Brain Sciences

22 pages, 1468 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Vigorous Exercise Enhances Verbal Fluency Performance in Healthy Young Adults

by Maya M. Khanna, Corey L. Guenther, Joan M. Eckerson, Dion Talamante, Mary Elizabeth Yeh, Megan Forby, Krystal Hopkins, Emmali Munger, Grace Rauh, Shringala Chelluri, Courtney Schmidt, Isabel Walocha and Matthew Sacco

Brain Sci. 2025, 15(1), 96; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci15010096 - 20 Jan 2025

Viewed by 393

Abstract

Background/Objectives: We examined the effects of cardiovascular exercise on verbal fluency using a between-groups design. Methods: Within our experimental (i.e., exercise) group, participants performed phonemic and semantic verbal fluency tasks (VFTs) before, during, and after a vigorous 30 min bout of cycling. Participants [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: We examined the effects of cardiovascular exercise on verbal fluency using a between-groups design. Methods: Within our experimental (i.e., exercise) group, participants performed phonemic and semantic verbal fluency tasks (VFTs) before, during, and after a vigorous 30 min bout of cycling. Participants within our control group also completed these VFTs before, during, and after a non-physical activity. We compared the VFT performance of the experimental (exercise) and control (no-exercise) groups of participants in terms of the characteristics of the words that they produced within the VFTs. In addition, we examined these aspects of VFT performance for each participant group across time within the experiment session. Conclusions: From these comparisons, we see that exercise influenced VFT performance. Most notably, participants engaged in exercise changed their VFT performance over time, while control group participants did not. Exercising participants produced more words over the course of their exercise session that contained fewer letters over time and were lower in frequency during and after exercise as compared to before exercise. Additionally, topic switches in the VFTs increased after exercise as compared to before exercise. Participants in the control group did not change their VFT performance over time according to any of these measures. These findings indicate that exercise impacted participants’ lexical access and that these VFT performance changes were not due to practice effects. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Exercise and Nutrition for Physical Performance, Mental Health and General Well-Being)

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22 pages, 3153 KiB

Open AccessArticle

EEG-Based ADHD Classification Using Autoencoder Feature Extraction and ResNet with Double Augmented Attention Mechanism

by Jayoti Bansal, Gaurav Gangwar, Mohammad Aljaidi, Ali Alkoradees and Gagandeep Singh

Brain Sci. 2025, 15(1), 95; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci15010095 - 20 Jan 2025

Viewed by 418

Abstract

Background: Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) represents a widely prevalent and heterogeneous neurodevelopmental condition in pediatric populations, often exhibiting a substantial propensity to persist into adulthood. ADHD is a multifaceted disorder that resists straightforward diagnostic tests. Clinicians must invest substantial time and effort to secure [...] Read more.

Background: Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) represents a widely prevalent and heterogeneous neurodevelopmental condition in pediatric populations, often exhibiting a substantial propensity to persist into adulthood. ADHD is a multifaceted disorder that resists straightforward diagnostic tests. Clinicians must invest substantial time and effort to secure an accurate diagnosis and implement effective treatment. ADHD diagnosis is primarily based on psychiatric tests, as there is currently no clinically utilized objective diagnostic tool. Nonetheless, several studies in have documented endeavors to create objective instruments designed to assist in the diagnostic process of ADHD, aiming to enhance diagnostic accuracy and reduce subjectivity. Method: This research endeavor sought to establish an objective diagnostic modality for ADHD through the utilization of electroencephalography (EEG) signal analysis. With the use of innovative deep learning techniques, this research seeks to improve the diagnosis of ADHD using EEG data. To capture complex patterns in EEG data, this study proposes a double-augmented attention mechanism ResNet-based model. Using an autoencoder for feature extraction, the Reptile Search Algorithm for feature selection, and a modified ResNet architecture for model training comprise the technique. Results: AUC, F1-score, accuracy, precision, recall, and other standard classifiers like Random Forest and AdaBoost were utilized to compare the model’s performance. By a wide margin, the proposed ResNet model outperforms the traditional models with a 99.42% accuracy, 99.03% precision, 99.82% recall, and 99.42% F1-score. Conclusions: ROC AUC score of 0.99 for the model underscores its remarkable capability to differentiate between children with and without ADHD, thereby minimizing misclassification errors and improving diagnostic precision. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Computational Neuroscience and Neuroinformatics)

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21 pages, 1387 KiB

Open AccessCase Report

The Body as a Vessel for Trauma: The Clinical Case Study of Aisha

by Federica Visco-Comandini, Alberto Barbieri, Francesco Mancini and Alessandra Ciolfi

Brain Sci. 2025, 15(1), 94; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci15010094 - 20 Jan 2025

Viewed by 590

Abstract

This case study examined the process of integration of cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) and sensorimotor psychotherapy (SP) in three-phase trauma treatment with a 32-year-old female Bengali refugee with Complex Post Traumatic Disorder (C-PTSD). The treatment was provided in a Western country. The client’s [...] Read more.

This case study examined the process of integration of cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) and sensorimotor psychotherapy (SP) in three-phase trauma treatment with a 32-year-old female Bengali refugee with Complex Post Traumatic Disorder (C-PTSD). The treatment was provided in a Western country. The client’s improvement was assessed by using self-report assessments of post-traumatic, dissociative, and depressive symptoms. Psychodiagnostics’ scores gathered after 2 years of treatment showed significant improvements in post-traumatic, dissociative, and depressive symptoms. Although firm conclusions cannot be drawn due to the limitations of this study, results suggest that integrating CBT and SP in a phase-trauma approach may be an effective treatment for C-PTSD in a transcultural setting. However, replicating and standardizing such preliminary results on larger samples is necessary. Background/Objectives: SP is an innovative psychotherapeutic intervention aimed at treating trauma through a bottom-up approach, however, little research exists regarding the efficacy of this psychotherapy. This case study aims to investigate the efficacy of the combination of CBT and SP in treating a C-PTSD patient in a transcultural setting. Methods: Three questionnaires were administered to investigate post-traumatic, depressive, and dissociative symptoms. Results: Clinical and psychodiagnostic outcomes highlight significant psychological improvements in the patient. Conclusions: Although any firm conclusion cannot be drawn because of various intrinsic limitations (i.e., single case study) that straiten our ability to extend these results, this case study suggests that the integration of CBT and SP may be an effective treatment for C-PTSD in a transcultural setting. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Traumatic Stress and Dissociative Disorder)

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14 pages, 1685 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Neural Development of Chinese Lexical Tone Perception: A Mismatch Negativity Study Across Childhood, Adolescence, and Adulthood

by Han Wu, Yixiao Zhang, Yiru Liu, Shijun Zhang, Linjun Zhang, Hua Shu and Yang Zhang

Brain Sci. 2025, 15(1), 93; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci15010093 - 19 Jan 2025

Viewed by 467

Abstract

Background/Objectives: In a tonal language like Chinese, phonologically contrasting tones signify word meanings at the syllable level. Although the development of lexical tone perception ability has been examined in many behavioral studies, its developmental trajectory from childhood to adulthood at the neural level [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: In a tonal language like Chinese, phonologically contrasting tones signify word meanings at the syllable level. Although the development of lexical tone perception ability has been examined in many behavioral studies, its developmental trajectory from childhood to adulthood at the neural level remains unclear. This cross-sectional study aimed to examine the issue by measuring the mismatch negativity (MMN) response to a Chinese lexical tonal contrast in three groups. Methods: The MMN response to a flat-falling tonal contrast (Tone1 versus Tone4) were recorded from children (25 participants aged 6–8), adolescents (26 participants aged 12–14), and young adults (20 participants aged 18–24). Nonsense speech stimuli were also used by superimposing Tone1 and Tone4 on an English syllable. Results: All three groups demonstrated typical early MMN responses in both the meaningful and nonsense syllable conditions. However, the MMN amplitudes varied significantly across groups, with the child group showing smaller responses compared to the adolescent and adult groups, while the latter two groups had similar MMN amplitudes. Conclusions: Neural sensitivity to tonal contrasts is not fully mature in children and reaches a more adult-like level during adolescence, with no significant difference in sensitivity to meaningful versus nonsense syllables. These results provide new insights into the neural development of lexical tone perception in a tonal language, highlighting its maturation during adolescence in this process. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Neurolinguistics)

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13 pages, 1411 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Gustatory-Visual Interaction in Human Brain Cortex: fNIRS Study

by Karolina Jezierska, Aneta Cymbaluk-Płoska, Justyna Zaleska and Wojciech Podraza

Brain Sci. 2025, 15(1), 92; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci15010092 - 19 Jan 2025

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Abstract

Background: Many studies, for example, on taste-visual dissonance, have shown that the influence of the visual cortex on taste sensation is enormous. The presented work aims to investigate, using fNIRS, whether a taste stimulus, in this case, the taste of bitter, also causes [...] Read more.

Background: Many studies, for example, on taste-visual dissonance, have shown that the influence of the visual cortex on taste sensation is enormous. The presented work aims to investigate, using fNIRS, whether a taste stimulus, in this case, the taste of bitter, also causes stimulation of the visual cortex in the fNIRS study. Methods: fNIRS was used to examine 51 participants (204 examinations, 9996 records), collecting signals from the left hemisphere. Differences between the maximum and minimum changes in oxyHb concentrations (ΔoxyHb) for the areas of the brain cortex considered responsible for recording visual and gustatory signals were analyzed. Protocols I, II, III, and IV—activation with distillate water, coffee with lower concentration, reference (no stimulation), and coffee with higher concentration, respectively, were used. Results: We recorded high signals for teste activation on channels covering the gustatory cortex, which confirms the correctness of the choice of research method. As expected, a significant statistical difference was observed between protocols I, II, and IV and reference III (without stimulation). What seems important is the fact that we also received high signals for the channels 45–49, which cover the visual cortex. The statistical analysis shows no differences between protocols I, II, and IV (different taste activation—water, coffee A, and coffee B) for specific channels for analyzing regions of interest. As a result of the analysis of the correlation between the subjective bitterness assessment solutions and the signal ΔoxyHb height, it was observed that a statistically significant correlation, although weak, occurs only for 14 and gustatory channels, only for coffee with a higher concentration. Additionally, the only statistically significant difference between women and men was observed in Protocol I (water), where the ΔoxyHb signal was twice as high in women compared to men. Conclusions: In conclusion, we can clearly state that the senses of sight and taste work closely together. Moreover, this cooperation is not one-sided: while visual activation influences taste perception, interestingly, a taste stimulus can also generate a hemodynamic response, activating the visual cortex. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Sensory and Motor Neuroscience)

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22 pages, 804 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Exploring the Dimensions of Perfectionism in Adolescence: A Multi-Method Study on Mental Health and CBT-Based Psychoeducation

by Magdalena Chęć, Krystian Konieczny, Sylwia Michałowska and Karolina Rachubińska

Brain Sci. 2025, 15(1), 91; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci15010091 - 19 Jan 2025

Viewed by 392

Abstract

Background: Perfectionism in adolescents can have both adaptive and maladaptive forms, with implications for mental health and school performance. This study aimed to investigate the relationships among perfectionism, mental health factors, and emotional regulation in adolescents and to evaluate the efficacy of psychoeducational [...] Read more.

Background: Perfectionism in adolescents can have both adaptive and maladaptive forms, with implications for mental health and school performance. This study aimed to investigate the relationships among perfectionism, mental health factors, and emotional regulation in adolescents and to evaluate the efficacy of psychoeducational interventions. Methods: Two studies were conducted: (1) A cross-sectional study (n = 261) examined the correlations among perfectionism, mental health factors, and emotional regulation. (2) An experimental study (n = 115) evaluated the effects of psychoeducation on perfectionism and healthy habits compared with a control group. The measures included questionnaires on perfectionism, depression, anxiety, stress, and emotional regulation. Results: Study 1 found that maladaptive perfectionism was positively correlated with depression (r = 0.52, p < 0.001), anxiety (r = 0.48, p < 0.001), stress (r = 0.45, p < 0.001), and difficulties in emotional regulation (r = 0.39, p < 0.001). Adaptive perfectionism was negatively correlated with deficits in emotional understanding (r = −0.31, p < 0.05). Study 2 showed that psychoeducational interventions reduced maladaptive perfectionism (mean difference = −5.7, p < 0.05, Cohen’s d = 0.62) and depression levels (mean difference = −3.2, p < 0.05, Cohen’s d = 0.38) but increased stress in the experimental groups. No significant changes were observed in adaptive perfectionism or the anxiety level. Conclusions: These findings highlight the complex relationships among perfectionism, mental health, and emotional regulation in adolescents. Targeted interventions can reduce maladaptive perfectionism and its associated negative effects. Further research is needed on the long-term outcomes and refinement of interventional strategies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Focus on Mental Health and Mental Illness in Adolescents)

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18 pages, 967 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Differential Impact of Risk Factors for Cognitive Decline in Heterosexual and Sexual Minority Older Adults in England

by Riccardo Manca, Jason D. Flatt and Annalena Venneri

Brain Sci. 2025, 15(1), 90; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci15010090 - 18 Jan 2025

Viewed by 419

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Sexual minority older adults (SMOAs) report greater subjective cognitive decline (SCD) than heterosexual older adults (HOAs). This study aimed to compare the impact of multiple psycho-social risk factors on objective and subjective cognitive decline in HOAs and SMOAs. Methods: Two samples of [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Sexual minority older adults (SMOAs) report greater subjective cognitive decline (SCD) than heterosexual older adults (HOAs). This study aimed to compare the impact of multiple psycho-social risk factors on objective and subjective cognitive decline in HOAs and SMOAs. Methods: Two samples of self-identified HOAs and SMOAs were selected from the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing. Reliable change indices for episodic and semantic memory were created to assess cognitive decline. SCD was self-reported for memory and general cognition. Depressive symptoms, loneliness, marital status and socio-economic status were investigated as risk factors. Results: No between-group differences were found in cognitive decline. Higher depression was associated with greater SCD risk and worse semantic memory decline. The latter effect was stronger in SMOAs. The findings were largely replicated in the sensitivity analysis. Conclusions: Poor mental health may represent the strongest driver of cognitive decline in SMOAs and to a greater extent than in HOAs. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Cognitive, Social and Affective Neuroscience)

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15 pages, 1933 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Impact of Exercise on Tramadol-Conditioned Place Preference

by Haneen Amawi, Alaa M. Hammad, Aseel Abdullah Ibrahim, Nosyba Alsbih, Frank Scott Hall, Fawaz Alasmari and Bahaa Al-Trad

Brain Sci. 2025, 15(1), 89; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci15010089 - 18 Jan 2025

Viewed by 410

Abstract

Background: Tramadol (TRA) is an opioid that is used to manage moderate to severe pain. Long-term use of TRA can lead to the development of opioid use disorder. Objectives: This study investigates the role of forced exercise in reducing TRA-seeking behavior. Methods: Adult [...] Read more.

Background: Tramadol (TRA) is an opioid that is used to manage moderate to severe pain. Long-term use of TRA can lead to the development of opioid use disorder. Objectives: This study investigates the role of forced exercise in reducing TRA-seeking behavior. Methods: Adult male rats (240–260 g) were divided into five groups; the control group received vehicle injections, the TRA group received TRA (75 mg/kg, i.p) every other day for 8 days, and three TRA–exercise groups were forced to run on a treadmill (60 min/day, 5 days/week) for 2, 4, or 6 weeks prior to conditioning with TRA. A tramadol-conditioned place preference (CPP) procedure assessed TRA reinforcement, after which all rats were euthanized, tissue extracted, and mRNA expression for brain-derived neurotrophic factor (Bdnf) and interleukin 1 beta (Il-1β) determined in hippocampus (Hipp), prefrontal cortex (PFC), and nucleus accumbens (NAc). Results: TRA-seeking behavior was seen in the TRA group and the 6 weeks forced exercise group. By contrast, forced exercise for 2 or 4 weeks attenuated TRA-seeking behavior. This attenuation was associated with a significant increase in Bdnf mRNA expression in the Hipp and NAc, but not the PFC. Additionally, the TRA-induced elevations in Il-1β mRNA expression were reversed by all durations of exercise in Hipp. However, only 2 and 4 weeks, but not 6 weeks, of exercise reduced elevations in PFC and NAc Il-1β expression. Conclusion: Forced exercise for 2 and 4 weeks attenuates TRA-seeking behavior partially through the regulation of Bdnf and Il-1β mRNA expression. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Behavioral Neuroscience)

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15 pages, 1107 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Performance of a Two-Week Rehabilitation Improves Motor Function in Inpatients with Progressive Supranuclear Palsy: A Pre–Post Study

by Naomi Matsuda, Yasuyuki Takamatsu, Makoto Sawada and Ikuko Aiba

Brain Sci. 2025, 15(1), 88; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci15010088 - 17 Jan 2025

Viewed by 331

Abstract

Background: Progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP) is characterized by early postural instability and gait dysfunction, with frequent falls. Rehabilitation is an important therapeutic approach for motor dysfunction in patients with PSP. However, no conclusions have yet been drawn regarding the beneficial effects of [...] Read more.

Background: Progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP) is characterized by early postural instability and gait dysfunction, with frequent falls. Rehabilitation is an important therapeutic approach for motor dysfunction in patients with PSP. However, no conclusions have yet been drawn regarding the beneficial effects of rehabilitation in PSP, including the optimal duration of rehabilitation and differences in treatment effects among PSP subtypes. Herein, we investigated the effects of short-term rehabilitation and separately analyzed the effects on patients with PSP-Richardson’s syndrome (RS) and PSP-progressive gait freezing (PGF). Methods: The participants underwent several therapeutic exercise programs individualized for each participant, performed over 2 weeks. Analysis was performed on 25 patients with PSP-RS and eight with PSP-PGF. Results: Short-term rehabilitation improved the Berg Balance Scale score in both the PSP-RS and PSP-PGF groups, step length on the symptom-dominant side in PSP-RS, the coefficient of variation of step length on the symptom-dominant side, and the stance phase of the Symmetry Index in PSP-PGF. Conclusions: Overall, this 2-week short-term rehabilitation intervention was shown to have beneficial effects on balance in patients with PSP-RS and PSP-PGF. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Approaches in the Exploration of Parkinson’s Disease)

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15 pages, 940 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effects of a Distributed Form of Constraint-Induced Movement Therapy for Clinical Application: The Keys Treatment Protocol

by Sarah dos Anjos, Mary Bowman and David Morris

Brain Sci. 2025, 15(1), 87; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci15010087 - 17 Jan 2025

Viewed by 498

Abstract

Background/Aim: Currently, there are limited evidence-based protocols for improving upper extremity (UE) motor function after stroke. The Keys protocol, a distributed form of constraint-induced movement therapy (CIMT), delivers CIMT components in fewer hours per day over an extended period, fitting outpatient rehabilitation schedules [...] Read more.

Background/Aim: Currently, there are limited evidence-based protocols for improving upper extremity (UE) motor function after stroke. The Keys protocol, a distributed form of constraint-induced movement therapy (CIMT), delivers CIMT components in fewer hours per day over an extended period, fitting outpatient rehabilitation schedules and third-party payor models. This pilot study aimed to assess the effectiveness of the Keys protocol in enhancing UE capacity and performance poststroke. Methods: Ten adults with chronic stroke (>6 months) participated in an 8-week intervention. The protocol included 22 supervised training sessions (1.5 h each): 4 days/week for 4 weeks, 2 days/week for weeks 5–6, and 1 day/week for weeks 7–8. Participants wore a restraint mitt on the less-affected UE during waking hours and used an adapted transfer package. Outcome measures included the Motor Activity Log (MAL), Wolf Motor Function Test (WMFT), Stroke Impact Scale (SIS), and Zung Depression Scale, assessed pre-treatment, mid-treatment (4 weeks), and posttreatment. Results: Significant improvements were observed in SIS Strength, ADLs/IADLs, Mobility, and Hand Function domains, exceeding MCID thresholds. Memory and Communication domains improved significantly at the 3-month follow-up. WMFT performance times improved, with fewer incomplete tasks. MAL scores for Amount of Use and Quality of Movement increased across all time points. Depressive symptoms significantly decreased posttreatment. Conclusions: The Keys protocol effectively improves UE use, motor function, mood, and quality of life, with the greatest gains observed mid-intervention. These findings support its feasibility and potential for outpatient stroke rehabilitation (ClinicalTrials.gov Registration: NCT05311384). Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Collection Series: Neurorehabilitation Insights in 2024)

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21 pages, 866 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Perception of Loneliness in Adolescence: Role of Maladaptive Personality Traits and Trauma-Related Symptomatology

by Fiorenza Giordano, Danilo Calaresi, Valeria Saladino and Valeria Verrastro

Brain Sci. 2025, 15(1), 86; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci15010086 - 17 Jan 2025

Viewed by 390

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Loneliness is a heterogeneous phenomenon, generally defined as an emotional experience based on the perceived distance between an individual’s actual social relationships and those he or she would like to have. Adolescence is particularly vulnerable to loneliness because of the many changes [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Loneliness is a heterogeneous phenomenon, generally defined as an emotional experience based on the perceived distance between an individual’s actual social relationships and those he or she would like to have. Adolescence is particularly vulnerable to loneliness because of the many changes in values, feelings, and emotions that characterize it. Among the aspects that may influence this feeling of discomfort, the literature identifies maladaptive personality and a dysfunctional response to traumatic events. Our study aims to identify the possible role that maladaptive personality traits and post-traumatic stress symptomatology in the form of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) and Disturbance in Self-Organization (DSO) may play in the perception of loneliness in adolescents: Methods: We identified a mediation model constructed through structural equation modeling (SEM) to test PTSD and DSO post-traumatic stress symptomatology as independent variables and maladaptive personality as a mediator in the relationship between these and perceptions of loneliness in a population of adolescents of both sexes, Italian high school students; Results: Our study identifies the significant role of PTSD and DSO symptomatology in influencing the state of loneliness, both directly and indirectly through maladaptive personality traits, which appear to exert a substantial influence on the perception of loneliness, potentially functioning as mediators in the relationship between the latter and PTSD/DSO symptomatology. Presumably, a maladaptive personality may complicate recovery from adverse and traumatic experiences by preventing the implementation of functional coping strategies and promoting dysfunctional responses. Conclusions: Our findings underscore the importance of researchers and clinicians adequately considering different personality traits and the early identification of post-traumatic stress symptomatology. A focus on adolescents’ communication and interpersonal skills and their ability to respond effectively to stressful and traumatic events may prove useful in identifying more effective strategies for preventing and managing loneliness and related distress in adolescents. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Focus on Mental Health and Mental Illness in Adolescents)

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18 pages, 998 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Assessment of Changes in Executive Functions and Attention of Cadets as a Result of Military Parachute Jumping

by Dariusz Jamro, Marek Kociuba, Maciej Lachowicz, Pawel Korytko and Grzegorz Zurek

Brain Sci. 2025, 15(1), 85; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci15010085 - 17 Jan 2025

Viewed by 338

Abstract

Objectives: This study analyzed the effects of parachute jump stress on the executive functions and attention of cadets. Executive functions, which includes processes such as attentional control and cognitive flexibility, are crucial for soldiers, especially in situations requiring rapid decision-making. Parachute jumping, as [...] Read more.

Objectives: This study analyzed the effects of parachute jump stress on the executive functions and attention of cadets. Executive functions, which includes processes such as attentional control and cognitive flexibility, are crucial for soldiers, especially in situations requiring rapid decision-making. Parachute jumping, as an intense stressor, mobilizes cognitive resources, which can lead to short-term improvements in executive functions. Methods: A total of 64 cadets divided into control (N = 32) and experimental (N = 32) groups participated in the study. The experimental group performed a parachute jump and then took the Color Trails Test, assessed both before and after the jump. Results: The results showed significant improvements in executive functions, in particular, sustained and alternating attention, sequential information processing, and monitoring one’s own behavior, suggesting a positive effect of stress on selected executive functions. Conclusions: The results indicate that intense, short-term stress can positively affect executive functions, although this effect may depend on the type of task and the participants’ experience of exposure to intense stressful stimuli. The study makes an important contribution to the design of future military training, considering the importance of mobilizing cognitive resources in response to short-term stress. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Cognitive, Social and Affective Neuroscience)

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21 pages, 4112 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Enhanced Interleukin 6 Trans-Signaling Modulates Disease Process in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Mouse Models

by Carol Milligan, Dale O. Cowley, William Stewart, Alyson M. Curry, Elizabeth Forbes, Brian Rector, Annette Hastie, Liang Liu and Gregory A. Hawkins

Brain Sci. 2025, 15(1), 84; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci15010084 - 17 Jan 2025

Viewed by 417

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Charcot first described ALS in 1869, but the specific mechanisms that mediate the disease pathology are still not clear. Intense research efforts have provided insight into unique neuroanatomical regions, specific neuronal populations and genetic associations for ALS and other neurodegenerative diseases; however, [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Charcot first described ALS in 1869, but the specific mechanisms that mediate the disease pathology are still not clear. Intense research efforts have provided insight into unique neuroanatomical regions, specific neuronal populations and genetic associations for ALS and other neurodegenerative diseases; however, the experimental results also suggest a convergence of these events to common toxic pathways. We propose that common toxic pathways can be therapeutically targeted, and this intervention will be effective in slowing progression and improving patient quality of life. Here, we focus on understanding the role of IL6 trans-signaling in ALS disease processes. Methods: We leveraged unique mouse models of IL6 trans-signaling that we developed that recapitulate the production of active sIL6R in a genotypic and quantitative fashion observed in humans. Given that the SOD1 transgenic mouse is one of the most highly studied and characterized models of ALS, we bred SOD1^G93A mice with IL6R trans-signaling mice to determine how enhanced trans-signaling influenced symptom onset and pathological processes, including neuromuscular junction (NMJ) denervation, glial activation and motoneuron (MN) survival. Results: The results indicate that in animals with enhanced trans-signaling, symptom onset and pathological processes were accelerated, suggesting a role in disease modification. Administration of an IL6R functional blocking antibody failed to alter accelerated symptom onset and disease progression. Conclusions: Future work to investigate the site-specific influence of enhanced IL6 trans-signaling and the tissue-specific bioavailability of potential therapeutics will be necessary to identify targets for precise therapeutic interventions that may limit disease progression in the 60% of ALS patients who inherit the common Il6R Asp³⁵⁸Ala variant. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Advances in Neuroimmunology and Neuroinflammation)

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15 pages, 249 KiB

Open AccessReview

Assessment of Negative Symptoms in Schizophrenia: From the Consensus Conference-Derived Scales to Remote Digital Phenotyping

by Armida Mucci, Stefan Leucht, Giulia M. Giordano, Luigi Giuliani, Sophia Wehr, Lucia Weigel and Silvana Galderisi

Brain Sci. 2025, 15(1), 83; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci15010083 - 17 Jan 2025

Viewed by 368

Abstract

The assessment of negative symptoms in schizophrenia has advanced since the 2006 NIMH-MATRICS Consensus Statement, leading to the development of second-generation rating scales like the Brief Negative Symptom Scale and the Clinical Assessment Interview for Negative Symptoms. These scales address the limitations of [...] Read more.

The assessment of negative symptoms in schizophrenia has advanced since the 2006 NIMH-MATRICS Consensus Statement, leading to the development of second-generation rating scales like the Brief Negative Symptom Scale and the Clinical Assessment Interview for Negative Symptoms. These scales address the limitations of first-generation tools, such as the inclusion of aspects that are not negative symptoms and the lack of assessment of the subject’s internal experience. However, psychometric validation of these scales is still in progress, and they are not yet recommended by regulatory agencies, thus limiting their use in clinical trials and settings. Complementing these traditional methods, remote digital phenotyping offers a novel approach by leveraging smartphones and wearable technology to capture real-time, high-resolution clinical data. Despite the potential to overcome traditional assessment barriers, challenges remain in aligning these digital measures with clinical ratings and ensuring data security. Equally important is patient acceptance, as the success of remote digital phenotyping relies on the willingness of patients to use these technologies. This review provides a critical overview of both second-generation scales and remote digital phenotyping for assessing negative symptoms, highlighting future research needs. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Exploring Negative Symptoms of Schizophrenia: Where Do We Stand?)

11 pages, 1048 KiB

Open AccessCase Report

Preservation of Bilateral Corticospinal Projections from Injured Hemisphere After Perinatal Stroke

by Cameron P. Casey, Ellen N. Sutter, Alina Grimaldo, Kellie M. Collins, Jose Guerrero-Gonzalez, Ryan M. McAdams, Douglas C. Dean III and Bernadette T. Gillick

Brain Sci. 2025, 15(1), 82; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci15010082 - 17 Jan 2025

Viewed by 415

Abstract

Background: Perinatal brain injury is a leading cause of developmental disabilities, including cerebral palsy. However, further work is needed to understand early brain development in the presence of brain injury. In this case report, we examine the longitudinal neuromotor development of a term [...] Read more.

Background: Perinatal brain injury is a leading cause of developmental disabilities, including cerebral palsy. However, further work is needed to understand early brain development in the presence of brain injury. In this case report, we examine the longitudinal neuromotor development of a term infant following a significant loss of right-hemispheric brain tissue due to a unilateral ischemic stroke. Our analysis focuses on the integrity and development of the corticospinal tract (CST) from the lesioned hemisphere. This case provides a unique opportunity to evaluate CST development after loss of the majority of the motor cortex. Methods: Evaluations were conducted when the infant was 4 (Visit-1), 18 (Visit 2), and 25 (Visit 3) months old. Assessments included magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to characterize the lesion and quantify CST structural integrity, single-pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation (spTMS) to evaluate CST functional circuitry, and neuromotor assessments. Results: At Visit 1, bilateral CSTs were identified through diffusion-weighted MRI (dMRI) despite an estimated loss of 92.7% (7.3% retained) of age-typical motor cortex from the right hemisphere. Both hemispheres exhibited bilateral motor-evoked potential in response to stimulation with spTMS, which remained when reassessed at Visits 2 and 3. Longitudinal MRI showed distinct developmental trajectories of CST integrity in each hemisphere, with the lesioned hemisphere exhibiting initial increases in integrity between Visits 1 and 2 followed by a decrease in integrity between Visits 2 and 3. The non-lesioned hemisphere showed increased integrity from Visit 1 to Visit 2, which remained stable at Visit 3. Motor assessments at all visits indicated a high risk of cerebral palsy. Conclusions: This report highlights the utility of MRI and spTMS in studying neuromotor development. The findings reveal preserved functional bilateral CST circuitry despite majority loss of the right-hemispheric motor cortex as well as distinct developmental trajectories in CST integrity between hemispheres. These results underscore the potential for neural plasticity after perinatal brain injury. Clinical Trials Registration: NCT05013736. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Non-invasive Brain Stimulation for the Study and the Treatment of the Brain)

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12 pages, 189 KiB

Open AccessReview

Perceptual Disturbances and Disorders in the ICD-11: An Overview and a Proposal for Systematic Classification

by Berthold Langguth, Michael Landgrebe and Dirk De Ridder

Brain Sci. 2025, 15(1), 81; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci15010081 - 17 Jan 2025

Viewed by 455

Abstract

The International Classification of Diseases (ICD) has been developed and edited by the World Health Organisation and represents the global standard for recording health information and causes of death. The ICD-11 is the eleventh revision and came into effect on 1 January 2022. [...] Read more.

The International Classification of Diseases (ICD) has been developed and edited by the World Health Organisation and represents the global standard for recording health information and causes of death. The ICD-11 is the eleventh revision and came into effect on 1 January 2022. Perceptual disturbances refer to abnormalities in the way sensory information is interpreted by the brain, leading to distortions in the perception of reality. These can manifest as distorted perceptions or as phantom perceptions and can occur in all sensory modalities as visual, auditory, olfactory, gustatory tactile, vestibular, proprioceptory or interoceptory disturbances. There are similar brain mechanisms involved in the generation of these analogous perceptual disturbances and disorders, and they are treated with similar approaches. Perceptual disturbances are highly prevalent, with large variations across the different sensory modalities. They can be associated with significant suffering and cause a high socioeconomic burden. Perceptual disturbances can be symptoms of another disease or disease entities on their own. In the context of pain, this is reflected by the distinction between secondary pain (pain as a symptom of another underlying condition) and primary pain (a disease in its own right, rather than being a symptom of another underlying condition) in the ICD-11. Such a clear distinction is not found in an entirely consistent way across the various sensory modalities. By using the example of auditory phantom perceptions, we propose a framework for the classification of sensory disorders in alignment with the classification of pain in the ICD-11. The descriptions of the sensory disturbances should include (1) a causal aspect (primary versus secondary), (2) a temporal aspect (acute vs. chronic and persistent vs. intermittent), (3) a cognitive, emotional and autonomic interpretation aspect (=suffering) and (4) a social aspect (=disability). If the latter two aspects are present, we propose that the sensory disturbance is called a sensory disorder. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Sensory and Motor Neuroscience)

18 pages, 608 KiB

Open AccessSystematic Review

Digital Interventions for the Rehabilitation of First-Episode Psychosis: An Integrated Perspective

by Annarita Vignapiano, Francesco Monaco, Ernesta Panarello, Stefania Landi, Benedetta Di Gruttola, Raffaele Malvone, Vassilis Martiadis, Fabiola Raffone, Alessandra Marenna, Maria Pontillo, Valeria Di Stefano, Martina D’Angelo, Luca Steardo, Jr. and Giulio Corrivetti

Brain Sci. 2025, 15(1), 80; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci15010080 - 16 Jan 2025

Viewed by 970

Abstract

Background: The integration of digital health technologies has transformed mental healthcare, particularly for young adults with First-Episode Psychosis (FEP). Digital interventions, such as telepsychiatry and mobile applications, address barriers like social stigma, restricted access to services, and the urgency of timely care. Methods: [...] Read more.

Background: The integration of digital health technologies has transformed mental healthcare, particularly for young adults with First-Episode Psychosis (FEP). Digital interventions, such as telepsychiatry and mobile applications, address barriers like social stigma, restricted access to services, and the urgency of timely care. Methods: A systematic literature review was conducted using PubMed and APA PsycINFO. Included studies focused on randomized controlled trials, cohort studies, and open studies of digital interventions for FEP rehabilitation. Exclusion criteria included meta-analyses, reviews, and irrelevant studies. Results: Smartphone applications like Horyzons-Canada facilitated peer support and symptom management, while tools such as My Journey 3 emphasized the need for better user engagement. Digital innovations, including Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for insomnia (CBT-I) and telepsychiatry, demonstrated improvements in recovery and treatment adherence. Discussion: Digital interventions significantly enhance the accessibility and quality of FEP care, supporting functional recovery and patient engagement. Future research should prioritize longitudinal studies, user engagement strategies, and advanced analytics to develop personalized, scalable solutions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Prediction and Prevention of Psychotic Disorders)

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34 pages, 438 KiB

Open AccessReview

Advanced Magnetic Resonance Imaging for Early Diagnosis and Monitoring of Movement Disorders

by Emmanuel Ortega-Robles, Benito de Celis Alonso, Jessica Cantillo-Negrete, Ruben I. Carino-Escobar and Oscar Arias-Carrión

Brain Sci. 2025, 15(1), 79; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci15010079 - 16 Jan 2025

Viewed by 500

Abstract

Advanced magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) techniques are transforming the study of movement disorders by providing valuable insights into disease mechanisms. This narrative review presents a comprehensive overview of their applications in this field, offering an updated perspective on their potential for early diagnosis, [...] Read more.

Advanced magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) techniques are transforming the study of movement disorders by providing valuable insights into disease mechanisms. This narrative review presents a comprehensive overview of their applications in this field, offering an updated perspective on their potential for early diagnosis, disease monitoring, and therapeutic evaluation. Emerging MRI modalities such as neuromelanin-sensitive imaging, diffusion-weighted imaging, magnetization transfer imaging, and relaxometry provide sensitive biomarkers that can detect early microstructural degeneration, iron deposition, and connectivity disruptions in key regions like the substantia nigra. These techniques enable earlier and more accurate differentiation of movement disorders, including Parkinson’s disease, progressive supranuclear palsy, multiple system atrophy, corticobasal degeneration, Lewy body and frontotemporal dementia, Huntington’s disease, and dystonia. Furthermore, MRI provides objective metrics for tracking disease progression and assessing therapeutic efficacy, making it an indispensable tool in clinical trials. Despite these advances, the absence of standardized protocols limits their integration into routine clinical practice. Addressing this gap and incorporating these techniques more systematically could bring the field closer to leveraging advanced MRI for personalized treatment strategies, ultimately improving outcomes for individuals with movement disorders. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Neuromuscular and Movement Disorders)

27 pages, 803 KiB

Open AccessSystematic Review

Relationship Between Sedentary Lifestyle, Physical Activity and Stress in University Students and Their Life Habits: A Scoping Review with PRISMA Checklist (PRISMA-ScR)

by Mariasole Antonietta Guerriero, Anna Dipace, Antonietta Monda, Antonella De Maria, Rita Polito, Giovanni Messina, Marcellino Monda, Marilena di Padova, Angelo Basta, Maria Ruberto, Emanuele Capasso, Fiorenzo Moscatelli and Pierpaolo Limone

Brain Sci. 2025, 15(1), 78; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci15010078 - 16 Jan 2025

Viewed by 816

Abstract

The global prevalence of sedentary lifestyles and the associated health risks, such as cardiovascular, metabolic and mental issues, is an epidemic worldwide problem, particularly in the university population. Background/Objectives: University students are particularly vulnerable because of academic pressure and lifestyle changes. Despite the [...] Read more.

The global prevalence of sedentary lifestyles and the associated health risks, such as cardiovascular, metabolic and mental issues, is an epidemic worldwide problem, particularly in the university population. Background/Objectives: University students are particularly vulnerable because of academic pressure and lifestyle changes. Despite the well-known benefits of physical activity in reducing mental stress and improving physical and mental well-being, the literature lacks effective interventions and standardized protocols for this population. This study aims to investigate the state of the art in literature regarding the correlation between the use of physical activity as a means of prevention and intervention and the effects on university students’ stress and mental well-being. Methods: A scoping review was conducted using the PRISMA protocol for scoping reviews, targeting university population with specific terms. Results: The review analyzed 61 articles and identified a consistent positive correlation between physical activity and stress reduction. Interventions included yoga, tai chi, aerobic exercise and moderate- or high-intensity exercise. A lack of standardized protocols were also evident. Conclusions: Physical activity is an effective means for managing stress and improving mental well-being among university students. An integrated approach combining different forms of exercise and strategies to regulate emotions could provide very effective effects on the mental well-being of students. Universities should propose physical activity programs in several forms to enable students to choose the most appropriate one and keep them active. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Systems Neuroscience)

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15 pages, 777 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Cerebellar Volume Measures Differentiate Multiple Sclerosis Fallers from Non-Fallers

by Taylor N. Takla, Jennie Feldpausch, Erin M. Edwards, Shuo Han, Peter A. Calabresi, Jerry Prince, Kathleen M. Zackowski and Nora E. Fritz

Brain Sci. 2025, 15(1), 77; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci15010077 - 16 Jan 2025

Viewed by 441

Abstract

Introduction: The cerebellum is a common lesion site in persons with multiple sclerosis (PwMS). Physiologic and anatomic studies have identified a topographic organization of the cerebellum including functionally distinct motor and cognitive areas. In this study, a recent parcellation algorithm was applied to [...] Read more.

Introduction: The cerebellum is a common lesion site in persons with multiple sclerosis (PwMS). Physiologic and anatomic studies have identified a topographic organization of the cerebellum including functionally distinct motor and cognitive areas. In this study, a recent parcellation algorithm was applied to a sample of PwMS and healthy controls to examine the relationships among specific cerebellar regions, fall status, and common clinical measures of motor and cognitive functions. Methods: Thirty-one PwMS and twenty-nine age- and sex-matched controls underwent an MRI scan and motor and cognitive testing. The parcellation algorithm was applied to all images and divided the cerebellum into 28 regions. Mann–Whitney U tests were used to compare cerebellar volumes among PwMS and controls, and MS fallers and MS non-fallers. Relationships between cerebellar volumes and motor and cognitive function were evaluated using Spearman correlations. Results: PwMS performed significantly worse on functional measures compared to controls. We found significant differences in volumetric measures between PwMS and controls in the corpus medullare, lobules I–III, and lobule V. Volumetric differences seen between the PwMS and controls were primarily driven by the MS fallers. Finally, functional performance on motor and cognitive tasks was associated with cerebellar volumes. Conclusions: Using the parcellation tool, our results showed that the volumes of motor and cognitive lobules impact both motor and cognitive performance, and that functional performance and cerebellar volumes distinguishes the MS fallers from non-fallers. Future studies should explore the potential of cerebellar imaging to predict falls in PwMS. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Neurorehabilitation)

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11 pages, 661 KiB

Open AccessBrief Report

A Pilot Proteomic Analysis of Huntington’s Disease by Functional Capacity

by Andrew McGarry and Ruin Moaddel

Brain Sci. 2025, 15(1), 76; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci15010076 - 16 Jan 2025

Viewed by 432

Abstract

Background: The molecular biology of Huntington’s Disease (HD) has grown substantially, with pathological considerations extending to genetic modifiers, epigenetic changes, transcriptomics, the proteome, and the metabolome. The metabolome and proteome are especially intriguing in that they most directly reflect the functional state of [...] Read more.

Background: The molecular biology of Huntington’s Disease (HD) has grown substantially, with pathological considerations extending to genetic modifiers, epigenetic changes, transcriptomics, the proteome, and the metabolome. The metabolome and proteome are especially intriguing in that they most directly reflect the functional state of the cellular environment, which may involve some combination of pathology as well as compensation. Methods: We assessed CSF proteomics from eight participants by their functional severity (TFC range 3–13), with 47 proteins having a minimum r-value of 0.7 and nominal p-values < 0.05. Results: Our exploratory data reveal correlations between progression and several processes including inflammation, ECM homeostasis and NAD⁺ metabolism. Conclusions: Consistently identified targets that correlate with phenotype or progression may have value, if validated, as enrichment tools in clinical trials and potentially as markers of therapeutic response. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Neuropharmacology and Neuropathology)

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21 pages, 4884 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Evaluation of Machine Learning Algorithms for Classification of Visual Stimulation-Induced EEG Signals in 2D and 3D VR Videos

by Mingliang Zuo, Xiaoyu Chen and Li Sui

Brain Sci. 2025, 15(1), 75; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci15010075 - 16 Jan 2025

Viewed by 521

Abstract

Backgrounds: Virtual reality (VR) has become a transformative technology with applications in gaming, education, healthcare, and psychotherapy. The subjective experiences in VR vary based on the virtual environment’s characteristics, and electroencephalography (EEG) is instrumental in assessing these differences. By analyzing EEG signals, researchers [...] Read more.

Backgrounds: Virtual reality (VR) has become a transformative technology with applications in gaming, education, healthcare, and psychotherapy. The subjective experiences in VR vary based on the virtual environment’s characteristics, and electroencephalography (EEG) is instrumental in assessing these differences. By analyzing EEG signals, researchers can explore the neural mechanisms underlying cognitive and emotional responses to VR stimuli. However, distinguishing EEG signals recorded by two-dimensional (2D) versus three-dimensional (3D) VR environments remains underexplored. Current research primarily utilizes power spectral density (PSD) features to differentiate between 2D and 3D VR conditions, but the potential of other feature parameters for enhanced discrimination is unclear. Additionally, the use of machine learning techniques to classify EEG signals from 2D and 3D VR using alternative features has not been thoroughly investigated, highlighting the need for further research to identify robust EEG features and effective classification methods. Methods: This study recorded EEG signals from participants exposed to 2D and 3D VR video stimuli to investigate the neural differences between these conditions. Key features extracted from the EEG data included PSD and common spatial patterns (CSPs), which capture frequency-domain and spatial-domain information, respectively. To evaluate classification performance, several classical machine learning algorithms were employed: ssupport vector machine (SVM), k-nearest neighbors (KNN), random forest (RF), naive Bayes, decision Tree, AdaBoost, and a voting classifier. The study systematically compared the classification performance of PSD and CSP features across these algorithms, providing a comprehensive analysis of their effectiveness in distinguishing EEG signals in response to 2D and 3D VR stimuli. Results: The study demonstrated that machine learning algorithms can effectively classify EEG signals recorded during watching 2D and 3D VR videos. CSP features outperformed PSD in classification accuracy, indicating their superior ability to capture EEG signals differences between the VR conditions. Among the machine learning algorithms, the Random Forest classifier achieved the highest accuracy at 95.02%, followed by KNN with 93.16% and SVM with 91.39%. The combination of CSP features with RF, KNN, and SVM consistently showed superior performance compared to other feature-algorithm combinations, underscoring the effectiveness of CSP and these algorithms in distinguishing EEG responses to different VR experiences. Conclusions: This study demonstrates that EEG signals recorded during watching 2D and 3D VR videos can be effectively classified using machine learning algorithms with extracted feature parameters. The findings highlight the superiority of CSP features over PSD in distinguishing EEG signals under different VR conditions, emphasizing CSP’s value in VR-induced EEG analysis. These results expand the application of feature-based machine learning methods in EEG studies and provide a foundation for future research into the brain cortical activity of VR experiences, supporting the broader use of machine learning in EEG-based analyses. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Computational Neuroscience and Neuroinformatics)

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14 pages, 4453 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Digital Image Analysis of Vertebral Body S1 and Its Ossification Center in the Human Fetus

by Magdalena Grzonkowska, Katarzyna Bogacz, Andrzej Żytkowski, Monika Szkultecka-Dębek, Michał Kułakowski, Michał Janiak, Agnieszka Rogalska and Mariusz Baumgart

Brain Sci. 2025, 15(1), 74; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci15010074 - 15 Jan 2025

Viewed by 446

Abstract

Objectives: The aim of the present study was to examine the growth dynamics of the first sacral vertebra and its ossification center in the human fetus, based on their linear, planar, and volumetric parameters. Methods: The examinations were carried out on 54 human [...] Read more.

Objectives: The aim of the present study was to examine the growth dynamics of the first sacral vertebra and its ossification center in the human fetus, based on their linear, planar, and volumetric parameters. Methods: The examinations were carried out on 54 human fetuses of both sexes (26 males and 28 females) aged 18–30 weeks of gestation, which had been preserved in 10% neutral formalin solution. Using CT, digital image analysis software, 3D reconstruction, and statistical methods, the size of the first sacral vertebra and its ossification center was evaluated. Results: The first sacral vertebra and its ossification center grew proportionately according to fetal weeks. Conclusions: The numerical data obtained from computed tomography and the growth patterns of the body of the first sacral vertebra and its ossification center may serve as age-specific normative intervals relevant for gynecologists, obstetricians, pediatricians, and radiologists during fetal ultrasound screening. Our findings on the growth of the body of the first sacral vertebra and its ossification center may be useful in daily clinical practice, particularly in ultrasonic monitoring of normal fetal growth and in screening for congenital defects and skeletal dysplasias. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Translational Neuroanatomy: Recent Updates and Future Perspectives)

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14 pages, 686 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Exploring Narrative Ability in Greek-Speaking Children with High-Functioning ASD: Associations with Memory and Attention

by Vasiliki Zarokanellou, Alexandros Gryparis and Katerina Papanikolaou

Brain Sci. 2025, 15(1), 73; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci15010073 - 15 Jan 2025

Viewed by 489

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Narration is a sensitive tool for the assessment of language in children with high-functioning autism spectrum disorder (HF-ASD) since mild language deficits beyond the sentential level are not always noticeable through the administration of standardized language tests targeting the lexical or [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Narration is a sensitive tool for the assessment of language in children with high-functioning autism spectrum disorder (HF-ASD) since mild language deficits beyond the sentential level are not always noticeable through the administration of standardized language tests targeting the lexical or sentential level. This study investigated the narrative ability of monolingual Greek-speaking HF-ASD children in comparison to that of their typically developing (TD) peers and explored the associations between narrative variables, ADHD symptomatology, and memory skills in the participants on the autistic spectrum. Methods: The participants were 39 children aged 7 to 12 years, 19 with HF-ASD and 20 age-matched, vocabulary-matched, and cognitively matched TD peers. Results: The two groups were similar in most microstructural and macrostructural variables but differed significantly in syntactic complexity (p = 0.024; d = 0.754) and subordination (p < 0.001; d = −1.576) indices, implying that the HF-ASD group presented syntactic delay in comparison to their TD peers. The HF-ASD participants showed significantly higher heterogeneity in the amount of information generated for the story’s main character (p = 0.004; d = −0.093) in comparison to their TD peers. Significant associations were observed between verbal and visual memory, complex syntactic structures, and Theory of Mind-related internal state terms. ADHD symptomatology was negatively correlated with the generation of simple and coordinated clauses. Finally, complex syntax and delayed vSTM were correlated with retelling total scores, indicating that language ability and verbal memory compensate for narrative competence in HF-ASD children. Conclusions: The findings highlight the impact that language skills, memory ability, and ADHD symptomatology have on narrative competence in children with HF-ASD, as well as the importance of narrative use for assessing the language skills in populations with mild language impairment. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in Assessment and Rehabilitation of Individuals with Communication and Language Disorders)

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12 pages, 270 KiB

Open AccessReview

Role of Hypothalamus in Acupuncture’s Effects

by Ryan Bae, Hyung Kyu Kim, Baoji Lu, Jing Ma, Juping Xing and Hee Young Kim

Brain Sci. 2025, 15(1), 72; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci15010072 - 15 Jan 2025

Viewed by 399

Abstract

The significant correlation between ancient medicinal practices and brain function marks a revolutionary frontier in the field of neuroscience. Acupuncture, a traditional oriental medicine, can affect brain regions, such as the hypothalamus, anterior cingulate, posterior cingulate, and hippocampus, and produces specific therapeutic effects, [...] Read more.

The significant correlation between ancient medicinal practices and brain function marks a revolutionary frontier in the field of neuroscience. Acupuncture, a traditional oriental medicine, can affect brain regions, such as the hypothalamus, anterior cingulate, posterior cingulate, and hippocampus, and produces specific therapeutic effects, such as pain relief, suppression of hypertension, and alleviation of drug addiction. Among the brain regions, the hypothalamus, a small yet critical region in the brain, plays a pivotal role in maintaining homeostasis by regulating a wide array of physiological processes, including stress responses, energy balance, and pain modulation. Emerging evidence suggests that acupuncture may exert its therapeutic effects by modulating the activity of the hypothalamus and its associated neural circuits, particularly in relation to pain, stress, and metabolic regulation. Thus, we conducted a comprehensive review of past and current research on the role of the hypothalamus in mediating the therapeutic effects of acupuncture. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Application of Nerve Stimulation: Current Status and Future Directions)

11 pages, 539 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Optimizing Neurobehavioral Assessment for Patients with Disorders of Consciousness: Proposal of a Comprehensive Pre-Assessment Checklist for Clinicians

by Kristen Keech, Caroline Schnakers, Brooke Murtaugh, Katherine O’Brien, Beth Slomine, Marie-Michèle Briand, Rita Formisano, Aurore Thibaut, Anna Estraneo, Enrique Noé, Olivia Gosseries and Liliana da Conceição Teixeira

Brain Sci. 2025, 15(1), 71; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci15010071 - 15 Jan 2025

Viewed by 458

Abstract

Background: Clinicians are challenged by the ambiguity and uncertainty in assessing level of consciousness in individuals with disorder of consciousness (DoC). There are numerous challenges to valid and reliable neurobehavioral assessment and classification of DoC due to multiple environmental and patient-related biases including [...] Read more.

Background: Clinicians are challenged by the ambiguity and uncertainty in assessing level of consciousness in individuals with disorder of consciousness (DoC). There are numerous challenges to valid and reliable neurobehavioral assessment and classification of DoC due to multiple environmental and patient-related biases including behavioral fluctuation and confounding or co-occurring medical conditions. Addressing these biases could impact accuracy of assessment and is an important aspect of the DoC assessment process. Methods: A pre-assessment checklist was developed by a group of interdisciplinary DoC clinical experts and researchers based on the existing literature, current validated tools, and expert opinions. Once finalized, the checklist was electronically distributed to clinicians with a range of experience in neurobehavioral assessment with DoC. Respondents were asked to use the checklist prior to completing a neurobehavioral assessment. A survey was also provided to respondents to obtain feedback regarding checklist feasibility and utility in optimizing the behavioral assessments. Results: Thirty-three clinicians completed the survey after using the checklist. Over half of the respondents were a combination of physicians, neuropsychologists, and physical therapists. All respondents served the adult DoC population and 42% percent had over ten years of clinical experience. Eighty percent reported they found the format of the checklist useful and easy to use. All respondents reported the checklist was relevant to preparing for behavioral assessment in the DoC population. Eighty-four percent reported they would recommend the use of the tool to other clinicians. Conclusions: The use of a pre-assessment checklist was found to be feasible and efficacious in increasing interdisciplinary clinician’s ability to optimize the patient and environment in preparation for neurobehavioral assessment. Initial results of clinicians’ perception of the utility of a pre-assessment checklist were positive. However, further validation of the tool is needed with larger sample sizes to improve representation of clinical use across disciplines and care settings. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Opportunities and Challenges in the Diagnosis and Treatment of Disorders of Consciousness)

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14 pages, 261 KiB

Open AccessSystematic Review

Diffusion Tensor Imaging as Neurologic Predictor in Patients Affected by Traumatic Brain Injury: Scoping Review

by Federica Paolini, Salvatore Marrone, Gianluca Scalia, Rosa Maria Gerardi, Lapo Bonosi, Umberto Emanuele Benigno, Sofia Musso, Alba Scerrati, Domenico Gerardo Iacopino, Francesco Signorelli, Rosario Maugeri and Massimiliano Visocchi

Brain Sci. 2025, 15(1), 70; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci15010070 - 14 Jan 2025

Viewed by 504

Abstract

Background: Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI), a variant of Diffusion Weighted Imaging (DWI), enables a neuroanatomical microscopic-like examination of the brain, which can detect brain damage using physical parameters. DTI’s application to traumatic brain injury (TBI) has the potential to reveal radiological features [...] Read more.

Background: Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI), a variant of Diffusion Weighted Imaging (DWI), enables a neuroanatomical microscopic-like examination of the brain, which can detect brain damage using physical parameters. DTI’s application to traumatic brain injury (TBI) has the potential to reveal radiological features that can assist in predicting the clinical outcomes of these patients. What is the ongoing role of DTI in detecting brain alterations and predicting neurological outcomes in patients with moderate to severe traumatic brain injury and/or diffuse axonal injury? Methods: A scoping review of the PubMed, Scopus, EMBASE, and Cochrane databases was conducted according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) guidelines. The aim was to identify all potentially relevant studies concerning the role of DTI in TBI. From an initial pool of 3527 publications, 26 articles were selected based on relevance. These studies included a total of 729 patients with moderate to severe TBI and/or diffuse axonal injury. DTI parameters were analyzed to determine their relationship with neurological outcomes post-TBI, with assessments of several brain functions and regions. Results: The studies included various DTI parameters, identifying significant relationships between DTI variations and neurological outcomes following TBI. Multiple brain functions and regions were evaluated, demonstrating the capability of DTI to detect brain alterations with higher accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity than MRI alone. Conclusions: DTI is a valuable tool for detecting brain alterations in TBI patients, offering enhanced accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity compared to MRI alone. Recent studies confirm its effectiveness in identifying neurological impairments and predicting outcomes in patients following brain trauma, underscoring its utility in clinical settings for managing TBI. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Editorial Board Collection Series: Insight into Neurosurgery)

13 pages, 1889 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Normative Values of Brainstem Auditory-Evoked Responses in Sheep

by Katharina Suntinger, Adrian Dalbert, Lukas Prochazka, Milena Tegelkamp, Peter Kronen, Karina Klein, Christof Röösli, Alexander Huber and Flurin Pfiffner

Brain Sci. 2025, 15(1), 69; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci15010069 - 14 Jan 2025

Viewed by 406

Abstract

Background: The brainstem auditory-evoked response (BAER) is an established electrophysiological measure of neural activity from the auditory nerve up to the brain stem. The BAER is used to diagnose abnormalities in auditory pathways and in neurophysiological human and animal research. However, normative data [...] Read more.

Background: The brainstem auditory-evoked response (BAER) is an established electrophysiological measure of neural activity from the auditory nerve up to the brain stem. The BAER is used to diagnose abnormalities in auditory pathways and in neurophysiological human and animal research. However, normative data for BAERs in sheep, which represent an adequate large animal model for translational and basic otological research, are lacking. Objective: The aim of this study was to assess the function of the ovine auditory nervous system by determining normative values for the BAER and to compare sheep with human BAER data. Methods: In this retrospective study, BAER data for click stimuli at a range of sound pressure levels (SPLs) were analyzed. A series of 15 samples from six sheep with a mean age of 41.8 months was included. Results: The mean BAER threshold was 45.3 dB SPL. At 100 dB SPL, the mean (±standard deviation, SD) latency of wave V was 4.35 (±0.18) ms, that of wave III was 2.44 (±0.15) ms, and that of wave I was 0.88 (±0.13) ms. At 100 dB SPL, the mean interpeak latency of waves I–III was 1.56 (±0.18) ms, that of waves III–V was 1.91 (±0.16) ms, and that of waves I–V was 3.47 (±0.20) ms. The mean amplitudes at 100 dB SPL were 0.04 (±0.03) µV for wave I, 0.50 (±0.24) µV for wave III, and 0.40 (±0.25) µV for wave V. Conclusions: The normative values for sheep BAERs were reproducible and similar to those of humans. The normative BAER values further support sheep as an adequate animal model for otological research. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Translational EEG Biomarkers in Animal Models: Bridging Pre-Clinical Findings to Human Neuroscience)

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47 pages, 2524 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Diagnosis of Cognitive and Mental Disorders: A New Approach Based on Spectral–Spatiotemporal Analysis and Local Graph Structures of Electroencephalogram Signals

by Arezoo Sanati Fahandari, Sara Moshiryan and Ateke Goshvarpour

Brain Sci. 2025, 15(1), 68; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci15010068 - 14 Jan 2025

Viewed by 501

Abstract

Background/Objectives: The classification of psychological disorders has gained significant importance due to recent advancements in signal processing techniques. Traditionally, research in this domain has focused primarily on binary classifications of disorders. This study aims to classify five distinct states, including one control group [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: The classification of psychological disorders has gained significant importance due to recent advancements in signal processing techniques. Traditionally, research in this domain has focused primarily on binary classifications of disorders. This study aims to classify five distinct states, including one control group and four categories of psychological disorders. Methods: Our investigation will utilize algorithms based on Granger causality and local graph structures to improve classification accuracy. Feature extraction from connectivity matrices was performed using local structure graphs. The extracted features were subsequently classified employing K-Nearest Neighbors (KNN), Support Vector Machine (SVM), AdaBoost, and Naïve Bayes classifiers. Results: The KNN classifier demonstrated the highest accuracy in the gamma band for the depression category, achieving an accuracy of 89.36%, a sensitivity of 89.57%, an F1 score of 94.30%, and a precision of 99.90%. Furthermore, the SVM classifier surpassed the other machine learning algorithms when all features were integrated, attaining an accuracy of 89.06%, a sensitivity of 88.97%, an F1 score of 94.16%, and a precision of 100% for the discrimination of depression in the gamma band. Conclusions: The proposed methodology provides a novel approach for analyzing EEG signals and holds potential applications in the classification of psychological disorders. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Computational Neuroscience and Neuroinformatics)

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18 pages, 253 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Reliability of the Second and Third Iterations of the Sensory–Motor Dysfunction Questionnaire in a Subclinical Neck Pain Population

by Ushani Ambalavanar, Heidi Haavik, Nitika Kumari, Imran Amjad, Nooshin Khobzi Rotondi and Bernadette Ann Murphy

Brain Sci. 2025, 15(1), 67; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci15010067 - 14 Jan 2025

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Abstract

Background/Objectives: This study aimed to address limitations of the pilot reliability study on the Sensory–Motor Dysfunction Questionnaire (SMD-Q) in two parts. Part 1 evaluated the intra-rater reliability of SMD-Q version 2 (V2). Part 2 addressed V2’s limitations before assessing the intra-rater reliability of [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: This study aimed to address limitations of the pilot reliability study on the Sensory–Motor Dysfunction Questionnaire (SMD-Q) in two parts. Part 1 evaluated the intra-rater reliability of SMD-Q version 2 (V2). Part 2 addressed V2’s limitations before assessing the intra-rater reliability of version 3 (V3). V2 framed questions as “over the past week”, whereas V3 also framed questions as “in a typical/usual week”. Methods: The SMD-Q was administered via Qualtrics^TM at baseline and 4 to 7 days later to subclinical neck pain participants, 51 in part 1 (32 F; mean age ± SD: 21.17 ± 2.66 y) and 27 in part 2 (20 F; mean age ± SD: 21.89 ± 2.81 y). Reliability statistics (quadratic weighted kappa (K_w) and Cronbach’s alpha (α)) were calculated for all items (V2) and total scores (V2 and V3). Results: There was excellent agreement for V2 total scores (K_w ≥ 0.75), and V3 total scores for “in a typical/usual week” (K_w ≥ 0.75), but fair to good agreement for V3 total scores of “over the past week” (0.40 < K_w < 0.75). V2 had acceptable (0.7 ≤ α < 0.8) to good internal consistency (0.8 ≤ α < 0.9), while V3 had good internal consistency for both administrations. Conclusions: Versions 2 and 3 of the SMD-Q appear to reliably capture disordered sensorimotor integration in people with subclinical neck pain, with improved reliability in V3 when questions are framed as “in a typical/usual week”. However, further research is needed to confirm this finding. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Assessment and Training of Perceptual-Motor Performance)

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Brain Sci., Volume 15, Issue 1 (January 2025) – 96 articles

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