You seem to have javascript disabled. Please note that many of the page functionalities won't work as expected without javascript enabled.

Search for Articles:

Title / Keyword

Author / Affiliation / Email

Journal

Article Type

Advanced Search

Section

Special Issue

Volume

Issue

Number

Page

Logical OperatorOperator

Search Text

Search Type

Theranostics Nuclear Medicine in Prostate Cancer
Can Psychedelics Treat Substance Use Disorders?
Twenty-Week Dietary Supplementation with Beeswax Alcohol (BWA; Raydel) Ameliorates High-Cholesterol-Induced Long-Term Dyslipidemia and Organ Damage in Hyperlipidemic Zebrafish in a Dose-Dependent Manner: A Comparative Analysis Between BWA and Coenzyme Q₁₀

Journal Description

Pharmaceuticals

Pharmaceuticals is a peer-reviewed, open access journal of medicinal chemistry and related drug sciences, published monthly online by MDPI. The Academy of Pharmaceutical Sciences (APS) is partners of Pharmaceuticals and their members receive a discount on the article processing charge.

Open Access free for readers, with article processing charges (APC) paid by authors or their institutions.
High Visibility: indexed within Scopus, SCIE (Web of Science), PubMed, PMC, Embase, CAPlus / SciFinder, and other databases.
Journal Rank: JCR - Q1 (Pharmacology and Pharmacy) / CiteScore - Q2 (Pharmaceutical Science)
Rapid Publication: manuscripts are peer-reviewed and a first decision is provided to authors approximately 12.8 days after submission; acceptance to publication is undertaken in 3.6 days (median values for papers published in this journal in the first half of 2024).
Recognition of Reviewers: reviewers who provide timely, thorough peer-review reports receive vouchers entitling them to a discount on the APC of their next publication in any MDPI journal, in appreciation of the work done.
Testimonials: See what our editors and authors say about Pharmaceuticals.
International Electronic Conference on Medicinal Chemistry (https://sciforum.net/series/ecmc/latest)
Companion journals for Pharmaceuticals include: Pharmacoepidemiology, Psychoactives and Drugs and Drug Candidates.

Impact Factor: 4.3 (2023); 5-Year Impact Factor: 4.6 (2023)

Imprint Information Journal Flyer Open Access ISSN: 1424-8247

Latest Articles

17 pages, 5171 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Ivermectin Strengthens Paclitaxel Effectiveness in High-Grade Serous Carcinoma in 3D Cell Cultures

by Mariana Nunes and Sara Ricardo

Pharmaceuticals 2025, 18(1), 14; https://doi.org/10.3390/ph18010014 - 25 Dec 2024

Background: Chemoresistance is a major obstacle in high-grade serous carcinoma (HGSC) treatment. Although many patients initially respond to chemotherapy, the majority of them relapse due to Carboplatin and Paclitaxel resistance. Drug repurposing has surfaced as a potentially effective strategy that works synergically with [...] Read more.

Background: Chemoresistance is a major obstacle in high-grade serous carcinoma (HGSC) treatment. Although many patients initially respond to chemotherapy, the majority of them relapse due to Carboplatin and Paclitaxel resistance. Drug repurposing has surfaced as a potentially effective strategy that works synergically with standard chemotherapy to bypass chemoresistance. In a prior study, using 2D cultures and two HGSC chemoresistant cell lines, it was demonstrated that combining Carboplatin or Paclitaxel with Pitavastatin or Ivermectin resulted in the most notable synergy. Acknowledging that 2D culture systems are limited in reflecting the tumor architecture, 3D cultures were generated to provide insights on treatment efficacy tests in more complex models. Objectives: We aimed to investigate whether combining Carboplatin or Paclitaxel with Pitavastatin or Ivermectin offers therapeutic benefits in a Cultrex-based 3D model. Methods: Here, the cytotoxicity of Carboplatin and Paclitaxel, both alone and in combination with Pitavastatin or Ivermectin, were analyzed on two chemoresistant tumor cell lines, OVCAR8 and OVCAR8 PTX R C, in 3D cultures. Cellular viability was assessed using CellTiter-Glo^® Luminescent assays. Also, it explored synergistic interactions using zero interaction potency, Loewe, Bliss independence, and High-single agent reference models. Results: Our research indicates combining chemotherapeutic drugs with Pitavastatin or Ivermectin yields significantly more cytotoxic effects than chemotherapy alone. For all the combinations tested, at least one model indicated an additive effect; however, only the combination of Paclitaxel and Ivermectin consistently demonstrated an additive effect across all chemoresistant cell lines cultured in 3D models, as well as in all four synergy reference models used to assess drug interactions. Conclusions: Combining Paclitaxel with Ivermectin has the highest cytotoxic and the strongest additive effect for both chemoresistant cell lines compared to Paclitaxel alone. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Small Molecules in Targeted Cancer Therapy and Diagnosis)

► Show Figures

Graphical abstract

25 pages, 3191 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Machine Learning-Assisted Drug Repurposing Framework for Discovery of Aurora Kinase B Inhibitors

by George Nicolae Daniel Ion, George Mihai Nitulescu and Dragos Paul Mihai

Pharmaceuticals 2025, 18(1), 13; https://doi.org/10.3390/ph18010013 - 25 Dec 2024

Background: Aurora kinase B (AurB) is a pivotal regulator of mitosis, making it a compelling target for cancer therapy. Despite significant advances in protein kinase inhibitor development, there are currently no AurB inhibitors readily available for therapeutic use. Methods: This study introduces a [...] Read more.

Background: Aurora kinase B (AurB) is a pivotal regulator of mitosis, making it a compelling target for cancer therapy. Despite significant advances in protein kinase inhibitor development, there are currently no AurB inhibitors readily available for therapeutic use. Methods: This study introduces a machine learning-assisted drug repurposing framework integrating quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) modeling, molecular fingerprints-based classification, molecular docking, and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. Using this pipeline, we analyzed 4680 investigational and approved drugs from DrugBank database. Results: The machine learning models trained for drug repurposing showed satisfying performance and yielded the identification of saredutant, montelukast, and canertinib as potential AurB inhibitors. The candidates demonstrated strong binding energies, key molecular interactions with critical residues (e.g., Phe88, Glu161), and stable MD trajectories, particularly saredutant, a neurokinin-2 (NK2) antagonist. Conclusions: Beyond identifying potential AurB inhibitors, this study highlights an integrated methodology that can be applied to other challenging drug targets. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Computer-Aided Drug Design and Drug Discovery)

► Show Figures

Graphical abstract

24 pages, 9504 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Gegen Qinlian Decoction Attenuates Colitis-Associated Colorectal Cancer via Suppressing TLR4 Signaling Pathway Based on Network Pharmacology and In Vivo/In Vitro Experimental Validation

by Yaoyao Xu, Qiaoyan Cai, Chunyu Zhao, Weixiang Zhang, Xinting Xu, Haowei Lin, Yuxing Lin, Daxin Chen, Shan Lin, Peizhi Jia, Meiling Wang, Ling Zhang and Wei Lin

Pharmaceuticals 2025, 18(1), 12; https://doi.org/10.3390/ph18010012 - 25 Dec 2024

Background: Gegen Qinlian Decoction (GQD), is used for intestinal disorders like ulcerative colitis, irritable bowel syndrome, and colorectal cancer. But the precise mechanisms underlying its anti-inflammatory and anti-tumor effects are not fully elucidated. Methods: Use network pharmacology to identify targets and [...] Read more.

Background: Gegen Qinlian Decoction (GQD), is used for intestinal disorders like ulcerative colitis, irritable bowel syndrome, and colorectal cancer. But the precise mechanisms underlying its anti-inflammatory and anti-tumor effects are not fully elucidated. Methods: Use network pharmacology to identify targets and pathways of GQD. In vivo (azoxymethane/dextran sodium sulfate (AOM/DSS)-induced colitis-associated colorectal cancer (CAC) mouse model) and in vitro (lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW264.7 macrophages) experiments were conducted to explore GQD’s anti-inflammatory and anti-tumor effects. We monitored mouse body weight and disease activity index (DAI), and evaluated colon cancer tissues using hematoxylin and eosin staining. Expression of Ki67 and F4/80 was determined by immunohistochemistry analysis. The protein levels of TLR4 signaling pathway were assessed by western blotting analysis. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay measured IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α levels. Immunofluorescence (IF) staining visualized NF-κB and IRF3 translocation. Results: There were 18, 9, 24 and 77 active ingredients in the four herbs of GQD, respectively, targeting 435, 156, 485 and 691 genes. Through data platform analysis, it was concluded that there were 1104 target genes of GQD and 2022 target genes of CAC. Moreover, there were 99 intersecting genes between GQD and CAC. The core targets of GQD contained NFKB1, IL1B, IL6, TLR4, and TNF, and GQD reduced inflammation by inhibiting the TLR4 signaling pathway. In vivo experiment, GQD increased mouse body weight, lowered DAI scores, while also alleviating histopathological changes in the colon and decreasing the expressions of Ki67 and F4/80 in the AOM/DSS-induced mice. GQD reduced IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α levels in the serum and downregulated TLR4, MyD88, and phosphorylation of IκBα, P65, and IRF3 in the colon tissue from AOM/DSS-induced mice. In vitro, GQD suppressed pro-inflammatory cytokines and TLR4 signaling pathway in the LPS-induced RAW264.7 cells, and combined with TAK242, it further reduced the phosphorylation of IκBα, P65. Conclusions: GQD mitigated CAC by inhibiting the TLR4 signaling pathway, offering a potential therapeutic approach for CAC management. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Pharmacology)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

30 pages, 8779 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Kojic Acid Derivative as an Antimitotic Agent That Selectively Kills Tumour Cells

by Giuseppina Pichiri, Marco Piludu, Terenzio Congiu, Nicole Grandi, Pierpaolo Coni, Monica Piras, Mariusz Jaremko and Joanna Izabela Lachowicz

Pharmaceuticals 2025, 18(1), 11; https://doi.org/10.3390/ph18010011 - 25 Dec 2024

Background/Objectives: The primary method used to pharmacologically arrest cancer development and its metastasis is to disrupt the cell division process. There are a few approaches that may be used to meet this objective, mainly through inhibiting DNA replication or mitosis. Despite intensive studies [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: The primary method used to pharmacologically arrest cancer development and its metastasis is to disrupt the cell division process. There are a few approaches that may be used to meet this objective, mainly through inhibiting DNA replication or mitosis. Despite intensive studies on new chemotherapeutics, the biggest problem remains the side effects associated with the inhibition of cell division in non-tumoural host cells. Methods: The efficacy and selectivity of the kojic acid derivative (L1) was studied in vitro with the use of tumoural (Caco2, SW480, HT29, T98G) and non- tumoural (HEK293T, RAW) cell lines. Light and electron microscopy observations were supported by the next generation sequencing (NGS), cytoflow, and spectroscopy analysis of mRNA and biomolecules, respectively. Results: The light and electron microscopy observations showed that L1 treatment leads to significant morphological changes in Caco2 cells, which are characteristic of mitosis arrest. Moreover, the fluorescent tubulin staining revealed the formation of tubulin ring structure associated with the apoptotic stage. Mitotic exit into apoptosis was further conformed by the cytoflow of early/late apoptosis stages and caspase-3 analysis. NGS investigation showed differentiated expressions of genes involved in mitosis and apoptosis processes. The observed IC50 in tumoural cell lines were as follows: Caco2 (IC50 = 68.2 mM), SW480 (IC50 = 15.5 mM), and HT29 (IC50 = 4.7 mM). Conclusions: The findings presented here suggest that L1 could be a valid candidate for oral prevention and/or chemotherapy in colorectal cancer. Considering high selectivity of L1 versus tumoural cell lines, more in-depth mechanistic studies could reveal unknown stages in carcinogenesis. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Pharmacology)

► Show Figures

Graphical abstract

28 pages, 6325 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Phytochemical and Biological Investigations of Crude Extracts of Astragalus pisidicus

by Esra Aydemir, Elif Odabaş Köse, Serap Özkaya Gül, Alaaddin Korkut, A. Cansu Kilit, Mehmet Engin Celep, Mustafa Yavuz, R. Süleyman Göktürk and Cengiz Sarikurkcu

Pharmaceuticals 2025, 18(1), 10; https://doi.org/10.3390/ph18010010 - 25 Dec 2024

Background/Objectives: Astragalus L. is a genus of the Fabaceae family, encompassing over 3000 species globally, with 380 species found in Turkey. This is the inaugural examination of the phytochemical, antioxidant, antibacterial, and cytotoxic properties of Astragalus pisidicus. Methods: The water [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Astragalus L. is a genus of the Fabaceae family, encompassing over 3000 species globally, with 380 species found in Turkey. This is the inaugural examination of the phytochemical, antioxidant, antibacterial, and cytotoxic properties of Astragalus pisidicus. Methods: The water and methanolic fractions of four parts (stems, flowers, leaves, root) as well as the whole plant were quantified and identified by Liquid Chromatography Electrospray Ionization Tandem Mass Spectrometry (LC–ESI–MS/MS) analysis. Cell death was assessed using the WST-1 assay, while apoptosis was identified by colorimetric protease assay for caspase 2, -3, -6, -8, and -9, as well as cellular DNA fragmentation assay. Antioxidant activity of A. pisidicus water and methanolic extracts was investigated with eight different assays. Antimicrobial activities of the extracts were evaluated against 16 bacterial strains by disc diffusion and broth microdilution methods. Results: A total of 13 phytochemicals were detected in the extracts at various concentrations. Hesperidin (147–40,174 µg/g extract) and hyperoside (363–2677 µg/g extract) comprised the principal constituents among the extracts. Fm (IC₅₀ = 9.57 µg/mL), Rm (IC₅₀ = 14.89 µg/mL), and Sm (IC₅₀ = 9.57 µg/mL) were evaluated as active crude extracts on H1299, HT-29, and Panc-1 cells, while Rm (IC₅₀ = 32.057 µg/mL) and Fm (IC₅₀ = 64.25 µg/mL) were assessed as moderately active on MCF-7 and 22RV1 cells, respectively. The elevation of caspase 2, 3, 6, 8, and 9 enzyme activities, along with DNA fragmentation, signifies that the mode of cell death is apoptosis. According to the disc diffusion test results, Fm, Lm, Sm, and WPm extracts exhibited antimicrobial activity against gram (+) bacteria. Conclusions: A. pisidicus elicited apoptotic cell death in cancer cells selectively by the activation of caspases and subsequent DNA fragmentation and may serve as a novel source of an apoptosis-inducing anticancer drug. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Natural Products)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

27 pages, 8521 KiB

Open AccessReview

Silver N-Heterocyclic Carbene (NHC) Complexes as Antimicrobial and/or Anticancer Agents

by Jessica Ceramella, Alessia Catalano, Annaluisa Mariconda, Assunta D’Amato, Saveria Aquila, Carmela Saturnino, Camillo Rosano, Maria Stefania Sinicropi and Pasquale Longo

Pharmaceuticals 2025, 18(1), 9; https://doi.org/10.3390/ph18010009 - 25 Dec 2024

The strict connections/interactions between microbial infections and cancer are nowadays widely accepted. Hence, the dual (or multiple) targeting of microbial infections and cancer is an essential issue to be addressed. In this context, metal complexes have gained considerable importance and effectiveness in medicinal [...] Read more.

The strict connections/interactions between microbial infections and cancer are nowadays widely accepted. Hence, the dual (or multiple) targeting of microbial infections and cancer is an essential issue to be addressed. In this context, metal complexes have gained considerable importance and effectiveness in medicinal chemistry. Particularly, N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) complexes with transition metals have emerged as very promising compounds. Among the myriad of NHC–metal complexes, those bearing silver will be the subject of this review. Numerous Ag(I)-NHC complexes have revealed high antibacterial and/or anticancer properties, even higher than those of reference drugs. Herein, we summarize the most recent studies while also discussing the proposed mechanism of action and offering an interesting remark about the research in this field. Literature databases (PubMed/MEDLINE, Scopus, and Google Scholar) were used as sources to search the literature, referring to the last five years. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Current Advances, Applications and Future Development of Transition Metal Complexes)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

14 pages, 15499 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Musa paradisiaca L. Inflorescence Abrogates Neutrophil Activation by Downregulating TLR4/NF-KB Signaling Pathway in LPS-Induced Acute Lung Injury Model

by Francisco Allysson Assis Ferreira Gadelha, Raquel Fragoso Pereira Cavalcanti, Cosmo Isaias Duvirgens Vieira, Joao Batista De Oliveira, Louíse Mangueira De Lima, Adriano Francisco Alves, Matheus Marley Bezerra Pessoa, Leônia Maria Batista, Naiara Naiana Dejani and Marcia Regina Piuvezam

Pharmaceuticals 2025, 18(1), 8; https://doi.org/10.3390/ph18010008 - 24 Dec 2024

Background/Objectives: Acute lung injury (ALI) is an inflammatory disorder affecting patients in intensive care with high mortality. No specific pharmacological treatment is available. Musa paradisiaca L. (banana) is a cosmopolitan plant, and homemade syrup from its inflorescence is used in many countries [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Acute lung injury (ALI) is an inflammatory disorder affecting patients in intensive care with high mortality. No specific pharmacological treatment is available. Musa paradisiaca L. (banana) is a cosmopolitan plant, and homemade syrup from its inflorescence is used in many countries to treat pulmonary inflammation. Therefore, this study analyzed the hydroalcoholic extract (HEM) of the inflorescence on the ALI experimental model. Methods: Swiss mice were challenged with lipopolysaccharide and treated with HEM after 1, 24, and 48 h (five animals/group, three times). Results: The HEM-treated ALI mice presented a decrease in neutrophil migration in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF), in the alveolar region, and in the blood, correlating to downregulation of CD18 expression. The HEM treatment also reduced the protein concentration in the BALF, caused lung edema formation, impaired NF-κB activation via inhibition of TLR4 signaling pathway, and decreased IL-1β, TNF-α production, free DNA release, and myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity. However, the extract induced an increased IL-10 in the BALF. Conclusions: Therefore, HEM’s anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory activities in ALI mice are by deactivating neutrophils by decreasing CD18 receptor, free DNA release, and MPO activity and inducing IL-10 production. Thus, this study supports the use of banana inflorescence in folk medicine and suggests its rational use to develop a phytomedicine to treat pulmonary inflammation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The 20th Anniversary of Pharmaceuticals—Ethnopharmacology in Latin America)

► Show Figures

Graphical abstract

12 pages, 3383 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Indomethacin-Induced Gastric Ulcer in Rats: Gastroprotectivity of Muscari neglectum in Water

by Menekse Soydan, Gulnur Arabaci, Necati Utlu, Mesut Bünyami Halici, Esra Aktas Senocak and Metin Kiliçlioglu

Pharmaceuticals 2025, 18(1), 7; https://doi.org/10.3390/ph18010007 - 24 Dec 2024

Background and Objectives: The plant Muscari Mill. is employed in both raw and cooked forms for the treatment of gastric diseases, as an expectorant, and for the treatment of warts and the enhancement of urine. A review of the scientific literature revealed [...] Read more.

Background and Objectives: The plant Muscari Mill. is employed in both raw and cooked forms for the treatment of gastric diseases, as an expectorant, and for the treatment of warts and the enhancement of urine. A review of the scientific literature revealed no studies investigating the effect of Muscari neglectum (MN) water extract on gastric diseases. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of a water extract of the MN plant on indomethacin-induced gastric ulcer in rats, using a series of biochemical (SOD, CAT, GSH and MDA levels) and histopathological parameters. Methods: 60 male Sprague Dawley rats were utilized for the purposes of evaluating the acute toxicity and gastric ulcer models, with a total of 36 rats employed for these experiments (n = 6). The rats were divided into six groups: intact; indomethacin; famotidine; indomethacin and MN (100, 200, 400 mg/kg). Results: The Gastric tissue examinations at biochemical, macroscopic and pathological levels showed that MN extracts effectively prevented indo-methacin-induced gastric mucosal damage. The 400 mg/kg dose exhibited the most effective antiulcer effect, with a 69% protective efficacy. This dose caused an increase in the SOD, CAT and GSH levels and a decrease in the MDA levels compared to the IND group. Furthermore, an LC-MS/MS analysis was conducted on the water extract of MN, resulting in the identification of 14 phenolic compounds. Conclusions: Biochemical analyses and histopathological examinations demonstrated that the water extract of MN exhibited a beneficial protective effect against gastric ulceration due to its high antioxidant content. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Biopharmaceuticals)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

24 pages, 7028 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Natural Product Identification and Molecular Docking Studies of Leishmania Major Pteridine Reductase Inhibitors

by Moses N. Arthur, George Hanson, Emmanuel Broni, Patrick O. Sakyi, Henrietta Mensah-Brown, Whelton A. Miller III and Samuel K. Kwofie

Pharmaceuticals 2025, 18(1), 6; https://doi.org/10.3390/ph18010006 - 24 Dec 2024

Background/Objectives: Pteridine reductase 1 (PTR1) has been one of the prime targets for discovering novel antileishmanial therapeutics in the fight against Leishmaniasis. This enzyme catalyzes the NADPH-dependent reduction of pterins to their tetrahydro forms. While chemotherapy remains the primary treatment, its effectiveness [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Pteridine reductase 1 (PTR1) has been one of the prime targets for discovering novel antileishmanial therapeutics in the fight against Leishmaniasis. This enzyme catalyzes the NADPH-dependent reduction of pterins to their tetrahydro forms. While chemotherapy remains the primary treatment, its effectiveness is constrained by drug resistance, unfavorable side effects, and substantial associated costs. Methods: This study addresses the urgent need for novel, cost-effective drugs by employing in silico techniques to identify potential lead compounds targeting the PTR1 enzyme. A library of 1463 natural compounds from AfroDb and NANPDB, prefiltered based on Lipinski’s rules, was used to screen against the LmPTR1 target. The X-ray structure of LmPTR1 complexed with NADP and dihydrobiopterin (Protein Data Bank ID: 1E92) was identified to contain the critical residues Arg17, Leu18, Ser111, Phe113, Pro224, Gly225, Ser227, Leu229, and Val230 including the triad of residues Asp181-Tyr194-Lys198, which are critical for the catalytic process involving the reduction of dihydrofolate to tetrahydrofolate. Results: The docking yielded 155 compounds meeting the stringent criteria of −8.9 kcal/mol instead of the widely used −7.0 kcal/mol. These compounds demonstrated binding affinities comparable to the known inhibitors; methotrexate (−9.5 kcal/mol), jatrorrhizine (−9.0 kcal/mol), pyrimethamine (−7.3 kcal/mol), hardwickiic acid (−8.1 kcal/mol), and columbamine (−8.6 kcal/mol). Protein–ligand interactions and molecular dynamics (MD) simulation revealed favorable hydrophobic and hydrogen bonding with critical residues, such as Lys198, Arg17, Ser111, Tyr194, Asp181, and Gly225. Crucial to the drug development, the compounds were physiochemically and pharmacologically profiled, narrowing the selection to eight compounds, excluding those with potential toxicities. The five selected compounds ZINC000095486253, ZINC000095486221, ZINC000095486249, 8alpha-hydroxy-13-epi-pimar-16-en-6,18-olide, and pachycladin D were predicted to be antiprotozoal (Leishmania) with Pa values of 0.642, 0.297, 0.543, 0.431, and 0.350, respectively. Conclusions: This study identified five lead compounds that showed substantial binding affinity against LmPTR1 as well as critical residue interactions. A 100 ns MD combined with molecular mechanics Poisson–Boltzmann surface area (MM/PBSA) calculations confirmed the robust binding interactions and provided insights into the dynamics and stability of the protein–ligand complexes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Computational Predictions of Molecules with Potential Therapeutic Effects)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

27 pages, 7899 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Understanding the Molecular Mechanisms of Incomptine A in Treating Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma Associated with U-937 Cells: Bioinformatics Approaches, Part I

by Fernando Calzada, Normand García-Hernández, Elihú Bautista, José Manuel Sánchez-López, Miguel Valdes, Claudia Velázquez and Elizabeth Barbosa

Pharmaceuticals 2025, 18(1), 5; https://doi.org/10.3390/ph18010005 - 24 Dec 2024

Background: Incomptine A (IA) has been reported to have cytotoxic activity in non-Hodgkin lymphoma cancer cell lines and have effects on U-937 cells, including the induction of apoptosis, the production of reactive oxygen species, and the inhibition of glycolytic enzymes. [...] Read more.

Background: Incomptine A (IA) has been reported to have cytotoxic activity in non-Hodgkin lymphoma cancer cell lines and have effects on U-937 cells, including the induction of apoptosis, the production of reactive oxygen species, and the inhibition of glycolytic enzymes. Also, IA has cytotoxic activity in the triple-negative subtypes, HER2+, and luminal A of breast cancer cells, with its properties being associated with an effect on the antiapoptotic function of Hexokinase II (HKII). Objectives: In this research, we reviewed the altered levels of proteins present in the lymph nodes of male Balb/c mice inoculated with U-937 cells and treated with IA or methotrexate, as well as mice only inoculated with cancer cells. Methods: Five approaches, including Tandem Mass Tag (TMT), Gene ontology (GO), Reactome, KEGG pathway analysis, and molecular docking, were used. Results: TMT showed that 74 proteins were differentially expressed, out of which 12 presented overexpression (FC ≥ 1.5) and 62 were under expressed (FC ≤ 0.67). In general, the TMT approach showed that IA had a better effect on proteins than methotrexate. Gene ontology, Reactome, and KEGG pathway analysis showed that proteins with altered levels may be implicated in several processes, including gene silencing by RNA, oxidative phosphorylation, glycolysis/gluconeogenesis, cytoskeleton organization, and ATP metabolic and energetic processes. The molecular docking analysis, which used 23 altered proteins as targets, revealed that IA interacted with all the proteins used. Conclusions: The results obtained using the five bioinformatic approaches provide information and show that IA could be used to treat non-Hodgkin lymphoma induced with the U-937 cell line. Also, it could provide a basis for future research and the development of clinical trials. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Natural Products for Therapeutic Potential)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

18 pages, 304 KiB

Open AccessReview

Glucose-Lowering Agents Developed in the Last Two Decades and Their Perioperative Implications

by Basavana Goudra, Geno J. Merli and Michael Green

Pharmaceuticals 2025, 18(1), 4; https://doi.org/10.3390/ph18010004 - 24 Dec 2024

The last two decades have provided far more options f both patients and their physicians in the treatment of diabetes mellitus. While dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors (DPP-4is) and glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonists (GLP-1RAs) have been approved for nearly two decades, sodium–glucose cotransporter 2 [...] Read more.

The last two decades have provided far more options f both patients and their physicians in the treatment of diabetes mellitus. While dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors (DPP-4is) and glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonists (GLP-1RAs) have been approved for nearly two decades, sodium–glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors (SGLT-2is) are relatively new. Of interest to perioperative physicians, these drugs present specific perioperative concerns, prompting many societies to issue guidelines. Retained gastric contents due to slow gastric emptying is a significant drawback of GLP-1RAs, increasing the risk of aspiration. Recommendations include withholding GLP-1RAs for a predefined period of time, performing gastric ultrasound to evaluate gastric contents, modifying anesthesia management, particularly with regard to the airway, or canceling the scheduled (elective) surgery or procedure. SGLT-2is are known to increase the risk of euglycemic ketoacidosis. The benefits of both GLP-1RAs and SGLT-2is extend beyond the treatment of diabetes. As a result, perioperative physicians may encounter their use outside of their traditional indications. SGLT-2is are being used extensively to treat heart failure and obesity, for example. There have been other developments as well. For instance, Imeglimin, a variant of metformin available in Japan and India, Icodec, a once-weekly basal insulin formulation, and IcoSema, a once-weekly combination of Icodec plus semaglutide, are all being explored, although in their early stages or facing approval challenges. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Use of Anesthetic Agents: Management and New Strategy)

17 pages, 4873 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Downregulation of Ezrin Suppresses Migration Potential in Cervical Cancer Cells

by Marta Hałas-Wiśniewska, Wioletta Arendt, Alina Grzanka and Magdalena Izdebska

Pharmaceuticals 2025, 18(1), 3; https://doi.org/10.3390/ph18010003 - 24 Dec 2024

Background: The literature reports that ezrin (EZR) is important as a linker between microfilaments and cellular environments. Moreover, it affects cancer cell migration, but the exact mechanism is not fully understood. In this study, we aimed to investigate the role of EZR in [...] Read more.

Background: The literature reports that ezrin (EZR) is important as a linker between microfilaments and cellular environments. Moreover, it affects cancer cell migration, but the exact mechanism is not fully understood. In this study, we aimed to investigate the role of EZR in the migration of two different types of cervical cancer cells—from primary lesion (SiHa) and lymph node metastases (HT-3). In addition, we showed for the first time that a reduced EZR protein level affects the cellular response to the routinely used treatment with cisplatin. Methods: The most important stage of the study consisted of conducting a series of tests enabling the assessment of the migration potential of cervical cancer cells without altered EZR expression and with silenced protein expression. Results: Reducing the EZR level resulted in a decrease in the invasive and migration potential of SiHa and HT-3 cells’ inhibition of colony formation, a decrease in adhesive properties, and a strong reorganization of F-actin with a dominance of cells with a mitotic catastrophe phenotype. A lower level of protein significantly reduces the motor skills of SiHa and HT-3 cervical cancer cells. Conclusions: This significantly affects the assessment of EZR as a potential factor that can limit the development of metastases in targeted cancer therapy of cervical cancer. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Inhibition and Treatment in Adhesion, Migration, Invasion, and Metastasis of Cancer Cells)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

21 pages, 2955 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Multivalent Neuroprotective Activity of Elettaria cardamomum (Cardamom) and Foeniculum vulgare (Fennel) in H₂O₂-Induced Oxidative Stress in SH-SY5Y Cells and Acellular Assays

by Himadri Sharma, Hyewon Yang, Niti Sharma and Seong Soo A. An

Pharmaceuticals 2025, 18(1), 2; https://doi.org/10.3390/ph18010002 - 24 Dec 2024

Background: Elettaria cardamomum (Cardamom) and Foeniculum vulgare (Fennel) are well-known spices and are also used as natural mouth fresheners. This study was performed to evaluate their neuroprotective ability based on certain acellular and cellular assays. Methods: Hexane and ethyl acetate extracts were prepared [...] Read more.

Background: Elettaria cardamomum (Cardamom) and Foeniculum vulgare (Fennel) are well-known spices and are also used as natural mouth fresheners. This study was performed to evaluate their neuroprotective ability based on certain acellular and cellular assays. Methods: Hexane and ethyl acetate extracts were prepared using cardamom and fennel seeds. GC/MS was performed for the identification of important bioactive compounds. Cell-based assays were performed using SH-SY5Y cells. Hydrogen peroxide was used for the induction of oxidative stress, and evaluation was done based on neuroprotection, reduced reactive oxygen species, and restoration of mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP). Additionally, anti-Aβ fibrillization/oligomerization activities were also analyzed along with anti-acetylcholinesterase activity. Results: α-Terpinyl acetate and anethol were identified as major phytocompounds in cardamom and fennel, respectively. Cardamom extracts and α-terpinyl acetate were more potent acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitors than fennel extracts and anethol [IC₅₀ cardamom extracts, 130–150 μg/mL; α-terpinyl acetate, 61.87 μg/mL; anethol, 374.2 μg/mL; fennel extracts, >1 mg/mL] and showed mixed-type inhibition. Only the extracts displayed potent anti-Aβ fibrilization activity (>50%). Anethol showed potent anti-Aβ oligomerization activity (>50%), followed by α-terpinyl acetate and fennel-H (~36%). The neuroprotective potential of the spice extracts/phytochemicals was evaluated in SH-SY5Y cells by using H₂O₂-induced oxidative stress. Cardamom-EA displayed the best neuroprotection (0.01 to 30 μg/mL). No neuroprotection was observed by α-terpinyl acetate and anethol. Cardamom extracts and fennel-H restored the normal reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels at 30 µg/mL and 1 µg/mL, respectively. Conclusion: Overall, the extracts provided better neuroprotection than the pure compounds in cellular assays and displayed strong anti-Aβ fibrilization activity. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Neuropharmacology of Plant Extracts and Their Active Compounds)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

1 pages, 462 KiB

Open AccessCorrection

Correction: AlRasheed et al. Aspartames Alter Pharmacokinetics Parameters of Erlotinib and Gefitinib and Elevate Liver Enzymes in Wistar Rats. Pharmaceuticals 2022, 15, 1400

by Hajer AlRasheed, Aliyah Almomen, Haya I. Aljohar, Maria Arafah, Rana Y. Almotawa, Manal A. Alossaimi and Nourah Z. Alzoman

Pharmaceuticals 2025, 18(1), 1; https://doi.org/10.3390/ph18010001 - 24 Dec 2024

In the original publication [...] Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Pharmacokinetics (PK)/Pharmacodynamics (PD) Study in Drug Discovery and Development)

40 pages, 15661 KiB

Open AccessReview

Breath and Beyond: Advances in Nanomedicine for Oral and Intranasal Aerosol Drug Delivery

by Simeng Du, Zhiyang Wen, Jinghan Yu, Yingying Meng, Yuling Liu and Xuejun Xia

Pharmaceuticals 2024, 17(12), 1742; https://doi.org/10.3390/ph17121742 - 23 Dec 2024

Designing and standardizing drug formulations are crucial for ensuring the safety and efficacy of medications. Nanomedicine utilizes nano drug delivery systems and advanced nanodevices to address numerous critical medical challenges. Currently, oral and intranasal aerosol drug delivery (OIADD) is the primary method for [...] Read more.

Designing and standardizing drug formulations are crucial for ensuring the safety and efficacy of medications. Nanomedicine utilizes nano drug delivery systems and advanced nanodevices to address numerous critical medical challenges. Currently, oral and intranasal aerosol drug delivery (OIADD) is the primary method for treating respiratory diseases worldwide. With advancements in disease understanding and the development of aerosolized nano drug delivery systems, the application of OIADD has exceeded its traditional boundaries, demonstrating significant potential in the treatment of non-respiratory conditions as well. This study provides a comprehensive overview of the applications of oral and intranasal aerosol formulations in disease treatment. It examines the key challenges limiting the development of nanomedicines in drug delivery systems, formulation processes, and aerosol devices and explores the latest advancements in these areas. This review aims to offer valuable insights to researchers involved in the development of aerosol delivery platforms. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Pharmaceutical Technology)

► Show Figures

Graphical abstract

34 pages, 7313 KiB

Open AccessReview

Sodium Thiosulfate: An Innovative Multi-Target Repurposed Treatment Strategy for Late-Onset Alzheimer’s Disease

by Melvin R. Hayden and Neetu Tyagi

Pharmaceuticals 2024, 17(12), 1741; https://doi.org/10.3390/ph17121741 - 23 Dec 2024

Late-onset Alzheimer’s disease (LOAD) is a chronic, multifactorial, and progressive neurodegenerative disease that associates with aging and is highly prevalent in our older population (≥65 years of age). This hypothesis generating this narrative review will examine the important role for the use of [...] Read more.

Late-onset Alzheimer’s disease (LOAD) is a chronic, multifactorial, and progressive neurodegenerative disease that associates with aging and is highly prevalent in our older population (≥65 years of age). This hypothesis generating this narrative review will examine the important role for the use of sodium thiosulfate (STS) as a possible multi-targeting treatment option for LOAD. Sulfur is widely available in our environment and is responsible for forming organosulfur compounds that are known to be associated with a wide range of biological activities in the brain. STS is known to have (i) antioxidant and (ii) anti-inflammatory properties; (iii) chelation properties for calcium and the pro-oxidative cation metals such as iron and copper; (iv) donor properties for hydrogen sulfide production; (v) possible restorative properties for brain endothelial-cell-derived bioavailable nitric oxide. Thus, it becomes apparent that STS has the potential for neuroprotection and neuromodulation and may allow for an attenuation of the progressive nature of neurodegeneration and impaired cognition in LOAD. STS has been successfully used to prevent cisplatin oxidative-stress-induced ototoxicity in the treatment of head and neck and solid cancers, cyanide and arsenic poisoning, and fungal skin diseases. Most recently, intravenous STS has become part of the treatment plan for calciphylaxis globally due to vascular calcification and ischemia-induced skin necrosis and ulceration. Side effects have been minimal with reports of metabolic acidosis and increased anion gap; as with any drug treatment, there is also the possibility of allergic reactions, possible long-term osteoporosis from animal studies to date, and minor side-effects of nausea, headache, and rhinorrhea if infused too rapidly. While STS poorly penetrates the intact blood–brain barrier(s) (BBBs), it could readily penetrate BBBs that are dysfunctional and disrupted to deliver its neuroprotective and neuromodulating effects in addition to its ability to penetrate the blood–cerebrospinal fluid barrier of the choroid plexus. Novel strategies such as the future use of nano-technology may be helpful in allowing an increased entry of STS into the brain. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Novel Therapeutic Strategies for Alzheimer’s Disease Treatment)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

11 pages, 2557 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effects of Hispidulin on the Osteo/Odontogenic and Endothelial Differentiation of Dental Pulp Stem Cells

by Yeon Kim, Hyun-Joo Park, Mi-Kyoung Kim, Hyung Joon Kim, Yong-Il Kim, Soo-Kyung Bae and Moon-Kyoung Bae

Pharmaceuticals 2024, 17(12), 1740; https://doi.org/10.3390/ph17121740 - 23 Dec 2024

Background: Human dental pulp stem cells (HDPSCs) with multi-lineage differentiation potential and migration ability are required for HDPSC-based bone and dental regeneration. Hispidulin is a naturally occurring flavonoid with diverse pharmacological activities, but its effects on biological properties of HDPSCs remain unknown. Therefore, [...] Read more.

Background: Human dental pulp stem cells (HDPSCs) with multi-lineage differentiation potential and migration ability are required for HDPSC-based bone and dental regeneration. Hispidulin is a naturally occurring flavonoid with diverse pharmacological activities, but its effects on biological properties of HDPSCs remain unknown. Therefore, we investigated the effects of hispidulin on the differentiation potential and migration ability of HDPSCs and elucidated their underlying mechanisms. Methods: The osteo/odontogenic capacity of HDPSCs was assessed using the alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and Alizarin Red S (ARS) staining. The migration ability of HDPSCs was evaluated using a scratch wound assay. Furthermore, the endothelial differentiation of HDPSCs was examined by using a capillary sprouting assay and by assessing CD31 expression. Results: Hispidulin significantly enhanced the osteo/odontogenic differentiation of HDPSCs with increased expression of osteo/odontogenic differentiation markers. Hispidulin increased the migration of HDPSCs, which was mediated by the upregulation of C-X-C chemokine receptor type 4 (CXCR4). The treatment of HDPSCs with hispidulin enhanced the differentiation of HDPSCs into endothelial cells, as evidenced by increased capillary sprouting and endothelial marker expression. In addition, we demonstrated that hispidulin activated the ERK1/2 signaling, and its inhibition by U0126 significantly suppressed the hispidulin-induced endothelial differentiation of HDPSCs. Conclusions: These findings demonstrate that hispidulin effectively promotes the osteo/odontogenic and endothelial differentiation, and migration of HDPSCs. These results suggest that hispidulin may have potential therapeutic applications in dental pulp regeneration and tissue engineering. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Pharmacological Activities of Flavonoids and Their Analogues 2024)

► Show Figures

Graphical abstract

18 pages, 6175 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Safety Evaluation of the Combination with Dexrazoxane and Anthracyclines: A Disproportionality Analysis Based on the Food and Drug Administration Adverse Event Reporting System Database

by Danyi Liu, Junting Liu, Rui Xiao, Anqi Deng and Wei Liu

Pharmaceuticals 2024, 17(12), 1739; https://doi.org/10.3390/ph17121739 - 23 Dec 2024

Objectives: As one of the important interventions to alleviate anthracycline-related cardiotoxicity (ARC), the safety assessment of dexrazoxane in clinical practice is particularly important. This study aims to evaluate the actual efficacy and potential adverse effects of dexrazoxane in clinical practice by analyzing [...] Read more.

Objectives: As one of the important interventions to alleviate anthracycline-related cardiotoxicity (ARC), the safety assessment of dexrazoxane in clinical practice is particularly important. This study aims to evaluate the actual efficacy and potential adverse effects of dexrazoxane in clinical practice by analyzing the reports of adverse events (AEs) related to the combination with dexrazoxane and anthracyclines. Methods: We utilized four disproportionality analysis methods to analyze AE reports of the combination with dexrazoxane and anthracyclines in the Food and Drug Administration Adverse Event Reporting System (FAERS) database from the third quarter of 2014 to the first quarter of 2024. Results: Under the three backgrounds, a large number of preferred terms (PTs) such as cardiac failure disappeared in the combined group, and the PTs with significant signal values were mainly concentrated in infections and infestations. For patients under 18, some PTs associated with infections and infestations disappeared after the combination of the two drugs. Conclusions: Dexrazoxane can effectively alleviate ARC, but it may also increase the risk of infection. For infections and infestations, children under 18 years old are more likely to benefit from the combination therapy. More attention should be paid to infectious AEs in the clinical use of dexrazoxane, though disproportionality analysis is a hypothesis-generating approach. Full article

► Show Figures

Figure 1

22 pages, 2661 KiB

Open AccessReview

The Role of Antioxidant Plant Extracts’ Composition and Encapsulation in Dietary Supplements and Gemmo-Derivatives, as Safe Adjuvants in Metabolic and Age-Related Conditions: A Review

by Bogdan-Stefan Negreanu-Pirjol, Ticuta Negreanu-Pirjol, Florica Busuricu, Sanda Jurja, Oana Craciunescu, Ovidiu Oprea, Ludmila Motelica, Elena Iulia Oprita and Florentina Nicoleta Roncea

Pharmaceuticals 2024, 17(12), 1738; https://doi.org/10.3390/ph17121738 - 23 Dec 2024

Given the current global circumstances, marked by severe environmental pollution—including the contamination of food—along with daily stress and a sedentary lifestyle, many consumers choose to improve their quality of life by using, among others, minimally processed food, food supplements, and gemmo-derivatives. Recent lab [...] Read more.

Given the current global circumstances, marked by severe environmental pollution—including the contamination of food—along with daily stress and a sedentary lifestyle, many consumers choose to improve their quality of life by using, among others, minimally processed food, food supplements, and gemmo-derivatives. Recent lab and clinical studies have shown the positive impact of specific nutrients with antioxidant capacities in the treatment of several conditions generated by oxidative stress. This paper reviews antioxidant plant extracts utilized as components in various dietary supplements and gemmoderivatives, highlighting their chemical composition and biological properties in preventing diseases caused by oxidative stress. A modern approach to food science brings to the fore the concept of dietary supplements vs. functional food, nutraceuticals, and gemmo-derivatives. The definitions of these terms are not being unanimously regulated in this respect and describe each category of compound and product, also emphasizing the need to implement adequate nutrivigilance. In order to enhance the absorption and bioavailability of dietary supplements and gemmo-derivatives based on antioxidant plant extracts, some encapsulation techniques are outlined. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Natural Products)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

18 pages, 5994 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Study of the Effect of Temperature on the Production of Carrageenan-Based Buccal Films and Optimization of the Process Parameters

by Katalin Kristó, Anahita Sangestani, Alharith A. A. Hassan, Hala Rayya, Krisztián Pamlényi, András Kelemen and Ildikó Csóka

Pharmaceuticals 2024, 17(12), 1737; https://doi.org/10.3390/ph17121737 - 22 Dec 2024

Background/Objectives: Films in the mouth offer a promising alternative drug delivery system for oral administration, with several advantages over traditional oral formulations. Furthermore, their non-invasive nature and easy administration make them conducive to increasing patient compliance. The use of active agents in these [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Films in the mouth offer a promising alternative drug delivery system for oral administration, with several advantages over traditional oral formulations. Furthermore, their non-invasive nature and easy administration make them conducive to increasing patient compliance. The use of active agents in these films can further improve their drug delivery properties, making them an even more useful drug delivery system. Methods: In this research, carrageenan was used as a polymer, while glycerine was added as a plasticizer, furthermore, lidocaine hydrochloride and diclofenac sodium were used as the active agents. The prepared films were characterized by analytical techniques. Results: The results showed that glycerine reduced the mucoadhesivity and breaking hardness of the films and increasing the temperature made the films brittle. These results are also confirmed by the statistical analysis. Based on the FTIR results, glycerine can be used in films without structural changes. Conclusions: Based on the findings, films prepared from a solution with a concentration of 1.5% carrageenan and 1.5% glycerine at 70 °C are suitable as a drug delivery system for use on the buccal mucosa when combined with active agents. Carrageenan was successfully used as a carrier for two different types of active agents. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Pharmaceutical Formulation Characterization Design)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

More Articles...

Submit to Pharmaceuticals Review for Pharmaceuticals

Journal Menu

Journal Browser

► Journal Browser

Highly Accessed Articles

View More...

Latest Books

More Books and Reprints...

E-Mail Alert

News

26 December 2024
Meet Us at the 5^th SPLC-CRS Young Scientists Meeting, 30–31 January 2025, Barcelona, Spain

20 December 2024
Pharmaceuticals | Pharmaceuticals 2024—Recent Advances in Pharmaceutical Sciences Towards a Healthy Life Conference Held

17 December 2024
Over 100 German Universities Partner with MDPI in New National Agreement

More News & Announcements...

Topics

Propose a Topic

Topic in Biologics, Molecules, Pharmaceuticals, Pharmaceutics

Biosimilars and Interchangeability Topic Editors: Alexis Oliva, Shein-Chung Chow, Joao Goncalves
Deadline: 31 December 2024

Topic in Biomedicines, JPM, Pharmaceuticals, Pharmaceutics

Personalized Drug Formulations Topic Editors: Diego Romano Perinelli, Florentina Lupascu
Deadline: 31 January 2025

Topic in Cancers, Healthcare, Pharmaceuticals, Pharmaceutics, Pharmacoepidemiology

Advance in Cancer Pharmacoepidemiology Topic Editors: Shih-Chieh Shao, Edward Chia-Cheng Lai
Deadline: 20 February 2025

Topic in Pharmaceuticals, Pharmaceutics, Antioxidants, Nanomaterials, JFB, Cosmetics

New Challenges in the Cosmetics Industry Topic Editors: Ana Catarina Silva, Hugo Almeida, Ana Barros
Deadline: 31 March 2025

More Topics

Conferences

Announce Your Conference

More Conferences...

Special Issues

Propose a Special Issue

Special Issue in Pharmaceuticals

In Vivo Nuclear Molecular Imaging in Drug Development and Pharmacological Research, 2nd Edition Guest Editors: Xuyi Yue, Kiran Solingapuram Sai
Deadline: 30 December 2024

Special Issue in Pharmaceuticals

Recent Update of Gastroretentive and Intestinal Drug Delivery Systems Guest Editors: Marival Bermejo, Paloma Marina De la Torre-Iglesias, Covadonga Álvarez-Álvarez
Deadline: 30 December 2024

Special Issue in Pharmaceuticals

Drug Discovery of Antiprotozoal Agents 2024 Guest Editors: Francisco Jaime Bezerra Mendonça Júnior, Pascal Marchand
Deadline: 31 December 2024

Special Issue in Pharmaceuticals

Plant-Based Extracts and the Therapeutic Potential of Bioactive Compounds Guest Editor: Grażyna Zgórka
Deadline: 31 December 2024

More Special Issues

Topical Collections

Topical Collection in Pharmaceuticals

Drug Discovery and Development for Tropical Diseases (TDs) Collection Editor: Christophe Dardonville

Topical Collection in Pharmaceuticals

The Story of Successful Drugs and Recent FDA-Approved Molecules Collection Editors: Maria Emília De Sousa, Jean Jacques Vanden Eynde, Klaus Kopka, Annie Mayence, Joachim Jose, Guangshun Wang

Topical Collection in Pharmaceuticals

Therapeutic Agents for Neurological Disorders Collection Editor: Damian Holsinger

Conference Reports

30th Annual GP₂A Medicinal Chemistry Conference

Pharmaceuticals 2023, 16(3), 432; https://doi.org/10.3390/ph16030432

On the Hunt for Next-Generation Antimicrobial Agents: An Online Symposium Organized Jointly by the French Society for Medicinal Chemistry (Société de Chimie Thérapeutique) and the French Microbiology Society (Société Française de Microbiologie) on 9–10 December 2021

Pharmaceuticals 2022, 15(4), 388; https://doi.org/10.3390/ph15040388

More Conference Reports...

Back to TopTop