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EVS37—International Electric Vehicle Symposium and Exhibition (Seoul, Republic of Korea)

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A special issue of World Electric Vehicle Journal (ISSN 2032-6653).

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 31 December 2024 | Viewed by 14782

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Prof. Dr. Joeri Van Mierlo

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Guest Editor

MOBI—Electromobility Research Centre, Department of Electrical Engineering and Energy Technology, Faculty of Engineering Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1050 Brussel, Belgium
Interests: electric and hybrid vehicles (batteries, power converters, and energy management simulations); the environmental and economical comparison of vehicles with different drive trains and fuels (LCA and TCO)
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Prof. Dr. Myoungho Sunwoo

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Department of Automotive Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea
Interests: autonomous & connected car; environmental friendly vehicle (ICE, HEV, EV); automotive electronics and control
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Prof. Dr. Namwook Kim

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Guest Editor

Department of Mechanical Engineering, Hanyang University, Ansan 15588, Republic of Korea
Interests: hybrid electric vehicles; optimal control; powertrain system optimization
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

This Special Issue will gather updated versions of the best papers from EVS37, the 37th International Electric Vehicle Symposium and Exhibition, which will be held from 23 April 2024 to 26 April 2024 in Seoul, Republic of Korea.

The International Electric Vehicle Symposium (EVS) is the world's longest, largest, and highest-spec event in the field of electric vehicles, covering various areas including pure electric vehicles, hybrid vehicles, fuel cell vehicles, and core components. The EVS is hosted by the World Electric Vehicle Association (WEVA), which consists of the Electric Drive Transportation Association (EDTA) in North America, the European Association for Electromobility (AVERE) in Europe, and the Electric Vehicle Association of the Asia Pacific (EVAAP) in Asia Pacific, with each organizing the EVS in their region in turn. The EVS has already had a long history since its birth in Phoenix, Arizona, USA, in 1969.

The theme of EVS37 is Electric Waves to Future Mobility. With this annual gathering of the world’s EV experts, EVS37 features cutting-edge research and showcases innovative technologies and market developments. The papers cover research, market, and government activities across all fields related to hybrid, battery, and fuel cell technologies, as well as associated infrastructure and services. For more information, see http://evs37korea.org.

The authors of the best papers presented at EVS37 will be invited to expand their paper further to include their most recent research findings. After a second thorough round of peer review, these papers will be published in this Special Issue of the World Electric Vehicle Journal (WEVJ), the official journal of the World Electric Vehicle Association (WEVA) and its members. Papers selected for publication from the Electric Vehicle Symposium and Exhibition (EVS) will be published free of any charge in this Special Issue.

If you have any questions, please feel free to contact the editorial office at [email protected].

Prof. Dr. Joeri Van Mierlo
Prof. Dr. Myoungho Sunwoo
Prof. Dr. Namwook Kim
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. World Electric Vehicle Journal is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 1400 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

electric vehicles
electric autonomous vehicles
electric connected vehicles
V2H
V2G
storage systems
propulsion systems
power electronics
electric vehicle management

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Published Papers (11 papers)

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Research

20 pages, 29723 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Optimized Right-Turn Pedestrian Collision Avoidance System Using Intersection LiDAR

by Soo-Yong Park and Seok-Cheol Kee

World Electr. Veh. J. 2024, 15(10), 452; https://doi.org/10.3390/wevj15100452 - 6 Oct 2024

Viewed by 340

Abstract

The incidence of right-turning pedestrian accidents is increasing in South Korea. Most of the accidents occur when a large vehicle is turning right, and the main cause of the accidents was found to be the driver’s limited field of vision. After these accidents, the government implemented a series of institutional measures with the objective of preventing such accidents. However, despite the institutional arrangements in place, pedestrian accidents continue to occur. We focused on the many limitations that autonomous vehicles, like humans, can face in such situations. To address this issue, we propose a right-turn pedestrian collision avoidance system by installing a LiDAR sensor in the center of the intersection to facilitate pedestrian detection. Furthermore, the urban road environment is considered, as this provides the optimal conditions for the model to perform at its best. During this research, we collected data on right-turn accidents using the CARLA simulator and ROS interface and demonstrated the effectiveness of our approach in preventing such incidents. Our results suggest that the implementation of this method can effectively reduce the incidence of right-turn accidents in autonomous vehicles. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue EVS37—International Electric Vehicle Symposium and Exhibition (Seoul, Republic of Korea))

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14 pages, 5178 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Model Predictive Control with Powertrain Delay Consideration for Longitudinal Speed Tracking of Autonomous Electric Vehicles

by Junhee Lee and Kichun Jo

World Electr. Veh. J. 2024, 15(10), 433; https://doi.org/10.3390/wevj15100433 - 25 Sep 2024

Viewed by 516

Abstract

Accurate longitudinal control is crucial in autonomous driving, but inherent delays and lag in electric vehicle powertrains hinder precise control. This paper presents a two-stage design for a longitudinal speed controller to enhance speed tracking performance in autonomous electric vehicles. The first stage involves designing a Model Predictive Control (MPC) system that accounts for powertrain signal delay and response lag using a First Order Plus Dead Time (FOPDT) model integrated with the vehicle’s longitudinal dynamics. The second stage employs lookup tables for the drive motor and brake system to convert control signals into actual vehicle inputs, ensuring precise throttle/brake pedal values for the desired driving torque. The proposed controller was validated using the CarMaker simulator and real vehicle tests with a Hyundai IONIQ5. In real vehicle tests, the proposed controller achieved a mean speed error of 0.54 km/h, outperforming conventional PID and standard MPC methods that do not account for powertrain delays. It also eliminated acceleration and deceleration overshoots and demonstrated real-time performance with an average computation time of 1.32 ms. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue EVS37—International Electric Vehicle Symposium and Exhibition (Seoul, Republic of Korea))

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11 pages, 6730 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effect of Cell-to-Cell Internal Resistance Variations on the Thermal Performance of Lithium-Ion Batteries for Urban Air Mobility

by Kuo Xin and Geesoo Lee

World Electr. Veh. J. 2024, 15(9), 423; https://doi.org/10.3390/wevj15090423 - 16 Sep 2024

Viewed by 668

Abstract

This study examines the thermal behavior of lithium-ion battery modules intended for Urban Air Mobility (UAM), a forthcoming urban transport system designed to facilitate efficient and secure passenger and cargo transport within city centers. UAM applications necessitate batteries with high energy densities capable of sustaining elevated discharge rates during critical phases such as takeoff and landing. The battery module evaluated in this study comprises four cells arranged in series and configured as a submodule for UAM applications. A three-dimensional thermal model was utilized to analyze the impact of external temperature fluctuations and high discharge rates on the performance of the battery module. The numerical findings indicated considerable variations in temperature and internal resistance among the cells, especially under high discharge rates at low temperatures, with a maximum temperature deviation of 32.952 °C observed at an 8 C discharge rate. These thermal non-uniformities were attributed to variations in cell capacity and internal resistance, which were amplified by manufacturing inconsistencies and operational conditions. The study underscores the necessity of robust thermal management strategies to mitigate the risk of thermal runaway and ensure the operational safety and reliability of UAM systems. The results emphasize the critical role of advanced Battery Management Systems (BMS) in monitoring and controlling cell voltage and temperature to achieve consistent performance across the battery module. This research contributes valuable insights into the design of more efficient and reliable battery modules for UAM, highlighting the importance of addressing cell-to-cell performance discrepancies to enhance overall module efficacy and durability. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue EVS37—International Electric Vehicle Symposium and Exhibition (Seoul, Republic of Korea))

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25 pages, 1767 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Sustainable Business Models for Innovative Urban Mobility Services

by Adriano Alessandrini, Fabio Cignini and Fernando Ortenzi

World Electr. Veh. J. 2024, 15(9), 420; https://doi.org/10.3390/wevj15090420 - 14 Sep 2024

Viewed by 430

Abstract

Any sharing mobility service aims to make urban mobility sustainable to help reduce environmental impacts and improve the quality of life for all in cities. Many transport services are not currently self-sustainable. The Life for Silver Coast (LifeSC) opened its mobility services on 22 May 2021 and offered electric mobility services during the summer for a few cities in Tuscany. E-bikes and e-scooters can be financially neutral, and even profitable, thanks to the low costs of the vehicles, but they only see a high utilization rate in winter. Shared electric cars, meanwhile, are not profitable. A new shared service that is viable must be profitable to become widely adopted and significantly contribute to sustainability. A few key characteristics have been identified, and one has been tested with a new business model that combines ride-sharing and car-sharing. The innovative Ride Sharing Algorithm (RSA) has been tested based on data from a potential city, Monterondo, where many commuters travel daily to Rome by train. The Italian census and local survey data allowed for the simulation of the scheduling of vehicle rides and an evaluation of the economic results, which could be positive if enough interest for such a system exists among the people, as at least 400 commuters from Monterotondo go to the train station daily in the morning and return in the afternoon. Such a transport demand would justify a new commercial sharing service by using the model tested with the RSA algorithm. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue EVS37—International Electric Vehicle Symposium and Exhibition (Seoul, Republic of Korea))

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10 pages, 499 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Barriers to Electrification: Analyzing Critical Delays and Pathways Forward

by Beatriz Amante García and Lluc Canals Casals

World Electr. Veh. J. 2024, 15(9), 409; https://doi.org/10.3390/wevj15090409 - 6 Sep 2024

Viewed by 560

Abstract

This paper extensively explores the intricate nuances surrounding the delayed transition to new business models for electric vehicles. While there is commendable clarity regarding stakeholders, model possibilities, emission-reduction strategies, state aid initiatives, and citywide prohibitions, the central challenge lies in the gradual pace of this transition. Notably, the persistent high costs of electric vehicles, primarily attributed to exorbitant battery prices and the raw materials involved, represent a formidable hurdle to widespread adoption. In this article, a comprehensive examination of the multifaceted aspects contributing to the delays in the shift towards electrified transport is proposed. By meticulously scrutinizing the intricacies of this delay, the aim is to provide valuable insights that can contribute to accelerating the adoption of electric vehicles. The exploration of these challenges is essential for fostering a nuanced understanding of the impediments hindering the transition and, subsequently, for devising effective strategies to overcome them. The analysis presented herein not only identifies the hurdles but also seeks to offer potential solutions and strategies that can drive the transformative change needed in the realm of electric transportation. Understanding and mitigating the barriers impeding the transition is crucial for fostering a rapid and successful shift towards electric mobility in Spain, ensuring a sustainable and efficient transportation landscape for the future. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue EVS37—International Electric Vehicle Symposium and Exhibition (Seoul, Republic of Korea))

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14 pages, 1159 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Examining Model-Based Fast-Charging and Preconditioning on a Vehicle Level

by Kareem Abo Gamra, Maximilian Zähringer, Aaron Ladner, Christian Allgäuer and Markus Lienkamp

World Electr. Veh. J. 2024, 15(8), 377; https://doi.org/10.3390/wevj15080377 - 19 Aug 2024

Viewed by 852

Abstract

To establish battery electric vehicles as an attractive alternative to internal combustion vehicles, charging times of 15 min or less are increasingly demanded. This is especially challenging for lower battery temperatures, as this exacerbates the risk of accelerated battery degradation due to lithium plating. Therefore, active battery heating is utilized in state-of-the-art electric vehicles. To evaluate the impact of such heating strategies at vehicle level, we deployed an electrochemical battery model coupled with a longitudinal vehicle dynamics model. Using anode potential control to prevent lithium plating, we assess the time-saving potential versus the energy cost of different preconditioning and fast-charging strategies. The results reveal substantial energy saving and charge speed increase potential through optimal charge-stop planning, preconditioning timing, cost-adjusted thermal management thresholds, and considering driving behavior. This emphasizes the need for advanced operation strategies, taking into account both battery-level electrical and thermal restrictions, as well as vehicle integration and route planning. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue EVS37—International Electric Vehicle Symposium and Exhibition (Seoul, Republic of Korea))

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18 pages, 4083 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Sizing a Renewable-Based Microgrid to Supply an Electric Vehicle Charging Station: A Design and Modelling Approach

by Amirhossein Khazali, Yazan Al-Wreikat, Ewan J. Fraser, Mobin Naderi, Matthew J. Smith, Suleiman M. Sharkh, Richard G. Wills, Daniel T. Gladwin, David A. Stone and Andrew J. Cruden

World Electr. Veh. J. 2024, 15(8), 363; https://doi.org/10.3390/wevj15080363 - 12 Aug 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 817

Abstract

In this paper, an optimisation framework is presented for planning a stand-alone microgrid for supplying EV charging (EVC) stations as a design and modelling approach for the FEVER (future electric vehicle energy networks supporting renewables) project. The main problem of the microgrid capacity sizing is making a compromise between the planning cost and providing the EV charging load with a renewable generation-based system. Hence, obtaining the optimal capacity for the microgrid components in order to acquire the desired level of reliability at minimum cost can be challenging. The proposed planning scheme specifies the size of the renewable generation and battery energy storage systems not only to maintain the generation–load balance but also to minimise the capital cost (CAPEX) and operational expenditures (OPEX). To study the impact of renewable generation and EV charging uncertainties, the information gap decision theory (IGDT) is used to include risk-averse (RA) and opportunity-seeking (OS) strategies in the planning optimisation framework. The simulations indicate that the planning scheme can acquire the global optimal solution for the capacity of each element and for a certain level of reliability or obtain the global optimal level of reliability in addition to the capacities to maximise the net present value (NPV) of the system. The total planning cost changes in the range of GBP 79,773 to GBP 131,428 when the expected energy not supplied (EENS) changes in the interval of 10 to 1%. The optimiser plans PV generation systems in the interval of 50 to 63 kW and battery energy storage system in the interval of 130 to 280 kWh and with trivial capacities of wind turbine generation. The results also show that by increasing the total cost according to an uncertainty budget, the uncertainties caused by EV charging load and PV generation can be managed according to a robustness radius. Furthermore, by adopting an opportunity-seeking strategy, the total planning cost can be decreased proportional to the variations in these uncertain parameters within an opportuneness radius. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue EVS37—International Electric Vehicle Symposium and Exhibition (Seoul, Republic of Korea))

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14 pages, 7593 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Optimal Fast-Charging Strategy for Cylindrical Li-Ion Cells at Different Temperatures

by Joris Jaguemont, Ali Darwiche and Fanny Bardé

World Electr. Veh. J. 2024, 15(8), 330; https://doi.org/10.3390/wevj15080330 - 24 Jul 2024

Viewed by 651

Abstract

Ensuring efficiency and safety is critical when developing charging strategies for lithium-ion batteries. This paper introduces a novel method to optimize fast charging for cylindrical Li-ion NMC 3Ah cells, enhancing both their charging efficiency and thermal safety. Using Model Predictive Control (MPC), this study presents a cost function that estimates the thermal safety boundary of Li-ion batteries, emphasizing the relationship between the temperature gradient and the state of charge (SoC) at different temperatures. The charging control framework combines an equivalent circuit model (ECM) with minimal electro-thermal equations to estimate battery state and temperature. Optimization results indicate that at ambient temperatures, the optimal charging allows the cell’s temperature to self-regulate within a safe operating range, requiring only one additional minute to reach 80% SoC compared to a typical fast-charging protocol (high current profile). Validation through numerical simulations and real experimental data from an NMC 3Ah cylindrical cell demonstrates that the simple approach adheres to the battery’s electrical and thermal limitations during the charging process. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue EVS37—International Electric Vehicle Symposium and Exhibition (Seoul, Republic of Korea))

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14 pages, 10219 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Teleoperated Driving with Virtual Twin Technology: A Simulator-Based Approach

by Keonil Kim and Seok-Cheol Kee

World Electr. Veh. J. 2024, 15(7), 311; https://doi.org/10.3390/wevj15070311 - 16 Jul 2024

Viewed by 972

Abstract

This study introduces an innovative Teleoperated Driving (ToD) system integrated with virtual twin technology using the MORAI simulator. The system minimizes the need for extensive video data transmission by utilizing text-based vehicle information, significantly reducing the communication load. Key technical advancements include the use of high-precision GNSS devices for accurate vehicle location tracking, robust data communication via the MQTT protocol, and the implementation of the Ego Ghost mode in the MORAI simulator for precise vehicle simulation. The integration of these technologies enables efficient data transmission and enhanced system reliability, effectively mitigating issues such as communication blackouts and delays. Our findings demonstrate that this approach ensures stable and efficient operation, optimizing communication resource management and enhancing operational stability, which is crucial for scenarios requiring high video quality and real-time response. This research represents a significant advancement in ToD technology, establishing a precedent for integrating virtual twin systems to create more resource-efficient and reliable autonomous driving backup solutions. The virtual twin-based ToD system provides a robust platform for remote vehicle operation, ensuring safety and reliability in various driving conditions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue EVS37—International Electric Vehicle Symposium and Exhibition (Seoul, Republic of Korea))

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9 pages, 6634 KiB

Open AccessCommunication

Defects and Mechanical Properties of Silicon Nitride Ball Bearings for Electric Vehicle Reducers

by Jinhyeok Jang, Youngmin Lee, Hoonhee Cheong and Jeongho Yang

World Electr. Veh. J. 2024, 15(6), 272; https://doi.org/10.3390/wevj15060272 - 20 Jun 2024

Viewed by 924

Abstract

In this study, two types of Si₃N₄ ball bearings for integrated-type EV reducers developed via different manufacturing processes were analyzed to study the microstructure of the balls and the defects that may occur during the manufacturing process. Three types of defects were confirmed that can reduce the fatigue life of Si₃N₄ ball bearings in operating environments. The microstructure was analyzed to identify the main additive components of each bearing, and pore defects with a size of less than 1 μm, and the types (particle defects or surface defects) and sizes of defects, were analyzed using LSCM, OM, and SEM. Hardness and fracture toughness, which are representative mechanical properties of ceramic materials, were evaluated. The results, evaluated using a Vickers indentation crack-based method, were statistically analyzed to confirm differences in hardness and fracture toughness between the two samples. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue EVS37—International Electric Vehicle Symposium and Exhibition (Seoul, Republic of Korea))

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16 pages, 1323 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Global Patent Analysis of Battery Recycling Technologies: A Comparative Study of Korea, China, and the United States

by Chae-Hoon Lee

World Electr. Veh. J. 2024, 15(6), 260; https://doi.org/10.3390/wevj15060260 - 14 Jun 2024

Viewed by 5792

Abstract

This study provides a comprehensive analysis of global patent trends in battery recycling, focusing on secondary batteries and related technologies across Korea, China, and the United States. The methodology involved collecting data from various patent databases, followed by quantitative analysis to identify technology trends and guide future development. The research employed statistical tools to analyze patent activities, including the frequency and scope of patent filings, and comparative analysis to highlight differences between countries. This study reveals distinct emphases on technologies such as lithium-ion and waste battery recycling, highlighting notable differences in patent activities among key companies and countries. China’s large number of patents in battery manufacturing processes contrasts with the USA’s focus on electrochemical cell construction and storage systems, while Korea shows significant activity in waste battery technology. The novelty of this paper lies in its detailed comparative analysis of patent trends across these three major economies, providing insights into the technological focuses and priorities of each country. The study also identifies key challenges, such as the need for consistent innovation and broader geographic coverage in Korea, enhancing patent influence and international presence in China, and ensuring high patent quality and fostering innovation in lagging sectors in the United States. Addressing these challenges through enhanced collaboration, increased R&D investments, and supportive policies is crucial for strengthening the global position and driving further innovation in the battery recycling sector. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue EVS37—International Electric Vehicle Symposium and Exhibition (Seoul, Republic of Korea))

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EVS37—International Electric Vehicle Symposium and Exhibition (Seoul, Republic of Korea)

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