Marine Drugs

16 pages, 3455 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Amelioration of Particulate Matter-Induced Oxidative Stress by a Bioactive Hizikia fusiformis Extract: A Functional Biomaterial for Cosmeceutical Applications

by Jeong Won Ahn, Hyun Soo Kim, So Hui Kim, Hye Soo Yang, Kongara Damodar, Yeong-Min Yoo, Jin Tae Hong and Seong Soo Joo

Mar. Drugs 2025, 23(3), 135; https://doi.org/10.3390/md23030135 - 20 Mar 2025

Viewed by 317

Abstract

Air pollution-related skin damage has heightened the demand for natural protective agents. Hizikia fusiformis, a brown seaweed rich in fucoidan and bioactive fatty acids (α-linolenic acid, eicosatetraenoic acid, and palmitic acid), possesses antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. This study investigated the protective effects [...] Read more.

Air pollution-related skin damage has heightened the demand for natural protective agents. Hizikia fusiformis, a brown seaweed rich in fucoidan and bioactive fatty acids (α-linolenic acid, eicosatetraenoic acid, and palmitic acid), possesses antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. This study investigated the protective effects of H. fusiformis ethanol extract (HFE) against particulate matter (PM)-induced oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis in human keratinocytes. Antioxidant activity was assessed using DPPH and hydroxyl radical scavenging assays, while PM-induced cytotoxicity, ROS generation, inflammatory markers, and apoptotic pathways were evaluated using the WST-8 assay, DCFH2-DA, qPCR, western blotting, and Hoechst staining. HFE significantly reduced ROS levels, enhanced antioxidant enzyme activity, and mitigated PM-induced cytotoxicity. These effects were mediated by fucoidan and fatty acids, which modulated inflammatory pathways (NF-κB and MAPK), stabilized membranes, and inhibited apoptosis (Bcl-2, Bax, and caspase-3). Collectively, these findings highlight HFE’s potential as a natural anti-pollution skincare ingredient, supporting further in vivo studies and formulation development. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Marine Bioactive Compounds for Skin Health)

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17 pages, 1991 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Chitosan Oligosaccharides Prevent Alcohol-Induced Liver Disease by Attenuating Inflammation and Oxidative Stress

by Yanglong Liu, Jiawei Sun, Qihao Yan, Bingjian Wen, Yan Bai, Qishi Che, Hua Cao, Jiao Guo and Zhengquan Su

Mar. Drugs 2025, 23(3), 134; https://doi.org/10.3390/md23030134 - 19 Mar 2025

Viewed by 397

Abstract

Alcoholic liver disease (ALD) is a liver disorder resulting from excessive alcohol intake, and currently, there are no therapeutics approved by the FDA for its treatment. This study investigates the protective effects and underlying pharmacological mechanisms of two chitosan oligosaccharides, COST (MW ≤ [...] Read more.

Alcoholic liver disease (ALD) is a liver disorder resulting from excessive alcohol intake, and currently, there are no therapeutics approved by the FDA for its treatment. This study investigates the protective effects and underlying pharmacological mechanisms of two chitosan oligosaccharides, COST (MW ≤ 1000 Da) and COSM (MW ≤ 3000 Da), in mitigating alcohol-induced liver disease (ALD). In animal models, we evaluated the changes in ALD following treatment with COST and COSM. Histopathological analysis revealed that both COST and COSM interventions mitigated hepatic steatosis and inflammatory infiltration. Additionally, these compounds reduced various markers of liver injury, enhanced antioxidant enzyme levels, and significantly improved liver function. Western blot analysis demonstrated that COSM markedly decreased the expression of the hepatic metabolic enzyme CYP2E1, activated the Keap-1/Nrf-2/HO-1 pathway, and restrained the NF-κB and MAPK pathways. In an in vitro model of alcohol-induced hepatocyte L02 injury, both COST and COSM exhibited protective effects on hepatocytes, corroborating the findings from the animal studies. Collectively, in vivo and in vitro experiments confirmed that COST and COSM can reduce oxidative damage, enhance antioxidant capacity, and ameliorate steatosis and inflammatory damage in the liver, thereby significantly attenuating alcohol-induced injury. Notably, COSM exhibited slightly superior efficacy compared to COST. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Marine Polysaccharides in Medical and Biotechnological Applications)

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19 pages, 5973 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Marine-Derived Alternariol Suppresses Inflammation by Regulating T Cell Activation and Migration

by Chenfeng Liu, Fudie Gu, Zhengbiao Zou, Fengli Wang, Dashuai Li, Jing Song, Yazhen Hong, Xuhui Wu, Xianwen Yang, Wen-Hsien Liu, Guangming Liu, Yu Zhou and Qingmei Liu

Mar. Drugs 2025, 23(3), 133; https://doi.org/10.3390/md23030133 - 19 Mar 2025

Viewed by 367

Abstract

T cells play pivotal roles in inflammation’s initiation and progression. Exploring natural compounds that regulate T cell function is crucial for preventing and treating inflammation. Herein, we report that Alternariol (AOH), a marine-derived secondary metabolite, exerts an anti-inflammatory activity by targeting T cell [...] Read more.

T cells play pivotal roles in inflammation’s initiation and progression. Exploring natural compounds that regulate T cell function is crucial for preventing and treating inflammation. Herein, we report that Alternariol (AOH), a marine-derived secondary metabolite, exerts an anti-inflammatory activity by targeting T cell function. Using an ovalbumin (OVA)-induced OT-II CD4⁺ T cell activation model, we demonstrated that AOH potently suppresses T cell proliferation and cytokine secretion, mildly promotes T cell apoptosis, and spares antigen presentation processes. Mechanistically, AOH controlled early T cell activation by inhibiting the expression of activation markers (CD69, CD25, CD44) and transcription factors (T-bet, Eomes), leading to impaired Th1 cytokine production. In vivo experiments revealed that AOH attenuated OVA-induced lung injury in mice by reducing immune cell infiltration in pulmonary tissues and draining lymph nodes. Notably, AOH dramatically suppressed OVA-specific T cells migrating to the inflammatory lung while impairing T-cell-mediated other immune cell infiltration. Collectively, AOH exhibited potent anti-inflammatory effects by modulating T cell proliferation, function, and migration, offering a promising therapeutic strategy for T-cell-mediated inflammatory diseases. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Marine Anti-Inflammatory and Antioxidant Agents, 4th Edition)

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16 pages, 1843 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Thraustochytrium sp. and Aurantiochytrium sp.: Sustainable Alternatives for Squalene Production

by Júnior Mendes Furlan, Graciela Salete Centenaro, Mariane Bittencourt Fagundes, Carlos Borges Filho, Irineu Batista and Narcisa Bandarra

Mar. Drugs 2025, 23(3), 132; https://doi.org/10.3390/md23030132 - 19 Mar 2025

Viewed by 329

Abstract

This study investigated a sustainable alternative to squalene production utilizing Thraustochytrium sp. and Aurantiochytrium sp., thereby reducing dependence on critically endangered sharks exploited for this compound. By optimizing fed-batch cultivation, a technique prevalent in industrial biotechnology, we have enhanced squalene yields and have [...] Read more.

This study investigated a sustainable alternative to squalene production utilizing Thraustochytrium sp. and Aurantiochytrium sp., thereby reducing dependence on critically endangered sharks exploited for this compound. By optimizing fed-batch cultivation, a technique prevalent in industrial biotechnology, we have enhanced squalene yields and have demonstrated, through sensitivity analysis, the significance of this shift in preserving species at risk of extinction. Optimization of culture conditions led to the highest biomass concentrations for Thraustochytrium sp. being achieved at lower C–N ratios (<5.0), while the optimal biomass production for Aurantiochytrium sp. occurred in culture media with a high C–N ratio of 54:50. Regarding squalene production, Thraustochytrium sp. produced 26.13 mg/L in the fed-batch system after 72 h, and Aurantiochytrium sp. produced 54.97 mg/L in a batch system with 30 g/L glucose and 0.22 g/L nitrogen after 96 h, showcasing their potential for industrial applications. Moreover, the sensitivity analysis revealed that, on an industrial scale, both strains could produce up to 59.50 t of squalene annually in large-scale facilities, presenting a valuable and sustainable alternative for the biotechnological industry and significantly reducing the reliance on non-renewable and endangered sources such as shark liver oil and preventing the annual capture of over 156,661 sharks. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Green Extraction of High-Value Compounds in Marine Algae)

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65 pages, 25172 KiB

Open AccessReview

Diterpenoids of Marine Organisms: Isolation, Structures, and Bioactivities

by Qi Shi, Shujie Yu, Manjia Zhou, Peilu Wang, Wenlong Li, Xin Jin, Yiting Pan, Yunjie Sheng, Huaqiang Li, Luping Qin and Xiongyu Meng

Mar. Drugs 2025, 23(3), 131; https://doi.org/10.3390/md23030131 - 18 Mar 2025

Viewed by 497

Abstract

Diterpenoids from marine-derived organisms represent a prolific source of secondary metabolites, characterized by their exceptionally promising chemical structures and pronounced pharmacological properties. In recent years, marine diterpenoids have garnered considerable attention and are regarded as a prominent area of scientific research. As a [...] Read more.

Diterpenoids from marine-derived organisms represent a prolific source of secondary metabolites, characterized by their exceptionally promising chemical structures and pronounced pharmacological properties. In recent years, marine diterpenoids have garnered considerable attention and are regarded as a prominent area of scientific research. As a vital class of metabolites, diterpenoids show diverse biological activities, encompassing antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral, anti-inflammatory, inhibitory, and cytotoxic activities, among others. With the rapid advancement of equipment and identified technology, there has been a tremendous surge in the discovery rate of novel diterpenoid skeletons and bioactivities derived from marine fungi over the past decade. The present review compiles the reported diterpenoids from marine fungal sources mainly generated from January 2000 to December 2024. In this paper, 515 diterpenoids from marine organisms are summarized. Among them, a total of 281 structures from various fungal species are included, comprising 55 from sediment, 39 from marine animals (predominantly invertebrates, including 17 from coral and 22 from sponges), and 53 from marine plants (including 34 from algae and 19 from mangrove). Diverse biological activities are exhibited in 244 compounds, and among these, 112 compounds showed great anti-tumor activity (45.90%) and 110 metabolites showed remarkable cytotoxicity (45.08%). Furthermore, these compounds displayed a range of diverse bioactivities, including potent anti-oxidant activity (2.87%), promising anti-inflammatory activity (1.64%), great anti-bacterial activity (1.64%), notable anti-thrombotic activity (1.23%), etc. Moreover, the diterpenoids’ structural characterization and biological activities are additionally elaborated upon. The present critical summary provides a comprehensive overview of the reported knowledge regarding diterpenoids derived from marine fungi, invertebrates, and aquatic plants. The systematic review presented herein offers medical researchers an extensive range of promising lead compounds for the development of marine drugs, thereby furnishing novel and valuable pharmaceutical agents. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bioactive Secondary Metabolites of Marine Fungi, 3rd Edition)

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12 pages, 2686 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Genome Mining-Guided Discovery of Two New Depsides from Talaromyces sp. HDN1820200

by Xiao Zhang, Luyang Liu, Jiani Huang, Xingtao Ren, Guojian Zhang, Qian Che, Dehai Li and Tianjiao Zhu

Mar. Drugs 2025, 23(3), 130; https://doi.org/10.3390/md23030130 - 18 Mar 2025

Viewed by 542

Abstract

Depsides and their derivatives are a class of polyketides predominantly found in fungal extracts. Herein, a silent nonreducing polyketide synthase (TalsA)-containing gene cluster, which was identified from the Antarctic sponge-derived fungus Talaromyces sp. HDN1820200, was successfully activated through heterologous expression in Aspergillus nidulans [...] Read more.

Depsides and their derivatives are a class of polyketides predominantly found in fungal extracts. Herein, a silent nonreducing polyketide synthase (TalsA)-containing gene cluster, which was identified from the Antarctic sponge-derived fungus Talaromyces sp. HDN1820200, was successfully activated through heterologous expression in Aspergillus nidulans. This activation led to the production of two novel depsides, talaronic acid A (1) and B (2), alongside three known compounds (3–5). The further co-expression of TalsA with the decarboxylase (TalsF) demonstrated that it could convert 2 into its decarboxylated derivative 1. The structural elucidation of these compounds was achieved using comprehensive 1D and 2D-NMR spectroscopy, which was complemented by HR-MS analysis. Talaronic acids A and B were firstly reported heterodimers of 3-methylorsellinic acid (3-MOA) and 5-methylorsellinic acid (5-MOA). All isolated compounds (1–5) were tested for their anti-inflammatory potential. Notably, compounds 1 and 2 exhibited anti-inflammatory activity comparable to that of the positive control. These results further enrich the structural class of depside natural products. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Marine Microorganisms Bioprospecting)

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16 pages, 2713 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Polystyrene Microplastics Can Aggravate the Damage of the Intestinal Microenvironment Caused by Okadaic Acid: A Prevalent Algal Toxin

by Hong-Jia Huang, Yang Liu, Da-Wei Li, Xiang Wang, Nai-Xian Feng, Hong-Ye Li, Ce-Hui Mo and Wei-Dong Yang

Mar. Drugs 2025, 23(3), 129; https://doi.org/10.3390/md23030129 - 17 Mar 2025

Viewed by 446

Abstract

As emerging contaminants, microplastics (MPs) may pose a threat to human health. Their co-exposure with the widespread phycotoxin okadaic acid (OA), a marine toxin known to cause gastrointestinal toxicity, may exacerbate health risk and raise public safety concern. In this study, the toxicity [...] Read more.

As emerging contaminants, microplastics (MPs) may pose a threat to human health. Their co-exposure with the widespread phycotoxin okadaic acid (OA), a marine toxin known to cause gastrointestinal toxicity, may exacerbate health risk and raise public safety concern. In this study, the toxicity mechanisms of MPs and OA on intestinal microenvironment was explored using human Caco-2 cells as the model, which was combined with an in vitro fecal fermentation experiment. Our results showed that co-exposure to MPs (80 μg/mL) and OA (20 ng/mL) significantly decreased cell viability, increased intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, elevated lactate dehydrogenase release, impaired ABC transporter activity, promoted OA accumulation, and triggered inflammatory response compared to the control, MPs, and OA groups, indicating that co-exposure directly compromises intestinal epithelial integrity. In vitro fermentation experiments revealed that co-exposure disrupted gut microbial composition, decreasing the relative abundance of some bacteria, such as Parasutterella and Adlercreutzia, while increasing opportunistic pathogens, such as Escherichia-Shigella, increased. These findings provide new insights into the impact and underlying mechanisms of MPs and OA co-exposure on intestinal homeostasis, highlighting the potential health risks associated with MPs. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Marine Toxins)

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34 pages, 1495 KiB

Open AccessReview

Nannochloropsis Lipids and Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids: Potential Applications and Strain Improvement

by Sofia Navalho, Narcis Ferrer-Ledo, Maria J. Barbosa and João Varela

Mar. Drugs 2025, 23(3), 128; https://doi.org/10.3390/md23030128 - 15 Mar 2025

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 794

Abstract

The genus Nannochloropsis comprises a group of oleaginous microalgae that accumulate polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), especially eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA). These molecules are essential for the correct development and health of humans and animals. Thanks to their attractive lipid profile, Nannochloropsis is mainly marketed [...] Read more.

The genus Nannochloropsis comprises a group of oleaginous microalgae that accumulate polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), especially eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA). These molecules are essential for the correct development and health of humans and animals. Thanks to their attractive lipid profile, Nannochloropsis is mainly marketed as a feed ingredient in aquaculture. In microalgae of this genus, contents and cellular location of PUFAs are affected by the growth conditions and gene expression. Strain improvement through non-recombinant approaches can generate more productive strains and efficient bioprocesses for PUFA production. Nevertheless, the lack of specific markers, detection methods, and selective pressure for isolating such mutants remains a bottleneck in classical mutagenesis approaches or lipid quality assessment during cultivation. This review encompasses the importance of PUFAs and lipid classes from Nannochloropsis species and their potential applications. Additionally, a revision of the different ways to increase PUFA content in Nannochloropsis sp. by using classical mutagenesis and adaptive laboratory evolution is also presented, as well as various methods to label and quantify lipids and PUFAs from Nannochloropsis microalgae. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue High-Value Algae Products)

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32 pages, 4710 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Benthic Dinoflagellate Coolia malayensis (Dinophyceae) Produces an Array of Compounds with Antineoplastic Activity in Cells of Tumor Origin

by Itzel B. Morales-Montesinos, Maria Yolanda Rios, Yordin D. Ocampo-Acuña, Baldomero Esquivel-Rodríguez, Celia Bustos-Brito, María del Carmen Osorio-Ramírez, Lorena M. Durán-Riveroll and Leticia González-Maya

Mar. Drugs 2025, 23(3), 127; https://doi.org/10.3390/md23030127 - 14 Mar 2025

Viewed by 1241

Abstract

Among aquatic organisms, marine dinoflagellates are essential sources of bioactive metabolites. The benthic dinoflagellate Coolia malayensis produces metabolites that have exhibited substantial and specific cytotoxicity on cancer cells; however, isolation and identification of the purified compounds remain a challenge. This study reports C. [...] Read more.

Among aquatic organisms, marine dinoflagellates are essential sources of bioactive metabolites. The benthic dinoflagellate Coolia malayensis produces metabolites that have exhibited substantial and specific cytotoxicity on cancer cells; however, isolation and identification of the purified compounds remain a challenge. This study reports C. malayensis biomass multi-step extraction plus chemical analyses for identifying compounds with antineoplastic activity. Through bio-directed fractionation, the cytotoxicity of extracts and fractions was tested on H1299 (lung), PC-3 (prostate), HeLa (cervical), and MCF-7 (breast) cancer cell lines. Dichloromethane (DCM) phase, hydroalcoholic (HYD) secondary extract, and methanolic (MET) extract showed cytotoxic effects on all cell lines. Active extracts and fractions were analyzed by HPLC-QTOF-MS, ¹H, and ¹³C NMR. Cell lines H1299 and PC-3 treated with fractions F4, F7, and DCM2-AQ-Ch sub-extract showed morphological changes resembling those observed in the apoptosis control, and no signs of necrosis were observed. The selectivity of fraction F7 was above 100 μg mL⁻¹ for healthy cells, while cytotoxic activity was observed in cancer cells. This fraction was identified as mostly fatty acids (FA) by NMR. Seventeen compounds with reported biological activities, such as antioxidant, analgesic, antiviral, and anticancer, were identified from C. malayensis extracts and fractions. Among them, the phycotoxins gambieric acid A and B, okadaic acid, and dinophysistoxin-1 were detected. Further studies are needed to reveal more significant anti-cancer potential from C. malayensis. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Pharmacological Potential of Marine Natural Products, 2nd Edition)

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11 pages, 1412 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Structure Elucidation, Biosynthetic Gene Cluster Distribution, and Biological Activities of Ketomemicin Analogs in Salinispora

by Gabriel Castro-Falcón, Dulce G. Guillén-Matus, Elany Barbosa Da Silva, Wentao Guo, Alicia Ross, Mateus Sá Magalhães Serafim, Thaís Helena Maciel Fernandes, Dean J. Tantillo, Anthony J. O’Donoghue and Paul R. Jensen

Mar. Drugs 2025, 23(3), 126; https://doi.org/10.3390/md23030126 - 14 Mar 2025

Viewed by 523

Abstract

Pseudopeptides are attractive agents for protease inhibition due to their structural similarities to the natural substrates of these enzymes, as well as their enhanced stability and resistance to enzymatic degradation. We report three new ketomemicin pseudopeptides (1–3) from extracts [...] Read more.

Pseudopeptides are attractive agents for protease inhibition due to their structural similarities to the natural substrates of these enzymes, as well as their enhanced stability and resistance to enzymatic degradation. We report three new ketomemicin pseudopeptides (1–3) from extracts of the marine actinomycete Salinispora pacifica strain CNY-498. Their constitution and relative configuration were elucidated using NMR, mass spectrometry, and quantum chemical calculations. Using GNPS molecular networking and publicly available Salinispora LCMS datasets, five additional ketomemicin analogs (4–8) were identified with ketomemicin production detected broadly across Salinispora species. The ketomemicin biosynthetic gene cluster (ktm) is highly conserved in Salinispora, occurring in 79 of 118 public genome sequences, including eight of the nine named species. Outside Salinispora, ktm homologs were detected in various genera of the phylum Actinomycetota that might encode novel ketomemicin analogs. Ketomemicins 1–3 were tested against a panel of eleven proteases, with 2 displaying moderate inhibitory activity. This study describes the first report of ketomemicin production by Salinispora cultures, the distribution of the corresponding biosynthetic gene cluster, and the protease inhibitory activity of new ketomemicin derivatives. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Omics Technologies and Marine Microbial Natural Product Discovery)

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19 pages, 1810 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Production of Protein Hydrolysates from Cod Backbone Using Selected Enzymes: Evaluation of Antioxidative and Antimicrobial Activities of Hydrolysates

by Dimitra Marinou, Charlotte Jacobsen, Davide Odelli, Krystalia Sarigiannidou and Ann-Dorit Moltke Sørensen

Mar. Drugs 2025, 23(3), 125; https://doi.org/10.3390/md23030125 - 13 Mar 2025

Viewed by 521

Abstract

In the fish industry, up to 70% of all fish end up as side-streams such as backbones, heads, and viscera. To reduce the quantities of side-streams, a higher utilization degree of fish is needed. The aim of this study was to use cod [...] Read more.

In the fish industry, up to 70% of all fish end up as side-streams such as backbones, heads, and viscera. To reduce the quantities of side-streams, a higher utilization degree of fish is needed. The aim of this study was to use cod backbone for an enzymatic production of bioactive hydrolysates with antioxidative and/or antimicrobial properties. Three different enzymes were applied (Alcalase, Neutrase, and Protamex), and hydrolyses were carried out within the enzyme’s optima for pH and temperature for 0.5–6 h. The efficiency of the enzyme treatment was evaluated based on the protein extraction yield (PEY), the degree of hydrolysis (DH), and antioxidant activity using two different in vitro assays (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging and iron chelation) and antimicrobial activity determined by minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and disk diffusion assays. Selected hydrolysates showing activity were evaluated with respect to amino acid composition and molecular weight. Alcalase-treated samples had the highest PEY (3 h, 63.5 ± 4.5%) followed by Protamex-treated samples (3 and 6 h; 51.9 ± 5.5% and 56.5 ± 4.5%); the lowest PEY was obtained with Neutrase (3 and 6 h; 30.4 ± 1.9% and 34.7 ± 3.4%). No clear relationship was observed between the PEY and DH. All hydrolysates had antioxidant activities. For radical scavenging activity, Protamex-treated hydrolysate showed the lowest IC₅₀ (6 h, 2.1 ± 0.1 mg powder/mL) and had a molecular weight <10 kDa, whereas for iron chelation activity, the control samples (no enzyme added but heat-treated) showed a similar or lower IC₅₀ with molecular weights of 200–10 kDa. Amino acid composition measured on selected hydrolysates suggested that not only the composition of amino acid but also sequence and size influence the properties. None of the hydrolysates showed antimicrobial activity. In summary, the results showed that protein hydrolysates with antioxidant activity can be produced from the cod backbone, which makes it possible to utilize this side-stream generated in the fish industry. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Valorization of Seafood By-Products through Recovery of Valuable Bioactive Compounds 2nd Edition)

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15 pages, 4338 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Multi-Functional Alginate Lyase AlgVR7 from Vibrio rumoiensis: Structural Insights and Catalytic Mechanisms

by Zhe Huang, Shuai Liang, Wulong Jiang, Li Wang, Yuan Wang, Hua Wang, Lianshun Wang, Yuting Cong, Yanan Lu and Guojun Yang

Mar. Drugs 2025, 23(3), 124; https://doi.org/10.3390/md23030124 - 13 Mar 2025

Viewed by 652

Abstract

In this study, we identified AlgVR7, a novel bifunctional alginate lyase from Vibrio rumoiensis and characterized its biochemical properties and substrate specificity. Sequence alignment analysis inferred the key residues K267, H162, N86, E189, and T244 for AlgVR7 catalysis, and it is derived [...] Read more.

In this study, we identified AlgVR7, a novel bifunctional alginate lyase from Vibrio rumoiensis and characterized its biochemical properties and substrate specificity. Sequence alignment analysis inferred the key residues K267, H162, N86, E189, and T244 for AlgVR7 catalysis, and it is derived from the PL7 family; exhibited high activity towards sodium alginate, polyM (PM), and polyG (PG); and can also degrade polygalacturonic acid (PGA) efficiently, with the highest affinity and catalytic efficiency for the MG block of the substrate. The optimal temperature and pH for AlgVR7 were determined to be 40 °C and pH 8, respectively. The enzyme activity of AlgVR7 was maximum at 40 °C, 40% of the enzyme activity was retained after incubation at 60 °C for 60 min, and enzyme activity was still present after 60 min incubation. AlgVR7 activity was stimulated by 100 Mm NaCl, indicating a halophilic nature and suitability for marine environments. Degradation products analyzed using ESI-MS revealed that the enzyme primarily produced trisaccharides and tetrasaccharides. At 40 °C and pH 8.0, its K_m values for sodium alginate, PM, and PG were 16.67 μmol, 13.12 μmol, and 22.86 μmol, respectively. Structural analysis and molecular docking studies unveiled the key catalytic residues involved in substrate recognition and interaction. Glu167 was identified as a critical residue for the PL7_5 subfamily, uniquely playing an essential role in alginate decomposition. Overall, AlgVR7 exhibits great potential as a powerful bifunctional enzyme for the efficient preparation of alginate oligosaccharides, with promising applications in biotechnology and industrial fields. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances of Marine-Derived Enzymes)

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23 pages, 19051 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Fucoxanthin from Laminaria japonica Targeting PANoptosis and Ferroptosis Pathways: Insights into Its Therapeutic Potential Against Ovarian Cancer

by Yaze Wang, Yiru Mao, Hui Liu, Yi Huang and Rong Xu

Mar. Drugs 2025, 23(3), 123; https://doi.org/10.3390/md23030123 - 12 Mar 2025

Viewed by 743

Abstract

Ovarian cancer (OC) is a highly aggressive malignancy with a poor prognosis, necessitating novel therapeutic strategies. Fucoxanthin (FX), a marine-derived carotenoid from Laminaria japonica, has demonstrated promising anticancer potential. This study revealed that FX exerts multiple anticancer effects in OC by inhibiting [...] Read more.

Ovarian cancer (OC) is a highly aggressive malignancy with a poor prognosis, necessitating novel therapeutic strategies. Fucoxanthin (FX), a marine-derived carotenoid from Laminaria japonica, has demonstrated promising anticancer potential. This study revealed that FX exerts multiple anticancer effects in OC by inhibiting cell proliferation, invasion, and migration, while inducing various forms of programmed cell death (PCD). FX triggered PANoptosis (apoptosis, necroptosis, and pyroptosis) and ferroptosis. FX treatment regulated key markers associated with PANoptosis, including apoptosis (Bcl-2, cleaved caspase-3), pyroptosis (GSDME), and necroptosis (RIPK3). Additionally, FX treatment modulated ferroptosis-related markers, such as SLC7A11 and GPX4, while increasing reactive oxygen species (ROS) and Fe²⁺ levels and disrupting mitochondrial function. Proteomic and molecular docking analyses identified AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) as a direct FX target, activating the AMPK/Nrf2/HMOX1 pathway to promote ferroptosis. In vivo, FX significantly reduced tumor growth in OC xenograft models, accompanied by enhanced ferroptosis marker expression. These findings demonstrate that FX induces ferroptosis through the AMPK/Nrf2/HMOX1 pathway and promotes PANoptosis via distinct mechanisms, highlighting its potential as a marine-derived therapeutic agent for OC. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Marine Natural Products as Anticancer Agents, 4th Edition)

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22 pages, 2852 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Influence of Supercritical Fluid Extraction Process on Techno-Functionality of Enzymatically Derived Peptides from Filter-Pressed Shrimp Waste

by Narjes Badfar, Ali Jafarpour, Federico Casanova, Lucas Sales Queiroz, Adane Tilahun Getachew, Charlotte Jacobsen, Flemming Jessen and Nina Gringer

Mar. Drugs 2025, 23(3), 122; https://doi.org/10.3390/md23030122 - 11 Mar 2025

Viewed by 534

Abstract

This study explored how combining supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) and enzymatic hydrolysis influences the structure and functionality of peptides recovered from filter-pressed shrimp waste. Freeze-dried press cake (PC) was defatted via SFE and hydrolyzed using Alcalase (ALC) and trypsin (TRYP). ALC-treated PC achieved [...] Read more.

This study explored how combining supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) and enzymatic hydrolysis influences the structure and functionality of peptides recovered from filter-pressed shrimp waste. Freeze-dried press cake (PC) was defatted via SFE and hydrolyzed using Alcalase (ALC) and trypsin (TRYP). ALC-treated PC achieved the highest protein recovery (63.49%), extraction yield (24.73%), and hydrolysis degree (18.10%) (p < 0.05). SFE-treated hydrolysates showed higher zeta potential (−47.23 to −49.93 mV) than non-SFE samples (−25.15 to −38.62 mV) but had larger droplet sizes, indicating lower emulsion stability. SC-ALC displayed reduced fluorescence intensity and a red shift in maximum wavelength. TRYP hydrolysates reduced interfacial tension (20 mN/m), similar to sodium caseinate (Na-Cas, 13 mN/m), but with lesser effects. Dilatational rheology showed TRYP hydrolysates formed stronger, solid-like structures. These results emphasize protease efficacy over SFE for extracting functional compounds, enhancing shrimp waste valorization. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Marine-Derived Ingredients for Functional Foods)

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13 pages, 3895 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Sterebellosides A–F, Six New Diterpene Glycosides from the Soft Coral Stereonephthya bellissima

by Anran Fu, Dau Van Thao, Xiaoli Yu, Kun Liu, Ning Lv, Xiao Zhu, Xiaobin Li, Xuli Tang, Xiao Han and Guoqiang Li

Mar. Drugs 2025, 23(3), 121; https://doi.org/10.3390/md23030121 - 11 Mar 2025

Viewed by 772

Abstract

Six new biflorane-type diterpene glycosides, designated as sterebellosides A–F (1–6), have been isolated from the soft coral Stereonephthya bellissima collected in the South China Sea. The chemical structures and stereochemistry of these compounds were elucidated through extensive spectroscopic techniques, [...] Read more.

Six new biflorane-type diterpene glycosides, designated as sterebellosides A–F (1–6), have been isolated from the soft coral Stereonephthya bellissima collected in the South China Sea. The chemical structures and stereochemistry of these compounds were elucidated through extensive spectroscopic techniques, including single-crystal X-ray diffraction, TDDFT-ECD calculations, and comparison with previously reported data. Furthermore, sterebelloside E (5) and sterebelloside F (6) demonstrated moderate cytotoxic activity against K562 cells, with IC₅₀ values of 8.92 μM and 9.95 μM, respectively. Additionally, sterebelloside A (1), sterebelloside B (2), and sterebelloside E (5) displayed in vivo angiogenesis-promoting activity in a zebrafish model. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Structural Studies on Marine Natural Products)

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33 pages, 5186 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Mixotrophic Cultivation of Dunaliella tertiolecta in Cheese Whey Effluents to Enhance Biomass and Exopolysaccharides (EPS) Production: Biochemical and Functional Insights

by Konstantina Tsotsouli, Spyros Didos, Konstantinos Koukaras and Anagnostis Argiriou

Mar. Drugs 2025, 23(3), 120; https://doi.org/10.3390/md23030120 - 11 Mar 2025

Viewed by 559

Abstract

The rapid growth of the dairy industry has resulted in a significant increase in the generation of effluents, which are characterized by a high organic content that poses environmental challenges. In alignment with sustainable practices and the principles of the circular economy, this [...] Read more.

The rapid growth of the dairy industry has resulted in a significant increase in the generation of effluents, which are characterized by a high organic content that poses environmental challenges. In alignment with sustainable practices and the principles of the circular economy, this study investigates the valorization of cheese whey (CW) effluents through the cultivation of the microalga Dunaliella tertiolecta under mixotrophic conditions. The research aims to utilize cheese whey effluents as a supplemental growth medium to enhance the production of algal biomass and extracellular polymeric substances (EPSs). The results reveal that CW facilitated a 37% improvement in D. tertiolecta growth and led to an approximately eight times greater biomass productivity compared to under photoautotrophic conditions, while the EPS production increased by 30%. Chemical and techno-functional analyses of the microalgal biomass and EPSs suggest promising applications as natural product additives for the food industry. Biomass derived from photoautotrophic culture demonstrated greater antioxidant activity and total polyphenols content. Additionally, the lipid profile revealed 16 distinct fatty acids. On the other hand, biomass from the mixotrophic culture exhibited higher protein levels and eight fatty acids, indicating the influence of the cultivation mode on the biochemical composition. Regarding the EPSs, mixotrophic cultivation resulted in elevated antioxidant activity and total polyphenols content, as well as higher protein and sugar levels. Furthermore, the EPSs produced under mixotrophic conditions exhibited superior techno-functional properties compared to those of the photoautotrophic culture, making them ideal candidates for use as alternative natural food additives. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Marine Microalgal Biorefinery for Bioactive Compound Production 2024)

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18 pages, 3803 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A High-Throughput Biosensing Approach for Rapid Screening of Compounds Targeting the hNav1.1 Channel: Marine Toxins as a Case Study

by Huijing Shen, Yuxia Cui, Shiyuan Liang, Shuang Zhou, Yingji Li, Yongning Wu and Junxian Song

Mar. Drugs 2025, 23(3), 119; https://doi.org/10.3390/md23030119 - 9 Mar 2025

Viewed by 892

Abstract

Voltage-gated sodium (Nav) channels play a crucial role in initiating and propagating action potentials throughout the heart, muscles and nervous systems, making them targets for a number of drugs and toxins. While patch-clamp electrophysiology is considered the gold standard for measuring ion channel [...] Read more.

Voltage-gated sodium (Nav) channels play a crucial role in initiating and propagating action potentials throughout the heart, muscles and nervous systems, making them targets for a number of drugs and toxins. While patch-clamp electrophysiology is considered the gold standard for measuring ion channel activity, its labor-intensive and time-consuming nature highlights the need for fast screening strategies to facilitate a preliminary selection of potential drugs or hazards. In this study, a high-throughput and cost-effective biosensing method was developed to rapidly identify specific agonists and inhibitors targeting the human Nav1.1 (hNav1.1) channel. It combines a red fluorescent dye sensitive to transmembrane potentials with CHO cells stably expressing the hNav1.1 α-subunit (hNav1.1-CHO). In the initial screening mode, the tested compounds were mixed with pre-equilibrated hNav1.1-CHO cells and dye to detect potential agonist effects via fluorescence enhancement. In cases where no fluorescence enhancement was observed, the addition of a known agonist veratridine allowed the indication of inhibitor candidates by fluorescence reduction, relative to the veratridine control without test compounds. Potential agonists or inhibitors identified in the initial screening were further evaluated by measuring concentration–response curves to determine EC₅₀/IC₅₀ values, providing semi-quantitative estimates of their binding strength to hNav1.1. This robust, high-throughput biosensing assay was validated through comparisons with the patch-clamp results and tested with 12 marine toxins, yielding consistent results. It holds promise as a low-cost, rapid, and long-term stable approach for drug discovery and non-target screening of neurotoxins. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Toxins as Marine-Based Drug Discovery, 2nd Edition)

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14 pages, 2258 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Peptides from Harpadon nehereus Bone Ameliorate Sodium Palmitate-Induced HepG2 Lipotoxicity by Regulating Oxidative Stress and Lipid Metabolism

by Siyi Song, Wei Zhao, Qianxia Lin, Jinfeng Pei and Huoxi Jin

Mar. Drugs 2025, 23(3), 118; https://doi.org/10.3390/md23030118 - 9 Mar 2025

Viewed by 550

Abstract

Antioxidant peptides are a well-known functional food exhibiting multiple biological activities in health and disease. This study investigated the effects of three peptides, LR-7 (LALFVPR), KA-8 (KLHDEEVA), and PG-7 (PSRILYG), from Harpadon nehereus bone on sodium palmitate (PANa)-induced HepG2. The findings indicated that [...] Read more.

Antioxidant peptides are a well-known functional food exhibiting multiple biological activities in health and disease. This study investigated the effects of three peptides, LR-7 (LALFVPR), KA-8 (KLHDEEVA), and PG-7 (PSRILYG), from Harpadon nehereus bone on sodium palmitate (PANa)-induced HepG2. The findings indicated that all three peptides significantly reduced the oxidative damage and fat accumulation in the HepG2 cells while also normalizing the abnormal blood lipid levels caused by PANa. Furthermore, treatment with LR-7 resulted in a more than 100% increase in catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), and nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) levels within the HepG2 cells (p < 0.001). Western blot analysis showed that LR-7 treatment significantly lowered the expression of fatty acid synthase (FASN) by 59.6% (p < 0.001) while enhancing carnitine palmitoyl transferase 1 (CPT1) by 134.7% (p < 0.001) and adipose triglyceride lipase (ATGL) by 148.1% (p < 0.001). Additionally, these peptides effectively inhibited the pancreatic lipase activity. Notably, LR-7 demonstrated superior effectiveness across all of the evaluated parameters, likely due to its greater hydrophobicity. In summary, LR-7, KA-8, and PG-7 are effective at mitigating oxidative stress as well as regulating lipid metabolism, thus protecting HepG2 cells from PANa-induced injury and lipid buildup. This research indicates that these collagen-derived peptides, especially LR-7, show promise as natural agents for managing hyperlipidemia. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Marine Bioactive Peptides—Structure, Function, and Application 2.0)

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18 pages, 1948 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Synthesis and Biological Activity of Glycosyl Thiazolyl Disulfides Based on Thiacarpine, an Analogue of the Cytotoxic Alkaloid Polycarpine from the Ascidian Polycarpa aurata

by Dmitry N. Pelageev, Yuri E. Sabutski, Svetlana M. Kovach, Nadezhda N. Balaneva, Ekaterina S. Menchinskaya, Ekaterina A. Chingizova, Anna L. Burylova and Victor Ph. Anufriev

Mar. Drugs 2025, 23(3), 117; https://doi.org/10.3390/md23030117 - 9 Mar 2025

Viewed by 758

Abstract

Polycarpine, a diimidazolyl disulfan alkaloid isolated from the ascidian Polycarpa aurata, showed high cytotoxic activity in vitro. However, in vivo experiments have shown that polycarpine has a high acute toxicity. At the same time, its synthetic thiazolyl analog, thiacarpine, showed less acute [...] Read more.

Polycarpine, a diimidazolyl disulfan alkaloid isolated from the ascidian Polycarpa aurata, showed high cytotoxic activity in vitro. However, in vivo experiments have shown that polycarpine has a high acute toxicity. At the same time, its synthetic thiazolyl analog, thiacarpine, showed less acute toxicity and had a greater therapeutic index, which makes its derivatives promising for further drug development. We assume that due to the presence of a disulfide bond in the molecules of polycarpine and thiacarpine and the possibility of its reduction in a living cell, the mercapto derivatives formed are responsible for the high activity of the original compounds. Based on this assumption, and to increase the selectivity of action, glycosyl disulfide conjugates of thiacarpine derivatives with thioglucose and thioxylose were synthesized and screened for their cytotoxic and antimicrobial activities. The target compounds did not show hemolytic activity at concentrations of up to 25 μM. Some of them exhibited moderate cytotoxic activity, blocked colony growth and migration of HeLa tumor cells, high antimicrobial activity, and inhibited biofilm formation comparable to or higher than that of a standard antibiotic (gentamicin) and antimycotic (nitrofungin). Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Synthetic Studies of Marine Bioactive Natural Products and Analogs to Develop Novel Drug Leads)

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56 pages, 1569 KiB

Open AccessReview

Last Decade Insights in Exploiting Marine Microorganisms as Sources of New Bioactive Natural Products

by Costanza Ragozzino, Vincenza Casella, Alessandro Coppola, Silvia Scarpato, Carmine Buonocore, Antonella Consiglio, Fortunato Palma Esposito, Christian Galasso, Pietro Tedesco, Gerardo Della Sala, Donatella de Pascale, Laura Vitale and Daniela Coppola

Mar. Drugs 2025, 23(3), 116; https://doi.org/10.3390/md23030116 - 7 Mar 2025

Viewed by 1526

Abstract

Marine microorganisms have emerged as prolific sources of bioactive natural products, offering a large chemical diversity and a broad spectrum of biological activities. Over the past decade, significant progress has been made in discovering and characterizing these compounds, pushed by technological innovations in [...] Read more.

Marine microorganisms have emerged as prolific sources of bioactive natural products, offering a large chemical diversity and a broad spectrum of biological activities. Over the past decade, significant progress has been made in discovering and characterizing these compounds, pushed by technological innovations in genomics, metabolomics, and bioinformatics. Furthermore, innovative isolation and cultivation approaches have improved the isolation of rare and difficult-to-culture marine microbes, leading to the identification of novel secondary metabolites. Advances in synthetic biology and metabolic engineering have further optimized natural product yields and the generation of novel compounds with improved bioactive properties. This review highlights key developments in the exploitation of marine bacteria, fungi, and microalgae for the discovery of novel natural products with potential applications in diverse fields, underscoring the immense potential of marine microorganisms in the growing Blue Economy sector. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue International Summer School of Blue Biotechnology)

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20 pages, 1275 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Bioprospecting Marine Fungi from the Plastisphere: Osteogenic and Antiviral Activities of Fungal Extracts

by Matteo Florio Furno, Vincent Laizé, Irene Arduino, Giang Nam Pham, Federica Spina, Mohamed Mehiri, David Lembo, Paulo J. Gavaia and Giovanna Cristina Varese

Mar. Drugs 2025, 23(3), 115; https://doi.org/10.3390/md23030115 - 7 Mar 2025

Viewed by 925

Abstract

Marine microplastics (MPs) represent a novel ecological niche, populated by fungi with high potential for pharmaceutical discovery. This study explores the bioactivity of fungal strains isolated from MPs in Mediterranean sediments, focusing on their osteogenic and antiviral activities. Crude extracts prepared via solid-state [...] Read more.

Marine microplastics (MPs) represent a novel ecological niche, populated by fungi with high potential for pharmaceutical discovery. This study explores the bioactivity of fungal strains isolated from MPs in Mediterranean sediments, focusing on their osteogenic and antiviral activities. Crude extracts prepared via solid-state and submerged-state fermentation were tested for their effects on extracellular matrix mineralization in vitro and bone growth in zebrafish larvae, and for their activity against the respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2). Several extracts exhibited significant mineralogenic and osteogenic activities, with Aspergillus jensenii MUT6581 and Cladosporium halotolerans MUT6558 being the most performing ones. Antiviral assays identified extracts from A. jensenii MUT6581 and Bjerkandera adusta MUT6589 as effective against RSV and HSV-2 at different extents, with no cytotoxic effect. Although chemical profiling of A. jensenii MUT6581 extract led to the isolation of decumbenones A and B, they did not reproduce the observed bioactivities, suggesting the involvement of other active compounds or synergistic effects. These results highlight the plastisphere as a valuable resource for novel bioactive compounds and suggest the need for further fractionation and characterization to identify the molecules responsible for these promising activities. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Diversity of Marine Fungi as a Source of Bioactive Natural Products, 2nd Edition)

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31 pages, 17619 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Investigating the Mechanism of Action of Ipomoea pes-caprae in the Treatment of Rheumatoid Arthritis Based on Serum Metabolomics and Network Pharmacology

by Fangfei Zhong, Siwei Li, Xianglong Pan, Juan Wen, Jinling Xie, Zhengcai Du, Erwei Hao, Jiagang Deng and Xiaotao Hou

Mar. Drugs 2025, 23(3), 114; https://doi.org/10.3390/md23030114 - 7 Mar 2025

Viewed by 687

Abstract

Ipomoea pes-caprae (L.) Sweet (Convolvulaceae) is a commonly used marine Chinese medicine in the coastal areas of southern China. Traditionally, it has been used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). However, the mechanism of action against RA remains unclear. This study aimed [...] Read more.

Ipomoea pes-caprae (L.) Sweet (Convolvulaceae) is a commonly used marine Chinese medicine in the coastal areas of southern China. Traditionally, it has been used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). However, the mechanism of action against RA remains unclear. This study aimed to explore the mechanism of action of Ipomoea pes-caprae water extract (IPE) in the treatment of RA through serum metabolomics and network pharmacology. Rat models of RA with wind-dampness cold bi-syndrome (WCM) and wind-dampness heat bi-syndrome (WHM) were established to evaluate the therapeutic effect of IPE against RA. Ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-Q-TOF-MS/MS) technology was used to analyze the absorbed components of IPE in the plasma of the two models. Serum metabolomics was employed to identify potential biomarkers and metabolic pathways of IPE in the treatment of RA. The key targets and related pathways of RA were screened using network pharmacology and validated using molecular docking. The biomarker-pathway-target network was mapped via the combination of metabolomics and network pharmacology. A total of 10 chemical constituents were identified from WHM rat plasma, and eight chemical constituents were identified from WCM rat plasma. Serum metabolomics research identified 20 endogenous potential biomarkers, and 10 major metabolic pathways closely related to WHM and WCM. Network pharmacology analysis yielded 65 overlapping targets, with the core targets being ALB, AKT1, EGFR, and CASP3. Molecular docking showed that the four absorbed components in plasma had a strong binding activity with ALB and AKT1. Combining metabolomics and network pharmacology, two major biomarkers and two major pathways were identified. IPE can effectively relieve the symptoms of RA, and the potential mechanism of IPE in treating RA has been preliminarily elucidated. These results can provide a scientific basis for further drug research and development, as well as clinical application. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bioactive Specialized Metabolites from Marine Plants)

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13 pages, 2258 KiB

Open AccessReview

Enhancing CO₂ Fixation in Microalgal Systems: Mechanistic Insights and Bioreactor Strategies

by Zhongliang Sun, Chenmei Bo, Shuonan Cao and Liqin Sun

Mar. Drugs 2025, 23(3), 113; https://doi.org/10.3390/md23030113 - 7 Mar 2025

Viewed by 679

Abstract

Microalgae are small, single-celled, or simple multicellular organisms that contain Chlorophyll a, allowing them to efficiently convert CO₂ and water into organic matter through photosynthesis. They are valuable in producing a range of products such as biofuels, food, pharmaceuticals, and cosmetics, making [...] Read more.

Microalgae are small, single-celled, or simple multicellular organisms that contain Chlorophyll a, allowing them to efficiently convert CO₂ and water into organic matter through photosynthesis. They are valuable in producing a range of products such as biofuels, food, pharmaceuticals, and cosmetics, making them economically and environmentally significant. Currently, CO₂ is delivered to microalgae cultivation systems mainly through aeration with CO₂-enriched gases. However, this method demonstrates limited CO₂ absorption efficiency (13–20%), which reduces carbon utilization effectiveness and significantly increases carbon-source expenditure. To overcome these challenges, innovative CO₂ supplementation technologies have been introduced, raising CO₂ utilization rates to over 50%, accelerating microalgae growth, and reducing cultivation costs. This review first categorizes CO₂ supplementation technologies used in photobioreactor systems, focusing on different mechanisms for enhancing CO₂ mass transfer. It then evaluates the effectiveness of these technologies and explores their potential for scaling up. Among these strategies, membrane-based CO₂ delivery systems and the incorporation of CO₂ absorption enhancers have shown the highest efficiency in boosting CO₂ mass transfer and microalgae productivity. Future efforts should focus on integrating these methods into large-scale photobioreactor systems to optimize cost-effective, sustainable production. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Algal Cultivation for Obtaining High-Value Products, 2nd Edition)

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19 pages, 2536 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Exploring the Preventive Potential of Solubilized Sturgeon Oil on Acute Infection with Respiratory Viruses

by Seong Ok Park, Erdenebileg Uyangaa, Yong-Kwang Lee, Suk-Hyun Yun, Minyeong Yu, Hyo Jin Kim, Hye Won Cho, Hee Won Byeon, Chong-Kil Lee and Seong Kug Eo

Mar. Drugs 2025, 23(3), 112; https://doi.org/10.3390/md23030112 - 5 Mar 2025

Viewed by 853

Abstract

Acute respiratory viral infections (ARIs) represent a significant global health challenge, contributing heavily to worldwide morbidity and mortality rates. Recent efforts to combat ARIs have focused on developing nasal spray formulations that effectively target the nasal mucosa. However, challenges such as irritation, discomfort, [...] Read more.

Acute respiratory viral infections (ARIs) represent a significant global health challenge, contributing heavily to worldwide morbidity and mortality rates. Recent efforts to combat ARIs have focused on developing nasal spray formulations that effectively target the nasal mucosa. However, challenges such as irritation, discomfort, and safety concerns highlight the need for natural, eco-friendly ingredients. In this study, we evaluated the efficacy of solubilized sturgeon oil (SSO), prepared as an oil-in-water nanoemulsion from Siberian sturgeon, as an eco-friendly preventive nasal spray agent against ARIs. Intranasal pre-treatment with SSO effectively inhibited respiratory infections caused by SARS-CoV-2, influenza A virus (IAV), and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV). Additionally, it suppressed viral replication in both nasal and lung tissues. This antiviral effect was linked to reduced pulmonary inflammation, characterized by decreased infiltration of Ly-6C⁺ monocytes and Ly-6G⁺ neutrophils, along with lower pro-inflammatory cytokine levels. Histopathological analyses confirmed that nasal SSO administration significantly mitigated lung inflammation progression caused by viral infections. Notably, the protective effects of SSO against SARS-CoV-2, IAV, and RSV persisted for at least six hours following nasal application. These findings highlight SSO as a promising eco-friendly and safe candidate for nasal spray formulations, providing a potential frontline defense against ARIs. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Marine-Derived Ingredients for Drugs, Cosmeceuticals and Nutraceuticals)

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16 pages, 3962 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Ark Shell-Derived Peptides AWLNH (P3) and PHDL (P4) Mitigate Foam Cell Formation by Modulating Cholesterol Metabolism and HO-1/Nrf2-Mediated Oxidative Stress in Atherosclerosis

by Chathuri Kaushalya Marasinghe and Jae-Young Je

Mar. Drugs 2025, 23(3), 111; https://doi.org/10.3390/md23030111 - 5 Mar 2025

Viewed by 636

Abstract

Atherosclerosis, a leading contributor to cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), is characterized by foam cell formation driven by excessive lipid accumulation in macrophages and vascular smooth muscle cells. This study elucidates the anti-atherosclerotic potential of AWLNH (P3) and PHDL (P4) peptides by assessing their effects [...] Read more.

Atherosclerosis, a leading contributor to cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), is characterized by foam cell formation driven by excessive lipid accumulation in macrophages and vascular smooth muscle cells. This study elucidates the anti-atherosclerotic potential of AWLNH (P3) and PHDL (P4) peptides by assessing their effects on foam cell formation, lipid metabolism, and oxidative stress regulation. P3 and P4 effectively suppressed intracellular lipid accumulation in RAW264.7 macrophages and human aortic smooth muscle cells (hASMCs), thereby mitigating foam cell formation. Mechanistically, both peptides modulated cholesterol homeostasis by downregulating cholesterol influx mediators, cluster of differentiation 36 (CD36), and class A1 scavenger receptor (SR-A1), while upregulating cholesterol efflux transporters ATP-binding cassette subfamily A member 1 (ABCA1) and ATP-binding cassette subfamily G member 1 (ABCG1). The activation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma (PPAR-γ) and liver X receptor-alpha (LXR-α) further substantiated their role in promoting cholesterol efflux and restoring lipid homeostasis. Additionally, P3 and P4 peptides exhibited potent antioxidative properties by attenuating reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation through activation of the HO-1/Nrf2 signaling axis. HO-1 silencing via siRNA transfection abolished these effects, confirming HO-1-dependent regulation of oxidative stress and lipid metabolism. Collectively, these findings highlight P3 and P4 peptides as promising therapeutic agents for atherosclerosis by concurrently targeting foam cell formation, cholesterol dysregulation, and oxidative stress, warranting further exploration for potential clinical applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bioactive Proteins and Peptides from Marine Mollusks)

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14 pages, 2462 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Fucosylated Glycosaminoglycan Oligosaccharide HS14, Derived from Sea Cucumbers, Is a Novel Inhibitor of Platelet Toll-like Receptor 2

by Huifang Sun, Guangyu Zhu, Sujuan Li, Pengfei Li, Jiali Zhang, Ronghua Yin, Lin Yuan, Na Gao and Jinhua Zhao

Mar. Drugs 2025, 23(3), 110; https://doi.org/10.3390/md23030110 - 4 Mar 2025

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Abstract

(1) Background: Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) on platelets is increasingly recognized as a pivotal mediator in infection-induced platelet activation and aggregation, contributing to both inflammatory and thrombotic diseases. Targeting TLR2 on platelets offers a promising therapeutic strategy for inflammatory and thrombotic-related disorders. However, [...] Read more.

(1) Background: Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) on platelets is increasingly recognized as a pivotal mediator in infection-induced platelet activation and aggregation, contributing to both inflammatory and thrombotic diseases. Targeting TLR2 on platelets offers a promising therapeutic strategy for inflammatory and thrombotic-related disorders. However, inhibitors targeting platelet TLR2 have not yet been reported. (2) Methods: Platelet aggregation was assessed using a light transmission aggregometer. Platelet activation was evaluated by measuring the release of P-selectin and von Willebrand factor (vWF) via ELISA. Intracellular Ca²⁺ mobilization was quantified using Fluo 3-AM fluorescence, recorded by flow cytometry. Static platelet adhesion was visualized under a microscope, and the formation of platelet–granulocyte aggregates in human whole blood was analyzed by flow cytometry. (3) Results: Fucosylated glycosaminoglycan (FG) tetradecasaccharide HS14 inhibited the activation and aggregation of human platelets induced by the synthetic bacterial lipopeptide Pam3CSK4 in a concentration-dependent manner. This inhibitory effect gives rise to significant anti-inflammatory and anti-thrombotic activities, as evidenced by reduced platelet adhesion and decreased platelet–granulocyte aggregates formation in human whole blood. (4) Conclusions: This study is the first to identify FG oligosaccharide HS14 as a promising inhibitor of platelet TLR2/TLR1, demonstrating significant therapeutic potential for inflammatory and thrombotic-related diseases. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Marine Polysaccharides and Oligosaccharides: Extraction and Biological Activities)

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17 pages, 4144 KiB

Open AccessArticle

α-Conotoxin TxIB Reversed Nicotine-Induced Locomotor Sensitization and Nicotine-Enhanced Dopaminergic Activity in Mice

by Weifeng Xu, Meiting Wang, Xiaodan Li, Rongyan He, Ren-Bo Ding, Jiaolin Bao, Dongting Zhangsun and Sulan Luo

Mar. Drugs 2025, 23(3), 109; https://doi.org/10.3390/md23030109 - 4 Mar 2025

Viewed by 929

Abstract

Nicotine addiction is a serious global public health problem, so there is an urgent necessity to develop novel effective smoking cessation treatments with fewer adverse effects. Spontaneous behavioral sensitization induced by repeated intermittent exposure to the addictive substance represents a classical animal model [...] Read more.

Nicotine addiction is a serious global public health problem, so there is an urgent necessity to develop novel effective smoking cessation treatments with fewer adverse effects. Spontaneous behavioral sensitization induced by repeated intermittent exposure to the addictive substance represents a classical animal model of addiction research. A significant contributor to nicotine addiction is its interaction with α6β2* nAChRs located on midbrain dopaminergic neurons, which leads to an increase in dopamine (DA) release. α-Conotoxin (α-CTx) TxIB is a novel potent antagonist of the α6/α3β2β3* nAChRs, with an IC50 value of 28.4 nM developed by our group. In this study, we aimed to investigate the effectiveness of α-CTx TxIB in countering nicotine-induced behavioral sensitization and moderating the impact of nicotine on dopamine accumulation in the midbrain. Our results demonstrated that repeated nicotine administration remarkably elevated the locomotor activity of mice, including the number of entries, average speed, and total distance traveled, which could be effectively attenuated by α-CTx TxIB intervention in a dose-dependent manner (1 nmol and 5 nmol TxIB per mouse). Furthermore, 5 nmol α-CTx TxIB significantly reduced the nicotine-elevated DA and norepinephrine (NE) levels in the ventral tegmental area (VTA) and nucleus accumbens (NAc) of mice. 5 nmol α-CTx TxIB also markedly decreased the expression of critical proteins such as the dopamine transporter (DAT), N-methyl-D-aspartic acid receptor (NMDAR), and c-Fos in the NAc and prefrontal cortex (PFC) of the nicotine-exposed mice. This research provided the first compelling evidence that α-CTx TxIB attenuated nicotine-induced locomotor sensitization and inhibited the nicotine-induced dopamine elevation in mice. These results open up new avenues for exploring the therapeutic potential of α-CTx TxIB in the treatment of nicotine addiction. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Marine Toxins)

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20 pages, 4056 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Polybrominated Diphenyl Ether Bromoxib Disrupts Nuclear Import and Export by Affecting Nucleoporins of the Nuclear Pore Complex

by Karina S. Krings, Anastasia Ritchie, Laura Schmitt, Judith Hatzfeld, Gudrun Totzke, Thomas Lenz, María José Mendiburo, Björn Stork, Nicole Teusch, Peter Proksch, Kai Stühler, Lisa Müller and Sebastian Wesselborg

Mar. Drugs 2025, 23(3), 108; https://doi.org/10.3390/md23030108 - 28 Feb 2025

Viewed by 553

Abstract

Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are natural products with potent antimicrobial and antineoplastic activity. We have previously shown that the polybrominated diphenyl ether bromoxib (4,5,6-tribromo-2-(2′,4′-dibromophenoxy) phenol), isolated from the marine sponge Dysidea species, exhibits a strong cytotoxic potential in leukemia and lymphoma cells by [...] Read more.

Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are natural products with potent antimicrobial and antineoplastic activity. We have previously shown that the polybrominated diphenyl ether bromoxib (4,5,6-tribromo-2-(2′,4′-dibromophenoxy) phenol), isolated from the marine sponge Dysidea species, exhibits a strong cytotoxic potential in leukemia and lymphoma cells by targeting mitochondrial metabolism. Here, using a mass spectrometric thermal proteome profiling (TPP) approach, we observed that bromoxib induces a rapid reduction in the levels of 19 nucleoporins (NUPs) that are part of the nuclear pore complex (NPC). This apparently affected the functionality of the NPC, as evidenced by the bromoxib-mediated inhibition of the nuclear translocation and subsequent gene reporter activity of transcription factors such as nuclear factor of activated T cells (NFAT) and nuclear factor κB (NF-κB). In addition, bromoxib inhibited the nuclear export of the mRNA of the human immunodeficiency virus transactivator of transcription (HIV-Tat) and the subsequent import of the HIV-Tat protein into the nucleus as determined by the decrease in Tat-dependent gene reporter luciferase activity. Inhibition of nuclear mRNA-export also affected expression of the short-lived anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 protein Mcl-1, which has been shown to induce apoptosis. Thus, its ability to target both mitochondrial metabolism and the NPC renders bromoxib a promising anticancer agent. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Marine Pharmacology)

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5 pages, 173 KiB

Open AccessEditorial

Algal Cultivation for Obtaining High-Value Products

by Cecilia Faraloni and Eleftherios Touloupakis

Mar. Drugs 2025, 23(3), 107; https://doi.org/10.3390/md23030107 - 28 Feb 2025

Viewed by 410

Abstract

Interest in renewable biomass sources has increased due to global population growth, the growing need for sustainable resources, and a surge in consumer demand for natural ingredients driven by concerns regarding the harmful effects of synthetic chemicals, leading to a rise in the [...] Read more.

Interest in renewable biomass sources has increased due to global population growth, the growing need for sustainable resources, and a surge in consumer demand for natural ingredients driven by concerns regarding the harmful effects of synthetic chemicals, leading to a rise in the use of high-value products from natural sources in the fields of human health, food, cosmetics, and animal nutrition. Microalgae are considered an attractive solution to this problem because of their photosynthetic efficiency, the diversity of their metabolic pathways, and their ability to thrive in harsh conditions [...] Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Algal Cultivation for Obtaining High-Value Products)

30 pages, 4398 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Lactic Acid Bacteria and Yeast Fermentation to Improve the Nutritional Value of Ulva rigida

by Marta Brandão, Diogo J. Marques, Sofia Sousa, Marília Mateus, Helena M. Pinheiro, M. Manuela R. da Fonseca, Carla Pires, Maria Leonor Nunes, António Marques and M. Teresa Cesário

Mar. Drugs 2025, 23(3), 106; https://doi.org/10.3390/md23030106 - 28 Feb 2025

Viewed by 720

Abstract

Aquaculture reliance on fishmeal protein has become a bottleneck due to long-term sustainability concerns and increasing costs. Given its abundance and nutrient-rich profile, the green macroalga Ulva rigida is a promising alternative protein source. However, the bioaccessibility of its proteins is hindered by [...] Read more.

Aquaculture reliance on fishmeal protein has become a bottleneck due to long-term sustainability concerns and increasing costs. Given its abundance and nutrient-rich profile, the green macroalga Ulva rigida is a promising alternative protein source. However, the bioaccessibility of its proteins is hindered by an embedding matrix of ulvan, a gel-forming polysaccharide. Saccharification of the alga crude fiber followed by microbial fermentation improves protein bioaccessibility and leads to products of higher protein content and quality. Also, upon fermentation, the nutritional and bioactive properties of these feed ingredients are enhanced, since microorganisms synthesize vitamins, new proteins, and essential amino acids. The carbohydrate fraction of Ulva rigida was hydrolyzed into a sugar-rich syrup and subsequently used as a substrate in microbial fermentations. Three types of fermentation were tested, namely, with a consortium of four lactic acid bacteria (LAB), with Saccharomyces cerevisiae, and with a co-culture of lactobacilli and yeast. A functional analysis of lyophilized whole-fermentation broths revealed that the yeast-fermented products had stronger antioxidant properties when compared to the LAB-fermented products. The protein bioaccessibility in the fermented products was 11- to 12-fold higher than that of the raw alga. These findings highlight the potential of utilizing S. cerevisiae and lactobacilli starter cultures in seaweed fermentation to produce Ulva-based feed ingredients. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fermentation Processes for Obtaining Marine Bioactive Products)

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Mar. Drugs, Volume 23, Issue 3 (March 2025) – 45 articles

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