Sustainability

11 pages, 245 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

A Tale of Two Strawberries: Conventional and Organic Open-Field Production in California

by Leslie J. Verteramo Chiu and Miguel I. Gomez

Sustainability 2023, 15(19), 14363; https://doi.org/10.3390/su151914363 - 29 Sep 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1296

Organic produce in general is perceived as environmentally superior to conventional produce. This perception is what partially drives some consumers to pay a price premium for organic food. To understand the environmental impact across various categories of both production systems, we performed a [...] Read more.

Organic produce in general is perceived as environmentally superior to conventional produce. This perception is what partially drives some consumers to pay a price premium for organic food. To understand the environmental impact across various categories of both production systems, we performed a life cycle analysis on organic and conventionally produced strawberries in California, following input estimates from extension reports. This study found that organic strawberries performed worse than conventional strawberries in almost all environmental impact categories by unit of land and unit of production. Organic strawberries generate 46% more carbon footprint than conventional strawberries. One of the main environmental impact contributors of organic production is the effect of transportation of compost, manure, and other organic inputs, which are required in large volumes per ha. The contribution of input delivery to total carbon footprint per ha of organic strawberry production is 33%, and for conventional strawberry production the contribution is 8%. Post-harvest processing of strawberries is the activity in both production systems that contributes the most to total GWP per ha of production, up to 40% for organic and 60% for conventional strawberries. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Consumer Behavior as a Central Component Strategy towards Sustainable Food Choices)

15 pages, 3506 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Relationship among Plant Functional Groups, Soil, and Moisture as Basis for Wetland Conservation

by Fevziye Aslan, Ricardo Mata-González, David Eduardo Prado-Tarango, Matthew Hovland, Jenessa Stemke and Carlos G. Ochoa

Sustainability 2023, 15(19), 14377; https://doi.org/10.3390/su151914377 - 29 Sep 2023

Viewed by 959

Abstract

This study characterized the relationship between plant species, soil, and moisture dynamics in the Willamette Valley (Oregon, USA) to obtain a base framework for wetland conservation and restoration. We identified 24 dominant plant species, including the exotic invasive Dipsacus fullonum, distributed throughout [...] Read more.

This study characterized the relationship between plant species, soil, and moisture dynamics in the Willamette Valley (Oregon, USA) to obtain a base framework for wetland conservation and restoration. We identified 24 dominant plant species, including the exotic invasive Dipsacus fullonum, distributed throughout the wetland. Plant community analysis indicated that (1) soil moisture during the dry season (August to October) and (2) soil bulk density were the major abiotic drivers of plant community structure. Water potential measurements confirmed the community analysis. Juncus (rush) species appeared to be more tolerant to drought than other typical wetland species. Therefore, dryer conditions due to climate change or water diversion may favor rushes’ persistence. We also found that the dominance of D. fullonum may also negatively affect the native plant species’ survival, which highlights the need for proper management practices. To prevent further vegetation deterioration in sensitive wetland areas, we recommend avoiding hydric diversions to maintain the water supply, exploring manners of controlling invasive species, and preventing livestock grazing. The results of this study contribute to foundational and practical knowledge concerning the influence of soil conditions and moisture availability on the physiological response and distribution of wetland plant species that is required for conservation and management. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Landscape Ecology and Sustainability—the Interface between Natural Landscape Values and Society)

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23 pages, 2106 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Measuring and Indexing the Durability of Electrical and Electronic Equipment

by Hamidreza Habibollahi Najaf Abadi, Jeffrey W. Herrmann and Mohammad Modarres

Sustainability 2023, 15(19), 14386; https://doi.org/10.3390/su151914386 - 29 Sep 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1589

Abstract

Due to the large and unsustainable use of valuable natural resources and electronic waste generation worldwide, which poses risks to human health and the environment, different organizations have initiated efforts to shift from a linear economy to a circular economy. A crucial aspect [...] Read more.

Due to the large and unsustainable use of valuable natural resources and electronic waste generation worldwide, which poses risks to human health and the environment, different organizations have initiated efforts to shift from a linear economy to a circular economy. A crucial aspect of promoting a circular economy is improving product durability, which can reduce resource extraction and waste because products remain in use for a longer period. Methods for measuring and indexing durability should encourage consumers to buy more durable products and incentivize manufacturers to compete in improving durability. This paper reviews past research on measuring product durability. It proposes an overall framework based on the promise of product life as well as its readiness to perform required functions for indexing durability. Finally, it presents an example of durability assessment. The proposed framework enables manufacturers to improve the design and communication of product durability. Furthermore, it supports establishing durability standards by standard development organizations and promotes sustainability through durability initiatives. Full article

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18 pages, 7433 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

A Geospatial Analysis Model for the Selection of Post-Mining Land Uses in Surface Lignite Mines: Application in the Ptolemais Mines, Greece

by Aikaterini Servou, Nikolaos Paraskevis, Christos Roumpos and Francis Pavloudakis

Sustainability 2023, 15(19), 14388; https://doi.org/10.3390/su151914388 - 29 Sep 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1099

Abstract

Among the procedures included in surface mines’ closure, the determination of post-mining land uses constitutes one of the early but primary steps. This research aims to develop an algorithm for the selection of the most suitable land use spatial distribution in the post-mining [...] Read more.

Among the procedures included in surface mines’ closure, the determination of post-mining land uses constitutes one of the early but primary steps. This research aims to develop an algorithm for the selection of the most suitable land use spatial distribution in the post-mining area of a surface lignite mine in northern Greece. Considering the already reclaimed areas and the local socioeconomic conditions, six distinct criteria that concern physical local characteristics were selected and, in turn, spatially combined with parameters affecting the mining area. Mining experts attributed weights to the criteria regarding their importance for the examined land uses. The six criteria concerned physical local characteristics (slope, elevation, and distance from villages, rivers, roads, and transmission lines), while the parameters affecting the mining area referred to the type of ground (undisturbed or graded areas), existing infrastructure, and mine closure planning, emphasizing the final landscape of the mining area. The investigated land uses encompassed agricultural, forest, industrial (including buildings, infrastructure, and photovoltaic parks), and recreational parks. Through the application of a fuzzification algorithm within a geographical information system (GIS) environment, four land use suitability maps were generated, which were subsequently overlaid to derive a comprehensive suitability map. The final suitability map was derived from the integration of the mining parameters as spatial information into the algorithm. The findings indicate that, even though the land use suitability analysis could be derived from a mathematical model, the integration of qualitative information related to the mining specifications is necessary to produce more reliable results. The proposed algorithm can be used as a useful tool by decision-makers in the mining industry to plan post-mining reclamation based on suitable criteria. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Mining and Processing of Mineral Resources)

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33 pages, 1527 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

A Framework for Sustainability Reporting of Renewable Energy Companies in Greece

by Athanasios Mandilas, Dimitrios Kourtidis, Giannoula Florou and Stavros Valsamidis

Sustainability 2023, 15(19), 14360; https://doi.org/10.3390/su151914360 - 28 Sep 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1222

Abstract

The purpose of the current study is to collect and evaluate data on whether and to what extent the renewable energy companies within Greece disclose non-financial information in line with global and international standards. Renewable energy has grown rapidly over the last 20 [...] Read more.

The purpose of the current study is to collect and evaluate data on whether and to what extent the renewable energy companies within Greece disclose non-financial information in line with global and international standards. Renewable energy has grown rapidly over the last 20 years as a key aspect of the transition to a less energy-intensive and more sustainable energy system. However, constant competition between companies, finances, taxes, politics and other factors have in many cases created environmentally harmful situations. Even though technology is advancing and supporting these companies, even though international laws for the environment and the safety measures for operations have become stricter, it was, nevertheless, impossible to avoid these situations. The concerns of the public, but also of the renewable energy companies to control, monitor and measure the impacts from their operations to the environment and the life of society around the sites of their operations, lead many companies to publish sustainability reports. This report is published by a company or organization concerning the economic, environmental and social impacts caused by its everyday activities and demonstrates the link between its strategy and its commitment to a sustainable global economy. A framework with specific economic, environmental and social indicators to support reporting for renewable energy companies is corporate social responsibility (CSR) together with the Global Reporting Initiatives (GRI). GRI is an independent international organization that has pioneered sustainability reporting. It is very important to determine the extent to which these enterprises really contribute to sustainable development. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) and Sustainable Development Goals)

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31 pages, 6312 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Modified Accuracy of RANS Modeling of Urban Pollutant Flow within Generic Building Clusters Using a High-Quality Full-Scale Dispersion Dataset

by Mohammad Reza Kavian Nezhad, Khashayar RahnamayBahambary, Carlos F. Lange and Brian A. Fleck

Sustainability 2023, 15(19), 14317; https://doi.org/10.3390/su151914317 - 28 Sep 2023

Viewed by 1140

Abstract

To improve the reliability of the computational fluid dynamics (CFD) models of wind-driven pollutant dispersion within urban settings, a re-calibration study is conducted to optimize the standard

k - ε

model. A modified optimization framework based on the genetic algorithm is adapted to [...] Read more.

To improve the reliability of the computational fluid dynamics (CFD) models of wind-driven pollutant dispersion within urban settings, a re-calibration study is conducted to optimize the standard

k - ε

model. A modified optimization framework based on the genetic algorithm is adapted to alleviate the computational expenses and to further identify ranges for each empirical coefficient to achieve the most reliable and accurate predictions. A robust objective function is defined, incorporating both the flow parameters and pollutant concentration through several linear and logarithmic measures. The coefficients are trained using high-quality and full-scale tracer experiments in a mock urban arrangement simulating a building array. The proposed ranges are

0.14 \leq C_{μ} \leq 0.15

,

1.30 \leq C_{ε 1} \leq 1.46

,

1.68 \leq C_{ε 2} \leq 1.80

,

1.12 \leq σ_{ε} \leq 1.20

, and

0.87 \leq σ_{k} \leq 1.00

. A thorough evaluation of the predicted flow and concentration fields indicates the modified closure is effective. The fraction of predictions within the acceptable ranges from measurements has increased by 8% for pollutant concentration and 27% for turbulence kinetic energy. The generality of the calibrated model is further tested by modeling additional cases with different meteorological conditions, in which the calculated validation metrics attest to the noteworthy improvements in predictions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Computational Fluid Dynamics Simulation: Application in Industries)

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35 pages, 5765 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

SPOT: A Strategic Life-Cycle-Assessment-Based Methodology and Tool for Cosmetic Product Eco-Design

by Jacques L’Haridon, Laure Patouillard, Julien Pedneault, Anne-Marie Boulay, François Witte, Marcial Vargas-Gonzalez, Philippe Bonningue, Isabelle Rollat, Thierry Blanchard, Gabriel Goncalves, Alice Hervio and Laurent Gilbert

Sustainability 2023, 15(19), 14321; https://doi.org/10.3390/su151914321 - 28 Sep 2023

Viewed by 4830

Abstract

The cosmetics industry is facing growing pressure to offer more sustainable products, which can be tackled by applying eco-design. This article aims to present the Sustainable Product Optimization Tool (SPOT) methodology developed by L’Oréal to eco-design its cosmetic products and the strategies adopted [...] Read more.

The cosmetics industry is facing growing pressure to offer more sustainable products, which can be tackled by applying eco-design. This article aims to present the Sustainable Product Optimization Tool (SPOT) methodology developed by L’Oréal to eco-design its cosmetic products and the strategies adopted for its implementation while presenting the challenges encountered along the way. The SPOT methodology is based on the life cycle assessment (LCA) of a finished product and its subsystems (formula, packaging, manufacturing and distribution). Several environmental indicators are assessed, normalized and weighted based on the planetary boundaries concept, and then aggregated into a single footprint. A product sustainability index (a single rating, easy to interpret) is then obtained by merging the environmental product rating derived from the single environmental footprint with the social rating (not covered here). The use of the SPOT method is shown by two case studies. The implementation of SPOT, based on specific strategic and managerial measures (corporate and brand targets, Key Performance Indicators, and financial incentives) is discussed. These measures have enabled L’Oréal to have 97% of their products stated as eco-designed in 2022. SPOT shows how eco-design can be implemented on a large scale without compromising scientific robustness. Eco-design tools must strike the right balance between the complexity of the LCA and the ease of interpretation of the results, and have a robust implementation plan to ensure a successful eco-design strategy. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Sustainable Materials)

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18 pages, 2526 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Spatial Analysis of COVID-19 Pandemic Impacts on Mobility in Madrid Region

by Abid Al-Akioui and Andres Monzon

Sustainability 2023, 15(19), 14259; https://doi.org/10.3390/su151914259 - 27 Sep 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1305

Abstract

After three years of COVID-19 lockdown and restrictions, mobility seems to have returned to normality. However, the pandemic has left changes in the mobility patterns of the Madrid Region produced by new trends emerging from COVID-19. This paper analyzes these changes, focusing on [...] Read more.

After three years of COVID-19 lockdown and restrictions, mobility seems to have returned to normality. However, the pandemic has left changes in the mobility patterns of the Madrid Region produced by new trends emerging from COVID-19. This paper analyzes these changes, focusing on the impacts on public transport use, the effects of telematic activities and the influence of home relocation. The basis of the analysis is a survey conducted from November to December 2022, with more than 15,000 valid responses. The results show that public transport lost 6% of trips. These trips have different transfer rates depending on their geographic location. In the City Center, the majority transferred to active modes. However, the car attracted most of these trips in the Metropolitan Ring. These changes in mobility patterns are partly a consequence of the increase in telematic activities. Teleworking has increased by more than 20% in the Madrid Region and has caused changes in trips per week and trip purpose. In addition, teleworking has caused 18% of home relocations to peripheral zones of the region. This paper investigates through statistical analysis which sociodemographic and spatial factors explain the differences in mobility impacts throughout the zones of the Madrid Region. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Impact of COVID-19 Pandemic on Sustainable Mobility)

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15 pages, 1484 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Adding Value to Reclaimed Water from Wastewater Treatment Plants: The Environmental Feasibility of a Minimal Liquid Discharge System for the Case Study of Larnaca

by Maria Avramidi, Christina Spyropoulou, Constantinos Loizou, Maria Kyriazi, Jelica Novakovic, Konstantinos Moustakas, Dimitris Malamis and Maria Loizidou

Sustainability 2023, 15(19), 14305; https://doi.org/10.3390/su151914305 - 27 Sep 2023

Viewed by 1319

Abstract

The escalating water demand in Cyprus has necessitated the exploration of alternative water resources. The available water, which relies on rainfall and dam storage supplemented by methods such as desalination and aquifer enrichment, is inadequate to meet the current water demand. As a [...] Read more.

The escalating water demand in Cyprus has necessitated the exploration of alternative water resources. The available water, which relies on rainfall and dam storage supplemented by methods such as desalination and aquifer enrichment, is inadequate to meet the current water demand. As a solution, Cyprus is utilizing reclaimed water for irrigation, in full compliance with both local and EU regulations. To address sustainable water management in Cyprus, a minimal liquid discharge (MLD) system is assessed for its environmental feasibility. A system incorporating reverse osmosis (RO), a multi-effect distillation (MED) evaporator, and a vacuum crystallizer (VC) is proposed for treating reclaimed water from the wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) in Larnaca. The proposed system aims to control the salinity (2500 mg/L) that limits the use of recovered water to the irrigation of non-sensitive types of crops, while recovering salt (sodium chloride). A life cycle assessment (LCA) was conducted, comparing the proposed MLD system with a reference system based on RO technology, where water is recovered, and brine is rejected back into the sea. The environmental feasibility was assessed via comparing 16 different environmental impact categories. Based on the analysis, the reference study provided a positive numeric value for most of the impact categories that were examined. Thus, it was concluded that the reference study has an overall negative impact on the environment, whereas the proposed MLD system demonstrated an overall positive impact, mainly due to low ecotoxicity. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Emerging Technologies and Materials for Wastewater Treatment and Reclamation)

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15 pages, 2658 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Decarbonization of the Food Industry—The Solution for System Design and Operation

by Sarah Meitz, Jana Reiter, Jürgen Fluch and Carles Ribas Tugores

Sustainability 2023, 15(19), 14262; https://doi.org/10.3390/su151914262 - 27 Sep 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1299

Abstract

Digital transformation in industry is seen as a key technology enabling decarbonization. It is obvious that measures to increase the energy efficiency and integration of renewable energy technologies must be fostered, and in most cases, these measures need a smart combination of several [...] Read more.

Digital transformation in industry is seen as a key technology enabling decarbonization. It is obvious that measures to increase the energy efficiency and integration of renewable energy technologies must be fostered, and in most cases, these measures need a smart combination of several solution pathways. This results in a significant increase in both the design and operation complexity of these systems. However, there is no clear guidance regarding optimized systems. This work presents a standardized methodology enabling the optimized management of the demand and supply side of an industrial process towards decarbonization. The methodology is presented and showcased based on examples from the food industry and demonstrates how to realize energy efficiency measures and the integration of renewable energy by combining the supply side (SS) and demand side (DS) of industrial processes. The results show that data availability and individualized modeling are major challenges in implementing the methodology. To show the impact of optimization, well-selected key performance indicators (KPIs) are a proper means of evaluation and validation, but it is important to select them on purpose. Therefore, future research should focus on efficient data acquisition, expanding expertise, standardized modeling tools, and KPI definitions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Energy Efficiency and Management in Sustainable Food Industry)

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18 pages, 1844 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Incorporating Social and Policy Drivers into Land-Use and Land-Cover Projection

by Behnoosh Abbasnezhad, Jesse B. Abrams and Jeffrey Hepinstall-Cymerman

Sustainability 2023, 15(19), 14270; https://doi.org/10.3390/su151914270 - 27 Sep 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1356

Abstract

Forestlands in the southeastern U.S. generate a great variety of ecosystem services that contribute to the well-being of humans and nonhumans alike. Despite their importance, forests continue to be lost to other land uses such as agricultural production and urban development. Advancements in [...] Read more.

Forestlands in the southeastern U.S. generate a great variety of ecosystem services that contribute to the well-being of humans and nonhumans alike. Despite their importance, forests continue to be lost to other land uses such as agricultural production and urban development. Advancements in remote sensing and machine learning techniques have facilitated land use/land cover (LULC) change projections, but many prior efforts have neglected to account for social and policy dimensions. We incorporated key socio-economic factors, conservation policies, societal preferences, and landscape biophysical features into LULC projection techniques under four different development scenarios. We applied this approach in the Upper Flint watershed, which flows south from the Atlanta, Georgia metropolitan area and is characterized by extensive urbanization and associated deforestation. Our results suggest that incorporating social and policy drivers in future LULC projection approaches leads to more realistic results with higher accuracy levels, offering decision-makers, development planners, and policymakers better opportunities to forecast the effects of anticipated changes on the availability of ESs in the future. Conservation organizations and public agencies can benefit from such analysis to identify regions requiring conservation interventions for prioritizing their conservation efforts. We used publicly available data for the conterminous U.S., hence our approach can be replicable in other study regions within the nation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Assessing Ecosystem Services Applying Local Perspectives)

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22 pages, 2773 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Durable Structural Concrete Produced with Coarse and Fine Recycled Aggregates Using Different Cement Types

by Carla Vintimilla, Miren Etxeberria and Zongyang Li

Sustainability 2023, 15(19), 14272; https://doi.org/10.3390/su151914272 - 27 Sep 2023

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1251

Abstract

The durability properties of structural recycled aggregate concrete (RAC) produced with 50% coarse recycled concrete aggregates and up to 20% fine recycled concrete aggregates were analysed and compared to those of conventional concrete (NAC). Both the RAC and NAC mixtures achieved the same [...] Read more.

The durability properties of structural recycled aggregate concrete (RAC) produced with 50% coarse recycled concrete aggregates and up to 20% fine recycled concrete aggregates were analysed and compared to those of conventional concrete (NAC). Both the RAC and NAC mixtures achieved the same compressive strength when using an effective water–cement ratio of 0.47 and 0.51, respectively. All the concretes were produced using three types of cement: CEM II A/L 42.5 R, CEM II A/S 42.5 N/SRC and CEM III/B 42.5 N-LH/SR. The properties of drying shrinkage, chloride permeability, and accelerated carbonation coefficient of the concretes were determined experimentally, and the obtained results were compared with the values estimated by specific standards of exposure to XC1–XC4 (corrosion induced by carbonation can happen due to the presence of humidity) and XS1 (corrosion caused by chlorides from seawater) environments. The results showed that all the concretes achieved maximum drying shrinkage for use in structural concrete. Any concretes produced with CEM IIIB, including the RAC-C50-F20 concrete, achieved very low chloride ion penetrability, ranging between 500 to 740 Coulombs. In addition, all concretes manufactured with CEM IIAL and CEM IIAS, including RAC-C50-F20, were suitable for use in XC3 and XC4 exposure environments, both with 50- and 100-year lifespans. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Circular Economy in the Construction Sector)

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20 pages, 1259 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Exploring Citizens’ Adoption of Sustainable Innovations Implemented by Cities and Municipalities in Germany

by Cindy Schaefer, Aida Stelter, Marie Godefroid and Björn Niehaves

Sustainability 2023, 15(19), 14203; https://doi.org/10.3390/su151914203 - 26 Sep 2023

Viewed by 1042

Abstract

Sustainable innovations, such as sustainable products or services, are becoming increasingly relevant for society and thrive on societies’ knowledge and usage. But this is where many cities/municipalities are experiencing disharmony: citizens often do not know that these sustainable innovations exist and, therefore, do [...] Read more.

Sustainable innovations, such as sustainable products or services, are becoming increasingly relevant for society and thrive on societies’ knowledge and usage. But this is where many cities/municipalities are experiencing disharmony: citizens often do not know that these sustainable innovations exist and, therefore, do not use them. Our study starts at this point: To address this disharmony in Germany, the government has established the German Sustainability Award, which honors cities/municipalities with outstanding sustainable innovations. We qualitatively surveyed the citizens and administrations of these cities about their knowledge and use in their city/municipality (using eight categories) under the theoretical lens of Rogers’ (1960/2003) Diffusion of Innovation Theory (DOI). In 29 interviews in six cities/municipalities, we were able to match sustainable innovations based on DOI. In particular, we determined that few sustainable innovations were only found in specific categories (such as economy (EC)), while others existed in all (such as climate and environment (CE) or education (ED)), and, e.g., city/municipality’s size did not matter at all. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Smart and Sustainable Cities and Regions)

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23 pages, 3772 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Decoding Urban Archetypes: Exploring Mobility-Related Homogeneity among Cities

by Sascha von Behren, Maximilian Turek, Lukas Barthelmes, Hanna Scholta, Frank Hansen, Martin Kagerbauer and Christine Eisenmann

Sustainability 2023, 15(19), 14231; https://doi.org/10.3390/su151914231 - 26 Sep 2023

Viewed by 1374

Abstract

To make cities more sustainable and livable and to achieve climate targets in transportation, cities around the globe must undergo sustainable transformations. However, disparities in initial conditions pose challenges when trying to implement these sustainable changes. Identifying these differences aids in the comprehension [...] Read more.

To make cities more sustainable and livable and to achieve climate targets in transportation, cities around the globe must undergo sustainable transformations. However, disparities in initial conditions pose challenges when trying to implement these sustainable changes. Identifying these differences aids in the comprehension of future developments. In this study, we establish an international comparison by decoding the mobility-related characteristics of cities and determining urban archetypes. Using publicly accessible data, we analyze and classify 96 cities in different countries. Therefore, we utilize principal component analysis to simplify the data. The emerging components serve as input for segmentation. This approach yields nine unique urban archetypes, ranging from Well-Functioning and Ancient Hybrid Cities in Europe to Paratransit and Traffic-Saturated Cities in the southern hemisphere. Our results show that there is a significant advantage to using a multidimensional segmentation basis, which we identify in an extensive literature review. The result is a finer segmentation, which is especially clear for European cities that demonstrate four different clusters. We discuss that the effect of future restrictions on private car usage will vary widely between the urban archetypes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Smart Cities, Eco-Cities, Green Transport and Sustainability)

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23 pages, 5519 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

A Learning Progression for Understanding Interdependent Relationships in Ecosystems

by Sara J. Dozier, Anna MacPherson, Linda Morell, Perman Gochyyev and Mark Wilson

Sustainability 2023, 15(19), 14212; https://doi.org/10.3390/su151914212 - 26 Sep 2023

Viewed by 1348

Abstract

This paper describes a hypothesized learning progression for how secondary students understand interdependent relationships in ecosystems, a key concept in the field of ecology and for public understanding of science. In this study, a hypothetical learning progression was developed and empirically investigated using [...] Read more.

This paper describes a hypothesized learning progression for how secondary students understand interdependent relationships in ecosystems, a key concept in the field of ecology and for public understanding of science. In this study, a hypothetical learning progression was developed and empirically investigated using Rasch modeling of data from 1366 students in a large, diverse, urban school district. We found that the empirical evidence supported the general structure of the hypothesized learning progression for relationships in ecosystems. There were notable exceptions, and we describe the ways in which we altered the items and the learning progression to address empirical inconsistencies with our a priori conceptions. The assessment items developed through this study are immediately available online for formative assessment purposes, and the learning progression can support teachers’ thinking about students’ understanding of ecosystems. In particular, the upper reach of the learning progression offers a more complete description of the ways in which students might develop their understanding of complex interactions in ecosystems, beyond what is currently offered in the literature and standards documents about students’ understanding. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Improving Knowledge Transfer and Innovation Management in Sustainability Era)

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12 pages, 3396 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Optimum Conditions for Enhancing Chitosan-Assisted Coagulation in Drinking Water Treatment

by Tomoko Takaara and Kenichi Kurumada

Sustainability 2023, 15(19), 14197; https://doi.org/10.3390/su151914197 - 26 Sep 2023

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 1349

Abstract

Coagulant aids are useful chemicals that enhance the efficiency of coagulation sedimentation treatment. For this purpose, it is necessary to choose safe chemicals to avoid various risks to the health of those who use the treated water. The use of chitosan, an abundant [...] Read more.

Coagulant aids are useful chemicals that enhance the efficiency of coagulation sedimentation treatment. For this purpose, it is necessary to choose safe chemicals to avoid various risks to the health of those who use the treated water. The use of chitosan, an abundant natural polysaccharide, as a coagulant aid is significant not only for safe water treatment but also for the effective utilization of unused natural water resources, which are mostly wasted. We experimentally determined the optimal treatment conditions for using chitosan as a coagulant aid in water treatment. The most efficient use was identified as adding chitosan at the stage of rapid stirring after the addition of coagulant accelerated initial dispersion. When used with the main coagulant polyaluminum chloride (PACl), the optimal concentration of chitosan was 0.8 mg L⁻¹, as estimated using the ζ potential showing isoelectricity at the optimal chitosan concentration. Determining the chitosan concentration using the minimum ζ potential was also valid for estimating the optimum concentration of chitosan, which is an extension of the method used at much higher turbidity, as seen in wastewater. Thus, the ζ potential-based prediction of the optimum chitosan concentration was effective even when the effect of sweep coagulation, which is normally induced at higher turbidity, was negligible. The superiority of using the coagulant PACl in combination with chitosan as the coagulant aid was demonstrated by comparing the in situ-observed coagulation process to cases with other coagulants and coagulant aids using direct time-series observation of the coagulation process. The use of chitosan with PACl was found to make the flocs easier to remove because it resulted in the largest mass fraction of the resultant floc sedimentation on the bottom of the vessel. In this study, using the PACl coagulant in combination with chitosan as the coagulant aid was found to be as viable as using the current popular combination of aluminum sulfate and polyacrylamide. Replacing polyacrylamide with chitosan contributed to reducing the potential risk to the health of those to use the treated water. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Science and Technology of Sustainable Development for Cities, Infrastructures, Living Spaces and Natural Environment: Including Collections from the Latest Papers of KRIS 2023)

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20 pages, 1043 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Examining Adaptation and Resilience Frameworks: Data Quality’s Role in Supporting Climate Efforts

by Ana Andries, Stephen Morse, Richard J. Murphy and Emma R. Woolliams

Sustainability 2023, 15(18), 13641; https://doi.org/10.3390/su151813641 - 12 Sep 2023

Viewed by 1835

Abstract

The current landscape of climate change adaptation and resilience policies, frameworks, and indicators is rapidly changing as nations, organizations, and individuals acknowledge the urgent need to address its impacts. Various methods for adaptation and resilience are developed and monitored through formal indicators. However, [...] Read more.

The current landscape of climate change adaptation and resilience policies, frameworks, and indicators is rapidly changing as nations, organizations, and individuals acknowledge the urgent need to address its impacts. Various methods for adaptation and resilience are developed and monitored through formal indicators. However, there are gaps in indicator development and monitoring, including the need for more indicators to address monitoring gaps, lacks in the availability of fit-for-purpose (quality and quantity) data sets, and interpretation challenges. Especially at the local level, these gaps are pronounced. In this study, we assessed current policies, frameworks, and indicators, and conducted semi-structured interviews with stakeholders. A key concern raised was the difficulty in handling insufficient, quality data, particularly in developing nations, hindering adaptation implementation. Respondents also noted the lack of a standardised approach/tool for planning, monitoring, and evaluation. To address this, stakeholders advocated for local indicators and a unified approach/tool. Comparable and consistent data, collected by qualified personnel, were emphasised. Effective adaptation plans are vital in responding to climate change, yet challenges persist in planning, implementation, and monitoring, reporting, and verification phases. A recommended solution involves a common measurement approach for adaptation and resilience, alongside tailored local strategies to ensure success of these plans. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Air, Climate Change and Sustainability)

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21 pages, 10991 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Three-Dimensional Urban Air Networks for Future Urban Air Transport Systems

by Chiara Caterina Ditta and Maria Nadia Postorino

Sustainability 2023, 15(18), 13551; https://doi.org/10.3390/su151813551 - 11 Sep 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1325

Abstract

Advances in new electric aerial vehicles have encouraged research on pioneering Urban Air Mobility (UAM) solutions, which would provide fast service for passengers, goods, and emergencies. From this perspective, some air service scenarios have been identified, such as air taxis, airport shuttles, and [...] Read more.

Advances in new electric aerial vehicles have encouraged research on pioneering Urban Air Mobility (UAM) solutions, which would provide fast service for passengers, goods, and emergencies. From this perspective, some air service scenarios have been identified, such as air taxis, airport shuttles, and intercity services. Such air services should be supported by a suitable urban air network, which should comply with several boundary conditions linked to the specific features of this new type of aerial mobility. This paper proposes an Urban Air Network (UAN) model that includes a third (vertical) dimension and whose aim is to satisfy the basic principle of linking origin/destination pairs, as in usual ground transportation networks, by guaranteeing at the same time safe aerial paths between origin/destination pairs with suitable vehicle separations. The proposed UAN consists of multiple 2D graphs on different layers, which allows for the transfer of aerial vehicles in lower airspace. A suitable cost function has been associated with each UAN link in order to compute the shortest paths connecting the origin/destination pairs. The links in a UAN have a dynamic nature and can be enabled or disabled in consideration of capacity issues. In addition, indirect CO₂ emissions linked to aerial vehicles (such as operational and disposal phase charges) have been computed to foresee the potential environmental impacts based on the proposed UAN model. The preliminary results of a test case show encouraging results and provide interesting findings for further advancements. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Environmental, Social and Governance (ESG) for Sustainable Transportation in Sustainable Cities)

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23 pages, 3006 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

The Impact of Agritourism Activity on the Rural Environment: Findings from an Authentic Agritourist Area—Bukovina, Romania

by Cosmin Alin Popescu, Tiberiu Iancu, Gabriela Popescu, Tabita Adamov and Ramona Ciolac

Sustainability 2023, 15(13), 10294; https://doi.org/10.3390/su151310294 - 29 Jun 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 3486

Abstract

Agritourism can be a way of “saving”/supporting a rural area and its authentic resources, and in the case of the Bukovina area, the authenticity degree of its current resources is high. Some of the resources in this area create a sense of “celebrity” [...] Read more.

Agritourism can be a way of “saving”/supporting a rural area and its authentic resources, and in the case of the Bukovina area, the authenticity degree of its current resources is high. Some of the resources in this area create a sense of “celebrity” among tourists and, at the same time, offer the possibility of bringing some original and authentic products to the tourist market. The purpose of this study is to present an analysis of the Bukovina area in order to analyze the impact of this activity on the local community, pursuing the following specific objectives: identifying the development degree of agritourism activity and the particularities of the agritourism product offered; identifying the motivation behind and impact of this activity, as well as obtaining proposals from those directly involved in the agritourism field; analyzing the extent to which agritourism is a means of capitalizing on local resources and identifying the impact generated over time; and identifying benefits and future directions and their impact on the local community. The case-study method was used to support the research. Based on the research carried out, proposals are made in order to ensure that agritourism activity becomes a possible tool to generate sustainability for the local community. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Role of Agritourism Activity in Sustainable Rural Development)

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18 pages, 1244 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

How Does Systemic Design Facilitate the Sustainability Transition of Rural Communities? A Comparative Case Study between China and Italy

by Dan Zang, Yumei Xie, Silvia Barbero and Amina Pereno

Sustainability 2023, 15(13), 10202; https://doi.org/10.3390/su151310202 - 27 Jun 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1834

Abstract

Rural sustainability has emerged as a ‘wicked problem’ for practitioners within and outside design. Many efforts that adopted a systematic approach since the 1980s paved the road for addressing such a systemic problem. Moreover, stakeholders from the systemic design field have made significant [...] Read more.

Rural sustainability has emerged as a ‘wicked problem’ for practitioners within and outside design. Many efforts that adopted a systematic approach since the 1980s paved the road for addressing such a systemic problem. Moreover, stakeholders from the systemic design field have made significant strides by developing a systemic approach to rural systems since 2012 and implementing numerous localised design practices globally. Despite these efforts, the essence of systemic design for sustainable rural development remains relatively unclear because of its infancy. Therefore, this study tries to answer the question of “how does systemic design facilitate the sustainability transition of rural communities” by conducting field visits to two typical systemic design projects: Future Village Lab in rural China (Tieniu Village) and Systemic Design Lab in Italy (Ostana). Thereafter, drawing on insights from organisational management studies, this study pioneers a novel theoretical framework called ‘Situation-Cognition-Action’ to compare and analyse these two cases. The results highlight the role of systemic design in contributing to rural sustainability by enhancing the understanding of complex situations, fostering cognitive capacity, and creating a solution ecosystem for collaborative action. Finally, it elucidates how systemic design addresses three crucial trade-offs and effectively promotes rural sustainability in various rural contexts. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Rural Development Practices and Results: Learnings and Results from Policies and Initiatives)

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33 pages, 36259 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Linking Green Infrastructure Deployment Needs and Agroecosystem Conditions for the Improvement of the Natura2000 Network: Preliminary Investigations in W Mediterranean Europe

by Simone Valeri and Giulia Capotorti

Sustainability 2023, 15(13), 10191; https://doi.org/10.3390/su151310191 - 27 Jun 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1470

Abstract

Reconnecting natural habitats and improving agroecosystem conditions are strategic targets set by several European policies. In order to combine both of these needs, the European Biodiversity Strategy for 2030 has triggered new investments in Green Infrastructure (GI), which actually represents a valuable tool [...] Read more.

Reconnecting natural habitats and improving agroecosystem conditions are strategic targets set by several European policies. In order to combine both of these needs, the European Biodiversity Strategy for 2030 has triggered new investments in Green Infrastructure (GI), which actually represents a valuable tool to increase ecological connectivity across natural and semi-natural habitats. In particular, GI may benefit the Natura2000 (N2K) network (i.e., the network of protected sites under the EU Habitats and Birds Directives) by reinforcing the node/site number, extent, and distribution and by improving connections between often small and isolated habitat patches. However, there is a lack of knowledge on what the actual needs of GI deployment are for improving the current N2K network, on the distribution of these needs across Europe and on the potential role of agricultural areas in the improvement of the network functionality. Concurrently, especially in SW Europe, there is an ongoing trend toward the homogenisation and intensification of agricultural systems and the combined loss of associated landscape elements, such as natural and semi-natural Small Woody Features (SWF). Although a well-planned network of such elements could support biodiversity and landscape connectivity, thus effectively complementing the N2K network, little evidence is available on their abundance and residual distribution, especially in agricultural areas and at continental/bioregional scales. Therefore, the present work is aimed at (i) identifying different types of territorial units (NUTS3) in W Mediterranean Europe according to current N2K network features, the overall composition of the actual landscape mosaic and the potential natural heterogeneity of the environment and (ii) identifying and spatialising N2K-related GI deployment needs according to a more specific network analysis in terms of nodes (extent of the total protected area) and links (density of residual woody elements in arable land) within the different types of NUTS3. By means of this wide-scale investigation, four different types of GI deployment needs were generalised across the W Mediterranean Europe NUTS3. Overall, the need for connection restoration prevails, followed by the need for the consolidation of node and link conservation, for the creation of new protected sites and for the enlargement of existing N2K sites. Although useful for a preliminary setting, the shortcomings related to summary data at the European level were also highlighted when compared to local-scale information, with the latter being more suitable for identifying and prioritising truly effective GI conservation and restoration actions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Frontier Research of Environmental Sustainability: Green Infrastructure and Rural Landscape Planning)

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27 pages, 2637 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Urban Adaptation to Climate Change State of the Art: Evaluating the Role of Adaptation Assessment Frameworks through a Systematic and Bibliometric Analysis

by Saveria Olga Murielle Boulanger

Sustainability 2023, 15(13), 10134; https://doi.org/10.3390/su151310134 - 26 Jun 2023

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2929

Abstract

Urban adaptation and resilience are essential aspects of climate change. The latest IPCC reports of 2022 recall the importance of taking concrete actions, especially through the implementation of actions able to make cities more resilient. However, the current scientific discourse predominantly revolves around [...] Read more.

Urban adaptation and resilience are essential aspects of climate change. The latest IPCC reports of 2022 recall the importance of taking concrete actions, especially through the implementation of actions able to make cities more resilient. However, the current scientific discourse predominantly revolves around policies, theoretical aspects and specific case studies. This study aims to provide an updated analysis of the existing scientific literature, with an additional focus on the role of assessment and monitoring frameworks in urban adaptation. By employing qualitative and quantitative methodologies, supported by VOSviewer for co-occurrence network analysis, this paper reveals novel clusters and thematic groupings within the ongoing debate. Results include the identification of new clusters and thematic grouping and the identification of potential future trends. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Optimization and Evaluation of Climate Responsive Design Solutions for Buildings and Cities)

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18 pages, 762 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Green Space at New Housing Estates: Flat Price Versus Accessibility to Good Quality Greenery

by Magdalena Szczepańska, Anna Gałecka-Drozda and Agnieszka Wilkaniec

Sustainability 2023, 15(13), 9997; https://doi.org/10.3390/su15139997 - 24 Jun 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1434

Abstract

Green areas positively affect human health. It applies in particular to greenery in a direct neighbourhood of the housing. We analysed new housing estates in Poznan, Poland. Greenery quality was assessed according to developed factors, based on data about the area of the [...] Read more.

Green areas positively affect human health. It applies in particular to greenery in a direct neighbourhood of the housing. We analysed new housing estates in Poznan, Poland. Greenery quality was assessed according to developed factors, based on data about the area of the greenery in comparison with the area covered by hardscapes within the site; pre-existing greenery inventories; new greenery inventories; green area functions and accessibility. In the second stage of research, we compared data about greenery quality to information concerning economic value of the statistic flat in the estate. The average area of greenery in relation to the area of the plot was 40.16% for prestigious investments and 41.62% for less prestigious ones. The median value of WU (‘Socialisation rate’ indicator designed for this research) for prestigious investments was 0.035 and for less prestigious investments it was 0.226. The research showed that the price of flats does not affect the quality of residential greenery. Less prestigious (cheaper) flats have the same or even better access and quality of greenery in the estate. Developers do not take actual actions in the field of environmental compensation, which leads to lowering of the quality of greenery and public space. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Urban Design for Sustainable Built Environment)

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16 pages, 5529 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

A Systemic Approach to Simulate the Construction Process of Self-Supporting Masonry Structures

by Vittorio Paris, Giuseppe Ruscica, Carlo Olivieri and Giulio Mirabella Roberti

Sustainability 2023, 15(12), 9596; https://doi.org/10.3390/su15129596 - 15 Jun 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1263

Abstract

The building sector has a significant impact on the environment due to its unproductive and technologically outdated practices. Although digital tools have emerged as potential solutions, current building practices often lack automation and efficiency. Throughout history, several self-supporting techniques, i.e., construction methods dedicated [...] Read more.

The building sector has a significant impact on the environment due to its unproductive and technologically outdated practices. Although digital tools have emerged as potential solutions, current building practices often lack automation and efficiency. Throughout history, several self-supporting techniques, i.e., construction methods dedicated to the building of shells that do not need support during the construction works, have been developed. These techniques allow for reducing waste and minimizing construction costs. Combining self-supporting techniques and digital tools could aid the development of contemporary, highly sustainable, and efficient building practices that permit the use of alternative and sustainable materials. Building on this, the research conducted defines an approach for evaluating the balanced state of masonry structures during construction works and built using robotic technologies. The approach considers the factors that govern the stability under construction derived through studying self-supporting building techniques. The proposed approach assesses the structural state under construction, evaluating the need for temporary supports. An example of a masonry arch is provided to emphasize the importance of construction factors in sustainable building practices. Then the method is applied to a real case study. Overall, integrating self-supporting techniques with digital tools has the potential to revolutionize the building sector, and create highly sustainable and efficient practices. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Computational and Technological Advancements for Low-Carbon Structures)

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23 pages, 3903 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Smart Rural Communities: Action Research in Colombia and Mozambique

by Igor Calzada

Sustainability 2023, 15(12), 9521; https://doi.org/10.3390/su15129521 - 14 Jun 2023

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 4136

Abstract

This article contributes to the ongoing discussion on rural development programs aligning with the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) in the Global South. The research question examines how the Smart Rural Communities (SRC) framework can support the SDGs as an international cooperation model. The [...] Read more.

This article contributes to the ongoing discussion on rural development programs aligning with the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) in the Global South. The research question examines how the Smart Rural Communities (SRC) framework can support the SDGs as an international cooperation model. The article presents findings from fieldwork action research including a critical analysis of the hegemonic discourse on smart cities and provides final recommendations. Additionally, it introduces the concept of SRC. The fieldwork action research was conducted in post-conflict rural areas in Colombia’s Bolivar region and remote settlements in Mozambique’s Cabo Delgado province. Led by Ayuda En Acción in collaboration with co-operatives such as Mundukide Foundation, Alecop, and LKS from Mondragon Co-operative Corporation, these interventions aimed to engage local communities through Living Labs. They utilized Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) and social innovation to promote the well-being of rural residents. The article comprises (i) an introduction; (ii) a literature review; (iii) a presentation of the fieldwork action research in Colombia and Mozambique; (iv) findings from a SWOT analysis and policy recommendations for SRC Living Labs; (v) conclusions addressing the research question. The SRC framework offers valuable insights for international cooperation models striving to achieve the SDGs in the Global South. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Smart Cities and Smart Villages and the Global Digital Transformation: Strategy and Community Engagement)

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23 pages, 43926 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

VLAS: Vacant Land Assessment System for Urban Renewal and Greenspace Planning in Legacy Cities

by Pan Zhang and Sohyun Park

Sustainability 2023, 15(12), 9525; https://doi.org/10.3390/su15129525 - 14 Jun 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2140

Abstract

Vacant land in shrinking cities has long been associated with high crime rates and economic decline. While some efforts have been made to repurpose vacant land for tax revenue generation and temporary environmental restoration, a comprehensive framework for city-scale assessment and reprogramming remains [...] Read more.

Vacant land in shrinking cities has long been associated with high crime rates and economic decline. While some efforts have been made to repurpose vacant land for tax revenue generation and temporary environmental restoration, a comprehensive framework for city-scale assessment and reprogramming remains lacking. To address this gap, our study introduced the Vacant Land Assessment System (VLAS), a multi-scale spatial analysis and planning tool that assesses the distribution and characteristics of vacant lots using publicly available spatial data. Taking Hartford, Connecticut as a case study, we assessed and categorized the characteristics of vacant lots into four typologies: Row House, Street Corner, Commercial/Industrial, and Main Street. Responding reuse programs for those typologies were generated and one design example of vacant lot greening was also provided based on identified sustainable goals and techniques. The VLAS serves as an effective planning support tool, enabling efficient assessment, classification, and planning for urban vacancy management across city, district, neighborhood, and site scales. This multi-scale planning and design approach to repurpose vacant lots with diverse physical characteristics offers valuable insights for transforming vacant land in other shrinking legacy cities for sustainability and neighborhood revitalization. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Land Use Sustainability and Environmental Impacts in Urban Renewal)

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37 pages, 7521 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Innovative Energy-Efficient Prefabricated Movable Buildings for Smart/Co-Working: Performance Assessment upon Varying Building Configurations

by Luigi Maffei, Antonio Ciervo, Achille Perrotta, Massimiliano Masullo and Antonio Rosato

Sustainability 2023, 15(12), 9581; https://doi.org/10.3390/su15129581 - 14 Jun 2023

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1652

Abstract

Worldwide, smart/co-working spaces are growing significantly, and prefabricated movable buildings for such an application could (i) save energy, CO₂ emissions, and costs; (ii) enhance the worker’s perceived sense of surroundings; and (iii) support the rebirth of small villages with high regenerative potential. [...] Read more.

Worldwide, smart/co-working spaces are growing significantly, and prefabricated movable buildings for such an application could (i) save energy, CO₂ emissions, and costs; (ii) enhance the worker’s perceived sense of surroundings; and (iii) support the rebirth of small villages with high regenerative potential. Innovative prefabricated movable building configurations to be used as an office for smart/co-working by a maximum of 6 persons have been designed and analyzed based on simulation data. In particular, 10 case studies corresponding to building configurations differing in terms of innovative energy-efficient measures related to the building envelope (smart windows operated under various control logics) and the energy systems serving the building (photovoltaic panels, small wind turbines, and electric storages) have been modeled and simulated by applying detailed dynamic simulation models via the simulation software TRNSYS. The performance of the 10 case studies has been compared from energy, environmental, and economic points of view with respect to a baseline system characterized by conventional building envelope and energy systems, with the aim of assessing the proposed measures and identifying the most efficient configuration. The simulation results highlighted that: (i) all the proposed alternative configurations allow to save primary energy (from 10.3% up to 100%), equivalent CO₂ emissions(from 10.3% up to 100%), and operating costs (from 8.5% up to 100%) with respect to the baseline building; (ii) the building configurations including the smart windows only are not economically feasible in terms of simple pay-back (SPB) period, while the building configurations equipped with photovoltaic panels and/or electric storages and/or wind turbine represent a suitable investment thanks to an SPB lower than 15.2 years; (iii) a stand-alone building configuration for smart/co-working with energy demands totally covered by means of renewable sources can be obtained by combining smart windows, photovoltaic panels, electric storages and wind turbine. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainability in Architecture, Planning, and Design: Papers from the BEYOND ALL LIMITS 2022 Conference)

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18 pages, 514 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Assessment of the Most Appropriate Measures for Mitigation of Risks in the Agri-Food Supply Chain

by Jurgita Kuizinaitė, Mangirdas Morkūnas and Artiom Volkov

Sustainability 2023, 15(12), 9378; https://doi.org/10.3390/su15129378 - 10 Jun 2023

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2231

Abstract

The present paper embarks on an investigation of the main risks associated with agri-food supply chains. A total of 11 key risks, namely Natural disasters of a global or local scale; Workers’ strikes; Change in government regulations or safety standards; Supply chain disruptions [...] Read more.

The present paper embarks on an investigation of the main risks associated with agri-food supply chains. A total of 11 key risks, namely Natural disasters of a global or local scale; Workers’ strikes; Change in government regulations or safety standards; Supply chain disruptions due to social or political unrest; Short term raw materials or products (expiration issue); Seasonality; Food safety incidents; Lack of smooth interconnection with other chain participants and Market and pricing strategies, economic crises and seven root risks (Natural disasters of a global or local scale; Workers’ strikes; Change in government regulations or safety standards; Rapid deterioration of raw materials (expiration) due to seasonality; Food safety incidents; Fraud in the food sector; Market and pricing strategies, economic crises) are applicable to all four stages of the agri-food supply chains were identified. An expert survey together with the Best-Worst Multi Criteria Decision Making method was employed as the main research tools. The most important root risks for agri-food supply chains are natural disasters of a global or local scale; workers’ strikes; change in government regulations or safety standards; rapid deterioration of raw materials (expiration), seasonality; food safety incidents; fraud in the food sector; market and pricing strategies economic crises. The most appropriate risk mitigation measures for each of the root risks were derived and assessed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Future of Agriculture and Rural Regions from a Perspective of Sustainable Development)

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20 pages, 3245 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

A Methodological Framework to Assess Road Infrastructure Safety and Performance Efficiency in the Transition toward Cooperative Driving

by Maria Luisa Tumminello, Elżbieta Macioszek, Anna Granà and Tullio Giuffrè

Sustainability 2023, 15(12), 9345; https://doi.org/10.3390/su15129345 - 9 Jun 2023

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 1357

Abstract

There is increasing interest in connected and automated vehicles (CAVs), since their implementation will transform the nature of transportation and promote social and economic change. Transition toward cooperative driving still requires the understanding of some key questions to assess the performances of CAVs [...] Read more.

There is increasing interest in connected and automated vehicles (CAVs), since their implementation will transform the nature of transportation and promote social and economic change. Transition toward cooperative driving still requires the understanding of some key questions to assess the performances of CAVs and human-driven vehicles on roundabouts and to properly balance road safety and traffic efficiency requirements. In this view, this paper proposes a simulation-based methodological framework aiming to assess the presence of increasing proportions of CAVs on roundabouts operating at a high-capacity utilization level. A roundabout was identified in Palermo City, Italy, and built in Aimsun (version 20) to describe the stepwise methodology. The CAV-based curves of capacity by entry mechanism were developed and then used as target capacities. To calibrate the model parameters, the capacity curves were compared with the capacity data simulated by Aimsun. The impact on the safety and performance efficiency of a lane dedicated to CAVs was also examined using surrogate measures of safety. The paper ends with highlighting a general improvement with CAVs on roundabouts, and with providing some insights to assess the advantages of the automated and connected driving technologies in transitioning to smarter mobility. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Traffic Calming Measures as an Instrument for Revitalizing the Urban Environment)

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11 pages, 2209 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Ecosystem Services for the City as a Complex System: A Methodological Proposal

by Romano Fistola

Sustainability 2023, 15(12), 9318; https://doi.org/10.3390/su15129318 - 9 Jun 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1288

Abstract

Originating from the main theories on the interpretation of the city as a system, this paper calls attention to the need to build a new theoretical framework. This framework would be able to support actions related to the consideration of ecosystem services in [...] Read more.

Originating from the main theories on the interpretation of the city as a system, this paper calls attention to the need to build a new theoretical framework. This framework would be able to support actions related to the consideration of ecosystem services in the activities governing urban and territorial transformations. By adopting the systemic interpretation of the city, it may be possible to more readily identify the ecosystem services related to each of the urban subsystems, and promote a new and different consideration of them when defining urban policies on the sustainable management of urban and territorial systems. This reflection describes a new approach to the problem, by indicating mainly the theoretical references and methodological connections to be considered in the development of a new dimension of territorial government. This dimension would be, by necessity, built upon issues that characterize the current historical phase, such as ecological transition, and the new potential of technological innovation that, if properly reconsidered, could contribute to substantially redefining the field of traditional urban planning. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Spatial Planning Based on Ecosystem Services, Green Infrastructure and Nature-Based Solutions)

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26 pages, 20211 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

An Integrated Approach to Sub-Surface Water Pathways for the Sustainable Development of the Architectural Landscape of Agro-Urban Areas

by Alessandra Como, Albina Cuomo and Luisa Smeragliuolo Perrotta

Sustainability 2023, 15(12), 9208; https://doi.org/10.3390/su15129208 - 7 Jun 2023

Viewed by 1140

Abstract

This paper presents the results of multidisciplinary research which addresses the issue of sustainability within the design of urban agricultural landscapes through the joint solution of architecture and hydro-geomorphology for the management, accessibility and use of urban agricultural landscapes. If the traditional separation [...] Read more.

This paper presents the results of multidisciplinary research which addresses the issue of sustainability within the design of urban agricultural landscapes through the joint solution of architecture and hydro-geomorphology for the management, accessibility and use of urban agricultural landscapes. If the traditional separation between urban and productive land has now been overcome by the inclusion of agricultural areas within the cities, what is still under discussion is how to make its planning sustainable, especially in densely urbanized contexts. This research was developed with a methodology able to combine different types of data in order to satisfy needs relating to the availability of water for land supply and to make this landscape—both rural and urban—accessible to the city. Historical traces, interpretative insights, and hydro-geomorphological reading models of the territory were analysed. Their interweaving has made it possible to develop a prototype of a water and landscape infrastructure that combines a system for subsurface water, cycle–pedestrian paths and small-scale architecture features around the water tanks. The research has been tested in the city of Pozzuoli (NA) in Southern Italy, within the Monteruscello neighbourhood. The result led to a design solution of an integrated system which contributes to implementing the green transition within cities. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Urban Planning for Sustainable Development of Cities in the Geospatial (Big) Data ERA)

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28 pages, 1240 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Assessing the Relationship between Urban Blue-Green Infrastructure and Stress Resilience in Real Settings: A Systematic Review

by Liwen Li and Klaus W. Lange

Sustainability 2023, 15(12), 9240; https://doi.org/10.3390/su15129240 - 7 Jun 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2653

Abstract

Acute and chronic stress can have detrimental effects on health, particularly in urban environments that lack conducive elements. Optimizing the urban landscape is a preventive measure to enhance well-being and develop healthier cities. This systematic review examines the relationship between stress reduction and [...] Read more.

Acute and chronic stress can have detrimental effects on health, particularly in urban environments that lack conducive elements. Optimizing the urban landscape is a preventive measure to enhance well-being and develop healthier cities. This systematic review examines the relationship between stress reduction and urban landscapes, focusing on 19 empirical studies conducted in real urban settings. The findings highlight the physiological and psychological benefits of urban green infrastructure in promoting stress recovery. A well-designed green infrastructure that incorporates objective measurements while considering accessibility, availability, biodiversity, and cumulative effects emerged as crucial for enhancing stress resilience. However, the existing research lacks comprehensive measurements and calls for innovative approaches to ensure evidence-based health outcomes. Interdisciplinary research is needed to develop rigorous methods and tools for understanding the complex link between urban landscapes and stress reduction. This review emphasizes the need for integrating objective measurements of urban green infrastructure and considering accessibility, availability, biodiversity, and cumulative effects to foster healthier urban environments and enhance stress resilience. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Data Analysis and Data Communication for Combating the Effects of Climate Change in Cities)

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27 pages, 684 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceSystematic Review

A Systematic Literature Review of the Interplay between Renewable Energy Systems and Occupant Practices

by Troy Malatesta, Gregory M. Morrison, Jessica K. Breadsell and Christine Eon

Sustainability 2023, 15(12), 9172; https://doi.org/10.3390/su15129172 - 6 Jun 2023

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2391

Abstract

The development of renewable energy systems offers a potential solution to energy consumption in the residential sector. These systems face many barriers and challenges regarding the nature of home energy demand and behaviors of household occupants. These barriers are discussed in innovation theory, [...] Read more.

The development of renewable energy systems offers a potential solution to energy consumption in the residential sector. These systems face many barriers and challenges regarding the nature of home energy demand and behaviors of household occupants. These barriers are discussed in innovation theory, which describes how people assess new technologies. A systematic literature review of 123 journals was conducted to explore the interrelationship between energy systems, home energy demand and occupant practices. This identified key gaps in the literature and important takeaways from past research showing the limitations of renewable energy systems in integrating into everyday lives. There are numerous personal and social barriers that inhibit behavior change and limit the penetration of renewable systems. Additionally, the development of social norms and institutional rhythms have resulted in people living in a lock-in lifestyle, with limited flexibility for change. This review discusses the role of technology, consumers and policies, and how they must all interact to create a sustainable and effective energy solution to this climate emergency. The next step is to reevaluate the design of home automation and energy management systems to consider the impacts of different lifestyles and routines. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Optimization of Energy Use in Buildings)

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26 pages, 1477 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Circular Economy Management of Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment (WEEE) in Italian Urban Systems: Comparison and Perspectives

by Patrizia Ghisellini, Ivana Quinto, Renato Passaro and Sergio Ulgiati

Sustainability 2023, 15(11), 9054; https://doi.org/10.3390/su15119054 - 3 Jun 2023

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2213

Abstract

This study evaluates the current collection and recycling of Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment (WEEE) in Italy by means of the analysis of national and regional data from EUROSTAT and the Italian WEEE Coordination Centre database, as well as through qualitative interviews with [...] Read more.

This study evaluates the current collection and recycling of Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment (WEEE) in Italy by means of the analysis of national and regional data from EUROSTAT and the Italian WEEE Coordination Centre database, as well as through qualitative interviews with key stakeholders of the WEEE management system of the Campania region (Southern Italy). Urban systems, among which the metropolitan city of Naples in the Campania region, are the main users of Electrical and Electronic Equipment (EEE) and, as a consequence, the main generators of WEEE, which must be managed and recovered properly in order to prevent the loss of valuable resources and the associated environmental impacts. In addition to analysing the current state of WEEE collection and recycling in Italy and its regions and urban systems, the study aims to improve our understanding of the WEEE reverse supply chain and the main barriers and drivers to collection and recycling. The results reveal that the main barriers to the collection/delivery/recycling of WEEE resulted in the low awareness of the citizens about the importance of WEEE recovery, the lack of trust towards administrators, the lack of certified first treatment plants, the aversion of the citizens to the opening of new plants due to past inefficient solutions in solid waste management, the exploitation of high value materials only (so-called “cannibalization”, the illegal trade of WEEE, the influence of the market on the valorization of secondary materials), and, finally, the dominance of economic efficiency over the proximity advantage for the disposal of solid waste. On the other hand, the main drivers for collection emerged to be the adoption of education programmes in schools and constant communication campaigns directed to citizens in order to improve WEEE collection and recycling behaviour; the adoption of economic and non-economic incentives; the availability of municipal collection points (ecological islands) and other collection centres characterised by easy access by citizens for the delivery of their WEEE. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Towards the Ecological Transition: Urban Regeneration Models in the Circular Economy Perspective)

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18 pages, 2747 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Tracking the Transit Divide: A Multilevel Modelling Approach of Urban Inequalities and Train Ridership Disparities in Chicago

by Danial Owen, Daniel Arribas-Bel and Francisco Rowe

Sustainability 2023, 15(11), 8821; https://doi.org/10.3390/su15118821 - 30 May 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1614

Abstract

Using a multilevel modelling approach, this study investigates the impact of urban inequalities on changes to rail ridership across Chicago’s “L” stations during the pandemic, the mass vaccination rollout, and the full reopening of the city. Initially believed to have an equal impact, [...] Read more.

Using a multilevel modelling approach, this study investigates the impact of urban inequalities on changes to rail ridership across Chicago’s “L” stations during the pandemic, the mass vaccination rollout, and the full reopening of the city. Initially believed to have an equal impact, COVID-19 disproportionally impacted the ability of lower socioeconomic status (SES) neighbourhoods’ to adhere to non-pharmaceutical interventions: working-from-home and social distancing. We find that “L” stations in predominately Black or African American and Hispanic or Latino neighbourhoods with high industrial land-use recorded the smallest behavioural change. The maintenance of higher public transport use at these stations is likely to have exacerbated existing health inequalities, worsening disparities in users’ risk of exposure, infection rates, and mortality rates. This study also finds that the vaccination rollout and city reopening did not significantly increase the number of users at stations in higher vaccinated, higher private vehicle ownership neighbourhoods, even after a year into the pandemic. A better understanding of the spatial and socioeconomic determinants of changes in ridership behaviour is crucial for policymakers in adjusting service routes and frequencies that will sustain reliant neighbourhoods’ access to essential services, and to encourage trips at stations which are the most impacted to revert the trend of declining public transport use. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue COVID-19 and Urban Inequalities: Spatial and Digital Dimensions)

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23 pages, 8012 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Energy Schedule Setting Based on Clustering Algorithm and Pattern Recognition for Non-Residential Buildings Electricity Energy Consumption

by Yu Cui, Zishang Zhu, Xudong Zhao and Zhaomeng Li

Sustainability 2023, 15(11), 8750; https://doi.org/10.3390/su15118750 - 29 May 2023

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 1172

Abstract

Building energy modelling (BEM) is crucial for achieving energy conservation in buildings, but occupant energy-related behaviour is often oversimplified in traditional engineering simulation methods and thus causes a significant deviation between energy prediction and actual consumption. Moreover, the conventional fixed schedule-setting method is [...] Read more.

Building energy modelling (BEM) is crucial for achieving energy conservation in buildings, but occupant energy-related behaviour is often oversimplified in traditional engineering simulation methods and thus causes a significant deviation between energy prediction and actual consumption. Moreover, the conventional fixed schedule-setting method is not applicable to the recently developed data-driven BEM which requires a more flexible and data-related multi-timescales schedule-setting method to boost its performance. In this paper, a data-based schedule setting method is developed by applying K-medoid clustering with Principal Component Analysis (PCA) dimensional reduction and Dynamic Time Warping (DTW) distance measurement to a comprehensive building energy historical dataset, partitioning the data into three different time scales to explore energy usage profile patterns. The Year–Month data were partitioned into two clusters; the Week–Day data were partitioned into three clusters; the Day–Hour data were partitioned into two clusters, and the schedule-setting matrix was developed based on the clustering result. We have compared the performance of the proposed data-driven schedule-setting matrix with default settings and calendar data using a single-layer neural network (NN) model. The findings show that for the data-driven predictive BEM, the clustering results-based data-driven schedule setting performs significantly better than the conventional fixed schedule setting (with a 25.7% improvement) and is more advantageous than the calendar data (with a 9.2% improvement). In conclusion, this study demonstrates that a data-related multi-timescales schedule matrix setting method based on cluster results of building energy profiles can be more suitable for data-driven BEM establishment and can improve the data-driven BEMs performance. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Future-Proofing of Heating and Cooling in Buildings: Heat Pumps, Passive Measures, and Low-Carbon Interventions)

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19 pages, 24354 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Monitoring Urban Happiness through Interactive Chorems

by Pietro Battistoni, Marco Romano, Monica Sebillo and Giuliana Vitiello

Sustainability 2023, 15(11), 8733; https://doi.org/10.3390/su15118733 - 29 May 2023

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1770

Abstract

The Sustainable Development Goals laid out in the UN 2030 Agenda, particularly Goal 11, which seeks to create inclusive, safe, resilient, and sustainable cities and human settlements, call on researchers, businesses, and public administrations to address the mounting challenges of urban planning and [...] Read more.

The Sustainable Development Goals laid out in the UN 2030 Agenda, particularly Goal 11, which seeks to create inclusive, safe, resilient, and sustainable cities and human settlements, call on researchers, businesses, and public administrations to address the mounting challenges of urban planning and to leverage them with a tool to enhance the well-being of citizens. This study demonstrates how chorematic maps can facilitate the comprehension of urban planning objectives and their relationship with the mental well-being of residents. To this end, a fresh set of chorems is proposed, which aims to depict the features and components of the urban environment that can affect happiness and, consequently, mental well-being. This research presents various examples of the application of the suggested chorems in an urban setting, which illustrates how they can be employed by experts and citizens alike and thereby can serve as a means to motivate administrators, technicians, and the public to engage with and live in their city with greater mindfulness and involvement. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Urban Planning for Sustainable Development of Cities in the Geospatial (Big) Data ERA)

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13 pages, 4030 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

New Technique for Monitoring High Nature Value Farmland (HNVF) in Basilicata

by Costanza Fiorentino, Paola D’Antonio, Francesco Toscano, Angelo Donvito and Felice Modugno

Sustainability 2023, 15(10), 8377; https://doi.org/10.3390/su15108377 - 22 May 2023

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1615

Abstract

The definition of High Nature Value Farmland Areas (HNVF) was provided by Andersen in 2003: “HNVF comprises those areas in Europe where agriculture is the major (usually the dominant) land use and where that agriculture supports or is associated with either a high [...] Read more.

The definition of High Nature Value Farmland Areas (HNVF) was provided by Andersen in 2003: “HNVF comprises those areas in Europe where agriculture is the major (usually the dominant) land use and where that agriculture supports or is associated with either a high species and habitat diversity, or the presence of species of European conservation concern or both”. The present work focuses on an overview of the techniques used to produce HNVF maps at different spatio-temporal resolutions. The proposed approach is based on the statistical approach. The study area is the Basilicata region (southern Italy) in 2012, mapped at municipal spatial resolution. The HNVF areas were identified by applying a threshold to the sum of the contributions of the main characterizing indicators. Three indicators contribute to the calculation of the HNVF areas: crop variability (CD Index), extensive practices (EP Index), and the presence of natural elements (Index Ne). Good agreement was found between our HNVF map and the results of the literature, although the analysis approaches were different. The main advantages of the proposed methodology derive from only free input data being used, and include remote sensing images and the adaptability to different spatial resolutions (local, regional, and national). Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Sustainable Agriculture)

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13 pages, 2608 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Occurrence and Assessment of Organic Pollutants Residues in the Aquatic Environment of the Coastal Sediments

by Sadeq Abdullah Abdo Alkhadher, Suhaimi Suratman and Mohamad Pauzi Zakaria

Sustainability 2023, 15(10), 8365; https://doi.org/10.3390/su15108365 - 22 May 2023

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1798

Abstract

The current study aimed to monitor organic pollution on island and coastal environments using linear alkylbenzene (LAB). The aquatic environment is affected by the hazardous chemicals discharged through domestic and industrial waste. The distribution, composition, and sources of LABs in the sediments of [...] Read more.

The current study aimed to monitor organic pollution on island and coastal environments using linear alkylbenzene (LAB). The aquatic environment is affected by the hazardous chemicals discharged through domestic and industrial waste. The distribution, composition, and sources of LABs in the sediments of Port Dickson coast and Pulau Merambong were identified using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS). Chains ranging from long to short (L/S), C₁₃/C₁₂ homologs, and internal to external (I/E) congeners were used to define the degradation rate of LABs and the efficacy of wastewater treatment plants. The results of this study revealed that the concentration of LABs in the sites under investigation varied from 67.4 in Pulau Merambong to 255.8 ng g⁻¹dw, in Port Dickson. The LAB homologs had a significant difference and a significant percentage of sampling stations had C₁₃-LAB homologs. According to the determined LAB ratios (I/E), which ranged from 1.6 in Pulau Merambong to 4.1 in Port Dickson, treated effluents from primary and secondary inputs are being introduced into the aquatic ecosystem of these areas. The degradation of LABs was up to 64% in the interrogated locations. The conclusion is that the wastewater treatment system needs to be improved, and that LAB molecular markers are highly effective in tracing anthropogenic sewage contamination. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in the Sustainable Reuse of Sediments in Crop Production: Agronomic, Environmental, and Legal Issues)

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17 pages, 9545 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Architectural Heritage Indoor Comfort after Retrofit Works: The Case Study of S. Vito Church in L’Aquila, Italy

by Mariangela De Vita, Marianna Rotilio, Chiara Marchionni and Pierluigi De Berardinis

Sustainability 2023, 15(10), 8239; https://doi.org/10.3390/su15108239 - 18 May 2023

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 1380

Abstract

The performance redevelopment of Architectural Heritage is a current research topic, in particular for the impact on energy saving and, consequently, on the comfort management of historical buildings. In order to evaluate the energy performance of the built environment and to optimize it [...] Read more.

The performance redevelopment of Architectural Heritage is a current research topic, in particular for the impact on energy saving and, consequently, on the comfort management of historical buildings. In order to evaluate the energy performance of the built environment and to optimize it in the retrofit, the way of using the heritage structures is fundamental. In particular, the retrofit in religious buildings through the installation of a new heating system often modifies the original microclimate of the internal environment without guaranteeing adequate comfort conditions, due to the peculiarities of these artifacts way of use and to their geometric and construction features. This contribution illustrates analysis on the internal comfort of a church after the retrofit intervention, which has shown energetic and comfort critical issues in relation to the discontinuous use type of the structure. The results of the analysis on the case-study, the church of San Vito in L’Aquila, have shown that the use of systems that exploit the thermal mass is not always sustainable and that it is before essential to in-depth investigate the fruition mode of the environments in order to identify suitable retrofit strategies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Optimization and Evaluation of Climate Responsive Design Solutions for Buildings and Cities)

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19 pages, 3520 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Unexpected Challenges in the Modular Construction Implementation: Are UK Contractors Ready?

by Niraj Thurairajah, Akila Rathnasinghe, Mehvish Ali and Shashwat Shashwat

Sustainability 2023, 15(10), 8105; https://doi.org/10.3390/su15108105 - 16 May 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 4568

Abstract

Despite the growing attention given to modular construction in the UK, a lack of investigation into the practical challenges and limitations experienced by contractors has been noted. Hence, this study aims to critically assess the feasibility of volumetric modular construction from the perspective [...] Read more.

Despite the growing attention given to modular construction in the UK, a lack of investigation into the practical challenges and limitations experienced by contractors has been noted. Hence, this study aims to critically assess the feasibility of volumetric modular construction from the perspective of contractors who have applied this method in real-world projects. The study adopted a qualitative research approach using a case study technique and selected two modular construction projects in Newcastle upon Tyne, UK, as case studies. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with nine professionals from the contracting organisations involved in these projects in addition to project document reviews from the selected cases and data analysis using a content analysis approach. The study found that while modular construction can be costly, it is appreciated by contractors for its ability to reduce construction schedules and save costs. However, program delays, skill gaps, and reduced design flexibility pose significant challenges. This study offers unique insights into the practical challenges and limitations of volumetric modular construction and provides recommendations for improvement. Its contribution to the body of knowledge is significant as it sheds light on the trade-offs involved in using modular construction and highlights the need for further research to enhance its application in real-world projects. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Shifting Construction: Advancing Sustainability through Prefabrication)

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12 pages, 1734 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Farmer Adoption of Climate-Smart Practices Is Driven by Farm Characteristics, Information Sources, and Practice Benefits and Challenges

by Devon Johnson, Maya Almaraz, Jessica Rudnick, Lauren E. Parker, Steven M. Ostoja and Sat Darshan S. Khalsa

Sustainability 2023, 15(10), 8083; https://doi.org/10.3390/su15108083 - 16 May 2023

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2980

Abstract

Agriculture plays an important role in mitigation and adaptation to climate change. Yet, advances in climate-smart agriculture require a better understanding of farmer adoption. This exploratory paper uncovered differences that distinguish High, Moderate, and Low adopters of climate-smart practices. Our study utilized 952 [...] Read more.

Agriculture plays an important role in mitigation and adaptation to climate change. Yet, advances in climate-smart agriculture require a better understanding of farmer adoption. This exploratory paper uncovered differences that distinguish High, Moderate, and Low adopters of climate-smart practices. Our study utilized 952 in-person surveys of California farmers with a focus on mitigation and adaptation practices, along with farm characteristics, information sources, and practice benefits and challenges. Specifically, farmers with larger parcels were more likely to be High adopters, and farmers with access to only one water source were more likely to be Low adopters. There was no significant difference found between Moderate and High adopters’ use of any information sources. The ranking of different information sources changed between groups. Furthermore, there was no significant difference in the rate of Moderate and High adopters’ consideration of practice benefits. All groups identified practice uncertainty as the greatest challenge, with a significant difference between Moderate and High adopters. Our results demonstrate where differences occur between farmer adopter groups and by extension provide insights into where to target outreach efforts to promote the adoption of climate-smart practices in California agriculture. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Climate Change Mitigation and Adaptation in Sustainable Agriculture)

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22 pages, 4969 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Eight Traffic Calming “Easy Pieces” to Shape the Everyday Pedestrian Realm

by Giuseppe Cantisani, Maria Vittoria Corazza, Paola Di Mascio and Laura Moretti

Sustainability 2023, 15(10), 7880; https://doi.org/10.3390/su15107880 - 11 May 2023

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2496

Abstract

The need for safe pedestrian movement implies subtracting and modifying space dedicated to vehicles, especially in urban areas. Traffic control measures aim to reduce or modify the width of the carriageway and force the correct use of the space by pedestrians through two [...] Read more.

The need for safe pedestrian movement implies subtracting and modifying space dedicated to vehicles, especially in urban areas. Traffic control measures aim to reduce or modify the width of the carriageway and force the correct use of the space by pedestrians through two approaches: the former is hard and includes physical barriers and the latter is soft and induces psychological fashion effects on the drivers. This paper presents vertical and horizontal devices integrated by landscaping, planting, or other similar works to slow motor vehicle speed, narrow traffic lanes, and/or create smaller distances for pedestrian crossings. Mobility and boundary issues are considered to discuss their warrants and potential impacts. Indeed, the effects of speed or volume treatments should be investigated through a comprehensive multicriteria analysis without overlooking pedestrian level of service, access and connectivity to residents and emergency vehicles, drainage and snow issues, loss of on-street parking lots, and environmental goals in terms of noise and emissions to air reduction. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Traffic Calming Measures as an Instrument for Revitalizing the Urban Environment)

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24 pages, 5157 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Using Time-Series Generative Adversarial Networks to Synthesize Sensing Data for Pest Incidence Forecasting on Sustainable Agriculture

by Chen-Yu Tai, Wun-Jhe Wang and Yueh-Min Huang

Sustainability 2023, 15(10), 7834; https://doi.org/10.3390/su15107834 - 10 May 2023

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 3037

Abstract

A sufficient amount of data is crucial for high-performance and accurate trend prediction. However, it is difficult and time-consuming to collect agricultural data over long periods of time; the consequence of such difficulty is datasets that are characterized by missing data. In this [...] Read more.

A sufficient amount of data is crucial for high-performance and accurate trend prediction. However, it is difficult and time-consuming to collect agricultural data over long periods of time; the consequence of such difficulty is datasets that are characterized by missing data. In this study we use a time-series generative adversarial network (TimeGAN) to synthesize multivariate agricultural sensing data and train RNN (Recurrent Neural Network), LSTM (Long Short-Term Memory), and GRU (Gated Recurrent Unit) neural network prediction models on the original and generated data to predict future pest populations. After our experiment, the data generated using TimeGAN and the original data have the smallest EC value in the GRU model, which is 9.86. The results show that the generative model effectively synthesizes multivariate agricultural sensing data and can be used to make up for the lack of actual data. The pest prediction model trained on synthetic data using time-series data generation yields results that are similar to that of the model trained on actual data. Accurate prediction of pest populations would represent a breakthrough in allowing for accurate and timely pest control. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Crop Plants Protection: Implications for Pest and Disease Control)

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12 pages, 2356 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Almonds By-Product Microcrystalline Cellulose as Stucco for Wooden Artifacts

by Giulia D’Agostino, Rosalia Merra, Francesco Sottile, Giuseppe Lazzara and Maurizio Bruno

Sustainability 2023, 15(10), 7800; https://doi.org/10.3390/su15107800 - 10 May 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1532

Abstract

Over the years in the field of conservation of cultural heritage, a wide use of traditional products for the plastic reintegration of wooden artifacts has been seen. However, they are usually not designed for this purpose. The present study also shows, in terms [...] Read more.

Over the years in the field of conservation of cultural heritage, a wide use of traditional products for the plastic reintegration of wooden artifacts has been seen. However, they are usually not designed for this purpose. The present study also shows, in terms of material compatibility, the material most suited for wood restoration, cellulose pulp, from the perspective of a new green approach of reusing waste. Indeed, microcellulose was obtained by simple alkaline treatment from softwood almond shells. In particular, Prunus dulcis Miller (D.A.) Webb. was considered an agro-industrial waste largely available in southern Italy. To value the possibility of using this material in a circular economy framework, a microcellulosic material was used, by adding different binders, to manufacture several stuccos to utilize as wood consolidants. Successively, in order to obtain stuccos with biocidal properties against fungal colonization or insect infestation, to which wooden artifacts are often exposed, cellulose pulp was combined with the essential oil of Thymus capitaus (L.) Hoffmanns. & Link., whose biological properties have been largely reported. The physical flexion properties of all new materials were tested. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Strengthening the Circular Economy: The Reuse of Agri-Food Waste)

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15 pages, 1502 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Integrating Environmental and Social Dimensions with Science-Based Knowledge for a Sustainable Pesticides Management—A Project of Lombardy Region in Italy

by Maura Calliera, Andrea Di Guardo, Alba L’Astorina, Maurizio Polli, Antonio Finizio and Ettore Capri

Sustainability 2023, 15(10), 7843; https://doi.org/10.3390/su15107843 - 10 May 2023

Viewed by 1524

Abstract

Achieving a change towards the sustainable use and management of pesticides requires a multiple perspective approach that combines traditional knowledge, experience of different local stakeholders, scientific expertise, and context-specific data to provide useful and understandable information for the target farmers. In this paper, [...] Read more.

Achieving a change towards the sustainable use and management of pesticides requires a multiple perspective approach that combines traditional knowledge, experience of different local stakeholders, scientific expertise, and context-specific data to provide useful and understandable information for the target farmers. In this paper, the incorporation of the information on environmental and social dimensions into a “science-based” pesticide management practice is presented as an example of a replicable multidisciplinary approach. This approach depicts the importance of the context-specific scenario analysis and of the involvement of farmers starting from their practices and their knowledge. A diverse range of engagement initiatives have been adopted to consult, inform, and involve the community. Tools as target guidelines of good practices, self-evaluation checklists, and a user-friendly indicator that considers social, environmental, and territorial parameters of the specific area, gained a lot of interest and trust and have proven to be useful in disseminating the methodology of environmental risk assessment to farmers, supporting and assisting them in the comparison of different phytosanitary strategies at farm scale to identify weaknesses in their current pesticide management at farm level and to find corresponding corrective actions. The experience also highlighted the importance of the role of properly trained and informed advisors. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Sustainable Agriculture)

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19 pages, 7586 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Predictive Modeling and Computer Vision-Based Decision Support to Optimize Resource Use in Vertical Farms

by KC Shasteen and Murat Kacira

Sustainability 2023, 15(10), 7812; https://doi.org/10.3390/su15107812 - 10 May 2023

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2127

Abstract

This study evaluated several decision-support tools that can be used to create a control system capable of taking advantage of fluctuations in the price of resources and improving the energy use efficiency of growing crops in vertical farms. A mechanistic model was updated [...] Read more.

This study evaluated several decision-support tools that can be used to create a control system capable of taking advantage of fluctuations in the price of resources and improving the energy use efficiency of growing crops in vertical farms. A mechanistic model was updated and calibrated for use in vertical farm environments. This model was also validated under changing environmental conditions with acceptable agreement with empirical observations for the scenarios considered in this study. It was also demonstrated that lettuce plants use carbon dioxide (CO₂) more efficiently later in their development, producing around 22% more biomass during high CO₂ conditions during the fourth-week post-transplant than in the first week. A feedback mechanism using top-projected canopy area (TPCA) was evaluated for its ability to correlate with and provide remote biomass estimations. It was shown that for a given set of constant environmental conditions, a scaling factor of 0.21 g cm⁻² allowed the TPCA to serve as a rough proxy for biomass in the period prior to canopy closure. The TPCA also was able to show deviation from expected growth under changing CO₂ concentrations, justifying its use as a feedback metric. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Crop Production and Management: The Perspective of Controlled Environment Agriculture)

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17 pages, 3211 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

An Interesting Relationship between the Insecticidal Potential of Simarouba sp. in the Biology of Diamondback Moth

by Silvana Aparecida de Souza, Isabella Maria Pompeu Monteiro Padial, Alberto Domingues, Juliana Rosa Carrijo Mauad, Anelise Samara Nazari Formagio, Jaqueline Ferreira Campos, José Bruno Malaquias and Rosilda Mara Mussury

Sustainability 2023, 15(10), 7759; https://doi.org/10.3390/su15107759 - 9 May 2023

Viewed by 1800

Abstract

Alternative methods of insect management are an important field of study for agriculture. The current study aimed to determine the effect of aqueous extracts from Simarouba sp. (AE-S) on the biology of Plutella xylostella and to determine the toxicity of the extract to [...] Read more.

Alternative methods of insect management are an important field of study for agriculture. The current study aimed to determine the effect of aqueous extracts from Simarouba sp. (AE-S) on the biology of Plutella xylostella and to determine the toxicity of the extract to the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans (an important in vivo alternative assay system for toxicological study). Lyophilized AE-S was chemically investigated by Ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS). We evaluated the effect of the botanical extract on the life cycle of P. xylostella, from larval stage to adult stage, at concentrations of 10%, 5%, 1%, 0.1%, 0.05%, and 0.01% and a control. Subsequently, we analyzed the toxicity of the extract in an in vivo model. AE-S showed high amount of phenolic and flavonoid compounds. Six compounds were identified based on UHPLC-MS/MS analysis, including flavanone, kaempferol, 4,5-dimethoxycanthin-6-one, 11-acetylamarolide, ailanthinone, and glaucarubinone. The median lethal time for P. xylostella was estimated to be 96 h in all concentrations of AE-S, and at 120 h, 100% of the individuals were dead. Larvae exposed to AE-S at concentrations of 0.01, 0.05, and 0.1% showed a reduction in leaf area consumption, underdevelopment, and reductions in movement and pupal biomass. The lowest concentrations of AE-S (0.1%, 0.05%, and 0.01%) did not cause mortality in nematodes. Thus, the aqueous extract of Simarouba sp. could be an effective control tool because it mainly acts in the larval stage, the stage at which the insect causes damage to brassicaceae. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biological Pest Control and Sustainable Agricultural Development)

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20 pages, 4933 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Life Cycle Assessment for Geopolymer Concrete Bricks Using Brown Coal Fly Ash

by Jingxuan Zhang, Sarah Fernando, David W. Law, Chamila Gunasekara, Sujeeva Setunge, Malindu Sandanayake and Guomin Zhang

Sustainability 2023, 15(9), 7718; https://doi.org/10.3390/su15097718 - 8 May 2023

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2838

Abstract

Traditionally, the construction industry has predominantly used Portland cement (PC) to manufacture bricks, as it is one of the most-commonly available building materials. However, the employment of waste industrial material for brick production can lead to a significant improvement in terms of sustainability [...] Read more.

Traditionally, the construction industry has predominantly used Portland cement (PC) to manufacture bricks, as it is one of the most-commonly available building materials. However, the employment of waste industrial material for brick production can lead to a significant improvement in terms of sustainability within the construction sector. Geopolymer bricks made from brown coal fly ash, a promising industrial waste by-product, serve as a potential alternative. Conducting a life cycle assessment (LCA), this study thoroughly evaluated the entire manufacturing process’s environmental impact, from source material acquisition and transportation to brick manufacturing, distribution, usage, and end-of-life, for brown coal bricks as compared to PC bricks. The LCA of the brown coal bricks revealed that their primary environmental impacts stemmed from the raw material manufacturing and usage, while exhibiting substantial reductions in ozone depletion, water depletion, and metal depletion. These findings highlighted the environmental advantages of the brown coal bricks and their potential to revolutionize sustainable construction practices. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Innovations in Construction Industry towards Sustainable Future: Implementation, Assessment and Opportunities)

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14 pages, 4176 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Effects of Urban Planning on Ecosystem Services: The Umbria Region Seismic Crater

by Chiara Cattani, Cristina Montaldi, Gianni Di Pietro and Francesco Zullo

Sustainability 2023, 15(9), 7674; https://doi.org/10.3390/su15097674 - 7 May 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1733

Abstract

The earthquake in central Italy in 2016 led to a profound urban and natural landscape transformation. The role of territorial planning in this kind of situation is extremely important because it allows the orientation of future settlement choices through appropriate interpretative keys of [...] Read more.

The earthquake in central Italy in 2016 led to a profound urban and natural landscape transformation. The role of territorial planning in this kind of situation is extremely important because it allows the orientation of future settlement choices through appropriate interpretative keys of the existing territorial dynamics. This work aims to analyze the effects of the planning choices made in the post-earthquake period in the seismic crater municipalities of the Umbria region. Using the InVEST models, these studies regard the comparison of the effects of in-force plans on ecosystem services such as habitat quality and carbon storage. The data about the mosaic of the municipal urban planning tools are derived from specific actions produced under two LIFE projects (SUNLIFE and IMAGINE). The comparison makes it possible to identify how and to what extent the transformative scenarios, linked to the new condition, change the spatial planning compared to the previous one and the effects on the provision of ecosystem services. The knowledge of the latter aspect allows optimization of the methods of urban transformation that will be implemented. Moreover, this process of optimizing the provision of essential ecosystem services could certainly play a key role in the enhancement and economic recovery of these areas. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Spatial Planning Based on Ecosystem Services, Green Infrastructure and Nature-Based Solutions)

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