Plants

13 pages, 3436 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Effects of Drought Stress Intensity and Duration on the Dynamics of Nonstructural Carbohydrates in Pinus yunnanensis Seedlings

by Xin Deng, Xin Chen, Tianyu Li, Hang Zhang, Yun Bao, Jingwen Yang, Li Zheng, Ping Lan and Junwen Wu

Plants 2025, 14(6), 980; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14060980 - 20 Mar 2025

Viewed by 176

Abstract

How drought impacts the allocation of nonstructural carbohydrates (NSCs) in Pinus yunnanensis remains unclear. In this study, Pinus yunnanensis seedlings were subjected to four levels of drought stresses treatment during a 60-day experiment period, including suitable moisture (CK), light drought (LD), moderate drought [...] Read more.

How drought impacts the allocation of nonstructural carbohydrates (NSCs) in Pinus yunnanensis remains unclear. In this study, Pinus yunnanensis seedlings were subjected to four levels of drought stresses treatment during a 60-day experiment period, including suitable moisture (CK), light drought (LD), moderate drought (MD), and severe drought (SD). NSCs in needles, stems, coarse roots, and fine roots were measured every two weeks. The distribution of NSC in P. yunnanensis seedlings varied with both drought stress intensity and duration, with different organ-specific patterns under increasing drought stress. Before the first 15 days, the intensity of drought stress had no significant effect on needle, stem and coarse root NSC contents, but decreased fine root NSC contents significantly. Between day 30 and 45, drought stress intensity showed no significant effect on NSC content in all organs. However, at 60 d, compared with CK, stem NSC concentrations under MD and SD increased by 47.92% and 48.23%, whereas fine root NSC concentrations decreased by 23.38% under SD conditions. With the extension of the drought duration, coarse root NSC increased while fine root NSC content decreased under SD conditions. Our results highlight the important role played by drought duration in controlling the NSC dynamics. Only fine root NSC decreased at the initial stage, and day 60 emerged as a turning point at which organ-level NSC changes became noticeable. These findings provide great insights into the understanding of organ-specific NSC dynamics under drought stress. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Adaptive Strategies of Plants to Stress Factors)

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18 pages, 3777 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Effect of Bauhinia bowkeri Extracts on Hypercholesterolemia: Insights from In Vitro and In Silico Investigations

by Siphelele T. Thethwayo, Evelyn Madoroba, Sphamandla Masikane, Andrew R. Opoku and Nkosinathi D. Cele

Plants 2025, 14(6), 979; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14060979 - 20 Mar 2025

Viewed by 196

Abstract

Despite the many current cholesterol-lowering drugs on the market, the persistent surge of hypercholesterolemic-related complications ignites a fascinating search for the discovery of novel therapeutics. This study aimed at investigating the anti-hypercholesterolemic effect of Bauhinia bowkeri extracts. The plant material was sequentially extracted [...] Read more.

Despite the many current cholesterol-lowering drugs on the market, the persistent surge of hypercholesterolemic-related complications ignites a fascinating search for the discovery of novel therapeutics. This study aimed at investigating the anti-hypercholesterolemic effect of Bauhinia bowkeri extracts. The plant material was sequentially extracted with n-hexane, dichloromethane (DCM), and 70% ethanol. The phytochemical constituents of the extracts were analyzed through GC-MS and the antioxidant activity of the extracts was screened against a wide range of free radicals (ABTS, DPPH, hydroxyl radical, and nitric oxide). The extracts were also screened for the metal iron chelating and reducing power potential. The enzyme inhibitory activity of the extracts on pancreatic lipase, cholesterol esterase, and HMG-CoA reductase as well as the bile acid binding capacity were evaluated. Among the total of 122 compounds detected in the three extracts, only 7 compounds (E-15-Heptadecenal, Diethyl Phthalate, 9,12,15-Octadecatrienoic acid ethyl ester, (Z,Z) Tetradecane 5-methyl, and Octadecane 5-methyl) were found to be common in all the extracts. The extract displayed a varying degree of efficiency on free radicals with IC₅₀ values ranging from 0.07 mg/mL to 0.41 mg/mL. A concentration-dependent inhibition of pancreatic lipase and cholesterol esterase activities, along with a reduction in the bile-binding capacity exhibited by the extracts, was noted. In silico investigations of some of the phytoconstituent revealed significant inhibition of HMG-CoA reductase, cyclooxygenase, and hormone-sensitive lipase with a binding affinity that ranged between −5.1 and −7.0 kcal/mol. These findings suggest that Bauhinia bowkeri extracts possess potential antioxidant and anti-hypercholesterolemic properties. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Chemical Analysis and Biological Activities of Plant Essential Oils)

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35 pages, 6825 KiB

Open AccessReview

Chloroplast Functionality at the Interface of Growth, Defense, and Genetic Innovation: A Multi-Omics and Technological Perspective

by Chunhua Zhang, Wenting Li, Yahan Wu, Shengli Li, Bao Hua and Haizhou Sun

Plants 2025, 14(6), 978; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14060978 - 20 Mar 2025

Viewed by 386

Abstract

Chloroplasts are important in plant growth, development, and defense mechanisms, making them central to addressing global agricultural challenges. This review explores the multi-faceted contributions of chloroplasts, including photosynthesis, hormone biosynthesis, and stress signaling, which orchestrate the trade-off between growth and defense. Advancements in [...] Read more.

Chloroplasts are important in plant growth, development, and defense mechanisms, making them central to addressing global agricultural challenges. This review explores the multi-faceted contributions of chloroplasts, including photosynthesis, hormone biosynthesis, and stress signaling, which orchestrate the trade-off between growth and defense. Advancements in chloroplast genomics, transcription, translation, and proteomics have deepened our understanding of their regulatory functions and interactions with nuclear-encoded proteins. Case studies have demonstrated the potential of chloroplast-targeted strategies, such as the expression of elongation factor EF-2 for heat tolerance and flavodiiron proteins for drought resilience, to enhance crop productivity and stress adaptation. Future research directions should focus on the need for integrating omics data with nanotechnology and synthetic biology to develop sustainable and resilient agricultural systems. This review uniquely integrates recent advancements in chloroplast genomics, transcriptional regulation, and synthetic biology to present a holistic perspective on optimizing plant growth and stress tolerance. We emphasize the role of chloroplast-driven trade-off in balancing growth and immunity, leveraging omics technologies and emerging biotechnological innovations. This comprehensive approach offers new insights into sustainable agricultural practices, making it a significant contribution to the field. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Molecular Biology of Chloroplast: Structure, Function and Development—2nd Edition)

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16 pages, 3040 KiB

Open AccessReview

Integrating RNA Interference and Nanotechnology: A Transformative Approach in Plant Protection

by Mohammad Shafiqul Islam, Md Robel Ahmed, Muhammad Noman, Zhen Zhang, Jing Wang, Ziqi Lu, Yingying Cai, Temoor Ahmed, Bin Li, Yanli Wang, Abul Khayer Mohammad Golam Sarwar and Jiaoyu Wang

Plants 2025, 14(6), 977; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14060977 - 20 Mar 2025

Viewed by 247

Abstract

RNA interference (RNAi) has emerged as a potent mechanism for combating pathogenic fungi and oomycetes over the past decades. It offers a promising gene-silencing approach by targeting crucial genes involved in diseases caused by economically and scientifically significant fungal pathogens, such as Botrytis [...] Read more.

RNA interference (RNAi) has emerged as a potent mechanism for combating pathogenic fungi and oomycetes over the past decades. It offers a promising gene-silencing approach by targeting crucial genes involved in diseases caused by economically and scientifically significant fungal pathogens, such as Botrytis cinerea and Fusarium species. Simultaneously, nano-agro-products have gained attention as alternatives to traditional fungicides in plant protection strategies. However, the instability of naked RNA molecules outside the cellular environment presents a challenge, as they degrade rapidly, limiting their efficacy for prolonged disease control. Concerns regarding the toxicity of protective nanoparticles to non-target organisms have also arisen. Integrating RNAi with nano-agro-products, particularly nanocarriers, to form RNA-nano complexes has demonstrated significant potential, providing enhanced RNA stability, reduced toxicity, and extended disease control. This review explores the mechanisms of RNA-nano complexes-mediated plant protection, addressing RNA stability and nano-toxicity issues while examining the prospects of RNA-nano complex research in plant pathogen management. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Pathogenesis and Disease Control in Crops—2nd Edition)

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22 pages, 5880 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Floristic Survey of Wild Edible Plants in Tuscan Maremma, Italy

by Mario Pentassuglia, Tiziana Lombardi, Giovanni Bambi, Irene Ventura, Benedetta D’Ambrosio, Andrea Bertacchi and Laura Pistelli

Plants 2025, 14(6), 976; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14060976 - 20 Mar 2025

Viewed by 357

Abstract

This study explores the floristic diversity of wild edible plants (WEPs) in the area surrounding Tirli, a small village in the Tuscan Maremma, Italy. Field surveys identified 128 vascular plant taxa across 46 families and 106 genera, with Asteraceae (26 taxa), Rosaceae (10 [...] Read more.

This study explores the floristic diversity of wild edible plants (WEPs) in the area surrounding Tirli, a small village in the Tuscan Maremma, Italy. Field surveys identified 128 vascular plant taxa across 46 families and 106 genera, with Asteraceae (26 taxa), Rosaceae (10 taxa), and Lamiaceae (8 taxa) being the most represented. The dominant life-forms are scapose Hemicryptophytes, scapose Therophytes, and rosulate Hemicryptophytes, with Euro-Mediterranean, Subcosmopolitan, and Steno-Mediterranean distributions prevailing. Statistical analyses revealed significant associations between life-forms and edible plant parts: scapose and rosulate Hemicryptophytes were linked to leaf use, scapose Therophytes to root use, and Phanerophytes to fruit use. The Asteraceae family exhibited exceptional versatility, being associated with various edible parts. Notably, the endemic species Centaurea nigrescens Willd. subsp. pinnatifida (Fiori) Dostál was recorded for the first time in the Tuscan Maremma, underscoring the area’s naturalistic value. Traditional culinary practices were linked to some edible plants, which were analyzed for bioactive compounds, including photosynthetic pigments, primary metabolites, secondary metabolites, and antioxidant activity. The results confirmed their biochemical richness and functional properties. This study emphasizes the ecological, nutritional, and cultural significance of Tirli’s wild edible flora, promoting biodiversity conservation, cultural heritage preservation, and sustainable food practices. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Botanical Research in the Mediterranean Area: Studies in Honor of Prof. Francesco Maria Raimondo on the Occasion of His 80th Birthday)

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14 pages, 4501 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Transcript-Wide Identification and Characterization of the BBX Gene Family in Trichosanthes kirilowii and Its Potential Roles in Development and Abiotic Stress

by Weiwen Li, Rui Xiong, Zhuannan Chu, Xingxing Peng, Guangsheng Cui and Ling Dong

Plants 2025, 14(6), 975; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14060975 - 20 Mar 2025

Viewed by 210

Abstract

The B-box (BBX) protein has an impact on flowering physiology, photomorphogenesis, shade effects, and responses to both biotic and abiotic stresses. Although recent research described the BBX gene family in numerous plants, knowledge of the BBX gene in Trichosanthes kirilowii was sparse. In [...] Read more.

The B-box (BBX) protein has an impact on flowering physiology, photomorphogenesis, shade effects, and responses to both biotic and abiotic stresses. Although recent research described the BBX gene family in numerous plants, knowledge of the BBX gene in Trichosanthes kirilowii was sparse. In this study, we identified a total of 25 TkBBX genes, and phylogenetic analysis showed that these genes were divided into five subfamilies. Analyses of gene structure and motifs for each group found relative conservation. Ka/Ks values showed that most TkBBX genes have undergone negative selection. qRT-PCR analyses revealed that TkBBX1, TkBB4, TkBBX5, TkBBX7, TkBBX15, TkBBX16, TkBBX17, TkBBX19, and TkBBX21 genes respond to salt and drought treatment. Furthermore, we cloned TkBBX7 and TkBBX17 genes and performed a subcellular localization experiment, which revealed that these two genes were both located in the nucleus. Transgenic yeast experiments demonstrated that TkBBX7 and TkBBX17 enhanced yeast tolerance to both salt and drought stresses. These findings provide a theoretical foundation for further investigation on the functions of TkBBX genes in Trichosanthes kirilowii. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Abiotic and Biotic Stress of the Crops and Horticultural Plants)

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24 pages, 1229 KiB

Open AccessReview

Unraveling the Hormonal and Molecular Mechanisms Shaping Fruit Morphology in Plants

by Muhammad Rafiq, Min Guo, Amna Shoaib, Jiaxin Yang, Siqing Fan, Haijing Xiao, Kai Chen, Zhaoqi Xie and Chunsong Cheng

Plants 2025, 14(6), 974; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14060974 - 20 Mar 2025

Viewed by 229

Abstract

The importance of fruit shape studies extends beyond fundamental plant biology, as it holds significant implications for breeding. Understanding the genetic and hormonal regulation of fruit morphology can facilitate targeted breeding strategies to enhance yield, quality, and stress resistance, ultimately contributing to sustainable [...] Read more.

The importance of fruit shape studies extends beyond fundamental plant biology, as it holds significant implications for breeding. Understanding the genetic and hormonal regulation of fruit morphology can facilitate targeted breeding strategies to enhance yield, quality, and stress resistance, ultimately contributing to sustainable farming and nutrition security. The diversity in fruit shapes is the result of complex hormone regulation and molecular pathways that affect key traits, including carpel number, fruit length, and weight. Fruit shape is a quality attribute that directly influences consumer preference, marketability and the ease of post-harvest processing. This article focuses on investigations carried out on molecular, genetic and hormonal regulation mechanisms of fruit shape, color, maturation in fruit plants and key genetic pathways such as CLV-WUS and OVATE, as well as their roles in shaping non-climacteric fruits such as strawberries, grapes and raspberries. Plant hormones, especially abscisic acid (ABA) and indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), play a crucial role in enhancing desirable traits such as color and taste, while regulating anthocyanin synthesis and growth time. In addition, the dynamic interactions between auxin, gibberellin, and ethylene are crucial for the ripening process. Jasmonate enhances stress response, brassinosteroids promote ripening and cytokinins promote early fruit development. In addition, this review also studied the fruit morphology of species such as tomatoes and cucumbers, emphasizing the importance of the CLV-WUS pathway, which regulates the number of carpels through genes such as WUSCHEL (WUS), FRUITFULL1 (FUL1), and auxin response factor 14 (ARF14). The weight of fresh fruit is affected by microRNAs such as miRNA156, which emphasizes the importance of post transcriptional regulation. The involvement of transcription factors such as SISHN1, CaOvate, and CISUN25-26-27a further emphasizes the complexity of hormone regulation. Understanding these regulatory mechanisms can enhance our understanding of fruit development and have a profound impact on agricultural practices and crop improvement strategies aimed at meeting the growing global demand for high-quality agricultural products. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Plant Genetics, Genomics and Biotechnology)

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22 pages, 5179 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Estimating Maize Leaf Water Content Using Machine Learning with Diverse Multispectral Image Features

by Yuchen Wang, Jianliang Wang, Jiayue Li, Jiacheng Wang, Hanzeyu Xu, Tao Liu and Juan Wang

Plants 2025, 14(6), 973; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14060973 - 20 Mar 2025

Viewed by 203

Abstract

Leaf water content (LWC) is a key physiological parameter for assessing maize moisture status, with direct implications for crop growth and yield. Accurate LWC estimation is essential for water resource management and precision agriculture. This study introduces a high-precision method for estimating maize [...] Read more.

Leaf water content (LWC) is a key physiological parameter for assessing maize moisture status, with direct implications for crop growth and yield. Accurate LWC estimation is essential for water resource management and precision agriculture. This study introduces a high-precision method for estimating maize LWC utilizing UAV-based multispectral imagery combined with a Random Forest Regression (RFR) model. By extracting vegetation indices, image coverage, and texture features and integrating them with ground-truth data, the study examines the variation in LWC estimation accuracy across different growth stages. The results indicate that the RFR model performs optimally during the seedling stage, with a root relative mean square error (RRMSE) of 2.99%, whereas estimation errors are larger during the tasseling stage, with an RRMSE of 4.13%. Moreover, the RFR model consistently outperforms multiple linear regression (MLR) and ridge regression (RR) models throughout the growing season, demonstrating lower errors on both training and testing datasets. Notably, the RFR model exhibits significantly reduced errors in the training dataset compared to both MLR and RR models. Following particle swarm optimization (PSO), the prediction accuracy of the RFR model is notably enhanced, with the RRMSE on the training dataset decreasing from 1.46% to 1.19%. This study provides an effective approach for estimating maize LWC across different growth stages, supporting crop water management and precision agriculture, and offering valuable insights for the estimation of water content in other crops. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Utilizing Artificial Intelligence (AI) Technology for Plant Phenotyping Research)

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15 pages, 3738 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Identification and Expression Analysis of Polyphenol Oxidase Gene Family Members in Response to Wound Stress in Lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.)

by Mei Guo, Yueming Tang, Yiwen Yang, Jinghong Luo and Jia Gao

Plants 2025, 14(6), 972; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14060972 - 19 Mar 2025

Viewed by 222

Abstract

Mechanical injury to lettuce often leads to enzymatic browning caused by polyphenol oxidase (PPO), significantly impairing its sensory quality and processing suitability. In this study, the LsPPOs gene family was comprehensively identified and characterized using bioinformatics methods, including gene and protein structure, codon [...] Read more.

Mechanical injury to lettuce often leads to enzymatic browning caused by polyphenol oxidase (PPO), significantly impairing its sensory quality and processing suitability. In this study, the LsPPOs gene family was comprehensively identified and characterized using bioinformatics methods, including gene and protein structure, codon usage bias, phylogenetic relationships, and gene expression in response to wound stress. Further analysis of the relationship between LsPPOs expression profile and browning was performed. A total of 17 LsPPO family members (LsPPO1-LsPPO17) were identified from publicly available lettuce databases, encoding proteins ranging from 146 to 667 amino acids, with a G/C bias. Most were localized in the chloroplast. The motif structure was highly conserved among family members, and phylogenetic analysis revealed four distinct groups. All genes lacked introns, except LsPPO2 which contained an intron. After mechanical injury, browning at the stem site deepened over time, with PPO activity increasing. The majority of PPO members were significantly upregulated after fresh-cut processing. Among them, LsPPO3, LsPPO4, and LsPPO12 showed sustained upregulation, exhibiting a strong positive correlation with the browning phenotype and PPO activity. Notably, LsPPO4 demonstrated the highest transcriptional abundance and upregulation in response to a wound, indicating its major role in lettuce stem browning. The results of this study provide a foundation for further investigation into the functional role of LsPPOs and support the development of lettuce varieties with enhanced resistance to browning. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Postharvest Quality and Physiology of Vegetables and Fruits)

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13 pages, 6578 KiB

Open AccessReview

Regulating the Vascular Cambium: Do Not Forget the Vascular Ray Initials and Their Derivatives

by Simcha Lev-Yadun

Plants 2025, 14(6), 971; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14060971 - 19 Mar 2025

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Abstract

The secondary lateral meristem—the vascular cambium (hereafter cambium)—is the largest meristem of the plant kingdom. It is almost always composed of two types of stem cells: (1) the axial (fusiform) initials, the most common and better known and studied, and (2) the ray [...] Read more.

The secondary lateral meristem—the vascular cambium (hereafter cambium)—is the largest meristem of the plant kingdom. It is almost always composed of two types of stem cells: (1) the axial (fusiform) initials, the most common and better known and studied, and (2) the ray initials that give rise to the vascular rays (hereafter rays), i.e., the radial component of the secondary xylem and phloem, which are less common and much less studied, and in many studies ignored. There is great flexibility in switching from axial initials to ray initials and vice versa. Ray initials commonly compose ca. 10–40% of the cambium of mature tree trunks, but nothing or very little in typical young model plants used for molecular cambial studies, such as Arabidopsis thaliana and young internodes of Populus spp. cuttings. I suggest paying more attention to the regulation of the differentiation of ray initials and their derivatives, and to the little-known complicated relations between the axial and ray cambial initials when they contact each other, as well as the special development of pits in their derivatives in cambial molecular studies by using mature trunks of various large woody plants rather than studying A. thaliana or young internodes of Populus cuttings. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Plant Structural Biology)

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16 pages, 4516 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Genome-Wide Identification and Expression Profiling of ABA-Stress-Ripening (ASR) Gene Family in Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.)

by Jie Ren, Kangfeng Cai, Xiujuan Song, Wenhao Yue, Lei Liu, Fangying Ge, Qiuyu Wang and Junmei Wang

Plants 2025, 14(6), 970; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14060970 - 19 Mar 2025

Viewed by 271

Abstract

Abscisic acid (ABA)-stress-ripening, or ABA-, stress-, and ripening-induced (ASR) proteins play an important role in responses to environmental stimuli. A total of ten barley HvASRs were identified in this study, which were unevenly distributed on three chromosomes. ASRs from barley, wheat, Brachypodium distachyon [...] Read more.

Abscisic acid (ABA)-stress-ripening, or ABA-, stress-, and ripening-induced (ASR) proteins play an important role in responses to environmental stimuli. A total of ten barley HvASRs were identified in this study, which were unevenly distributed on three chromosomes. ASRs from barley, wheat, Brachypodium distachyon, rice, maize, foxtail millet, and tomato were classified into two distinct clusters based on phylogenetic analysis. Notably, ASRs from Poaceae were evenly distributed between these two clusters. HvASRs contained a typical ABA/WDS domain, and exhibited similar motif arrangements. Two gene pairs of tandem duplicates (HvASR4/5/6/7 and HvASR8/9) were identified among HvASRs. Cis-acting elements involved in hormone and stress responses, including ABRE, MYB, ARE, and STRE, were consistently identified in the promoters of HvASRs. The expression of HvASRs was substantially influenced by salt, osmotic, and ABA treatments in the roots and leaves of barley seedlings. HvASR2 acts as a transcriptional repressor, whereas HvASR3 serves as a transcriptional activator. These results enhance our understanding of the HvASR family and provide a foundation for further functional characterization. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Cell Physiology and Stress Adaptation of Crops)

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20 pages, 5900 KiB

Open AccessReview

Prospective Approaches to the Sustainable Use of Peonies in Bulgaria

by Christina Stoycheva, Daniela Batovska, Giuseppe Antonio Malfa, Rosaria Acquaviva, Giancarlo Statti and Ekaterina Kozuharova

Plants 2025, 14(6), 969; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14060969 - 19 Mar 2025

Viewed by 401

Abstract

In Europe, Paeonia officinalis and P. peregrina, along with Chinese P. lactiflora, are commonly used for medicinal purposes. This comprehensive review summarizes the secondary metabolites and biological activities of P. peregrina, P. officinalis, P. tenuifolia, P. mascula [...] Read more.

In Europe, Paeonia officinalis and P. peregrina, along with Chinese P. lactiflora, are commonly used for medicinal purposes. This comprehensive review summarizes the secondary metabolites and biological activities of P. peregrina, P. officinalis, P. tenuifolia, P. mascula, P. lactiflora, and the ornamental cultivars derived from the last taxon. Terpenoids, flavonoids, and phenolic acids are present in all five species, while tannins, lipids, and organic acids have been identified in only some. All five species exhibit antioxidant and antimicrobial potential, alongside anti-inflammatory, anticancer, neuroprotective, antisclerotic, antidiabetic, and various other bioactivities. The data were accessed via Scopus, Web of Science, PubMed, and Google Scholar search engines. The review also reveals that P. officinalis and P. lactiflora have been far more extensively studied than P. peregrina, P. tenuifolia, and P. mascula in terms of their chemical composition and pharmacological properties. The genus Paeonia L. comprises 37 accepted species, many of which are renowned for their ornamental and medicinal value. Native to Bulgaria are P. peregrina, P. tenuifolia, and P. mascula, with the latter two being protected by the Bulgarian Biodiversity Act. The collection of substances from all three species is subject to regulatory restrictions. This review reveals the possible use of P. lactiflora as a substitute for P. peregrina. Full article

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26 pages, 4057 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Heavy Metal Health Risk Assessment in Picea abies L. Forests Along an Altitudinal Gradient in Southern Romania

by Constantin Nechita, Andreea Maria Iordache, Carmen Roba, Claudia Sandru, Ramona Zgavarogea and J. Julio Camarero

Plants 2025, 14(6), 968; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14060968 - 19 Mar 2025

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Abstract

Heavy metals (HMs) from industrial pollution are bioaccumulated in plant tissues, but we lack information on their spatial variability in forest ecosystems. Picea abies L. needles, bark, and litter were collected at 17 sites along a 1000-m-wide altitudinal gradient in southern Romania to [...] Read more.

Heavy metals (HMs) from industrial pollution are bioaccumulated in plant tissues, but we lack information on their spatial variability in forest ecosystems. Picea abies L. needles, bark, and litter were collected at 17 sites along a 1000-m-wide altitudinal gradient in southern Romania to measure concentrations of mineral nutrients, non-toxic metals, and toxic metals. Isotopic ratios (^206/207Pb, ^87/86Sr) were used to infer contamination origins. We found significant differences in needle versus bark and litter elements’ concentrations, indicating that needles are sensitive biomarkers in tracking air pollution. We found high Fe, Mn, Zn, and Cu concentrations, which can be involved in the low Na, Mg, and P content in needles. The mole ratios indicate a negative relationship with As concentrations in needles. Several environmental health and ecological risk assessment indices document that Cd levels can represent a moderate risk for most sites. Our study shows that P. abies presented an elevated bioaccumulation potential for Fe, Zn, Cu, Ni, and Cr, respectively, and it only absorbed Na, Sr, Cd, and Li. The methodology and results presented herein may serve as a reference for future studies and provide a foundation to develop management strategies to mitigate heavy metal pollution in forest ecosystems. Full article

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23 pages, 5332 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Antioxidant Capacity and Accumulation of Caffeoylquinic Acids in Arnica montana L. In Vitro Shoots After Elicitation with Yeast Extract or Salicylic Acid

by Maria Petrova, Maria Geneva, Antoaneta Trendafilova, Kamelia Miladinova-Georgieva, Lyudmila Dimitrova, Mariana Sichanova, Milena Nikolova, Viktoria Ivanova, Margarita Dimitrova and Magdalena Sozoniuk

Plants 2025, 14(6), 967; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14060967 - 19 Mar 2025

Viewed by 230

Abstract

Arnica montana L. is an important herbal medicinal plant that belongs to the family Asteraceae. This plant has been known for its medicinal uses for centuries. A. montana exhibits several pharmacological properties, including immunomodulatory, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, antioxidant, and antibacterial effects. For the first [...] Read more.

Arnica montana L. is an important herbal medicinal plant that belongs to the family Asteraceae. This plant has been known for its medicinal uses for centuries. A. montana exhibits several pharmacological properties, including immunomodulatory, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, antioxidant, and antibacterial effects. For the first time, the impacts of the biotic elicitor yeast extract, and the abiotic elicitor salicylic acid on micropropagation, antioxidant potential, and accumulation of caffeoylquinic acids in arnica in vitro shoots were assessed. The results showed that yeast extract applied at 100 mg/L significantly promotes shoot multiplication, biomass yield, total phenolic content, and synthesis of caffeoylquinic acids compared to control untreated shoots. Flavonoid content was the highest in samples treated with 200 mg/L of yeast extract, although at this concentration the measured biometric parameters began to decrease. Salicylic acid at 100 µM was found to be effective in the induction of vigorous shoots, shoot height growth, and biomass accumulation; nevertheless, this elicitor downregulated the caffeoylquinic acid level, total phenolics, and flavonoids. Increasing the concentration of salicylic acid to 200 µM caused shoot multiplication and fresh biomass accumulation reduction. Both elicitors modulated the activity of antioxidant enzymes against oxidative stress. Overall, the use of these substances can improve the growth and biomass yield in Arnica in vitro shoots. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Secondary Metabolites in Plants)

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11 pages, 3995 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Effects of Blue Light and Supplemental Far-Red on an In Vitro Multiple Harvest System for the Production of Cannabis sativa

by Molly McKay, James E. Faust, Matthew Taylor and Jeffrey Adelberg

Plants 2025, 14(6), 966; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14060966 - 19 Mar 2025

Viewed by 498

Abstract

Blue and supplemental far-red light were observed to affect in vitro shoot growth with Cannabis sativa (‘BaOx’ and ‘Cherry 1’) in RV750 vessels. A modified “hedging” and fed-batch system for multiple harvests using Oasis^® foam and 120 mL DKW medium was used. [...] Read more.

Blue and supplemental far-red light were observed to affect in vitro shoot growth with Cannabis sativa (‘BaOx’ and ‘Cherry 1’) in RV750 vessels. A modified “hedging” and fed-batch system for multiple harvests using Oasis^® foam and 120 mL DKW medium was used. Fifteen nodal and/or apical tips were planted and placed into PAR light treatments providing various red to blue ratios (polychromatic white 9:1 RB and dichromatic 2–15: 1 RB, with and without 5% far-red light). Treatments had similar light intensities (190–240 µmol · m⁻² · s⁻¹ PPFD) for a 16 h photoperiod. Shoot tips were harvested in vitro on five successive two-week cycles, with 15 mL of DKW media supplemented to each vessel following harvest. Shoot numbers, length, and fresh and dry mass were recorded at each cycle harvest. Five randomly selected shoot tips per vessel were rooted ex vitro on greenhouse mist bench for 16 days. Over multiple cycles, 5% far-red increased shoot numbers and length in both genotypes tested, regardless of polychromatic or dichromatic source. Shoots harvested per vessel increased from 15 to 28 in three cycles (6 weeks), but increased from 15 to 18 without far-red treatment. Shoot length in far-red-treated plants increased from 19 to 25 mm during cycles 1–3. Plants without far-red treatment were approximately 15 mm during the first three cycles. By cycle 5, both far-red- and non-far-red-treated plants decreased to 10 mm. Dry mass was greatest in cycle 1 for both genotypes (‘Cherry 1’ was 6 mg and ‘BaOx’ was 7 mg) under the highest amount of blue light, but 2 mg under the lowest amount of blue light. Dry mass decreased by 50% in cycle 3, to 4 mg, where it remained for the duration of the experiment. Sixty eight percent of shoots rooted ex vitro on the mist bench, regardless of any prior in vitro treatment. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in In Vitro Culture Systems for Plant Propagation and Conservation)

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16 pages, 5209 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Multi-Omics Analysis Provides Insights into a Mosaic-Leaf Phenotype of Astaxanthin-Producing Tobacco

by Jialin Wang, Zaifeng Du, Xiaoyang Lin, Peng Li, Shihao Sun, Changqing Yang, Yong Chen, Zhongfeng Zhang, Xue Yin and Ning Fang

Plants 2025, 14(6), 965; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14060965 - 19 Mar 2025

Viewed by 190

Abstract

In metabolically engineered plants, the target products are usually uniformly distributed in the whole plant or specific tissues. When engineering tobacco to produce astaxanthin, a ketocarotenoid with strong antioxidant activity and multiple bioactivities, a scattered distribution of astaxanthin-producing regions was observed in a [...] Read more.

In metabolically engineered plants, the target products are usually uniformly distributed in the whole plant or specific tissues. When engineering tobacco to produce astaxanthin, a ketocarotenoid with strong antioxidant activity and multiple bioactivities, a scattered distribution of astaxanthin-producing regions was observed in a small portion of astaxanthin-producing tobacco plants, which caused mosaic-like red and green spots on the leaves (ASTA-mosaic). A physiological assay showed that the non-astaxanthin green region (Mosaic_G) had relatively higher chlorophyll content and better chloroplast structure than the astaxanthin-producing red region (Mosaic_R). Then, metabolomics, proteomics, and small RNA transcriptomics were employed to analyze the uneven distribution of astaxanthin-producing regions in tobacco leaves. The results of metabolomics and proteomics revealed a decrease in carotenoid metabolism, chlorophyll biosynthesis, and chlorophyll degradation in the Mosaic_G region. Pheophorbide a, an intermediate of chlorophyll degradation, was found to be significantly reduced in the Mosaic_G region, which was accompanied by the attenuation of chlorophyllase and pheophytinase, which catalyze the formation of pheophorbide a in chlorophyll degradation. Reductions in photosynthetic antenna proteins and photosystem-associated proteins were observed in the Mosaic_R region, consistent with the better chloroplast structure of the Mosaic_G region. Small RNA transcriptomics showed that several small RNAs could target chlorophyll-degradative genes, but they were more effective in targeting the astaxanthin biosynthetic genes. This finding was supported by the fact that the Mosaic_G region can remain green up to the senescence of tobacco leaves. This work provides insights into the mechanism of the uneven distribution of astaxanthin-producing regions in tobacco leaves and may contribute to the specialized utilization of tobacco plants for metabolic engineering. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Molecular Techniques for Modern Plant Breeding)

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23 pages, 1990 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Novel PCR-Based Detection Methods for the Lettuce Bacterial Leaf Spot Pathogen, Xanthomonas hortorum pv. vitians Morinière et al., 2020

by Emma R. Martinez, Mozhde Hamidizade, Ana B. Zacaroni and Carolee T. Bull

Plants 2025, 14(6), 964; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14060964 - 19 Mar 2025

Viewed by 226

Abstract

Bacterial leaf spot in lettuce is a sporadic but devastating disease that threatens lettuce production worldwide. Severe outbreaks have resulted in up to 100% crop loss, and even smaller outbreaks can cause a significant yield loss, as the affected tissue must be removed [...] Read more.

Bacterial leaf spot in lettuce is a sporadic but devastating disease that threatens lettuce production worldwide. Severe outbreaks have resulted in up to 100% crop loss, and even smaller outbreaks can cause a significant yield loss, as the affected tissue must be removed from lettuce heads prior to their sale. The pathogen, Xanthomonas hortorum pv. vitians (Xhv), has at least three races, with each defined by the disease or resistance phenotype it elicits in lettuce cultivars and accessions. Specific molecular detection of Xhv would facilitate the work of clinicians, growers, seed companies, and researchers in the lettuce industry. We present an Xhv-specific touchdown PCR method and progress toward race-specific methods. We used an alignment of 18 Xhv strains and 9 closely related, non-target strains to identify pathovar- and race-specific gene clusters as targets for PCR primers. We evaluated the specificity first using in silico methods and then empirically using a collection of Xanthomonas strains. Our protocol demonstrated Xhv-specific detection from two sample types, including genomic DNA extracts and bacterial suspensions. Additional research is required to refine the race-specific protocols. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Diagnosis and Control of Plant Bacterial Diseases)

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13 pages, 1177 KiB

Open AccessReview

Advances and Future Prospects of Pigment Deposition in Pigmented Rice

by Hong Lang, Xingtian Jia, Bing He and Xiaoming Yu

Plants 2025, 14(6), 963; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14060963 - 19 Mar 2025

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Abstract

Pigmented rice, particularly the black and red varieties, is popular due to its better nutritional value. Anthocyanins and proanthocyanidins are two major flavonoid subcategories with broad physiological functions and therapeutic significance. However, pigment deposition is a complex process, and the molecular mechanism involved [...] Read more.

Pigmented rice, particularly the black and red varieties, is popular due to its better nutritional value. Anthocyanins and proanthocyanidins are two major flavonoid subcategories with broad physiological functions and therapeutic significance. However, pigment deposition is a complex process, and the molecular mechanism involved remains unknown. This review explores the metabolites responsible for the pigmentation in various rice tissues. Moreover, the current challenges, feasible strategies, and potential future directions in pigmented rice research are reported. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Plant Genetics and Breeding Improvement)

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12 pages, 10593 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Organic Fertilization and Biostimulant Application to Improve Yield and Quality of Eggplant While Reducing the Environmental Impact

by Luigi Giuseppe Duri, Roberta Paradiso, Ida Di Mola, Eugenio Cozzolino, Lucia Ottaiano, Roberta Marra and Mauro Mori

Plants 2025, 14(6), 962; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14060962 - 19 Mar 2025

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Abstract

Environmental sustainability is a crucial issue in modern agriculture and special attention needs to be paid to soil health preservation. Eggplant (Solanum melongena L.) cultivation implies the supply of relevant quantities of chemical fertilizers, since the crop has high nutrient requirements. This [...] Read more.

Environmental sustainability is a crucial issue in modern agriculture and special attention needs to be paid to soil health preservation. Eggplant (Solanum melongena L.) cultivation implies the supply of relevant quantities of chemical fertilizers, since the crop has high nutrient requirements. This study investigated the combined effects of two common organic amendments—compost and digestate—and two types of biostimulant—a plant-based product and a microbe-based product—on fruit production and quality of eggplant, to highlight the potential synergistic effects of fertilization and biostimulation. The experiment was carried out in a Mediterranean greenhouse in the winter/spring period, assessing early and total marketable yield and fruit qualitative traits (firmness, color, nitrogen, ascorbic acid, carotenoid and phenol content, and antioxidant activity). Results showed that the fertilization strategy significantly influenced plant productivity, with digestate promoting the early fruitification and mineral fertilizers resulting in a higher total yield. Biostimulants, particularly the microbial type, improved the fruit quality in terms of carotenoid content and antioxidant activity. These findings highlight the potential benefits of combining organic amendments with biostimulants in eggplant cultivation, enhancing the economic value of the product through the increase in the early production and fruit nutraceutical value while realizing sustainable practices. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Strategies for Nutrient Use Efficiency Improvement in Plants)

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14 pages, 1878 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Nitrogen Supply Mitigates Temperature Stress Effects on Rice Photosynthetic Nitrogen Use Efficiency and Water Relations

by Zhuang Xiong, Fangzhou Zheng, Chao Wu, Hui Tang, Dongliang Xiong, Kehui Cui, Shaobing Peng and Jianliang Huang

Plants 2025, 14(6), 961; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14060961 - 19 Mar 2025

Viewed by 290

Abstract

Climate-change-induced temperature fluctuations pose significant threats to global rice production, particularly through their impact on photosynthetic efficiency. The differential mechanisms by which low and high temperatures affect leaf photosynthetic processes in rice remain poorly understood. Here, we investigate the effects of temperature stress [...] Read more.

Climate-change-induced temperature fluctuations pose significant threats to global rice production, particularly through their impact on photosynthetic efficiency. The differential mechanisms by which low and high temperatures affect leaf photosynthetic processes in rice remain poorly understood. Here, we investigate the effects of temperature stress (15 °C, 30 °C, 45 °C) on rice photosynthetic performance across a gradient of nitrogen supply levels: low nitrogen (LN), medium nitrogen (MN), and high nitrogen (HN). The low temperature exhibited stronger negative impacts on photosynthesis than the high temperature, primarily through increased mesophyll limitation and disrupted cellular CO₂ diffusion, while the high temperature showed less pronounced effects, particularly under HN and MN conditions. While photosynthetic nitrogen use efficiency (PNUE) decreased with increasing nitrogen under the optimal temperature, moderate nitrogen supply maintained optimal PNUE under temperature stress, suggesting that a balanced nitrogen level is crucial for maximizing both photosynthetic capacity and nitrogen use efficiency. Plants with adequate nitrogen maintained higher intrinsic water use efficiency (_iWUE) under both temperature extremes through improved coordination between CO₂ uptake and water loss. Our findings reveal distinct mechanisms underlying low- and high-temperature stress effects on photosynthesis and highlight the importance of optimizing nitrogen management for enhancing crop resilience to temperature extremes under climate change. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Nitrogen Nutrition in Plants)

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20 pages, 1384 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Plastic Responses of Iris pumila Functional and Mechanistic Leaf Traits to Experimental Warming

by Katarina Hočevar, Ana Vuleta and Sanja Manitašević Jovanović

Plants 2025, 14(6), 960; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14060960 - 19 Mar 2025

Viewed by 183

Abstract

Phenotypic plasticity is an important adaptive strategy that enables plants to respond to environmental changes, particularly temperature fluctuations associated with global warming. In this study, the phenotypic plasticity of Iris pumila leaf traits in response to an elevated temperature (by 1 °C) was [...] Read more.

Phenotypic plasticity is an important adaptive strategy that enables plants to respond to environmental changes, particularly temperature fluctuations associated with global warming. In this study, the phenotypic plasticity of Iris pumila leaf traits in response to an elevated temperature (by 1 °C) was investigated under controlled experimental conditions. In particular, we investigated important functional and mechanistic leaf traits: specific leaf area (SLA), leaf dry matter content (LDMC), specific leaf water content (SLWC), stomatal density (SD), leaf thickness (LT), and chlorophyll content. The results revealed that an elevated temperature induced trait-specific plastic responses, with mechanistic traits exhibiting greater plasticity than functional traits, reflecting their role in short-term acclimation. SLA and SD increased at higher temperatures, promoting photosynthesis and gas exchange, while reductions in SLWC, LDMC, LT, and chlorophyll content suggest a trade-off in favor of growth and metabolic activity over structural investment. Notably, chlorophyll content exhibited the highest plasticity, emphasizing its crucial role in modulating photosynthetic efficiency under thermal stress. Correlation analyses revealed strong phenotypic integration between leaf traits, with distinct trait relationships emerging under different temperature conditions. These findings suggest that I. pumila employs both rapid physiological adjustments and longer-term structural strategies to cope with thermal stress, with mechanistic traits facilitating rapid adjustments and functional traits maintaining ecological stability. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Plant Responses to a Changing Climate: Ecological and Evolutionary Perspectives)

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19 pages, 2563 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Candidate Gene for Kernel-Related Traits in Maize Revealed by a Combination of GWAS and Meta-QTL Analyses

by Hanlong Dong, Zelong Zhuang, Jianwen Bian, Rui Tang, Zhenping Ren and Yunling Peng

Plants 2025, 14(6), 959; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14060959 - 19 Mar 2025

Viewed by 231

Abstract

Maize kernel traits represent crucial agronomic characteristics that significantly determine yield potential. Analyzing the genetic basis of these traits is essential for yield improvement. In this study, we utilized 1283 maize inbred lines to investigate three kernel-related characteristics: kernel length (KL), kernel width [...] Read more.

Maize kernel traits represent crucial agronomic characteristics that significantly determine yield potential. Analyzing the genetic basis of these traits is essential for yield improvement. In this study, we utilized 1283 maize inbred lines to investigate three kernel-related characteristics: kernel length (KL), kernel width (KW), and 100-kernel weight (HKW). We conducted a genome-wide association study (GWAS) on three kernel-related traits, resulting in the identification of 29 significantly associated SNPs and six candidate genes. Additionally, we compiled quantitative trait loci (QTL) information for 765 maize kernel-related traits from 56 studies, conducted a meta-analysis of QTL, and identified 65 meta-QTLs (MQTLs). Among the 23 MQTLs, we found 25 functional genes and reported candidate genes related to kernel traits. We identified 26 maize homologs across 19 MQTLs by utilizing 25 genes that affect rice grain traits. We compared the 29 significant SNPs detected with the physical locations of 65 MQTLs and found that 3 significant SNPs were located within these MQTL intervals, and another 10 significant SNPs were in proximity to these intervals, being less than 2 Mb away, although they were not included within the MQTL intervals. The results of this study provide a theoretical foundation for elucidating the genetic basis of maize kernel-related traits and advancing molecular marker-assisted breeding selection. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Plant Genetics, Genomics and Biotechnology)

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31 pages, 4968 KiB

Open AccessArticle

miR156 Is a Negative Regulator of Aluminum Response in Medicago sativa

by Gamalat Allam, Solihu K. Sakariyahu, Tim McDowell, Tevon A. Pitambar, Yousef Papadopoulos, Mark A. Bernards and Abdelali Hannoufa

Plants 2025, 14(6), 958; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14060958 - 19 Mar 2025

Viewed by 765

Abstract

Aluminum (Al) toxicity is a serious environmental constraint facing crop production in acidic soils, primarily due to the oxidative damage it causes to plant tissues. Alfalfa (Medicago sativa), a globally important forage crop, is highly susceptible to Al-induced stress, necessitating the [...] Read more.

Aluminum (Al) toxicity is a serious environmental constraint facing crop production in acidic soils, primarily due to the oxidative damage it causes to plant tissues. Alfalfa (Medicago sativa), a globally important forage crop, is highly susceptible to Al-induced stress, necessitating the development of Al-tolerant cultivars for sustainable forage production. In this study, we investigated the regulatory role of miR156 in Al stress response in alfalfa. Transcript analysis revealed significant downregulation of miR156 in alfalfa roots after 8 h of Al exposure, suggesting a negative role for miR156 in response to Al. To further investigate the role of miR156 in regulating agronomic traits and alfalfa’s Al tolerance, we utilized the short tandem target mimic (STTM) method to silence miR156 in alfalfa (MsSTTM156), which led to an upregulation of SQUAMOSA PROMOTER BINDING-LIKE (SPL) target genes, albeit with variable miR156 dose-dependent effects across different transgenic genotypes. Morphological characterization of MsSTTM156 plants revealed significant negative changes in root architecture, root and shoot biomass, as well as flowering time. Under Al stress, overexpression of miR156 in alfalfa (MsmiR156OE) resulted in stunted growth and reduced biomass, whereas moderate MsmiR156 silencing enhanced root dry weight and increased stem basal diameter. In contrast, MsmiR156OE reduced plant height, stem basal diameter, shoot branching, and overall biomass under Al stress conditions. At the molecular level, silencing miR156 modulated the transcription of cell wall-related genes linked to Al tolerance, such as polygalacturonase 1(MsPG1) and polygalacturonase 4 (MsPG4). Furthermore, miR156 influenced the expression of indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) transport-related genes auxin transporter-like protein (MsAUX1) and auxin efflux carrier components 2 (MsPIN2), with MsSTTM156 and MsmiR156OE plants showing lower and higher transcript levels, respectively, upon Al exposure. These findings reveal the multi-layered role of miR156 in mediating Al tolerance, providing valuable insights into the genetic strategies that regulate response to Al stress in alfalfa. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Plant Response to Abiotic Stress and Climate Change)

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14 pages, 3368 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Botanical-Based Strategies for Controlling Xanthomonas spp. in Cotton and Citrus: In Vitro and In Vivo Evaluation

by Roxana Andrea Roeschlin, María Alejandra Favaro, Bruno Bertinat, Fernando Gabriel Lorenzini, Marcelo Javier Paytas, Laura Noemí Fernandez, María Rosa Marano and Marcos Gabriel Derita

Plants 2025, 14(6), 957; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14060957 - 19 Mar 2025

Viewed by 195

Abstract

Citrus canker, caused by Xanthomonas citri subsp. citri, and bacterial blight, caused by Xanthomonas citri subsp. malvacearum, results in substantial economic losses worldwide, and searching for new antibacterial agents is a critical challenge. In this study, regional isolates AE28 and RQ3 [...] Read more.

Citrus canker, caused by Xanthomonas citri subsp. citri, and bacterial blight, caused by Xanthomonas citri subsp. malvacearum, results in substantial economic losses worldwide, and searching for new antibacterial agents is a critical challenge. In this study, regional isolates AE28 and RQ3 were obtained from characteristic lesions on Citrus limon and Gossypium hirsutum, respectively. Essential oils extracted by steam distillation from the fresh aerial parts of Pelargonium graveolens and Schinus molle exhibited complete (100%) inhibition of bacterial growth in vitro at a concentration of 1000 ppm, as determined by diffusion tests. To evaluate the potential of these essential oils for controlling Xanthomonas-induced diseases, in vivo assays were conducted on lemon leaves and cotton cotyledons inoculated with the regional AE28 and RQ3 strains. Two treatment approaches were tested: preventive application (24 h before inoculation) and curative application (24 h after inoculation). Preventive and curative treatments with P. graveolens essential oil significantly reduced citrus canker severity, whereas S. molle essential oil did not show a significant reduction compared to the control. In contrast, regardless of the treatment’s timing, both essential oils effectively reduced bacterial blight severity in cotton cotyledons by approximately 1.5-fold. Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis identified geraniol and citronellol as the major components of P. graveolens essential oil, while limonene and t-cadinol were predominant in S. molle. These findings highlight the promising potential of botanical products as bactericidal agents, warranting further research to optimize their application and efficacy. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Occurrence and Control of Plant Bacterial Diseases)

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16 pages, 2890 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Impact of Drip Irrigation and Nitrogen Application on Plant Height, Leaf Area Index, and Water Use Efficiency of Summer Maize in Southern Xinjiang

by Tao Zhu, Feng Liu, Guangning Wang, Han Guo and Liang Ma

Plants 2025, 14(6), 956; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14060956 - 19 Mar 2025

Viewed by 219

Abstract

Agricultural production faces critical challenges in arid regions due to global climate change and water scarcity. Exploring optimal water and nitrogen irrigation combinations is essential to enhancing water use efficiency and crop yields. This study employs the logistic growth model to analyze the [...] Read more.

Agricultural production faces critical challenges in arid regions due to global climate change and water scarcity. Exploring optimal water and nitrogen irrigation combinations is essential to enhancing water use efficiency and crop yields. This study employs the logistic growth model to analyze the impact of varying water and nitrogen treatments on summer maize growth in southern Xinjiang. The goal is to identify an optimal irrigation strategy to enhance maize productivity, optimize water use, and ensure precise crop management. Field experiments included three irrigation levels (W1: 80% ETc, W2: 100% ETc, W3: 120% ETc) and four nitrogen rates (N0: 0 kg/ha, N1: 168 kg/ha, N2: 306.5 kg/ha, N3: 444.5 kg/ha). A logistic growth model, incorporating effective accumulated temperature, plant height, and leaf area index (LAI), quantified growth dynamics. Maximum (v_max) and average (v_avg) growth rates were derived, followed by regression analysis to estimate theoretical maxima and corresponding irrigation–nitrogen requirements. The logistic model provided a good approximation of maize growth dynamics. Maximum growth rates for plant height occurred at 106% ETc and 340 kg/hm² nitrogen, with an effective accumulated temperature of 319.30 °C. LAI growth rates peaked at 105% ETc and 334 kg/hm² nitrogen, with 239.75 °C during rapid growth. Optimal water–nitrogen combinations were identified, highlighting a threshold beyond which excess application becomes counterproductive. The W2N2 combination was identified as optimal, achieving a water use efficiency of 3.04 kg/m³. These findings offer practical guidance for optimizing agricultural practices in arid regions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Crop Physiology and Crop Production)

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24 pages, 5482 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Identification and Characterization of Copper-Responsive miRNAs and Their Target Genes in Jerusalem Artichoke

by Xi Chen, Tianyun Shao, Wenhan Dong, Jiayan Lin, Lixiang Dai, Yilong Ma, Zhaosheng Zhou and Xiaohua Long

Plants 2025, 14(6), 955; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14060955 - 18 Mar 2025

Viewed by 251

Abstract

microRNAs (miRNAs) are key regulators of gene expression in plants, significantly contributing to various biological processes and stress responses. While their roles have been extensively studied in Arabidopsis thaliana and other model plants, the response of miRNAs to copper (Cu) stress in Jerusalem [...] Read more.

microRNAs (miRNAs) are key regulators of gene expression in plants, significantly contributing to various biological processes and stress responses. While their roles have been extensively studied in Arabidopsis thaliana and other model plants, the response of miRNAs to copper (Cu) stress in Jerusalem artichoke remains unknown. This study addresses this gap by investigating Cu-responsive miRNAs and their regulatory roles in Jerusalem artichoke under Cu stress. Through small RNA library analysis, six miRNA families—miR168, miR394, miR397, miR398, miR408, and miR858—were identified in Cu-stressed and control plants of the Jerusalem artichoke cv. NY1. These miRNAs possess characteristic stem-loop precursor structures and detectable miRNA* sequences, with miR858 having unusually long precursors (1524–6448 nt). This study outlines a framework for miRNA-mediated Cu stress responses in Jerusalem artichoke, highlighting the roles of both well-established Cu-responsive miRNAs (miR397, miR398, and miR408) and other conserved miRNAs (miR168, miR394, and miR858). These miRNAs are suggested to influence Cu stress adaptation by modulating target genes involved in essential metabolic, physiological, and morphological processes, offering new insights into miRNA-mediated stress regulation in plants. Full article

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12 pages, 1052 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Exploring the Anti-Chagas Activity of Zanthoxylum chiloperone’s Seedlings Through Metabolomics and Protein–Ligand Docking

by Ninfa Vera de Bilbao, Ryland T. Giebelhaus, Ryan P. Dias, Maria Elena Ferreira, Miguel Martínez, Lorea Velasco-Carneros, Seo Lin Nam, A. Paulina de la Mata, Jean-Didier Maréchal, Ahissan Innocent Adou, Gloria Yaluff, Elva Serna, Muriel Sylvestre, Susana Torres, Alicia Schinini, Ricardo Galeano, Alain Fournet, James J. Harynuk and Gerardo Cebrián-Torrejón

Plants 2025, 14(6), 954; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14060954 - 18 Mar 2025

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Abstract

This publication reports the controlled cultivation of Zanthoxylum chiloperone var. angustifolium Engl. (Rutaceae) in several growth substrates under controlled greenhouse conditions. This plant is well-known for its anti-Chagas (trypanocidal) activity, related to the presence of several β-carboline alkaloids. The metabolomic study of Z. [...] Read more.

This publication reports the controlled cultivation of Zanthoxylum chiloperone var. angustifolium Engl. (Rutaceae) in several growth substrates under controlled greenhouse conditions. This plant is well-known for its anti-Chagas (trypanocidal) activity, related to the presence of several β-carboline alkaloids. The metabolomic study of Z. chiloperone seedlings over two years of growth (2018–2020) was performed using comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography time-of-flight mass spectrometry (GC × GC-TOFMS). The canthin-6-one alkaloids, canthin-6-one and 5-methoxy-canthin-6-one, were putatively identified in Z. chiloperone extracts. Finally, in vitro and in silico studies of trypanocidal activity were performed, suggesting that canthin-6-one alkaloids could interact with the main pharmacological targets against Trypanosoma cruzi, cruzain protease, dihydroorotate dehydrogenase, lanosterol 14-alpha-demethylase, farnesyl diphosphate, and squalene synthases. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Phytochemistry)

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18 pages, 3986 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effects of Light Quality and Photoperiod on Growth, Dry Matter Production and Yield of Ginger

by Haodan Zhang, Xingyue Li, Tao Han, Qin Huang, Junlan Liu, Ailin Tian, Linyu Liu, Guoqing Sun, Ling Dong, Hanyu Wang, Xintong Xie, Siyu Peng, Qiang Li and Honglei Li

Plants 2025, 14(6), 953; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14060953 - 18 Mar 2025

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Abstract

We investigated the effects of light quality and photoperiod on the phenotypic characteristics, dry matter production, and yield of ginger under three light quality ratios (A1: blue light: white light = 1:4; A2: blue light: white light = 1:1; A3: pure white light) [...] Read more.

We investigated the effects of light quality and photoperiod on the phenotypic characteristics, dry matter production, and yield of ginger under three light quality ratios (A1: blue light: white light = 1:4; A2: blue light: white light = 1:1; A3: pure white light) and two photoperiod conditions (B1: 12/12 h·d⁻¹; B2: 16/8 h·d⁻¹). The results demonstrated that blue light treatment significantly reduced plant height and the dry matter distribution ratio of stems and sheaths. In contrast, stem diameter, tiller number, leaf area, theoretical biomass (TBY), maximum accumulation rate (V_max), average accumulation rate (V_aver), time point of maximum accumulation (T_max), rapid growth period (DRGP), dry matter distribution ratio of leaves, roots, and rhizomes, number of rhizomes per plant, average rhizome weight, and yield all significantly increased with an increasing blue light ratio. Principal component analysis revealed distinct phenotypic traits, dry matter production characteristics, and yield-related traits under different blue light treatments. Blue light promoted tillering and increased stem thickness, which are key mechanisms for enhancing ginger yield. Additionally, prolonged photoperiods significantly increased plant height, stem diameter, branch number, leaf area, and biomass, while promoting the redistribution of photosynthetic products from leaves to rhizomes and increasing the proportion of dry matter allocated to rhizomes, thereby boosting ginger yield. These findings provide valuable insights into optimizing light conditions for ginger cultivation, highlighting the importance of a balanced blue-to-white light ratio and extended photoperiods in improving ginger growth and productivity. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Plant Physiology and Metabolism)

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14 pages, 4689 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Effects of Varying Nitrogen Concentrations on the Locule Number in Tomato Fruit

by Meihua Sun, Jing Li, Linlin Tian, Huixian Sun, Yanxiu Miao, Longqiang Bai, Leiping Hou and Tianlai Li

Plants 2025, 14(6), 952; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14060952 - 18 Mar 2025

Viewed by 237

Abstract

Tomato seedlings were treated with nutrient solutions containing varying nitrogen concentrations (50, 150, and 250 mg·L⁻¹) after germination until the completion of flower bud differentiation. The changes in nutrient content, enzyme activity, endogenous hormone levels, and gene expression in the stem [...] Read more.

Tomato seedlings were treated with nutrient solutions containing varying nitrogen concentrations (50, 150, and 250 mg·L⁻¹) after germination until the completion of flower bud differentiation. The changes in nutrient content, enzyme activity, endogenous hormone levels, and gene expression in the stem apex were analyzed to explore the mechanisms regulating the number of locules in tomatoes at different nitrogen concentrations. The results indicated that an increase in nitrogen concentration facilitated the differentiation of tomato flower buds, increased the number of fruit locules, and increased the contents of soluble sugar, soluble protein, starch, and sucrose, as well as the activities of the enzymes POD, NR, and PPO in the seedling stem apex. The contents of soluble sugars and soluble proteins, as well as the activities of POD, NR, and PPO, were closely correlated with the number of fruit locules. An increase in nitrogen concentration was also found to elevate cytokinin levels while reducing auxin content in the stem apex. The transcriptome analysis screened for peroxidase genes, auxin response genes, and cytokinin synthesis genes. The analysis of gene expression patterns suggests that CKX and LOG6 play significant roles in flower development. Additionally, combined physiological changes indicated that an increase in nitrogen concentration during the tomato seedling stage leads to a higher number of fruit locules, which may be associated with elevated cytokinin content, primarily involving the key genes CKX and LOG6. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Horticultural Science and Ornamental Plants)

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21 pages, 2634 KiB

Open AccessSystematic Review

Natural Products for Melanoma Therapy: From Traditional Medicine to Modern Drug Discovery

by Soojin An, Jeongeun An, Dain Lee, Han Na Kang, Sojin Kang, Chi-Hoon Ahn, Rony Abdi Syahputra, Rosy Iara Maciel A. Ribeiro and Bonglee Kim

Plants 2025, 14(6), 951; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14060951 - 18 Mar 2025

Viewed by 320

Abstract

Melanoma, a type of skin cancer originating from melanocytes, represents a significant public health concern according to the World Health Organization. It is one of the most commonly diagnosed cancers worldwide, particularly affecting populations in Europe and North America, with an increasing incidence [...] Read more.

Melanoma, a type of skin cancer originating from melanocytes, represents a significant public health concern according to the World Health Organization. It is one of the most commonly diagnosed cancers worldwide, particularly affecting populations in Europe and North America, with an increasing incidence in Asia. The rise emphasizes the need for diversified treatment approaches. Conventional treatments for melanoma, including immunotherapy, chemotherapy, and targeted therapies like the FDA-approved Opdivo and Relatlimab, often come with severe side effects and high relapse rates. Consequently, natural products have gained considerable attention for their potential to enhance therapeutic outcomes and reduce adverse effects. This systematic review evaluates the anti-cancer properties of natural products against melanoma, examining 52 studies from PubMed and Google Scholar. Our analysis focuses on the antioxidant, anti-angiogenesis, anti-metastatic, and apoptosis-inducing activities of these compounds, also discussing the regulatory factors involved. The findings advocate for intensified research into natural products as complementary agents in melanoma treatment, aiming to improve efficacy and patient quality of life. Further in vitro, in vivo, and clinical trials are essential to validate their effectiveness and integrate them into standard care protocols. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bioprospecting the Efficacy and Safety of Natural Products from Plants)

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