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Editor’s Choice Articles

Editor’s Choice articles are based on recommendations by the scientific editors of MDPI journals from around the world. Editors select a small number of articles recently published in the journal that they believe will be particularly interesting to readers, or important in the respective research area. The aim is to provide a snapshot of some of the most exciting work published in the various research areas of the journal.

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43 pages, 3957 KB  
Review
Dietary Influences on Gut Microbiota and Their Role in Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Steatotic Liver Disease (MASLD)
by Sevag Hamamah, Oana C. Iatcu and Mihai Covasa
Nutrients 2025, 17(1), 143; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17010143 - 31 Dec 2024
Cited by 39 | Viewed by 10830
Abstract
Metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) is a major contributor to liver-related morbidity, cardiovascular disease, and metabolic complications. Lifestyle interventions, including diet and exercise, are first line in treating MASLD. Dietary approaches such as the low-glycemic-index Mediterranean diet, the ketogenic diet, intermittent fasting, [...] Read more.
Metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) is a major contributor to liver-related morbidity, cardiovascular disease, and metabolic complications. Lifestyle interventions, including diet and exercise, are first line in treating MASLD. Dietary approaches such as the low-glycemic-index Mediterranean diet, the ketogenic diet, intermittent fasting, and high fiber diets have demonstrated potential in addressing the metabolic dysfunction underlying this condition. The development and progression of MASLD are closely associated with taxonomic shifts in gut microbial communities, a relationship well-documented in the literature. Given the importance of diet as a primary treatment for MASLD, it is important to understand how gut microbiota and their metabolic byproducts mediate favorable outcomes induced by healthy dietary patterns. Conversely, microbiota changes conferred by unhealthy dietary patterns such as the Western diet may induce dysbiosis and influence steatotic liver disease through promoting hepatic inflammation, up-regulating lipogenesis, dysregulating bile acid metabolism, increasing insulin resistance, and causing oxidative damage in hepatocytes. Although emerging evidence has identified links between diet, microbiota, and development of MASLD, significant gaps remain in understanding specific microbial roles, metabolite pathways, host interactions, and causal relationships. Therefore, this review aims to provide mechanistic insights into the role of microbiota-mediated processes through the analysis of both healthy and unhealthy dietary patterns and their contribution to MASLD pathophysiology. By better elucidating the interplay between dietary nutrients, microbiota-mediated processes, and the onset and progression of steatotic liver disease, this work aims to identify new opportunities for targeted dietary interventions to treat MASLD efficiently. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Prevention and Treatment of Liver Diseases by Dietary Habits and Lifestyle)
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32 pages, 11226 KB  
Review
Long-Term Follow-Up After Bariatric Surgery: Key to Successful Outcomes in Obesity Management
by Aleksandra Budny, Agata Janczy, Michal Szymanski and Adriana Mika
Nutrients 2024, 16(24), 4399; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16244399 - 21 Dec 2024
Cited by 41 | Viewed by 19841
Abstract
Background/Objectives: Bariatric surgery (BS) is considered one of the most effective interventions for the treatment of obesity. To achieve optimal long-term results, continuous follow-up (FU) within a multidisciplinary treatment team is essential to ensure patient compliance and maximize the benefits of BS. [...] Read more.
Background/Objectives: Bariatric surgery (BS) is considered one of the most effective interventions for the treatment of obesity. To achieve optimal long-term results, continuous follow-up (FU) within a multidisciplinary treatment team is essential to ensure patient compliance and maximize the benefits of BS. However, many patients find it difficult to maintain regular FU, which can affect the quality of care and lead to postoperative complications. This review aims to highlight factors that may hinder compliance with FU after BS, examine potential causes and consequences of inadequate FU, and identify strategies to improve patient participation in long-term FU. Methods: The literature search was conducted between October 2023 and June 2024 in Medline (PubMed) and the Cochrane Library datasets. Studies were selected for their relevance to adherence to FU, multidisciplinary approaches, and long-term bariatric outcomes. Results: The pre- and postoperative period is critical for educating patients and healthcare team members about the importance of FU, addressing potential barriers (e.g., logistical, psychological, and social challenges), and highlighting the risk of relapse to obesity after surgery. The lack of a standardized FU protocol leads to differences between medical centers, further impacting patient adherence. Conclusions: Tailored and regularly updated strategies are essential to address individual patient needs and improve adherence to FU. Further research is needed to identify the specific factors that influence variability in long-term BS outcomes, highlighting the need for a patient-centered approach to obesity treatment. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Nutrition and Obesity)
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30 pages, 436 KB  
Review
The Impact of Parental Preconception Nutrition, Body Weight, and Exercise Habits on Offspring Health Outcomes: A Narrative Review
by Alireza Jahan-Mihan, Jamisha Leftwich, Kristin Berg, Corinne Labyak, Reniel R. Nodarse, Sarah Allen and Jennifer Griggs
Nutrients 2024, 16(24), 4276; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16244276 - 11 Dec 2024
Cited by 28 | Viewed by 18823
Abstract
An increasing number of studies highlight the critical role of both maternal and paternal nutrition and body weight before conception in shaping offspring health. Traditionally, research has focused on maternal factors, particularly in utero exposures, as key determinants of chronic disease development. However, [...] Read more.
An increasing number of studies highlight the critical role of both maternal and paternal nutrition and body weight before conception in shaping offspring health. Traditionally, research has focused on maternal factors, particularly in utero exposures, as key determinants of chronic disease development. However, emerging evidence underscores the significant influence of paternal preconception health on offspring metabolic outcomes. While maternal health remains vital, with preconception nutrition playing a pivotal role in fetal development, paternal obesity and poor nutrition are linked to increased risks of metabolic disorders, including type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease in children. This narrative review aims to synthesize recent findings on the effects of both maternal and paternal preconception health, emphasizing the need for integrated early interventions. The literature search utilized PubMed, UNF One Search, and Google Scholar, focusing on RCTs; cohort, retrospective, and animal studies; and systematic reviews, excluding non-English and non-peer-reviewed articles. The findings of this review indicate that paternal effects are mediated by epigenetic changes in sperm, such as DNA methylation and non-coding RNA, which influence gene expression in offspring. Nutrient imbalances during preconception in both parents can lead to low birth weight and increased metabolic disease risk, while deficiencies in folic acid, iron, iodine, and vitamin D are linked to developmental disorders. Additionally, maternal obesity elevates the risk of chronic diseases in children. Future research should prioritize human studies to explore the influence of parental nutrition, body weight, and lifestyle on offspring health, ensuring findings are applicable across diverse populations. By addressing both maternal and paternal factors, healthcare providers can better reduce the prevalence of metabolic syndrome and its associated risks in future generations. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Nutrition and Public Health)
12 pages, 267 KB  
Review
The Role of Dietary Magnesium in Cardiovascular Disease
by Forrest H. Nielsen
Nutrients 2024, 16(23), 4223; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16234223 - 6 Dec 2024
Cited by 31 | Viewed by 25943
Abstract
In the past 20 years, a large number of epidemiological studies, randomized controlled trials, and meta-analyses have found an inverse relationship between magnesium intake or serum magnesium and cardiovascular disease, indicating that low magnesium status is associated with hypertension, coronary artery calcification, stroke, [...] Read more.
In the past 20 years, a large number of epidemiological studies, randomized controlled trials, and meta-analyses have found an inverse relationship between magnesium intake or serum magnesium and cardiovascular disease, indicating that low magnesium status is associated with hypertension, coronary artery calcification, stroke, ischemic heart disease, atrial fibrillation, heart failure, and cardiac mortality. Controlled metabolic unit human depletion–repletion experiments found that a mild or moderate magnesium deficiency can cause physiological and metabolic changes that respond to magnesium supplementation, which indicates that these types of deficiencies or chronic latent magnesium deficiency are contributing factors to the occurrence and severity of cardiovascular disease. Mechanisms through which a mild or moderate magnesium deficiency can contribute to this risk include inflammatory stress, oxidative stress, dyslipidemia and deranged lipid metabolism, endothelial dysfunction, and dysregulation of cellular ion channels, transporters, and signaling. Based on USA official DRIs or on suggested modified DRIs based on body weight, a large number of individuals routinely consume less magnesium than the EAR. This especially occurs in populations that do not consume recommended amounts of whole grains, pulses, and green vegetables. Thus, inadequate magnesium status contributing to cardiovascular disease is widespread, making magnesium a nutrient of public health concern. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Role of Magnesium Status in Human Health)
19 pages, 1293 KB  
Review
The Key Nutrients in the Mediterranean Diet and Their Effects in Inflammatory Bowel Disease: A Narrative Review
by Sara Deleu, Guia Becherucci, Lihi Godny, Maria Chiara Mentella, Valentina Petito and Franco Scaldaferri
Nutrients 2024, 16(23), 4201; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16234201 - 5 Dec 2024
Cited by 30 | Viewed by 12401
Abstract
The gut microbiome, a collection of gut microorganisms, is crucial in the development and progression of inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD). Therefore, diet and dietary interventions are promising strategies to shape the gut microbiota for IBD management. Of all the diets studied in the [...] Read more.
The gut microbiome, a collection of gut microorganisms, is crucial in the development and progression of inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD). Therefore, diet and dietary interventions are promising strategies to shape the gut microbiota for IBD management. Of all the diets studied in the IBD field, the Mediterranean diet has the least restrictive nature, promoting long-term adherence. The Mediterranean diet is rich in plants, with a high daily intake of fruits and vegetables (high in fiber, antioxidants, and vitamins), olive oil, whole grains, legumes, and nuts. It includes the moderate consumption of animal products such as oily fish (rich in mono- and polyunsaturated fatty acids), dairy products, and poultry, with a limited intake of red meat and processed foods. This diet is associated with a decreased risk of chronic diseases, including IBD. However, the mechanisms of specific nutrients behind these effects in the Mediterranean diet remain under investigation. Therefore, in this review, we aim to provide an overview of the nutrients that are abundant in the Mediterranean diet and their effects on IBD, with a main focus on preclinical evidence. While several nutrients like fructo-oligosaccharide, chitosan, plant-derived protein, polyphenols, omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, and resveratrol have shown potential beneficial effects in preclinical models, clinical evidence is often limited. However, understanding the complex interactions between specific nutrients and IBD is essential to developing a tailored, multidisciplinary, and personalized approach for disease management; therefore, further research is required. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Clinical Nutrition)
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24 pages, 2024 KB  
Review
Butyrate as a Potential Modulator in Gynecological Disease Progression
by Nayeon Kim and Changwon Yang
Nutrients 2024, 16(23), 4196; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16234196 - 4 Dec 2024
Cited by 29 | Viewed by 9163
Abstract
This review investigates the therapeutic potential of butyrate, a short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) produced by gut microbiota, in the prevention and treatment of various gynecological diseases, including polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), endometriosis, and gynecologic cancers like cervical and ovarian cancer. These conditions often [...] Read more.
This review investigates the therapeutic potential of butyrate, a short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) produced by gut microbiota, in the prevention and treatment of various gynecological diseases, including polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), endometriosis, and gynecologic cancers like cervical and ovarian cancer. These conditions often pose treatment challenges, with conventional therapies offering limited and temporary relief, significant side effects, and a risk of recurrence. Emerging evidence highlights butyrate’s unique biological activities, particularly its role as a histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitor, which allows it to modulate gene expression, immune responses, and inflammation. In PCOS, butyrate aids in restoring hormonal balance, enhancing insulin sensitivity, and reducing chronic inflammation. For endometriosis, butyrate appears to suppress immune dysregulation and minimize lesion proliferation. Additionally, in cervical and ovarian cancers, butyrate demonstrates anticancer effects through mechanisms such as cell cycle arrest, apoptosis induction, and suppression of tumor progression. Dietary interventions, particularly high-fiber and Mediterranean diets, that increase butyrate production are proposed as complementary approaches, supporting natural microbiota modulation to enhance therapeutic outcomes. However, butyrate’s short half-life limits its clinical application, spurring interest in butyrate analogs and probiotics to maintain stable levels and extend its benefits. This review consolidates current findings on butyrate’s multifaceted impact across gynecological health, highlighting the potential for microbiota-centered therapies in advancing treatment strategies and improving women’s reproductive health. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Probiotics and Their Metabolites in Human Health)
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16 pages, 7502 KB  
Review
Vitamin D Supplementation for Treating Atopic Dermatitis in Children and Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
by Amalie Ying Nielsen, Simon Høj, Simon Francis Thomsen and Howraman Meteran
Nutrients 2024, 16(23), 4128; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16234128 - 28 Nov 2024
Cited by 29 | Viewed by 21013
Abstract
Background: Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic inflammatory skin disease affecting up to 20% of children and 10% of adults worldwide. Current research suggests a correlation between serum vitamin D level and AD severity and that vitamin D supplementation could have a potential [...] Read more.
Background: Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic inflammatory skin disease affecting up to 20% of children and 10% of adults worldwide. Current research suggests a correlation between serum vitamin D level and AD severity and that vitamin D supplementation could have a potential therapeutic effect on AD. Objectives: To conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis of studies of vitamin D supplementation for disease improvement in children and adults with AD. Methods: PubMed, EMBASE, and Cochrane were searched from 19 April to 20 April 2024. We included randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of patients with AD comparing an intervention group with a control group. The risk of bias of the selected studies was assessed using the Cochrane risk-of-bias tool for randomized trials. All analyses were conducted in R (v4.1.2; R Core Team 2021). Results: Eleven RCTs with 686 participants were included. The included trials had measured AD severity by using the SCOring Atopic Dermatitis (SCORAD) or the Eczema Area and Severity Index (EASI). Vitamin D supplementation significantly reduced AD severity compared with the control group (standardized mean difference = −0.41, 95% CI: −0.67 to −0.16, I2 = 58%, p < 0.01). Conclusions: Vitamin D supplementation reduces AD severity in children and adults. Larger-scale and longer-term studies are still needed to confirm this conclusion. This study has been registered on PROSPERO (CRD42024535014). Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Relationships between Dietary Factors and Inflammatory Skin Diseases)
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14 pages, 663 KB  
Review
Dietary Phytic Acid, Dephytinization, and Phytase Supplementation Alter Trace Element Bioavailability—A Narrative Review of Human Interventions
by Thiresia Chondrou, Nikoleta Adamidi, Dimosthenis Lygouras, Simon A. Hirota, Odysseas Androutsos and Vaios Svolos
Nutrients 2024, 16(23), 4069; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16234069 - 27 Nov 2024
Cited by 36 | Viewed by 25813
Abstract
Background: Phytic acid is abundant in plant-based diets and acts as a micronutrient inhibitor for humans and non-ruminant animals. Phytases are enzymes that break down phytic acid, releasing micronutrients and enhancing their bioavailability, particularly iron and zinc. Deficiencies in iron and zinc are [...] Read more.
Background: Phytic acid is abundant in plant-based diets and acts as a micronutrient inhibitor for humans and non-ruminant animals. Phytases are enzymes that break down phytic acid, releasing micronutrients and enhancing their bioavailability, particularly iron and zinc. Deficiencies in iron and zinc are significant public health problems, especially among populations with disease-associated malnutrition or those in developing countries consuming phytic acid-rich diets. This narrative review aimed to summarize findings from human intervention studies on the interactions between phytic acid, phytase, and micronutrient bioavailability. Methods: An extensive PubMed search (1 January 1990 to 8 February 2024) was conducted using MeSH terms (phytic acid, phytase, IP6, “inositol hexaphosphate,” micronutrient, magnesium, calcium, iron, zinc). Eligible studies included human intervention trials investigating the bioavailability of micronutrients following (a) phytase supplementation, (b) consumption of phytic acid-rich foods, or (c) consumption of dephytinized foods. In vitro, animal, cross-sectional, and non-English studies were excluded. Results: 3055 articles were identified. After the title and full-text review, 40 articles were eligible. Another 2 were identified after cross-checking reference lists from included papers, resulting in 42 included articles. Most studies exploring the efficacy of exogenous phytase (9 of 11, 82%) or the efficacy of food dephytinization (11 of 14, 79%) demonstrated augmented iron and zinc bioavailability. Most phytic acid-rich food-feeding studies (13 of 17, 77%) showed compromised iron and zinc bioavailability. Conclusions: Strong evidence supports decreased iron and zinc bioavailability in phytic acid-rich diets and significant improvements with phytase interventions. Studies of longer periods and within larger populations are needed. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Trace Minerals in Human Health: Hot Topics and Information Update)
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10 pages, 972 KB  
Article
Pasteurized Akkermansia muciniphila HB05 (HB05P) Improves Muscle Strength and Function: A 12-Week, Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Clinical Trial
by Chang-Ho Kang, Eun-Soo Jung, Su-Jin Jung, Yeon-Hee Han, Soo-Wan Chae, Do Yeun Jeong, Byoung-Chan Kim, Seung-Ok Lee and Sun-Jung Yoon
Nutrients 2024, 16(23), 4037; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16234037 - 26 Nov 2024
Cited by 28 | Viewed by 15672
Abstract
Background/Objectives: Sarcopenia, a condition marked by muscle wasting due to aging or inactivity, severely affects older populations. We previously showed that pasteurized Akkermansia muciniphila HB05 (HB05P), sourced from the breast milk of healthy Korean women, could mitigate muscle wasting in a dexamethasone-induced rat [...] Read more.
Background/Objectives: Sarcopenia, a condition marked by muscle wasting due to aging or inactivity, severely affects older populations. We previously showed that pasteurized Akkermansia muciniphila HB05 (HB05P), sourced from the breast milk of healthy Korean women, could mitigate muscle wasting in a dexamethasone-induced rat model. Here, we explored whether the oral administration of HB05P can enhance muscle strength and functionality in elderly individuals. Our objective was to determine if HB05P supplementation could benefit muscle performance in aging adults. Methods: We conducted a 12-week, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial involving 100 individuals aged 60 and above, randomly assigned to receive either HB05P (1.0 × 1010 cells/day) or a placebo. Results: The HB05P group showed significant improvements in peak torque and peak torque per body weight of the left leg extensor muscles compared to the placebo group (p = 0.0103 and p = 0.0052). Furthermore, HB05P notably elevated follistatin levels, which counteract myostatin, relative to the placebo group (p = 0.0063). No notable safety concerns arose between the groups. Conclusions: HB05P is a promising postbiotic derived from Akkermansia muciniphila that may enhance muscle strength and be used as a safe postbiotic ingredient of Akkermansia muciniphila to improve muscle health. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Sports Nutrition)
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17 pages, 988 KB  
Review
Myokines and Microbiota: New Perspectives in the Endocrine Muscle–Gut Axis
by Federica Saponaro, Andrea Bertolini, Riccardo Baragatti, Leonardo Galfo, Grazia Chiellini, Alessandro Saba and Giuseppina D’Urso
Nutrients 2024, 16(23), 4032; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16234032 - 25 Nov 2024
Cited by 34 | Viewed by 8570
Abstract
This review explores the dual role of skeletal muscle as both a mechanical and endocrine organ, highlighting its contributions to overall health and its adaptability to various inputs such as nutrition, hormones, exercise, and injuries. In addition to its role in metabolism and [...] Read more.
This review explores the dual role of skeletal muscle as both a mechanical and endocrine organ, highlighting its contributions to overall health and its adaptability to various inputs such as nutrition, hormones, exercise, and injuries. In addition to its role in metabolism and energy conversion, skeletal muscle secretes signalling molecules called myokines (at rest) and exerkines (during/after physical exercise), which communicate with other organs like the brain, the cardiovascular system, and the immune system. Key molecules such as interleukins, irisin, and myostatin are discussed for their roles in mediating muscle health and inter-organ communication. This work also focuses on the muscle–gut axis, emphasising the bidirectional interaction between skeletal muscle and the gut microbiota, a complex ecosystem influencing immune defence, digestion, and metabolism. Muscle activity, particularly exercise, alters the gut microbial composition, promoting beneficial species, while gut-derived metabolites like short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) impact muscle metabolism, mitochondrial function, and insulin sensitivity. Dysbiosis, or an imbalanced microbiota, can lead to muscle atrophy, inflammation, and metabolic dysfunction. This evidence highlights emerging research into myokines and exerkines as potential therapeutic targets for managing conditions like muscle decline, ageing, and metabolic diseases through muscle–gut interactions. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutrition–Microbiome Interaction in Healthy Metabolism)
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24 pages, 1038 KB  
Review
Dietary and Nutritional Interventions for the Management of Endometriosis
by Nour Abulughod, Stefanie Valakas and Fatima El-Assaad
Nutrients 2024, 16(23), 3988; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16233988 - 21 Nov 2024
Cited by 27 | Viewed by 25692
Abstract
Endometriosis is a chronic, complex, systemic inflammatory condition that impacts approximately 190 million girls and women worldwide, significantly impacting their quality of life. The effective management of endometriosis requires a multi-disciplinary and holistic approach, one that includes surgical and medical management, such as [...] Read more.
Endometriosis is a chronic, complex, systemic inflammatory condition that impacts approximately 190 million girls and women worldwide, significantly impacting their quality of life. The effective management of endometriosis requires a multi-disciplinary and holistic approach, one that includes surgical and medical management, such as a laparoscopy and a chronic medical management plan, as well as dietary, nutritional, and lifestyle adjunct interventions, such as pelvic pain physiotherapy and acupuncture. There is growing evidence to support the role of dietary and nutritional interventions in the adjunct management of endometriosis-related pain and gastrointestinal symptoms. However, the implementation of these interventions is often not regulated, as patients with endometriosis often adopt self-management strategies. Diet and nutrition can modulate key players integral to the pathophysiology of endometriosis, such as, but not limited to, inflammation, estrogen, and the microbiome. However, it is unclear as to whether diet plays a role in the prevention or the onset of endometriosis. In this review, we discuss three key players in the pathogenesis of endometriosis—inflammation, estrogen, and the microbiome—and we summarize how diet and nutrition can influence their mechanisms, and consequently, the progression and manifestation of endometriosis. There is a major need for evidence-based, non-invasive adjunct management of this debilitating disease, and diet and nutritional interventions may be suitable. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Nutrition in Women)
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26 pages, 1512 KB  
Review
Breastfeeding Beyond Six Months: Evidence of Child Health Benefits
by Anita Froń and Magdalena Orczyk-Pawiłowicz
Nutrients 2024, 16(22), 3891; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16223891 - 14 Nov 2024
Cited by 51 | Viewed by 29044
Abstract
Breastfeeding is globally recognized as the optimal method of infant nutrition, offering health benefits for both the child and the mother, making it a public health priority. However, the potential advantages of breastfeeding extend well beyond initial months. Breast milk adapts to the [...] Read more.
Breastfeeding is globally recognized as the optimal method of infant nutrition, offering health benefits for both the child and the mother, making it a public health priority. However, the potential advantages of breastfeeding extend well beyond initial months. Breast milk adapts to the evolving needs of the growing infant, and its immunological, microbiological, and biochemical properties have been associated with enhanced protection against infections and chronic diseases, improved growth and development, and lower rates of hospitalization and mortality. This review explores the evidence supporting the continuation of breastfeeding beyond six months. More meticulous studies employing consistent methodologies and addressing confounders are essential. This will enable a more accurate determination of the extent and mechanisms of the positive impact of prolonged breastfeeding and allow for the implementation of effective public health strategies. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Infant and Pediatric Feeding and Nutrition)
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31 pages, 3064 KB  
Review
Unraveling the Gut Microbiota: Implications for Precision Nutrition and Personalized Medicine
by Alessio Abeltino, Duaa Hatem, Cassandra Serantoni, Alessia Riente, Michele Maria De Giulio, Marco De Spirito, Flavio De Maio and Giuseppe Maulucci
Nutrients 2024, 16(22), 3806; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16223806 - 6 Nov 2024
Cited by 96 | Viewed by 16067
Abstract
Recent studies have shown a growing interest in the complex relationship between the human gut microbiota, metabolism, and overall health. This review aims to explore the gut microbiota–host association, focusing on its implications for precision nutrition and personalized medicine. The objective is to [...] Read more.
Recent studies have shown a growing interest in the complex relationship between the human gut microbiota, metabolism, and overall health. This review aims to explore the gut microbiota–host association, focusing on its implications for precision nutrition and personalized medicine. The objective is to highlight how gut microbiota modulate metabolic and immune functions, contributing to disease susceptibility and wellbeing. The review synthesizes recent research findings, analyzing key studies on the influence of gut microbiota on lipid and carbohydrate metabolism, intestinal health, neurobehavioral regulation, and endocrine signaling. Data were drawn from both experimental and clinical trials examining microbiota–host interactions relevant to precision nutrition. Our findings highlight the essential role of gut microbiota-derived metabolites in regulating host metabolism, including lipid and glucose pathways. These metabolites have been found to influence immune responses and gut barrier integrity. Additionally, the microbiota impacts broader physiological processes, including neuroendocrine regulation, which could be crucial for dietary interventions. Therefore, understanding the molecular mechanisms of dietary–microbiota–host interactions is pivotal for advancing personalized nutrition strategies. Tailored dietary recommendations based on individual gut microbiota compositions hold promise for improving health outcomes, potentially revolutionizing future healthcare approaches across diverse populations. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Role of Microbiota in Nutrition and Diet: An Ever-Evolving Relationship)
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62 pages, 4356 KB  
Review
Potential Strategies for Overcoming Drug Resistance Pathways Using Propolis and Its Polyphenolic/Flavonoid Compounds in Combination with Chemotherapy and Radiotherapy
by Nada Oršolić and Maja Jazvinšćak Jembrek
Nutrients 2024, 16(21), 3741; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16213741 - 31 Oct 2024
Cited by 45 | Viewed by 8868
Abstract
Conventional cancer treatments include surgical resection, chemotherapy, hyperthermia, immunotherapy, hormone therapy, and locally targeted therapies such as radiation therapy. Standard cancer therapies often require the use of multiple agents, which can activate nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) in tumor cells, leading to reduced [...] Read more.
Conventional cancer treatments include surgical resection, chemotherapy, hyperthermia, immunotherapy, hormone therapy, and locally targeted therapies such as radiation therapy. Standard cancer therapies often require the use of multiple agents, which can activate nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) in tumor cells, leading to reduced cell death and increased drug resistance. Moreover, the use of multiple agents also contributes to added toxicity, resulting in poor treatment outcomes. Cancer cells gradually develop resistance to almost all chemotherapeutics through various mechanisms, such as drug efflux, alterations in drug metabolism and transport, changes in signal transduction pathways, enhanced DNA repair capacity, evasion of apoptosis, increased mutations, reactivation of drug targets, interaction with the cancer microenvironment, cancer cell-stroma interactions, epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT)-mediated chemoresistance, epigenetic modifications, metabolic alterations, and the effect of cancer stem cells (CSCs). Developing new strategies to improve chemotherapy sensitivity while minimizing side effects is essential for achieving better therapeutic outcomes and enhancing patients’ quality of life. One promising approach involves combining conventional cancer treatments with propolis and its flavonoids. These natural compounds may enhance tumor response to treatment while reducing toxicity. Propolis and its components can sensitize cancer cells to chemotherapeutic agents, likely by inhibiting NF-κB activation, reprogramming tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs; an M2-like phenotype), and thereby reducing the release of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-9, cytokines, chemokines, and the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). By reducing TAMs, propolis and its components may also overcome EMT-mediated chemoresistance, disrupt the crosstalk between macrophages and CSCs, inhibit the maintenance of stemness, and reverse acquired immunosuppression, thus promoting an antitumor response mediated by cytotoxic T-cells. This review highlights the potential of flavonoids to modulate the responsiveness of cancer to conventional treatment modalities. The evidence suggests that novel therapeutic strategies incorporating flavonoids could be developed to improve treatment outcomes. The positive effects of combining propolis with chemotherapeutics include reduced cytotoxicity to peripheral blood leukocytes, liver, and kidney cells. Therefore, polyphenolic/flavonoid components may hold potential for use in combination with chemotherapeutic agents in the clinical treatment of various types of cancers. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Effects of Phytochemicals on Human Health)
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26 pages, 738 KB  
Review
Vitamin D Supplementation: Shedding Light on the Role of the Sunshine Vitamin in the Prevention and Management of Type 2 Diabetes and Its Complications
by Dimitra Vasdeki, Georgios Tsamos, Evangelos Dimakakos, Vasileios Patriarcheas, Theocharis Koufakis, Kalliopi Kotsa, Armand Cholewka and Agata Stanek
Nutrients 2024, 16(21), 3651; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16213651 - 26 Oct 2024
Cited by 27 | Viewed by 15157
Abstract
As the incidence of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) continues to increase globally, researchers are keen to investigate various interventions to mitigate its impact. Among these, vitamin D supplementation has attracted significant attention due to its influence on insulin secretion from the pancreas [...] Read more.
As the incidence of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) continues to increase globally, researchers are keen to investigate various interventions to mitigate its impact. Among these, vitamin D supplementation has attracted significant attention due to its influence on insulin secretion from the pancreas and insulin receptors in body cells. A substantial body of evidence indicates that vitamin D supplementation can reduce low-grade inflammation, a critical factor in developing insulin resistance. In addition, vitamin D aids in sustaining low resting concentrations of reactive oxygen species and free radicals, normalizes Ca2+ signaling, diminishes the expression of cytokines that are pro-inflammatory, and enhances the production of cytokines that are anti-inflammatory. This review discusses the effects of vitamin D on the glycemic control of individuals with T2DM and evaluates the impact of vitamin D supplementation on glycemic markers in this population. The investigation employs a comprehensive analysis of the existing literature with a special focus on recent studies published in the past decade. Based on the findings in the literature, it can be concluded that vitamin D supplementation alongside anti-diabetic medications may enhance glycemic control and potentially reduce the risk of diabetic complications. The evidence supports the notion that vitamin D supplementation can be a valuable addition to pharmacological agents for the management of T2DM, potentially enhancing glycemic control and overall health outcomes in affected individuals. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Diabetes Mellitus and Nutritional Supplements)
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23 pages, 1538 KB  
Review
Exploring the Interplay of Genetics and Nutrition in the Rising Epidemic of Obesity and Metabolic Diseases
by Sylwia Górczyńska-Kosiorz, Matylda Kosiorz and Sylwia Dzięgielewska-Gęsiak
Nutrients 2024, 16(20), 3562; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16203562 - 21 Oct 2024
Cited by 43 | Viewed by 18114
Abstract
Background: Obesity has become a significant global health issue. This multifaceted condition is influenced by genetic, environmental, and lifestyle factors, significantly influenced by nutrition. Aim: The study’s objective is to elucidate the relationship between obesity-related genes, nutrient intake, and the development of [...] Read more.
Background: Obesity has become a significant global health issue. This multifaceted condition is influenced by genetic, environmental, and lifestyle factors, significantly influenced by nutrition. Aim: The study’s objective is to elucidate the relationship between obesity-related genes, nutrient intake, and the development of obesity and the importance of other metabolic diseases. Methods: A comprehensive literature review spanning the past two decades was conducted to analyze the contributions of genetic variants—including FTO, MC4R, and LEPR—and their associations with dietary habits, highlighting how specific nutrients affect gene expression and obesity risk and how the coexistence of metabolic diseases such as type 2 diabetes and osteoporosis may modulate these factors. Moreover, the role of epigenetic factors, such as dietary patterns that encourage the development of obesity, was explored. Discussion and Conclusions: By understanding the intricate relationships among genetics, nutrients, and obesity development, this study highlights the importance of personalized dietary strategies in managing obesity. Overall, an integrated approach that considers genetic predispositions alongside environmental influences is essential for developing effective prevention and treatment methodologies, ultimately contributing to better health outcomes in diverse populations. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Nutrigenetics and Nutrigenomics)
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29 pages, 4953 KB  
Review
Clinical Efficacy and Tolerability of Lemon Balm (Melissa officinalis L.) in Psychological Well-Being: A Review
by Imogen Maria Mathews, Jessica Eastwood, Daniel Joseph Lamport, Romain Le Cozannet, Pascale Fanca-Berthon and Claire Michelle Williams
Nutrients 2024, 16(20), 3545; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16203545 - 18 Oct 2024
Cited by 48 | Viewed by 33654
Abstract
Background: There is renewed interest in the use of ancient herbal remedies for their potential health benefits, particularly in the psychological domain. One herb that is receiving growing attention is lemon balm (Melissa officinalis L.) which has received considerable interest for its [...] Read more.
Background: There is renewed interest in the use of ancient herbal remedies for their potential health benefits, particularly in the psychological domain. One herb that is receiving growing attention is lemon balm (Melissa officinalis L.) which has received considerable interest for its influence on the brain. Lemon balm boasts an array of phytochemicals, including rosmarinic acid, citral, oleanolic acid, and ursolic acid, which are believed to underpin these effects on psychological well-being. Pharmacological evidence from animal and cellular work reveals that lemon balm and its components may modulate several brain signalling pathways, including GABAergic, cholinergic, and serotonergic systems. Results/Conclusions: Although further robust randomised controlled trials using lemon balm are required, existing research indicates that lemon balm holds promise as a calming agent exhibiting both anxiolytic and anti-depressant properties and can elicit cognitive and sleep-quality enhancement. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Nutrition and Public Health)
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29 pages, 1434 KB  
Review
Intestinal Barrier Impairment, Preservation, and Repair: An Update
by Ayah Matar, John A. Damianos, Kara J. Jencks and Michael Camilleri
Nutrients 2024, 16(20), 3494; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16203494 - 15 Oct 2024
Cited by 83 | Viewed by 34405
Abstract
Background/Objectives: Our objective was to review published studies of the intestinal barrier and permeability, the deleterious effects of dietary components (particularly fat), the impact of altered intestinal permeability in disease models and human diseases, the role of the microbiome and epigenomics in control [...] Read more.
Background/Objectives: Our objective was to review published studies of the intestinal barrier and permeability, the deleterious effects of dietary components (particularly fat), the impact of altered intestinal permeability in disease models and human diseases, the role of the microbiome and epigenomics in control of barrier function, and the opportunities to restore normal barrier function with dietary interventions and products of the microbiota. Methods: We conducted a literature review including the following keywords alone or in combination: intestinal barrier, permeability, microbiome, epigenomics, diet, irritable bowel syndrome, inflammatory bowel disease, probiotics. Results: Intestinal permeability is modified by a diet including fat, which increases permeability, and nutrients such as fiber, glutamine, zinc, vitamin D, polyphenols, emulsifiers, and anthocyanins, which decrease permeability. There is significant interaction of the microbiome and barrier function, including the inflammatory of luminal/bacterial antigens, and anti-inflammatory effects of commensals or probiotics and their products, including short-chain fatty acids. Epigenomic modification of barrier functions are best illustrated by effects on junction proteins or inflammation. Detailed documentation of the protective effects of diet, probiotics, prebiotics, and microbiota is provided. Conclusion: intestinal permeability is a critical factor in protection against gastrointestinal diseases and is impacted by nutrients that preserve or heal and repair the barrier and nurture anti-inflammatory effects. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Effects of Probiotics, Prebiotics, and Postbiotics on Human Health)
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31 pages, 2969 KB  
Review
Harnessing Prebiotics to Improve Type 2 Diabetes Outcomes
by Oana C. Iatcu, Sevag Hamamah and Mihai Covasa
Nutrients 2024, 16(20), 3447; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16203447 - 11 Oct 2024
Cited by 29 | Viewed by 12725
Abstract
The gut microbiota, a complex ecosystem of microorganisms in the human gastrointestinal tract (GI), plays a crucial role in maintaining metabolic health and influencing disease susceptibility. Dysbiosis, or an imbalance in gut microbiota, has been linked to the development of type 2 diabetes [...] Read more.
The gut microbiota, a complex ecosystem of microorganisms in the human gastrointestinal tract (GI), plays a crucial role in maintaining metabolic health and influencing disease susceptibility. Dysbiosis, or an imbalance in gut microbiota, has been linked to the development of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) through mechanisms such as reduced glucose tolerance and increased insulin resistance. A balanced gut microbiota, or eubiosis, is associated with improved glucose metabolism and insulin sensitivity, potentially reducing the risk of diabetes-related complications. Various strategies, including the use of prebiotics like inulin, fructooligosaccharides, galactooligosaccharides, resistant starch, pectic oligosaccharides, polyphenols, β-glucan, and Dendrobium officinale have been shown to improve gut microbial composition and support glycemic control in T2DM patients. These prebiotics can directly impact blood sugar levels while promoting the growth of beneficial bacteria, thus enhancing glycemic control. Studies have shown that T2DM patients often exhibit a decrease in beneficial butyrate-producing bacteria, like Roseburia and Faecalibacterium, and an increase in harmful bacteria, such as Escherichia and Prevotella. This review aims to explore the effects of different prebiotics on T2DM, their impact on gut microbiota composition, and the potential for personalized dietary interventions to optimize diabetes management and improve overall health outcomes. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Prebiotics, Probiotics, and Gut Microbiota with Chronic Disease (2nd Edition))
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19 pages, 2423 KB  
Review
Manganese: From Soil to Human Health—A Comprehensive Overview of Its Biological and Environmental Significance
by Sarfo Kwaku Obeng, Martin Kulhánek, Jiří Balík, Jindřich Černý and Ondřej Sedlář
Nutrients 2024, 16(20), 3455; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16203455 - 11 Oct 2024
Cited by 66 | Viewed by 8661
Abstract
Background: Manganese is an essential micronutrient that plays a pivotal role in environmental systems, plant physiology, and human health. This review comprehensively examines the manganese cycle in the environment, its absorption and transport mechanisms in plants, and the implications of manganese exposure to [...] Read more.
Background: Manganese is an essential micronutrient that plays a pivotal role in environmental systems, plant physiology, and human health. This review comprehensively examines the manganese cycle in the environment, its absorption and transport mechanisms in plants, and the implications of manganese exposure to human health. Objectives: The objectives of this review are to (i) analyze the environmental cycling of manganese and its bioavailability, (ii) evaluate the role of manganese in plant metabolism and disease resistance, and (iii) assess the impact of manganese toxicity and deficiency on human health. Conclusion: This review highlights that while manganese is crucial for photosynthesis, enzyme activation, and resistance to plant diseases, both its deficiency and toxicity can have severe consequences. In plants, manganese deficiency can lead to impaired growth and reduced crop yields, while toxicity, particularly in acidic soils, can inhibit photosynthesis and stunt development. In humans, manganese is necessary for various physiological processes, but overexposure, especially in occupational settings, can result in neurodegenerative conditions such as manganism. The conclusion emphasizes the importance of managing manganese levels in agriculture and industry to optimize its benefits while minimizing health risks. A multidisciplinary approach is advocated to enhance agricultural productivity and ensure public health safety. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Nutrigenetics and Nutrigenomics)
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41 pages, 1903 KB  
Review
Acute Sarcopenia: Mechanisms and Management
by Sarah Damanti, Eleonora Senini, Rebecca De Lorenzo, Aurora Merolla, Simona Santoro, Costanza Festorazzi, Marco Messina, Giordano Vitali, Clara Sciorati and Patrizia Rovere-Querini
Nutrients 2024, 16(20), 3428; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16203428 - 10 Oct 2024
Cited by 45 | Viewed by 21851
Abstract
Background: Acute sarcopenia refers to the swift decline in muscle function and mass following acute events such as illness, surgery, trauma, or burns that presents significant challenges in hospitalized older adults. Methods: narrative review to describe the mechanisms and management of acute sarcopenia. [...] Read more.
Background: Acute sarcopenia refers to the swift decline in muscle function and mass following acute events such as illness, surgery, trauma, or burns that presents significant challenges in hospitalized older adults. Methods: narrative review to describe the mechanisms and management of acute sarcopenia. Results: The prevalence of acute sarcopenia ranges from 28% to 69%, likely underdiagnosed due to the absence of muscle mass and function assessments in most clinical settings. Systemic inflammation, immune–endocrine dysregulation, and anabolic resistance are identified as key pathophysiological factors. Interventions include early mobilization, resistance exercise, neuromuscular electrical stimulation, and nutritional strategies such as protein supplementation, leucine, β-hydroxy-β-methyl-butyrate, omega-3 fatty acids, and creatine monohydrate. Pharmaceuticals show variable efficacy. Conclusions: Future research should prioritize serial monitoring of muscle parameters, identification of predictive biomarkers, and the involvement of multidisciplinary teams from hospital admission to address sarcopenia. Early and targeted interventions are crucial to improve outcomes and prevent long-term disability associated with acute sarcopenia. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Malnutrition, Acute Sarcopenia and Wasting Syndromes during Hospital Stay)
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28 pages, 1521 KB  
Review
The Immunomodulatory Effects of Selenium: A Journey from the Environment to the Human Immune System
by Rebecka A. Sadler, Bonnie A. Mallard, Umesh K. Shandilya, Mohammed A. Hachemi and Niel A. Karrow
Nutrients 2024, 16(19), 3324; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16193324 - 30 Sep 2024
Cited by 43 | Viewed by 15940
Abstract
Selenium (Se) is an essential nutrient that has gained attention for its impact on the human immune system. The purpose of this review is to explore Se’s immunomodulatory properties and to make up-to-date information available so novel therapeutic applications may emerge. People acquire [...] Read more.
Selenium (Se) is an essential nutrient that has gained attention for its impact on the human immune system. The purpose of this review is to explore Se’s immunomodulatory properties and to make up-to-date information available so novel therapeutic applications may emerge. People acquire Se through dietary ingestion, supplementation, or nanoparticle applications. These forms of Se can beneficially modulate the immune system by enhancing antioxidant activity, optimizing the innate immune response, improving the adaptive immune response, and promoting healthy gut microbiota. Because of these many actions, Se supplementation can help prevent and treat pathogenic diseases, autoimmune diseases, and cancers. This review will discuss Se as a key micronutrient with versatile applications that supports disease management due to its beneficial immunomodulatory effects. Further research is warranted to determine safe dosing guidelines to avoid toxicity and refine the application of Se in medical treatments. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Micronutrients and Human Health)
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23 pages, 2348 KB  
Review
An Overview of Apple Varieties and the Importance of Apple Consumption in the Prevention of Non-Communicable Diseases—A Narrative Review
by Karina Mierczak and Anna Garus-Pakowska
Nutrients 2024, 16(19), 3307; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16193307 - 29 Sep 2024
Cited by 34 | Viewed by 20066
Abstract
Non-communicable diseases such as cardiovascular diseases, cancers, diabetes, and asthma are increasingly common due to factors like industrialization, urbanization, fast-paced life, stress, sedentary lifestyle, and unbalanced diet in the 21st century. These chronic conditions are a global epidemic, being among the top causes [...] Read more.
Non-communicable diseases such as cardiovascular diseases, cancers, diabetes, and asthma are increasingly common due to factors like industrialization, urbanization, fast-paced life, stress, sedentary lifestyle, and unbalanced diet in the 21st century. These chronic conditions are a global epidemic, being among the top causes of death worldwide. Preventing these diseases through a nutritious diet is crucial, and scientific studies suggest that appropriate fruit intake, particularly apples, can lower the risk of various health issues. Apples, rich in bioactive compounds, vitamins, minerals, and dietary fiber, offer numerous health benefits. Regular consumption of apples helps reduce the risk of atherosclerosis, coronary artery disease, heart attacks, and diabetes, and also provides anti-asthmatic and anti-allergic effects. Apples aid in detoxification, improve digestion, enhance skin, hair, and nail health, and offer protection against cancers, Alzheimer’s, and Parkinson’s disease. Apples have been a dietary staple for centuries, consumed in various forms like juices, sauces, and ciders. The reviewed article emphasizes the health benefits of apples, highlighting their role in preventing civilization diseases. It also discusses the characteristics of common apple varieties and the impact of thermal processing on their nutritional content. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Nutrition and Public Health)
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27 pages, 7759 KB  
Review
Emerging Targets and Treatments for Sarcopenia: A Narrative Review
by Stefano Cacciatore, Riccardo Calvani, Ilaria Esposito, Claudia Massaro, Giordana Gava, Anna Picca, Matteo Tosato, Emanuele Marzetti and Francesco Landi
Nutrients 2024, 16(19), 3271; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16193271 - 27 Sep 2024
Cited by 58 | Viewed by 29618
Abstract
Background: Sarcopenia is characterized by the progressive loss of skeletal muscle mass, strength, and function, significantly impacting overall health and quality of life in older adults. This narrative review explores emerging targets and potential treatments for sarcopenia, aiming to provide a comprehensive overview [...] Read more.
Background: Sarcopenia is characterized by the progressive loss of skeletal muscle mass, strength, and function, significantly impacting overall health and quality of life in older adults. This narrative review explores emerging targets and potential treatments for sarcopenia, aiming to provide a comprehensive overview of current and prospective interventions. Methods: The review synthesizes current literature on sarcopenia treatment, focusing on recent advancements in muscle regeneration, mitochondrial function, nutritional strategies, and the muscle–microbiome axis. Additionally, pharmacological and lifestyle interventions targeting anabolic resistance and neuromuscular junction integrity are discussed. Results: Resistance training and adequate protein intake remain the cornerstone of sarcopenia management. Emerging strategies include targeting muscle regeneration through myosatellite cell activation, signaling pathways, and chronic inflammation control. Gene editing, stem cell therapy, and microRNA modulation show promise in enhancing muscle repair. Addressing mitochondrial dysfunction through interventions aimed at improving biogenesis, ATP production, and reducing oxidative stress is also highlighted. Nutritional strategies such as leucine supplementation and anti-inflammatory nutrients, along with dietary modifications and probiotics targeting the muscle–microbiome interplay, are discussed as potential treatment options. Hydration and muscle–water balance are emphasized as critical in maintaining muscle health in older adults. Conclusions: A combination of resistance training, nutrition, and emerging therapeutic interventions holds potential to significantly improve muscle function and overall health in the aging population. This review provides a detailed exploration of both established and novel approaches for the prevention and management of sarcopenia, highlighting the need for further research to optimize these strategies. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Exercise and Nutrition Interventions for Improving Musculoskeletal Health in Older Adults)
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17 pages, 319 KB  
Review
The Top 5 Can’t-Miss Sport Supplements
by Jose Antonio, Flavia Pereira, Jason Curtis, Jose Rojas and Cassandra Evans
Nutrients 2024, 16(19), 3247; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16193247 - 26 Sep 2024
Cited by 26 | Viewed by 65137
Abstract
Background/Objectives: Sports supplements have become popular among fitness enthusiasts for enhancing the adaptive response to exercise. This review analyzes five of the most effective ergogenic aids: creatine, beta-alanine, nitrates, caffeine, and protein. Methods: We conducted a narrative review of the literature with a [...] Read more.
Background/Objectives: Sports supplements have become popular among fitness enthusiasts for enhancing the adaptive response to exercise. This review analyzes five of the most effective ergogenic aids: creatine, beta-alanine, nitrates, caffeine, and protein. Methods: We conducted a narrative review of the literature with a focus on the sport supplements with the most robust evidence for efficacy and safety. Results: Creatine, one of the most studied ergogenic aids, increases phosphocreatine stores in skeletal muscles, improving ATP production during high-intensity exercises like sprinting and weightlifting. Studies show creatine supplementation enhances skeletal muscle mass, strength/power, and muscular endurance. The typical dosage is 3–5 g per day and is safe for long-term use. Beta-alanine, when combined with the amino acid histidine, elevates intramuscular carnosine, which acts as a buffer in skeletal muscles and delays fatigue during high-intensity exercise by neutralizing hydrogen ions. Individuals usually take 2–6 g daily in divided doses to minimize paresthesia. Research shows significant performance improvements in activities lasting 1–4 min. Nitrates, found in beetroot juice, enhance aerobic performance by increasing oxygen delivery to muscles, enhancing endurance, and reducing oxygen cost during exercise. The recommended dosage is approximately 500 milligrams taken 2–3 h before exercise. Caffeine, a central nervous system stimulant, reduces perceived pain while enhancing focus and alertness. Effective doses range from 3 to 6 milligrams per kilogram of body weight, typically consumed an hour before exercise. Protein supplementation supports muscle repair, growth, and recovery, especially after resistance training. The recommended intake for exercise-trained men and women varies depending on their specific goals. Concluions: In summary, creatine, beta-alanine, nitrates, caffeine, and protein are the best ergogenic aids, with strong evidence supporting their efficacy and safety. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutrition Interventions for Athletes' Performance)
22 pages, 2838 KB  
Review
Balancing the Oral–Gut–Brain Axis with Diet
by Rebecca Kerstens, Yong Zhi Ng, Sven Pettersson and Anusha Jayaraman
Nutrients 2024, 16(18), 3206; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16183206 - 22 Sep 2024
Cited by 24 | Viewed by 12515
Abstract
Background: The oral microbiota is the second largest microbial community in humans. It contributes considerably to microbial diversity and health effects, much like the gut microbiota. Despite physical and chemical barriers separating the oral cavity from the gastrointestinal tract, bidirectional microbial transmission occurs [...] Read more.
Background: The oral microbiota is the second largest microbial community in humans. It contributes considerably to microbial diversity and health effects, much like the gut microbiota. Despite physical and chemical barriers separating the oral cavity from the gastrointestinal tract, bidirectional microbial transmission occurs between the two regions, influencing overall host health. Method: This review explores the intricate interplay of the oral–gut–brain axis, highlighting the pivotal role of the oral microbiota in systemic health and ageing, and how it can be influenced by diet. Results: Recent research suggests a relationship between oral diseases, such as periodontitis, and gastrointestinal problems, highlighting the broader significance of the oral–gut axis in systemic diseases, as well as the oral–gut–brain axis in neurological disorders and mental health. Diet influences microbial diversity in the oral cavity and the gut. While certain diets/dietary components improve both gut and oral health, others, such as fermentable carbohydrates, can promote oral pathogens while boosting gut health. Conclusions: Understanding these dynamics is key for promoting a healthy oral–gut–brain axis through dietary interventions that support microbial diversity and mitigate age-related health risks. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Diet and Microbiota–Gut–Brain Axis: A Novel Nutritional Therapy)
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22 pages, 853 KB  
Review
Multifaceted Roles of Vitamin D for Diabetes: From Immunomodulatory Functions to Metabolic Regulations
by Chan Yoon Park, Sunhye Shin and Sung Nim Han
Nutrients 2024, 16(18), 3185; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16183185 - 20 Sep 2024
Cited by 38 | Viewed by 8281
Abstract
Numerous studies have established associations between vitamin D and diabetes. The vitamin D receptor is widely distributed throughout the human body, including in pancreatic beta cells (β-cells), hepatocytes, and immune cells. Therefore, vitamin D’s effect on the risk, progression, or complications of diabetes [...] Read more.
Numerous studies have established associations between vitamin D and diabetes. The vitamin D receptor is widely distributed throughout the human body, including in pancreatic beta cells (β-cells), hepatocytes, and immune cells. Therefore, vitamin D’s effect on the risk, progression, or complications of diabetes may be mediated through various mechanisms. These include the regulation of insulin secretion or sensitivity and modulation of β-cell function and its immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory effects. This review extensively explores the relationship between vitamin D status and diabetes, as well as the preventive or therapeutic effects of vitamin D supplementation on diabetes from human studies. Additionally, it examines in detail the impact of vitamin D on immune and inflammatory responses in the diabetic milieux and β-cell function to better understand the underlying mechanisms through which vitamin D influences diabetes. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Role of Vitamin D in Chronic Diseases—2nd Edition)
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23 pages, 726 KB  
Review
Review on the Role of Polyphenols in Preventing and Treating Type 2 Diabetes: Evidence from In Vitro and In Vivo Studies
by Fereidoon Shahidi and Renan Danielski
Nutrients 2024, 16(18), 3159; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16183159 - 19 Sep 2024
Cited by 47 | Viewed by 12175
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is one of the leading causes of death globally. There was a 70% increase in diabetes-related deaths between 2000 and 2020, particularly among males. This non-communicable disease is characterized by increased insulin resistance, leading to elevated blood sugar levels [...] Read more.
Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is one of the leading causes of death globally. There was a 70% increase in diabetes-related deaths between 2000 and 2020, particularly among males. This non-communicable disease is characterized by increased insulin resistance, leading to elevated blood sugar levels and, if untreated, resulting in complications such as nerve damage, kidney disease, blindness, and poor wound healing. T2D management includes dietary intervention, physical exercise, and the administration of blood sugar-lowering medication. However, these medications often have side effects related to intestinal discomfort. Therefore, natural alternatives to standard diabetes medications are being sought to improve the quality of life for individuals with this condition. Polyphenols, which are naturally occurring plant metabolites, have emerged as strong candidates for T2D control. Various phenolic acids (e.g., chlorogenic acid), flavonoids (e.g., quercetin), proanthocyanidins (e.g., procyanidin B2), gallotannins (e.g., monogalloyl hexoside), and ellagitannins (e.g., ellagic acid hexoside) can enhance insulin sensitivity in tissues, reduce chronic inflammation, scavenge free radicals, improve insulin secretion, inhibit enzymes involved in carbohydrate digestion, regulate glucose transport across cell membranes, and modulate gut microbiota. This contribution compiles up-to-date evidence from in vitro and in vivo studies on the role of polyphenols in the prevention and management of T2D, emphasizing the mechanisms of action underlying these effects. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Role of Bioactive Compounds in Blood Glucose Control)
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16 pages, 345 KB  
Review
Chronic Use of Artificial Sweeteners: Pros and Cons
by Lydia Kossiva, Kostas Kakleas, Foteini Christodouli, Alexandra Soldatou, Spyridon Karanasios and Kyriaki Karavanaki
Nutrients 2024, 16(18), 3162; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16183162 - 19 Sep 2024
Cited by 41 | Viewed by 65122
Abstract
Over the past few decades, the scientific community has been highly concerned about the obesity epidemic. Artificial sweeteners are compounds that mimic the sweet taste of sugar but have no calories or carbohydrates; hence, they are very popular among patients suffering from diabetes [...] Read more.
Over the past few decades, the scientific community has been highly concerned about the obesity epidemic. Artificial sweeteners are compounds that mimic the sweet taste of sugar but have no calories or carbohydrates; hence, they are very popular among patients suffering from diabetes or obesity, aiming to achieve glycemic and/or weight control. There are four different types of sweeteners: artificial, natural, rare sugars, and polyols. Artificial and natural sweeteners are characterized as non-nutritional sweeteners (NNSs) since they do not contain calories. The extended use of sweeteners has been reported to have a favorable impact on body weight and glycemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes (T2DM) and on tooth decay prevention. However, there is concern regarding their side effects. Several studies have associated artificial sweeteners’ consumption with the development of insulin resistance, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), gastrointestinal symptoms, and certain types of cancer. The present review focuses on the description of different types of sweeteners and the benefits and possible deleterious effects of the chronic consumption of NNSs on children’s health. Additionally, possible underlying mechanisms of the unfavorable effects of NNSs on human health are described. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutrient Digestion, Absorption, Energy Transformation and Metabolism)
15 pages, 320 KB  
Review
Effects of Coffee on Gut Microbiota and Bowel Functions in Health and Diseases: A Literature Review
by Sena Saygili, Shrilakshmi Hegde and Xuan-Zheng Shi
Nutrients 2024, 16(18), 3155; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16183155 - 18 Sep 2024
Cited by 44 | Viewed by 44615
Abstract
Background and objectives: As one of the most popular beverages in the world, coffee has long been known to affect bowel functions such as motility, secretion, and absorption. Recent evidence obtained in human and animal studies suggests that coffee has modulating impacts on [...] Read more.
Background and objectives: As one of the most popular beverages in the world, coffee has long been known to affect bowel functions such as motility, secretion, and absorption. Recent evidence obtained in human and animal studies suggests that coffee has modulating impacts on gut microbiota. We aim to present an overview of the specific effects of coffee on gut microbiota composition, diversity, and growth. We will also critically review the impacts of coffee on bowel functions in health and diseases and discuss whether gut microbiota play a role in the coffee-associated functional changes in the gastrointestinal tract. Methods: We searched the literature up to June 2024 through PubMed, Web of Science, and other sources using search terms such as coffee, caffeine, microbiota, gastrointestinal infection, motility, secretion, gut–brain axis, absorption, and medication interaction. Clinical research in patients and preclinical studies in rodent animals were included. Results: A majority of the studies found that moderate consumption of coffee (<4 cups a day) increased the relative abundance of beneficial bacterial phyla such as Firmicutes and Actinobacteria and decreased Bacteroidetes. Moderate coffee consumption also increased Bifidobacterium spp. and decreased the abundance of Enterobacteria. Coffee consumption is reported to increase gut microbiota diversity. Although the effects of coffee on bowel functions have been known for a long time, it is not until recently that we have recognized that some of the effects of coffee may be partly due to its impacts on microbiota. Conclusions: The current literature suggests that moderate coffee consumption has beneficial effects on oral and gut microbiota and motility function. However, excessive coffee intake (>5 cups a day) is implicated in reflux disorders, periodontal diseases, and progression of Crohn’s disease. Further research in the field is needed, as there are many conflicting results regarding the impacts of coffee in the gastrointestinal tract. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Diet–Microbiome Interaction in Gastrointestinal Disorders)
16 pages, 1182 KB  
Review
The Effect of Dietary Types on Gut Microbiota Composition and Development of Non-Communicable Diseases: A Narrative Review
by Martin Soldán, Ľubica Argalášová, Lucia Hadvinová, Bonzel Galileo and Jana Babjaková
Nutrients 2024, 16(18), 3134; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16183134 - 17 Sep 2024
Cited by 70 | Viewed by 18777
Abstract
Introduction: The importance of diet in shaping the gut microbiota is well established and may help improve an individual’s overall health. Many other factors, such as genetics, age, exercise, antibiotic therapy, or tobacco use, also play a role in influencing gut microbiota. Aim: [...] Read more.
Introduction: The importance of diet in shaping the gut microbiota is well established and may help improve an individual’s overall health. Many other factors, such as genetics, age, exercise, antibiotic therapy, or tobacco use, also play a role in influencing gut microbiota. Aim: This narrative review summarizes how three distinct dietary types (plant-based, Mediterranean, and Western) affect the composition of gut microbiota and the development of non-communicable diseases (NCDs). Methods: A comprehensive literature search was conducted using the PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus databases, focusing on the keywords “dietary pattern”, “gut microbiota” and “dysbiosis”. Results: Both plant-based and Mediterranean diets have been shown to promote the production of beneficial bacterial metabolites, such as short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), while simultaneously lowering concentrations of trimethylamine-N-oxide (TMAO), a molecule associated with negative health outcomes. Additionally, they have a positive impact on microbial diversity and therefore are generally considered healthy dietary types. On the other hand, the Western diet is a typical example of an unhealthy nutritional approach leading to an overgrowth of pathogenic bacteria, where TMAO levels rise and SCFA production drops due to gut dysbiosis. Conclusion: The current scientific literature consistently highlights the superiority of plant-based and Mediterranean dietary types over the Western diet in promoting gut health and preventing NCDs. Understanding the influence of diet on gut microbiota modulation may pave the way for novel therapeutic strategies. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Role of Preventive Nutrition in Cardio-Metabolic Disease)
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15 pages, 777 KB  
Review
Effects of Heat Stress-Induced Sex Hormone Dysregulation on Reproduction and Growth in Male Adolescents and Beneficial Foods
by Seong-Hee Ko
Nutrients 2024, 16(17), 3032; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16173032 - 8 Sep 2024
Cited by 30 | Viewed by 10234
Abstract
Heat stress due to climate warming can significantly affect the synthesis of sex hormones in male adolescents, which can impair the ability of the hypothalamus to secrete gonadotropin-releasing hormone on the hypothalamic–pituitary–gonadal axis, which leads to a decrease in luteinizing hormone and follicle-stimulating [...] Read more.
Heat stress due to climate warming can significantly affect the synthesis of sex hormones in male adolescents, which can impair the ability of the hypothalamus to secrete gonadotropin-releasing hormone on the hypothalamic–pituitary–gonadal axis, which leads to a decrease in luteinizing hormone and follicle-stimulating hormone, which ultimately negatively affects spermatogenesis and testosterone synthesis. For optimal spermatogenesis, the testicular temperature should be 2–6 °C lower than body temperature. Heat stress directly affects the testes, damaging them and reducing testosterone synthesis. Additionally, chronic heat stress abnormally increases the level of aromatase in Leydig cells, which increases estradiol synthesis while decreasing testosterone, leading to an imbalance of sex hormones and spermatogenesis failure. Low levels of testosterone in male adolescents lead to delayed puberty and incomplete sexual maturation, negatively affect height growth and bone mineral density, and can lead to a decrease in lean body mass and an increase in fat mass. In order for male adolescents to acquire healthy reproductive capacity, it is recommended to provide sufficient nutrition and energy, avoid exposure to heat stress, and provide foods and supplements to prevent or repair testosterone reduction, germ cell damage, and sperm count reduction caused by heat stress so that they can enter a healthy adulthood. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Critical Role of Nutrition in Aging-Related Hormonal Changes and Metabolic Diseases)
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19 pages, 1243 KB  
Review
Health Effects and Mechanisms of Inulin Action in Human Metabolism
by Jaime Alonso-Allende, Fermín I. Milagro and Paula Aranaz
Nutrients 2024, 16(17), 2935; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16172935 - 2 Sep 2024
Cited by 76 | Viewed by 35875
Abstract
Inulin is a plant polysaccharide which, due to its chemical structure, is not digestible by human gut enzymes but by some bacteria of the human microbiota, acting as a prebiotic. Consequently, inulin consumption has been associated with changes in the composition of the [...] Read more.
Inulin is a plant polysaccharide which, due to its chemical structure, is not digestible by human gut enzymes but by some bacteria of the human microbiota, acting as a prebiotic. Consequently, inulin consumption has been associated with changes in the composition of the intestinal microbiota related to an improvement of the metabolic state, counteracting different obesity-related disturbances. However, the specific mechanisms of action, including bacterial changes, are not exactly known. Here, a bibliographic review was carried out to study the main effects of inulin on human metabolic health, with a special focus on the mechanisms of action of this prebiotic. Inulin supplementation contributes to body weight and BMI control, reduces blood glucose levels, improves insulin sensitivity, and reduces inflammation markers, mainly through the selective favoring of short-chain fatty acid (SCFA)-producer species from the genera Bifidobacterium and Anaerostipes. These SCFAs have been shown to ameliorate glucose metabolism and decrease hepatic lipogenesis, reduce inflammation, modulate immune activity, and improve anthropometric parameters such as body weight or BMI. In conclusion, the studies collected suggest that inulin intake produces positive metabolic effects through the improvement of the intestinal microbiota and through the metabolites produced by its fermentation. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Diet and Nutrition: Metabolic Diseases)
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19 pages, 320 KB  
Review
Sex-Specific Variation in Metabolic Responses to Diet
by Reya R. Andrews, Kayla R. Anderson and Jean L. Fry
Nutrients 2024, 16(17), 2921; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16172921 - 1 Sep 2024
Cited by 35 | Viewed by 7823
Abstract
Suboptimal nutrition is a leading cause of cardiometabolic disease and mortality. Biological sex is a variable that influences individual responses to dietary components and may modulate the impact of diet on metabolic health and disease risk. This review describes findings of studies reporting [...] Read more.
Suboptimal nutrition is a leading cause of cardiometabolic disease and mortality. Biological sex is a variable that influences individual responses to dietary components and may modulate the impact of diet on metabolic health and disease risk. This review describes findings of studies reporting how biological sex may associate with or affect metabolic outcomes or disease risk in response to varying dietary macronutrient content, Mediterranean diet, Western diet, and medical very low-calorie diet. Although few dietary interventions have been specifically designed to identify sex–diet interactions, future studies improving understanding how sex influences dietary responses could inform precision nutrition interventions for disease prevention and management. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Association between Nutrition, Diet Quality, Dietary Patterns, and Human Health and Diseases)
16 pages, 725 KB  
Review
The Influence of Intestinal Microbiota on BDNF Levels
by Marta Molska, Kinga Mruczyk, Angelika Cisek-Woźniak, Wojciech Prokopowicz, Patrycja Szydełko, Zuzanna Jakuszewska, Karolina Marzec and Martyna Trocholepsza
Nutrients 2024, 16(17), 2891; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16172891 - 29 Aug 2024
Cited by 54 | Viewed by 8122
Abstract
The regulation of neurogenesis, the complex process of producing and differentiating new brain tissue cells, is influenced by a complex interaction of internal and external factors. Over the past decade, extensive research has been conducted on neurotrophins and their key role in adult [...] Read more.
The regulation of neurogenesis, the complex process of producing and differentiating new brain tissue cells, is influenced by a complex interaction of internal and external factors. Over the past decade, extensive research has been conducted on neurotrophins and their key role in adult neurogenesis, as well as their impact on diseases such as depression. Among neurotrophins, the brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) has been the subject of comprehensive studies on adult neurogenesis, and scientific evidence supports its necessity for neurogenesis in the subventricular zone of the hippocampus. A novel area of research is the emerging role of gut microbiota as a significant contributor to neurogenesis and neurotrophin production. Studies have shown that reduced BDNF levels can lead to mood disorders, which are observed in intestinal dysbiosis, characterized by an imbalance in the composition and quantity of the intestinal microbiota. There is evidence in the literature that there is a link between brain function and gut microbiota. Physical activity, and especially the regularity and intensity of exercise, is important in relation to the level of BDNF and the intestinal microbiota. Probiotics, prebiotics and physical activity may have a positive effect on the intestinal microbiota, and therefore also on the level of the brain-derived neurotrophic factor. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Latest Research on Probiotics: Nourishing Health or Pathways to Disease Resolution)
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17 pages, 965 KB  
Review
Molecular Mechanisms of Healthy Aging: The Role of Caloric Restriction, Intermittent Fasting, Mediterranean Diet, and Ketogenic Diet—A Scoping Review
by Roxana Surugiu, Mihaela Adela Iancu, Ștefănița Bianca Vintilescu, Mioara Desdemona Stepan, Daiana Burdusel, Amelia Valentina Genunche-Dumitrescu, Carmen-Adriana Dogaru and Gheorghe Gindrovel Dumitra
Nutrients 2024, 16(17), 2878; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16172878 - 28 Aug 2024
Cited by 49 | Viewed by 29799
Abstract
As the population ages, promoting healthy aging through targeted interventions becomes increasingly crucial. Growing evidence suggests that dietary interventions can significantly impact this process by modulating fundamental molecular pathways. This review focuses on the potential of targeted dietary strategies in promoting healthy aging [...] Read more.
As the population ages, promoting healthy aging through targeted interventions becomes increasingly crucial. Growing evidence suggests that dietary interventions can significantly impact this process by modulating fundamental molecular pathways. This review focuses on the potential of targeted dietary strategies in promoting healthy aging and the mechanisms by which specific nutrients and dietary patterns influence key pathways involved in cellular repair, inflammation, and metabolic regulation. Caloric restriction, intermittent fasting, the Mediterranean diet, as well as the ketogenic diet showed promising effects on promoting healthy aging, possibly by modulating mTORC1 AMPK, an insulin signaling pathway. By understanding the intricate interplay between diet and molecular pathways, we can develop personalized dietary strategies that not only prevent age-related diseases, but also promote overall health and well-being throughout the aging process. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Geriatric Nutrition)
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15 pages, 1898 KB  
Article
Subcutaneous Semaglutide during Breastfeeding: Infant Safety Regarding Drug Transfer into Human Milk
by Hanin Diab, Taylor Fuquay, Palika Datta, Ulrich Bickel, Jonathan Thompson and Kaytlin Krutsch
Nutrients 2024, 16(17), 2886; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16172886 - 28 Aug 2024
Cited by 26 | Viewed by 44982
Abstract
Postpartum mothers and their healthcare providers often face the challenge of limited data regarding the safety of drug therapies during lactation. Pregnancy can lead to sustained weight gain, and obesity can negatively impact both physical and psychological well-being. The introduction of GLP-1 agonists [...] Read more.
Postpartum mothers and their healthcare providers often face the challenge of limited data regarding the safety of drug therapies during lactation. Pregnancy can lead to sustained weight gain, and obesity can negatively impact both physical and psychological well-being. The introduction of GLP-1 agonists to augment weight loss has become a topic of interest for many postpartum mothers. Our study aims to investigate the transmission of semaglutide into human milk in the first steps to ensure the safety and health of both lactating mothers and their breastfed infants. Semaglutide quantification was performed using high-resolution liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. InfantRisk Center Human Milk biorepository released milk samples from eight women collected at 0, 12 and 24 h post-semaglutide administration. Semaglutide was extracted using protein precipitation in methanol, followed by chromatographic separation. Linear calibration curves for the method ranged between 2.5–30 ng/mL, with a limit of detection of 1.7 ng/mL and a limit of quantification of 5.7 ng/mL (LLOQ). Semaglutide was not detected in any of the collected human milk samples. A worst-case scenario of the relative infant dose (RID) was calculated using the LLOQ as the drug concentration in milk when considering semaglutide’s bioavailability and long-acting dose profile. The maximum RID projected was 1.26%, far below the standard 10% safety threshold. While questions about long-term infant outcomes, the safety of maternal nutrient intake, and the nutrient content of breast milk remain, our findings suggest that semaglutide concentrations in human milk are unlikely to pose clinical concerns for breastfed infants. These results support healthcare providers in making informed decisions regarding postpartum therapeutic interventions. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Human Milk Composition and Children Nutrition: Latest Advances and Prospects)
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19 pages, 1155 KB  
Review
The Role of Inflammatory Mediators in the Pathogenesis of Obesity
by Estera Bakinowska, Mariusz Krompiewski, Dominika Boboryko, Kajetan Kiełbowski and Andrzej Pawlik
Nutrients 2024, 16(17), 2822; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16172822 - 23 Aug 2024
Cited by 35 | Viewed by 6770
Abstract
Obesity is a pandemic of the 21st century, and the prevalence of this metabolic condition has enormously increased over the past few decades. Obesity is associated with a number of comorbidities and complications, such as diabetes and cardiovascular disorders, which can be associated [...] Read more.
Obesity is a pandemic of the 21st century, and the prevalence of this metabolic condition has enormously increased over the past few decades. Obesity is associated with a number of comorbidities and complications, such as diabetes and cardiovascular disorders, which can be associated with severe and fatal outcomes. Adipose tissue is an endocrine organ that secretes numerous molecules and proteins that are capable of modifying immune responses. The progression of obesity is associated with adipose tissue dysfunction, which is characterised by enhanced inflammation and apoptosis. Increased fat-tissue mass is associated with the dysregulated secretion of substances by adipocytes, which leads to metabolic alterations. Importantly, the adipose tissue contains immune cells, the profile of which changes with the progression of obesity. For instance, increasing fat mass enhances the presence of the pro-inflammatory variants of macrophages, major sources of tumour necrosis factor α and other inflammatory mediators that promote insulin resistance. The pathogenesis of obesity is complex, and understanding the pathophysiological mechanisms that are involved may provide novel treatment methods that could prevent the development of serious complications. The aim of this review is to discuss current evidence describing the involvement of various inflammatory mediators in the pathogenesis of obesity. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Nutrition and Obesity)
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17 pages, 1212 KB  
Review
Update on Obesity and Cardiovascular Risk: From Pathophysiology to Clinical Management
by Giovanna Gallo, Giovambattista Desideri and Carmine Savoia
Nutrients 2024, 16(16), 2781; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16162781 - 20 Aug 2024
Cited by 44 | Viewed by 16103
Abstract
Obesity is an epidemic worldwide. Overweight and multiple obesity-related mechanisms, including dysmetabolic alterations, contribute to cardiovascular deleterious effects. Hence, overweight and obesity have been independently associated with increased cardiovascular risk, whose assessment is crucial for preserving life quality and reducing mortality, and to [...] Read more.
Obesity is an epidemic worldwide. Overweight and multiple obesity-related mechanisms, including dysmetabolic alterations, contribute to cardiovascular deleterious effects. Hence, overweight and obesity have been independently associated with increased cardiovascular risk, whose assessment is crucial for preserving life quality and reducing mortality, and to address appropriate therapeutic strategies in obese patients. Beyond the standard of care in managing overweight and obesity in adults (i.e., diet and physical exercise), several relevant pharmacotherapies have been approved, and several procedures and device types for weight loss have been recommended. In such a contest, medical weight management remains one option for treating excess weight. Most drugs used for obesity reduce appetite and increase satiety and, secondarily, slow gastric emptying to reduce body weight and, therefore, act also to improve metabolic parameters. In this contest, agonists of the glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor (GLP-1RAs) modulate different metabolic pathways associated with glucose metabolism, energy homeostasis, antioxidation, and inflammation. Moreover, this class of drugs has shown efficacy in improving glycemic control, reducing the incidence of cardiovascular events in type 2 diabetic patients, and reducing body weight independently of the presence of diabetes. Recently, in overweight or obese patients with pre-existing cardiovascular disease but without diabetes, the GLP-1RA semaglutide reduced the incidence of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular events and death from cardiovascular causes. Thus, semaglutide has been approved for secondary prevention in obese people with cardiovascular disease. Nevertheless, whether this class of drugs is equally effective for primary prevention in obese people has to be demonstrated. In this review, we will summarize updates on the pathophysiology of obesity, the effects of obesity on cardiovascular risk, the impact of different obesity phenotypes on cardiovascular diseases, and the novelties in the clinical management of obesity for cardiovascular prevention. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Clinical Nutrition)
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33 pages, 431 KB  
Review
Health-Promoting Properties and the Use of Fruit Pomace in the Food Industry—A Review
by Ewa Raczkowska and Paweł Serek
Nutrients 2024, 16(16), 2757; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16162757 - 18 Aug 2024
Cited by 38 | Viewed by 7085
Abstract
Fruit pomace, a by-product of the fruit industry, includes the skins, seeds, and pulp most commonly left behind after juice extraction. It is produced in large quantities: apple residues alone generate approximately 4 million tons of waste annually, which is a serious problem [...] Read more.
Fruit pomace, a by-product of the fruit industry, includes the skins, seeds, and pulp most commonly left behind after juice extraction. It is produced in large quantities: apple residues alone generate approximately 4 million tons of waste annually, which is a serious problem for the processing industry but also creates opportunities for various applications. Due to, among other properties, their high content of dietary fiber and polyphenolic compounds, fruit residues are used to design food with functional features, improving the nutritional value and health-promoting, technological, and sensory properties of food products. This article presents the health-promoting (antioxidant, antidiabetic, anti-inflammatory, and antibacterial) properties of fruit pomace. Moreover, the possibilities of their use in the food industry are characterized, with particular emphasis on bread, sweet snack products, and extruded snacks. Attention is paid to the impact of waste products from the fruit industry on the nutritional value and technological and sensory characteristics of these products. Fruit pomace is a valuable by-product whose use in the food industry can provide a sustainable solution for waste management and contribute to the development of functional food products with targeted health-promoting properties. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Functional Foods: Exploring the Health Benefits of Bioactive Compounds)
25 pages, 3109 KB  
Review
The Antioxidant Potential of Vitamins and Their Implication in Metabolic Abnormalities
by Panagiotis Theodosis-Nobelos and Eleni A. Rekka
Nutrients 2024, 16(16), 2740; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16162740 - 16 Aug 2024
Cited by 34 | Viewed by 8677
Abstract
Vitamins are micronutrients necessary for the normal function of the body. Although each vitamin has different physicochemical properties and a specific role in maintaining life, they may also possess a common characteristic, i.e., antioxidant activity. Oxidative stress can harm all the main biological [...] Read more.
Vitamins are micronutrients necessary for the normal function of the body. Although each vitamin has different physicochemical properties and a specific role in maintaining life, they may also possess a common characteristic, i.e., antioxidant activity. Oxidative stress can harm all the main biological structures leading to protein, DNA and lipid oxidation, with concomitant impairment of the cell. It has been established that oxidative stress is implicated in several pathological conditions such as atherosclerosis, diabetes, obesity, inflammation and metabolic syndrome. In this review we investigate the influence of oxidative stress on the above conditions, examine the interrelation between oxidative stress and inflammation and point out the importance of vitamins in these processes, especially in oxidative load manipulation and metabolic abnormalities. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Micronutrients and Human Health)
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18 pages, 946 KB  
Review
Personalized Nutrition: Tailoring Dietary Recommendations through Genetic Insights
by Saiful Singar, Ravinder Nagpal, Bahram H. Arjmandi and Neda S. Akhavan
Nutrients 2024, 16(16), 2673; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16162673 - 13 Aug 2024
Cited by 145 | Viewed by 47563
Abstract
Personalized nutrition (PN) represents a transformative approach in dietary science, where individual genetic profiles guide tailored dietary recommendations, thereby optimizing health outcomes and managing chronic diseases more effectively. This review synthesizes key aspects of PN, emphasizing the genetic basis of dietary responses, contemporary [...] Read more.
Personalized nutrition (PN) represents a transformative approach in dietary science, where individual genetic profiles guide tailored dietary recommendations, thereby optimizing health outcomes and managing chronic diseases more effectively. This review synthesizes key aspects of PN, emphasizing the genetic basis of dietary responses, contemporary research, and practical applications. We explore how individual genetic differences influence dietary metabolisms, thus underscoring the importance of nutrigenomics in developing personalized dietary guidelines. Current research in PN highlights significant gene–diet interactions that affect various conditions, including obesity and diabetes, suggesting that dietary interventions could be more precise and beneficial if they are customized to genetic profiles. Moreover, we discuss practical implementations of PN, including technological advancements in genetic testing that enable real-time dietary customization. Looking forward, this review identifies the robust integration of bioinformatics and genomics as critical for advancing PN. We advocate for multidisciplinary research to overcome current challenges, such as data privacy and ethical concerns associated with genetic testing. The future of PN lies in broader adoption across health and wellness sectors, promising significant advancements in public health and personalized medicine. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Nutrigenetics and Nutrigenomics)
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40 pages, 1032 KB  
Review
Nutrition Intervention and Microbiome Modulation in the Management of Breast Cancer
by Yue Jiang and Yuanyuan Li
Nutrients 2024, 16(16), 2644; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16162644 - 10 Aug 2024
Cited by 27 | Viewed by 10300
Abstract
Breast cancer (BC) is one of the most common cancers worldwide and a leading cause of cancer-related deaths among women. The escalating incidence of BC underscores the necessity of multi-level treatment. BC is a complex and heterogeneous disease involving many genetic, lifestyle, and [...] Read more.
Breast cancer (BC) is one of the most common cancers worldwide and a leading cause of cancer-related deaths among women. The escalating incidence of BC underscores the necessity of multi-level treatment. BC is a complex and heterogeneous disease involving many genetic, lifestyle, and environmental factors. Growing evidence suggests that nutrition intervention is an evolving effective prevention and treatment strategy for BC. In addition, the human microbiota, particularly the gut microbiota, is now widely recognized as a significant player contributing to health or disease status. It is also associated with the risk and development of BC. This review will focus on nutrition intervention in BC, including dietary patterns, bioactive compounds, and nutrients that affect BC prevention and therapeutic responses in both animal and human studies. Additionally, this paper examines the impacts of these nutrition interventions on modulating the composition and functionality of the gut microbiome, highlighting the microbiome-mediated mechanisms in BC. The combination treatment of nutrition factors and microbes is also discussed. Insights from this review paper emphasize the necessity of comprehensive BC management that focuses on the nutrition–microbiome axis. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Role of Nutrition in Gynecological Diseases)
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18 pages, 348 KB  
Review
An Anti-Inflammatory Diet and Its Potential Benefit for Individuals with Mental Disorders and Neurodegenerative Diseases—A Narrative Review
by Sophie M. van Zonneveld, Ellen J. van den Oever, Benno C. M. Haarman, Emmy L. Grandjean, Jasper O. Nuninga, Ondine van de Rest and Iris E. C. Sommer
Nutrients 2024, 16(16), 2646; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16162646 - 10 Aug 2024
Cited by 68 | Viewed by 30739
Abstract
This narrative review synthesizes current evidence regarding anti-inflammatory dietary patterns and their potential benefits for individuals with mental disorders and neurodegenerative diseases. Chronic low-grade inflammation is increasingly recognized as a key factor in the etiology and progression of these conditions. The review examines [...] Read more.
This narrative review synthesizes current evidence regarding anti-inflammatory dietary patterns and their potential benefits for individuals with mental disorders and neurodegenerative diseases. Chronic low-grade inflammation is increasingly recognized as a key factor in the etiology and progression of these conditions. The review examines the evidence for the anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective properties of dietary components and food groups, focusing on whole foods rather than specific nutrients or supplements. Key dietary components showing potential benefits include fruits and vegetables (especially berries and leafy greens), whole grains, legumes, fatty fish rich in omega-3, nuts (particularly walnuts), olive oil, and fermented foods. These foods are generally rich in antioxidants, dietary fiber, and bioactive compounds that may help modulate inflammation, support gut health, and promote neuroprotection. Conversely, ultra-processed foods, red meat, and sugary beverages may be harmful. Based on this evidence, we designed the Brain Anti-Inflammatory Nutrition (BrAIN) diet. The mechanisms of this diet include the modulation of the gut microbiota and the gut–brain axis, the regulation of inflammatory pathways, a reduction in oxidative stress, and the promotion of neuroplasticity. The BrAIN diet shows promise as an aid to manage mental and neurodegenerative disorders. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Gastrointestinal Dysfunction and Nutritional Intervention)
26 pages, 1510 KB  
Review
The Role of Antioxidants in the Therapy of Cardiovascular Diseases—A Literature Review
by Ewelina Młynarska, Joanna Hajdys, Witold Czarnik, Piotr Fularski, Klaudia Leszto, Gabriela Majchrowicz, Wiktoria Lisińska, Jacek Rysz and Beata Franczyk
Nutrients 2024, 16(16), 2587; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16162587 - 6 Aug 2024
Cited by 75 | Viewed by 17904
Abstract
Antioxidants are endogenous and exogenous substances with the ability to inhibit oxidation processes by interacting with reactive oxygen species (ROS). ROS, in turn, are small, highly reactive substances capable of oxidizing a wide range of molecules in the human body, including nucleic acids, [...] Read more.
Antioxidants are endogenous and exogenous substances with the ability to inhibit oxidation processes by interacting with reactive oxygen species (ROS). ROS, in turn, are small, highly reactive substances capable of oxidizing a wide range of molecules in the human body, including nucleic acids, proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, and even small inorganic compounds. The overproduction of ROS leads to oxidative stress, which constitutes a significant factor contributing to the development of disease, not only markedly diminishing the quality of life but also representing the most common cause of death in developed countries, namely, cardiovascular disease (CVD). The aim of this review is to demonstrate the effect of selected antioxidants, such as coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10), flavonoids, carotenoids, and resveratrol, as well as to introduce new antioxidant therapies utilizing miRNA and nanoparticles, in reducing the incidence and progression of CVD. In addition, new antioxidant therapies in the context of the aforementioned diseases will be considered. This review emphasizes the pleiotropic effects and benefits stemming from the presence of the mentioned substances in the organism, leading to an overall reduction in cardiovascular risk, including coronary heart disease, dyslipidaemia, hypertension, atherosclerosis, and myocardial hypertrophy. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Diet, Nutrition and Cardiovascular Health)
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29 pages, 1477 KB  
Article
Evaluating the Quality and Comparative Validity of Manual Food Logging and Artificial Intelligence-Enabled Food Image Recognition in Apps for Nutrition Care
by Xinyi Li, Annabelle Yin, Ha Young Choi, Virginia Chan, Margaret Allman-Farinelli and Juliana Chen
Nutrients 2024, 16(15), 2573; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16152573 - 5 Aug 2024
Cited by 34 | Viewed by 23978
Abstract
For artificial intelligence (AI) to support nutrition care, high quality and accuracy of its features within smartphone applications (apps) are essential. This study evaluated popular apps’ features, quality, behaviour change potential, and comparative validity of dietary assessment via manual logging and AI. The [...] Read more.
For artificial intelligence (AI) to support nutrition care, high quality and accuracy of its features within smartphone applications (apps) are essential. This study evaluated popular apps’ features, quality, behaviour change potential, and comparative validity of dietary assessment via manual logging and AI. The top 200 free and paid nutrition-related apps from Australia’s Apple App and Google Play stores were screened (n = 800). Apps were assessed using MARS (quality) and ABACUS (behaviour change potential). Nutritional outputs from manual food logging and AI-enabled food-image recognition apps were compared with food records for Western, Asian, and Recommended diets. Among 18 apps, Noom scored highest on MARS (mean = 4.44) and ABACUS (21/21). From 16 manual food-logging apps, energy was overestimated for Western (mean: 1040 kJ) but underestimated for Asian (mean: −1520 kJ) diets. MyFitnessPal and Fastic had the highest accuracy (97% and 92%, respectively) out of seven AI-enabled food image recognition apps. Apps with more AI integration demonstrated better functionality, but automatic energy estimations from AI-enabled food image recognition were inaccurate. To enhance the integration of apps into nutrition care, collaborating with dietitians is essential for improving their credibility and comparative validity by expanding food databases. Moreover, training AI models are needed to improve AI-enabled food recognition, especially for mixed dishes and culturally diverse foods. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Combining Artificial Intelligence for Nutrition Applications: Recent Advancements)
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19 pages, 327 KB  
Review
Ashwagandha’s Multifaceted Effects on Human Health: Impact on Vascular Endothelium, Inflammation, Lipid Metabolism, and Cardiovascular Outcomes—A Review
by Michał Wiciński, Anna Fajkiel-Madajczyk, Zuzanna Kurant, Sara Liss, Paweł Szyperski, Monika Szambelan, Bartłomiej Gromadzki, Iga Rupniak, Maciej Słupski and Iwona Sadowska-Krawczenko
Nutrients 2024, 16(15), 2481; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16152481 - 31 Jul 2024
Cited by 30 | Viewed by 27750
Abstract
Withania somnifera, commonly known as Ashwagandha, has been popular for many years. Numerous studies have shown that the extract of this plant, due to its wealth of active substances, can induce anti-inflammatory, neuroprotective, immunomodulatory, hepatoprotective, cardioprotective, anti-diabetic, adaptogenic, anti-arthritic, anti-stress, and antimicrobial [...] Read more.
Withania somnifera, commonly known as Ashwagandha, has been popular for many years. Numerous studies have shown that the extract of this plant, due to its wealth of active substances, can induce anti-inflammatory, neuroprotective, immunomodulatory, hepatoprotective, cardioprotective, anti-diabetic, adaptogenic, anti-arthritic, anti-stress, and antimicrobial effects. This review examines the impact of Ashwagandha extract on the vascular endothelium, inflammation, lipid metabolism, and cardiovascular outcomes. Studies have shown that Ashwagandha extracts exhibit an anti-angiogenic effect by inhibiting vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-induced capillary sprouting and formation by lowering the mean density of microvessels. Furthermore, the results of numerous studies highlight the anti-inflammatory role of Ashwagandha extract, as the action of this plant causes a decrease in the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Interestingly, withanolides, present in Ashwagandha root, have shown the ability to inhibit the differentiation of preadipocytes into adipocytes. Research results have also proved that W. somnifera demonstrates cardioprotective effects due to its antioxidant properties and reduces ischemia/reperfusion-induced apoptosis. It seems that this plant can be successfully used as a potential treatment for several conditions, mainly those with increased inflammation. More research is needed to elucidate the exact mechanisms by which the substances contained in W. somnifera extracts can act in the human body. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Effects of Plant Extracts on Human Health)
20 pages, 1167 KB  
Review
The Role of Nutrition on Thyroid Function
by Anna-Mariia Shulhai, Roberta Rotondo, Maddalena Petraroli, Viviana Patianna, Barbara Predieri, Lorenzo Iughetti, Susanna Esposito and Maria Elisabeth Street
Nutrients 2024, 16(15), 2496; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16152496 - 31 Jul 2024
Cited by 91 | Viewed by 65460
Abstract
Thyroid function is closely linked to nutrition through the diet–gut–thyroid axis. This narrative review highlights the influence of nutritional components and micronutrients on thyroid development and function, as well as on the gut microbiota. Micronutrients such as iodine, selenium, iron, zinc, copper, magnesium, [...] Read more.
Thyroid function is closely linked to nutrition through the diet–gut–thyroid axis. This narrative review highlights the influence of nutritional components and micronutrients on thyroid development and function, as well as on the gut microbiota. Micronutrients such as iodine, selenium, iron, zinc, copper, magnesium, vitamin A, and vitamin B12 influence thyroid hormone synthesis and regulation throughout life. Dietary changes can alter the gut microbiota, leading not just to dysbiosis and micronutrient deficiency but also to changes in thyroid function through immunological regulation, nutrient absorption, and epigenetic changes. Nutritional imbalance can lead to thyroid dysfunction and/or disorders, such as hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism, and possibly contribute to autoimmune thyroid diseases and thyroid cancer, yet controversial issues. Understanding these relationships is important to rationalize a balanced diet rich in essential micronutrients for maintaining thyroid health and preventing thyroid-related diseases. The synthetic comprehensive overview of current knowledge shows the importance of micronutrients and gut microbiota for thyroid function and uncovers potential gaps that require further investigation. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mineral Nutrition on Human Health and Disease)
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11 pages, 257 KB  
Review
Advancing the Understanding of Malnutrition in the Elderly Population: Current Insights and Future Directions
by Anna Tomasiewicz, Jacek Polański and Wojciech Tański
Nutrients 2024, 16(15), 2502; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16152502 - 31 Jul 2024
Cited by 42 | Viewed by 11273
Abstract
Malnutrition is a growing public health problem leading to increased morbidity and mortality worldwide. Up to 50% of elderly patients are hospitalized due to this condition. In this review, we focused on analyzing the current diagnostic criteria for malnutrition among the elderly population [...] Read more.
Malnutrition is a growing public health problem leading to increased morbidity and mortality worldwide. Up to 50% of elderly patients are hospitalized due to this condition. In this review, we focused on analyzing the current diagnostic criteria for malnutrition among the elderly population and proposing promising solutions. Currently used diagnostic methods such as BMI or serum albumin levels are not sufficient to indicate malnutrition, which is affected by many factors, including the number of chronic diseases, multiple medications taken, or physical condition. Moreover, current recommendations are inadequate because they fail to account for various factors such as chronic illnesses, multiple medications, and bodily changes that are crucial in diagnostic evaluations. There is a noticeable gap between these recommendations and actual clinical practice. Nevertheless, developing more precise, non-invasive biomarkers and personalized nutrition strategies has to be explored. One of these strategies we discuss in our review is multidisciplinary approaches that combine nutrition, physical activity, and psychosocial support. Addressing malnutrition among the elderly should rely on standardized protocols and personalized interventions to enhance their nutritional health and overall well-being. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Geriatric Nutrition)
26 pages, 1115 KB  
Review
Functional Lipids and Cardiovascular Disease Reduction: A Concise Review
by Deborah O. Omachi, Alberta N. A. Aryee and John O. Onuh
Nutrients 2024, 16(15), 2453; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16152453 - 28 Jul 2024
Cited by 31 | Viewed by 9778
Abstract
Functional lipids are dietary substances that may have an impact on human health by lowering the risk of chronic illnesses and enhancing the quality of life. Numerous functional lipids have been reported to have potential health benefits in the prevention, management, and treatment [...] Read more.
Functional lipids are dietary substances that may have an impact on human health by lowering the risk of chronic illnesses and enhancing the quality of life. Numerous functional lipids have been reported to have potential health benefits in the prevention, management, and treatment of cardiovascular disease, the leading cause of death in the United States. However, there is still insufficient and contradictory information in the literature about their effectiveness and associated mechanisms of action. The objective of this review, therefore, is to evaluate available literature regarding these functional lipids and their health benefits. Various studies have been conducted to understand the links between functional lipids and the prevention and treatment of chronic diseases. Recent studies on phytosterols have reported that CLA, medium-chain triglycerides, and omega-3 and 6 fatty acids have positive effects on human health. Also, eicosanoids, which are the metabolites of these fatty acids, are produced in relation to the ratio of omega-3 to omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids and may modulate disease conditions. These functional lipids are available either in dietary or supplement forms and have been proven to be efficient, accessible, and inexpensive to be included in the diet. However, further research is required to properly elucidate the dosages, dietary intake, effectiveness, and their mechanisms of action in addition to the development of valid disease biomarkers and long-term effects in humans. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Plant-Based Diets in CVD Prevention: Molecular Mechanisms and Biochemical Insights)
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