Nutrients

42 pages, 996 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Animal- and Plant-Based Protein Sources: A Scoping Review of Human Health Outcomes and Environmental Impact

by Luca Ferrari, Stefan-Alexandru Panaite, Antonella Bertazzo and Francesco Visioli

Nutrients 2022, 14(23), 5115; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14235115 - 1 Dec 2022

Cited by 30 | Viewed by 15733

Dietary proteins are indispensable to human nutrition. In addition to their tissue-building function, they affect body composition and regulate various metabolic pathways, as well as satiety and immune system activity. Protein use can be examined from a quantitative or qualitative viewpoint. In this [...] Read more.

Dietary proteins are indispensable to human nutrition. In addition to their tissue-building function, they affect body composition and regulate various metabolic pathways, as well as satiety and immune system activity. Protein use can be examined from a quantitative or qualitative viewpoint. In this scoping review, we compare animal- and plant-based protein sources in terms of their effects on human health and the environment. We conclude that the consumption of vegetable protein sources is associated with better health outcomes overall (namely, on the cardiovascular system) than animal-based product use. The healthier outcomes of vegetable protein sources dovetail with their lower environmental impact, which must be considered when designing an optimal diet. Indeed, the health of the planet cannot be disjointed from the health of the human being. Future research will clarify the mechanisms of action underlying the health effects of plant-based protein sources when compared with animal sources, fostering better agronomic practices and influencing public health in a direction that will benefit both the planet and its inhabitants. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Proteins and Amino Acids)

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20 pages, 825 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Nongenomic Activities of Vitamin D

by Michał A. Żmijewski

Nutrients 2022, 14(23), 5104; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14235104 - 1 Dec 2022

Cited by 32 | Viewed by 5623

Abstract

Vitamin D shows a variety of pleiotropic activities which cannot be fully explained by the stimulation of classic pathway- and vitamin D receptor (VDR)-dependent transcriptional modulation. Thus, existence of rapid and nongenomic responses to vitamin D was suggested. An active form of vitamin [...] Read more.

Vitamin D shows a variety of pleiotropic activities which cannot be fully explained by the stimulation of classic pathway- and vitamin D receptor (VDR)-dependent transcriptional modulation. Thus, existence of rapid and nongenomic responses to vitamin D was suggested. An active form of vitamin D (calcitriol, 1,25(OH)₂D₃) is an essential regulator of calcium–phosphate homeostasis, and this process is tightly regulated by VDR genomic activity. However, it seems that early in evolution, the production of secosteroids (vitamin-D-like steroids) and their subsequent photodegradation served as a protective mechanism against ultraviolet radiation and oxidative stress. Consequently, direct cell-protective activities of vitamin D were proven. Furthermore, calcitriol triggers rapid calcium influx through epithelia and its uptake by a variety of cells. Subsequently, protein disulfide-isomerase A3 (PDIA3) was described as a membrane vitamin D receptor responsible for rapid nongenomic responses. Vitamin D was also found to stimulate a release of secondary massagers and modulate several intracellular processes—including cell cycle, proliferation, or immune responses—through wingless (WNT), sonic hedgehog (SSH), STAT1-3, or NF-kappaB pathways. Megalin and its coreceptor, cubilin, facilitate the import of vitamin D complex with vitamin-D-binding protein (DBP), and its involvement in rapid membrane responses was suggested. Vitamin D also directly and indirectly influences mitochondrial function, including fusion–fission, energy production, mitochondrial membrane potential, activity of ion channels, and apoptosis. Although mechanisms of the nongenomic responses to vitamin D are still not fully understood, in this review, their impact on physiology, pathology, and potential clinical applications will be discussed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue A Commemorative Issue in Honor of Centennial of the Discovery of Vitamin D-The Central Role of Vitamin D in Physiology)

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26 pages, 1494 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

The Role of Ketogenic Diet in the Treatment of Neurological Diseases

by Damian Dyńka, Katarzyna Kowalcze and Agnieszka Paziewska

Nutrients 2022, 14(23), 5003; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14235003 - 24 Nov 2022

Cited by 50 | Viewed by 21218

Abstract

Over a hundred years of study on the favourable effect of ketogenic diets in the treatment of epilepsy have contributed to a long-lasting discussion on its potential influence on other neurological diseases. A significant increase in the number of scientific studies in that [...] Read more.

Over a hundred years of study on the favourable effect of ketogenic diets in the treatment of epilepsy have contributed to a long-lasting discussion on its potential influence on other neurological diseases. A significant increase in the number of scientific studies in that field has been currently observed. The aim of this paper is a widespread, thorough analysis of the available scientific evidence in respect of the role of the ketogenic diet in the therapy of neurological diseases such as: epilepsy, Alzheimer’s disease (AD), Parkinson’s disease (PD), multiple sclerosis (MS) and migraine. A wide range of the mechanisms of action of the ketogenic diet has been demonstrated in neurological diseases, including, among other effects, its influence on the reduction in inflammatory conditions and the amount of reactive oxygen species (ROS), the restoration of the myelin sheath of the neurons, the formation and regeneration of mitochondria, neuronal metabolism, the provision of an alternative source of energy for neurons (ketone bodies), the reduction in glucose and insulin concentrations, the reduction in amyloid plaques, the induction of autophagy, the alleviation of microglia activation, the reduction in excessive neuronal activation, the modulation of intestinal microbiota, the expression of genes, dopamine production and the increase in glutamine conversion into GABA. The studies discussed (including randomised controlled studies), conducted in neurological patients, have stressed the effectiveness of the ketogenic diet in the treatment of epilepsy and have demonstrated its promising therapeutic potential in Alzheimer’s disease (AD), Parkinson’s disease (PD), multiple sclerosis (MS) and migraine. A frequent advantage of the diet was demonstrated over non-ketogenic diets (in the control groups) in the therapy of neurological diseases, with simultaneous safety and feasibility when conducting the nutritional model. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutritional Support for Chronic Disease)

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13 pages, 1241 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Effects of l-Arginine Plus Vitamin C Supplementation on Physical Performance, Endothelial Function, and Persistent Fatigue in Adults with Long COVID: A Single-Blind Randomized Controlled Trial

by Matteo Tosato, Riccardo Calvani, Anna Picca, Francesca Ciciarello, Vincenzo Galluzzo, Hélio José Coelho-Júnior, Angela Di Giorgio, Clara Di Mario, Jacopo Gervasoni, Elisa Gremese, Paolo Maria Leone, Antonio Nesci, Anna Maria Paglionico, Angelo Santoliquido, Luca Santoro, Lavinia Santucci, Barbara Tolusso, Andrea Urbani, Federico Marini, Emanuele Marzetti and Francesco Landi Show full author list Hide full author list

Nutrients 2022, 14(23), 4984; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14234984 - 23 Nov 2022

Cited by 37 | Viewed by 19415

Abstract

Long COVID, a condition characterized by symptom and/or sign persistence following an acute COVID-19 episode, is associated with reduced physical performance and endothelial dysfunction. Supplementation of l-arginine may improve endothelial and muscle function by stimulating nitric oxide synthesis. A single-blind randomized, placebo-controlled [...] Read more.

Long COVID, a condition characterized by symptom and/or sign persistence following an acute COVID-19 episode, is associated with reduced physical performance and endothelial dysfunction. Supplementation of l-arginine may improve endothelial and muscle function by stimulating nitric oxide synthesis. A single-blind randomized, placebo-controlled trial was conducted in adults aged between 20 and 60 years with persistent fatigue attending a post-acute COVID-19 outpatient clinic. Participants were randomized 1:1 to receive twice-daily orally either a combination of 1.66 g l-arginine plus 500 mg liposomal vitamin C or a placebo for 28 days. The primary outcome was the distance walked on the 6 min walk test. Secondary outcomes were handgrip strength, flow-mediated dilation, and fatigue persistence. Fifty participants were randomized to receive either l-arginine plus vitamin C or a placebo. Forty-six participants (median (interquartile range) age 51 (14), 30 [65%] women), 23 per group, received the intervention to which they were allocated and completed the study. At 28 days, l-arginine plus vitamin C increased the 6 min walk distance (+30 (40.5) m; placebo: +0 (75) m, p = 0.001) and induced a greater improvement in handgrip strength (+3.4 (7.5) kg) compared with the placebo (+1 (6.6) kg, p = 0.03). The flow-mediated dilation was greater in the active group than in the placebo (14.3% (7.3) vs. 9.4% (5.8), p = 0.03). At 28 days, fatigue was reported by two participants in the active group (8.7%) and 21 in the placebo group (80.1%; p < 0.0001). l-arginine plus vitamin C supplementation improved walking performance, muscle strength, endothelial function, and fatigue in adults with long COVID. This supplement may, therefore, be considered to restore physical performance and relieve persistent symptoms in this patient population. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dietary Supplements in Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases)

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21 pages, 2381 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Molecular Mechanisms for Ketone Body Metabolism, Signaling Functions, and Therapeutic Potential in Cancer

by Chi Yeon Hwang, Wonchae Choe, Kyung-Sik Yoon, Joohun Ha, Sung Soo Kim, Eui-Ju Yeo and Insug Kang

Nutrients 2022, 14(22), 4932; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14224932 - 21 Nov 2022

Cited by 31 | Viewed by 10032

Abstract

The ketone bodies (KBs) β-hydroxybutyrate and acetoacetate are important alternative energy sources for glucose during nutrient deprivation. KBs synthesized by hepatic ketogenesis are catabolized to acetyl-CoA through ketolysis in extrahepatic tissues, followed by the tricarboxylic acid cycle and electron transport chain for ATP [...] Read more.

The ketone bodies (KBs) β-hydroxybutyrate and acetoacetate are important alternative energy sources for glucose during nutrient deprivation. KBs synthesized by hepatic ketogenesis are catabolized to acetyl-CoA through ketolysis in extrahepatic tissues, followed by the tricarboxylic acid cycle and electron transport chain for ATP production. Ketogenesis and ketolysis are regulated by the key rate-limiting enzymes, 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA synthase 2 and succinyl-CoA:3-oxoacid-CoA transferase, respectively. KBs participate in various cellular processes as signaling molecules. KBs bind to G protein-coupled receptors. The most abundant KB, β-hydroxybutyrate, regulates gene expression and other cellular functions by inducing post-translational modifications. KBs protect tissues by regulating inflammation and oxidative stress. Recently, interest in KBs has been increasing due to their potential for treatment of various diseases such as neurological and cardiovascular diseases and cancer. Cancer cells reprogram their metabolism to maintain rapid cell growth and proliferation. Dysregulation of KB metabolism also plays a role in tumorigenesis in various types of cancer. Targeting metabolic changes through dietary interventions, including fasting and ketogenic diets, has shown beneficial effects in cancer therapy. Here, we review current knowledge of the molecular mechanisms involved in the regulation of KB metabolism and cellular signaling functions, and the therapeutic potential of KBs and ketogenic diets in cancer. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Nutrition and Metabolism)

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18 pages, 5845 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Once-Weekly Subcutaneous Semaglutide Improves Fatty Liver Disease in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes: A 52-Week Prospective Real-Life Study

by Sara Volpe, Giuseppe Lisco, Margherita Fanelli, Davide Racaniello, Valentina Colaianni, Domenico Triggiani, Rossella Donghia, Lucilla Crudele, Roberta Rinaldi, Carlo Sabbà, Vincenzo Triggiani, Giovanni De Pergola and Giuseppina Piazzolla

Nutrients 2022, 14(21), 4673; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14214673 - 4 Nov 2022

Cited by 30 | Viewed by 5717

Abstract

Background. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is commonly observed in patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D). Semaglutide, a glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonist, may have a therapeutic role by targeting common mechanisms involved in the pathophysiology of T2D and NAFLD. The study aimed [...] Read more.

Background. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is commonly observed in patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D). Semaglutide, a glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonist, may have a therapeutic role by targeting common mechanisms involved in the pathophysiology of T2D and NAFLD. The study aimed to assess the effectiveness of Semaglutide on NAFLD in patients with T2D. Methods. Forty-eight patients were treated with subcutaneous Semaglutide in add-on to metformin for 52 weeks. After the baseline visit (T0), follow-up was scheduled quarterly (T3, and T6) and then at 12 months of therapy (T12). During each visit, body composition was analyzed by phase-sensitive bio-impedance, and NAFLD was diagnosed and staged by Ultrasound (US) imaging. Surrogate biomarkers of NAFLD were also calculated and followed over time. Results. A significant decrease in anthropometric and glucometabolic parameters, insulin resistance, liver enzymes, and laboratory indices of hepatic steatosis was observed during treatment. Similarly, fat mass and visceral adipose tissue (VAT) decreased over time more than skeletal muscle and free-fat mass. US-assessed VAT thickness and the 12-point steatosis score also declined at T3 up to T12. Liver steatosis improved in most patients (70%), showing a reduction by at least one class in the semiquantitative US staging. Conclusion. Besides glucose control and body composition improvements, Semaglutide was effective in ameliorating the clinical appearance and severity of NAFLD in T2D patients. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Nutrition and Diabetes)

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20 pages, 1104 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Diet in the Prevention of Alzheimer’s Disease: Current Knowledge and Future Research Requirements

by Oliwia Stefaniak, Małgorzata Dobrzyńska, Sławomira Drzymała-Czyż and Juliusz Przysławski

Nutrients 2022, 14(21), 4564; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14214564 - 30 Oct 2022

Cited by 40 | Viewed by 12368

Abstract

Alzheimer’s disease is a progressive brain disease that is becoming a major health problem in today’s world due to the aging population. Despite it being widely known that diet has a significant impact on the prevention and progression of Alzheimer’s disease, the literature [...] Read more.

Alzheimer’s disease is a progressive brain disease that is becoming a major health problem in today’s world due to the aging population. Despite it being widely known that diet has a significant impact on the prevention and progression of Alzheimer’s disease, the literature data are still scarce and controversial. The application of the principles of rational nutrition for the elderly is suggested for Alzheimer’s disease. The diet should be rich in neuroprotective nutrients, i.e., antioxidants, B vitamins, and polyunsaturated fatty acids. Some studies suggest that diets such as the Mediterranean diet, the DASH (Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension) diet, and the MIND (Mediterranean-DASH Intervention for Neurodegenerative Delay) diet have a beneficial effect on the risk of developing Alzheimer’s disease. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Nutritional Epidemiology)

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19 pages, 597 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Race and Ethnicity in Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD): A Narrative Review

by Kiarash Riazi, Mark G. Swain, Stephen E. Congly, Gilaad G. Kaplan and Abdel-Aziz Shaheen

Nutrients 2022, 14(21), 4556; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14214556 - 28 Oct 2022

Cited by 26 | Viewed by 3012

Abstract

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a significant public health concern worldwide with a complex etiology attributed to behavioural, environmental, and genetic causes. The worldwide prevalence of NAFLD is estimated to be 32.4% and constantly rising. Global data, however, indicate considerable heterogeneity among [...] Read more.

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a significant public health concern worldwide with a complex etiology attributed to behavioural, environmental, and genetic causes. The worldwide prevalence of NAFLD is estimated to be 32.4% and constantly rising. Global data, however, indicate considerable heterogeneity among studies for both NAFLD prevalence and incidence. Identifying variables that affect the estimated epidemiological measures is essential to all stakeholders, including patients, researchers, healthcare providers, and policymakers. Besides helping with the research on disease etiology, it helps to identify individuals at risk of the disease, which in turn will outline the focus of the preventive measures and help to fittingly tailor individualized treatments, targeted prevention, screening, or treatment programs. Several studies suggest differences in the prevalence and severity of NAFLD by race or ethnicity, which may be linked to differences in lifestyle, diet, metabolic comorbidity profile, and genetic background, among others. Race/ethnicity research is essential as it can provide valuable information regarding biological and genetic differences among people with similar cultural, dietary, and geographical backgrounds. In this review, we examined the existing literature on race/ethnicity differences in susceptibility to NAFLD and discussed the contributing variables to such differences, including diet and physical activity, the comorbidity profile, and genetic susceptibility. We also reviewed the limitations of race/ethnicity studies in NAFLD. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Nutritional Epidemiology)

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20 pages, 574 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

The Role of Diet and Dietary Patterns in Parkinson’s Disease

by Emily Knight, Thangiah Geetha, Donna Burnett and Jeganathan Ramesh Babu

Nutrients 2022, 14(21), 4472; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14214472 - 25 Oct 2022

Cited by 24 | Viewed by 8499

Abstract

Parkinson’s Disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder associated with diminished nutrition status and decreased quality of life. While the prevalence of PD is expected to increase, no preventative or curative therapy for PD exists at this time. Although nutrition and diet represent modifiable [...] Read more.

Parkinson’s Disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder associated with diminished nutrition status and decreased quality of life. While the prevalence of PD is expected to increase, no preventative or curative therapy for PD exists at this time. Although nutrition and diet represent modifiable risk factors for reducing chronic disease risk, research on the impact of single nutrients on PD has yielded mixed results. As a result, this single-nutrient approach may be the driving force behind the inconsistency, and a holistic dietary approach may overcome this inconsistency by accounting for the interactions between nutrients. The following review aims to examine the impact of a generally healthy dietary pattern, the protein-restricted diet (PRD), the ketogenic diet (KD), the Mediterranean diet (MD), and the Mediterranean-DASH Intervention for Neurodegenerative Delay (MIND) diet on PD risk, progression, and severity. While most of the included studies support the role of diet and dietary patterns in reducing the risk of PD or alleviating PD severity, the inconsistent results and need for further evidence necessitate more research being conducted before making dietary recommendations. Research on the potential beneficial effects of dietary patterns on PD should also investigate potential risks. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Cutting Edge in Brain Foods: Understanding How Food Components Improve Brain Function at the Molecular and System Level)

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20 pages, 987 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Vitamin D and the Central Nervous System: Causative and Preventative Mechanisms in Brain Disorders

by Xiaoying Cui and Darryl W. Eyles

Nutrients 2022, 14(20), 4353; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14204353 - 17 Oct 2022

Cited by 45 | Viewed by 5199

Abstract

Twenty of the last one hundred years of vitamin D research have involved investigations of the brain as a target organ for this hormone. Our group was one of the first to investigate brain outcomes resulting from primarily restricting dietary vitamin D during [...] Read more.

Twenty of the last one hundred years of vitamin D research have involved investigations of the brain as a target organ for this hormone. Our group was one of the first to investigate brain outcomes resulting from primarily restricting dietary vitamin D during brain development. With the advent of new molecular and neurochemical techniques in neuroscience, there has been increasing interest in the potential neuroprotective actions of vitamin D in response to a variety of adverse exposures and how this hormone could affect brain development and function. Rather than provide an exhaustive summary of this data and a listing of neurological or psychiatric conditions that vitamin D deficiency has been associated with, here, we provide an update on the actions of this vitamin in the brain and cellular processes vitamin D may be targeting in psychiatry and neurology. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue A Commemorative Issue in Honor of Centennial of the Discovery of Vitamin D-The Central Role of Vitamin D in Physiology)

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10 pages, 475 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Evolving Concepts on Inflammatory Biomarkers and Malnutrition in Chronic Kidney Disease

by Fredzzia Graterol Torres, María Molina, Jordi Soler-Majoral, Gregorio Romero-González, Néstor Rodríguez Chitiva, Maribel Troya-Saborido, Guillem Socias Rullan, Elena Burgos, Javier Paúl Martínez, Marina Urrutia Jou, Carles Cañameras, Josep Riera Sadurní, Anna Vila and Jordi Bover

Nutrients 2022, 14(20), 4297; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14204297 - 14 Oct 2022

Cited by 38 | Viewed by 5324

Abstract

While patient care, kidney replacement therapy, and transplantation techniques for chronic kidney disease (CKD) have continued to progress, the incidence of malnutrition disorders in CKD appears to have remained unchanged over time. However, there is now a better understanding of the underlying pathophysiology [...] Read more.

While patient care, kidney replacement therapy, and transplantation techniques for chronic kidney disease (CKD) have continued to progress, the incidence of malnutrition disorders in CKD appears to have remained unchanged over time. However, there is now a better understanding of the underlying pathophysiology according to the disease background, disease stage, and the treatment received. In CKD patients, the increased production of proinflammatory cytokines and oxidative stress lead to a proinflammatory milieu that is at least partially responsible for the increased morbidity and mortality in this patient population. New insights into the pathogenic role of innate immunity and the proinflammatory cytokine profile, characterized, for instance, by higher levels of IL-6 and TNF-α, explain some of the clinical and laboratory abnormalities observed in these patients. In this article, we will explore currently available nutritional–inflammatory biomarkers in distinct CKD populations (hemodialysis, peritoneal dialysis, transplantation) with a view to evaluating their efficacy as predictors of malnutrition and their involvement in the common proinflammatory process. Although there is a direct relationship between inflammatory-nutritional status, signs and symptoms [e.g., protein-energy wasting (PEW), anorexia], and comorbidities (e.g., atheromatosis, atherosclerosis), we are in need of clearly standardized markers for nutritional-inflammatory assessment to improve their performance and design appropriate bidirectional interventions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Relevant Nutritional, Biochemical and Molecular Disorders in CKD)

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14 pages, 2637 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Vitamin C Supplementation for the Treatment of COVID-19: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

by Monika Olczak-Pruc, Damian Swieczkowski, Jerzy R. Ladny, Michal Pruc, Raul Juarez-Vela, Zubaid Rafique, Frank W. Peacock and Lukasz Szarpak

Nutrients 2022, 14(19), 4217; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14194217 - 10 Oct 2022

Cited by 28 | Viewed by 7425

Abstract

Since the outbreak of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, caused by the severe respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), millions of people have died, and the medical system has faced significant difficulties. Our purpose was to perform a meta-analysis to estimate the effect [...] Read more.

Since the outbreak of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, caused by the severe respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), millions of people have died, and the medical system has faced significant difficulties. Our purpose was to perform a meta-analysis to estimate the effect of vitamin C on in-hospital mortality and the ICU or hospital length of stay for patients diagnosed with COVID-19. We conducted a systematic review with meta-analysis in the following databases: PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials. We included studies that evaluated the effect of vitamin C supplementation, compared with standard treatment in COVID-19 patients who are ≥18 y of age. Nineteen trials were included in the meta-analysis. In-hospital mortality with and without vitamin C supplementation was 24.1% vs. 33.9% (OR = 0.59; 95%CI: 0.37 to 0.95; p = 0.03), respectively. Sub-analysis showed that, in randomized clinical trials, in-hospital mortality varied and amounted to 23.9% vs. 35.8% (OR = 0.44; 95%CI: 0.25 to 0.76; p = 0.003), respectively. In the non-randomized trials, in-hospital mortality was 24.2% vs. 33.5% (OR = 0.72; 95%CI: 0.38 to 1.39; p = 0.33), respectively. The ICU length of stay was longer in patients treated with vitamin C vs. standard therapy, 11.1 (7.3) vs. 8.3 (4.7) days (MD = 1.91; 95%CI: 0.89 to 2.93; p < 0.001), respectively. Acute kidney injury in patients treated with and without vitamin C varied and amounted to 27.8% vs. 45.0% (OR = 0.56; 95%CI: 0.40 to 0.78; p < 0.001), respectively. There were no differences in the frequency of other adverse events among patients’ treatment with and without vitamin C (all p > 0.05). The use of vitamin C reduces hospital mortality. The length of stay in the ICU is longer among patients treated with vitamin C. In terms of patient safety, vitamin C has an acceptable profile. Low doses of vitamin C are effective and safe. Despite some evidence of the usefulness of vitamin C in modifying the course of COVID-19, it is too early to modify guidelines and recommendations. Further studies, in particular randomized clinical trials, are necessary. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutrition for Prevention and Control of Chronic Degenerative Diseases and COVID-19)

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16 pages, 1298 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Prevalence of Dietary Supplement Use among Athletes Worldwide: A Scoping Review

by Jana Daher, Moriah Mallick and Dalia El Khoury

Nutrients 2022, 14(19), 4109; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14194109 - 3 Oct 2022

Cited by 30 | Viewed by 5975

Abstract

Athletes represent a major part of dietary supplement users. This scoping review aims to explore the prevalence of dietary supplement use among athletes worldwide, most commonly used supplements, sources of information on dietary supplements and their reasons for use of these supplements. PubMed, [...] Read more.

Athletes represent a major part of dietary supplement users. This scoping review aims to explore the prevalence of dietary supplement use among athletes worldwide, most commonly used supplements, sources of information on dietary supplements and their reasons for use of these supplements. PubMed, CINAHL, MEDLINE, and PsycInfo were searched for original research articles. Studies were included if they involved athletes, identified the prevalence of dietary supplement use, and were published after 2017. A total of 26 articles were reviewed. Prevalence of dietary supplement use varied among articles, but sex-based differences related to the types of used dietary supplements existed. Generally, the findings were consistent in terms of reasons for use and sources of information. Unfortunately, the lack of homogeneity regarding the definition of dietary supplements, definition of use, reporting timeframes, and data collection methods complicates the attempt to compare the findings among studies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in Nutrition for Disease Prevention and Sports Performance Enhancement)

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14 pages, 279 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

The Prevalence of Hyperuricemia and Its Correlates among Adults in China: Results from CNHS 2015–2017

by Wei Piao, Liyun Zhao, Yuxiang Yang, Hongyun Fang, Lahong Ju, Shuya Cai and Dongmei Yu

Nutrients 2022, 14(19), 4095; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14194095 - 2 Oct 2022

Cited by 33 | Viewed by 3347

Abstract

This study aimed to investigate the prevalence of hyperuricemia (HUA) and associated risk factors in Chinese adults aged 18 to 59 years. All the data were collected from the China Nutrition and Health Surveillance during the period 2015–2017, which adopted a stratified, multistage, [...] Read more.

This study aimed to investigate the prevalence of hyperuricemia (HUA) and associated risk factors in Chinese adults aged 18 to 59 years. All the data were collected from the China Nutrition and Health Surveillance during the period 2015–2017, which adopted a stratified, multistage, random sampling method on a national scale. A total of 52,627 participants aged 18 years or older were included in this study. The definition of hyperuricemia was 420 μmol/L for male and 360 μmol/L for female. The Rao–Scott chi-square test was used to compare the differences in prevalence between or among the subgroups. A weighted two-level multivariate survey-logistic regression was used to detect the correlations between HUA and demographic, physical, lifestyle and metabolic factors. The total prevalence of HUA was 15.1%, and that was higher in male, current smokers, higher BMI and less physical activities subgroups, and also in noninfectious chronic diseases (NCDs) subgroups. The subgroups of non-vegetarian diet, insufficient vegetable intakes and excessive red meat and alcohol intakes had significantly higher HUA prevalence. After introducing all the variables in the survey-logistic regression, gender, age, BMI, physically active, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, bean and nut intake, vegetable intake, red meat intake, alcohol consumption and vegetarian were associated with HUA. Among the significant variables, age and physical active served as a protective factor, and BMI showed to be a risk factor for HUA. Hypertension and dyslipidemia could increase the risk for HUA, while diabetes mellitus was shown a negative association with it. For dietary factors, vegetarian diet, sufficient beans and nuts and vegetables intake could lower the risk of HUA, but more alcohol could increase the risk of HUA. Dietary factor played a key role in HUA. It suggested that the intervention of dietary factor should receive more attention to ameliorate the high prevalence of HUA in China. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dietary Intake and Health throughout the Life Cycle)

21 pages, 745 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceSystematic Review

What Are the Effects of Vitamin A Oral Supplementation in the Prevention and Management of Viral Infections? A Systematic Review of Randomized Clinical Trials

by Alessandra Sinopoli, Susanna Caminada, Claudia Isonne, Maria Mercedes Santoro and Valentina Baccolini

Nutrients 2022, 14(19), 4081; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14194081 - 1 Oct 2022

Cited by 21 | Viewed by 4527

Abstract

Vitamin A (VA) deficiency is associated with increased host susceptibility to infections, but evidence on its role in the prevention and management of viral infections is still lacking. This review aimed at summarizing the effects of VA supplementation against viral infections to support [...] Read more.

Vitamin A (VA) deficiency is associated with increased host susceptibility to infections, but evidence on its role in the prevention and management of viral infections is still lacking. This review aimed at summarizing the effects of VA supplementation against viral infections to support clinicians in evaluating supplemental treatments. PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science were searched. Randomized clinical trials comparing the direct effects of VA oral supplementation in any form vs. placebo or standard of care in the prevention and/or management of confirmed viral infections in people of any age were included. A narrative synthesis of the results was performed. The revised Cochrane Risk-Of-Bias tool was used to assess quality. Overall, 40 articles of heterogeneous quality were included. We found data on infections sustained by Retroviridae (n = 17), Caliciviradae (n = 2), Flaviviridae (n = 1), Papillomaviridae (n = 3), Pneumoviridae (n = 4), and Paramyxoviridae (n = 13). Studies were published between 1987 and 2017 and mostly conducted in Africa. The findings were heterogeneous across and within viral families regarding virological, immunological, and biological response, and no meaningful results were found in the prevention of viral infections. For a few diseases, VA-supplemented individuals had a better prognosis and improved outcomes, including clearance of HPV lesions or reduction in some measles-related complications. The effects of VA oral supplementation seem encouraging in relation to the management of a few viral infections. Difference in populations considered, variety in recruitment and treatment protocols might explain the heterogeneity of the results. Further investigations are needed to better identify the benefits of VA administration. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Vitamins and Human Health)

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15 pages, 1197 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Relationship between Mental Health and Emotional Eating during the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Systematic Review

by Ewelina Burnatowska, Stanisław Surma and Magdalena Olszanecka-Glinianowicz

Nutrients 2022, 14(19), 3989; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14193989 - 26 Sep 2022

Cited by 31 | Viewed by 6562

Abstract

Obesity is one of the most dangerous epidemics of the 21st century. In 2019, the COVID-19 pandemic began and caused many deaths among patients with obesity with and without complications. Simultaneously, the lockdown related to the COVID-19 pandemic caused a host of emotional [...] Read more.

Obesity is one of the most dangerous epidemics of the 21st century. In 2019, the COVID-19 pandemic began and caused many deaths among patients with obesity with and without complications. Simultaneously, the lockdown related to the COVID-19 pandemic caused a host of emotional problems including anxiety, depression, and sleep disturbances. Many people began to cope with their emotions by increasing food (emotional eating) and alcohol consumption and in combination with decreased physical activity, promoted the development of overweight and obesity. Emotional eating, also known as stress eating, is defined as the propensity to eat in response to positive and negative emotions and not physical need. It should be noted that emotional eating may be the first step in the development of binge eating disorder and its extreme subtypes such as food addiction. Interestingly in some post-bariatric surgery patients, an increased frequency of addictive disorders has been observed, for example food addiction replaced by alcohol addiction called: “cross addiction” or “addiction transfer”. This data indicates that obesity should be treated as a psychosomatic disease, in the development of which external factors causing the formation of negative emotions may play a significant role. Currently, one of these factors is the COVID-19 pandemic. This manuscript discusses the relationships between the COVID-19 pandemic and development of emotional eating as well as potential implications of the viral pandemic on the obesity pandemic, and the need to change the approach to the treatment of obesity in the future. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Nutrition and Obesity)

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19 pages, 1191 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Nutritional Composition and Estimated Iron and Zinc Bioavailability of Meat Substitutes Available on the Swedish Market

by Inger-Cecilia Mayer Labba, Hannah Steinhausen, Linnéa Almius, Knud Erik Bach Knudsen and Ann-Sofie Sandberg

Nutrients 2022, 14(19), 3903; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14193903 - 21 Sep 2022

Cited by 28 | Viewed by 26633

Abstract

Transition towards plant-based diets is advocated to reduce the climate footprint. Health implications of a diet composed of meat substitutes are currently unknown, and there are knowledge gaps in their nutritional composition and quality. Samples of available meat substitutes were bought in two [...] Read more.

Transition towards plant-based diets is advocated to reduce the climate footprint. Health implications of a diet composed of meat substitutes are currently unknown, and there are knowledge gaps in their nutritional composition and quality. Samples of available meat substitutes were bought in two convenience stores in the city of Gothenburg, Sweden, and were included in the study. Meat substitutes (n = 44) were analyzed for their contents of dietary fiber, fat, iron, zinc, phytate, salt, total phenolics and protein, as well as for their amino acid and fatty acid composition. Bioavailability of iron and zinc was estimated based on the phytate:mineral molar ratio. We found large variations in the nutritional composition of the analyzed meat substitutes. Amino acid profiles seemed to be affected by processing methods. Mycoprotein products were rich in zinc, with a median content of 6.7 mg/100 g, and had very low content of phytate, which suggests mycoprotein as a good source of zinc. Degradability of fungal cell walls might, however, pose as a potential aggravating factor. None of the products could be regarded as a good source of iron due to very high content of phytate (9 to 1151 mg/100 g) and/or low content of iron (0.4 to 4.7 mg/100 g). Phytate:iron molar ratios in products with iron contents >2.1 mg/100 g ranged from 2.5 to 45. Tempeh stood out as a protein source with large potential due to low phytate content (24 mg/100 g) and an iron content (2 mg/100 g) close to the level of a nutrition claim. Producers of the products analyzed in this study appear to use nutritional claims regarding iron that appear not in line with European regulations, since the iron is in a form not available by the body. Meat substitutes analyzed in this study do not contribute to absorbed iron in a relevant manner. Individuals following mainly plant-based diets have to meet their iron needs through other sources. Salt and saturated fat were high in certain products, while other products were more in line with nutritional recommendations. Further investigation of the nutritional and health effects of protein extraction and extrusion is needed. We conclude that nutritional knowledge needs to be implemented in product development of meat substitutes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Nutrition and Public Health)

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16 pages, 1773 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Vitamin D Supplementation Does Not Influence SARS-CoV-2 Vaccine Efficacy or Immunogenicity: Sub-Studies Nested within the CORONAVIT Randomised Controlled Trial

by David A. Jolliffe, Giulia Vivaldi, Emma S. Chambers, Weigang Cai, Wenhao Li, Sian E. Faustini, Joseph M. Gibbons, Corinna Pade, Anna K. Coussens, Alex G. Richter, Áine McKnight and Adrian R. Martineau

Nutrients 2022, 14(18), 3821; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14183821 - 16 Sep 2022

Cited by 23 | Viewed by 3577

Abstract

Vitamin D deficiency has been reported to associate with the impaired development of antigen-specific responses following vaccination. We aimed to determine whether vitamin D supplements might boost the immunogenicity and efficacy of SARS-CoV-2 vaccination by conducting three sub-studies nested within the CORONAVIT randomised [...] Read more.

Vitamin D deficiency has been reported to associate with the impaired development of antigen-specific responses following vaccination. We aimed to determine whether vitamin D supplements might boost the immunogenicity and efficacy of SARS-CoV-2 vaccination by conducting three sub-studies nested within the CORONAVIT randomised controlled trial, which investigated the effects of offering vitamin D supplements at a dose of 800 IU/day or 3200 IU/day vs. no offer on risk of acute respiratory infections in UK adults with circulating 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations <75 nmol/L. Sub-study 1 (n = 2808) investigated the effects of vitamin D supplementation on the risk of breakthrough SARS-CoV-2 infection following two doses of SARS-CoV-2 vaccine. Sub-study 2 (n = 1853) investigated the effects of vitamin D supplementation on titres of combined IgG, IgA and IgM (IgGAM) anti-Spike antibodies in eluates of dried blood spots collected after SARS-CoV-2 vaccination. Sub-study 3 (n = 100) investigated the effects of vitamin D supplementation on neutralising antibody and cellular responses in venous blood samples collected after SARS-CoV-2 vaccination. In total, 1945/2808 (69.3%) sub-study 1 participants received two doses of ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 (Oxford–AstraZeneca); the remainder received two doses of BNT162b2 (Pfizer). Mean follow-up 25(OH)D concentrations were significantly elevated in the 800 IU/day vs. no-offer group (82.5 vs. 53.6 nmol/L; mean difference 28.8 nmol/L, 95% CI 22.8–34.8) and in the 3200 IU/day vs. no offer group (105.4 vs. 53.6 nmol/L; mean difference 51.7 nmol/L, 45.1–58.4). Vitamin D supplementation did not influence the risk of breakthrough SARS-CoV-2 infection in vaccinated participants (800 IU/day vs. no offer: adjusted hazard ratio 1.28, 95% CI 0.89 to 1.84; 3200 IU/day vs. no offer: 1.17, 0.81 to 1.70). Neither did it influence IgGAM anti-Spike titres, neutralising antibody titres or IFN-γ concentrations in the supernatants of S peptide-stimulated whole blood. In conclusion, vitamin D replacement at a dose of 800 or 3200 IU/day effectively elevated 25(OH)D concentrations, but it did not influence the protective efficacy or immunogenicity of SARS-CoV-2 vaccination when given to adults who had a sub-optimal vitamin D status at baseline. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Effect of Vitamin D on Respiratory Disease)

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31 pages, 1021 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Comparing the Evidence from Observational Studies and Randomized Controlled Trials for Nonskeletal Health Effects of Vitamin D

by William B. Grant, Barbara J. Boucher, Fatme Al Anouti and Stefan Pilz

Nutrients 2022, 14(18), 3811; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14183811 - 15 Sep 2022

Cited by 32 | Viewed by 8733

Abstract

Although observational studies of health outcomes generally suggest beneficial effects with, or following, higher serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] concentrations, randomized controlled trials (RCTs) have generally not supported those findings. Here we review results from observational studies and RCTs regarding how vitamin D status [...] Read more.

Although observational studies of health outcomes generally suggest beneficial effects with, or following, higher serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] concentrations, randomized controlled trials (RCTs) have generally not supported those findings. Here we review results from observational studies and RCTs regarding how vitamin D status affects several nonskeletal health outcomes, including Alzheimer’s disease and dementia, autoimmune diseases, cancers, cardiovascular disease, COVID-19, major depressive disorder, type 2 diabetes, arterial hypertension, all-cause mortality, respiratory tract infections, and pregnancy outcomes. We also consider relevant findings from ecological, Mendelian randomization, and mechanistic studies. Although clear discrepancies exist between findings of observational studies and RCTs on vitamin D and human health benefits these findings should be interpreted cautiously. Bias and confounding are seen in observational studies and vitamin D RCTs have several limitations, largely due to being designed like RCTs of therapeutic drugs, thereby neglecting vitamin D’s being a nutrient with a unique metabolism that requires specific consideration in trial design. Thus, RCTs of vitamin D can fail for several reasons: few participants’ having low baseline 25(OH)D concentrations, relatively small vitamin D doses, participants’ having other sources of vitamin D, and results being analyzed without consideration of achieved 25(OH)D concentrations. Vitamin D status and its relevance for health outcomes can usefully be examined using Hill’s criteria for causality in a biological system from results of observational and other types of studies before further RCTs are considered and those findings would be useful in developing medical and public health policy, as they were for nonsmoking policies. A promising approach for future RCT design is adjustable vitamin D supplementation based on interval serum 25(OH)D concentrations to achieve target 25(OH)D levels suggested by findings from observational studies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue A Commemorative Issue in Honor of Centennial of the Discovery of Vitamin D-The Central Role of Vitamin D in Physiology)

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18 pages, 1525 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Assessment of the Nutritional Quality of Plant Lipids Using Atherogenicity and Thrombogenicity Indices

by Sarvenaz Khalili Tilami and Lenka Kouřimská

Nutrients 2022, 14(18), 3795; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14183795 - 14 Sep 2022

Cited by 24 | Viewed by 2688

Abstract

Dietary lipids derived from plants have different compositions of individual fatty acids (FA), providing different physical and chemical properties with positive or adverse health effects on humans. To evaluate the nutritional value and assess the FA composition of various plants, the atherogenicity (AI) [...] Read more.

Dietary lipids derived from plants have different compositions of individual fatty acids (FA), providing different physical and chemical properties with positive or adverse health effects on humans. To evaluate the nutritional value and assess the FA composition of various plants, the atherogenicity (AI) and thrombogenicity (TI) indices were calculated and reviewed for nine different categories of fats and oils. This included common oils, unconventional oils, nut oils originating from temperate regions, Amazonian and tropical fats and oils, chia seed oil, traditional nuts originating from temperate regions, unconventional nuts, seeds, and fruits, and their products. The main factors influencing fatty acid composition in plants are growth location, genotype, and environmental variation, particularly temperature after flowering, humidity, and frequency of rainfall (exceeding cultivar variation). The lowest AI was calculated for rapeseed oil (0.05), whereas the highest value was obtained for tucuman seeds (16.29). Chia seed oil had the lowest TI (0.04), and murumuru butter had the highest (6.69). The differences in FA composition and subsequent changes in the lipid health indices of the investigated fats and oils indicate their importance in the human diet. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Lipids)

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35 pages, 1446 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Metabolism and Bioavailability of Olive Bioactive Constituents Based on In Vitro, In Vivo and Human Studies

by Theodora Nikou, Maria Eleni Sakavitsi, Evangelos Kalampokis and Maria Halabalaki

Nutrients 2022, 14(18), 3773; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14183773 - 13 Sep 2022

Cited by 22 | Viewed by 3555

Abstract

Consumption of olive products has been established as a health-promoting dietary pattern due to their high content in compounds with eminent pharmacological properties and well-described bioactivities. However, their metabolism has not yet been fully described. The present critical review aimed to gather all [...] Read more.

Consumption of olive products has been established as a health-promoting dietary pattern due to their high content in compounds with eminent pharmacological properties and well-described bioactivities. However, their metabolism has not yet been fully described. The present critical review aimed to gather all scientific data of the past two decades regarding the absorption and metabolism of the foremost olive compounds, specifically of the phenylalcohols hydroxytyrosol (HTyr) and tyrosol (Tyr) and the secoiridoids oleacein (Olea), oleocanthal (Oleo) and oleuropein (Oleu). A meticulous record of the in vitro assays and in vivo (animals and humans) studies of the characteristic olive compounds was cited, and a critical discussion on their bioavailability and metabolism was performed taking into account data from their gut microbial metabolism. The existing critical review summarizes the existing knowledge regarding the bioavailability and metabolism of olive-characteristic phenylalchohols and secoiridoids and spotlights the lack of data for specific chemical groups and compounds. Critical observations and conclusions were derived from correlating structure with bioavailability data, while results from in vitro, animal and human studies were compared and discussed, giving significant insight to the future design of research approaches for the total bioavailability and metabolism exploration thereof. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Featured Reviews on Phytochemicals and Human Health)

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17 pages, 1281 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Maternal Vitamin B₁₂ Deficiency Detected by Newborn Screening—Evaluation of Causes and Characteristics

by Anna T. Reischl-Hajiabadi, Sven F. Garbade, Patrik Feyh, Karl Heinz Weiss, Ulrike Mütze, Stefan Kölker, Georg F. Hoffmann and Gwendolyn Gramer

Nutrients 2022, 14(18), 3767; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14183767 - 13 Sep 2022

Cited by 19 | Viewed by 3560

Abstract

Vitamin B₁₂ deficiency, mostly of maternal origin in newborns, is a well-treatable condition but can cause severe neurologic sequelae in infants. Early detection of vitamin B₁₂ deficiency allows the pre-symptomatic treatment of affected children. This evaluation assesses the characteristics of maternal [...] Read more.

Vitamin B₁₂ deficiency, mostly of maternal origin in newborns, is a well-treatable condition but can cause severe neurologic sequelae in infants. Early detection of vitamin B₁₂ deficiency allows the pre-symptomatic treatment of affected children. This evaluation assesses the characteristics of maternal vitamin B₁₂ deficiency detected by newborn screening. In a prospective single-center study, a systematic screening strategy for vitamin B₁₂ deficiency using a combination of two second-tier strategies was applied. In addition to confirmatory diagnostics in children, the systematic work-up of vitamin B₁₂ status was also performed for their mothers. Maternal characteristics were assessed including ethnic origin, diet, and vitamin supplementation during pregnancy. For affected mothers, a work-up by internal medicine was recommended. In total, 121 mother–infant couples were analyzed. 66% of mothers adhered to a balanced diet including meat. The cause of maternal vitamin B₁₂ deficiency was unknown in 56% of cases, followed by dietary causes in 32%, and organic causes in 8%. All mothers following a vegan diet and most mothers with a vegetarian diet took vitamin preparations during pregnancy, whereas only 55.8% of mothers with a balanced diet took folic acid or other vitamins. Maternal vitamin B₁₂, folic acid, and homocysteine levels were significantly correlated with the child’s folic acid levels, and with homocysteine, methylmalonic, and methylcitric acid levels in first and second NBS dried blood spots. Most children had normal blood counts and showed normocytosis. Although 36.7% of mothers showed anemia, only one presented with macrocytosis. Adherence to vitamin supplementation in pregnancy is low despite the recommendation for supplementation of folic acid. Ideally, the evaluation of mothers for vitamin B₁₂ levels and appropriate therapy should be initiated in early pregnancy. In infants detected through newborn screening, the multidisciplinary assessment and therapy of both children and mothers should be performed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Micronutrients and Human Health)

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25 pages, 1250 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Recent Advances in the Neuroprotective Properties of Ferulic Acid in Alzheimer’s Disease: A Narrative Review

by Silvia Di Giacomo, Ester Percaccio, Marco Gullì, Adele Romano, Annabella Vitalone, Gabriela Mazzanti, Silvana Gaetani and Antonella Di Sotto

Nutrients 2022, 14(18), 3709; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14183709 - 8 Sep 2022

Cited by 25 | Viewed by 3409

Abstract

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a progressive degenerative disorder of the central nervous system, characterized by neuroinflammation, neurotransmitter deficits, and neurodegeneration, which finally leads to neuronal death. Emerging evidence highlighted that hyperglycemia and brain insulin resistance represent risk factors for AD development, thus suggesting [...] Read more.

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a progressive degenerative disorder of the central nervous system, characterized by neuroinflammation, neurotransmitter deficits, and neurodegeneration, which finally leads to neuronal death. Emerging evidence highlighted that hyperglycemia and brain insulin resistance represent risk factors for AD development, thus suggesting the existence of an additional AD form, associated with glucose metabolism impairment, named type 3 diabetes. Owing to the limited pharmacological options, novel strategies, especially dietary approaches based on the consumption of polyphenols, have been addressed to prevent or, at least, slow down AD progression. Among polyphenols, ferulic acid is a hydroxycinnamic acid derivative, widely distributed in nature, especially in cereal bran and fruits, and known to be endowed with many bioactivities, especially antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and antidiabetic, thus suggesting it could be exploited as a possible novel neuroprotective strategy. Considering the importance of ferulic acid as a bioactive molecule and its widespread distribution in foods and medicinal plants, the aim of the present narrative review is to provide an overview on the existing preclinical and clinical evidence about the neuroprotective properties and mechanisms of action of ferulic acid, also focusing on its ability to modulate glucose homeostasis, in order to support a further therapeutic interest for AD and type 3 diabetes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Plant Polyphenols and Human Health: Novel Findings for Future Therapeutic Developments)

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11 pages, 674 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Exclusive Breastfeeding for at Least Four Months Is Associated with a Lower Prevalence of Overweight and Obesity in Mothers and Their Children after 2–5 Years from Delivery

by Maria Mantzorou, Dimitrios Papandreou, Georgios K. Vasios, Eleni Pavlidou, Georgios Antasouras, Evmorfia Psara, Zainab Taha, Efthymios Poulios and Constantinos Giaginis

Nutrients 2022, 14(17), 3599; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14173599 - 31 Aug 2022

Cited by 31 | Viewed by 4104

Abstract

Introduction: Obesity is a current public health concern. Higher body weight is influenced by genetic and environmental parameters, and their interplay and is associated with a greater risk for several chronic diseases. Breastfeeding has been suggested as a preventive measure against obesity, which [...] Read more.

Introduction: Obesity is a current public health concern. Higher body weight is influenced by genetic and environmental parameters, and their interplay and is associated with a greater risk for several chronic diseases. Breastfeeding has been suggested as a preventive measure against obesity, which can further reduce long-term negative health outcomes for both women and children. Aim: The aim of the present study was to evaluate the role of breastfeeding on maternal and childhood overweight and obesity. Materials and Methods: This is a cross-sectional study conducted on 2515 healthy mothers and their children, aged 2–5 years, enrolled from nine different Greek rural and urban regions. Validated, standardized questionnaires were administrated that included anthropometric indices, socio-demographic characteristics of mothers and children, as well as breastfeeding practices. Results: Overall, 68% of participated women exclusively breastfed their children for at least 4 months. Mothers that exclusively breastfed showed a significantly lower prevalence of overweight and obesity after 2–5 years from delivery (p < 0.0001). Children that had exclusively been breastfed showed a significantly lower prevalence of overweight and obesity at the age of 2–5 years (p < 0.0001). Using multivariate regression analysis, exclusive breastfeeding for at least 4 months was associated with a two-fold lower risk for maternal and childhood overweight and obesity after 2–5 years from delivery, independent from maternal age, educational and economic status, and smoking habits (p < 0.0001). Conclusion: Exclusive breastfeeding for at least 4 months had a positive effect on childhood overweight and obesity, also contributing beneficially to post-natal maternal weight control. The beneficial effects of breastfeeding should be communicated to future and new mothers, while supportive actions for all mothers to initiate and continue breastfeeding their offspring should be implemented. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feeding Practice and Infant and Young Child Health)

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34 pages, 917 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Nutrition and Health in Human Evolution–Past to Present

by Kurt W. Alt, Ali Al-Ahmad and Johan Peter Woelber

Nutrients 2022, 14(17), 3594; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14173594 - 31 Aug 2022

Cited by 26 | Viewed by 10624

Abstract

Anyone who wants to understand the biological nature of humans and their special characteristics must look far back into evolutionary history. Today’s way of life is drastically different from that of our ancestors. For almost 99% of human history, gathering and hunting have [...] Read more.

Anyone who wants to understand the biological nature of humans and their special characteristics must look far back into evolutionary history. Today’s way of life is drastically different from that of our ancestors. For almost 99% of human history, gathering and hunting have been the basis of nutrition. It was not until about 12,000 years ago that humans began domesticating plants and animals. Bioarchaeologically and biochemically, this can be traced back to our earliest roots. Modern living conditions and the quality of human life are better today than ever before. However, neither physically nor psychosocially have we made this adjustment and we are paying a high health price for it. The studies presented allow us to reconstruct food supply, lifestyles, and dietary habits: from the earliest primates, through hunter-gatherers of the Paleolithic, farming communities since the beginning of the Anthropocene, to the Industrial Age and the present. The comprehensive data pool allows extraction of all findings of medical relevance. Our recent lifestyle and diet are essentially determined by our culture rather than by our millions of years of ancestry. Culture is permanently in a dominant position compared to natural evolution. Thereby culture does not form a contrast to nature but represents its result. There is no doubt that we are biologically adapted to culture, but it is questionable how much culture humans can cope with. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Interrelationships between Nutrition and the Dental Profession)

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11 pages, 287 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Iodine and Iodine Deficiency: A Comprehensive Review of a Re-Emerging Issue

by Adrienne Hatch-McChesney and Harris R. Lieberman

Nutrients 2022, 14(17), 3474; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14173474 - 24 Aug 2022

Cited by 66 | Viewed by 10937

Abstract

Iodine is a mineral nutrient essential for the regulation of a variety of key physiological functions including metabolism and brain development and function in children and adults. As such, iodine intake and status within populations is an area of concern and research focus. [...] Read more.

Iodine is a mineral nutrient essential for the regulation of a variety of key physiological functions including metabolism and brain development and function in children and adults. As such, iodine intake and status within populations is an area of concern and research focus. This paper will review recently published studies that focus on the re-emerging issue of iodine deficiency as a global concern and declining intake among populations in developed countries. Historically, the implementation of salt-iodization programs worldwide has reduced the incidence of iodine deficiency, but 30% of the world’s population is still at risk. Iodine nutrition is a growing issue within industrialized countries including the U.S. as a result of declining iodine intake, in part due to changing dietary patterns and food manufacturing practices. Few countries mandate universal salt iodization policies, and differing agriculture and industry practices and regulations among countries have resulted in inconsistencies in supplementation practices. In the U.S., in spite of salt-iodization policies, mild-to-moderate iodine deficiency is common and appears to be increasing. European countries with the highest incidence of deficiency lack iodization programs. Monitoring the iodine status of at-risk populations and, when appropriate, public health initiatives, appear to be warranted. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Metabolism and Health)

23 pages, 4295 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

The Dark Side of Iron: The Relationship between Iron, Inflammation and Gut Microbiota in Selected Diseases Associated with Iron Deficiency Anaemia—A Narrative Review

by Ida J. Malesza, Joanna Bartkowiak-Wieczorek, Jakub Winkler-Galicki, Aleksandra Nowicka, Dominika Dzięciołowska, Marta Błaszczyk, Paulina Gajniak, Karolina Słowińska, Leszek Niepolski, Jarosław Walkowiak and Edyta Mądry

Nutrients 2022, 14(17), 3478; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14173478 - 24 Aug 2022

Cited by 30 | Viewed by 13071

Abstract

Iron is an indispensable nutrient for life. A lack of it leads to iron deficiency anaemia (IDA), which currently affects about 1.2 billion people worldwide. The primary means of IDA treatment is oral or parenteral iron supplementation. This can be burdened with numerous [...] Read more.

Iron is an indispensable nutrient for life. A lack of it leads to iron deficiency anaemia (IDA), which currently affects about 1.2 billion people worldwide. The primary means of IDA treatment is oral or parenteral iron supplementation. This can be burdened with numerous side effects such as oxidative stress, systemic and local-intestinal inflammation, dysbiosis, carcinogenic processes and gastrointestinal adverse events. Therefore, this review aimed to provide insight into the physiological mechanisms of iron management and investigate the state of knowledge of the relationship between iron supplementation, inflammatory status and changes in gut microbiota milieu in diseases typically complicated with IDA and considered as having an inflammatory background such as in inflammatory bowel disease, colorectal cancer or obesity. Understanding the precise mechanisms critical to iron metabolism and the awareness of serious adverse effects associated with iron supplementation may lead to the provision of better IDA treatment. Well-planned research, specific to each patient category and disease, is needed to find measures and methods to optimise iron treatment and reduce adverse effects. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Physiology and Pathophysiology of Iron Metabolism)

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28 pages, 1670 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Nootropics as Cognitive Enhancers: Types, Dosage and Side Effects of Smart Drugs

by Matěj Malík and Pavel Tlustoš

Nutrients 2022, 14(16), 3367; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14163367 - 17 Aug 2022

Cited by 30 | Viewed by 34201

Abstract

Nootropics, also known as “smart drugs” are a diverse group of medicinal substances whose action improves human thinking, learning, and memory, especially in cases where these functions are impaired. This review provides an up-to-date overview of the potential effectiveness and importance of nootropics. [...] Read more.

Nootropics, also known as “smart drugs” are a diverse group of medicinal substances whose action improves human thinking, learning, and memory, especially in cases where these functions are impaired. This review provides an up-to-date overview of the potential effectiveness and importance of nootropics. Based on their nature and their effects, this heterogeneous group of drugs has been divided into four subgroups: classical nootropic compounds, substances increasing brain metabolism, cholinergic, and plants and their extracts with nootropic effects. Each subgroup of nootropics contains several main representatives, and for each one, its uses, indications, experimental treatments, dosage, and possible side effects and contraindications are discussed. For the nootropic plant extracts, there is also a brief description of each plant representative, its occurrence, history, and chemical composition of the medicinal part. Lastly, specific recommendations regarding the use of nootropics by both ill and healthy individuals are summarized. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutrition, Brain and Cognition)

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14 pages, 906 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Vitamin D-Mediated Regulation of Intestinal Calcium Absorption

by James C. Fleet

Nutrients 2022, 14(16), 3351; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14163351 - 16 Aug 2022

Cited by 31 | Viewed by 8482

Abstract

Vitamin D is a critical regulator of calcium and bone homeostasis. While vitamin D has multiple effects on bone and calcium metabolism, the regulation of intestinal calcium (Ca) absorption efficiency is a critical function for vitamin D. This is necessary for optimal bone [...] Read more.

Vitamin D is a critical regulator of calcium and bone homeostasis. While vitamin D has multiple effects on bone and calcium metabolism, the regulation of intestinal calcium (Ca) absorption efficiency is a critical function for vitamin D. This is necessary for optimal bone mineralization during growth, the protection of bone in adults, and the prevention of osteoporosis. Intestinal Ca absorption is regulated by 1,25 dihydroxyvitamin D (1,25(OH)₂ D), a hormone that activates gene transcription following binding to the intestinal vitamin D receptor (VDR). When dietary Ca intake is low, Ca absorption follows a vitamin-D-regulated, saturable pathway, but when dietary Ca intake is high, Ca absorption is predominately through a paracellular diffusion pathway. Deletion of genes that mediate vitamin D action (i.e., VDR) or production (CYP27B1) eliminates basal Ca absorption and prevents the adaptation of mice to low-Ca diets. Various physiologic or disease states modify vitamin-D-regulated intestinal absorption of Ca (enhanced during late pregnancy, reduced due to menopause and aging). Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue A Commemorative Issue in Honor of Centennial of the Discovery of Vitamin D-The Central Role of Vitamin D in Physiology)

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18 pages, 3587 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Anti-Inflammatory Diet Prevents Subclinical Colonic Inflammation and Alters Metabolomic Profile of Ulcerative Colitis Patients in Clinical Remission

by Ammar Hassanzadeh Keshteli, Rosica Valcheva, Cheryl Nickurak, Heekuk Park, Rupasri Mandal, Kendall van Diepen, Karen I. Kroeker, Sander Veldhuyzen van Zanten, Brendan Halloran, David S. Wishart, Karen L. Madsen and Levinus A. Dieleman

Nutrients 2022, 14(16), 3294; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14163294 - 11 Aug 2022

Cited by 34 | Viewed by 6093

Abstract

A relationship between ulcerative colitis (UC) and diet has been shown in epidemiological and experimental studies. In a 6-month, open-label, randomized, placebo-controlled trial, adult UC patients in clinical remission were randomized to either an “Anti-inflammatory Diet (AID)” or “Canada’s Food Guide (CFG)”. Menu [...] Read more.

A relationship between ulcerative colitis (UC) and diet has been shown in epidemiological and experimental studies. In a 6-month, open-label, randomized, placebo-controlled trial, adult UC patients in clinical remission were randomized to either an “Anti-inflammatory Diet (AID)” or “Canada’s Food Guide (CFG)”. Menu plans in the AID were designed to increase the dietary intake of dietary fiber, probiotics, antioxidants, and omega-3 fatty acids and to decrease the intake of red meat, processed meat, and added sugar. Stool was collected for fecal calprotectin (FCP) and microbial analysis. Metabolomic analysis was performed on urine, serum, and stool samples at the baseline and study endpoint. In this study, 53 patients were randomized. Five (19.2%) patients in the AID and 8 (29.6%) patients in the CFG experienced a clinical relapse. The subclinical response to the intervention (defined as FCP < 150 µg/g at the endpoint) was significantly higher in the AID group (69.2 vs. 37.0%, p = 0.02). The patients in the AID group had an increased intake of zinc, phosphorus, selenium, yogurt, and seafood versus the control group. Adherence to the AID was associated with significant changes in the metabolome, with decreased fecal acetone and xanthine levels along with increased fecal taurine and urinary carnosine and p-hydroxybenzoic acid levels. The AID subjects also had increases in fecal Bifidobacteriaceae, Lachnospiraceae, and Ruminococcaceae. In this study, we found thatdietary modifications involving the increased intake of anti-inflammatory foods combined with a decreased intake of pro-inflammatory foods were associated with metabolic and microbial changes in UC patients in clinical remission and were effective in preventing subclinical inflammation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutrition Intervention on Digestive Diseases)

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12 pages, 850 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Genetics of Type 2 Diabetes: Past, Present, and Future

by Markku Laakso and Lilian Fernandes Silva

Nutrients 2022, 14(15), 3201; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14153201 - 4 Aug 2022

Cited by 30 | Viewed by 7969

Abstract

Diabetes has reached epidemic proportions worldwide. Currently, approximately 537 million adults (20–79 years) have diabetes, and the total number of people with diabetes is continuously increasing. Diabetes includes several subtypes. About 80% of all cases of diabetes are type 2 diabetes (T2D). T2D [...] Read more.

Diabetes has reached epidemic proportions worldwide. Currently, approximately 537 million adults (20–79 years) have diabetes, and the total number of people with diabetes is continuously increasing. Diabetes includes several subtypes. About 80% of all cases of diabetes are type 2 diabetes (T2D). T2D is a polygenic disease with an inheritance ranging from 30 to 70%. Genetic and environment/lifestyle factors, especially obesity and sedentary lifestyle, increase the risk of T2D. In this review, we discuss how studies on the genetics of diabetes started, how they expanded when genome-wide association studies and exome and whole-genome sequencing became available, and the current challenges in genetic studies of diabetes. T2D is heterogeneous with respect to clinical presentation, disease course, and response to treatment, and has several subgroups which differ in pathophysiology and risk of micro- and macrovascular complications. Currently, genetic studies of T2D focus on these subgroups to find the best diagnoses and treatments for these patients according to the principles of precision medicine. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Genes and Gene–Diet Interactions in the Dietary Management of Type 2 Diabetes and Prediabetic Conditions)

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12 pages, 310 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Adherence to Mediterranean Diet and NAFLD in Patients with Metabolic Syndrome: The FLIPAN Study

by Sofía Montemayor, Catalina M. Mascaró, Lucía Ugarriza, Miguel Casares, Isabel Llompart, Itziar Abete, María Ángeles Zulet, J. Alfredo Martínez, Josep A. Tur and Cristina Bouzas

Nutrients 2022, 14(15), 3186; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14153186 - 3 Aug 2022

Cited by 27 | Viewed by 5875

Abstract

Unhealthy diet is an important factor in the progression of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Previous studies showed the benefits of a Mediterranean diet (MedDiet) on Metabolic syndrome (MetS), type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), and cardiovascular diseases, which usually have a pathophysiological relationship [...] Read more.

Unhealthy diet is an important factor in the progression of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Previous studies showed the benefits of a Mediterranean diet (MedDiet) on Metabolic syndrome (MetS), type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), and cardiovascular diseases, which usually have a pathophysiological relationship with NAFLD. To assess the effect of adherence to a MedDiet on NAFLD in MetS patients after lifestyle intervention, this multicentre (Mallorca and Navarra, Spain) prospective randomized trial, with personalized nutritional intervention based on a customized MedDiet, coupled with physical activity promotion was performed to prevent, and reverse NAFLD among patients with MetS. The current analysis included 138 patients aged 40 to 60 years old, Body Mass Index (BMI) 27–40 kg/m², diagnosed with NAFLD using MRI, and MetS according to the International Diabetes Federation (IDF). A validated food frequency questionnaire was used to assess dietary intake. Adherence to Mediterranean diet by means of a 17-item validated questionnaire, anthropometrics, physical activity, blood pressure, blood biochemical parameters, and intrahepatic fat contents (IFC) were measured. The independent variable used was changes in MedDiet adherence, categorized in tertiles after 6 months follow-up. Subjects with high adherence to the MedDiet showed higher decreases in BMI, body weight, WC, SBP, DBP, and IFC. An association between improvement in adherence to the MedDiet and amelioration of IFC after 6-month follow-up was observed. High adherence to the MedDiet is associated with better status of MetS features, and better values of IFC. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Time Trends and Determinants of the Adherence to the Mediterranean Diet in Children and Adults)

18 pages, 334 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Indexing of Fatty Acids in Poultry Meat for Its Characterization in Healthy Human Nutrition: A Comprehensive Application of the Scientific Literature and New Proposals

by Alessandro Dal Bosco, Alice Cartoni Mancinelli, Gaetano Vaudo, Massimiliano Cavallo, Cesare Castellini and Simona Mattioli

Nutrients 2022, 14(15), 3110; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14153110 - 28 Jul 2022

Cited by 28 | Viewed by 3271

Abstract

Chicken meat is becoming the most consumed in the world for both economic and nutritional reasons; regarding the latter, the lipid profile may play positive or negative roles in the prevention and treatment of diseases. In this study, we define the state of [...] Read more.

Chicken meat is becoming the most consumed in the world for both economic and nutritional reasons; regarding the latter, the lipid profile may play positive or negative roles in the prevention and treatment of diseases. In this study, we define the state of the art of lipid-based nutritional indexes and used the lipid content and fatty acid profile (both qualitative and quantitative) of breast meat of two poultry genotypes with different growth rates and meat traits. Further, we summarize and review the definitions, implications, and applications of nutritional indexes used in recent years and others of our own design to provide a useful tool to researchers working in the field of meat quality (not only in poultry) to select the most appropriate index for their own scientific purposes. All indexes show advantages and disadvantages; hence, a rational choice should be applied to consider the nutritional effect of meat on human health and for a possible assessment of the most suitable rearing systems (genotype, feeding, farming system or postmortem handling). Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutritional Value of Meat and Meat Products and Their Role in Human Health)

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31 pages, 1917 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

The Potential of the Mediterranean Diet to Improve Mitochondrial Function in Experimental Models of Obesity and Metabolic Syndrome

by Mohamad Khalil, Harshitha Shanmugam, Hala Abdallah, Jerlin Stephy John Britto, Ilaria Galerati, Javier Gómez-Ambrosi, Gema Frühbeck and Piero Portincasa

Nutrients 2022, 14(15), 3112; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14153112 - 28 Jul 2022

Cited by 24 | Viewed by 5583

Abstract

The abnormal expansion of body fat paves the way for several metabolic abnormalities including overweight, obesity, and diabetes, which ultimately cluster under the umbrella of metabolic syndrome (MetS). Patients with MetS are at an increased risk of cardiovascular disease, morbidity, and mortality. The [...] Read more.

The abnormal expansion of body fat paves the way for several metabolic abnormalities including overweight, obesity, and diabetes, which ultimately cluster under the umbrella of metabolic syndrome (MetS). Patients with MetS are at an increased risk of cardiovascular disease, morbidity, and mortality. The coexistence of distinct metabolic abnormalities is associated with the release of pro-inflammatory adipocytokines, as components of low-to-medium grade systemic inflammation and increased oxidative stress. Adopting healthy lifestyles, by using appropriate dietary regimens, contributes to the prevention and treatment of MetS. Metabolic abnormalities can influence the function and energetic capacity of mitochondria, as observed in many obesity-related cardio-metabolic disorders. There are preclinical studies both in cellular and animal models, as well as clinical studies, dealing with distinct nutrients of the Mediterranean diet (MD) and dysfunctional mitochondria in obesity and MetS. The term “Mitochondria nutrients” has been adopted in recent years, and it depicts the adequate nutrients to keep proper mitochondrial function. Different experimental models show that components of the MD, including polyphenols, plant-derived compounds, and polyunsaturated fatty acids, can improve mitochondrial metabolism, biogenesis, and antioxidant capacity. Such effects are valuable to counteract the mitochondrial dysfunction associated with obesity-related abnormalities and can represent the beneficial feature of polyphenols-enriched olive oil, vegetables, nuts, fish, and plant-based foods, as the main components of the MD. Thus, developing mitochondria-targeting nutrients and natural agents for MetS treatment and/or prevention is a logical strategy to decrease the burden of disease and medications at a later stage. In this comprehensive review, we discuss the effects of the MD and its bioactive components on improving mitochondrial structure and activity. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feature Articles on Nutrition and Obesity Management)

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19 pages, 3276 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Legumes—A Comprehensive Exploration of Global Food-Based Dietary Guidelines and Consumption

by Jaimee Hughes, Emma Pearson and Sara Grafenauer

Nutrients 2022, 14(15), 3080; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14153080 - 27 Jul 2022

Cited by 30 | Viewed by 6394

Abstract

Despite the well-known human and planetary health benefits of legumes, consumption is often low. This scoping review aimed to evaluate the inclusion of legumes in global food-based dietary guidelines (FBDG), and to review consumption data against global food group classifications for legumes. The [...] Read more.

Despite the well-known human and planetary health benefits of legumes, consumption is often low. This scoping review aimed to evaluate the inclusion of legumes in global food-based dietary guidelines (FBDG), and to review consumption data against global food group classifications for legumes. The review of FBDG from 94 countries identified legume-based key messaging, the key terms used to define legumes, recommended serving size and frequency of consumption and the classification of legumes into food groups as depicted by food guides. The 2018 Global Dietary Database isolated consumption data of legumes and beans using individual-level, nationally representative dietary survey data for matched countries. Food-based dietary guidelines from 40/94 countries most often identified legumes utilising the term legumes, followed by beans (n = 13), pulses (n = 10), or as beans, peas and lentils (n = 5). The serving size recommendations for legume consumption varied widely, and there was no consistency in the suggested frequency of consumption. Median bean and legume consumption for countries with FBDG ranged from 1.2 g/d (Norway) to 122.7 g/d (Afghanistan). Classification of legumes into food groups varied, with 38% of countries categorising legumes in the protein-rich food group, 20% were in a group on their own and 15% were in the starchy staples group. In countries where legumes were together with either nuts or seeds had the greatest range in intake (11.6–122.7 g/day), followed by those that grouped legumes together with protein-rich foods (4.0–104.7 g/day), while countries that grouped legumes into two food groups, in an attempt to promote consumption, tended to have a lower consumption. Greater emphasis and perhaps repositioning of legumes in dietary guidelines may be required to encourage consumption for health, environmental and economic benefits. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Legumes for Human Nutrition)

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13 pages, 325 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Advanced Glycation End Products and Their Effect on Vascular Complications in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

by Jeongmin Lee, Jae-Seung Yun and Seung-Hyun Ko

Nutrients 2022, 14(15), 3086; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14153086 - 27 Jul 2022

Cited by 35 | Viewed by 4257

Abstract

Diabetes is well established as a chronic disease with a high health burden due to mortality or morbidity from the final outcomes of vascular complications. An increased duration of hyperglycemia is associated with abnormal metabolism. Advanced glycation end products (AGEs) are nonenzymatic glycated [...] Read more.

Diabetes is well established as a chronic disease with a high health burden due to mortality or morbidity from the final outcomes of vascular complications. An increased duration of hyperglycemia is associated with abnormal metabolism. Advanced glycation end products (AGEs) are nonenzymatic glycated forms of free amino acids that lead to abnormal crosslinking of extra-cellular and intracellular proteins by disrupting the normal structure. Furthermore, the interaction of AGEs and their receptors induces several pathways by promoting oxidative stress and inflammation. In this review, we discuss the role of AGEs in diabetic vascular complications, especially type 2 DM, based on recent clinical studies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Glycation End Products (AGEs): Link between Modern Health and Disease)

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12 pages, 791 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Positive Effects of Vitamin D Supplementation in Patients Hospitalized for COVID-19: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial

by Sophie De Niet, Mickaël Trémège, Monte Coffiner, Anne-Francoise Rousseau, Doriane Calmes, Anne-Noelle Frix, Fanny Gester, Muriel Delvaux, Anne-Francoise Dive, Elora Guglielmi, Monique Henket, Alicia Staderoli, Didier Maesen, Renaud Louis, Julien Guiot and Etienne Cavalier

Nutrients 2022, 14(15), 3048; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14153048 - 26 Jul 2022

Cited by 40 | Viewed by 21414

Abstract

Retrospective studies showed a relationship between vitamin D status and COVID-19 severity and mortality, with an inverse relation between SARS-CoV-2 positivity and circulating calcifediol levels. The objective of this pilot study was to investigate the effect of vitamin D supplementation on the length [...] Read more.

Retrospective studies showed a relationship between vitamin D status and COVID-19 severity and mortality, with an inverse relation between SARS-CoV-2 positivity and circulating calcifediol levels. The objective of this pilot study was to investigate the effect of vitamin D supplementation on the length of hospital stay and clinical improvement in patients with vitamin D deficiency hospitalized with COVID-19. The study was randomized, double blind and placebo controlled. A total of 50 subjects were enrolled and received, in addition to the best available COVID therapy, either vitamin D (25,000 IU per day over 4 consecutive days, followed by 25,000 IU per week up to 6 weeks) or placebo. The length of hospital stay decreased significantly in the vitamin D group compared to the placebo group (4 days vs. 8 days; p = 0.003). At Day 7, a significantly lower percentage of patients were still hospitalized in the vitamin D group compared to the placebo group (19% vs. 54%; p = 0.0161), and none of the patients treated with vitamin D were hospitalized after 21 days compared to 14% of the patients treated with placebo. Vitamin D significantly reduced the duration of supplemental oxygen among the patients who needed it (4 days vs. 7 days in the placebo group; p = 0.012) and significantly improved the clinical recovery of the patients, as assessed by the WHO scale (p = 0.0048). In conclusion, this study demonstrated that the clinical outcome of COVID-19 patients requiring hospitalization was improved by administration of vitamin D. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Micronutrients and Human Health)

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12 pages, 1352 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Vitamin D in the Context of Evolution

by Carsten Carlberg

Nutrients 2022, 14(15), 3018; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14153018 - 22 Jul 2022

Cited by 26 | Viewed by 6225

Abstract

For at least 1.2 billion years, eukaryotes have been able to synthesize sterols and, therefore, can produce vitamin D when exposed to UV-B. Vitamin D endocrinology was established some 550 million years ago in animals, when the high-affinity nuclear receptor VDR (vitamin D [...] Read more.

For at least 1.2 billion years, eukaryotes have been able to synthesize sterols and, therefore, can produce vitamin D when exposed to UV-B. Vitamin D endocrinology was established some 550 million years ago in animals, when the high-affinity nuclear receptor VDR (vitamin D receptor), transport proteins and enzymes for vitamin D metabolism evolved. This enabled vitamin D to regulate, via its target genes, physiological process, the first of which were detoxification and energy metabolism. In this way, vitamin D was enabled to modulate the energy-consuming processes of the innate immune system in its fight against microbes. In the evolving adaptive immune system, vitamin D started to act as a negative regulator of growth, which prevents overboarding reactions of T cells in the context of autoimmune diseases. When, some 400 million years ago, species left the ocean and were exposed to gravitation, vitamin D endocrinology took over the additional role as a major regulator of calcium homeostasis, being important for a stable skeleton. Homo sapiens evolved approximately 300,000 years ago in East Africa and had adapted vitamin D endocrinology to the intensive exposure of the equatorial sun. However, when some 75,000 years ago, when anatomically modern humans started to populate all continents, they also reached regions with seasonally low or no UV-B, i.e., and under these conditions vitamin D became a vitamin. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue A Commemorative Issue in Honor of Centennial of the Discovery of Vitamin D-The Central Role of Vitamin D in Physiology)

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15 pages, 1725 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

The Efficacy of Vitamin D Supplementation in the Treatment of Fibromyalgia Syndrome and Chronic Musculoskeletal Pain

by Mauro Lombardo, Alessandra Feraco, Morena Ottaviani, Gianluca Rizzo, Elisabetta Camajani, Massimiliano Caprio and Andrea Armani

Nutrients 2022, 14(15), 3010; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14153010 - 22 Jul 2022

Cited by 27 | Viewed by 7412

Abstract

Fibromyalgia syndrome (FMS) and chronic widespread musculoskeletal pain (CMP) are diffuse suffering syndromes that interfere with normal activities. Controversy exists over the role of vitamin D in the treatment of these diseases. We carried out a systematic literature review of randomized controlled trials [...] Read more.

Fibromyalgia syndrome (FMS) and chronic widespread musculoskeletal pain (CMP) are diffuse suffering syndromes that interfere with normal activities. Controversy exists over the role of vitamin D in the treatment of these diseases. We carried out a systematic literature review of randomized controlled trials (RCT) to establish whether vitamin D (25OHD) deficiency is more prevalent in CMP patients and to assess the effects of vitamin D supplementation in pain management in these individuals. We searched PubMed, Physiotherapy Evidence Database (PEDro), and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL) for RCTs published in English from 1 January 1990 to 10 July 2022. A total of 434 studies were accessed, of which 14 satisfied the eligibility criteria. In our review three studies, of which two had the best-quality evidence, a correlation between diffuse muscle pain and 25OHD deficiency was confirmed. Six studies, of which four had the best-quality evidence, demonstrated that appropriate supplementation may have beneficial effects in patients with established blood 25OHD deficiency. Eight studies, of which six had the best-quality evidence, demonstrated that 25OHD supplementation results in pain reduction. Our results suggest a possible role of vitamin D supplementation in alleviating the pain associated with FMS and CMP, especially in vitamin D-deficient individuals. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dietary Supplements and Musculoskeletal Health and Function)

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29 pages, 778 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Mediterranean Diet on Sleep: A Health Alliance

by Egeria Scoditti, Maria Rosaria Tumolo and Sergio Garbarino

Nutrients 2022, 14(14), 2998; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14142998 - 21 Jul 2022

Cited by 43 | Viewed by 15417

Abstract

The Mediterranean diet is a plant-based, antioxidant-rich, unsaturated fat dietary pattern that has been consistently associated with lower rates of noncommunicable diseases and total mortality, so that it is considered one of the healthiest dietary patterns. Clinical trials and mechanistic studies have demonstrated [...] Read more.

The Mediterranean diet is a plant-based, antioxidant-rich, unsaturated fat dietary pattern that has been consistently associated with lower rates of noncommunicable diseases and total mortality, so that it is considered one of the healthiest dietary patterns. Clinical trials and mechanistic studies have demonstrated that the Mediterranean diet and its peculiar foods and nutrients exert beneficial effects against inflammation, oxidative stress, dysmetabolism, vascular dysfunction, adiposity, senescence, cognitive decline, neurodegeneration, and tumorigenesis, thus preventing age-associated chronic diseases and improving wellbeing and health. Nocturnal sleep is an essential physiological function, whose alteration is associated with health outcomes and chronic diseases. Scientific evidence suggests that diet and sleep are related in a bidirectional relationship, and the understanding of this association is important given their role in disease prevention. In this review, we surveyed the literature concerning the current state of evidence from epidemiological studies on the impact of the Mediterranean diet on nighttime sleep quantity and quality. The available studies indicate that greater adherence to the Mediterranean diet is associated with adequate sleep duration and with several indicators of better sleep quality. Potential mechanisms mediating the effect of the Mediterranean diet and its foods and nutrients on sleep are described, and gap-in-knowledge and new research agenda to corroborate findings are discussed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutrition at the Interface of Sleep and Circadian Rhythms: Implications for Health)

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20 pages, 1865 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Iron Deficiency Anemia: Efficacy and Limitations of Nutritional and Comprehensive Mitigation Strategies

by Shashi Bhushan Kumar, Shanvanth R. Arnipalli, Priyanka Mehta, Silvia Carrau and Ouliana Ziouzenkova

Nutrients 2022, 14(14), 2976; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14142976 - 20 Jul 2022

Cited by 44 | Viewed by 16164

Abstract

Iron deficiency anemia (IDA) has reached epidemic proportions in developing countries and has become a major global public health problem, affecting mainly 0–5-year-old children and young women of childbearing age, especially during pregnancy. Iron deficiency can lead to life-threatening loss of red blood [...] Read more.

Iron deficiency anemia (IDA) has reached epidemic proportions in developing countries and has become a major global public health problem, affecting mainly 0–5-year-old children and young women of childbearing age, especially during pregnancy. Iron deficiency can lead to life-threatening loss of red blood cells, muscle function, and energy production. Therefore, the pathogenic features associated with IDA are weakness and impaired growth, motor, and cognitive performance. IDA affects the well-being of the young generation and the economic advancement of developing countries, such as India. The imbalance between iron intake/absorption/storage and iron utilization/loss culminates into IDA. However, numerous strategic programs aimed to increase iron intake have shown that improvement of iron intake alone has not been sufficient to mitigate IDA. Emerging critical risk factors for IDA include a composition of cultural diets, infections, genetics, inflammatory conditions, metabolic diseases, dysbiosis, and socioeconomic parameters. In this review, we discuss numerous IDA mitigation programs in India and their limitations. The new multifactorial mechanism of IDA pathogenesis opens perspectives for the improvement of mitigation programs and relief of IDA in India and worldwide. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Anemia and Dietary Assessment on Human Health)

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21 pages, 1092 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Gut Microbiota in Psoriasis

by Mihaela Cristina Buhaș, Laura Ioana Gavrilaș, Rareș Candrea, Adrian Cătinean, Andrei Mocan, Doina Miere and Alexandru Tătaru

Nutrients 2022, 14(14), 2970; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14142970 - 20 Jul 2022

Cited by 33 | Viewed by 8378

Abstract

Psoriasis is a chronic inflammatory skin disease with autoimmune pathogenic characteristics and is caused by chronic inflammation, which results in uncontrolled keratinocyte growth and defective differentiation. The link between the gut microbiota and immune system regulation opened a novel angle to understand the [...] Read more.

Psoriasis is a chronic inflammatory skin disease with autoimmune pathogenic characteristics and is caused by chronic inflammation, which results in uncontrolled keratinocyte growth and defective differentiation. The link between the gut microbiota and immune system regulation opened a novel angle to understand the pathogenesis of many chronic multifactorial diseases, including psoriasis. Current evidence suggests that modulation of the gut microbiota, both through dietary approaches and through supplementation with probiotics and prebiotics, could represent a novel therapeutic approach. The present work aims to highlight the latest scientific evidence regarding the microbiome alterations of psoriatic patients, as well as state of the art insights in terms of microbiome-targeted therapies as promising preventive and therapeutic tools for psoriasis. Full article

(This article belongs to the Collection Microbiome Modulation for Human Health)

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21 pages, 2999 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

The Mediterranean Diet: An Update of the Clinical Trials

by Mauro Finicelli, Anna Di Salle, Umberto Galderisi and Gianfranco Peluso

Nutrients 2022, 14(14), 2956; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14142956 - 19 Jul 2022

Cited by 68 | Viewed by 12015

Abstract

The Mediterranean Diet (MedDiet) is a term used to identify a dietary pattern originating from the unique multi-millennial interplay between natural food resources and the eating practices of people living in the Mediterranean basin. Scientific evidence has described the healthy properties of the [...] Read more.

The Mediterranean Diet (MedDiet) is a term used to identify a dietary pattern originating from the unique multi-millennial interplay between natural food resources and the eating practices of people living in the Mediterranean basin. Scientific evidence has described the healthy properties of the MedDiet and its beneficial role in several pathological conditions. Nevertheless, current socio-economic trends have moved people away from this healthy lifestyle. Thus, clinical and biological evidence supporting the benefits of the MedDiet is needed to overcome these limitations. Clinical nutrition research examines the effects of dietary interventions on biological or health-related outcomes in a determined study population. The evidence produced by these studies is useful for dietary guidance and public health messaging. We provided an update of the clinical trials registered on the database clinicaltrials.gov evaluating the effects of the MedDiet on health and specific diseases. Our findings revealed an increased number of clinical trials in the last decade and found that most disease-related studies focused on cardiovascular diseases, metabolic diseases, and cancer. The majority of MedDiet’s beneficial effects could be primarily related to its anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant properties as well as the effectiveness of this dietary pattern in controlling waist circumference and obesity. Moreover, strict and long-lasting adherence to the MedDiet as well as the beneficial effects of specific components (e.g., olive oil or its polyphenols) seem to emerge as useful insights for interventional improvements. These findings present further insights into the MedDiet’s resources and how it could strengthen overall public health. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Clinical Nutrition)

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18 pages, 1079 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Nutritional Factors during and after Cancer: Impacts on Survival and Quality of Life

by Sébastien Salas, Vanessa Cottet, Laure Dossus, Philippine Fassier, Julie Ginhac, Paule Latino-Martel, Isabelle Romieu, Stéphane Schneider, Bernard Srour, Marina Touillaud, Mathilde Touvier and Raphaëlle Ancellin

Nutrients 2022, 14(14), 2958; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14142958 - 19 Jul 2022

Cited by 28 | Viewed by 6618

Abstract

The French National Cancer Institute conducted a collective expertise study with researchers and clinical experts from the French Network for Nutrition And Cancer Research (NACRe Network). The objective was to update the state of knowledge on the impacts of nutritional factors on clinical [...] Read more.

The French National Cancer Institute conducted a collective expertise study with researchers and clinical experts from the French Network for Nutrition And Cancer Research (NACRe Network). The objective was to update the state of knowledge on the impacts of nutritional factors on clinical endpoints during or after cancer. Data from 150 meta-analyses, pooled analyses or intervention trials and 93 cohort studies were examined; they concerned 8 nutritional factors, 6 clinical events and 20 cancer locations. This report shows that some nutritional factors have impacts on mortality and on the risks of recurrence or second primary cancer in cancer patients. Therefore, high-risk nutritional conditions can be encountered for certain cancer sites: from the diagnosis and throughout the health care pathways, weight loss (lung and esophageal cancers), malnutrition (lung, esophageal, colorectal, pancreatic, gastric and liver cancers), weight gain (colorectal, breast and kidney cancers) and alcohol consumption (upper aerodigestive cancers) should be monitored; and after cancer treatments, excess weight should be detected (colorectal, breast and kidney cancers). These situations require nutritional assessments, and even support or management by health care professionals, in the context of tertiary prevention. This report also highlights some limitations regarding the existing literature and some needs for future research. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Role of Diet and Exercise for Advanced and Metastatic Cancers)

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16 pages, 7148 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Specific Strains of Faecalibacterium prausnitzii Ameliorate Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease in Mice in Association with Gut Microbiota Regulation

by Wenbing Hu, Wenyu Gao, Zongmin Liu, Zhifeng Fang, Hongchao Wang, Jianxin Zhao, Hao Zhang, Wenwei Lu and Wei Chen

Nutrients 2022, 14(14), 2945; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14142945 - 19 Jul 2022

Cited by 35 | Viewed by 4586

Abstract

Evidence linking Faecalibacterium prausnitzii abundance to nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is accumulating; however, the causal relationship remains obscure. In this study, 12 F. prausnitzii strains were orally administered to high fat diet fed C57BL/6J mice for 12 weeks to evaluate the protective [...] Read more.

Evidence linking Faecalibacterium prausnitzii abundance to nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is accumulating; however, the causal relationship remains obscure. In this study, 12 F. prausnitzii strains were orally administered to high fat diet fed C57BL/6J mice for 12 weeks to evaluate the protective effects of F. prausnitzii on NAFLD. We found that five F. prausnitzii strains, A2-165, LB8, ZF21, PL45, and LC49, significantly restored serum lipid profiles and ameliorated glucose intolerance, adipose tissue dysfunction, hepatic steatosis, inflammation, and oxidative stress in a mouse model of NAFLD. Moreover, two strains, LC49 and LB8, significantly enhanced short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) production and modulated the gut microbiota. Based on the combined analysis of linear discriminant analysis effect size and microbial communities, the core microbiome related to NAFLD comprised Odoribacter, Roseburia, Erysipelatoclostridium, Tyzzerella, Faecalibaculum, Blautia, and Acetatifactor, and the last five genera can be reversed by treatment with the LC49 and LB8 strains. Additionally, the LC49 and LB8 strains enriched Lactobacillus, Ileibacterium, Faecalibacterium, Dubosiella, and Bifidobacterium and downregulated pathways involving carbohydrate metabolism, amino acid metabolism, and fatty acid biosynthesis. Interestingly, LC49 supplementation also upregulated tryptophan metabolism, glutathione metabolism, and valine, leucine, and isoleucine degradation, which might be related to NAFLD prevention. Collectively, F. prausnitzii LC49 and LB8 exerted considerable anti-NAFLD and microbiota-regulating effects, indicating their potential as probiotic agents for NAFLD treatment. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Probiotics, Prebiotics and Postbiotics in Human Health)

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23 pages, 474 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

A High-Sugar Diet Consumption, Metabolism and Health Impacts with a Focus on the Development of Substance Use Disorder: A Narrative Review

by Kacper Witek, Karolina Wydra and Małgorzata Filip

Nutrients 2022, 14(14), 2940; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14142940 - 18 Jul 2022

Cited by 26 | Viewed by 13674

Abstract

Carbohydrates are important macronutrients in human and rodent diet patterns that play a key role in crucial metabolic pathways and provide the necessary energy for proper body functioning. Sugar homeostasis and intake require complex hormonal and nervous control to proper body energy balance. [...] Read more.

Carbohydrates are important macronutrients in human and rodent diet patterns that play a key role in crucial metabolic pathways and provide the necessary energy for proper body functioning. Sugar homeostasis and intake require complex hormonal and nervous control to proper body energy balance. Added sugar in processed food results in metabolic, cardiovascular, and nervous disorders. Epidemiological reports have shown enhanced consumption of sweet products in children and adults, especially in reproductive age and in pregnant women, which can lead to the susceptibility of offspring’s health to diseases in early life or in adulthood and proneness to mental disorders. In this review, we discuss the impacts of high-sugar diet (HSD) or sugar intake during the perinatal and/or postnatal periods on neural and behavioural disturbances as well as on the development of substance use disorder (SUD). Since several emotional behavioural disturbances are recognized as predictors of SUD, we also present how HSD enhances impulsive behaviour, stress, anxiety and depression. Apart from the influence of HSD on these mood disturbances, added sugar can render food addiction. Both food and addictive substances change the sensitivity of the brain rewarding neurotransmission signalling. The results of the collected studies could be important in assessing sugar intake, especially via maternal dietary patterns, from the clinical perspective of SUD prevention or pre-existing emotional disorders. Methodology: This narrative review focuses on the roles of a high-sugar diet (HSD) and added sugar in foods and on the impacts of glucose and fructose on the development of substance use disorder (SUD) and on the behavioural predictors of drugs abuse. The literature was reviewed by two authors independently according to the topic of the review. We searched the PubMed and Scopus databases and Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute open access scientific journals using the following keyword search strategy depending on the theme of the chapter: “high-sugar diet” OR “high-carbohydrate diet” OR “sugar” OR “glucose” OR “fructose” OR “added sugar” AND keywords. We excluded inaccessible or pay-walled articles, abstracts, conference papers, editorials, letters, commentary, and short notes. Reviews, experimental studies, and epidemiological data, published since 1990s, were searched and collected depending on the chapter structure. After the search, all duplicates are thrown out and full texts were read, and findings were rescreened. After the selection process, appropriate papers were included to present in this review. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Diet and Disease Development: Present and Future)

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14 pages, 512 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

The Health Benefits of Egg Protein

by Michael J. Puglisi and Maria Luz Fernandez

Nutrients 2022, 14(14), 2904; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14142904 - 15 Jul 2022

Cited by 44 | Viewed by 22688

Abstract

Once the general public accepts that dietary cholesterol is not a concern for cardiovascular disease risk, foods that have been labeled as high-cholesterol sources, including eggs, may be appreciated for their various other dietary components. One of the nutrients in eggs that deserves [...] Read more.

Once the general public accepts that dietary cholesterol is not a concern for cardiovascular disease risk, foods that have been labeled as high-cholesterol sources, including eggs, may be appreciated for their various other dietary components. One of the nutrients in eggs that deserves further discussion is egg protein. Egg protein has been recognized to be highly digestible and an excellent source of essential amino acids, with the highest attainable protein digestibility-corrected amino acid score. Egg protein has been shown to decrease malnutrition in underdeveloped countries, possibly increase height in children, and protect against kwashiorkor. Egg protein has been demonstrated to be important to skeletal muscle health and protective against sarcopenia. Egg protein also can decrease appetite, resulting in a reduction in the caloric intake from the next meal and weight reduction. Other protective effects of egg protein addressed in this review include protection against infection as well as hypotensive and anti-cancer effects. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Effects of Dietary Protein and Polysaccharide Fortification on Disease)

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16 pages, 1235 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperEditor’s ChoiceReview

Implications of Resveratrol in Obesity and Insulin Resistance: A State-of-the-Art Review

by Thomas M. Barber, Stefan Kabisch, Harpal S. Randeva, Andreas F. H. Pfeiffer and Martin O. Weickert

Nutrients 2022, 14(14), 2870; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14142870 - 13 Jul 2022

Cited by 27 | Viewed by 5492

Abstract

Background: Resveratrol is a polyphenol chemical that naturally occurs in many plant-based dietary products, most notably, red wine. Discovered in 1939, widespread interest in the potential health benefits of resveratrol emerged in the 1970s in response to epidemiological data on the cardioprotective effects [...] Read more.

Background: Resveratrol is a polyphenol chemical that naturally occurs in many plant-based dietary products, most notably, red wine. Discovered in 1939, widespread interest in the potential health benefits of resveratrol emerged in the 1970s in response to epidemiological data on the cardioprotective effects of wine. Objective: To explore the background of resveratrol (including its origins, stability, and metabolism), the metabolic effects of resveratrol and its mechanisms of action, and a potential future role of dietary resveratrol in the lifestyle management of obesity. Data sources: We performed a narrative review, based on relevant articles written in English from a Pubmed search, using the following search terms: “resveratrol”, “obesity”, “Diabetes Mellitus”, and “insulin sensitivity”. Results: Following its ingestion, resveratrol undergoes extensive metabolism. This includes conjugation (with sulfate and glucuronate) within enterocytes, hydrolyzation and reduction within the gut through the action of the microbiota (with the formation of metabolites such as dihydroresveratrol), and enterohepatic circulation via the bile. Ex vivo studies on adipose tissue reveal that resveratrol inhibits adipogenesis and prevents the accumulation of triglycerides through effects on the expression of Peroxisome Proliferator-activated Receptor γ (PPARγ) and sirtuin 1, respectively. Furthermore, resveratrol induces anti-inflammatory effects, supported by data from animal-based studies. Limited data from human-based studies reveal that resveratrol improves insulin sensitivity and fasting glucose levels in patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and may improve inflammatory status in human obesity. Although numerous mechanisms may underlie the metabolic benefits of resveratrol, evidence supports a role in its interaction with the gut microbiota and modulation of protein targets, including sirtuins and proteins related to nitric oxide, insulin, and nuclear hormone receptors (such as PPARγ). Conclusions: Despite much interest, there remain important unanswered questions regarding its optimal dosage (and how this may differ between and within individuals), and possible benefits within the general population, including the potential for weight-loss and improved metabolic function. Future studies should properly address these important questions before we can advocate the widespread adoption of dietary resveratrol supplementation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Role of Resveratrol on Human Health)

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13 pages, 2140 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Vitamin D and Its Receptor from a Structural Perspective

by Natacha Rochel

Nutrients 2022, 14(14), 2847; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14142847 - 12 Jul 2022

Cited by 29 | Viewed by 4316

Abstract

The activities of 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3, 1,25D₃, are mediated via its binding to the vitamin D receptor (VDR), a ligand-dependent transcription factor that belongs to the nuclear receptor superfamily. Numerous studies have demonstrated the important role of 1,25D₃ and VDR signaling [...] Read more.

The activities of 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3, 1,25D₃, are mediated via its binding to the vitamin D receptor (VDR), a ligand-dependent transcription factor that belongs to the nuclear receptor superfamily. Numerous studies have demonstrated the important role of 1,25D₃ and VDR signaling in various biological processes and associated pathologies. A wealth of information about ligand recognition and mechanism of action by structural analysis of the VDR complexes is also available. The methods used in these structural studies were mainly X-ray crystallography complemented by NMR, cryo-electron microscopy and structural mass spectrometry. This review aims to provide an overview of the current knowledge of VDR structures and also to explore the recent progress in understanding the complex mechanism of action of 1,25D₃ from a structural perspective. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue A Commemorative Issue in Honor of Centennial of the Discovery of Vitamin D-The Central Role of Vitamin D in Physiology)

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28 pages, 1847 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Advanced Glycation End Products (AGEs) and Chronic Kidney Disease: Does the Modern Diet AGE the Kidney?

by Amelia K. Fotheringham, Linda A. Gallo, Danielle J. Borg and Josephine M. Forbes

Nutrients 2022, 14(13), 2675; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14132675 - 28 Jun 2022

Cited by 34 | Viewed by 7348

Abstract

Since the 1980s, chronic kidney disease (CKD) affecting all ages has increased by almost 25%. This increase may be partially attributable to lifestyle changes and increased global consumption of a “western” diet, which is typically energy dense, low in fruits and vegetables, and [...] Read more.

Since the 1980s, chronic kidney disease (CKD) affecting all ages has increased by almost 25%. This increase may be partially attributable to lifestyle changes and increased global consumption of a “western” diet, which is typically energy dense, low in fruits and vegetables, and high in animal protein and ultra-processed foods. These modern food trends have led to an increase in the consumption of advanced glycation end products (AGEs) in conjunction with increased metabolic dysfunction, obesity and diabetes, which facilitates production of endogenous AGEs within the body. When in excess, AGEs can be pathological via both receptor-mediated and non-receptor-mediated pathways. The kidney, as a major site for AGE clearance, is particularly vulnerable to AGE-mediated damage and increases in circulating AGEs align with risk of CKD and all-cause mortality. Furthermore, individuals with significant loss of renal function show increased AGE burden, particularly with uraemia, and there is some evidence that AGE lowering via diet or pharmacological inhibition may be beneficial for CKD. This review discusses the pathways that drive AGE formation and regulation within the body. This includes AGE receptor interactions and pathways of AGE-mediated pathology with a focus on the contribution of diet on endogenous AGE production and dietary AGE consumption to these processes. We then analyse the contribution of AGEs to kidney disease, the evidence for dietary AGEs and endogenously produced AGEs in driving pathogenesis in diabetic and non-diabetic kidney disease and the potential for AGE targeted therapies in kidney disease. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Diet and Disease Development: Present and Future)

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