiroshi Ohguro

Life 2024, 14(6), 770; https://doi.org/10.3390/life14060770 - 17 Jun 2024

Viewed by 442

Abstract

Background: Although lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) is known to have multiple pathophysiological roles, its contributions to ocular tissues, especially conjunctival fibrogenesis, remain to be elucidated. Methods: To study this issue, the effects of LPA on transforming growth factor-β2 (TGF-β2)-induced fibrogenesis of two-dimensional (2D) and [...] Read more.

Background: Although lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) is known to have multiple pathophysiological roles, its contributions to ocular tissues, especially conjunctival fibrogenesis, remain to be elucidated. Methods: To study this issue, the effects of LPA on transforming growth factor-β2 (TGF-β2)-induced fibrogenesis of two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) cultures of human conjunctival fibroblasts (HconF) were examined by the following analyses: (1) planar proliferation determined by transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER) and fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)-dextran permeability measurements, (2) real-time metabolic analyses, (3) measurements of the size and stiffness of 3D spheroids, and (4) mRNA expression of extracellular matrix (ECM) molecules and their modulators. Results: LPA had no effect on TGF-β2-induced increase in the planar proliferation of HconF cells. LPA induced a more quiescent metabolic state in 2D HconF cells, but this metabolic suppression by LPA was partially blunted in the presence of TGF-β2. In contrast, LPA caused a substantial decrease in the hardness of 3D HconF spheroids independently of TGF-β2. In agreement with these different LPA-induced effects between 2D and 3D cultured HconF cells, mRNA expressions of ECM and their modulators were differently modulated. Conclusion: The findings that LPA induced the inhibition of both TGF-β2-related and -unrelated subepithelial proliferation of HconF cells may be clinically applicable. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Physiology and Pathology)

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8 pages, 1695 KiB

Open AccessCommunication

Genetic Diversity and Population Structure of the Endangered Salamander Hynobius yiwuensis Inferred from Mitochondrial DNA Sequences

by Liangliang Zhang, Pierfrancesco Sechi, Jingbei Xie, Rui Dong and Rongquan Zheng

Life 2024, 14(6), 769; https://doi.org/10.3390/life14060769 - 17 Jun 2024

Viewed by 594

Abstract

Understanding the genetic diversity patterns of endangered species is crucial for biodiversity conservation. The endangered salamander Hynobius yiwuensis, endemic to the mainland and Zhoushan Island in Zhejiang, China, has suffered from sharp population declines due to habitat loss. However, the levels and patterns [...] Read more.

Understanding the genetic diversity patterns of endangered species is crucial for biodiversity conservation. The endangered salamander Hynobius yiwuensis, endemic to the mainland and Zhoushan Island in Zhejiang, China, has suffered from sharp population declines due to habitat loss. However, the levels and patterns of genetic diversity, differentiation, and population structure of H. yiwuensis remain poorly understood. Here, we explored the genetic diversity and phylogeography of H. yiwuensis based on partial mtDNA sequences (Cytb and CO1) through 111 individuals collected from seven localities. Relatively high overall haplotype diversity (h = 0.965) and low nucleotide diversity (π = 0.013) were detected. Our results, through phylogenetic trees and haplotype network analyses, revealed two divergent haplogroups, mainland and island, and the estimated divergence time indicated they diverged ~2.44 million years ago, which coincided with the period when Zhoushan Island became separated from the mainland. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mitochondrial DNA Genetic Diversity)

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10 pages, 4703 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Survival Rate and Chronic Diseases of TCGA Cancer and KoGES Normal Samples by Clustering for DNA Methylation

by Jeong-An Gim

Life 2024, 14(6), 768; https://doi.org/10.3390/life14060768 - 17 Jun 2024

Viewed by 555

Abstract

Insights from public DNA methylation data derived from cancer or normal tissues from cancer patients or healthy people can be obtained by machine learning. The goal is to determine methylation patterns that could be useful for predicting the prognosis for cancer patients and [...] Read more.

Insights from public DNA methylation data derived from cancer or normal tissues from cancer patients or healthy people can be obtained by machine learning. The goal is to determine methylation patterns that could be useful for predicting the prognosis for cancer patients and correcting lifestyles for healthy people. DNA methylation data were obtained from the DNA of 446 healthy participants from the Korean Genome Epidemiology Study (KoGES) and from the DNA of normal tissues or from cancer tissues of 11 types of carcinomas from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database. To correct for the batch effect, R’s ComBat function was used. Using the K-mean clustering (k = 3), the survival rates of the cancer patients and the incidence of chronic diseases were compared between the three clusters for TCGA and KoGES, respectively. Based on the public DNA methylation and clinical data of healthy participants and cancer patients, I present an analysis pipeline that integrates and clusters the methylation data from the two groups. As a result of clustering, CpG sites from gene or genomic regions, such as AFAP1, NINJ2, and HOOK2 genes, that correlated with survival rate and chronic disease are presented. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Genetics and Genomics)

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1 pages, 135 KiB

Open AccessCorrection

Correction: Morales et al. Characterizing Biogenic MnOx Produced by Pseudomonas putida MnB1 and Its Catalytic Activity towards Water Oxidation. Life 2024, 14, 171

by Elisa Morales, Lauren N. Formanski, Sarah E. Shaner and Kari L. Stone

Life 2024, 14(6), 767; https://doi.org/10.3390/life14060767 - 17 Jun 2024

Viewed by 258

Abstract

“Lauren N [...] Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Research in Biocatalysis)

18 pages, 11899 KiB

Open AccessCase Report

Primary Chest Wall Ewing Sarcoma: Treatment and Long-Term Results

by Ottavia Salimbene, Domenico Viggiano, Francesco Muratori, Roberto Lo Piccolo, Flavio Facchini, Angela Tamburini, Domenico Andrea Campanacci, Luca Voltolini and Alessandro Gonfiotti

Life 2024, 14(6), 766; https://doi.org/10.3390/life14060766 - 17 Jun 2024

Viewed by 699

Abstract

Objective: The aim of the study is to evaluate early and long-term results of chest wall primary Ewing’s sarcoma patients treated in the time period February 2000–February 2023 by a multidisciplinary approach. Methods: We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of patients who underwent [...] Read more.

Objective: The aim of the study is to evaluate early and long-term results of chest wall primary Ewing’s sarcoma patients treated in the time period February 2000–February 2023 by a multidisciplinary approach. Methods: We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of patients who underwent chest wall resection for a primary tumor. Treatment approach, extent of resection, 30-day mortality, overall survival (OS), local recurrence-free survival (LRFS), and metastasis-free survival (MFS) were analyzed. Results: Overall, n = 15 consecutive patients were treated for chest wall primary Ewing’s sarcoma. A median of n = 3 ribs was resected with a median of n = 2 ribs adjacent to the lesion. Resections were extended to the adjacent structures in n = 5 patients (33.3%). In all cases, we performed a prosthetic reconstruction, associated with muscle flap (n = 10, 66.6%) or with rigid titanium bars and muscle flap (n = 6, 40%). A radical resection was accomplished in n = 13 patients (84.6%). The median surgical time was 310 ± 120 min; median hospitalization was 7.8 ± 1.9 days. Post-operative mortality was zero. We recorded n = 4 (30.7%) post-operative complication. The median follow-up (FU) was 26 months. Moreover, 5-year overall and event-free survival were 52% and 48%, respectively. Conclusions: This case series confirms the benefit of the multidisciplinary approach for Ewing sarcomas in early and long-term results. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in Modern Thoracic Surgery)

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11 pages, 1973 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Understanding the Thermodynamics of Magnesium Binding to RNA Structural Motifs

by J. A. Cowan

Life 2024, 14(6), 765; https://doi.org/10.3390/life14060765 - 16 Jun 2024

Viewed by 561

Abstract

Divalent magnesium ions (Mg²⁺) serve a vital role in defining the structural and catalytic chemistry of a wide array of RNA molecules. The body of structural information on RNA motifs continues to expand and, in turn, the functional importance of Mg [...] Read more.

Divalent magnesium ions (Mg²⁺) serve a vital role in defining the structural and catalytic chemistry of a wide array of RNA molecules. The body of structural information on RNA motifs continues to expand and, in turn, the functional importance of Mg²⁺ is revealed. A combination of prior work on the structural characterization of magnesium binding ligands with inner- and outer-sphere coordination modes, with recorded experimental binding energies for inner- and outer-sphere contacts, demonstrates the relative affinity and thermodynamic hierarchy for these sites. In turn, these can be correlated with cellular concentrations of free available magnesium ions, allowing the prioritization of populating important functional sites and a correlation with physiological function. This paper summarizes some of the key results of that analysis and provides predictive rules for the affinity and role of newly identified Mg binding sites on complex RNA structures. The influence of crystal packing on magnesium binding to RNA motifs, relative to their solution form, is addressed and caveats made. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Biochemistry, Biophysics and Computational Biology)

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17 pages, 3744 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Acute Kaempferol Stimulation Induces AKT Phosphorylation in HepG2 Cells

by Beatriz Santana-Lima, Lucas Humberto Zimmermann Belaunde, Karine Damaceno de Souza, Matheus Elias Rosa, Jose Eduardo de Carvalho, Joel Machado-Jr, Maria Isabel Cardoso Alonso-Vale, Luciano Caseli, Daniela Gonçales Galasse Rando and Luciana Chagas Caperuto

Life 2024, 14(6), 764; https://doi.org/10.3390/life14060764 - 15 Jun 2024

Viewed by 454

Abstract

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) stands as a prevalent global public health issue caused by deficiencies in the action of insulin and/or insulin production. In the liver, insulin plays an important role by inhibiting hepatic glucose production and stimulating glycogen storage, thereby contributing [...] Read more.

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) stands as a prevalent global public health issue caused by deficiencies in the action of insulin and/or insulin production. In the liver, insulin plays an important role by inhibiting hepatic glucose production and stimulating glycogen storage, thereby contributing to blood glucose regulation. Kaempferitrin (KP) and kaempferol (KM), flavonoids found in Bauhinia forficata, exhibit insulin-mimetic properties, showing promise in managing T2DM. In this study, we aimed to assess the potential of these compounds in modulating the insulin signaling pathway and/or glucose metabolism. Cell viability assays confirmed the non-cytotoxic nature of both compounds toward HepG2 cells at the concentrations and times evaluated. Theoretical molecular docking studies revealed that KM had the best docking pose with the IR β subunit when compared to the KP. Moreover, Langmuir monolayer evaluation indicated molecular incorporation for both KM and KP. Specifically, KM exhibited the capability to increase AKT phosphorylation, a key kinase in insulin signaling, regardless of insulin receptor (IR) activation. Notably, KM showed an additional synergistic effect with insulin in activating AKT. In conclusion, our findings suggest the potential of KM as a promising compound for stimulating AKT activation, thereby influencing energy metabolism in T2DM. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Physiology and Pathology)

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21 pages, 4148 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Repurposing Castanea sativa Spiny Burr By-Products Extract as a Potentially Effective Anti-Inflammatory Agent for Novel Future Biotechnological Applications

by Luisa Frusciante, Michela Geminiani, Tommaso Olmastroni, Pierfrancesco Mastroeni, Alfonso Trezza, Laura Salvini, Stefania Lamponi, Ottavia Spiga and Annalisa Santucci

Life 2024, 14(6), 763; https://doi.org/10.3390/life14060763 - 15 Jun 2024

Viewed by 652

Abstract

The concept of a “circular bioeconomy” holds great promise for the health, cosmetic, and nutrition sectors by re-using Castanea sativa (Mill.) by-products. This sustainable resource is rich in bioactive secondary metabolites with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. By transforming these by-products into high-value products [...] Read more.

The concept of a “circular bioeconomy” holds great promise for the health, cosmetic, and nutrition sectors by re-using Castanea sativa (Mill.) by-products. This sustainable resource is rich in bioactive secondary metabolites with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. By transforming these by-products into high-value products for human health, we can promote sustainable economic growth and reduce the environmental impact of traditional waste disposal, adding value to previously underutilized resources. In the present study, we investigated the antioxidant capacity, phytochemical composition, and in vitro antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity of C. sativa burr (CSB) aqueous extract. The spectrophotometric study revealed high total phenolic content (TPC) values with significant antioxidant and anti-radical properties. Using UPLC-MS/MS techniques, the phytochemical investigation identified 56 metabolites, confirming the presence of phenolic compounds in CSBs. In addition, CSBs significantly downregulated pro-inflammatory mediators in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophage cells without significant cell toxicity. Lastly, in silico studies pinpointed three kinases from RAW 264.7 cells as binding partners with ellagic acid, the predominant compound found in our extract. These findings strongly advocate for the recycling and valorization of C. sativa by-products, challenging their conventional classification as mere “waste”. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic New Insights of Natural Compounds in Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Properties)

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13 pages, 4357 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Emergent Penile Venous Stripping for Treating Adolescent Impotence

by Ko-Shih Chang, Yi-Kai Chang, Cho-Hsing Chung, Geng-Long Hsu and Jeff SC Chueh

Life 2024, 14(6), 762; https://doi.org/10.3390/life14060762 - 14 Jun 2024

Viewed by 463

Abstract

Introduction: Traditional anatomy-based penile venous surgery is deemed inadequate. Based on revolutionary insights into penile vasculature, penile venous stripping (PVS) shows promise in treating adolescent erectile dysfunction (AED). We aimed to report on this novel approach. Methods: We conducted a retrospective analysis of [...] Read more.

Introduction: Traditional anatomy-based penile venous surgery is deemed inadequate. Based on revolutionary insights into penile vasculature, penile venous stripping (PVS) shows promise in treating adolescent erectile dysfunction (AED). We aimed to report on this novel approach. Methods: We conducted a retrospective analysis of 223 individuals under 30 diagnosed with veno-occlusive dysfunction (VOD) between 2009 and 2023. Among them, 83 were diagnosed with AED and divided into the PVS (n = 37) and no-surgery (NS, n = 46) groups. All participants had been dissatisfied with conventional therapeutic options. Dual pharmaco-cavernosography was the primary diagnostic modality. PVS involved stripping the deep dorsal vein and two cavernosal veins after securing each emissary’s vein with a 6-0 nylon suture. Erection restoration was accessed using the abridged five-item version of the International Index of Erectile Function (IIEF-5) score system and the erection hardness scale (EHS). Statistical analysis was performed using IBM SPSS 21.0. Results: There were significant differences (both p < 0.001) between the preoperative and postoperative IIEF-5 scores in the PVS and NS groups (9.8 ± 3.0 vs. 20.4 ± 2.2; 9.9 ± 2.5 vs. 9.5 ± 2.1), as well as in the EHS scores (1.7 ± 0.7 vs. 3.5 ± 0.6 and 1.8 ± 0.5 vs. 1.3 ± 0.4). The satisfaction rate was 87.9% (29/33) in the PVS group and 16.7% (17/41) in the NS group. Conclusions: AED can be effectively treated using physiological methods, although larger patient cohorts are needed for validation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Research Advances in Surgical Urology)

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20 pages, 4718 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Machine Learning and Deep Learning Methods for Fast and Accurate Assessment of Transthoracic Echocardiogram Image Quality

by Wojciech Nazar, Krzysztof Nazar and Ludmiła Daniłowicz-Szymanowicz

Life 2024, 14(6), 761; https://doi.org/10.3390/life14060761 - 13 Jun 2024

Viewed by 480

Abstract

High-quality echocardiogram images are the cornerstone of accurate and reliable measurements of the heart. Therefore, this study aimed to develop, validate and compare machine learning and deep learning algorithms for accurate and automated assessment of transthoracic echocardiogram image quality. In total, 4090 single-frame [...] Read more.

High-quality echocardiogram images are the cornerstone of accurate and reliable measurements of the heart. Therefore, this study aimed to develop, validate and compare machine learning and deep learning algorithms for accurate and automated assessment of transthoracic echocardiogram image quality. In total, 4090 single-frame two-dimensional transthoracic echocardiogram images were used from apical 4-chamber, apical 2-chamber and parasternal long-axis views sampled from 3530 adult patients. The data were extracted from CAMUS and Unity Imaging open-source datasets. For every raw image, additional grayscale block histograms were developed. For block histogram datasets, six classic machine learning algorithms were tested. Moreover, convolutional neural networks based on the pre-trained EfficientNetB4 architecture were developed for raw image datasets. Classic machine learning algorithms predicted image quality with 0.74 to 0.92 accuracy (AUC 0.81 to 0.96), whereas convolutional neural networks achieved between 0.74 and 0.89 prediction accuracy (AUC 0.79 to 0.95). Both approaches are accurate methods of echocardiogram image quality assessment. Moreover, this study is a proof of concept of a novel method of training classic machine learning algorithms on block histograms calculated from raw images. Automated echocardiogram image quality assessment methods may provide additional relevant information to the echocardiographer in daily clinical practice and improve reliability in clinical decision making. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue AI and Heart Failure)

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18 pages, 834 KiB

Open AccessSystematic Review

The Efficacy of the Smartphone App for the Self-Management of Low Back Pain: A Systematic Review and Assessment of Their Quality through the Mobile Application Rating Scale (MARS) in Italy

by Luca Scala, Gloria Giglioni, Luca Bertazzoni and Francesca Bonetti

Life 2024, 14(6), 760; https://doi.org/10.3390/life14060760 - 13 Jun 2024

Viewed by 448

Abstract

Smartphone apps for self-management are valuable tools to help manage low back pain (LBP) patients. The purposes of this systematic review were to (a) summarize the available studies on the efficacy of smartphone apps for self-management of LBP and (b) identify free applications [...] Read more.

Smartphone apps for self-management are valuable tools to help manage low back pain (LBP) patients. The purposes of this systematic review were to (a) summarize the available studies on the efficacy of smartphone apps for self-management of LBP and (b) identify free applications available in Italy that offer strategies for LBP self-management and provide a qualitative assessment using the Mobile Application Rating Scale (MARS). According to the Prisma Checklist, six bibliographic databases were searched with the keywords ‘low back pain’, ‘mobile application’, ‘smartphone’, and ‘telemedicine’. In total, 852 records were screened, and 16 were included in the systematic review. Of the six RCTs included, four reported a statistically significant decrease in pain in favor of the app group, and two RCTs did not. Only in a non-RCT was there an increase in the disability score. In the application research conducted on mobile stores, we identified and rated 25 applications through MARS. The overall scores ranged from 1.93 to 3.92 for the IOS app and 1.73 to 4.25 for the Play Store app. The findings suggest that few apps meet satisfying quality, content, and functionality criteria for LBP self-management. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Chronic Low Back Pain: Symptoms, Pain Mechanisms and Treatment)

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23 pages, 3076 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Nonclinical Safety Evaluation of Cold Atmospheric Plasma for Medical Applications: The Role of Genotoxicity and Mutagenicity Studies

by Piimwara Yarangsee, Supakit Khacha-ananda, Pornsiri Pitchakarn, Unchisa Intayoung, Sirikhwan Sriuan, Jirarat Karinchai, Apiwat Wijaikhum and Dheerawan Boonyawan

Life 2024, 14(6), 759; https://doi.org/10.3390/life14060759 - 13 Jun 2024

Viewed by 393

Abstract

Atmospheric nonthermal plasma (ANTP) has rapidly evolved as an innovative tool in biomedicine with various applications, especially in treating skin diseases. In particular, the formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and nitrogen species (RNS), which are generated by ANTP, plays an important role [...] Read more.

Atmospheric nonthermal plasma (ANTP) has rapidly evolved as an innovative tool in biomedicine with various applications, especially in treating skin diseases. In particular, the formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and nitrogen species (RNS), which are generated by ANTP, plays an important role in the biological signaling pathways of human cells. Unfortunately, excessive amounts of these reactive species significantly result in cellular damage and cell death induction. To ensure the safe application of ANTP, preclinical in vitro studies must be conducted before proceeding to in vivo or clinical trials involving humans. Our study aimed to investigate adverse effects on genetic substances in murine fibroblast cells exposed to ANTP. Cell viability and proliferation were markedly reduced after exposing the cells with plasma. Both extracellular and intracellular reactive species, especially RNS, were significantly increased upon plasma exposure in the culture medium and the cells. Notably, significant DNA damage in the cells was observed in the cells exposed to plasma. However, plasma was not classified as a mutagen in the Ames test. This suggested that plasma led to the generation of both extracellular and intracellular reactive species, particularly nitrogen species, which affect cell proliferation and are also known to induce genetic damage in fibroblast cells. These results highlight the genotoxic and mutagenic effects of ANTP, emphasizing the need for the cautious selection of plasma intensity in specific applications to avoid adverse side effects resulting from reactive species production. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Oxidative Stress and Inflammation, 2nd Volume)

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4 pages, 171 KiB

Open AccessEditorial

Ion Channels and Neurological Disease

by Carlo Musio

Life 2024, 14(6), 758; https://doi.org/10.3390/life14060758 - 13 Jun 2024

Viewed by 288

Abstract

Ion channels are key elements in the control of membrane physiology and neurotransmission because ionic fluxes assure neuronal signal propagation across and between neurons through synaptic transmission [...] Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Ion Channels and Neurological Disease)

15 pages, 1557 KiB

Open AccessReview

Application of a Video Head Impulse Test in the Diagnosis of Vestibular Neuritis

by Agnieszka Jasinska-Nowacka and Kazimierz Niemczyk

Life 2024, 14(6), 757; https://doi.org/10.3390/life14060757 - 13 Jun 2024

Viewed by 396

Abstract

In patients presenting in the emergency department with acute vertigo, a rapid and accurate differential diagnosis is crucial, as posterior circulation strokes can mimic acute vestibular losses, leading to inappropriate treatment. The diagnosis of vestibular neuritis is made based on the clinical manifestation [...] Read more.

In patients presenting in the emergency department with acute vertigo, a rapid and accurate differential diagnosis is crucial, as posterior circulation strokes can mimic acute vestibular losses, leading to inappropriate treatment. The diagnosis of vestibular neuritis is made based on the clinical manifestation and a bedside otoneurological assessment. In the clinical examination, an evaluation of the vestibulo-ocular reflex is the key element; however, the accuracy of the bedside head impulse test depends on the clinician’s experience. Thus, new diagnostic methods are needed to objectify and facilitate such rapid vestibular evaluations. The aim of our paper is to provide a comprehensive review of the video head impulse test’s application in the diagnosis of vestibular neuritis. Numerous studies have reported advantages that make this method helpful in detailed otoneurological evaluations; in contrast to the bedside head impulse test, it enables an analysis of all six semicircular canals function and records the covert corrective saccades, which are invisible to the naked eye. As a portable and easy diagnostic tool, it is known to improve the diagnostic accuracy in patients with acute vertigo presenting in the emergency department. Moreover, as it evaluates the vestibulo-ocular reflex across different frequencies, as compared to caloric tests, it can be used as an additional test that is complementary to videonystagmography. Recently, several papers have described the application of the video head impulse test in follow-up and recovery evaluations in patients with vestibular neuritis. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Current Updates on Vestibular Neuritis)

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10 pages, 242 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Enhanced Citric Acid Production through Aspergillus niger: Insights from Fermentation Studies Using Sugarcane Molasses

by Samina Khurshid, Hamad Ashraf, Tanveer Hussain, Muhammad Iqbal, Huma Qureshi, Tauseef Anwar, Saleh H. Salmen and Mohammad Javed Ansari

Life 2024, 14(6), 756; https://doi.org/10.3390/life14060756 - 13 Jun 2024

Viewed by 530

Abstract

The production of citric acid, a vital agricultural commodity utilized across various industries such as food, beverages, pharmaceuticals, agriculture, detergents, and cosmetics, predominantly relies on microbial fermentation, with Aspergillus niger accounting for approximately 90% of global production. In this study, we aimed to [...] Read more.

The production of citric acid, a vital agricultural commodity utilized across various industries such as food, beverages, pharmaceuticals, agriculture, detergents, and cosmetics, predominantly relies on microbial fermentation, with Aspergillus niger accounting for approximately 90% of global production. In this study, we aimed to optimize the key factors influencing citric acid production, with a focus on strains, fermentation techniques, and carbon sources, particularly sugarcane molasses. A. niger, sourced from the Botany department/Biotechnology laboratories at Govt. College of Science, Lahore, was employed for citric acid production. The process involved inoculum preparation through spore collection from 3 to 5 days of cultured PDA slants. The fermentation medium, comprising cane molasses with a 15% sugar concentration, was meticulously prepared and optimized for various factors, including magnesium sulfate, potassium ferrocyanide, time of addition of potassium ferrocyanide, ammonium oxalate, and calcium chloride. Our optimization results shed light on the significant impact of different factors on citric acid production. For instance, the addition of 0.4 g/L magnesium sulfate led to a maximum yield of 75%, while 2 g/L potassium ferrocyanide, added at 24 h, achieved a yield of 78%. Remarkably, ammonium oxalate, at a concentration of 10 g/L, resulted in a notable 77% yield. Conversely, the addition of calcium chloride exhibited negligible effects on citric acid production, with the control group yielding more at 78%. Our study underscores the potential for optimizing factors to enhance citric acid production by A. niger in submerged fermentation. These findings highlight the pivotal role of magnesium sulfate, potassium ferrocyanide, and ammonium oxalate in augmenting citric acid yields while emphasizing the minimal impact of calcium chloride. Ultimately, these insights contribute to advancing our understanding of microbial citric acid biosynthesis, providing valuable implications for industrial applications and future research endeavors. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Trends in Microbiology 2024)

21 pages, 766 KiB

Open AccessReview

Physical Activity during Pregnancy and Risk of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus: A Meta-Review

by Carmen Rute-Larrieta, Gloria Mota-Cátedra, Juan Manuel Carmona-Torres, Victoria Mazoteras-Pardo, Esperanza Barroso-Corroto, Carlos Navarrete-Tejero, Michail Zografakis-Sfakianakis, Athina Patelarou, Maria Manuela Martins, Ana da Conceinçao Alves Faria and José Alberto Laredo-Aguilera

Life 2024, 14(6), 755; https://doi.org/10.3390/life14060755 - 13 Jun 2024

Viewed by 752

Abstract

Background: Nowadays, pregnant women require more individualized attention in their assistance process during pregnancy. One of the aspects that requires the most focus is the suitability of carrying out physical activity. The objective of this meta-review is to find out the effects of [...] Read more.

Background: Nowadays, pregnant women require more individualized attention in their assistance process during pregnancy. One of the aspects that requires the most focus is the suitability of carrying out physical activity. The objective of this meta-review is to find out the effects of physical activity during pregnancy on the incidence of GDM compared to women who do not perform physical activity. Methods: A search was conducted in Cochrane, CSIC, Ebscohost, Proquest, Pubmed, Scielo, and Scopus. The search focused on systematic reviews and meta-analyses published in the last five years. The AMSTAR-2 scale was used as a quality assessment tool for the final sample. Results: A total of 18 systematic reviews and meta-analyses were included. Sixteen of them found out that physical activity during pregnancy has preventive effects for GDM compared with women who lacked physical activity. Among the studies, we found a reduction in the risk of GDM of between 24% and 38% and odds ratios ranging between 0.39 and 0.83 calculated for a 95% CI. Only two studies did not find statistically significant effects. Other variables such as type and duration of physical activity, overweight and obesity, gestational age, etc., were also considered. Conclusions: Physical activity prevents the incidence of GDM. The main characteristics that enhance this preventive effect are starting at the initial stages of pregnancy and maintaining during the whole pregnancy as well as combining strength and aerobic exercise at a low to moderate intensity. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Personalized Prevention and Treatment in Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases)

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11 pages, 2771 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Outcomes of Mulligan Concept Applications in Obese Individuals with Chronic Mechanical Low Back Pain: A Randomized Controlled Trial

by Muhammed Safa Cankaya and Omer Osman Pala

Life 2024, 14(6), 754; https://doi.org/10.3390/life14060754 - 13 Jun 2024

Viewed by 398

Abstract

Background: Various treatment modalities have been employed for mechanical low back pain (MLBP), but evidence of their efficacy varies greatly. Objectıve: This randomized controlled trial aimed to assess the outcomes of Mulligan concept applications, including sustained natural apophyseal glides (SNAGS) and natural apophyseal [...] Read more.

Background: Various treatment modalities have been employed for mechanical low back pain (MLBP), but evidence of their efficacy varies greatly. Objectıve: This randomized controlled trial aimed to assess the outcomes of Mulligan concept applications, including sustained natural apophyseal glides (SNAGS) and natural apophyseal glides (NAGS), in obese patients with MLBP. Methods: The study, conducted between January 2021 and June 2022 at a tertiary hospital, involved randomizing patients into two groups. Both groups underwent six sessions of stretching and strengthening exercises every other day. The Mulligan group received additional intervention with SNAG and NAGS techniques. Measurements were made regarding the Visual Analog Scale (VAS) score, Oswestry Disability Index (ODI) score and range of motion (ROM) for the patients’ MLBP level. Results: Post-interventions, both groups exhibited positive changes in flexion ROM, extension ROM, right and left rotation ROM, right and left lateral flexion ROM, VAS score, and ODI score compared to pre-intervention (p < 0.001 for both groups and variables). The Mulligan group showed a higher increase in ROM and a more significant decrease in VAS and ODI scores. Conclusıons: Mulligan mobilization techniques prove significantly beneficial for enhancing ROM in all directions, reducing pain levels, and alleviating disability in obese individuals with MLBP. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Chronic Low Back Pain: Symptoms, Pain Mechanisms and Treatment)

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11 pages, 6976 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Is Staged Surgery Always Necessary for Schatzker Type IV–VI Tibial Plateau Fractures? A Comparison Study

by Kai-Cheng Lin, Fu-Ting Huang, Chun-Yu Chen and Yih-Wen Tarng

Life 2024, 14(6), 753; https://doi.org/10.3390/life14060753 - 13 Jun 2024

Viewed by 369

Abstract

Aims: This study aims to compare the outcomes of immediate (followed by closed-incision negative-pressure therapy use) versus delayed ORIF in patients with Schatzker type IV–VI TPFs. Patients and Methods: A prospective study of patients undergoing ORIF between January 2018 and December 2019 was [...] Read more.

Aims: This study aims to compare the outcomes of immediate (followed by closed-incision negative-pressure therapy use) versus delayed ORIF in patients with Schatzker type IV–VI TPFs. Patients and Methods: A prospective study of patients undergoing ORIF between January 2018 and December 2019 was performed. The inclusion criteria were patients (>18 years) with a closed fracture sent to the emergency room (ER) within 24 h of injury. All the patients underwent preoperative image evaluation. Two senior orthopedic trauma surgeons evaluated the soft tissue condition in the ER by 5P’s of the compartment syndrome, judging the timing of the operation of definitive ORIF. Group 1 (n = 16) received delayed ORIF. Group 2 (n = 16) received immediate ORIF and ciNPT use. Patient follow-up occurred after 2 and 6 weeks and 3, 6, and 12 months after surgery. The assessments included the time to definitive fixation, the length of hospital stay, the time to bone union, surgical site complications, and reoperation within 12 months. A universal goniometer was used to measure the postoperative 3 m, 6 m, and 12 m ROM. Results: The patient demographics were similar between the groups (p > 0.05). Group 2 displayed significantly a shorter time to definitive fixation (5.94 ± 2.02 vs. 0.61 ± 0.28, p < 0.0001) and hospital stay (14.90 ± 8/78 vs. 10.30 ± 6.78, p = 0.0016). No significant difference was observed in the time to bone union, surgical site complication incidence, and reoperation rates (p > 0.05). Flexion and flexion–extension knee ROM were demonstrated to be significantly improved in Group 2, 3, 6, and 12 months postoperatively (p < 0.0001). Conclusions: In this study, early ORIF and ciNPT use resulted in a shorter hospital length of stay, a reduced time to early active motion of the knee, and improved knee ROM. These results suggest that early ORIF with ciNPT for Schatzker type IV–VI TPFs is safe and effective in some patients. However, further research to confirm these findings across larger and more diverse populations is needed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Strategies in Fracture Treatments)

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