Nanomaterials

13 pages, 6185 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Improved Design of Slope-Shaped Hole-Blocking Layer and Electron-Blocking Layer in AlGaN-Based Near-Ultraviolet Laser Diodes

by Maolin Gao, Jing Yang, Wei Jia, Degang Zhao, Guangmei Zhai, Hailiang Dong and Bingshe Xu

Nanomaterials 2024, 14(7), 649; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano14070649 - 8 Apr 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1537

Abstract

The injection and leakage of charge carriers have a significant impact on the optoelectronic performance of GaN-based lasers. In order to improve the limitation of the laser on charge carriers, a slope-shape hole-barrier layer (HBL) and electron-barrier layer (EBL) structure are proposed for [...] Read more.

The injection and leakage of charge carriers have a significant impact on the optoelectronic performance of GaN-based lasers. In order to improve the limitation of the laser on charge carriers, a slope-shape hole-barrier layer (HBL) and electron-barrier layer (EBL) structure are proposed for near-UV (NUV) GaN-based lasers. We used Crosslight LASTIP for the simulation and theoretical analysis of the energy bands of HBL and EBL. Our simulations suggest that the energy bands of slope-shape HBL and EBL structures are modulated, which could effectively suppress carrier leakage, improve carrier injection efficiency, increase stimulated radiation recombination rate in quantum wells, reduce the threshold current, improve optical field distribution, and, ultimately, improve laser output power. Therefore, using slope-shape HBL and EBL structures can achieve the superior electrical and optical performance of lasers. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue III-Nitride Semiconductors: Design, Characterization, Applications, and Devices)

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27 pages, 8781 KiB

Open AccessReview

Advances in Nanodynamic Therapy for Cancer Treatment

by Bingchang Zhang, Yan Huang and Yong Huang

Nanomaterials 2024, 14(7), 648; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano14070648 - 8 Apr 2024

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2399

Abstract

Nanodynamic therapy (NDT) exerts its anti-tumor effect by activating nanosensitizers to generate large amounts of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in tumor cells. NDT enhances tumor-specific targeting and selectivity by leveraging the tumor microenvironment (TME) and mechanisms that boost anti-tumor immune responses. It also [...] Read more.

Nanodynamic therapy (NDT) exerts its anti-tumor effect by activating nanosensitizers to generate large amounts of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in tumor cells. NDT enhances tumor-specific targeting and selectivity by leveraging the tumor microenvironment (TME) and mechanisms that boost anti-tumor immune responses. It also minimizes damage to surrounding healthy tissues and enhances cytotoxicity in tumor cells, showing promise in cancer treatment, with significant potential. This review covers the research progress in five major nanodynamic therapies: photodynamic therapy (PDT), electrodynamic therapy (EDT), sonodynamic therapy (SDT), radiodynamic therapy (RDT), and chemodynamic therapy (CDT), emphasizing the significant role of advanced nanotechnology in the development of NDT for anti-tumor purposes. The mechanisms, effects, and challenges faced by these NDTs are discussed, along with their respective solutions for enhancing anti-tumor efficacy, such as pH response, oxygen delivery, and combined immunotherapy. Finally, this review briefly addresses challenges in the clinical translation of NDT. Full article

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12 pages, 5462 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Flexible Sandwich-Shaped Cellulose Nanocrystals/Silver Nanowires/MXene Films Exhibit Efficient Electromagnetic-Shielding Interference Performance

by Shasha Yan, Ling Li, Hong Zhang, Qiubo Fu and Xingbo Ge

Nanomaterials 2024, 14(7), 647; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano14070647 - 8 Apr 2024

Viewed by 1391

Abstract

The electromagnetic pollution problem is becoming increasingly serious due to the speedy advance of electronic communication devices. There are broad application prospects for the development of flexible, wearable composite films with high electromagnetic interference (EMI)-shielding performance. The MX@AC composite films were prepared from [...] Read more.

The electromagnetic pollution problem is becoming increasingly serious due to the speedy advance of electronic communication devices. There are broad application prospects for the development of flexible, wearable composite films with high electromagnetic interference (EMI)-shielding performance. The MX@AC composite films were prepared from MXene, silver nanowires (AgNWs) and cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) with a sandwich structure. Benefiting from the upper and lower frame structure formed by winding 1D AgNWs and CNC, the tensile strength of the MX@AC was improved to 35 MPa (12.5 wt% CNC content) from 4 MPa (0 wt% CNC content). The high conductivity of MXene and AgNWs resulted in the MX@AC composite film conductivity up to 90,670 S/m, EMI SE for 90 dB, as well as SSE/t up to 7797 dB cm² g⁻¹. And the MX@AC composite film was tested for practical application, showing that it can effectively isolate electromagnetic waves in practical application. Full article

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18 pages, 7494 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Electrospun Fenoprofen/Polycaprolactone @ Tranexamic Acid/Hydroxyapatite Nanofibers as Orthopedic Hemostasis Dressings

by Chang Huang, Menglong Wang, Siyou Yu, Deng-Guang Yu and Sim Wan Annie Bligh

Nanomaterials 2024, 14(7), 646; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano14070646 - 8 Apr 2024

Cited by 28 | Viewed by 2223

Abstract

Dressings with multiple functional performances (such as hemostasis, promoting regeneration, analgesia, and anti-inflammatory effects) are highly desired in orthopedic surgery. Herein, several new kinds of medicated nanofibers loaded with several active ingredients for providing multiple functions were prepared using the modified coaxial electrospinning [...] Read more.

Dressings with multiple functional performances (such as hemostasis, promoting regeneration, analgesia, and anti-inflammatory effects) are highly desired in orthopedic surgery. Herein, several new kinds of medicated nanofibers loaded with several active ingredients for providing multiple functions were prepared using the modified coaxial electrospinning processes. With an electrospinnable solution composed of polycaprolactone and fenoprofen as the core working fluid, several different types of unspinnable fluids (including pure solvent, nanosuspension containing tranexamic acid and hydroxyapatite, and dilute polymeric solution comprising tranexamic acid, hydroxyapatite, and polyvinylpyrrolidone) were explored to implement the modified coaxial processes for creating the multifunctional nanofibers. Their morphologies and inner structures were assessed through scanning and transmission electron microscopes, which all showed a linear format without the discerned beads or spindles and a diameter smaller than 1.0 μm, and some of them had incomplete core–shell nanostructures, represented by the symbol @. Additionally, strange details about the sheaths’ topographies were observed, which included cracks, adhesions, and embedded nanoparticles. XRD and FTIR verified that the drugs tranexamic acid and fenoprofen presented in the nanofibers in an amorphous state, which resulted from the fine compatibility among the involved components. All the prepared samples were demonstrated to have a fine hydrophilic property and exhibited a lower water contact angle smaller than 40° in 300 ms. In vitro dissolution tests indicated that fenoprofen was released in a sustained manner over 6 h through a typical Fickian diffusion mechanism. Hemostatic tests verified that the intentional distribution of tranexamic acid on the shell sections was able to endow a rapid hemostatic effect within 60 s. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Biology and Medicines)

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16 pages, 4160 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Supramolecular Hydrogel Dexamethasone–Diclofenac for the Treatment of Rheumatoid Arthritis

by Yanqin Song, Pufan Yang, Wen Guo, Panpan Lu, Congying Huang, Zhiruo Cai, Xin Jiang, Gangqiang Yang, Yuan Du and Feng Zhao

Nanomaterials 2024, 14(7), 645; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano14070645 - 8 Apr 2024

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1882

Abstract

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) severely affects patients’ quality of life and is commonly treated with glucocorticosteroids injections, like dexamethasone, which may have side effects. This study aimed to create a novel low dose of twin-drug hydrogel containing dexamethasone and diclofenac and explore its potential [...] Read more.

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) severely affects patients’ quality of life and is commonly treated with glucocorticosteroids injections, like dexamethasone, which may have side effects. This study aimed to create a novel low dose of twin-drug hydrogel containing dexamethasone and diclofenac and explore its potential as a drug delivery system for an enhanced anti-inflammatory effect. Its characterization involved rheology, transmission electron microscope (TEM), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and X-ray diffraction (XRD). Furthermore, the hydrogel demonstrated thixotropic properties. The hydrogel exhibited no cytotoxicity against RAW 264.7 macrophages. Furthermore, the hydrogel demonstrated a significant anti-inflammatory efficacy by effectively downregulating the levels of NO, TNF-α, and IL-6 in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-activated RAW 264.7 macrophages. The co-delivery approach, when intra-articularly injected in adjuvant-induced arthritis (AIA) rats, significantly alleviated chronic inflammation leading to reduced synovitis, delayed bone erosion onset, and the downregulation of inflammatory cytokines. The biocompatibility and adverse effect evaluation indicated good biological safety. Furthermore, the hydrogel demonstrated efficacy in reducing NF-κB nuclear translocation in LPS-induced RAW 264.7 macrophages and inhibited p-NF-kB, COX-2, and iNOS expression both in RAW 264.7 macrophages and the joints of AIA rats. In conclusion, the findings indicate that the hydrogel possesses potent anti-inflammatory activity, which effectively addresses the limitations associated with free forms. It presents a promising therapeutic strategy for the management of RA. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Biology and Medicines)

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15 pages, 2995 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Erythritol as a Saccharide Multifunctional Electrolyte Additive for Highly Reversible Zinc Anode

by Linjie Li, Zongwei Guo, Shiteng Li, Piting Cao, Weidong Du, Deshi Feng, Wenhui Wei, Fengzhao Xu, Chuangen Ye, Mingzhi Yang, Jing Zhang, Xingshuang Zhang and Yong Li

Nanomaterials 2024, 14(7), 644; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano14070644 - 8 Apr 2024

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1541

Abstract

Dendrite formation and water-triggered side reactions on the surface of Zn metal anodes severely restrict the commercial viability of aqueous zinc-ion batteries (AZIBs). In this work, we introduce erythritol (Et) as an electrolyte additive to enhance the reversibility of zinc anodes, given its [...] Read more.

Dendrite formation and water-triggered side reactions on the surface of Zn metal anodes severely restrict the commercial viability of aqueous zinc-ion batteries (AZIBs). In this work, we introduce erythritol (Et) as an electrolyte additive to enhance the reversibility of zinc anodes, given its cost-effectiveness, mature technology, and extensive utilization in various domains such as food, medicine, and other industries. By combining multiscale theoretical simulation and experimental characterization, it was demonstrated that Et molecules can partially replace the coordination H₂O molecules to reshape the Zn²⁺ solvation sheath and destroy the hydrogen bond network of the aqueous electrolyte. More importantly, Et molecules tend to adsorb on the zinc anode surface, simultaneously inhibit water-triggered side reactions by isolating water and promote uniform and dense deposition by accelerating the Zn²⁺ diffusion and regulating the nucleation size of the Zn grain. Thanks to this synergistic mechanism, the Zn anode can achieve a cycle life of more than 3900 h at 1 mA cm⁻² and an average Coulombic efficiency of 99.77%. Coupling with δ-MnO₂ cathodes, the full battery delivers a high specific capacity of 228.1 mAh g⁻¹ with a capacity retention of 76% over 1000 cycles at 1 A g⁻¹. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nanomaterial Based Energy Electrodes)

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17 pages, 5257 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Nitrogen-Rich Triazine-Based Covalent Organic Frameworks as Efficient Visible Light Photocatalysts for Hydrogen Peroxide Production

by Shu Yang, Keke Zhi, Zhimin Zhang, Rukiya Kerem, Qiong Hong, Lei Zhao, Wenbo Wu, Lulu Wang and Duozhi Wang

Nanomaterials 2024, 14(7), 643; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano14070643 - 8 Apr 2024

Viewed by 1849

Abstract

Covalent organic frameworks (COFs) have been widely used in photocatalytic hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) production due to their favorable band structure and excellent light absorption. Due to the rapid recombination rate of charge carriers, however, their applications are mainly restricted. [...] Read more.

Covalent organic frameworks (COFs) have been widely used in photocatalytic hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) production due to their favorable band structure and excellent light absorption. Due to the rapid recombination rate of charge carriers, however, their applications are mainly restricted. This study presents the design and development of two highly conjugated triazine-based COFs (TBP-COF and TTP-COF) and evaluates their photocatalytic H₂O₂ production performance. The nitrogen-rich structures and high degrees of conjugation of TBP-COF and TTP-COF facilitate improved light absorption, promote O₂ adsorption, enhance their redox power, and enable the efficient separation and transfer of photogenerated charge carriers. There is thus an increase in the photocatalytic activity for the production of H₂O₂. When exposed to 10 W LED visible light irradiation at a wavelength of 420 nm, the pyridine-based TTP-COF produced 4244 μmol h⁻¹ g⁻¹ of H₂O₂ from pure water in the absence of a sacrificial agent. Compared to TBP-COF (1882 μmol h⁻¹ g⁻¹), which has a similar structure but lacks pyridine sites, TTP-COF demonstrated nearly 2.5 times greater efficiency. Furthermore, it exhibited superior performance compared to most previously published nonmetal COF-based photocatalysts. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Nanomaterials for Photocatalysis)

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34 pages, 25645 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Biocompatible PANI-Encapsulated Chemically Modified Nano-TiO₂ Particles for Visible-Light Photocatalytic Applications

by Nefeli Papadopoulou-Fermeli, Nefeli Lagopati, Maria-Anna Gatou and Evangelia A. Pavlatou

Nanomaterials 2024, 14(7), 642; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano14070642 - 7 Apr 2024

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2030

Abstract

Polyaniline (PANI) constitutes a very propitious conductive polymer utilized in several biomedical, as well as environmental applications, including tissue engineering, catalysis, and photocatalysis, due to its unique properties. In this study, nano-PANI/N-TiO₂ and nano-PANI/Ag-TiO₂ photocatalytic composites were fabricated via aniline’s oxidative [...] Read more.

Polyaniline (PANI) constitutes a very propitious conductive polymer utilized in several biomedical, as well as environmental applications, including tissue engineering, catalysis, and photocatalysis, due to its unique properties. In this study, nano-PANI/N-TiO₂ and nano-PANI/Ag-TiO₂ photocatalytic composites were fabricated via aniline’s oxidative polymerization, while the Ag-and N-chemically modified TiO₂ nanopowders were synthesized through the sol–gel approach. All produced materials were fully characterized. Through micro-Raman and FT-IR analysis, the co-existence of PANI and chemically modified TiO₂ particles was confirmed, while via XRD analysis the composites’ average crystallite size was determined as ≈20 nm. The semi-crystal structure of polyaniline exhibits higher photocatalytic efficiency compared to that of other less crystalline forms. The spherical-shaped developed materials are innovative, stable (zeta potential in the range from −26 to −37 mV), and cost-effective, characterized by enhanced photocatalytic efficiency under visible light (energy band gaps ≈ 2 eV), and synthesized with relatively simple methods, with the possibility of recycling and reusing them in potential future applications in industry, in wastewater treatment as well as in biomedicine. Thus, the PANI-encapsulated Ag and N chemically modified TiO₂ nanocomposites exhibit high degradation efficiency towards Rhodamine B dye upon visible-light irradiation, presenting simultaneously high biocompatibility in different normal cell lines. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Application of Metal (Oxide) Nanomaterials in Photocatalysis)

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13 pages, 5208 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Nano-Structure Evolution and Mechanical Properties of Al_xCoCrFeNi_2.1 (x = 0, 0.3, 0.7, 1.0, 1.3) High-Entropy Alloy Prepared by Mechanical Alloying and Spark Plasma Sintering

by Guiqun Liu, Ziteng Lu and Xiaoli Zhang

Nanomaterials 2024, 14(7), 641; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano14070641 - 7 Apr 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1338

Abstract

The Al_xCoCrFeNi_2.1 (x = 0, 0.3, 0.7, 1.0, 1.3) multi-component high-entropy alloy (HEA) was synthesized by mechanical alloying (MA) and Spark Plasma Sintering (SPS), The impact of the percentage of Al on crystal structure transition, microstructure evolution and mechanical properties [...] Read more.

The Al_xCoCrFeNi_2.1 (x = 0, 0.3, 0.7, 1.0, 1.3) multi-component high-entropy alloy (HEA) was synthesized by mechanical alloying (MA) and Spark Plasma Sintering (SPS), The impact of the percentage of Al on crystal structure transition, microstructure evolution and mechanical properties were studied. Crystal structure was investigated by X-ray Diffraction (XRD) and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). The results show that with the increasing of Al content, the crystal structure of the alloys gradually transformed from a nanocrystalline phase of FCC to a mix of FCC and BCC nanocrystalline. The hardness was found to increase steadily from 433 HV to 565 HV due to the increase in fraction of BCC nanocrystalline phase. Thus, the compressive fracture strength increased from 1702 MPa to 2333 MPa; in contrast, the fracture strain decreased from 39.8% to 15.6%. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Nanoscale Materials and (Flexible) Devices)

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14 pages, 10117 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effects of the In Situ Growth of CNTs on Ti-Coated Diamond Surfaces on the Mechanical Properties of Diamond/Aluminum Composites

by Hao Wu, Ping Zhu, Yixiao Xia, Yifu Ma, Junyao Ding, Huasong Gou, Qiang Zhang, Sen Yang and Gaohui Wu

Nanomaterials 2024, 14(7), 640; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano14070640 - 7 Apr 2024

Viewed by 1292

Abstract

Diamond/aluminum composites have attracted significant attention as novel thermal management materials, with their interfacial bonding state and configuration playing a crucial role in determining their thermal conductivity and mechanical properties. The present work aims to evaluate the bending strength and thermal conductivity of [...] Read more.

Diamond/aluminum composites have attracted significant attention as novel thermal management materials, with their interfacial bonding state and configuration playing a crucial role in determining their thermal conductivity and mechanical properties. The present work aims to evaluate the bending strength and thermal conductivity of CNT-modified Ti-coated diamond/aluminum composites with multi-scale structures. The Fe catalyst was encapsulated on the surface of Ti-coated diamond particles using the solution impregnation method, and CNTs were grown in situ on the surface of Ti-coated diamond particles using the plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD) method. We investigated the influence of interface structure on the thermal conductivity and mechanical properties of diamond/aluminum composites. The results show that the CNT-modified Ti-coated diamond/aluminum composite exhibits excellent bending strength, reaching up to 281 MPa, compared to uncoated diamond/aluminum composites and Ti-coated diamond/aluminum composites. The selective bonding between diamond and aluminum was improved by the interfacial reaction between Ti and diamond particles, as well as between CNT and Al. This led to the enhanced mechanical properties of Ti-coated diamond/aluminum composites while maintaining acceptable thermal conductivity. This work provides insights into the interface’s configuration design and the performance optimization of diamond/metal composites for thermal management. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Metal-Matrix Nanocomposites and Their Applications (2nd Edition))

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35 pages, 1386 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Engineered and Mimicked Extracellular Nanovesicles for Therapeutic Delivery

by Verena Poinsot, Nathalie Pizzinat and Varravaddheay Ong-Meang

Nanomaterials 2024, 14(7), 639; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano14070639 - 6 Apr 2024

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2242

Abstract

Exosomes are spherical extracellular nanovesicles with an endosomal origin and unilamellar lipid-bilayer structure with sizes ranging from 30 to 100 nm. They contain a large range of proteins, lipids, and nucleic acid species, depending on the state and origin of the extracellular vesicle [...] Read more.

Exosomes are spherical extracellular nanovesicles with an endosomal origin and unilamellar lipid-bilayer structure with sizes ranging from 30 to 100 nm. They contain a large range of proteins, lipids, and nucleic acid species, depending on the state and origin of the extracellular vesicle (EV)-secreting cell. EVs’ function is to encapsulate part of the EV-producing cell content, to transport it through biological fluids to a targeted recipient, and to deliver their cargos specifically within the aimed recipient cells. Therefore, exosomes are considered to be potential biological drug-delivery systems that can stably deliver their cargo into targeted cells. Various cell-derived exosomes are produced for medical issues, but their use for therapeutic purposes still faces several problems. Some of these difficulties can be avoided by resorting to hemisynthetic approaches. We highlight here the uses of alternative exosome-mimes involving cell-membrane coatings on artificial nanocarriers or the hybridization between exosomes and liposomes. We also detail the drug-loading strategies deployed to make them drug-carrier systems and summarize the ongoing clinical trials involving exosomes or exosome-like structures. Finally, we summarize the open questions before considering exosome-like disposals for confident therapeutic delivery. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Pharmaceutical Applications of Lipid-Based Nanoparticles)

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15 pages, 4702 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Optimizing Antimicrobial Efficacy: Investigating the Impact of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticle Shape and Size

by Ana Rita Mendes, Carlos M. Granadeiro, Andreia Leite, Eulália Pereira, Paula Teixeira and Fátima Poças

Nanomaterials 2024, 14(7), 638; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano14070638 - 6 Apr 2024

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2418

Abstract

Zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) have been investigated due to their distinct properties, variety of structures and sizes, and mainly for their antimicrobial activity. They have received a positive safety evaluation from the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) for packaging applications as transparent [...] Read more.

Zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) have been investigated due to their distinct properties, variety of structures and sizes, and mainly for their antimicrobial activity. They have received a positive safety evaluation from the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) for packaging applications as transparent ultraviolet (UV) light absorbers based on the absence of significant migration of zinc oxide in particulate form. ZnO NPs with different morphologies (spherical, flower, and sheet) have been synthesized via different sol–gel methods and extensively characterized by several solid-state techniques, namely vibrational spectroscopy, powder X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy/energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM/EDS), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy (UV-VIS), electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR), and nitrogen adsorption–desorption isotherms. The ZnO NPs were assessed for their antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli (gram-negative bacteria) and Staphylococcus aureus (gram-positive bacteria) to study the influence of morphology and size on efficacy. ZnO NPs with different morphologies and sizes demonstrated antimicrobial activity against both bacteria. The highest microbial cell reduction rate (7–8 log CFU mL⁻¹ for E. coli and 6–7 log CFU mL⁻¹ for S. aureus) was obtained for the sheet- and spherical-shaped NPs as a result of the high specific surface area. In fact, the higher surface areas of the sheet- and spherical-shaped nanoparticles (18.5 and 13.4 m² g⁻¹, respectively), compared to the flower-shaped NPs (5.3 m²g⁻¹), seem to promote more efficient bacterial cell reduction. The spherical-shaped particles were also smaller (31 nm) compared with the flower-shaped (233 × 249 nm) ones. The flower ZnO NP resulted in a 4–5 log CFU mL⁻¹ reduction for E. coli and 3–4 log CFU mL⁻¹ reduction for S. aureus. The lower apparent antibacterial activity of the flower-shaped could be associated with either the lack of defects on the particle core or the shape shielding effect. Compared to S. aureus, E. coli seems to be less resistant to ZnO NPs, which may be explained by the characteristics of its cell membrane. With simple synthesis techniques, which do not allow the size and shape of the nanoparticles to be controlled simultaneously, it is a challenge to elucidate the effect of each of these two parameters on antibacterial performance. Full article

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17 pages, 4951 KiB

Open AccessArticle

An Unprecedented Metal Distribution in Silica Nanoparticles Determined by Single-Particle Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry

by Juan Han, Xu Wu, Julia Xiaojun Zhao and David T. Pierce

Nanomaterials 2024, 14(7), 637; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano14070637 - 6 Apr 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1230

Abstract

Metal-containing nanoparticles are now common in applications ranging from catalysts to biomarkers. However, little research has focused on per-particle metal content in multicomponent nanoparticles. In this work, we used single-particle inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) to determine the per-particle metal content of [...] Read more.

Metal-containing nanoparticles are now common in applications ranging from catalysts to biomarkers. However, little research has focused on per-particle metal content in multicomponent nanoparticles. In this work, we used single-particle inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) to determine the per-particle metal content of silica nanoparticles doped with tris(2,2′-bipyridyl)ruthenium(II). Monodispersed silica nanoparticles with varied Ru doping levels were prepared using a water-in-oil microemulsion method. These nanoparticles were characterized using common bulk-sample methods such as absorbance spectroscopy and conventional ICP-MS, and also with single-particle ICP-MS. The results showed that averaged concentrations of metal dopant measured per-particle by single-particle ICP-MS were consistent with the bulk-sample methods over a wide range of dopant levels. However, the per-particle amount of metal varied greatly and did not adhere to the usual Gaussian distribution encountered with one-component nanoparticles, such as gold or silver. Instead, the amount of metal dopant per silica particle showed an unexpected geometric distribution regardless of the prepared doping levels. The results indicate that an unusual metal dispersal mechanism is taking place during the microemulsion synthesis, and they challenge a common assumption that doped silica nanoparticles have the same metal content as the average measured by bulk-sample methods. Full article

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14 pages, 5941 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Sustainable and Low-Cost Electrodes for Photocatalytic Fuel Cells

by Naveed ul Hassan Alvi and Mats Sandberg

Nanomaterials 2024, 14(7), 636; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano14070636 - 6 Apr 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1335

Abstract

Water pollutants harm ecosystems and degrade water quality. At the same time, many pollutants carry potentially valuable chemical energy, measured by chemical oxygen demand (COD). This study highlights the potential for energy harvesting during remediation using photocatalytic fuel cells (PCFCs), stressing the importance [...] Read more.

Water pollutants harm ecosystems and degrade water quality. At the same time, many pollutants carry potentially valuable chemical energy, measured by chemical oxygen demand (COD). This study highlights the potential for energy harvesting during remediation using photocatalytic fuel cells (PCFCs), stressing the importance of economically viable and sustainable materials. To achieve this, this research explores alternatives to platinum cathodes in photocathodes and aims to develop durable, cost-effective photoanode materials. Here, zinc oxide nanorods of high density are fabricated on carbon fiber surfaces using a low-temperature aqueous chemical growth method that is simple, cost-efficient, and readily scalable. Alternatives to the Pt cathodes frequently used in PCFC research are explored in comparison with screen-printed PEDOT:PSS cathodes. The fabricated ZnO/carbon anode (1.5 × 2 cm²) is used to remove the model pollutant used here and salicylic acid from water (30 mL, 70 μM) is placed under simulated sunlight (0.225 Sun). It was observed that salicylic acid was degraded by 23 ±0.46% at open voltage (OV) and 43.2 ± 0.86% at 1 V with Pt as the counter electrode, degradation was 18.5 ± 0.37% at open voltage (OV) and 44.1 ± 0.88% at 1 V, while PEDOT:PSS was used as the counter electrode over 120 min. This shows that the PEDOT:PSS exhibits an excellent performance with the full potential to provide low-environmental-impact electrodes for PCFCs. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nanostructured Materials for Emerging Pollutant Removal and Environmental Remediation)

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14 pages, 10357 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Thermal Stability and Crystallization Processes of Pd₇₈Au₄Si₁₈ Thin Films Visualized via In Situ TEM

by Bingjiao Yu, Rui Zhao, Zhen Lu, Hangbo Su, Binye Liang, Bingjie Liu, Chunlan Ma, Yan Zhu and Zian Li

Nanomaterials 2024, 14(7), 635; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano14070635 - 5 Apr 2024

Viewed by 1535

Abstract

Amorphous alloys or metallic glasses (MGs) thin films have attracted extensive attention in various fields due to their unique functional properties. Here, we use in situ heating transmission electron microscopy (TEM) to investigate the thermal stability and crystallization behavior of Pd-Au-Si thin films [...] Read more.

Amorphous alloys or metallic glasses (MGs) thin films have attracted extensive attention in various fields due to their unique functional properties. Here, we use in situ heating transmission electron microscopy (TEM) to investigate the thermal stability and crystallization behavior of Pd-Au-Si thin films prepared by a pulsed laser deposition (PLD) method. Upon heating treatment inside a TEM, we trace the structural changes in the Pd-Au-Si thin films through directly recording high-resolution images and diffraction patterns at different temperatures. TEM observations reveal that the Pd-Au-Si thin films started to nucleate with small crystalline embryos uniformly distributed in the glassy matrix upon approaching the glass transition temperature

T_{g} = 625 K

, and subsequently, the growth of crystalline nuclei into sub-10 nm Pd-Si nanocrystals commenced. Upon further increasing the temperature to

673 K

, the thin films transformed to micro-sized patches of stacking-faulty lamellae that further crystallized into

{Pd}_{9} {Si}_{2}

and

{Pd}_{3} Si

intermetallic compounds. Interestingly, with prolonged thermal heating at elevated temperatures, the

{Pd}_{9} {Si}_{2}

transformed to

{Pd}_{3} Si

. Simultaneously, the solute Au atoms initially dissolved in glassy alloys and eventually precipitated out of the

{Pd}_{9} {Si}_{2}

and

{Pd}_{3} Si

intermetallics, forming nearly spherical Au nanocrystals. Our TEM results reveal the unique thermal stability and crystallization processes of the PLD-prepared Pd-Au-Si thin films as well as demonstrate a possibility of producing a large quantity of pure nanocrystals out of amorphous solids for various applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Advances in Functional Thin Films)

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15 pages, 892 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Incidence of the Brownian Relaxation Process on the Magnetic Properties of Ferrofluids

by Lili Vajtai, Norbert Marcel Nemes, Maria del Puerto Morales, Kolos Molnár, Balázs Gábor Pinke and Ferenc Simon

Nanomaterials 2024, 14(7), 634; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano14070634 - 5 Apr 2024

Viewed by 1316

Abstract

Ferrofluids containing magnetic nanoparticles represent a special class of magnetic materials due to the added freedom of particle tumbling in the fluids. We studied this process, known as Brownian relaxation, and its effect on the magnetic properties of ferrofluids with controlled magnetite nanoparticle [...] Read more.

Ferrofluids containing magnetic nanoparticles represent a special class of magnetic materials due to the added freedom of particle tumbling in the fluids. We studied this process, known as Brownian relaxation, and its effect on the magnetic properties of ferrofluids with controlled magnetite nanoparticle sizes. For small nanoparticles (below 10 nm diameter), the Néel process is expected to dominate the magnetic response, whereas for larger particles, Brownian relaxation becomes important. Temperature- and magnetic-field-dependent magnetization studies, differential scanning calorimetry, and AC susceptibility measurements were carried out for 6 and 13.5 nm diameter magnetite nanoparticles suspended in water. We identify clear fingerprints of Brownian relaxation for the sample of large-diameter nanoparticles as both magnetic and thermal hysteresis develop at the water freezing temperature, whereas the samples of small-diameter nanoparticles remain hysteresis-free down to the magnetic blocking temperature. This is supported by the temperature-dependent AC susceptibility measurements: above 273 K, the data show a low-frequency Debye peak, which is characteristic of Brownian relaxation. This peak vanishes below 273 K. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Magnetic, Optical, and Electrical Transport Properties of Novel Nanomaterials)

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13 pages, 4578 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Dual-Channel MoS₂-Based Selective Gas Sensor for Volatile Organic Compounds

by Esra Kuş, Gülay Altındemir, Yusuf Kerem Bostan, Cihat Taşaltın, Ayse Erol, Yue Wang and Fahrettin Sarcan

Nanomaterials 2024, 14(7), 633; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano14070633 - 5 Apr 2024

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2042

Abstract

Significant progress has been made in two-dimensional material-based sensing devices over the past decade. Organic vapor sensors, particularly those using graphene and transition metal dichalcogenides as key components, have demonstrated excellent sensitivity. These sensors are highly active because all the atoms in the [...] Read more.

Significant progress has been made in two-dimensional material-based sensing devices over the past decade. Organic vapor sensors, particularly those using graphene and transition metal dichalcogenides as key components, have demonstrated excellent sensitivity. These sensors are highly active because all the atoms in the ultra-thin layers are exposed to volatile compounds. However, their selectivity needs improvement. We propose a novel gas-sensing device that addresses this challenge. It consists of two side-by-side sensors fabricated from the same active material, few-layer molybdenum disulfide (MoS₂), for detecting volatile organic compounds like alcohol, acetone, and toluene. To create a dual-channel sensor, we introduce a simple step into the conventional 2D material sensor fabrication process. This step involves treating one-half of the few-layer MoS₂ using ultraviolet–ozone (UV-O₃) treatment. The responses of pristine few-layer MoS₂ sensors to 3000 ppm of ethanol, acetone, and toluene gases are 18%, 3.5%, and 49%, respectively. The UV-O₃-treated few-layer MoS₂-based sensors show responses of 13.4%, 3.1%, and 6.7%, respectively. This dual-channel sensing device demonstrates a 7-fold improvement in selectivity for toluene gas against ethanol and acetone. Our work sheds light on understanding surface processes and interaction mechanisms at the interface between transition metal dichalcogenides and volatile organic compounds, leading to enhanced sensitivity and selectivity. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Nanomaterials in Gas and Humidity Sensors)

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14 pages, 4507 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Crack Detection of Reinforced Concrete Structure Using Smart Skin

by Yu-Jin Jung and Sung-Hwan Jang

Nanomaterials 2024, 14(7), 632; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano14070632 - 5 Apr 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 4559

Abstract

The availability of carbon nanotube (CNT)-based polymer composites allows the development of surface-attached self-sensing crack sensors for the structural health monitoring of reinforced concrete (RC) structures. These sensors are fabricated by integrating CNTs as conductive fillers into polymer matrices such as polyurethane (PU) [...] Read more.

The availability of carbon nanotube (CNT)-based polymer composites allows the development of surface-attached self-sensing crack sensors for the structural health monitoring of reinforced concrete (RC) structures. These sensors are fabricated by integrating CNTs as conductive fillers into polymer matrices such as polyurethane (PU) and can be applied by coating on RC structures before the composite hardens. The principle of crack detection is based on the electrical change characteristics of the CNT-based polymer composites when subjected to a tensile load. In this study, the electrical conductivity and electro-mechanical/environmental characterization of smart skin fabricated with various CNT concentrations were investigated. This was performed to derive the tensile strain sensitivity of the smart skin according to different CNT contents and to verify their environmental impact. The optimal CNT concentration for the crack detection sensor was determined to be 5 wt% CNT. The smart skin was applied to an RC structure to validate its effectiveness as a crack detection sensor. It successfully detected and monitored crack formation and growth in the structure. During repeated cycles of crack width variations, the smart skin also demonstrated excellent reproducibility and electrical stability in response to the progressive occurrence of cracks, thereby reinforcing the reliability of the crack detection sensor. Overall, the presented results describe the crack detection characteristics of smart skin and demonstrate its potential as a structural health monitoring (SHM) sensor. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Smart Nanocomposites and Their Applications)

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11 pages, 10598 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Hybrid-Mechanism Synergistic Flexible Nb₂O₅@WS₂@C Carbon Nanofiber Anode for Superior Sodium Storage

by Yang Zhao, Ziwen Feng, Yipeng Tan, Qinglin Deng and Lingmin Yao

Nanomaterials 2024, 14(7), 631; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano14070631 - 5 Apr 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1475

Abstract

Sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) have demonstrated remarkable development potential and commercial prospects. However, in the current state of research, the development of high-energy-density, long-cycle-life, high-rate-performance anode materials for SIBs remains a huge challenge. Free-standing flexible electrodes, owing to their ability to achieve higher energy [...] Read more.

Sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) have demonstrated remarkable development potential and commercial prospects. However, in the current state of research, the development of high-energy-density, long-cycle-life, high-rate-performance anode materials for SIBs remains a huge challenge. Free-standing flexible electrodes, owing to their ability to achieve higher energy density without the need for current collectors, binders, and conductive additives, have garnered significant attention across various fields. In this work, we designed and fabricated a free-standing three-dimensional flexible Nb₂O₅@WS₂@C carbon nanofiber (CNF) anode based on a hybrid adsorption–intercalation–conversion mechanism of sodium storage, using electrospinning and hydrothermal synthesis processes. The hybrid structure, aided by synergistic effects, releases the advantages of all materials, demonstrating a superior rate performance (288, 248, 211, 158, 90, and 48 mA h g⁻¹ at the current density of 0.2, 0.5, 1, 2, 5, and 10 A g⁻¹, respectively) and good cycling stability (160 mA h g⁻¹ after 200 cycles at 1 A g⁻¹). This work provides certain guiding significance for future research on hybrid and flexible anodes of SIBs. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Nanomaterials for Energy Conversion and Environmental Catalysis)

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13 pages, 4571 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Metal-Based Nanomaterials for the Sensing of NSAIDS

by Farah Quddus, Afzal Shah, Naimat Ullah and Iltaf Shah

Nanomaterials 2024, 14(7), 630; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano14070630 - 4 Apr 2024

Viewed by 1415

Abstract

Cadmium sulfide and zinc oxide nanoparticles were prepared, characterized and used as electrode modifiers for the sensing of two non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs): naproxen and mobic. The structural and morphological characterization of the synthesized nanoparticles was carried out by XRD, UV-Vis spectroscopy, FTIR [...] Read more.

Cadmium sulfide and zinc oxide nanoparticles were prepared, characterized and used as electrode modifiers for the sensing of two non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs): naproxen and mobic. The structural and morphological characterization of the synthesized nanoparticles was carried out by XRD, UV-Vis spectroscopy, FTIR and scanning electron microscopy. The electrode’s enhanced surface area facilitated the signal amplification of the selected NSAIDs. The CdS-modified glassy carbon electrode (GCE) enhanced the electro-oxidation signals of naproxen to four times that of the bare GCE, while the ZnO-modified GCE led to a two-fold enhancement in the electro-oxidation signals of mobic. The oxidation of both NSAIDs occurred in a pH-dependent manner, suggesting the involvement of protons in their electron transfer reactions. The experimental conditions for the sensing of naproxen and mobic were optimized and, under optimized conditions, the modified electrode surface demonstrated the qualities of sensitivity and selectivity, and a fast responsiveness to the target NSAIDs. Full article

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15 pages, 9753 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Structure and Mechanical Properties of iPP-Based Nanocomposites Crystallized under High Pressure

by Sivanjineyulu Veluri, Przemyslaw Sowinski, Mariia Svyntkivska, Zbigniew Bartczak, Tomasz Makowski and Ewa Piorkowska

Nanomaterials 2024, 14(7), 629; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano14070629 - 4 Apr 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1250

Abstract

The unique nonparallel chain arrangement in the orthorhombic γ-form lamellae of isotactic polypropylene (iPP) results in the enhancement of the mechanical properties of γ-iPP. Our study aimed at the investigation of the mechanical properties of γ-iPP nanocomposites with 1–5 wt.% multiwall carbon nanotubes [...] Read more.

The unique nonparallel chain arrangement in the orthorhombic γ-form lamellae of isotactic polypropylene (iPP) results in the enhancement of the mechanical properties of γ-iPP. Our study aimed at the investigation of the mechanical properties of γ-iPP nanocomposites with 1–5 wt.% multiwall carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) and 5 wt.% organo-modified montmorillonite prepared by melt-mixing and high-pressure crystallization. Neat iPP and the nanocomposites were crystallized under high pressures of 200 MPa and 300 MPa, and for comparison under 1.4 MPa, in a custom-built high-pressure cell. The structure of the materials was studied using WAXS, SAXS, DSC, and SEM, whereas their mechanical properties were tested in plane-strain compression. Under a small pressure of 1.4 MPa, polymer matrix in all materials crystallized predominantly in the α-form, the most common monoclinic form of iPP, whereas under high pressure it crystallized in the γ-form. This caused a significant increase in the elastic modulus, yield stress, and stress at break. Moreover, due to the presence of MWCNT, these parameters of the nanocomposites exceeded those of the neat polymer. As a result, a 60–70% increase in the elastic modulus, yield stress, and stress at break was achieved by filling of iPP with MWCNT and high-pressure crystallization. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Advanced Polymeric Composites: Processing, Characterization and Mechanical Behavior)

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14 pages, 4903 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Submicronic-Scale Mechanochemical Characterization of Oxygen-Enriched Materials

by Marie Garnier, Eric Lesniewska, Virgil Optasanu, Bruno Guelorget, Pascal Berger, Luc Lavisse, Manuel François, Irma Custovic, Nicolas Pocholle and Eric Bourillot

Nanomaterials 2024, 14(7), 628; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano14070628 - 3 Apr 2024

Viewed by 1120

Abstract

Conventional techniques that measure the concentration of light elements in metallic materials lack high-resolution performance due to their intrinsic limitation of sensitivity. In that context, scanning microwave microscopy has the potential to significantly enhance the quantification of element distribution due to its ability [...] Read more.

Conventional techniques that measure the concentration of light elements in metallic materials lack high-resolution performance due to their intrinsic limitation of sensitivity. In that context, scanning microwave microscopy has the potential to significantly enhance the quantification of element distribution due to its ability to perform a tomographic investigation of the sample. Scanning microwave microscopy associates the local electromagnetic measurement and the nanoscale resolution of an atomic force microscope. This technique allows the simultaneous characterization of oxygen concentration as well as local mechanical properties by microwave phase shift and amplitude signal, respectively. The technique was calibrated by comparison with nuclear reaction analysis and nanoindentation measurement. We demonstrated the reliability of the scanning microwave technique by studying thin oxygen-enriched layers on a Ti-6Al-4V alloy. This innovative approach opens novel possibilities for the indirect quantification of light chemical element diffusion in metallic materials. This technique is applicable to the control and optimization of industrial processes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Physical Chemistry at Nanoscale)

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19 pages, 9240 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Molecular Dynamics Study of Nanoribbon Formation by Encapsulating Cyclic Hydrocarbon Molecules inside Single-Walled Carbon Nanotube

by Somayeh Eskandari, János Koltai, István László and Jenő Kürti

Nanomaterials 2024, 14(7), 627; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano14070627 - 2 Apr 2024

Viewed by 1581

Abstract

Carbon nanotubes filled with organic molecules can serve as chemical nanoreactors. Recent experimental results show that, by introducing cyclic hydrocarbon molecules inside carbon nanotubes, they can be transformed into nanoribbons or inner tubes, depending on the experimental conditions. In this paper, we present [...] Read more.

Carbon nanotubes filled with organic molecules can serve as chemical nanoreactors. Recent experimental results show that, by introducing cyclic hydrocarbon molecules inside carbon nanotubes, they can be transformed into nanoribbons or inner tubes, depending on the experimental conditions. In this paper, we present our results obtained as a continuation of our previous molecular dynamics simulation work. In our previous work, the initial geometry consisted of independent carbon atoms. Now, as an initial condition, we have placed different molecules inside a carbon nanotube (18,0): C₅H₅ (fragment of ferrocene), C₅, C₅+H₂; C₆H₆ (benzene), C₆, C₆+H₂; C₂₀H₁₂ (perylene); and C₂₄H₁₂ (coronene). The simulations were performed using the REBO-II potential of the LAMMPS software package, supplemented with a Lennard-Jones potential between the nanotube wall atoms and the inner atoms. The simulation proved difficult due to the slow dynamics of the H abstraction. However, with a slight modification of the parameterization, it was possible to model the formation of carbon nanoribbons inside the carbon nanotube. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Editorial Board Members’ Collection Series: Theory and Simulation of Nanostructures)

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14 pages, 5866 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Fabrication and Characterization of a Lead-Free Cesium Bismuth Iodide Perovskite through Antisolvent-Assisted Crystallization

by Salma Maneno Masawa, Chenxu Zhao, Jing Liu, Jia Xu and Jianxi Yao

Nanomaterials 2024, 14(7), 626; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano14070626 - 2 Apr 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1907

Abstract

Cesium bismuth iodide perovskite material offers good stability toward ambient conditions and has potential optoelectronic characteristics. However, wide bandgap, absorber surface roughness, and poor surface coverage with pinholes are among the key impediments to its adoption as a photovoltaic absorber material. Herein, bandgap [...] Read more.

Cesium bismuth iodide perovskite material offers good stability toward ambient conditions and has potential optoelectronic characteristics. However, wide bandgap, absorber surface roughness, and poor surface coverage with pinholes are among the key impediments to its adoption as a photovoltaic absorber material. Herein, bandgap modification and the tailoring of surface morphology have been performed through molar ratio variation and antisolvent treatment, whereby type III antisolvent (toluene) based on Hansen space has been utilized. XRD and Raman spectroscopy analyses confirm the formation of a 0D/2D mixed dimensional structure with improved optoelectronic properties when the molar ratio of CsI/BiI₃ was adjusted from 1.5:1 to 1:1.5. The absorption results and Tauc plot determination show that the fabricated film has a lower bandgap of 1.80 eV. TRPL analysis reveals that the film possesses a very low charge carrier lifetime of 0.94 ns, suggesting deep defects. Toluene improves the charge carrier lifetime to 1.89 ns. The average grain size also increases from 323.26 nm to 444.3 nm upon toluene addition. Additionally, the inclusion of toluene results in a modest improvement in PCE, from 0.23% to 0.33%. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Perovskite Nanostructures: Synthesis, Properties and Applications)

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15 pages, 19056 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Reutilization of Silicon-Cutting Waste via Constructing Multilayer Si@SiO₂@C Composites as Anode Materials for Li-Ion Batteries

by Yi Sun, Jingyi Wu, Xingjie Chen and Chunyan Lai

Nanomaterials 2024, 14(7), 625; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano14070625 - 2 Apr 2024

Viewed by 1474

Abstract

The rapid development of the photovoltaic industry has also brought some economic losses and environmental problems due to the waste generated during silicon ingot cutting. This study introduces an effective and facile method to reutilize silicon-cutting waste by constructing a multilayer Si@SiO₂ [...] Read more.

The rapid development of the photovoltaic industry has also brought some economic losses and environmental problems due to the waste generated during silicon ingot cutting. This study introduces an effective and facile method to reutilize silicon-cutting waste by constructing a multilayer Si@SiO₂@C composite for Li-ion batteries via two-step annealing. The double-layer structure of the resultant composite alleviates the severe volume changes of silicon effectively, and the surrounding slightly graphitic carbon, known for its high conductivity and mechanical strength, tightly envelops the silicon nanoflakes, facilitates ion and electron transport and maintains electrode structural integrity throughout repeated charge/discharge cycles. With an optimization of the carbon content, the initial coulombic efficiency (ICE) was improved from 53% to 84%. The refined Si@SiO₂@C anode exhibits outstanding cycling stability (711.4 mAh g⁻¹ after 500 cycles) and rate performance (973.5 mAh g⁻¹ at 2 C). This research presents a direct and cost-efficient strategy for transforming photovoltaic silicon-cutting waste into high-energy-density lithium-ion battery (LIB) anode materials. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Advanced Nanomaterials for Lithium-Ion Batteries)

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17 pages, 4309 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Synthesis and Characterization of Titanium Nitride–Carbon Composites and Their Use in Lithium-Ion Batteries

by Helia Magali Morales, Horacio Vieyra, David A. Sanchez, Elizabeth M. Fletes, Michael Odlyzko, Timothy P. Lodge, Victoria Padilla-Gainza, Mataz Alcoutlabi and Jason G. Parsons

Nanomaterials 2024, 14(7), 624; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano14070624 - 2 Apr 2024

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1797

Abstract

This work focuses on the synthesis of titanium nitride–carbon (TiN–carbon) composites by the thermal decomposition of a titanyl phthalocyanine (TiN(TD)) precursor into TiN. The synthesis of TiN was also performed using the sol-gel method (TiN(SG)) of an alkoxide/urea. The structure and morphology of [...] Read more.

This work focuses on the synthesis of titanium nitride–carbon (TiN–carbon) composites by the thermal decomposition of a titanyl phthalocyanine (TiN(TD)) precursor into TiN. The synthesis of TiN was also performed using the sol-gel method (TiN(SG)) of an alkoxide/urea. The structure and morphology of the TiN–carbon and its precursors were characterized by XRD, FTIR, SEM, TEM, EDS, and XPS. The FTIR results confirmed the presence of the titanium phthalocyanine (TiOPC) complex, while the XRD data corroborated the decomposition of TiOPC into TiN. The resultant TiN exhibited a cubic structure with the FM3-M lattice, aligning with the crystal system of the synthesized TiN via the alkoxide route. The XPS results indicated that the particles synthesized from the thermal decomposition of TiOPC resulted in the formation of TiN–carbon composites. The TiN particles were present as clusters of small spherical particles within the carbon matrix, displaying a porous sponge-like morphology. The proposed thermal decomposition method resulted in the formation of metal nitride composites with high carbon content, which were used as anodes for Li-ion half cells. The TiN–carbon composite anode showed a good specific capacity after 100 cycles at a current density of 100 mAg⁻¹. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nanoelectrocatalysts for Energy and Environmental Applications)

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12 pages, 2162 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Photocatalytic Activity of Ag Nanoparticles Deposited on Thermoexfoliated g-C₃N₄

by Karina Portillo-Cortez, Uriel Caudillo-Flores, Perla Sánchez-López, Elena Smolentseva, David Dominguez and Sergio Fuentes-Moyado

Nanomaterials 2024, 14(7), 623; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano14070623 - 2 Apr 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1526

Abstract

The limited access to fresh water and the increased presence of emergent pollutants (EPs) in wastewater has increased the interest in developing strategies for wastewater remediation, including photocatalysis. Graphitic carbon nitride (g-C₃N₄) is a 2D non-metal material with outstanding [...] Read more.

The limited access to fresh water and the increased presence of emergent pollutants (EPs) in wastewater has increased the interest in developing strategies for wastewater remediation, including photocatalysis. Graphitic carbon nitride (g-C₃N₄) is a 2D non-metal material with outstanding properties, such as a 2.7 eV bandgap and physicochemical stability, making it a promising photocatalyst. This work reports the process of obtaining high-surface-area (SA) g-C₃N₄ using the thermal-exfoliation process and the posterior effect of Ag-nanoparticle loading over the exfoliated g-C₃N₄ surface. The photocatalytic activity of samples was evaluated through methylene blue (MB) degradation under visible-light radiation and correlated to its physical properties obtained by XRD, TEM, BET, and UV–Vis analyses. Moreover, 74% MB degradation was achieved by exfoliated g-C₃N₄ compared to its bulk counterpart (55%) in 180 min. Moreover, better photocatalytic performances (94% MB remotion) were registered at low Ag loading, with 5 wt.% as the optimal value. Such an improvement is attributed to the synergetic effect produced by a higher SA and the role of Ag nanoparticles in preventing charge-recombination processes. Based on the results, this work provides a simple and efficient methodology to obtain Ag/g-C₃N₄ photocatalysts with enhanced photocatalytic performance that is adequate for water remediation under sunlight conditions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Design and Fabrication of Organic/Inorganic Nanocomposites, Volume II)

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12 pages, 3526 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Effect of Oxidizing Agent on the Synthesis of ZnO Nanoparticles for Inverted Phosphorescent Organic Light-Emitting Devices without Multiple Interlayers

by Se-Jin Lim, Hyeon Kim, Hyun-A Hwang, Hee-Jin Park and Dae-Gyu Moon

Nanomaterials 2024, 14(7), 622; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano14070622 - 2 Apr 2024

Viewed by 1434

Abstract

Inverted organic light-emitting devices (OLEDs) have been aggressively developed because of their superiorities such as their high stability, low driving voltage, and low drop of brightness in display applications. The injection of electrons is a critical issue in inverted OLEDs because the ITO [...] Read more.

Inverted organic light-emitting devices (OLEDs) have been aggressively developed because of their superiorities such as their high stability, low driving voltage, and low drop of brightness in display applications. The injection of electrons is a critical issue in inverted OLEDs because the ITO cathode has an overly high work function in injecting electrons into the emission layer from the cathode. We synthesized hexagonal wurtzite ZnO nanoparticles using different oxidizing agents for an efficient injection of electrons in the inverted OLEDs. Potassium hydroxide (KOH) and tetramethylammonium hydroxide pentahydrate (TMAH) were used as oxidizing agents for synthesizing ZnO nanoparticles. The band gap, surface defects, surface morphology, surface roughness, and electrical resistivity of the nanoparticles were investigated. The inverted devices with phosphorescent molecules were prepared using the synthesized nanoparticles. The inverted devices with ZnO nanoparticles using TMAH exhibited a lower driving voltage, lower leakage current, and higher maximum external quantum efficiency. The devices with TMAH-based ZnO nanoparticles exhibited the maximum external quantum efficiency of 19.1%. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Applications of Advanced Nanomaterials in Display)

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16 pages, 5883 KiB

Open AccessArticle

In Situ Electrochemical Synthesis of Squamous-like Cu₂S Induced by Sulfate-Reducing Bacteria as a Fenton-like Catalyst in Wastewater Treatment: Catalytic Performance and Mechanism

by Liuhui Zhao, Zihao Li, Jing Yang, Jiawen Sun, Xiaofan Zhai, Fubin Ma, Jizhou Duan, Peng Ju and Baorong Hou

Nanomaterials 2024, 14(7), 621; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano14070621 - 2 Apr 2024

Viewed by 1203

Abstract

In this paper, a novel method was proposed for the synthesis of Cu₂S on copper mesh via electrolysis in SRB culture medium. It was found that following electrolysis in SRB medium, squamous-like Cu₂S arrays were obtained on the copper [...] Read more.

In this paper, a novel method was proposed for the synthesis of Cu₂S on copper mesh via electrolysis in SRB culture medium. It was found that following electrolysis in SRB medium, squamous-like Cu₂S arrays were obtained on the copper mesh, and the Cu₂S loading contents varied with the electrolyzing parameters. The resultant Cu₂S on copper mesh in SRB (CSCM-SRB) with the highest catalytic MB degradation properties was produced by electrolysis at 3.75 mA/cm² for 900 s. The optimized MB-degrading conditions were determined to be 1.2 cm²/mL CSCM-SRB with 0.05 M H₂O₂ at 35 °C when pH = 6, under which the degradation of MB reached over 99% after 120 min of reaction. Disinfecting properties was also proven by antibacterial tests, revealing that an almost 100% antibacterial rate against E. coli was obtained after 8 min. The organic compounds produced by SRB adsorbed on CSCM-SRB strongly promoted the degradation of MB. Furthermore, possible Fenton-like mechanisms of CSCM-SRB were proposed, illustrating that ·O₂⁻, ·OH, and ¹O₂ acted as the main functional species during Fenton-like reactions, leading to effective MB degradation and high antibacterial properties. Finally, a simple device for wastewater treatment was designed, providing possible applications in real environments. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biosynthesis and Green Synthesis of Nanomaterials: New Methodologies and Results, 2nd Edition)

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10 pages, 4047 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Photonic Weyl Waveguide and Saddle-Chips-like Modes

by Hanyu Wang, Wei Xu, Zhihong Zhu and Biao Yang

Nanomaterials 2024, 14(7), 620; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano14070620 - 1 Apr 2024

Viewed by 1324

Abstract

Topological Weyl semimetals are characterized by open Fermi arcs on their terminal surfaces, these materials not only changed accepted concepts of the Fermi loop but also enabled many exotic phenomena, such as one-way propagation. The key prerequisite is that the two terminal surfaces [...] Read more.

Topological Weyl semimetals are characterized by open Fermi arcs on their terminal surfaces, these materials not only changed accepted concepts of the Fermi loop but also enabled many exotic phenomena, such as one-way propagation. The key prerequisite is that the two terminal surfaces have to be well separated, i.e., the Fermi arcs are not allowed to couple with each other. Thus, their interaction was overlooked before. Here, we consider coupled Fermi arcs and propose a Weyl planar waveguide, wherein we found a saddle-chips-like hybridized guiding mode. The hybridized modes consist of three components: surface waves from the top and bottom surfaces and bulk modes inside the Weyl semimetal. The contribution of these three components to the hybridized mode appears to be z-position-dependent rather than uniform. Beyond the conventional waveguide framework, those non-trivial surface states, with their arc-type band structures, exhibit strong selectivity in propagation direction, providing an excellent platform for waveguides. Compared with the conventional waveguide, the propagation direction of hybridized modes exhibits high z-position-dependency. For example, when the probe plane shifts from the top interface to the bottom interface, the component propagating horizontally becomes dimmer, while the component propagating vertically becomes brighter. Experimentally, we drilled periodic holes in metal plates to sandwich an ideal Weyl meta-crystal and characterize the topological guiding mode. Our study shows the intriguing behaviors of topological photonic waveguides, which could lead to beam manipulation, position sensing, and even 3D information processing on photonic chip. The Weyl waveguide also provides a platform for studying the coupling and the interaction between surface and bulk states. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue 2D Materials and Metamaterials in Photonics and Optoelectronics)

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