Nutrients

15 pages, 1163 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

The Combined Effects of High-Intensity Interval Exercise Training and Dietary Supplementation on Reduction of Body Fat in Adults with Overweight and Obesity: A Systematic Review

by Eliza Gaweł, Barbara Hall, Szymon Siatkowski, Agata Grabowska and Anna Zwierzchowska

Nutrients 2024, 16(3), 355; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16030355 - 25 Jan 2024

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 6768

Abstract

Excessive body fat is associated with various comorbidities including cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes mellitus and certain types of cancer. The search for effective, relatively easy to maintain body-fat reduction interventions has been ongoing. We aimed to review the current literature to assess [...] Read more.

Excessive body fat is associated with various comorbidities including cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes mellitus and certain types of cancer. The search for effective, relatively easy to maintain body-fat reduction interventions has been ongoing. We aimed to review the current literature to assess the effectiveness of high-intensity interval training with and without dietary supplementation on body fat loss, concentration of markers of metabolic health and aerobic capacity of adults with overweight and obesity. Seventy full-text articles were assessed to determine their eligibility and thirteen were included in the review. The methodology of this systematic review was developed according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. Almost all studies (93%) demonstrated effectiveness of high-intensity interval training of various protocols in reducing body fat, improving metabolic health and aerobic capacity of adults with overweight and obesity. These effects were enhanced by an addition of a dietary supplement, such as green tea or ginger or other. Although combining HIIT with dietary supplementation seem to improve body composition, metabolic health and aerobic capacity in adults with overweight and obesity in some instances to a greater extent than HIIT alone, it does not seem to be necessary to combine these two interventions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue High Intensity Interval Training with Dietary Interventions in Health and Disease)

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12 pages, 964 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

The Relationship between Mushroom Intake and Cognitive Performance: An Epidemiological Study in the European Investigation of Cancer—Norfolk Cohort (EPIC-Norfolk)

by Sara Cha, Lynne Bell and Claire M. Williams

Nutrients 2024, 16(3), 353; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16030353 - 25 Jan 2024

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 5265

Abstract

The previous literature suggests that regular consumption of edible mushrooms may confer neuroprotective cognitive health benefits. To further investigate the possible association between mushrooms and brain function during ageing, data from a population-based study of diet and chronic disease (EPIC-Norfolk cohort) were analysed. [...] Read more.

The previous literature suggests that regular consumption of edible mushrooms may confer neuroprotective cognitive health benefits. To further investigate the possible association between mushrooms and brain function during ageing, data from a population-based study of diet and chronic disease (EPIC-Norfolk cohort) were analysed. Changes in mushroom intake were measured using a food frequency questionnaire at three health check (HC) points over an 18-year period, with participants categorised based on their consumption frequency. Cognitive performance was assessed at the final health check (3HC) via a battery of validated tests assessing a range of different cognitive domains. The findings revealed a significant reduction in mushroom intake over time, with 4.12% of the cohort giving up mushrooms after previously consuming them. At 3HC, mushroom consumers displayed better cognitive performance than non-consumers across multiple cognitive domains. This relationship was observed to be dose-dependent, with those consuming 1 or more portions per week showing the highest cognitive scores. These findings suggest that regular mushroom consumption may be beneficial for cognitive function during aging. Further randomised controlled trials will be needed to confirm any potential benefits of mushrooms on long-term cognitive health, alongside public health initiatives to promote mushroom consumption in this older-adult demographic. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Effects of Plant-Based Nutrition on Ageing)

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25 pages, 2150 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Cow’s Milk: A Benefit for Human Health? Omics Tools and Precision Nutrition for Lactose Intolerance Management

by Giovanni Pratelli, Bartolo Tamburini, Giusto Davide Badami, Marianna Lo Pizzo, Anna De Blasio, Daniela Carlisi and Diana Di Liberto

Nutrients 2024, 16(2), 320; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16020320 - 22 Jan 2024

Cited by 12 | Viewed by 12623

Abstract

Cow’s milk (CM) is a healthy food consumed worldwide by individuals of all ages. Unfortunately, “lactase-deficient” individuals cannot digest milk’s main carbohydrate, lactose, depriving themselves of highly beneficial milk proteins like casein, lactoalbumin, and lactoglobulin due to lactose intolerance (LI), while other individuals [...] Read more.

Cow’s milk (CM) is a healthy food consumed worldwide by individuals of all ages. Unfortunately, “lactase-deficient” individuals cannot digest milk’s main carbohydrate, lactose, depriving themselves of highly beneficial milk proteins like casein, lactoalbumin, and lactoglobulin due to lactose intolerance (LI), while other individuals develop allergies specifically against these proteins (CMPA). The management of these conditions differs, and an inappropriate diagnosis or treatment may have significant implications for the patients, especially if they are infants or very young children, resulting in unnecessary dietary restrictions or avoidable adverse reactions. Omics technologies play a pivotal role in elucidating the intricate interactions between nutrients and the human body, spanning from genetic factors to the microbiota profile and metabolites. This comprehensive approach enables the precise delineation and identification of distinct cohorts of individuals with specific dietary requirements, so that tailored nutrition strategies can be developed. This is what is called personalized nutrition or precision nutrition (PN), the area of nutrition that focuses on the effects of nutrients on the genome, proteome, and metabolome, promoting well-being and health, preventing diseases, reducing chronic disease incidence, and increasing life expectancy. Here, we report the opinion of the scientific community proposing to replace the “one size fits all” approach with tailor-made nutrition programs, designed by integrating nutrigenomic data together with clinical parameters and microbiota profiles, taking into account the individual lactose tolerance threshold and needs in terms of specific nutrients intake. This customized approach could help LI patients to improve their quality of life, overcoming depression or anxiety often resulting from the individual perception of this condition as different from a normal state. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Food Intolerance and Food Allergy: Novel Aspects in a Changing World)

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15 pages, 290 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Gluten and Wheat in Women’s Health: Beyond the Gut

by Francesca Manza, Lisa Lungaro, Anna Costanzini, Fabio Caputo, Umberto Volta, Roberto De Giorgio and Giacomo Caio

Nutrients 2024, 16(2), 322; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16020322 - 22 Jan 2024

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 6533

Abstract

Since the rise of awareness of gluten/wheat-related disorders in the academic and clinical field in the last few decades, misinformation regarding the gluten-free diet (GFD) and its impact on health has been spreading among the general population. Despite the established link between gluten [...] Read more.

Since the rise of awareness of gluten/wheat-related disorders in the academic and clinical field in the last few decades, misinformation regarding the gluten-free diet (GFD) and its impact on health has been spreading among the general population. Despite the established link between gluten and celiac disease (CD), where a GFD is mandatory to reach clinical and histological remission, things are more complicated when it comes to non-celiac gluten/wheat sensitivity (NCGWS) and other autoimmune/dysimmune disorders. In the last conditions, a beneficial effect of gluten withdrawal has not been properly assessed, but still is often suggested without strong supporting evidence. In this context, women have always been exposed, more than men, to higher social pressure related to nutritional behaviors and greater engagement in controlling body weight. With this narrative review, we aim to summarize current evidence on the adherence to a GFD, with particular attention to the impact on women’s health. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in Gluten-Free Diet and Celiac Disease)

16 pages, 1196 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

A Five-Week Periodized Carbohydrate Diet Does Not Improve Maximal Lactate Steady-State Exercise Capacity and Substrate Oxidation in Well-Trained Cyclists compared to a High-Carbohydrate Diet

by Gorka Prieto-Bellver, Javier Diaz-Lara, David J. Bishop, José Fernández-Sáez, Javier Abián-Vicén, Iñigo San-Millan and Jordan Santos-Concejero

Nutrients 2024, 16(2), 318; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16020318 - 21 Jan 2024

Viewed by 15395

Abstract

There is a growing interest in studies involving carbohydrate (CHO) manipulation and subsequent adaptations to endurance training. This study aimed to analyze whether a periodized carbohydrate feeding strategy based on a daily training session has any advantages compared to a high-carbohydrate diet in [...] Read more.

There is a growing interest in studies involving carbohydrate (CHO) manipulation and subsequent adaptations to endurance training. This study aimed to analyze whether a periodized carbohydrate feeding strategy based on a daily training session has any advantages compared to a high-carbohydrate diet in well-trained cyclists. Seventeen trained cyclists (VO_2peak = 70.8 ± 6.5 mL·kg⁻¹·min⁻¹) were divided into two groups, a periodized (PCHO) group and a high-carbohydrate (HCHO) group. Both groups performed the same training sessions for five weeks. In the PCHO group, 13 training sessions were performed with low carbohydrate availability. In the HCHO group, all sessions were completed following previous carbohydrate intake to ensure high pre-exercise glycogen levels. In both groups, there was an increase in the maximal lactate steady state (MLSS) (PCHO: 244.1 ± 29.9 W to 253.2 ± 28.4 W; p = 0.008; HCHO: 235.8 ± 21.4 W to 246.9 ± 16.7 W; p = 0.012) but not in the time to exhaustion at MLSS intensity. Both groups increased the percentage of muscle mass (PCHO: p = 0.021; HCHO: p = 0.042) and decreased the percent body fat (PCHO: p = 0.021; HCHO: p = 0.012). We found no differences in carbohydrate or lipid oxidation, heart rate, and post-exercise lactate concentration. Periodizing the CHO intake in well-trained cyclists during a 5-week intervention did not elicit superior results to an energy intake-matched high-carbohydrate diet in any of the measured outcomes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Effect of Dietary Intake on Athletic Performance)

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18 pages, 511 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceSystematic Review

Impact of Intermittent Fasting and/or Caloric Restriction on Aging-Related Outcomes in Adults: A Scoping Review of Randomized Controlled Trials

by Dara L. James, Nanako A. Hawley, Alex E. Mohr, Janice Hermer, Edward Ofori, Fang Yu and Dorothy D. Sears

Nutrients 2024, 16(2), 316; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16020316 - 20 Jan 2024

Cited by 12 | Viewed by 18856

Abstract

Intermittent fasting (IF) and caloric restriction (CR) are dietary strategies to prevent and attenuate obesity associated with conditions and aging-related outcomes. This scoping review examined the cardiometabolic, cancer, and neurocognitive outcome differences between IF and CR interventions among adults. We applied a systematic [...] Read more.

Intermittent fasting (IF) and caloric restriction (CR) are dietary strategies to prevent and attenuate obesity associated with conditions and aging-related outcomes. This scoping review examined the cardiometabolic, cancer, and neurocognitive outcome differences between IF and CR interventions among adults. We applied a systematic approach to scope published randomized controlled trials (databases: PubMed, CINAHL Plus, PsychInfo, Scopus, and Google Scholar) from inception through August 2023. The initial search provided 389 unique articles which were critically appraised. Thirty articles met the eligibility criteria for inclusion: 12 were IF, 10 were CR, and 8 were combined IF and CR interventions. IF and CR were associated with weight loss; however, IF studies tended to report greater adherence compared with CR. Overall, IF and CR were equivalently effective across cardiometabolic, cancer, and neurocognitive outcomes. Our findings suggest that IF has health benefits in a variety of conditions and may be better accepted and tolerated than CR, but more comparative research is required. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Nutrition and Public Health)

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15 pages, 829 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Using the Nutrition Facts Label to Make Food Choices Is Associated with Healthier Eating among 8th and 11th-Grade Students: An Analysis of Statewide Representative Data from the 2019–2020 Texas School Physical Activity and Nutrition Survey

by Christopher D. Pfledderer, Nalini Ranjit, Adriana Pérez, Raja I. Malkani, Augusto César Ferreira De Moraes, Ethan T. Hunt, Carolyn L. Smith and Deanna M. Hoelscher

Nutrients 2024, 16(2), 311; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16020311 - 20 Jan 2024

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 5998

Abstract

Background: Nutrition labels are a tool to inform and encourage the public to make healthier food choices, but little information is available about use in multi-ethnic adolescent populations in the U.S. The purpose of this study was to examine associations between the level [...] Read more.

Background: Nutrition labels are a tool to inform and encourage the public to make healthier food choices, but little information is available about use in multi-ethnic adolescent populations in the U.S. The purpose of this study was to examine associations between the level of nutrition label usage and healthy/unhealthy eating behaviors among a statewide representative sample of 8th and 11th-grade students in Texas. Methods: We analyzed cross-sectional associations between the Nutrition Facts label use and eating behaviors from a statewide sample of 8th and 11th-grade students in Texas, (n = 4730, weighted n = 710,731, mean age = 14.7 ± 1.6 years; 49% female, 51% Hispanic), who completed the 2019–2020 Texas School Physical Activity and Nutrition (TX SPAN) survey. Students self-reported their level of nutrition label usage to make food choices (5-point Likert scale from “Never” to “Always”) and previous day consumption of 26 food items (13 healthy, 13 unhealthy). The 26 food items were used to calculate a Healthy Eating Index (HEI) score (0–100), a Healthy Foods Index (HFI) score (0–100), and an Unhealthy Foods Index (UFI) score (0–100). Weighted linear regression models were employed to examine the associations between self-reported use of nutrition labels to make food choices and HEI, HFI, and UFI scores. Marginal predicted means of HEI, HFI, and UFI scores were calculated post hoc from linear regression models. The odds of consuming specific individual food items for nutrition label usage were also calculated from weighted logistic regression models. All linear and logistic regression models were adjusted for grade, sex, Body Mass Index (BMI), race/ethnicity, economic disadvantage, and percentage of English language learners by school. Results: A total of 11.0% of students reported always/almost always using nutrition labels to make food choices, 27.9% reported sometimes using them, while 61.0% indicated they never/almost never used nutrition labels to make food choices. The average HEI score among students in the sample was 47.7 ± 5.9. Nutrition Facts label usage was significantly and positively associated with HEI (b = 5.79, 95%CI: 4.45, 7.12) and HFI (b = 7.28, 95%CI:4.48, 10.07), and significantly and negatively associated with UFI (b = −4.30, 95%CI: −6.25, −2.34). A dose–response relationship was observed between nutrition label usage and HEI, HFI, and UFI scores, such that the strength of these associations increased with each one-point increase in nutrition label usage. Students who reported using nutrition labels always/almost always to make food choices had significantly higher odds of consuming healthy foods including baked meat, nuts, brown bread, vegetables, whole fruit, and yogurt (OR_range = 1.31–3.07), and significantly lower odds of consuming unhealthy foods including chips, cake, candy, and soda (OR_range = 0.48–0.68) compared to students who reported never/almost never using the Nutrition Facts label. Conclusions: Using the Nutrition Facts labels to make food choices is beneficially associated with healthy and unhealthy eating among 8th and 11th-grade students, although the proportion of students using nutrition labels to make their food choices was low. Public health efforts should be made to improve nutrition literacy and encourage nutrition label use among secondary students in the United States. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Food Nutrition Labels in Relation to Diet and Public Health)

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14 pages, 918 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

The Role of Intestinal Microbiota and Diet as Modulating Factors in the Course of Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s Diseases

by Witold Czarnik, Piotr Fularski, Agata Gajewska, Paulina Jakubowska, Zofia Uszok, Ewelina Młynarska, Jacek Rysz and Beata Franczyk

Nutrients 2024, 16(2), 308; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16020308 - 19 Jan 2024

Cited by 12 | Viewed by 4560

Abstract

Many researchers propose manipulating microbiota to prevent and treat related diseases. The brain–gut axis is an object that remains the target of modern research, and it is not without reason that many researchers enrich it with microbiota and diet in its name. Numerous [...] Read more.

Many researchers propose manipulating microbiota to prevent and treat related diseases. The brain–gut axis is an object that remains the target of modern research, and it is not without reason that many researchers enrich it with microbiota and diet in its name. Numerous connections and mutual correlations have become the basis for seeking answers to many questions related to pathology as well as human physiology. Disorders of this homeostasis as well as dysbiosis itself accompany neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s. Heavily dependent on external factors, modulation of the gut microbiome represents an opportunity to advance the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases. Probiotic interventions, synbiotic interventions, or fecal transplantation can undoubtedly support the biotherapeutic process. A special role is played by diet, which provides metabolites that directly affect the body and the microbiota. A holistic view of the human organism is therefore essential. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Diet and Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis in Neurodegenerative Diseases)

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28 pages, 487 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Nutritional Status of Breastfeeding Mothers and Impact of Diet and Dietary Supplementation: A Narrative Review

by Alejandra Carretero-Krug, Ana Montero-Bravo, Carmen Morais-Moreno, Ana M. Puga, Mª de Lourdes Samaniego-Vaesken, Teresa Partearroyo and Gregorio Varela-Moreiras

Nutrients 2024, 16(2), 301; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16020301 - 19 Jan 2024

Cited by 18 | Viewed by 11457

Abstract

Adequate nutrition during breastfeeding is crucial for ensuring the good health of mothers and babies. Despite the high energy and nutrient demands of breastfeeding, lactating women are often vulnerable from a nutritional perspective. The nutritional focus during breastfeeding tends to be on the [...] Read more.

Adequate nutrition during breastfeeding is crucial for ensuring the good health of mothers and babies. Despite the high energy and nutrient demands of breastfeeding, lactating women are often vulnerable from a nutritional perspective. The nutritional focus during breastfeeding tends to be on the newborn, often neglecting the mother’s diet. Therefore, in the present narrative review, nutrient intakes were compared with the dietary reference values (DRVs) proposed by the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) as well as by the World Health Organization/Food and Agriculture Organization (WHO/FAO). In the diets of lactating mothers, dietary inadequacies were observed in the intake of some vitamins, such as folic acid, vitamin B12, vitamin A, and vitamin D, and in the intake of certain minerals like calcium, iron, and iodine; polyunsaturated omega-3 fatty acid deficiencies, primarily in eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid, were also observed. On the other hand, the debate on the necessity of supplementation during lactation continues; the need for nutritional supplementation during lactation depends on many factors, such us mothers’ eating habits. There seems to be a positive association between nutritional supplementation of the lactating mother and the concentration of certain nutrients in human milk. The present narrative review provides an update on the nutritional status (fatty acids and micronutrients) of breastfeeding mothers and the impact of diet and dietary supplementation on human milk composition. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Nutrition in Women)

14 pages, 3574 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Consumption of the Non-Nutritive Sweetener Stevia for 12 Weeks Does Not Alter the Composition of the Human Gut Microbiota

by Gurdeep Singh, Andrew J. McBain, John T. McLaughlin and Nikoleta S. Stamataki

Nutrients 2024, 16(2), 296; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16020296 - 18 Jan 2024

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 14624

Abstract

The use of non-nutritive sweeteners (NNSs) as an alternative to caloric sugars has increased in recent years. Stevia is an NNS that has demonstrated beneficial effects on appetite and energy intake. However, the impact on the gut microbiota is not well understood. Therefore, [...] Read more.

The use of non-nutritive sweeteners (NNSs) as an alternative to caloric sugars has increased in recent years. Stevia is an NNS that has demonstrated beneficial effects on appetite and energy intake. However, the impact on the gut microbiota is not well understood. Therefore, we investigated how regular consumption of stevia, for up to 12 weeks, impacts the human gut microbiota. Healthy subjects with a normal body mass index participated in our study; the stevia group (n = 14) was asked to consume five drops of stevia twice daily, compared to control participants (n = 13). Faecal samples collected before and after treatment were analysed by 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Stevia did not cause significant changes in the alpha or beta diversity when compared to the control groups. When the relative abundances of taxa were investigated, no clear differences were detected. Conversely, a random forest analysis correctly associated the gut microbiome with the control and stevia groups with an average of 75% accuracy, suggesting that there are intrinsic patterns that could discriminate between control and stevia use. However, large-scale changes in the gut microbiota were not apparent in this study, and, therefore, our data suggest that stevia does not significantly impact the gut microbiota. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Nutrition Methodology & Assessment)

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15 pages, 458 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Mediterranean Diet and Sleep Features: A Systematic Review of Current Evidence

by Justyna Godos, Raffaele Ferri, Giuseppe Lanza, Filippo Caraci, Angel Olider Rojas Vistorte, Vanessa Yelamos Torres, Giuseppe Grosso and Sabrina Castellano

Nutrients 2024, 16(2), 282; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16020282 - 17 Jan 2024

Cited by 24 | Viewed by 7724

Abstract

The prevalence of sleep disorders, characterized by issues with quality, timing, and sleep duration is increasing globally. Among modifiable risk factors, diet quality has been suggested to influence sleep features. The Mediterranean diet is considered a landmark dietary pattern in terms of quality [...] Read more.

The prevalence of sleep disorders, characterized by issues with quality, timing, and sleep duration is increasing globally. Among modifiable risk factors, diet quality has been suggested to influence sleep features. The Mediterranean diet is considered a landmark dietary pattern in terms of quality and effects on human health. However, dietary habits characterized by this cultural heritage should also be considered in the context of overall lifestyle behaviors, including sleep habits. This study aimed to systematically revise the literature relating to adherence to the Mediterranean diet and sleep features in observational studies. The systematic review comprised 23 reports describing the relation between adherence to the Mediterranean diet and different sleep features, including sleep quality, sleep duration, daytime sleepiness, and insomnia symptoms. The majority of the included studies were conducted in the Mediterranean basin and reported a significant association between a higher adherence to the Mediterranean diet and a lower likelihood of having poor sleep quality, inadequate sleep duration, excessive daytime sleepiness or symptoms of insomnia. Interestingly, additional studies conducted outside the Mediterranean basin showed a relationship between the adoption of a Mediterranean-type diet and sleep quality, suggesting that biological mechanisms sustaining such an association may exist. In conclusion, current evidence suggests a relationship between adhering to the Mediterranean diet and overall sleep quality and different sleep parameters. The plausible bidirectional association should be further investigated to understand whether the promotion of a healthy diet could be used as a tool to improve sleep quality. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mediterranean Diet – Health Benefits and Advances)

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21 pages, 1456 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Food Intolerances, Food Allergies and IBS: Lights and Shadows

by Andrea Pasta, Elena Formisano, Francesco Calabrese, Maria Corina Plaz Torres, Giorgia Bodini, Elisa Marabotto, Livia Pisciotta, Edoardo Giovanni Giannini and Manuele Furnari

Nutrients 2024, 16(2), 265; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16020265 - 16 Jan 2024

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 9557

Abstract

This narrative review delves into the intricate relationship between irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) and food intolerances. IBS, a chronic functional gastrointestinal disorder, is characterized by symptoms like abdominal pain and altered bowel habits. The prevalence of IBS has increased globally, especially among young [...] Read more.

This narrative review delves into the intricate relationship between irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) and food intolerances. IBS, a chronic functional gastrointestinal disorder, is characterized by symptoms like abdominal pain and altered bowel habits. The prevalence of IBS has increased globally, especially among young adults. Food and dietary habits play a crucial role in IBS management. About 85–90% of IBS patients report symptom exacerbation linked to specific food consumption, highlighting the strong connection between food intolerances and IBS. Food intolerances often exhibit a dose-dependent pattern, posing a challenge in identifying trigger foods. This issue is further complicated by the complex nature of gastrointestinal physiology and varying food compositions. This review discusses various dietary patterns and their impact on IBS, including the low-FODMAP diet, gluten-free diet, and Mediterranean diet. It highlights the importance of a personalized approach in dietary management, considering individual symptom variability and dietary history. In conclusion, this review emphasizes the need for accurate diagnosis and holistic management of IBS, considering the complex interplay between dietary factors and gastrointestinal pathophysiology. It underlines the importance of patient education and adherence to treatment plans, acknowledging the challenges posed by the variability in dietary triggers and the psychological impact of dietary restrictions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Role of Food Intolerance in Gastrointestinal Disorders)

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40 pages, 2535 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Nutrition at the Intersection between Gut Microbiota Eubiosis and Effective Management of Type 2 Diabetes

by Sevag Hamamah, Oana C. Iatcu and Mihai Covasa

Nutrients 2024, 16(2), 269; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16020269 - 16 Jan 2024

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 6170

Abstract

Nutrition is one of the most influential environmental factors in both taxonomical shifts in gut microbiota as well as in the development of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Emerging evidence has shown that the effects of nutrition on both these parameters is not [...] Read more.

Nutrition is one of the most influential environmental factors in both taxonomical shifts in gut microbiota as well as in the development of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Emerging evidence has shown that the effects of nutrition on both these parameters is not mutually exclusive and that changes in gut microbiota and related metabolites such as short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) and branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs) may influence systemic inflammation and signaling pathways that contribute to pathophysiological processes associated with T2DM. With this background, our review highlights the effects of macronutrients, carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids, as well as micronutrients, vitamins, and minerals, on T2DM, specifically through their alterations in gut microbiota and the metabolites they produce. Additionally, we describe the influences of common food groups, which incorporate varying combinations of these macronutrients and micronutrients, on both microbiota and metabolic parameters in the context of diabetes mellitus. Overall, nutrition is one of the first line modifiable therapies in the management of T2DM and a better understanding of the mechanisms by which gut microbiota influence its pathophysiology provides opportunities for optimizing dietary interventions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dietary Interventions for Patients with Type 2 Diabetes)

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22 pages, 797 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceSystematic Review

Has a High Dose of Vitamin D3 Impacted Health Conditions in Older Adults?—A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis Focusing on Dose 100,000 IU

by Barbara Owczarek, Anna Ziomkiewicz and Edyta Łukowska-Chojnacka

Nutrients 2024, 16(2), 252; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16020252 - 14 Jan 2024

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 8405

Abstract

Background: Older adults are prone to vitamin D3 (VD3) deficiency, which may impair their health. A high dose of VD3 (HDVD3 = 100,000 IU) could improve their 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 [25(OH)D] level and health outcomes. However, evidence for such a beneficial effect of HDVD3 [...] Read more.

Background: Older adults are prone to vitamin D3 (VD3) deficiency, which may impair their health. A high dose of VD3 (HDVD3 = 100,000 IU) could improve their 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 [25(OH)D] level and health outcomes. However, evidence for such a beneficial effect of HDVD3 in older adults coming from clinical trials is mixed. Objective: To review the literature on the efficacy of a single dose of 100,000 IU of VD3 in older people. Methods: We searched PubMed/Medline, Science Direct, and NIH’s clinical trials registry for clinical studies on the effect of a single high dose of VD3 on various health outcomes in older people. We also performed a meta-analysis using the standardized mean difference to assess the effect of VD3 on its blood level. Due to expected high heterogeneity, its amount (i.e., tau²) was estimated using the DerSimonian-Laird estimator. To estimate tau², the Q-test for heterogeneity and the I² statistic were calculated. Results: Search results identify 13 studies that reported diverse health outcomes, such as lung and cardiovascular function, skin cancer progression, intensive care unit mortality, immune system response, and bone density. The meta-analysis showed a significant increase in 25(OH)D blood levels after treatment in 10 studies, with an average standardized mean difference of 2.60 ng/mL (95% CI: 2.07 to 3.13). Their results suggested that a single high dose of VD3 may benefit intensive care unit patients and skin cancer patients in remission. However, evidence for other beneficial health effects of HDVD3 was mixed due to high heterogeneity among studies. Conclusions: A single high dose of VD3 may positively affect some health outcomes in older people, possibly due to its pleiotropic and immunomodulatory effects. However, the evidence needs to be more extensive and consistent, and more rigorous studies are required to confirm the benefits and safety of VD3 high doses in older patients. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Association of Dietary Factors and Disease Risk)

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14 pages, 1045 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Effect of 100% Orange Juice and a Volume-Matched Sugar-Sweetened Drink on Subjective Appetite, Food Intake, and Glycemic Response in Adults

by Stephanie Robayo, Michaela Kucab, Sarah E. Walker, Katherine Suitor, Katherine D’Aversa, Olivia Morello and Nick Bellissimo

Nutrients 2024, 16(2), 242; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16020242 - 12 Jan 2024

Viewed by 7412

Abstract

Dietary recommendations to reduce the consumption of free sugars often group 100% fruit juice with other sugar-containing beverages. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of consuming 100% orange juice compared to an orange drink on next-meal food intake (FI), [...] Read more.

Dietary recommendations to reduce the consumption of free sugars often group 100% fruit juice with other sugar-containing beverages. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of consuming 100% orange juice compared to an orange drink on next-meal food intake (FI), glycemic response, average appetite, emotions, and sensory characteristics in normal-weight adults. Thirty-six normal-weight adults (age: 26.8 ± 0.9 years) consumed, in random order and at least 5 days apart, three 240 mL test beverages as follows: (a) 100% orange juice, (b) orange drink, or (c) water. Subjective sweetness and pleasantness were determined immediately after test beverage consumption. Glycemic response, average appetite, and subjective emotions were measured every 15 min for 60 min. Food intake was determined at a pizza lunch 60 min later. Rest-of-day glycemic response and energy intake (EI) were determined using a continuous glucose monitor and food record, respectively. Lunch FI (p = 0.054) and total EI (p = 0.01) were both lower after 100% orange juice compared with the orange drink. Caloric compensation was 84% after 100% orange juice and −25% after the orange drink (p = 0.047). Average appetite was not significantly different between the test beverages (p > 0.05). Blood glucose iAUC adjusted for available carbohydrate was lower after 100% orange juice compared with the orange drink (p < 0.001). Rest-of-day blood glucose concentrations were lower after 100% orange juice compared with the orange drink (p = 0.03) and water control (p < 0.001). In conclusion, consumption of 100% orange juice as a preload resulted in higher caloric compensation, lower total daily EI, and lower blood glucose concentrations compared to the orange drink. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Carbohydrates)

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17 pages, 8394 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Curcumin Mitigates the High-Fat High-Sugar Diet-Induced Impairment of Spatial Memory, Hepatic Metabolism, and the Alteration of the Gut Microbiome in Alzheimer’s Disease-Induced (3xTg-AD) Mice

by Gopal Lamichhane, Jing Liu, Su-Jeong Lee, Da-Yeon Lee, Guolong Zhang and Yoo Kim

Nutrients 2024, 16(2), 240; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16020240 - 12 Jan 2024

Cited by 22 | Viewed by 5226

Abstract

The escalating prevalence of metabolic diseases and an aging demographic has been correlated with a concerning rise in Alzheimer’s disease (AD) incidence. This study aimed to access the protective effects of curcumin, a bioactive flavonoid from turmeric, on spatial memory, metabolic functions, and [...] Read more.

The escalating prevalence of metabolic diseases and an aging demographic has been correlated with a concerning rise in Alzheimer’s disease (AD) incidence. This study aimed to access the protective effects of curcumin, a bioactive flavonoid from turmeric, on spatial memory, metabolic functions, and the regulation of the gut microbiome in AD-induced (3xTg-AD) mice fed with either a normal chow diet (NCD) or a high-fat high-sugar diet (HFHSD). Our findings revealed an augmented susceptibility of the HFHSD-fed 3xTg-AD mice for weight gain and memory impairment, while curcumin supplementation demonstrated a protective effect against these changes. This was evidenced by significantly reduced body weight gain and improved behavioral and cognitive function in the curcumin-treated group. These improvements were substantiated by diminished fatty acid synthesis, altered cholesterol metabolism, and suppressed adipogenesis-related pathways in the liver, along with modified synaptic plasticity-related pathways in the brain. Moreover, curcumin enriched beneficial gut microbiota, including Oscillospiraceae and Rikenellaceae at the family level, and Oscillibacter, Alistipes, Pseudoflavonifractor, Duncaniella, and Flintibacter at the genus level. The observed alteration in these gut microbiota profiles suggests a potential crosswalk in the liver and brain for regulating metabolic and cognitive functions, particularly in the context of obesity-associated cognitive disfunction, notably AD. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dietary Management and Nutritional Health for Age-Related Diseases)

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36 pages, 5124 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Metabolic and Nutritional Issues after Lower Digestive Tract Surgery: The Important Role of the Dietitian in a Multidisciplinary Setting

by Alejandra Utrilla Fornals, Cristian Costas-Batlle, Sophie Medlin, Elisa Menjón-Lajusticia, Julia Cisneros-González, Patricia Saura-Carmona and Miguel A. Montoro-Huguet

Nutrients 2024, 16(2), 246; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16020246 - 12 Jan 2024

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 13569

Abstract

Many patients undergo small bowel and colon surgery for reasons related to malignancy, inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), mesenteric ischemia, and other benign conditions, including post-operative adhesions, hernias, trauma, volvulus, or diverticula. Some patients arrive in the operating theatre severely malnourished due to an [...] Read more.

Many patients undergo small bowel and colon surgery for reasons related to malignancy, inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), mesenteric ischemia, and other benign conditions, including post-operative adhesions, hernias, trauma, volvulus, or diverticula. Some patients arrive in the operating theatre severely malnourished due to an underlying disease, while others develop complications (e.g., anastomotic leaks, abscesses, or strictures) that induce a systemic inflammatory response that can increase their energy and protein requirements. Finally, anatomical and functional changes resulting from surgery can affect either nutritional status due to malabsorption or nutritional support (NS) pathways. The dietitian providing NS to these patients needs to understand the pathophysiology underlying these sequelae and collaborate with other professionals, including surgeons, internists, nurses, and pharmacists. The aim of this review is to provide an overview of the nutritional and metabolic consequences of different types of lower gastrointestinal surgery and the role of the dietitian in providing comprehensive patient care. This article reviews the effects of small bowel resection on macronutrient and micronutrient absorption, the effects of colectomies (e.g., ileocolectomy, low anterior resection, abdominoperineal resection, and proctocolectomy) that require special dietary considerations, nutritional considerations specific to ostomized patients, and clinical practice guidelines for caregivers of patients who have undergone a surgery for local and systemic complications of IBD. Finally, we highlight the valuable contribution of the dietitian in the challenging management of short bowel syndrome and intestinal failure. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutritional Support in Digestive Diseases, and Nutritional Implications of Dietary Interventions)

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16 pages, 1173 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Vitamin D and Its Role on the Fatigue Mitigation: A Narrative Review

by Ippolita Valentina Di Molfetta, Laura Bordoni, Rosita Gabbianelli, Gianni Sagratini and Laura Alessandroni

Nutrients 2024, 16(2), 221; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16020221 - 10 Jan 2024

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 26508

Abstract

Vitamin D has historically been associated with bone metabolism. However, over the years, a growing body of evidence has emerged indicating its involvement in various physiological processes that may influence the onset of numerous pathologies (cardiovascular and neurodegenerative diseases, rheumatological diseases, fertility, cancer, [...] Read more.

Vitamin D has historically been associated with bone metabolism. However, over the years, a growing body of evidence has emerged indicating its involvement in various physiological processes that may influence the onset of numerous pathologies (cardiovascular and neurodegenerative diseases, rheumatological diseases, fertility, cancer, diabetes, or a condition of fatigue). This narrative review investigates the current knowledge of the pathophysiological mechanisms underlying fatigue and the ways in which vitamin D is implicated in these processes. Scientific studies in the databases of PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science were reviewed with a focus on factors that play a role in the genesis of fatigue, where the influence of vitamin D has been clearly demonstrated. The pathogenic factors of fatigue influenced by vitamin D are related to biochemical factors connected to oxidative stress and inflammatory cytokines. A role in the control of the neurotransmitters dopamine and serotonin has also been demonstrated: an imbalance in the relationship between these two neurotransmitters is linked to the genesis of fatigue. Furthermore, vitamin D is implicated in the control of voltage-gated calcium and chloride channels. Although it has been demonstrated that hypovitaminosis D is associated with numerous pathological conditions, current data on the outcomes of correcting hypovitaminosis D are conflicting. This suggests that, despite the significant involvement of vitamin D in regulating mechanisms governing fatigue, other factors could also play a role. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Global Perspectives on Vitamin D)

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11 pages, 806 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceSystematic Review

Impact of Vitamin D on Osseointegration in Dental Implants: A Systematic Review of Human Studies

by Berivan Laura Rebeca Buzatu, Roxana Buzatu and Magda Mihaela Luca

Nutrients 2024, 16(2), 209; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16020209 - 9 Jan 2024

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 6135

Abstract

This systematic review evaluates the impact of Vitamin D levels on dental implant osseointegration, hypothesizing that optimal Vitamin D enhances success rates, and aims to synthesize data on its relationship with clinical outcomes in implantology. A comprehensive search across PubMed, Cochrane Library, and [...] Read more.

This systematic review evaluates the impact of Vitamin D levels on dental implant osseointegration, hypothesizing that optimal Vitamin D enhances success rates, and aims to synthesize data on its relationship with clinical outcomes in implantology. A comprehensive search across PubMed, Cochrane Library, and Web of Science databases included seven peer-reviewed articles meeting the criteria for the review. These studies, conducted between 2008 and 2021, included human subjects and explicitly correlated serum Vitamin D levels with dental implant outcomes, following PRISMA guidelines. The selected studies involved 1462 participants and examined 4450 dental implants. Key findings included a varied implant loss rate ranging from 3.9% to 11.4% across the studies. One study reported a 9.8% implant loss rate, yet found no significant association between Vitamin D receptor polymorphism and implant success. Another study indicated successful implantation following Vitamin D3 supplementation, even in severe deficiency cases. The highest implant loss rate (11.1%) was observed in severely Vitamin D-deficient patients, particularly when compounded by risk factors such as smoking and periodontal disease. Additionally, one study noted significantly improved bone density following post-surgical Vitamin D supplementation for up to 12 weeks. The review supports a link between sufficient Vitamin D levels and successful dental implant osseointegration, suggesting Vitamin D deficiency as a potential risk factor for increased failure and advocating for Vitamin D evaluations in pre-surgical planning to potentially enhance implantology outcomes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Trace Elements and Bone Health)

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21 pages, 2302 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Effect of Acute Caffeine Intake on Fat Oxidation Rate during Fed-State Exercise: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

by Javier Fernández-Sánchez, Daniel Trujillo-Colmena, Adrián Rodríguez-Castaño, Ana Myriam Lavín-Pérez, Juan Del Coso, Arturo Casado and Daniel Collado-Mateo

Nutrients 2024, 16(2), 207; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16020207 - 8 Jan 2024

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 7455

Abstract

Pre-exercise intake of caffeine (from ~3 to 9 mg/kg) has been demonstrated as an effective supplementation strategy to increase fat oxidation during fasted exercise. However, a pre-exercise meal can alter the potential effect of caffeine on fat oxidation during exercise as caffeine modifies [...] Read more.

Pre-exercise intake of caffeine (from ~3 to 9 mg/kg) has been demonstrated as an effective supplementation strategy to increase fat oxidation during fasted exercise. However, a pre-exercise meal can alter the potential effect of caffeine on fat oxidation during exercise as caffeine modifies postprandial glycaemic and insulinemic responses. Hypothetically, the effect of caffeine on fat oxidation may be reduced or even withdrawn during fed-state exercise. The present systematic review aimed to meta-analyse investigations on the effect of acute caffeine intake on the rate of fat oxidation during submaximal aerobic exercise performed in the fed state (last meal < 5 h before exercise). A total of 18 crossover trials with randomised and placebo-controlled protocols and published between 1982 and 2021 were included, with a total of 228 participants (185 males and 43 females). Data were extracted to compare rates of fat oxidation during exercise with placebo and caffeine at the same exercise intensity, which reported 20 placebo–caffeine pairwise comparisons. A meta-analysis of the studies was performed, using the standardised mean difference (SMD) estimated from Hedges’ g, with 95% confidence intervals (CI). In comparison with the placebo, caffeine increased the rate of fat oxidation during fed-state exercise (number of comparisons (n) = 20; p = 0.020, SMD = 0.65, 95% CI = 0.20 to 1.20). Only studies with a dose < 6 mg/kg of caffeine (n = 13) increased the rate of fat oxidation during fed-state exercise (p = 0.004, SMD = 0.86, 95% CI = 0.27 to 1.45), while no such effect was observed in studies with doses ≥6 mg/kg (n = 7; p = 0.97, SMD = −0.03, 95% CI = −1.40 to 1.35). The effect of caffeine on fat oxidation during fed-state exercise was observed in active untrained individuals (n = 13; p < 0.001, SMD = 0.84, 95% CI = 0.39 to 1.30) but not in aerobically trained participants (n = 7; p = 0.27, SMD = 0.50, 95% CI = −0.39 to 1.39). Likewise, the effect of caffeine on fat oxidation was observed in caffeine-naïve participants (n = 9; p < 0.001, SMD = 0.82, 95% CI = 0.45 to 1.19) but not in caffeine consumers (n = 3; p = 0.54, SMD = 0.57, 95% CI = −1.23 to 2.37). In conclusion, acute caffeine intake in combination with a meal ingested within 5 h before the onset of exercise increased the rate of fat oxidation during submaximal aerobic exercise. The magnitude of the effect of caffeine on fat oxidation during fed-state exercise may be modulated by the dose of caffeine administered (higher with <6 mg/kg than with ≥6 mg/kg), participants’ aerobic fitness level (higher in active than in aerobically trained individuals), and habituation to caffeine (higher in caffeine-naïve than in caffeine consumers). Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sport Supplementation for Performance and Health (Volume II))

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17 pages, 2247 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceSystematic Review

Sex and Gender Differences on the Impact of Metabolism-Disrupting Chemicals on Obesity: A Systematic Review

by Massimo D’Archivio, Lucia Coppola, Roberta Masella, Alessia Tammaro and Cinzia La Rocca

Nutrients 2024, 16(2), 181; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16020181 - 5 Jan 2024

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 4486

Abstract

Obesity represents an important public health concern, being one of the leading causes of death worldwide. It is a multifactorial disease with many underlying intertwined causes, including genetic, environmental and behavioral factors. Notably, metabolism-disrupting chemicals (MDCs) can alter the set point control of [...] Read more.

Obesity represents an important public health concern, being one of the leading causes of death worldwide. It is a multifactorial disease with many underlying intertwined causes, including genetic, environmental and behavioral factors. Notably, metabolism-disrupting chemicals (MDCs) can alter the set point control of metabolism, affecting the development and function of the adipose tissue. Epidemiological studies have reported associations between human exposure to MDCs and several altered metabolic endpoints. It is also noteworthy that sex and gender represent important risk factors in the development of obesity. Different sex-related biological and physiological characteristics influence individual susceptibility, whereas gender represents a critical component in determining the different exposure scenarios. Although some advancements in the treatment of obesity have been achieved in preclinical and clinical studies, the obesity pandemic continues to increase worldwide. The present study performed a systematic review of recent studies considering the effects of MDCs on obesity, with a specific focus on sex- and gender-related responses. This review highlighted that MDCs could differently affect men and women at different stages of life even though the number of studies evaluating the association between obesity and MDC exposure in relation to sex and gender is still limited. This evidence should urge researchers to carry out studies considering sex and gender differences. This is essential for developing sex-/gender-tailored prevention strategies to improve public health policies and reduce exposure. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sex Differences in Metabolism and Cardiometabolic Diseases)

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21 pages, 945 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Nutrition and Chronobiology as Key Components of Multidisciplinary Therapeutic Interventions for Fibromyalgia and Associated Chronic Fatigue Syndrome: A Narrative and Critical Review

by Noèlia Carrasco-Querol, Lorena Cabricano-Canga, Nerea Bueno Hernández, Alessandra Queiroga Gonçalves, Rosa Caballol Angelats, Macarena Pozo Ariza, Carme Martín-Borràs, Pilar Montesó-Curto, Elisabet Castro Blanco, Maria Rosa Dalmau Llorca and Carina Aguilar Martín

Nutrients 2024, 16(2), 182; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16020182 - 5 Jan 2024

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 7525

Abstract

Fibromyalgia (FM) is often accompanied by chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS). It is a poorly understood disorder that mainly affects women and leads to chronic pain, fatigue, and insomnia, among other symptoms, which decrease quality of life. Due to the inefficiency of current pharmacological [...] Read more.

Fibromyalgia (FM) is often accompanied by chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS). It is a poorly understood disorder that mainly affects women and leads to chronic pain, fatigue, and insomnia, among other symptoms, which decrease quality of life. Due to the inefficiency of current pharmacological treatments, increasing interest is being directed towards non-pharmacological multicomponent therapies. However, nutrition and chronobiology are often overlooked when developing multicomponent therapies. This narrative and critical review explore the relevance of nutritional and chronobiological strategies in the therapeutic management of FM and the often-associated CFS. Reviewed literature offers scientific evidence for the association of dietary habits, nutrient levels, body composition, gut microbiota imbalance, chronobiological alterations, and their interrelation with the development and severity of symptoms. This review highlights the key role of nutrition and chronobiology as relevant and indispensable components in a multidisciplinary approach to FM and CFS. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Nutrition and Public Health)

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14 pages, 640 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Nutrition and Disorders of Gut–Brain Interaction

by Emidio Scarpellini, Lukas Michaja Balsiger, Bert Broeders, Karen Van Den Houte, Karen Routhiaux, Karlien Raymenants, Florencia Carbone and Jan Tack

Nutrients 2024, 16(1), 176; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16010176 - 4 Jan 2024

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 5916

Abstract

Background: Disorders of gut–brain interaction (DGBIs) have a complex pathophysiology that is often characterized by a relationship between food ingestion and triggering of symptoms. Understanding of the underlying mechanisms and the role of nutrients as a therapeutic target are rapidly evolving. Aims and [...] Read more.

Background: Disorders of gut–brain interaction (DGBIs) have a complex pathophysiology that is often characterized by a relationship between food ingestion and triggering of symptoms. Understanding of the underlying mechanisms and the role of nutrients as a therapeutic target are rapidly evolving. Aims and methods: We performed a narrative review of the literature using the following keywords, their acronyms, and their associations: nutrients, disorders of gut–brain interaction; functional dyspepsia; malabsorption; irritable bowel syndrome; diarrhea; constipation. Results: Functional dyspepsia displayed a significant correlation between volume, fat and/or wheat abundance, chemical composition of ingested food and symptoms of early satiety, fullness and weight loss. Carbohydrate malabsorption is related to enzyme deficiency throughout the GI tract. Food composition and richness in soluble vs. non-soluble fibers is related to constipation and diarrhea. The elimination of fermentable oligo-, di-, monosaccharides and polyols (FODMAPs) has a significant and non-unidirectional impact on irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) symptoms. Conclusions: Food volume, nutritive and chemical composition, and its malabsorption are associated with symptom generation in DGBIs. Further multicenter, randomized-controlled clinical trials are needed to clarify the underlying pathophysiology. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Role of Food Intolerance in Gastrointestinal Disorders)

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18 pages, 827 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Relationship of Low Vitamin B6 Status with Sarcopenia, Frailty, and Mortality: A Narrative Review

by Norihisa Kato, Akiko Kimoto, Peipei Zhang, Chanikan Bumrungkit, Sajith Karunaratne, Noriyuki Yanaka and Thanutchaporn Kumrungsee

Nutrients 2024, 16(1), 177; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16010177 - 4 Jan 2024

Cited by 14 | Viewed by 7669

Abstract

Marginal vitamin B6 (B6) deficiency is a widespread global concern. Inadequate B6 levels have been linked to an increased risk of age-related chronic diseases such as cardiovascular diseases and cancers. In recent years, the growing concern over sarcopenia (the age-related loss of muscle [...] Read more.

Marginal vitamin B6 (B6) deficiency is a widespread global concern. Inadequate B6 levels have been linked to an increased risk of age-related chronic diseases such as cardiovascular diseases and cancers. In recent years, the growing concern over sarcopenia (the age-related loss of muscle mass and strength) and frailty (a decline in physiological resilience and increased vulnerability associated with aging) is particularly relevant due to the emergence of super-aged societies in developed countries. Notably, among the thirty-one studies included in this review, twenty-five showed a significant association of B6 status with sarcopenia, frailty, and all-cause mortality in adults (p < 0.05), while six showed no association. Emerging studies have suggested novel mechanisms underlying this association. These mechanisms involve P2X7 receptor-mediated NLRP3 inflammasome signaling, AMPK signaling, PD-L1 signaling, and satellite cell-mediated myogenesis. Furthermore, the modulation of PLP-dependent enzymes due to B6 deficiency is associated with impaired metabolic processes, affecting energy utilization, imidazole peptide production, and hydrogen sulfide production, as well as the kynurenine pathway, all of which play vital roles in skeletal muscle health and pathophysiology. This narrative review provides an up-to-date assessment of our current understanding of the potential role of nutritional B6 status in combating sarcopenia, frailty, and mortality. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dietary Micronutrient Intake and Health)

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14 pages, 625 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Intermittent Fasting: Does It Affect Sports Performance? A Systematic Review

by Javier Conde-Pipó, Agustín Mora-Fernandez, Manuel Martinez-Bebia, Nuria Gimenez-Blasi, Alejandro Lopez-Moro, José Antonio Latorre, Antonio Almendros-Ruiz, Bernardo Requena and Miguel Mariscal-Arcas

Nutrients 2024, 16(1), 168; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16010168 - 4 Jan 2024

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 18174

Abstract

Intermittent fasting is one of the most popular types of diet at the moment because it is an effective nutritional strategy in terms of weight loss. The main objective of this review is to analyze the effects that intermittent fasting has on sports [...] Read more.

Intermittent fasting is one of the most popular types of diet at the moment because it is an effective nutritional strategy in terms of weight loss. The main objective of this review is to analyze the effects that intermittent fasting has on sports performance. We analyzed physical capacities: aerobic capacity, anaerobic capacity, strength, and power, as well as their effect on body composition. For this, a bibliographic search was carried out in several databases where 25 research articles were analyzed to clarify these objectives. Inclusion criteria: dates between 2013 and present, free full texts, studies conducted in adult human athletes, English and/or Spanish languages, and if it has been considered that intermittent fasting is mainly linked to sports practice and that this obtains a result in terms of performance or physical capacities. This review was registered in PROSPERO with code ref. 407024, and an evaluation of the quality or risk of bias was performed. After this analysis, results were obtained regarding the improvement of body composition and the maintenance of muscle mass. An influence of intermittent fasting on sports performance and body composition is observed. It can be concluded that intermittent fasting provides benefits in terms of body composition without reducing physical performance, maintenance of lean mass, and improvements in maximum power. But despite this, it is necessary to carry out new studies focusing on the sports field since the samples have been very varied. Additionally, the difference in hours of intermittent fasting should be studied, especially in the case of overnight fasting. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Role of Diet Pattern on Exercise Performance and Metabolism)

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27 pages, 2650 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

How Can Selected Dietary Ingredients Influence the Development and Progression of Endometriosis?

by Monika Abramiuk, Paulina Mertowska, Karolina Frankowska, Paulina Świechowska-Starek, Małgorzata Satora, Grzegorz Polak, Izabela Dymanowska-Dyjak and Ewelina Grywalska

Nutrients 2024, 16(1), 154; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16010154 - 2 Jan 2024

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 7225

Abstract

Endometriosis is a chronic, hormone-dependent disease characterized by the presence of endometrial tissue in ectopic locations. Since the treatment options for this disease are still limited, and the cure rate is unsatisfactory, the search for ways to treat symptoms and modify the course [...] Read more.

Endometriosis is a chronic, hormone-dependent disease characterized by the presence of endometrial tissue in ectopic locations. Since the treatment options for this disease are still limited, and the cure rate is unsatisfactory, the search for ways to treat symptoms and modify the course of the disease is of key importance in improving the quality of life of patients with endometriosis. So far, the literature has shown that nutrition can influence endometriosis through hormonal modification and altering the inflammatory or oxidative response. Since the importance of nutrition in this disease is still a subject of scientific research, we aimed to summarize the current knowledge on the role of dietary modifications in endometriosis. Our review showed that nutrients with anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties, including most vitamins and several trace elements, may influence the pathogenesis of endometriosis and can be considered as the nutrients preventing the development of endometriosis. However, despite the many discoveries described in this review, further interdisciplinary research on this topic seems to be extremely important, as in the future, it may result in the development of personalized therapies supporting the treatment of endometriosis. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutrition and Lifestyle in Gynecological Diseases)

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24 pages, 3522 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceSystematic Review

Dietary Macronutrient Intake and Cardiovascular Disease Risk and Mortality: A Systematic Review and Dose-Response Meta-Analysis of Prospective Cohort Studies

by Yibin Ma, Zekun Zheng, Litao Zhuang, Huiting Wang, Anni Li, Liangkai Chen and Liegang Liu

Nutrients 2024, 16(1), 152; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16010152 - 2 Jan 2024

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 10126

Abstract

Many epidemiological studies have evaluated the intake of macronutrients and the risk of mortality and cardiovascular disease (CVD). However, current evidence is conflicting and warrants further investigation. Therefore, we carried out an umbrella review to examine and quantify the potential dose-response association of [...] Read more.

Many epidemiological studies have evaluated the intake of macronutrients and the risk of mortality and cardiovascular disease (CVD). However, current evidence is conflicting and warrants further investigation. Therefore, we carried out an umbrella review to examine and quantify the potential dose-response association of dietary macronutrient intake with CVD morbidity and mortality. Prospective cohort studies from PubMed, Embase, and CENTRAL were reviewed, which reported associations of macronutrients (protein, fat, and carbohydrate) with all-cause, CVD, cancer mortality, or CVD events. Multivariable relative risks (RR) were pooled, and heterogeneity was assessed. The results of 124 prospective cohort studies were included in the systematic review and 101 in the meta-analysis. During the follow-up period from 2.2 to 30 years, 506,086 deaths and 79,585 CVD events occurred among 5,107,821 participants. High total protein intake was associated with low CVD morbidity (RR 0.88, 95% confidence interval 0.82–0.94), while high total carbohydrate intake was associated with high CVD morbidity (1.08, 1.02–1.13). For fats, a high intake of total fat was associated with a decreased all-cause mortality risk (0.92, 0.85–0.99). Saturated fatty acid intake was only associated with cancer mortality (1.10, 1.06–1.14); Both monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA) and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) intake was associated with all-cause mortality (MUFA: 0.92, 0.86–0.98; PUFA: 0.91, 0.86–0.96). This meta-analysis supports that protein intake is associated with a decreased risk of CVD morbidity, while carbohydrate intake is associated with an increased risk of CVD morbidity. High total fat intake is associated with a low risk of all-cause mortality, and this effect was different in an analysis stratified by the type of fat. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Nutrition and Public Health)

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21 pages, 1598 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceSystematic Review

Oxidative Stress and Natural Products in Orthodontic Treatment: A Systematic Review

by Francesco Inchingolo, Angelo Michele Inchingolo, Giulia Latini, Laura Ferrante, Irma Trilli, Gaetano Del Vecchio, Giulia Palmieri, Giuseppina Malcangi, Alessio Danilo Inchingolo and Gianna Dipalma

Nutrients 2024, 16(1), 113; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16010113 - 28 Dec 2023

Cited by 23 | Viewed by 2379

Abstract

In recent years, orthodontics, a specialized branch of dentistry, has evolved considerably in terms of both techniques and materials used. Aimed at correcting dental malocclusions and craniofacial anomalies, it improves the functionality and aesthetics of the face and oral cavity. However, orthodontic treatment, [...] Read more.

In recent years, orthodontics, a specialized branch of dentistry, has evolved considerably in terms of both techniques and materials used. Aimed at correcting dental malocclusions and craniofacial anomalies, it improves the functionality and aesthetics of the face and oral cavity. However, orthodontic treatment, in its developmental stages, may induce oxidative stress (O.S.) phenomena, with an increase in the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), damaging the dental and periodontal tissues involved, affecting the short-, medium- and long-term results. Studies on the antioxidant effects of natural products (e.g., resveratrol, green tea, turmeric, etc.) in the medical field have aroused considerable interest in recent years. A systematic literature review was conducted on the PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science databases using natural products (N.P.s), O.S., and orthodontic as keywords. The study aims to consider the determinants of the increase in ROS occurring during orthodontic treatment and the possibility of natural products being able to control and neutralize biochemical phenomena by restoring the physiological process in which the balance between the production of ROS and the ability of the body’s antioxidant system to neutralize them is in favor of the latter. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Oxidative Stress and Protective Effects of Natural Products in Health)

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20 pages, 962 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

The Role of Gut Microbiota and Leaky Gut in the Pathogenesis of Food Allergy

by Remo Poto, William Fusco, Emanuele Rinninella, Marco Cintoni, Francesco Kaitsas, Pauline Raoul, Cristiano Caruso, Maria Cristina Mele, Gilda Varricchi, Antonio Gasbarrini, Giovanni Cammarota and Gianluca Ianiro

Nutrients 2024, 16(1), 92; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16010092 - 27 Dec 2023

Cited by 17 | Viewed by 10423

Abstract

Food allergy (FA) is a growing public health concern, with an increasing prevalence in Western countries. Increasing evidence suggests that the balance of human gut microbiota and the integrity of our intestinal barrier may play roles in the development of FA. Environmental factors, [...] Read more.

Food allergy (FA) is a growing public health concern, with an increasing prevalence in Western countries. Increasing evidence suggests that the balance of human gut microbiota and the integrity of our intestinal barrier may play roles in the development of FA. Environmental factors, including industrialization and consumption of highly processed food, can contribute to altering the gut microbiota and the intestinal barrier, increasing the susceptibility to allergic sensitization. Compositional and functional alterations to the gut microbiome have also been associated with FA. In addition, increased permeability of the gut barrier allows the translocation of allergenic molecules, triggering Th2 immune responses. Preclinical and clinical studies have highlighted the potential of probiotics, prebiotics, and postbiotics in the prevention and treatment of FA through enhancing gut barrier function and promoting the restoration of healthy gut microbiota. Finally, fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) is now being explored as a promising therapeutic strategy to prevent FA in both experimental and clinical studies. In this review article, we aim to explore the complex interplay between intestinal permeability and gut microbiota in the development of FA, as well as depict potential therapeutic strategies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Prebiotics, Probiotics and Nutrition Effects on the Human Metabolome)

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13 pages, 1118 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Subclinical Hypothyroidism in Patients with Obesity and Metabolic Syndrome: A Narrative Review

by Bernadette Biondi

Nutrients 2024, 16(1), 87; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16010087 - 27 Dec 2023

Cited by 28 | Viewed by 9536

Abstract

The literature on the connection between obesity, metabolic syndrome, and subclinical hypothyroidism is critically analyzed in this narrative review. These conditions are frequently observed among adult populations and various studies and meta-analyses have assessed their association. The prevalence of subclinical hypothyroidism in obese [...] Read more.

The literature on the connection between obesity, metabolic syndrome, and subclinical hypothyroidism is critically analyzed in this narrative review. These conditions are frequently observed among adult populations and various studies and meta-analyses have assessed their association. The prevalence of subclinical hypothyroidism in obese individuals is higher than in non-obese subjects and this trend is more pronounced in unhealthy obesity phenotypes. However, the diagnosis and treatment of subclinical hypothyroidism can be difficult in obese patients. Exaggerated body fat is linked to thyroid hypoechogenicity as evident through ultrasonography and euthyroid obese people have greater TSH, FT3, and FT3/FT4 ratios than non-obese individuals in a euthyroid condition. Moreover, a reduced expression of the TSH receptor and altered function of deiodinases has been found in the adipose tissue of obese patients. Current data do not support the necessity of a pharmacological correction of the isolated hyperthyrotropinemia in euthyroid obese patients because treatment with thyroid hormone does not significantly improve weight loss and the increase in serum TSH can be reversible after hypocaloric diet or bariatric surgery. On the other hand, obesity is linked to elevated leptin levels. Inflammation can raise the risk of Hashimoto thyroiditis, which increases the likelihood that obese patients will experience overt or subclinical hypothyroidism. Both metabolic syndrome and subclinical hypothyroidism are associated with atherosclerosis, liver and kidney disease. Hence, the association of these two illnesses may potentiate the adverse effects noted in each of them. Subclinical hypothyroidism should be identified in patients with obesity and treated with appropriate doses of L-thyroxine according to the lean body mass and body weight. Randomized controlled trials are necessary to verify whether treatment of thyroid deficiency could counteract the expected risks. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutrition and Hormone Regulation)

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21 pages, 369 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

The Importance of Nutrition in Menopause and Perimenopause—A Review

by Aliz Erdélyi, Erzsébet Pálfi, László Tűű, Katalin Nas, Zsuzsanna Szűcs, Marianna Török, Attila Jakab and Szabolcs Várbíró

Nutrients 2024, 16(1), 27; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16010027 - 21 Dec 2023

Cited by 24 | Viewed by 34562

Abstract

Menopause is associated with an increased prevalence of obesity, metabolic syndrome, cardiovascular diseases, and osteoporosis. These diseases and unfavorable laboratory values, which are characteristic of this period in women, can be significantly improved by eliminating and reducing dietary risk factors. Changing dietary habits [...] Read more.

Menopause is associated with an increased prevalence of obesity, metabolic syndrome, cardiovascular diseases, and osteoporosis. These diseases and unfavorable laboratory values, which are characteristic of this period in women, can be significantly improved by eliminating and reducing dietary risk factors. Changing dietary habits during perimenopause is most effectively achieved through nutrition counseling and intervention. To reduce the risk factors of all these diseases, and in the case of an already existing disease, dietary therapy led by a dietitian should be an integral part of the treatment. The following review summarizes the recommendations for a balanced diet and fluid intake, the dietary prevention of cardiovascular diseases, the role of sleep, and the key preventive nutrients in menopause, such as vitamin D, calcium, vitamin C, B vitamins, and protein intake. In summary, during the period of perimenopause and menopause, many lifestyle factors can reduce the risk of developing all the diseases (cardiovascular disease, insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes mellitus, osteoporosis, and tumors) and symptoms characteristic of this period. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutrition and Hormone Regulation)

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16 pages, 692 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Effects of Malnutrition on the Immune System and Infection and the Role of Nutritional Strategies Regarding Improvements in Children’s Health Status: A Literature Review

by Fátima Morales, Sergio Montserrat-de la Paz, Maria J. Leon and Fernando Rivero-Pino

Nutrients 2024, 16(1), 1; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16010001 - 19 Dec 2023

Cited by 62 | Viewed by 21813

Abstract

Malnutrition refers to a person’s status as under- or overnourished, and it is usually associated with an inflammation status, which can subsequently imply a different health status, as the risk of infection is increased, along with a deterioration of the immune system. Children’s [...] Read more.

Malnutrition refers to a person’s status as under- or overnourished, and it is usually associated with an inflammation status, which can subsequently imply a different health status, as the risk of infection is increased, along with a deterioration of the immune system. Children’s immune systems are generally more susceptible to problems than adults. In the situation of malnutrition, because malnourished children’s immune systems are compromised, they are more likely to die. However, little is known about the underlying mechanism of altered immune functioning and how it relates to starvation. Nutritional interventions have been reported as cost-effective strategies to prevent or treat the development of malnourishment, considering the link between food intake and health, especially in children, and also the susceptibility of this population to diseases and how their health status during childhood might affect their long-term physiological growth. The ingestion of specific nutrients (e.g., vitamins or oligoelements) has been reported to contribute to the proper functioning of children’s immune systems. In this review, we aim to describe the basis of malnutrition and how this is linked to the immune system, considering the role of nutrients in the modulation of the immune system and the risk of infection that can occur in these situations in children, as well as to identify nutritional interventions to improve their health. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Role of Nutraceuticals in Immunometabolism)

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32 pages, 691 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Improving Cognitive Function with Nutritional Supplements in Aging: A Comprehensive Narrative Review of Clinical Studies Investigating the Effects of Vitamins, Minerals, Antioxidants, and Other Dietary Supplements

by Mónika Fekete, Andrea Lehoczki, Stefano Tarantini, Vince Fazekas-Pongor, Tamás Csípő, Zoltán Csizmadia and János Tamás Varga

Nutrients 2023, 15(24), 5116; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15245116 - 15 Dec 2023

Cited by 23 | Viewed by 21945

Abstract

Cognitive impairment and dementia are burgeoning public health concerns, especially given the increasing longevity of the global population. These conditions not only affect the quality of life of individuals and their families, but also pose significant economic burdens on healthcare systems. In this [...] Read more.

Cognitive impairment and dementia are burgeoning public health concerns, especially given the increasing longevity of the global population. These conditions not only affect the quality of life of individuals and their families, but also pose significant economic burdens on healthcare systems. In this context, our comprehensive narrative review critically examines the role of nutritional supplements in mitigating cognitive decline. Amidst growing interest in non-pharmacological interventions for cognitive enhancement, this review delves into the efficacy of vitamins, minerals, antioxidants, and other dietary supplements. Through a systematic evaluation of randomized controlled trials, observational studies, and meta-analysis, this review focuses on outcomes such as memory enhancement, attention improvement, executive function support, and neuroprotection. The findings suggest a complex interplay between nutritional supplementation and cognitive health, with some supplements showing promising results and others displaying limited or context-dependent effectiveness. The review highlights the importance of dosage, bioavailability, and individual differences in response to supplementation. Additionally, it addresses safety concerns and potential interactions with conventional treatments. By providing a clear overview of current scientific knowledge, this review aims to guide healthcare professionals and researchers in making informed decisions about the use of nutritional supplements for cognitive health. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Nutritional Epidemiology)

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26 pages, 5313 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Myths and Facts about Food Intolerance: A Narrative Review

by Fabiana Zingone, Luisa Bertin, Daria Maniero, Michela Palo, Greta Lorenzon, Brigida Barberio, Carolina Ciacci and Edoardo Vincenzo Savarino

Nutrients 2023, 15(23), 4969; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15234969 - 30 Nov 2023

Cited by 16 | Viewed by 15117

Abstract

Most adverse reactions to food are patient self-reported and not based on validated tests but nevertheless lead to dietary restrictions, with patients believing that these restrictions will improve their symptoms and quality of life. We aimed to clarify the myths and reality of [...] Read more.

Most adverse reactions to food are patient self-reported and not based on validated tests but nevertheless lead to dietary restrictions, with patients believing that these restrictions will improve their symptoms and quality of life. We aimed to clarify the myths and reality of common food intolerances, giving clinicians a guide on diagnosing and treating these cases. We performed a narrative review of the latest evidence on the widespread food intolerances reported by our patients, giving indications on the clinical presentations, possible tests, and dietary suggestions, and underlining the myths and reality. While lactose intolerance and hereditary fructose intolerance are based on well-defined mechanisms and have validated diagnostic tests, non-coeliac gluten sensitivity and fermentable oligosaccharide, disaccharide, monosaccharide, and polyol (FODMAP) intolerance are mainly based on patients’ reports. Others, like non-hereditary fructose, sorbitol, and histamine intolerance, still need more evidence and often cause unnecessary dietary restrictions. Finally, the main outcome of the present review is that the medical community should work to reduce the spread of unvalidated tests, the leading cause of the problematic management of our patients. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Role of Food Intolerance in Gastrointestinal Disorders)

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36 pages, 4900 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

A Review of Healthy Dietary Choices for Cardiovascular Disease: From Individual Nutrients and Foods to Dietary Patterns

by Wenjing Chen, Shuqing Zhang, Xiaosong Hu, Fang Chen and Daotong Li

Nutrients 2023, 15(23), 4898; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15234898 - 23 Nov 2023

Cited by 22 | Viewed by 18071

Abstract

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) remains the first cause of mortality globally. Diet plays a fundamental role in cardiovascular health and is closely linked to the development of CVD. Numerous human studies have provided evidence on the relationship between diet and CVD. By discussing the [...] Read more.

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) remains the first cause of mortality globally. Diet plays a fundamental role in cardiovascular health and is closely linked to the development of CVD. Numerous human studies have provided evidence on the relationship between diet and CVD. By discussing the available findings on the dietary components that potentially influence CVD progression and prevention, this review attempted to provide the current state of evidence on healthy dietary choices for CVD. We focus on the effects of individual macronutrients, whole food products, and dietary patterns on the risks of CVD, and the data from population-based trials, observational studies, and meta-analyses are summarized. Unhealthy dietary habits, such as high intake of saturated fatty acids, sugar-sweetened beverages, red meat, and processed meat as well as high salt intake are associated with the increased risk of CVD. Conversely, increased consumption of plant-based components such as dietary fiber, nuts, fruits, and vegetables is shown to be effective in reducing CVD risk factors. The Mediterranean diet appears to be one of the most evidence-based dietary patterns beneficial for CVD prevention. However, there is still great debate regarding whether the supplementation of vitamins and minerals confers cardioprotective benefits. This review provides new insights into the role of dietary factors that are harmful or protective in CVD, which can be adopted for improved cardiovascular health. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Effects of Gut Microbiota on Hypertension and Cardiovascular System)

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19 pages, 2296 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceSystematic Review

Relationship between Iron Deficiency and Thyroid Function: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

by Vincenzo Garofalo, Rosita A. Condorelli, Rossella Cannarella, Antonio Aversa, Aldo E. Calogero and Sandro La Vignera

Nutrients 2023, 15(22), 4790; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15224790 - 15 Nov 2023

Cited by 19 | Viewed by 11964

Abstract

Objective: Iron deficiency (ID) is the most prevalent nutritional deficiency worldwide. Low levels of serum ferritin (SF) could affect the thyroid gland and its functioning. The purpose of this systematic review and meta-analysis is to summarize the main currently available evidence and analyze [...] Read more.

Objective: Iron deficiency (ID) is the most prevalent nutritional deficiency worldwide. Low levels of serum ferritin (SF) could affect the thyroid gland and its functioning. The purpose of this systematic review and meta-analysis is to summarize the main currently available evidence and analyze data on the relationship between ID and thyroid function. Methods: This study included all articles evaluating the relationship between ID and thyroid function. Quality assessment was performed using Cambridge Quality Checklists. The search strategy included the following combination of Medical Subjects Headings terms and keywords: “iron deficiency”, “thyroid function”, “thyroid disease”, “thyroid dysfunction”, and “hypothyroidism”. A meta-analysis was performed to evaluate whether thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), free thyroxine (FT4), and free triiodothyronine (FT3) levels differed between patients with ID and healthy controls without ID. For statistical comparison between cases and controls, the mean difference (MD) was calculated, and a subgroup analysis of pregnant and non-pregnant women was performed. Cochran’s Q testing and heterogeneity indices (I²) were used to assess statistical heterogeneity. Sensitivity analysis and publication bias analyses were also performed, both qualitatively and quantitatively. Finally, a meta-regression analysis was performed to evaluate the correlation between serum TSH or FT4 levels and SF in the study population. Results: Ten cross-sectional studies were identified and reviewed. Patients with ID showed TSH (MD: −0.24 mIU/L; 95% CI −0.41, −0.07; I² = 100%, p = 0.005), FT4 (MD: −1.18 pmol/L; 95% CI −1.43, −0.94; I² = 99%, p < 0.000001), and FT3 (MD: −0.22 pmol/L; 95% CI −0.32, −0.12; I² = 99%, p < 0.00001) levels that were significantly lower. Subgroup analysis confirmed significantly lower TSH, FT4, and FT3 levels in pregnant women. Non-pregnant women showed significantly lower serum FT4 and FT3 levels but no difference in TSH values. Meta-regression analysis showed that serum TSH and FT4 levels were positively correlated with SF levels. Our systematic review of the literature found that ID significantly increases the prevalence of thyroid autoantibody (anti-thyroglobulin antibodies and anti-thyroid peroxidase antibodies) positivity both individually and collectively. Conclusion: Studies currently published in the literature indicate a possible relationship between ID, thyroid function, and autoimmunity, especially in some patient groups. Data analysis shows that thyroid hormone levels are lower in patients with ID and, in particular, in pregnant women. Further studies are needed to understand the role played by iron in thyroid metabolism. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dietary Micronutrient Intake and Health)

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15 pages, 371 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Exploring Benefits and Barriers of Plant-Based Diets: Health, Environmental Impact, Food Accessibility and Acceptability

by Giulia Viroli, Aliki Kalmpourtzidou and Hellas Cena

Nutrients 2023, 15(22), 4723; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15224723 - 8 Nov 2023

Cited by 31 | Viewed by 22083

Abstract

Unhealthy dietary patterns are directly linked to the current Global Syndemic consisting of non-communicable diseases, undernutrition and climate change. The dietary shift towards healthier and more sustainable plant-based diets is essential. However, plant-based diets have wide intra differences; varying from vegan diets that [...] Read more.

Unhealthy dietary patterns are directly linked to the current Global Syndemic consisting of non-communicable diseases, undernutrition and climate change. The dietary shift towards healthier and more sustainable plant-based diets is essential. However, plant-based diets have wide intra differences; varying from vegan diets that totally exclude meat and animal products to traditional ones such as the Mediterranean diet and the new Nordic diet. It is acknowledged that plant-based diets may contribute simultaneously to improving population health as well as to decreasing the environmental impact of food systems. Evidence from cohort and randomized-controlled trials suggests that plant-based dietary patterns have beneficial effects on bodyweight control, cardiovascular health and diabetes prevention and treatment. On the other hand, micronutrient requirements may not be met, if some plant-based diets are not well-planned. Additionally, studies showed that lower consumption of meat and animal products results in lower environmental impacts. Consequently, plant-based diets could be a key factor to increase diet sustainability. This narrative review addresses the advantages of adherence to plant-based diets on human and planetary health considering strains and barriers to achieve this dietary transition, including cultural acceptability and affordability factors. Finally, potential intervention and policy recommendations are proposed, focusing on the update of current national food-based dietary guidelines. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mediterranean Diet, Plant-Based Diet, Low-Fat Diet and Human Health)

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23 pages, 2284 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Regulation of Macronutrients in Insulin Resistance and Glucose Homeostasis during Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

by Wanbao Yang, Wen Jiang and Shaodong Guo

Nutrients 2023, 15(21), 4671; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15214671 - 4 Nov 2023

Cited by 22 | Viewed by 7921

Abstract

Insulin resistance is an important feature of metabolic syndrome and a precursor of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Overnutrition-induced obesity is a major risk factor for the development of insulin resistance and T2DM. The intake of macronutrients plays a key role in maintaining [...] Read more.

Insulin resistance is an important feature of metabolic syndrome and a precursor of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Overnutrition-induced obesity is a major risk factor for the development of insulin resistance and T2DM. The intake of macronutrients plays a key role in maintaining energy balance. The components of macronutrients distinctly regulate insulin sensitivity and glucose homeostasis. Precisely adjusting the beneficial food compound intake is important for the prevention of insulin resistance and T2DM. Here, we reviewed the effects of different components of macronutrients on insulin sensitivity and their underlying mechanisms, including fructose, dietary fiber, saturated and unsaturated fatty acids, and amino acids. Understanding the diet-gene interaction will help us to better uncover the molecular mechanisms of T2DM and promote the application of precision nutrition in practice by integrating multi-omics analysis. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Nutrition and Diabetes)

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22 pages, 6103 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Understanding the Gut–Brain Axis and Its Therapeutic Implications for Neurodegenerative Disorders

by Yadong Zheng, Laura Bonfili, Tao Wei and Anna Maria Eleuteri

Nutrients 2023, 15(21), 4631; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15214631 - 31 Oct 2023

Cited by 40 | Viewed by 16690

Abstract

The gut–brain axis (GBA) is a complex bidirectional communication network connecting the gut and brain. It involves neural, immune, and endocrine communication pathways between the gastrointestinal (GI) tract and the central nervous system (CNS). Perturbations of the GBA have been reported in many [...] Read more.

The gut–brain axis (GBA) is a complex bidirectional communication network connecting the gut and brain. It involves neural, immune, and endocrine communication pathways between the gastrointestinal (GI) tract and the central nervous system (CNS). Perturbations of the GBA have been reported in many neurodegenerative disorders (NDDs), such as Alzheimer’s disease (AD), Parkinson’s disease (PD), and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), among others, suggesting a possible role in disease pathogenesis. The gut microbiota is a pivotal component of the GBA, and alterations in its composition, known as gut dysbiosis, have been associated with GBA dysfunction and neurodegeneration. The gut microbiota might influence the homeostasis of the CNS by modulating the immune system and, more directly, regulating the production of molecules and metabolites that influence the nervous and endocrine systems, making it a potential therapeutic target. Preclinical trials manipulating microbial composition through dietary intervention, probiotic and prebiotic supplementation, and fecal microbial transplantation (FMT) have provided promising outcomes. However, its clear mechanism is not well understood, and the results are not always consistent. Here, we provide an overview of the major components and communication pathways of the GBA, as well as therapeutic approaches targeting the GBA to ameliorate NDDs. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Diet and Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis in Neurodegenerative Diseases)

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18 pages, 2499 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Roles of Short-Chain Fatty Acids in Inflammatory Bowel Disease

by Yoonhwa Shin, Sunhee Han, Juhui Kwon, Songhyun Ju, Tae Gyu Choi, Insug Kang and Sung Soo Kim

Nutrients 2023, 15(20), 4466; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15204466 - 21 Oct 2023

Cited by 71 | Viewed by 8976

Abstract

The gut microbiome is a diverse bacterial community in the human gastrointestinal tract that plays important roles in a variety of biological processes. Short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) are produced through fermentation of dietary fiber. Certain microbes in the gut are responsible for producing [...] Read more.

The gut microbiome is a diverse bacterial community in the human gastrointestinal tract that plays important roles in a variety of biological processes. Short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) are produced through fermentation of dietary fiber. Certain microbes in the gut are responsible for producing SCFAs such as acetate, propionate and butyrate. An imbalance in gut microbiome diversity can lead to metabolic disorders and inflammation-related diseases. Changes in SCFA levels and associated microbiota were observed in IBD, suggesting an association between SCFAs and disease. The gut microbiota and SCFAs affect reactive oxygen species (ROS) associated with IBD. Gut microbes and SCFAs are closely related to IBD, and it is important to study them further. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Effects of Dietary Lipids on Inflammation and Gut Microbiota)

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11 pages, 294 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Effects of an Eight Week Very Low-Calorie Ketogenic Diet (VLCKD) on White Blood Cell and Platelet Counts in Relation to Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Steatotic Liver Disease (MASLD) in Subjects with Overweight and Obesity

by Sara De Nucci, Caterina Bonfiglio, Rosanna Donvito, Martina Di Chito, Nicole Cerabino, Roberta Rinaldi, Annamaria Sila, Endrit Shahini, Vito Giannuzzi, Pasqua Letizia Pesole, Sergio Coletta, Elsa Lanzilotta, Giuseppina Piazzolla, Raffaele Cozzolongo, Gianluigi Giannelli and Giovanni De Pergola

Nutrients 2023, 15(20), 4468; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15204468 - 21 Oct 2023

Cited by 26 | Viewed by 4522

Abstract

Obesity and metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) are frequently associated conditions characterized by low-grade inflammation. Very low-calorie ketogenic diet (VLCKD) strategies are commonly used to simultaneously obtain weight loss and an improvement of liver steatosis. We evaluated the efficacy of 8 weeks’ [...] Read more.

Obesity and metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) are frequently associated conditions characterized by low-grade inflammation. Very low-calorie ketogenic diet (VLCKD) strategies are commonly used to simultaneously obtain weight loss and an improvement of liver steatosis. We evaluated the efficacy of 8 weeks’ VLCKD in decreasing the white blood cell (WBC) and platelet (PLT) counts, as well as liver steatosis and fibrosis, diagnosed using transient elastography (FibroScan). Metabolic and anthropometric parameters commonly associated with MASLD were also evaluated. This study included 87 participants; 58 women and 29 men aged between 18 and 64 years with overweight (18%) or obesity (82%), but not taking any medication. Anthropometric measurements, bioimpedance analysis, and biochemical assays were performed before and after the dietary intervention. BMI (kg/m²) (p-value < 0.001), waist circumference (cm) (p-value < 0.001), and fat mass (kg) (p-value < 0.001) were significantly decreased following VLCKD. After VLCKD, the FibroScan parameter CAP (db/m), which measures the accumulation of fatty liver, significantly decreased (p-value < 0.001), as did liver stiffness (kPA), the FibroScan parameter quantifying liver fibrosis (p-value < 0.05). Seemingly, WBC (p-value < 0.001) and PLT (p-value < 0.001) counts were lowered by VLCKD in the whole group; however, the decrease in WBC and platelet counts were significant only in patients with steatosis (CAP ≥ 215 dB/m). Fasting blood glucose (p-value < 0.001), insulin (p-value < 0.001), HbA1c (p-value < 0.001), triglycerides (p-value < 0.001), total cholesterol (p-value < 0.001), LDL-cholesterol (p-value < 0.001), HDL-cholesterol (p-value < 0.001); γGT (p-value < 0.001) blood levels and insulin resistance (as measured by HOMAIR) (p-value < 0.001); and systolic (p-value < 0.001), and diastolic (p-value < 0.001) blood pressure levels, were all significantly lower after VLCKD. In contrast, blood levels of vitamin D were higher following the diet (p-value < 0.001). We conclude that treating subjects with overweight and obesity with VLCKD is followed by a simultaneous reduction in WBCs and platelets, the expression of low-grade inflammation, and of liver steatosis and fibrosis. Therefore, we can hypothesize that VLCKD decreases general and liver low-grade inflammation, thus improving liver health. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Effect of Dietary Interventions on Obesity and Type 2 Diabetes in the Era of the Incretin-Based Therapies)

20 pages, 1374 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

The Gut–Brain Axis in Schizophrenia: The Implications of the Gut Microbiome and SCFA Production

by Songhyun Ju, Yoonhwa Shin, Sunhee Han, Juhui Kwon, Tae Gyu Choi, Insug Kang and Sung Soo Kim

Nutrients 2023, 15(20), 4391; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15204391 - 16 Oct 2023

Cited by 27 | Viewed by 9540

Abstract

Schizophrenia, a severe mental illness affecting about 1% of the population, manifests during young adulthood, leading to abnormal mental function and behavior. Its multifactorial etiology involves genetic factors, experiences of adversity, infection, and gene–environment interactions. Emerging research indicates that maternal infection or stress [...] Read more.

Schizophrenia, a severe mental illness affecting about 1% of the population, manifests during young adulthood, leading to abnormal mental function and behavior. Its multifactorial etiology involves genetic factors, experiences of adversity, infection, and gene–environment interactions. Emerging research indicates that maternal infection or stress during pregnancy may also increase schizophrenia risk in offspring. Recent research on the gut–brain axis highlights the gut microbiome’s potential influence on central nervous system (CNS) function and mental health, including schizophrenia. The gut microbiota, located in the digestive system, has a significant role to play in human physiology, affecting immune system development, vitamin synthesis, and protection against pathogenic bacteria. Disruptions to the gut microbiota, caused by diet, medication use, environmental pollutants, and stress, may lead to imbalances with far-reaching effects on CNS function and mental health. Of interest are short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), metabolic byproducts produced by gut microbes during fermentation. SCFAs can cross the blood–brain barrier, influencing CNS activity, including microglia and cytokine modulation. The dysregulation of neurotransmitters produced by gut microbes may contribute to CNS disorders, including schizophrenia. This review explores the potential relationship between SCFAs, the gut microbiome, and schizophrenia. Our aim is to deepen the understanding of the gut–brain axis in schizophrenia and to elucidate its implications for future research and therapeutic approaches. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Effects of Diet–Microbiome Interactions on Chronic Diseases)

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18 pages, 1306 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Functional Role of Taurine in Aging and Cardiovascular Health: An Updated Overview

by Gaetano Santulli, Urna Kansakar, Fahimeh Varzideh, Pasquale Mone, Stanislovas S. Jankauskas and Angela Lombardi

Nutrients 2023, 15(19), 4236; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15194236 - 30 Sep 2023

Cited by 32 | Viewed by 24201

Abstract

Taurine, a naturally occurring sulfur-containing amino acid, has attracted significant attention in recent years due to its potential health benefits. Found in various foods and often used in energy drinks and supplements, taurine has been studied extensively to understand its impact on human [...] Read more.

Taurine, a naturally occurring sulfur-containing amino acid, has attracted significant attention in recent years due to its potential health benefits. Found in various foods and often used in energy drinks and supplements, taurine has been studied extensively to understand its impact on human physiology. Determining its exact functional roles represents a complex and multifaceted topic. We provide an overview of the scientific literature and present an analysis of the effects of taurine on various aspects of human health, focusing on aging and cardiovascular pathophysiology, but also including athletic performance, metabolic regulation, and neurological function. Additionally, our report summarizes the current recommendations for taurine intake and addresses potential safety concerns. Evidence from both human and animal studies indicates that taurine may have beneficial cardiovascular effects, including blood pressure regulation, improved cardiac fitness, and enhanced vascular health. Its mechanisms of action and antioxidant properties make it also an intriguing candidate for potential anti-aging strategies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dietary Supplements in Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases)

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17 pages, 809 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Effect of Continuous Ingestion of Bifidobacteria and Dietary Fiber on Improvement in Cognitive Function: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial

by Naoki Azuma, Takashi Mawatari, Yasuo Saito, Masashi Tsukamoto, Masatoshi Sampei and Yoshitaka Iwama

Nutrients 2023, 15(19), 4175; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15194175 - 27 Sep 2023

Cited by 17 | Viewed by 5552

Abstract

Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis GCL2505 has been shown to have some positive effects on health, including improved defecation frequency and reduced visceral fat. These effects are thought to be due to GCL2505′s unique ability to reach the intestine in a viable form and proliferate [...] Read more.

Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis GCL2505 has been shown to have some positive effects on health, including improved defecation frequency and reduced visceral fat. These effects are thought to be due to GCL2505′s unique ability to reach the intestine in a viable form and proliferate after a single intake. This leads to an increased number of intestinal bifidobacteria. This randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group study was conducted to confirm that intake of GCL2505 and inulin (a prebiotic) improve cognitive function (n = 80). Participants consumed test drinks containing 1 × 10¹⁰ colony-forming units of GCL2505 per 100 g and 2.0 g of inulin per 100 g for 12 weeks. The change in cognitive function assessment scores was set as the primary endpoint. There were significant improvements in scores in the neurocognitive index domain, which is an assessment of overall cognitive function, in addition to overall attention, cognitive flexibility, and executive function domains. The intervention significantly increased the number of fecal bifidobacteria and affected the levels of several inflammatory markers. These results suggest that intake of GCL2505 and inulin improves cognitive function by improving the intestinal environment and alleviating inflammation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Impact of Probiotics/Prebiotics and Functional Foods in Human Health)

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25 pages, 4097 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Aspartic Acid in Health and Disease

by Milan Holeček

Nutrients 2023, 15(18), 4023; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15184023 - 17 Sep 2023

Cited by 56 | Viewed by 11068

Abstract

Aspartic acid exists in L- and D-isoforms (L-Asp and D-Asp). Most L-Asp is synthesized by mitochondrial aspartate aminotransferase from oxaloacetate and glutamate acquired by glutamine deamidation, particularly in the liver and tumor cells, and transamination of branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs), particularly in muscles. [...] Read more.

Aspartic acid exists in L- and D-isoforms (L-Asp and D-Asp). Most L-Asp is synthesized by mitochondrial aspartate aminotransferase from oxaloacetate and glutamate acquired by glutamine deamidation, particularly in the liver and tumor cells, and transamination of branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs), particularly in muscles. The main source of D-Asp is the racemization of L-Asp. L-Asp transported via aspartate–glutamate carrier to the cytosol is used in protein and nucleotide synthesis, gluconeogenesis, urea, and purine-nucleotide cycles, and neurotransmission and via the malate–aspartate shuttle maintains NADH delivery to mitochondria and redox balance. L-Asp released from neurons connects with the glutamate–glutamine cycle and ensures glycolysis and ammonia detoxification in astrocytes. D-Asp has a role in brain development and hypothalamus regulation. The hereditary disorders in L-Asp metabolism include citrullinemia, asparagine synthetase deficiency, Canavan disease, and dicarboxylic aminoaciduria. L-Asp plays a role in the pathogenesis of psychiatric and neurologic disorders and alterations in BCAA levels in diabetes and hyperammonemia. Further research is needed to examine the targeting of L-Asp metabolism as a strategy to fight cancer, the use of L-Asp as a dietary supplement, and the risks of increased L-Asp consumption. The role of D-Asp in the brain warrants studies on its therapeutic potential in psychiatric and neurologic disorders. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Proteins and Amino Acids)

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27 pages, 1920 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

The Role of Lipids in the Regulation of Immune Responses

by Chelsea Garcia, Catherine J. Andersen and Christopher N. Blesso

Nutrients 2023, 15(18), 3899; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15183899 - 7 Sep 2023

Cited by 32 | Viewed by 5934

Abstract

Lipid metabolism plays a major role in the regulation of the immune system. Exogenous (dietary and microbial-derived) and endogenous (non-microbial-derived) lipids play a direct role in regulating immune cell activation, differentiation and expansion, and inflammatory phenotypes. Understanding the complexities of lipid–immune interactions may [...] Read more.

Lipid metabolism plays a major role in the regulation of the immune system. Exogenous (dietary and microbial-derived) and endogenous (non-microbial-derived) lipids play a direct role in regulating immune cell activation, differentiation and expansion, and inflammatory phenotypes. Understanding the complexities of lipid–immune interactions may have important implications for human health, as certain lipids or immune pathways may be beneficial in circumstances of acute infection yet detrimental in chronic inflammatory diseases. Further, there are key differences in the lipid effects between specific immune cell types and location (e.g., gut mucosal vs. systemic immune cells), suggesting that the immunomodulatory properties of lipids may be tissue-compartment-specific, although the direct effect of dietary lipids on the mucosal immune system warrants further investigation. Importantly, there is recent evidence to suggest that lipid–immune interactions are dependent on sex, metabolic status, and the gut microbiome in preclinical models. While the lipid–immune relationship has not been adequately established in/translated to humans, research is warranted to evaluate the differences in lipid–immune interactions across individuals and whether the optimization of lipid–immune interactions requires precision nutrition approaches to mitigate or manage disease. In this review, we discuss the mechanisms by which lipids regulate immune responses and the influence of dietary lipids on these processes, highlighting compelling areas for future research. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Nutritional Immunology)

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18 pages, 1628 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

The Commonly Used Stabilizers for Phytochemical-Based Nanoparticles: Stabilization Effects, Mechanisms, and Applications

by Fang Zhou, Tiffany Peterson, Zhaoyang Fan and Shu Wang

Nutrients 2023, 15(18), 3881; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15183881 - 6 Sep 2023

Cited by 18 | Viewed by 2658

Abstract

Phytochemicals, such as resveratrol, curcumin, and quercetin, have many benefits for health, but most of them have a low bioavailability due to their poor water solubility and stability, quick metabolism, and clearance, which restricts the scope of their potential applications. To overcome these [...] Read more.

Phytochemicals, such as resveratrol, curcumin, and quercetin, have many benefits for health, but most of them have a low bioavailability due to their poor water solubility and stability, quick metabolism, and clearance, which restricts the scope of their potential applications. To overcome these issues, different types of nanoparticles (NPs), especially biocompatible and biodegradable NPs, have been developed. NPs can carry phytochemicals and increase their solubility, stability, target specificity, and oral bioavailability. However, NPs are prone to irreversible aggregation, which leads to NP instability and loss of functions. To remedy this shortcoming, stabilizers like polymers and surfactants are incorporated on NPs. Stabilizers not only increase the stability of NPs, but also improve their characteristics. The current review focused on discussing the state of the art in research on synthesizing phytochemical-based NPs and their commonly employed stabilizers. Furthermore, stabilizers in these NPs were also discussed in terms of their applications, effects, and underlying mechanisms. This review aimed to provide more references for developing stabilizers and NPs for future research. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nanotechnology Applied to the Effects of Nutrients on Chronic Diseases)

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24 pages, 930 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Folate and Its Significance in Depressive Disorders and Suicidality: A Comprehensive Narrative Review

by Timur Liwinski and Undine E. Lang

Nutrients 2023, 15(17), 3859; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15173859 - 4 Sep 2023

Cited by 26 | Viewed by 8906

Abstract

Depressive disorders pose significant challenges to global public health, necessitating effective prevention and management strategies. Notably, the occurrence of suicide frequently coincides with depressive episodes. Suicide is as a paramount global health concern that demands efficacious preventive strategies. Current psychiatric approaches heavily rely [...] Read more.

Depressive disorders pose significant challenges to global public health, necessitating effective prevention and management strategies. Notably, the occurrence of suicide frequently coincides with depressive episodes. Suicide is as a paramount global health concern that demands efficacious preventive strategies. Current psychiatric approaches heavily rely on pharmacological interventions but have had limited success in addressing the global burden of mental health issues. Suboptimal nutrition, with its impact on the neuroendocrine system, has been implicated in the underlying pathology of depressive disorders. Folate, a group of water-soluble compounds, plays a crucial role in various central nervous system functions. Depressed individuals often exhibit low levels of serum and red blood cell folate. Multiple studies and systematic reviews have investigated the efficacy of folic acid and its derivative, L-methylfolate, which can cross the blood–brain barrier, as stand-alone or adjunct therapies for depression. Although findings have been mixed, the available evidence generally supports the use of these compounds in depressed individuals. Recent studies have established links between the one-carbon cycle, folate–homocysteine balance, immune system function, glutamate excitation via NMDA (N-methyl-D-aspartate) receptors, and gut microbiome eubiosis in mood regulation. These findings provide insights into the complex neurobiological mechanisms underlying the effects of folate and related compounds in depression. Through a comprehensive review of the existing literature, this study aims to advance our understanding of the therapeutic potential of folic acid and related compounds in depression treatment. It also seeks to explore their role in addressing suicidal tendencies and shed light on the neurobiological mechanisms involved, leveraging the latest discoveries in depression research. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Folate and Other B Vitamins in Brain Health and Disease—2nd Edition)

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15 pages, 2336 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Consumer Interaction with Sustainability Labelling on Food Products: A Narrative Literature Review

by Brian Cook, João Costa Leite, Mike Rayner, Sandro Stoffel, Elaine van Rijn and Jan Wollgast

Nutrients 2023, 15(17), 3837; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15173837 - 2 Sep 2023

Cited by 22 | Viewed by 10729

Abstract

Sustainability labelling on food products can help consumers make informed purchasing decisions and support the urgent transition to sustainable food systems. While there is a relatively robust body of evidence on health and nutrition labelling, less is known about the effectiveness of sustainability [...] Read more.

Sustainability labelling on food products can help consumers make informed purchasing decisions and support the urgent transition to sustainable food systems. While there is a relatively robust body of evidence on health and nutrition labelling, less is known about the effectiveness of sustainability labelling in facilitating sustainable food choices. This paper investigates the impact of sustainability labelling on consumer understanding, attitudes, and behaviour to support a more nuanced, detailed, and holistic understanding of the evidence. Using a narrative literature review methodology, the paper assesses studies covering environmental, social, and/or animal welfare aspects of sustainability labelling on food products. We found that consumer understanding of sustainability information is often limited, which could hinder behaviour change. While sustainability labelling can influence consumer attitudes and purchasing behaviours, evidence from real consumer settings tends to show small effect sizes. Consumers are generally willing to pay more for sustainability-labelled products, and organic labelling often leads to the highest reported willingness to pay. The review emphasises the importance of trust, suggesting a preference for labelling backed by governments or public authorities. Sustainability labelling that uses intuitively understandable cues has an increased impact, with visual aids such as traffic light colours showing promise. We conclude that further research is needed in real-world settings, using representative populations and exploring the influence of demographic factors, values, and attitudes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Nutritional Policies and Education for Health Promotion)

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33 pages, 2782 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Infections and Autoimmunity—The Immune System and Vitamin D: A Systematic Review

by Sunil J. Wimalawansa

Nutrients 2023, 15(17), 3842; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15173842 - 2 Sep 2023

Cited by 40 | Viewed by 13249

Abstract

Both 25-autoimmunity and(25(OH)D: calcifediol) and its active form, 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D (1,25(OH)₂D: calcitriol), play critical roles in protecting humans from invasive pathogens, reducing risks of autoimmunity, and maintaining health. Conversely, low 25(OH)D status increases susceptibility to infections and developing autoimmunity. This systematic [...] Read more.

Both 25-autoimmunity and(25(OH)D: calcifediol) and its active form, 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D (1,25(OH)₂D: calcitriol), play critical roles in protecting humans from invasive pathogens, reducing risks of autoimmunity, and maintaining health. Conversely, low 25(OH)D status increases susceptibility to infections and developing autoimmunity. This systematic review examines vitamin D’s mechanisms and effects on enhancing innate and acquired immunity against microbes and preventing autoimmunity. The study evaluated the quality of evidence regarding biology, physiology, and aspects of human health on vitamin D related to infections and autoimmunity in peer-reviewed journal articles published in English. The search and analyses followed PRISMA guidelines. Data strongly suggested that maintaining serum 25(OH)D concentrations of more than 50 ng/mL is associated with significant risk reduction from viral and bacterial infections, sepsis, and autoimmunity. Most adequately powered, well-designed, randomized controlled trials with sufficient duration supported substantial benefits of vitamin D. Virtually all studies that failed to conclude benefits or were ambiguous had major study design errors. Treatment of vitamin D deficiency costs less than 0.01% of the cost of investigation of worsening comorbidities associated with hypovitaminosis D. Despite cost-benefits, the prevalence of vitamin D deficiency remains high worldwide. This was clear among those who died from COVID-19 in 2020/21—most had severe vitamin D deficiency. Yet, the lack of direction from health agencies and insurance companies on using vitamin D as an adjunct therapy is astonishing. Data confirmed that keeping an individual’s serum 25(OH)D concentrations above 50 ng/mL (125 nmol/L) (and above 40 ng/mL in the population) reduces risks from community outbreaks, sepsis, and autoimmune disorders. Maintaining such concentrations in 97.5% of people is achievable through daily safe sun exposure (except in countries far from the equator during winter) or taking between 5000 and 8000 IU vitamin D supplements daily (average dose, for non-obese adults, ~70 to 90 IU/kg body weight). Those with gastrointestinal malabsorption, obesity, or on medications that increase the catabolism of vitamin D and a few other specific disorders require much higher intake. This systematic review evaluates non-classical actions of vitamin D, with particular emphasis on infection and autoimmunity related to the immune system. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutrition, Immune Responses and Autoimmune Diseases)

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