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Multiple Soil Health Assessment Methods for Evaluating Effects of Organic Fertilization in Farmland Soil of Agro-Pastoral Ecotone
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The Nutritional Year-Cycle of Italian Honey Bees (Apis mellifera ligustica) in a Southern Temperate Climate
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Adaptation Mechanisms of Olive Tree under Drought Stress: The Potential of Modern Omics Approaches
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Precision Livestock Farming Technology: Applications and Challenges of Animal Welfare and Climate Change
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Challenges in Sustainable Agriculture—The Role of Organic Amendments
Journal Description
Agriculture
Agriculture
is an international, scientific peer-reviewed open access journal published monthly online by MDPI.
- Open Access— free for readers, with article processing charges (APC) paid by authors or their institutions.
- High Visibility: indexed within Scopus, SCIE (Web of Science), PubAg, AGRIS, RePEc, and other databases.
- Journal Rank: JCR - Q1 (Agronomy) / CiteScore - Q1 (Plant Science)
- Rapid Publication: manuscripts are peer-reviewed and a first decision is provided to authors approximately 20.2 days after submission; acceptance to publication is undertaken in 2.3 days (median values for papers published in this journal in the first half of 2024).
- Recognition of Reviewers: reviewers who provide timely, thorough peer-review reports receive vouchers entitling them to a discount on the APC of their next publication in any MDPI journal, in appreciation of the work done.
- Companion journals for Agriculture include: Poultry, Grasses and Crops.
Impact Factor:
3.3 (2023);
5-Year Impact Factor:
3.5 (2023)
Latest Articles
Evidence of Cooperative Interactions between Rhizobacteria and Wood-Decaying Fungi and Their Effects on Maize Germination and Growth
Agriculture 2024, 14(7), 1170; https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture14071170 (registering DOI) - 17 Jul 2024
Abstract
Advances in soil microbial communities are driving agricultural practices towards ecological sustainability and productivity, with engineering microbial communities significantly contributing to sustainable agriculture. This study explored the combined effects of two white-rot fungi (Trametes sp. and Pleurotus sp.) and six rhizobacterial strains
[...] Read more.
Advances in soil microbial communities are driving agricultural practices towards ecological sustainability and productivity, with engineering microbial communities significantly contributing to sustainable agriculture. This study explored the combined effects of two white-rot fungi (Trametes sp. and Pleurotus sp.) and six rhizobacterial strains belonging to four genera (Acinetobacter sp., Enterobacter sp., Flavobacterium sp., and Pseudomonas sp.) on maize growth and soil enzymatic activity over a 14-day period. At the plant level, germination, fresh and dry mass of the aerial and root parts, length, and stage of development of the stem, as well as the chlorophyll content, were evaluated. Furthermore, soil dehydrogenase, acid and alkaline phosphatases, pH, and electrical conductivity were evaluated. Rot fungi induced distinct effects on maize germination, with Pleurotus sp. strongly suppressing maize germination by 40% relative to that of the control. The isolated bacterial strains, except Enterobacter sp. O8, and 8 of the 12 fungus + bacterial strain combinations induced germination rates higher than those of the control (≥40%). Combinations of Flavobacterium sp. I57 and Pseudomonas sp. O81 with the rot fungus Pleurotus sp. significantly improved plant shoot length (from 28.0 to 37.0 cm) and developmental stage (fourth leaf length increase from 10.0 to 16.8 cm), respectively, compared with the same bacteria alone or in combination with the rot fungus Trametes sp. In the soil, the presence of both fungi appeared to stabilize phosphatase activity compared to their activity when only bacteria were present, while also promoting overall dehydrogenase enzymatic activity in the soil. Integrating all parameters, Trametes sp. rot fungus + Enterobacter sp. O8 may be a potential combination to be explored in the context of agricultural production, and future studies should focus on the consistency of this combination’s performance over time and its effectiveness in the field.
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(This article belongs to the Section Agricultural Soils)
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Open AccessArticle
Design and Experiment of In-Situ Bionic Harvesting Device for Edible Sunflower
by
Xuefeng Zhu, Yang Xu, Changjie Han, Jia You, Xuejun Zhang, Hanping Mao and Xu Ma
Agriculture 2024, 14(7), 1169; https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture14071169 (registering DOI) - 17 Jul 2024
Abstract
In view of the low degree of mechanization and poor quality of harvesting of edible sunflower after drying, an in situ bionic harvesting device was designed, which can achieve low-loss harvesting of edible sunflower without removing the edible sunflower disc. According to the
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In view of the low degree of mechanization and poor quality of harvesting of edible sunflower after drying, an in situ bionic harvesting device was designed, which can achieve low-loss harvesting of edible sunflower without removing the edible sunflower disc. According to the physical characteristics of sunflower stalks in the field, influencing factors of in situ low-loss feeding were obtained, and the structural parameters of the in situ feeding mechanism were determined. Based on bionic technology and static analysis, the influencing factors on the performance of the bionic threshing mechanism were obtained. By analyzing the mechanical characteristics of edible sunflower seed, the operation parameters of the seed collection mechanism were determined. Based on the structural analysis results of the harvesting device, a response surface optimization test was carried out. The test results show that when the average rotation speed of the bionic loosening roller was 113.57 rpm, the average rotation speed of the simulated artificial striking roller was 230.80 rpm, the average forward speed of the harvesting device was 0.58 m/s, the working quality of the harvesting device was the best, the seed loss rate was 2.12%, and the edible sunflower disc threshing rate was 98.96%. A field verification test further confirms that under the optimal working parameters, the relative deviation between test indexes and response surface optimization test results was less than 2%. During the operation process, the movement of key components of the harvesting device was coordinated and stable. The research results can provide new ideas for the mechanized harvesting of the edible sunflower disc after drying.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Agricultural Technology)
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Open AccessArticle
Optimizing the Nitrogen Fertilizer Management to Maximize the Benefit of Straw Returning on Early Rice Yield by Modulating Soil N Availability
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Juan Hu, Xianjiao Guan, Xihuan Liang, Binqiang Wang, Xianmao Chen, Xiaolin He, Jiang Xie, Guoqiang Deng, Ji Chen, Xiuxiu Li, Caifei Qiu, Yinfei Qian, Chunrui Peng, Kun Zhang and Jin Chen
Agriculture 2024, 14(7), 1168; https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture14071168 (registering DOI) - 17 Jul 2024
Abstract
Straw returning has gradually been adopted as an effective approach to address the serious degradation of farmland. However, the carbon/nitrogen (C/N) ratio of rice straw is generally too high for microorganisms to decompose the organic materials and release nutrients, which may minimize the
[...] Read more.
Straw returning has gradually been adopted as an effective approach to address the serious degradation of farmland. However, the carbon/nitrogen (C/N) ratio of rice straw is generally too high for microorganisms to decompose the organic materials and release nutrients, which may minimize the benefits of straw returning to the agricultural production system. This study aimed to investigate the effects of straw returning on rice production and propose optimum nitrogen (N) management for early rice production under a straw returning system. The total N fertilizer that was evaluated was 165 kg N ha-1, urea (46% N), applied in different proportions in three stages of rice cultivation: basal, tillering, and panicle. Using no straw returning with the N fertilizer ratio of basal:tillering:panicle = 5:2:3 treatment (T1) as the control, four different N fertilizer ratios of basal:tillering:panicle, including 5:2:3 (T2), 5:2:2 (T3), 5:4:1 (T4), and 5:5:0 (T5) were set under straw returning. The return of straw decreased the available N in the soil at the tillering stage, and impeded root growth and the crop canopy from establishing, which decreased the effective panicles by 10.1% compared with that of T1, limiting the increases in rice grain yield. Increasing the N fertilizer ratio 10–20% (T3 and T4) at the tillering stage effectively increased the content of soil ammonium and nitrate nitrogen, improved the root growth, and increased the root activities by 16.0–40.5% at the tillering stage. As a result, the effective panicle number increased by 5.1–16.2%. Among these, T4 treatment maximized the benefits of straw returning the most. Additionally, increasing the N fertilizer ratio at the tillering stage increased the shoot uptake across the early rice growing season and synchronized crop N uptake with the accumulation of carbon assimilates, which enhanced the crop growth rate and increased the rice yield by 13.5–25.1%. It is concluded that increasing the N fertilizer ratio by 20% at the tillering stage is a promising strategy to increase the availability of N in the phases of high demand for this nutrient.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Crop Production)
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Open AccessReview
Effect of Magnetic Field and UV-C Radiation on Postharvest Fruit Properties
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Maciej Gąstoł and Urszula Błaszczyk
Agriculture 2024, 14(7), 1167; https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture14071167 (registering DOI) - 17 Jul 2024
Abstract
This review focuses on the recent information on the effect of different types of magnetic fields (MFs) and ultraviolet radiation (UV-C) on the processes that may finally affect fruit quality and its storage potential. Firstly, the biological effect of MFs on every plant’s
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This review focuses on the recent information on the effect of different types of magnetic fields (MFs) and ultraviolet radiation (UV-C) on the processes that may finally affect fruit quality and its storage potential. Firstly, the biological effect of MFs on every plant’s growth and development level is described. The magnetic field interacts with a plant’s metabolism and changes the permeability of membranes affecting cells’ homeostasis. It also could affect early seedling development, stimulating enzyme activity and protein synthesis, and later on nutrient and water uptake of adult plants. In some cases, it makes plants more resilient, increasing their tolerance to environmental stresses. Also, MF treatment could lower the disease index of plants, thus improving the internal and external fruit quality indices. The second part of this review focuses on interesting perspectives of using UV-C radiation to reduce postharvest fruit diseases, but also to delay fruit ripening and senescence. The application of UV-C light to combat postharvest infections is associated with two mechanisms of action, such as direct elimination of microorganisms located on the fruit surface and indirect triggering of the plant’s defense reaction. Moreover, the use of hormetic doses of UV-C can additionally increase the nutritional properties of fresh fruit, lead to the accumulation of desired phytochemicals such as polyphenols, for example, to increase anthocyanin or resveratrol content, or elevate antioxidant activity.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Agricultural Product Quality and Safety)
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Open AccessArticle
Public Willingness to Pay for Farmland Eco-Compensation and Allocation to Farmers: An Empirical Study from Northeast China
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Baoqi Liu, Lishan Xu, Yulin Long, Yuehua Wei and Changlin Ao
Agriculture 2024, 14(7), 1166; https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture14071166 (registering DOI) - 17 Jul 2024
Abstract
Farmland eco-compensation, as a typical payment for ecosystem services scheme, aims to address trade-offs between environmental and developmental objectives. As indispensable eco-compensation supporters, the public’s willingness to pay (WTP) for farmland eco-compensation and the allocation to farmers directly affect ecological safety and sustainable
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Farmland eco-compensation, as a typical payment for ecosystem services scheme, aims to address trade-offs between environmental and developmental objectives. As indispensable eco-compensation supporters, the public’s willingness to pay (WTP) for farmland eco-compensation and the allocation to farmers directly affect ecological safety and sustainable development for farmland. Therefore, this study links the public’s WTP for the farmland eco-compensation to the financial subsidies received by farmers and presents a theoretical framework and research approach that connects stakeholders, applying improved choice experiments for empirical study in the black soil region of northeastern China. The results showed that the public has a positive WTP for the farmland eco-compensation program that improves the area, soil thickness, and organic content expeditiously. The public’s WTP allocation for eco-compensation varies considerably, with the share allocated to farmers in their WTP averaging 46.96%, showing a benchmark for compensation standards. The results revealed the influential relationship between the socioeconomic characteristics of the public with WTP allocation and the preferences for farmland eco-compensation, such as the positive correlation between age with WTP allocation and females’ greater preference for eco-compensation. These findings can provide new perspectives and approaches to exploring sustainable pathways for farmland eco-compensation.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Agricultural Strategies for Food and Environmental Security)
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Open AccessArticle
Research on the Temporal and Spatial Changes and Driving Forces of Rice Fields Based on the NDVI Difference Method
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Jinglian Tian, Yongzhong Tian, Wenhao Wan, Chenxi Yuan, Kangning Liu and Yang Wang
Agriculture 2024, 14(7), 1165; https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture14071165 - 17 Jul 2024
Abstract
Rice is a globally important food crop, and it is crucial to accurately and conveniently obtain information on rice fields, understand their spatial patterns, and grasp their dynamic changes to address food security challenges. In this study, Chongqing’s Yongchuan District was selected as
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Rice is a globally important food crop, and it is crucial to accurately and conveniently obtain information on rice fields, understand their spatial patterns, and grasp their dynamic changes to address food security challenges. In this study, Chongqing’s Yongchuan District was selected as the research area. By utilizing UAVs (Unmanned Aerial Vehicles) to collect multi-spectral remote sensing data during three seasons, the phenological characteristics of rice fields were analyzed using the NDVI (Normalized Difference Vegetation Index). Based on Sentinel data with a resolution of 10 m, the NDVI difference method was used to extract rice fields between 2019 and 2023. Furthermore, the reasons for changes in rice fields over the five years were also analyzed. First, a simulation model of the rice harvesting period was constructed using data from 32 sampling points through multiple regression analysis. Based on the model, the study area was classified into six categories, and the necessary data for each region were identified. Next, the NDVI values for the pre-harvest and post-harvest periods of rice fields, as well as the differences between them, were calculated for various regions. Additionally, every year, 35 samples of rice fields were chosen from high-resolution images provided by Google. The thresholds for extracting rice fields were determined by statistically analyzing the difference in NDVI values within the sample area. By utilizing these thresholds, rice fields corresponding to six harvesting regions were extracted separately. The rice fields extracted from different regions were merged to obtain the rice fields for the study area from 2019 to 2023, and the accuracy of the extraction results was verified. Then, based on five years of rice fields in the study area, we analyzed them from both temporal and spatial perspectives. In the temporal analysis, a transition matrix of rice field changes and the calculation of the rice fields’ dynamic degree were utilized to examine the temporal changes. The spatial changes were analyzed by incorporating DEM (Digital Elevation Model) data. Finally, a logistic regression model was employed to investigate the causes of both temporal and spatial changes in the rice fields. The study results indicated the following: (1) The simulation model of the rice harvesting period can quickly and accurately determine the best period of remote sensing images needed to extract rice fields. (2) The confusion matrix shows the effectiveness of the NDVI difference method in extracting rice fields. (3) The total area of rice fields in the study area did not change much each year, but there were still significant spatial adjustments. Over the five years, the spatial distribution of gained rice fields was relatively uniform, while the lost rice fields showed obvious regional differences. In combination with the analysis of altitude, it tended to grow in lower areas. (4) The logistic regression analysis revealed that gained rice fields tended to be found in regions with convenient irrigation, flat terrain, lower altitude, and proximity to residential areas. Conversely, lost rice fields were typically located in areas with inconvenient irrigation, long distance from residential areas, low population, and negative topography.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Digital Agriculture)
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Open AccessArticle
Effect of Osmotic Dehydration in Tomato Juice on Microstructure of Garlic and on Drying Using Different Methods
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Aleksandra Zimmer, Klaudia Masztalerz and Krzysztof Lech
Agriculture 2024, 14(7), 1164; https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture14071164 - 16 Jul 2024
Abstract
This study investigates the effects of osmotic dehydration on garlic clove halves using a low-pH osmotic solution with ascorbic acid, concentrated tomato juice, and basil extract (45° Brix). Samples, both dehydrated and fresh, were subjected to various drying methods. Physical properties, such as
[...] Read more.
This study investigates the effects of osmotic dehydration on garlic clove halves using a low-pH osmotic solution with ascorbic acid, concentrated tomato juice, and basil extract (45° Brix). Samples, both dehydrated and fresh, were subjected to various drying methods. Physical properties, such as CT scan analysis, texture profile analysis (TPA), porosity, and density, were examined. Additional parameters like energy consumption, specific energy consumption, moisture content, water activity, and color change were evaluated. Osmotic dehydration reduced moisture content by over 7.5%. The specific energy consumption for microwave vacuum drying (MVD) was 95 kJ/g for osmotically dehydrated samples compared to 118 kJ/g for non-dehydrated samples. Drying times decreased by 24 min for MVD and 15% for microwave convective drying (MCD). The Weibull model best fit the drying kinetics, with R2 values above 0.99 and RMSE below 0.03 for all methods. TPA tests showed no significant impact of osmotic dehydration on hardness, though drying methods significantly affected hardness, ranging from 49 N to 707 N. Color change was higher for osmotically dehydrated samples, reaching 37.09 for OD-CD compared to 29.78 for CD.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Agricultural Technology)
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Open AccessArticle
Instance Segmentation of Tea Garden Roads Based on an Improved YOLOv8n-seg Model
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Weibin Wu, Zhaokai He, Junlin Li, Tianci Chen, Qing Luo, Yuanqiang Luo, Weihui Wu and Zhenbang Zhang
Agriculture 2024, 14(7), 1163; https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture14071163 - 16 Jul 2024
Abstract
In order to improve the efficiency of fine segmentation and obstacle removal in the road of tea plantation in hilly areas, a lightweight and high-precision DR-YOLO instance segmentation algorithm is proposed to realize environment awareness. Firstly, the road data of tea gardens in
[...] Read more.
In order to improve the efficiency of fine segmentation and obstacle removal in the road of tea plantation in hilly areas, a lightweight and high-precision DR-YOLO instance segmentation algorithm is proposed to realize environment awareness. Firstly, the road data of tea gardens in hilly areas were collected under different road conditions and light conditions, and data sets were generated. YOLOv8n-seg, which has the highest operating efficiency, was selected as the basic model. The MSDA-CBAM and DR-Neck feature fusion network were added to the YOLOv8-seg model to improve the feature extraction capability of the network and the feature fusion capability and efficiency of the model. Experimental results show that, compared with the YOLOv8-seg model, the DR-YOLO model proposed in this study has 2.0% improvement in AP@0.5 and 1.1% improvement in Precision. In this study, the DR-YOLO model is pruned and quantitatively compressed, which greatly improves the model inference speed with little reduction in AP. After deploying on Jetson, compared with the YOLOv8n-seg model, the Precision of DR-YOLO is increased by 0.6%, the AP@0.5 is increased by 1.6%, and the inference time is reduced by 17.1%, which can effectively improve the level of agricultural intelligent automation and realize the efficient operation of the instance segmentation model at the edge.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Digital Agriculture)
Open AccessArticle
Evaluation of Multi-Crop Biofuel Pellet Properties and the Life Cycle Assessment
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Rita Petlickaitė, Algirdas Jasinskas, Kęstutis Venslauskas, Kęstutis Navickas, Marius Praspaliauskas and Egidijus Lemanas
Agriculture 2024, 14(7), 1162; https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture14071162 - 16 Jul 2024
Abstract
Although wood biomass is mostly used to produce solid biofuel pellets, it is important to evaluate the possibilities of using other types of biomass as well. It is not only important to obtain biofuel pellets of suitable quality but also to ensure a
[...] Read more.
Although wood biomass is mostly used to produce solid biofuel pellets, it is important to evaluate the possibilities of using other types of biomass as well. It is not only important to obtain biofuel pellets of suitable quality but also to ensure a sustainable process of producing and using these pellets for energy production. This paper presents an evaluation of the quality characteristics of seven different biofuel pellets made from multi-crop plants (fibrous hemp, maize, and faba bean) and a life cycle assessment (LCA) of the heat production by burning these pellets. The physical-mechanical properties and elemental composition of the pellets are determined according to international standards, as indicated in the methodology section. The LCA was performed using the SimaPro 9.5 software. The complete life cycle from cradle-to-grave is assessed, i.e., from growing plants to spreading ash obtained from pellet burning. An analysis showed that in most cases the produced pellets met the requirements of the standard ISO 17225-6:2021. The lowest negative environmental impact associated with the production of 1 GJ of thermal energy was for pellets made from fibrous hemp and maize biomass (MIX2-1) and pellets made from fibrous hemp and faba bean biomass (MIX2-3). Production of pellets from maize biomass (S-Mz) was found to have the highest carbon footprint (29.1 CO2eq GJ−1) and was associated with the lowest crop yield compared to the other six scenarios.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Agricultural Technology)
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Open AccessArticle
Design and Experimental Study of Banana Bunch Transportation Device with Lifting Mechanism and Automatic Bottom-Fixing Fruit Shaft
by
Weiqin Li, Zhou Yang, Xing Xu, Weixi Li, Xingkang Mo, Jiaxiang Yu and Jieli Duan
Agriculture 2024, 14(7), 1161; https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture14071161 - 16 Jul 2024
Abstract
In addressing the challenges of high labor intensity, cost, and potential mechanical damage to banana fruit in orchards, this study presents the design of a banana bunch transport device featuring a lifting mechanism and an automatic fruit shaft bottom-fixing system. The device is
[...] Read more.
In addressing the challenges of high labor intensity, cost, and potential mechanical damage to banana fruit in orchards, this study presents the design of a banana bunch transport device featuring a lifting mechanism and an automatic fruit shaft bottom-fixing system. The device is tailored to the planting and morphological characteristics of banana bunches, aiming for efficient, low-loss, and labor-saving mechanized transport. Key design considerations included the anti-overturning mechanism and the lifting system based on transportation conditions and the physical dimensions of banana bunches. A dynamic simulation was conducted to analyze the angular velocity and acceleration during the initial conveying stages, forming the basis for the fruit shaft bottom-fixation mechanism. A novel horizontal multi-point scanning method was developed to accurately identify and secure the fruit shaft bottom, complemented by an automated control system. Experimental results showed a 95.83% success rate in identification and fixation, validated by field trials that confirmed the necessity and stability of the fixation mechanism. To enhance the durability of the fruit shaft bottom-fixation mechanism, a multi-factor test was conducted, optimizing the device’s maximum travel speed and minimizing the banana bunch’s oscillation angle. Field tests showed an oscillation angle of 8.961°, closely matching the simulated result of 9.526°, demonstrating the reliability of the response surface analysis model. This study offers a practical and efficient solution for banana bunch transport in orchards, showcasing significant practical value and potential for wider adoption.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Agricultural Machinery and Technology for Fruit Tree Management)
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Open AccessReview
Applying Spectroscopies, Imaging Analyses, and Other Non-Destructive Techniques to Olives and Extra Virgin Olive Oil: A Systematic Review of Current Knowledge and Future Applications
by
Alessio Cappelli, Sirio Cividino, Veronica Redaelli, Gianluca Tripodi, Gilda Aiello, Salvatore Velotto and Mauro Zaninelli
Agriculture 2024, 14(7), 1160; https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture14071160 - 16 Jul 2024
Abstract
Given its huge economic, nutritional, and social value, extra virgin olive oil (EVOO) is an essential food. This flagship product of the countries bordering the Mediterranean basin is one of the most frauded products worldwide. Although traditional chemical analyses have demonstrated to be
[...] Read more.
Given its huge economic, nutritional, and social value, extra virgin olive oil (EVOO) is an essential food. This flagship product of the countries bordering the Mediterranean basin is one of the most frauded products worldwide. Although traditional chemical analyses have demonstrated to be reliable tools for olive drupes and EVOO quality assessment, they present several drawbacks; the urgent need for fast and non-destructive techniques thus motivated this review. Given the lack of comprehensive reviews in the literature, our first aim was to summarize the current knowledge regarding applying spectroscopies, imaging analyses, and other non-destructive techniques to olives and EVOO. The second aim was to highlight the most innovative and futuristic applications and outline the future research prospects within this strategic production chain. With respect to olive drupes, the most interesting results were obtained using RGB imaging and NIR spectroscopy, particularly using portable NIR devices and specific digital cameras for in-field or in-mill monitoring. Nevertheless, it is important to highlight that RGB imaging and NIR spectroscopy need to be integrated with flesh hardness measurements, given the higher reliability of this parameter compared to olive skin color. Finally, with respect to EVOO, although several useful applications of visible imagining, UV–Visible, NIR, and Mid-Infrared spectroscopies have been found, the online monitoring of EVOO quality using NIR spectroscopy strikes us as being the most interesting technique for improving the EVOO production chain in the near future.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Agricultural Product Quality and Safety)
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Open AccessArticle
Quality of Red Clover Forage in Different Organic Production Systems
by
Cezary Purwin, Krystyna Żuk-Gołaszewska, Józef Tyburski, Marta Borsuk-Stanulewicz and Barbara Stefańska
Agriculture 2024, 14(7), 1159; https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture14071159 - 16 Jul 2024
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine the quality of organically grown red clover herbage and silage after being influenced by supplementary mineral fertilization. The experimental treatments were as follows: control treatment without fertilization (group C), treatment where kalimagnesia (Patentkali) was applied
[...] Read more.
The aim of this study was to determine the quality of organically grown red clover herbage and silage after being influenced by supplementary mineral fertilization. The experimental treatments were as follows: control treatment without fertilization (group C), treatment where kalimagnesia (Patentkali) was applied (group P), and treatment where potassium sulfate (SOP) was applied (group S). In each year of the experiment, first-cut herbage was harvested at the beginning of flowering and ensiled. The year of the study had a significant (p ≤ 0.05) influence on the analyzed parameters of herbage and silage, excluding the content of calcium (Ca), acetic acid (AA), and ammonia nitrogen (N-NH3). The organic production system exerted a significant (p ≤ 0.05) effect on the concentrations of crude protein (CP), acid detergent lignin (ADL), water-soluble carbohydrates (WSC), minerals (P, K, Ca, Na), lactic acid (LA), ethanol, and N-NH3. The pattern of fermentation was affected by both experimental factors. True protein (TP) content was determined at 70–84% CP in herbage and 53–65% CP in silages. The energy value and the protein value of herbage varied significantly across years of the study and in response to the combined effects of both experimental factors (p ≤ 0.05). Red clover grown in organic production systems supplied high-quality forage.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Studies in Improving the Nutritional Status of Forage Crops for Better Livestock Productivity)
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Open AccessArticle
RpTrack: Robust Pig Tracking with Irregular Movement Processing and Behavioral Statistics
by
Shuqin Tu, Hua Lei, Yun Liang, Enli Lyu and Hongxing Liu
Agriculture 2024, 14(7), 1158; https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture14071158 - 16 Jul 2024
Abstract
Pig behavioral analysis based on multi-object tracking (MOT) technology of surveillance videos is vital for precision livestock farming. To address the challenges posed by uneven lighting scenes and irregular pig movements in the MOT task, we proposed a pig MOT method named RpTrack.
[...] Read more.
Pig behavioral analysis based on multi-object tracking (MOT) technology of surveillance videos is vital for precision livestock farming. To address the challenges posed by uneven lighting scenes and irregular pig movements in the MOT task, we proposed a pig MOT method named RpTrack. Firstly, RpTrack addresses the issue of lost tracking caused by irregular pig movements by using an appropriate Kalman Filter and improved trajectory management. Then, RpTrack utilizes BIoU for the second matching strategy to alleviate the influence of missed detections on the tracking performance. Finally, the method utilizes post-processing on the tracking results to generate behavioral statistics and activity trajectories for each pig. The experimental results under conditions of uneven lighting and irregular pig movements show that RpTrack significantly outperforms four other state-of-the-art MOT methods, including SORT, OC-SORT, ByteTrack, and Bot-SORT, on both public and private datasets. The experimental results demonstrate that RpTrack not only has the best tracking performance but also has high-speed processing capabilities. In conclusion, RpTrack effectively addresses the challenges of uneven scene lighting and irregular pig movements, enabling accurate pig tracking and monitoring of different behaviors, such as eating, standing, and lying. This research supports the advancement and application of intelligent pig farming.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Computer Vision and Artificial Intelligence in Agriculture)
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Open AccessArticle
Co-Occurrence of Equine Asthma and Pharyngeal Lymphoid Hyperplasia in Pleasure Horses
by
Natalia Kozłowska, Małgorzata Wierzbicka, Tomasz Jasiński and Małgorzata Domino
Agriculture 2024, 14(7), 1157; https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture14071157 - 16 Jul 2024
Abstract
With the increasing awareness of the “united airway disease” theory, more horses, not only sport horses but also pleasure horses, undergo detailed examinations of the respiratory tract. Using endoscopy, equine asthma (EA) is most commonly diagnosed in the lower airway, while pharyngeal lymphoid
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With the increasing awareness of the “united airway disease” theory, more horses, not only sport horses but also pleasure horses, undergo detailed examinations of the respiratory tract. Using endoscopy, equine asthma (EA) is most commonly diagnosed in the lower airway, while pharyngeal lymphoid hyperplasia (PLH) is common in the upper airway. Grading EA as mild–moderate (MEA) and severe (SEA), this study aims to compare the co-occurrence and investigate the possible relationship between the clinical symptoms and endoscopic signs of MEA/SEA and PLH in pleasure horses. In this retrospective study, 80 out of 93 pleasure horses suspected of EA were enrolled and underwent a standardized protocol for a complete airway examination, including resting endoscopy with mucus accumulation assessment and cytology. The obtained results were scored and analyzed. In the studied pleasure horses, PLH co-occurred more frequently in horses with EA than without (p < 0.0001) and more in horses with SEA than with MEA (p = 0.025). However, when EA and PLH co-occurred, the severity of the clinical symptoms of EA did not increase (p > 0.05). In both EA and PLH, the amount of tracheal and nasopharyngeal mucus increased with the severity of the disease; however, it was positively correlated (ρ = 0.33; p = 0.02) only in SEA horses. In conclusion, it is likely that EA is often accompanied by PLH; however, PLH did not play a role in increasing the severity of EA’s clinical symptoms. The role of the severity of accumulated mucus in the lower and upper airways when EA/PLH co-occur requires further research to confirm the morphological and functional unity of the respiratory tract, aligning with the concept of “united airways disease”.
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(This article belongs to the Section Farm Animal Production)
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Open AccessArticle
Effect of Photoperiod on Dry Matter Accumulation and Partitioning in Potato
by
Liwei Wen, Meilian Meng, Kunyu Liu, Qionglin Zhang, Tingting Zhang, Youjun Chen and Hongwei Liang
Agriculture 2024, 14(7), 1156; https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture14071156 - 16 Jul 2024
Abstract
To explore the effect of the photoperiod on the accumulation and distribution of dry matter in potato, a pot experiment was carried out in 2021 and 2022 with two varieties (Atlantic and Hezuo 88). The varieties were used as the main plot, and
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To explore the effect of the photoperiod on the accumulation and distribution of dry matter in potato, a pot experiment was carried out in 2021 and 2022 with two varieties (Atlantic and Hezuo 88). The varieties were used as the main plot, and light treatments (short-day and long-day) were used as the subplot. The results showed that extended hours of light delayed tuber formation in Hezuo 88, however, the effect was not obvious for the Atlantic. Comprehensive analyses were carried out using the potato developmental process, dynamic equation fitting of the tuber and whole-plant dry matter accumulation, and the dry matter accumulation and distribution rate of each organ of the two varieties under two photoperiods. The two photoperiods had different effects on the parameters of rapid tuber and whole-plant dry matter accumulation: the starting point of the period of the rapid dry matter accumulation (t1), the duration period of the rapid dry matter accumulation (Δt), and the average growth rate of the period of the rapid dry matter accumulation (Vmean). According to comprehensive analysis, tuber dry matter accumulation in Atlantic was the highest under the short-day condition, while Hezuo 88 showed the lowest tuber dry matter accumulation under the long-day condition and was the latest to enter the rapid tuber dry matter accumulation period. The whole-plant dry matter accumulation in Atlantic was the highest under the long-day condition and lowest in Hezuo 88; meanwhile, Hezuo 88 was the latest to enter the rapid whole-plant dry matter accumulation period. In terms of the dry matter accumulation and dry matter partitioning ratio of various organs, Hezuo 88 had the lowest mean tuber dry matter accumulation and partitioning ratio under the long-day condition but the highest mean stem, leaf, root, underground stem, and stolon dry matter partitioning ratio. On the contrary, Atlantic had the highest mean tuber dry matter accumulation and portioning ratio under the short-day condition but the lowest mean stem, leaf, root, underground stem, and stolon dry matter partitioning ratio. It was concluded that different varieties of potato respond differently to the photoperiod. In the case of Hezuo 88, prolonging the photoperiod affected the dynamics and distribution of dry matter accumulation; increased the stem, leaf, root, and underground stem dry matter partitioning ratio; and decreased the tuber dry matter partitioning ratio, which resulted in a decrease in tuber dry matter accumulation and consequently delayed the emergence of the equilibrium period between the aboveground and underground dry matter.
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(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Influence of Light, Temperature and Irrigation on Crop Production and Quality)
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Open AccessArticle
Cucumber Downy Mildew Disease Prediction Using a CNN-LSTM Approach
by
Yafei Wang, Tiezhu Li, Tianhua Chen, Xiaodong Zhang, Mohamed Farag Taha, Ning Yang, Hanping Mao and Qiang Shi
Agriculture 2024, 14(7), 1155; https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture14071155 - 16 Jul 2024
Abstract
It is of great significance to develop early prediction technology for controlling downy mildew and promoting cucumber production. In this study, a cucumber downy mildew prediction method was proposed by fusing quantitative disease information and environmental data. Firstly, the number of cucumber downy
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It is of great significance to develop early prediction technology for controlling downy mildew and promoting cucumber production. In this study, a cucumber downy mildew prediction method was proposed by fusing quantitative disease information and environmental data. Firstly, the number of cucumber downy mildew spores during the experiment was collected by a portable spore catcher, and the proportion of cucumber downy mildew leaf area to all cucumber leaf area was recorded, which was used as the incidence degree of cucumber plants. The environmental data in the greenhouse were monitored and recorded by the weather station in the greenhouse. Environmental data outside the greenhouse were monitored and recorded by a weather station in front of the greenhouse. Then, the influencing factors of cucumber downy mildew were analyzed based on the Pearson correlation coefficient method. The influencing factors of the cucumber downy mildew early warning model in greenhouse were identified. Finally, the CNN-LSTM (Convolutional Neural Network-Long Short-Term Memory) algorithm was used to establish the cucumber downy mildew incidence prediction model. The results showed that the Mean Absolute Error (MAE), Mean Square Error (MSE), Root Mean Square Error (RMSE), and determination coefficient (R2) of the CNN-LSTM network model were 0.069, 0.0098, 0.0991, and 0.9127, respectively. The maximum error between the predicted value and the true value for all test sets was 16.9398%. The minimum error between the predicted value and the true value for all test sets was 0.3413%. The average error between the predicted and true values for all test sets was 6.6478%. The Bland–Altman method was used to analyze the predicted and true values of the test set, and 95.65% of the test set data numbers were within the 95% consistency interval. This work can serve as a foundation for the creation of early prediction models of greenhouse crop airborne diseases.
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(This article belongs to the Section Digital Agriculture)
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Open AccessArticle
Tracking Free-Ranging Pantaneiro Sheep during Extreme Drought in the Pantanal through Precision Technologies
by
Gianni Aguiar da Silva, Sandra Aparecida Santos, Paulo Roberto de Lima Meirelles, Rafael Silvio Bonilha Pinheiro, Marcos Paulo Silva Gôlo, Jorge Luiz Franco, Igor Alexandre Hany Fuzeta Schabib Péres, Laysa Fontes Moura and Ciniro Costa
Agriculture 2024, 14(7), 1154; https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture14071154 - 16 Jul 2024
Abstract
The Pantanal has been facing consecutive years of extreme drought, with an impact on the quantity and quality of available pasture. However, little is known about how locally adapted breeds respond to the distribution of forage resources in this extreme drought scenario. This
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The Pantanal has been facing consecutive years of extreme drought, with an impact on the quantity and quality of available pasture. However, little is known about how locally adapted breeds respond to the distribution of forage resources in this extreme drought scenario. This study aimed to evaluate the movement of free-grazing Pantaneiro sheep using a low-cost GPS to assess the main grazing sites, measure the daily distance traveled, and determine the energy requirements for walking with body weight monitoring. In a herd of 100 animals, 31 were selected for weighing, and six ewes were outfitted with GPS collars. GPS data collected on these animals every 10 m from August 2020 to May 2021 was analyzed using the Python programming language. The traveled distance and activity energy requirements (ACT) for horizontal walking (Mcal/d of NEm) were determined. The 31 ewes were weighed at the beginning and end of each season. The available dry matter (DM) and floristic composition of the grazing sites were estimated at the peak of the drought. DM was predicted using power regression with NDVI (normalized difference vegetation index) (R2 = 0.94). DM estimates averaged 450 kg/ha, ranging from traces to 3830 kg/ha, indicating overall very low values. Individual variation in the frequency of use of grazing sites was observed (p < 0.05), reflecting the distances traveled and the energetic cost of the activity. The range of distances traveled by the animals varied from 3.3 to 17.7 km/d, with an average of 5.9 km/d, indicating low energy for walking. However, the traveled distance and ACT remained consistent over time; there were no significant differences observed between seasons (p > 0.05). On average, the ewes’ initial weight did not differ from the weight at the drought peak (p > 0.05), indicating that they maintained their initial weight, which is important for locally adapted breeds as it confers robustness and resilience. This study also highlighted the importance of the breed’s biodiverse diet during extreme drought, which enabled the selection of forage for energy and nutrient supplementation. The results demonstrated that precision tools such as GPS and satellite imagery enabled the study of animals in extensive systems, thereby contributing to decision-making within the production system.
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(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Image Collection, Processing, and Analysis in Crop and Livestock Management)
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Open AccessArticle
Evolutionary Trends and Hotspot Analysis of Livelihood Strategy for Agricultural Residents Based on Bibliometrics
by
Jiancheng Zhai, Xiao Sun, Xueqin Hu, Jun Tian and Zhiqiang Huang
Agriculture 2024, 14(7), 1153; https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture14071153 - 16 Jul 2024
Abstract
Livelihood strategies are an effective response to survival risks and stress shocks. Agricultural residents engaged in agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry, and fishery, who are extremely dependent on natural resources, are vulnerable to various livelihood risks. Therefore, the livelihood strategies of agricultural residents are
[...] Read more.
Livelihood strategies are an effective response to survival risks and stress shocks. Agricultural residents engaged in agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry, and fishery, who are extremely dependent on natural resources, are vulnerable to various livelihood risks. Therefore, the livelihood strategies of agricultural residents are increasingly receiving attention from researchers around the world. However, research on the livelihood strategies of agricultural residents has not yet been systematically analyzed through bibliometrics. Our study was based on 1424 publications in the Web of Science Core Collection database (WoSCC) from 2014 to 2023 to analyze the development history, research hotspots, and trends in the field. Bibliometric analysis was conducted on publications, countries, institutions, authors, journals, and keywords, as well as cited journals and cited references using Excel and CiteSpace software. The number of publications has steadily increased and showed an upward trend. The United States and China were the countries with the most contributions, and Chinese institutions were more active. Cooperation between authors was relatively weak. Sustainability was one of the most productive and highly cited journals. The research hotspots mainly included the relationship between climate change and the livelihood strategies of agricultural residents, the relationship between the land and the livelihood strategies of agricultural residents, the sustainable development of livelihood strategies of agricultural residents, and the characteristics of livelihood strategies of agricultural residents. This is the first time that bibliometric and visual analyses have been conducted on the livelihood strategies of agricultural residents, which may further promote development of the field and lay a foundation for future research.
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(This article belongs to the Section Agricultural Economics, Policies and Rural Management)
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Open AccessArticle
Altering Microbial Communities in Substrate to Stimulate the Growth of Healthy Button Mushrooms
by
Svetlana Milijašević-Marčić, Ljiljana Šantrić, Jelena Luković, Ivana Potočnik, Nikola Grujić, Tanja Drobnjaković and Dejan Marčić
Agriculture 2024, 14(7), 1152; https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture14071152 - 16 Jul 2024
Abstract
Green mould, caused by Trichoderma aggressivum, is one of the major fungal diseases of button mushrooms. The main problems in chemical disease control include a lack of effective agents, the occurrence of pathogen resistance to pesticides, and the harmful impact on the
[...] Read more.
Green mould, caused by Trichoderma aggressivum, is one of the major fungal diseases of button mushrooms. The main problems in chemical disease control include a lack of effective agents, the occurrence of pathogen resistance to pesticides, and the harmful impact on the environment. In an attempt to find a solution, the interaction between two beneficial microorganisms, Bacillus amyloliquefaciens B-241 (an antifungal agent) and Streptomyces flavovirens A06 (a yield stimulant), was investigated in vivo. The synergy factor (SF) was calculated as a ratio between the observed and expected impact on the yield or efficacy of disease suppression after artificial inoculation with T. aggressivum. The highest control of T. aggressivum was achieved by joint application of the two beneficial microorganisms. The additive interaction between microorganisms in efficacy against the pathogen was revealed. The largest yield was obtained in mushroom beds sprayed with the two beneficial microorganisms combined (B-241 80% and A06 20%). Regarding the impact on the yield, synergistic interaction between the two microorganisms was confirmed (SFs were 1.62 or 1.52). The introduction of optimized microbial combinations could create new possibilities for biorational edible mushroom protection, with improved yield and quality and reduced risks to human health and the environment.
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(This article belongs to the Section Crop Protection, Diseases, Pests and Weeds)
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Open AccessArticle
Research on the Impact of Digital Green Finance on Agricultural Green Total Factor Productivity: Evidence from China
by
Lingui Qin, Yan Zhang, Yige Wang, Xinning Pan and Zhe Xu
Agriculture 2024, 14(7), 1151; https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture14071151 - 16 Jul 2024
Abstract
Green development has become one of the important concepts leading China’s economic developments, and it is extremely meaningful to boost the continuous growth of agricultural green total factor productivity (AGTFP) to achieve the construction of a powerful agricultural country. Using China’s provincial data
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Green development has become one of the important concepts leading China’s economic developments, and it is extremely meaningful to boost the continuous growth of agricultural green total factor productivity (AGTFP) to achieve the construction of a powerful agricultural country. Using China’s provincial data from 2011 to 2020, this manuscript calculates AGTFP through the SBM–GML model, and the digital green finance (DGF) through a comprehensive indicator system. The double fixed-effect model, quantile model and spatial Durbin model are used for in-depth study of the benchmark influence, the nonlinear effect and spatial spillover effect of DGF on AGTFP. The main research conclusions of the article are as follows: (1) DGF is significantly conducive to the improvement of AGTFP. Along with the continuous growth of AGTFP, the promoting effect of DGF has gradually increased. (2) In terms of impact path, green finance can properly promote the growth of AGTFP, while the role of the degree of digitization is not very significant. Meanwhile, the main channel for DGF to promote AGTFP is through green technology efficiency. (3) The impact of DGF on AGTFP varies spatially, while the role is more effective in regions with a higher degree of economic development and well-developed modernization. (4) There is a spatial spillover effect of DGF’s impact on AGTFP, which means that DGF can simultaneously promote the growth of AGTFP in local regions and neighboring regions.
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(This article belongs to the Section Agricultural Economics, Policies and Rural Management)
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