Plants

13 pages, 570 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Anti-Obesity and Weight Management-Related Antioxidant Potential Properties of Calabrian Pine Extracts: Pinus nigra Subsp. laricio (Poir.) Maire

by Mary Fucile, Carmine Lupia, Martina Armentano, Mariangela Marrelli, Ludovica Zicarelli, Claudia-Crina Toma, Giancarlo Statti and Filomena Conforti

Plants 2025, 14(6), 851; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14060851 (registering DOI) - 8 Mar 2025

Abstract

Natural extracts derived from plants have gained attention as potential therapeutic agents for obesity management. Some natural extracts were demonstrated to inhibit pancreatic lipase and alpha amylase, potentially influencing nutrient absorption and contributing to weight management. Pinus nigra subsp. laricio (Poir.) Maire, commonly [...] Read more.

Natural extracts derived from plants have gained attention as potential therapeutic agents for obesity management. Some natural extracts were demonstrated to inhibit pancreatic lipase and alpha amylase, potentially influencing nutrient absorption and contributing to weight management. Pinus nigra subsp. laricio (Poir.) Maire, commonly known as the Calabrian pine or larch pine, is a subspecies of the black pine native to the mountains of southern Italy and Corsica. This study investigated the phytochemical content and antioxidant (DPPH and β-carotene bleaching assays) and enzymatic (lipase and amylase inhibition) activities of ethanolic extracts from apical shoots and branches, fractionated into n-hexane, dichloromethane, and ethyl acetate. All the extracts were also subjected to a preliminary evaluation of their anti-inflammatory potential by measuring the ability to inhibit nitric oxide (NO) production in RAW 264.7 macrophages. The ethyl acetate branch fraction exhibited the strongest antioxidant activity (DPPH IC50 15.67 ± 0.16 μg/mL), while the total branch extract best inhibited pancreatic lipase (IC50 0.62 mg/mL). Amylase inhibition was strongest in the ethyl acetate apical shoot fraction (IC50 22.05 ± 0.29 µg/mL). The branches’ hexane and dichloromethane fractions showed the greatest anti-inflammatory potential, inhibiting NO production in RAW 264.7 cells with IC50 values comparable to the positive control. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bioactive Compounds from Plant Natural Products: Ethnopharmacology and Phytochemistry)

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15 pages, 1738 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Kinetics of Mesophyll Conductance and Photorespiration During Light Induction

by Ningyu Liu, Jianxin Cao, Mingying Yang, Yiyun Li and Wei Huang

Plants 2025, 14(6), 850; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14060850 (registering DOI) - 8 Mar 2025

Abstract

Mesophyll conductance to CO₂ (g_m) act as a significant limiting factor influencing the CO₂ assimilation rate (A_N) during photosynthetic induction. However, the effect of vapor pressure deficit (VPD) on g_m kinetics during light induction [...] Read more.

Mesophyll conductance to CO₂ (g_m) act as a significant limiting factor influencing the CO₂ assimilation rate (A_N) during photosynthetic induction. However, the effect of vapor pressure deficit (VPD) on g_m kinetics during light induction is not well clarified. We combined gas exchange with chlorophyll fluorescence measurements to assess the induction kinetics of g_m during light induction under contrasting vapor pressure deficit (VPD) in two tree species with different stomatal conductance (g_s) behavior, Catalpa fargesii and Pterocarya stenoptera. Our results revealed three key findings: (1) the coordination of g_m and g_s kinetics during light induction occurred in C. fargesii but not in P. stenoptera, and the model of g_s kinetics largely determines whether the coordination of g_s and g_m exist in a given species; (2) a high VPD induced simultaneous changes in g_s and g_m kinetics in C. fargesii but had separated effects on g_s and g_m kinetics in P. stenoptera, indicating that the response of g_m kinetics during light induction to VPD differs between species; and (3) the relative contribution of photorespiration to total electron flow was flexible in response to the change in relative diffusional and biochemical limitations, pointing out that photorespiration has a significant role in the regulation of photosynthetic electron flow during light induction. These results provide new sight into the species-dependent kinetics of g_m and photorespiration during light induction. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Plant Physiology and Metabolism)

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26 pages, 8953 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Preliminary Analysis of the Formation Mechanism of Floret Color in Broccoli (Brassica oleracea L var. italica) Based on Transcriptomics and Targeted Metabolomics

by Qingqing Shao, Mindong Chen, Saichuan Cheng, Huangfang Lin, Biying Lin, Honghui Lin, Jianting Liu and Haisheng Zhu

Plants 2025, 14(6), 849; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14060849 (registering DOI) - 8 Mar 2025

Abstract

Floret color is a crucial phenotypic trait in broccoli, serving as an indicator of maturity and determining its market value. However, the mechanisms underlying color variation remain unclear. In this study, six broccoli varieties with different floret colors at harvest were chosen as [...] Read more.

Floret color is a crucial phenotypic trait in broccoli, serving as an indicator of maturity and determining its market value. However, the mechanisms underlying color variation remain unclear. In this study, six broccoli varieties with different floret colors at harvest were chosen as materials. The color difference and pigment content of florets were measured, and a combined analysis of anthocyanin-targeted metabolome and transcriptome was conducted. Our findings revealed that chlorophyll a primarily influences green, yellow-green, and light green coloration, while the wax content may contribute to gray-green coloration. The blue-green and dark blue-green coloration are regulated by both chlorophyll a and anthocyanins. Targeted metabolomics identified five anthocyanin compounds, with peonidin-3-O-glucoside as a key metabolite for blue-green coloration and delphinidin-3-O-glucoside-5-O-galactoside and peonidin-3,5-O-diglucoside for dark blue-green coloration. Transcriptomic analysis identified CHLG as a potential key regulator for yellow-green and light-green floret coloration. The blue-green coloration appears to be coregulated by a combination of genes, including the chlorophyll biosynthesis gene HEMF; anthocyanin biosynthesis genes (PAL, FLS, and UGT); and chlorophyll degradation genes (SGR, PPD, and NYC). Furthermore, upstream genes involved in both chlorophyll metabolism (CHLI, CHLD, CHLM, DVR, and CLH) and anthocyanin biosynthesis (PAL, 4CL, CHS, F3′H, and FLS) play crucial roles in determining the dark blue-green coloration of florets. Meanwhile, transcription factors of the WRKY, NAC, and TCP families are involved in chlorophyll metabolism, while those of the bHLH and MYB families participate in anthocyanin synthesis. The WGCNA identified one Hub gene for chlorophyll metabolism and two for anthocyanin synthesis. In conclusion, 35 candidate genes were identified, including 21 involved in chlorophyll metabolism and 14 in anthocyanin biosynthesis. This study provides novel insights into the molecular mechanisms of floret coloration and establishes a foundation for molecular breeding in broccoli. Full article

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11 pages, 1892 KiB

Open AccessCommunication

Seed Fatty Acids Modify Oviposition of Tenebrio molitor (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae)

by Gabrielė Bumbulytė, Arijus Auškalnis and Vincas Būda

Plants 2025, 14(6), 848; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14060848 (registering DOI) - 8 Mar 2025

Abstract

Plant–insect interactions mediated by chemical compounds are well documented in roots and above-ground plant parts except seeds. The latter chemoecological interactions remain poorly studied. The chemical composition of seeds, including attractive, repellent, or inhibitory compounds, likely influences oviposition behavior, yet specific studies on [...] Read more.

Plant–insect interactions mediated by chemical compounds are well documented in roots and above-ground plant parts except seeds. The latter chemoecological interactions remain poorly studied. The chemical composition of seeds, including attractive, repellent, or inhibitory compounds, likely influences oviposition behavior, yet specific studies on this subject are scarce. This study evaluated the oviposition behavior of the yellow mealworm (Tenebrio molitor L. (Coleoptera, Tenebrionidae)) on substrates of common oat (Avena sativa L. (Poales: Poaceae)), common wheat (Triticum aestivum L. (Poales: Poaceae)), rapeseed (Brassica napus L. (Brassicales: Brassicaceae)), and pure sand. Females laid the most eggs on oat and wheat substrates, while oviposition on sand was reduced by 22%. The chemoreceptors located in the antennae of T. molitor were found not to influence oviposition. Hexane extracts of oat flour were found to contain oviposition-inhibiting compounds, identified as fatty acids. Behavioral tests showed that oleic, palmitic, linoleic, and stearic acids inhibited oviposition at concentrations ranging from 5% to 0.5%. A lower concentration (0.05%) did not have this effect. Additionally, linoleic, palmitic, and oleic acids exhibited repellent properties, whereas stearic acid did not. These findings provide valuable insights into optimizing substrate composition to enhance T. molitor reproduction. This has applications for small-scale laboratory research and large-scale industrial production, supporting the use of T. molitor as an alternative protein source for feed and food. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Chemical Ecology of Plant and Insect Pests)

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24 pages, 9733 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Harnessing Jasmonate Pathways: PgJAR1’s Impact on Ginsenoside Accumulation in Ginseng

by Ru Zhang, Chao Li, Rui Guo, Zhaoying Li and Bianling Zhang

Plants 2025, 14(6), 847; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14060847 (registering DOI) - 8 Mar 2025

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Abstract

Ginsenosides, the most active components in Panax ginseng, exhibit pharmacological and therapeutic properties but are limited by their low abundance. Jasmonates (JAs), a class of stress-induced phytohormones, are integral in modulating plant defense responses and the biosynthesis of secondary metabolites, including ginsenosides. [...] Read more.

Ginsenosides, the most active components in Panax ginseng, exhibit pharmacological and therapeutic properties but are limited by their low abundance. Jasmonates (JAs), a class of stress-induced phytohormones, are integral in modulating plant defense responses and the biosynthesis of secondary metabolites, including ginsenosides. Jasmonoyl-isoleucine (JA-Ile), the primary bioactive JA compound, is biosynthesized by JA-Ile synthase 1 (JAR1). In this study, we cloned the 1555 bp PgJAR1 gene from ginseng roots and analyzed its structure, enzyme activity, and expression pattern. The PgJAR1 protein encompasses all the hallmark elements characteristic of the GH3 family. It exhibits N/C-terminal domains analogous to ANL, three ATP/AMP-binding motifs, and distinct secondary structures: an N-terminal beta-barrel with beta-sheets and alpha-helices, and a C-terminal beta-sheet surrounded by alpha-helices, similarly to AtGH3.11/AtJAR1. The recombinant PgJAR1 enzyme expressed in Escherichia coli BL21 specifically catalyzed jasmonic acid (JA) to JA-Ile. PgJAR1 is predominantly expressed in leaves and is upregulated by MeJA treatment. Moderate transient overexpression of PgJAR1 promoted the biosynthesis of both JA-Ile and ginsenosides, highlighting the crucial role of PgJAR1 in JA-Ile biosynthesis and its positive impact on ginsenoside accumulation. Nevertheless, elevated JA-Ile levels can impede cellular growth, reducing ginsenoside production. Consequently, balancing JA-Ile biosynthesis through PgJAR1 expression is essential for optimizing ginseng cultivation and enhancing its medicinal properties. Modulating endogenous JA-Ile levels offers a strategy for increasing ginsenoside production in ginseng plants. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Plant Molecular Biology)

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32 pages, 9358 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Analysis of the Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Activity, Cytotoxic, and Anti-Migratory Properties of the Essential Oils Obtained from Cultivated Medicinal Lamiaceae Species

by Gabriela Valentina Ciobotaru, Iacob-Daniel Goje, Cristina Adriana Dehelean, Corina Danciu, Ioana Zinuca Magyari-Pavel, Elena-Alina Moacă, Delia Muntean, Ilinca Merima Imbrea, Veronica Sărățeanu and Georgeta Pop

Plants 2025, 14(6), 846; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14060846 (registering DOI) - 8 Mar 2025

Abstract

This study aims to highlight the therapeutic potential of some Lamiacea essential oils (EOs). For this purpose, eight EOs, including two from Lavandula angustifolia Mill. cultivated in Romania and Spain (LA1 and LA2), Salvia officinalis L. (SO), Lavandula hybrida Balb. ex Ging (LH), [...] Read more.

This study aims to highlight the therapeutic potential of some Lamiacea essential oils (EOs). For this purpose, eight EOs, including two from Lavandula angustifolia Mill. cultivated in Romania and Spain (LA1 and LA2), Salvia officinalis L. (SO), Lavandula hybrida Balb. ex Ging (LH), Salvia sclarea L. (SS), Mentha smithiana L. (MS), Perovskia atriplicifolia Benth. (PA), and Mentha x piperita L. (MP), were evaluated in vitro in terms of antioxidant, cytotoxic, antimicrobial, and anti-migratory activities. As regards the antioxidant capacity, expressed as the EO concentration that produces 50% of the maximum effect (IC₅₀ value), the EOs obtained from the cultivated plants of the Lamiaceae family are ordered as follows: LA2 ˃ LA1 ˃ LH > MP > MS > SO > SS > PA. For the determination of antimicrobial activity, the reference strains used for testing were Salmonella enterica serotype typhimurium, Shigella flexneri serotype 2b, Enterococcus faecalis, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, Candida albicans, and Candida parapsilosis. The most intense inhibitory effect was observed in EOs of MS and MP on all tested microbial strains. The cytotoxic and anti-migratory activity of EOs was tested on two melanoma cell lines (A375 and B164A5) and on a healthy keratinocyte line (HaCaT). EOs LA1 and MP manifested the highest selectivity on the analysed tumoural cells, by reducing their migration in comparison with the control, proving to have therapeutic potential. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Phytochemicals in Plants: Recent Developments on the Occurrence, Composition, Stability, Health, Food and Pharmaceutical Applications—2nd Edition)

12 pages, 4551 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Identification and Characterization of Fusarium incarnatum Causing Leaf Spot and Fruit Rot on Luffa in China

by Xia Chen, Hao Liu, Lanlan Dong, Junrui Shi, Zhonghua Ma, Leiyan Yan and Yanni Yin

Plants 2025, 14(6), 845; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14060845 (registering DOI) - 8 Mar 2025

Viewed by 11

Abstract

In 2022, an outbreak of fungal rot disease affected luffa crops in Shanghai and Zhejiang Province. Infected plants exhibited symptoms including yellowing, chlorosis, wilting, and water-soaked occurred on leaves and fruits. Dark brown, concave lesions developed, often accompanied by white or pale pink [...] Read more.

In 2022, an outbreak of fungal rot disease affected luffa crops in Shanghai and Zhejiang Province. Infected plants exhibited symptoms including yellowing, chlorosis, wilting, and water-soaked occurred on leaves and fruits. Dark brown, concave lesions developed, often accompanied by white or pale pink mold under moist conditions. Fourteen pathogen strains, morphologically resembling Fusarium species, were isolated. Molecular analysis confirmed Fusarium incarnatum as the causative agent. Pathogenicity tests on luffa plants fulfilled Koch’s postulates, with inoculated plants displaying the same symptoms. Re-isolation of the fungus from the inoculated plants confirmed its role in the disease. To our knowledge, this is the first report of F. incarnatum causing leaf spot and fruit rot on luffa in China. Moreover, the soil bacterial strain Bacillus velezensis BV171 displayed strong inhibition of F. incarnatum mycelia growth and promoted the growth of sponge gourd plants. These findings lay the foundation for the development of diagnostic tools, disease management strategies, and the breeding of resistant luffa varieties. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Pathogenesis and Disease Control in Crops—2nd Edition)

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21 pages, 846 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Diplotaxis muralis as an Emerging Food Crop: Chemical Composition, Nutritional Profile and Antioxidant Activities

by Sandrine Ressurreição, Lígia Salgueiro and Artur Figueirinha

Plants 2025, 14(6), 844; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14060844 (registering DOI) - 8 Mar 2025

Viewed by 102

Abstract

Diplotaxis muralis (L.) DC (Brassicaceae) is an edible plant commonly used in Mediterranean diets. This study investigates its nutritional composition, secondary metabolites, and antioxidant activity. The results show that this plant is rich in fibre and essential minerals. Analysis of amino acids shows [...] Read more.

Diplotaxis muralis (L.) DC (Brassicaceae) is an edible plant commonly used in Mediterranean diets. This study investigates its nutritional composition, secondary metabolites, and antioxidant activity. The results show that this plant is rich in fibre and essential minerals. Analysis of amino acids shows a diverse profile, with glutamic acid and aspartic acid being the most abundant. Regarding fatty acids, α-linolenic acid was identified as predominant. Importantly, levels of toxic metals such as cadmium, lead, and mercury were found to be within established safety limits, confirming the plant’s suitability for consumption. A leaf decoction using 80% methanol exhibited the highest concentrations of total phenolic compounds (68.36 mg eq. gallic acid g⁻¹), total flavonoids (3.50 mg eq. quercetin g⁻¹), and antioxidant activity (IC₅₀ of 78.87 µg mL⁻¹ for ABTS, 392.95 µg mL⁻¹ for DPPH, and a FRAP value of 731.20 µmol Fe(II) g⁻¹). HPLC-PDA-ESI-MSⁿ characterization identified flavonols as the main polyphenols. Additionally, several glucosinolates were identified. These compounds, along with their hydrolysis products, not only contribute to the health benefits of D. muralis, but also impart its distinctive pungent and spicy notes, playing a crucial role in shaping its unique sensory profile. These findings highlight the contribution of phenolic compounds and glucosinolates to the health benefits of D. muralis, reinforcing its potential as a promising plant for the development of new functional foods. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bioactive Plants, Phytocompounds and Plant-Derived Food)

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25 pages, 2281 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Phenological Shifts Since 1830 in 29 Native Plant Species of California and Their Responses to Historical Climate Change

by Andros Solakis-Tena, Noelia Hidalgo-Triana, Ryan Boynton and James H. Thorne

Plants 2025, 14(6), 843; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14060843 - 7 Mar 2025

Viewed by 128

Abstract

Climate change is affecting Mediterranean climate regions, such as California. Retrospective phenological studies are a useful tool to track biological response to these impacts through the use of herbarium-preserved specimens. We used data from more than 12,000 herbarium specimens of 29 dominant native [...] Read more.

Climate change is affecting Mediterranean climate regions, such as California. Retrospective phenological studies are a useful tool to track biological response to these impacts through the use of herbarium-preserved specimens. We used data from more than 12,000 herbarium specimens of 29 dominant native plant species that are characteristic of 12 broadly distributed vegetation types to investigate phenological patterns in response to climate change. We analyzed the trends of four phenophases: preflowering (FBF), flowering (F), fruiting (FS) and growth (DVG), over time (from 1830 to 2023) and through changes in climate variables (from 1896 to 2023). We also examined these trends within California’s 10 ecoregions. Among the four phenophases, the strongest response was found in the timing of flowering, which showed an advance in 28 species. Furthermore, 21 species showed sequencing in the advance of two or more phenophases. We highlight the advances found over temperature variables: 10 in FBF, 28 in F, 17 in FS and 18 in DVG. Diverse and less-consistent results were found for water-related variables with 15 species advancing and 11 delaying various phenophases in response to decreasing precipitation and increasing evapotranspiration. Jepson ecoregions displayed a more pronounced advance in F related to time and mean annual temperature in the three of the southern regions compared to the northern ones. This study underscores the role of temperature in driving phenological change, demonstrating how rising temperatures have predominantly advanced phenophase timing. These findings highlight potential threats, including risks of climatic, ecological, and biological imbalances. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Plant Response to Abiotic Stress and Climate Change)

18 pages, 736 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Modification in the Composition of Lactuca sativa L. Plants Exposed to Abiotic Stress Induced by Commonly Used Antibiotics

by Ildiko Lung, Maria-Loredana Soran, Aura Nicoleta Sârb, Adina Stegarescu, Augustin C. Moț, Iolanda-Veronica Ganea, Delia-Maria Gligor and Ocsana Opriș

Plants 2025, 14(6), 842; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14060842 - 7 Mar 2025

Viewed by 101

Abstract

The widespread worldwide use of antibiotics leads to significant diffuse pollution of the environment, but the understanding of the effects of many important antibiotics on plants is still limited. This study aimed to gain insight into the impact of ampicillin (AMP) and ciprofloxacin [...] Read more.

The widespread worldwide use of antibiotics leads to significant diffuse pollution of the environment, but the understanding of the effects of many important antibiotics on plants is still limited. This study aimed to gain insight into the impact of ampicillin (AMP) and ciprofloxacin (CIP) on the bioactive compounds, antioxidant capacity, and elemental content of lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.). The lettuce was grown in a climate chamber under controlled conditions of light and temperature, in soil with contaminated antibiotics of different concentrations (7.5 mg kg⁻¹—AMP I; 15 mg kg⁻¹—AMP II; 30 mg kg⁻¹—AMP III; 5 mg kg⁻¹—CIP I; 10 mg kg⁻¹—CIP II; and 20 mg kg⁻¹—CIP III). The results obtained for the plants grown in the presence of antibiotics were compared with the control plants. Changing the growth conditions influenced the composition of the biologically active compounds and the content of elements selected in this study. Thus, it was observed that the plants grown with antibiotics exhibited a double increase in polyphenolic content, especially at higher treatment levels, but also a significant decrease in assimilatory pigments (up to 70.19%), 2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical-bleaching activity (up to 83.80%), and elemental contents compared to the control plants. Multivariate analysis was used to gain insight into similarities and differences between treatments and the association of the tested variables following the applied treatments, indicating a coping mechanism of the plants against the antibiotic treatments. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bioactive Compounds in Plants—2nd Edition)

15 pages, 2475 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Silicon Deposition and Phytolith Morphological Variation in Culm Sheaths of Dendrocalamus brandisii at Different Growth Stages

by Siyuan Duan, Maobiao Li, Dongbo Xie, Rui Xu, Shuguang Wang, Changming Wang and Hui Zhan

Plants 2025, 14(6), 841; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14060841 - 7 Mar 2025

Viewed by 200

Abstract

Bamboo is an efficient silicon accumulator with diverse phytolith morphotypes and composition. The bamboo culm sheath, traditionally considered as a modified leaf, plays a key role in bamboo taxonomy and provides significant mechanical and physiological support for shoot development, but its silicon deposition [...] Read more.

Bamboo is an efficient silicon accumulator with diverse phytolith morphotypes and composition. The bamboo culm sheath, traditionally considered as a modified leaf, plays a key role in bamboo taxonomy and provides significant mechanical and physiological support for shoot development, but its silicon deposition and phytolith morphological variation remain underexplored. We investigated silicon variation and phytolith morphology in D. brandisii culm sheaths at different growth stages. The results showed that silicon deposition in D. brandisii culm sheaths at different growth stages was comparable to foliage leaves but significantly greater than branches as in previous research. Phytolith concentration in the culm sheath blades of D. brandisii was higher, associated with their greater silicon content than the sheath bodies. Silicon precipitated and phytoliths were produced as the culm sheath matured. Silicon and phytolith contents were significantly greater in upper culm sheath bodies. D. brandisii culm sheaths were characterized by a high proportion of rondel phytoliths, whereas bilobate and bulliform flabellate phytoliths were not observed. Circular and saddle phytoliths accounted for a very low proportion. Stomata phytoliths were abundant in culm sheaths at the shooting stage and increased with sheath maturation, which supported the transpiration, respiration and photosynthesis in culm sheaths of the shoots. Elongate and acute phytoliths were extremely abundant in D. brandisii culm sheaths and increased with sheath maturation, which enhanced the mechanical and protective role of the culm. The phytolith morphotypes in D. brandisii culm sheaths did not demonstrate a specific trend with sheath position. Saddle phytoliths showed insignificant variation in D. brandisii culm sheaths. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Plant Development and Morphogenesis)

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17 pages, 3302 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Iron and Zinc Foliar Spraying Affected Sideritis cypria Post. Growth, Mineral Content and Antioxidant Properties

by Antonios Chrysargyris and Nikolaos Tzortzakis

Plants 2025, 14(6), 840; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14060840 - 7 Mar 2025

Viewed by 255

Abstract

Species of the genus Sideritis are gaining heightened recognition for their applications in both culinary and industrial contexts. The improvement of crop cultivation techniques to promote the quality of the final product is imperative nowadays for ensuring sustainable and successive agricultural production, especially [...] Read more.

Species of the genus Sideritis are gaining heightened recognition for their applications in both culinary and industrial contexts. The improvement of crop cultivation techniques to promote the quality of the final product is imperative nowadays for ensuring sustainable and successive agricultural production, especially for medicinal and aromatic plant species. The present study examined the impacts of foliar application of iron (Fe) and zinc (Zn) on Sideritis cypria plants grown in hydroponics. The spraying of Fe (1.79 mM and 10.79 mM) and Zn (1.74 mM and 10.43 mM Zn) was applied four times at 10-day intervals, and the effects on plant growth, plant physiology, antioxidant status and nutrient uptake were investigated. The applications of both the high Fe and Zn levels decreased the plant yield and dry matter content. The use of the high Fe levels, particularly, resulted in elevated oxidative stress, as indicated by the increased levels of lipid peroxidation and hydrogen peroxide production and the increased peroxidase enzymatic activity. The application of the high Fe levels (10.79 mM Fe) also induced the plants’ non-enzymatic antioxidant mechanisms and the total flavonoid content. All foliar applications increased the accumulation of sodium in the leaf tissue. The plants’ calcium content was increased after the treatment with Zn, while the magnesium content was increased only when the high Zn level (10.43 mM Zn) was applied. Interestingly, the foliar application of both Zn and Fe had no effect on the build-up of zinc or iron content in the leaf tissue. Biofortification with minerals is a key approach to enhancing the biological quality and the nutritional value of plants, while its foliar application or application via different fertigation strategies needs to be evaluated either as single or as combined practices. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Plant Surfaces: Physico-Chemical Properties, Interaction with Deposited Matter and Permeability)

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17 pages, 7681 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Seed Quality and Seedling Growth After Applying Ecological Treatments to Crimson Clover Seeds

by Ratibor Štrbanović, Branimir Šimić, Mariana Stanišić, Dobrivoj Poštić, Nenad Trkulja, Violeta Oro and Rade Stanisavljević

Plants 2025, 14(6), 839; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14060839 - 7 Mar 2025

Viewed by 137

Abstract

The effect of different treatments on the seed quality of crimson clover (Trifolium incarnatum L.) from six localities in eastern Serbia was investigated. The aim of this study was to improve seed quality and seedling growth of T. incarnatum using eco-friendly treatments. Tests [...] Read more.

The effect of different treatments on the seed quality of crimson clover (Trifolium incarnatum L.) from six localities in eastern Serbia was investigated. The aim of this study was to improve seed quality and seedling growth of T. incarnatum using eco-friendly treatments. Tests were carried out under laboratory and field conditions, using hot water and air-drying temperatures. Seed quality parameters included germinated seeds, dormant seeds, dead seeds, seedling growth, and abnormal seedlings, all expressed as percentages. The water absorption test confirmed the presence of physical seed dormancy in crimson clover. The best results were achieved with a 30-min hot water treatment, which increased water absorption and reduced the percentage of dormant seeds. Longer exposure times increased the percentage of dead seeds and abnormal seedlings, whereas shorter exposure times increased the percentage of dormant seeds and reduced germination. There was strong agreement between the germination results obtained under laboratory and field conditions. These findings illustrate new biotechnological approaches to enhancing seed quality. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Studies on Strategy of Diaspore Dispersal and Effectiveness of Seed Germination)

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19 pages, 2788 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Balanced Fertilization Improves Crop Production and Soil Organic Carbon Sequestration in a Wheat–Maize Planting System in the North China Plain

by Huiyu Zhang, Hao Zhai, Ruixin Zan, Yuan Tian, Xiaofei Ma, Hutai Ji and Dingyi Zhang

Plants 2025, 14(6), 838; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14060838 - 7 Mar 2025

Viewed by 141

Abstract

Maintaining the long-term viability of a wheat–maize planting system, particularly the synchronous improvement of crop production and soil organic carbon (SOC) sequestration, is crucial for ensuring food security in the North China Plain. A field experiment in which wheat–maize was regarded as an [...] Read more.

Maintaining the long-term viability of a wheat–maize planting system, particularly the synchronous improvement of crop production and soil organic carbon (SOC) sequestration, is crucial for ensuring food security in the North China Plain. A field experiment in which wheat–maize was regarded as an integral fertilization unit was carried out in Shanxi Province, China, adopting a split-plot design with different distribution ratios of phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) fertilizer between wheat and maize seasons in the main plot (A) (a ratio of 3:0, A1; a ratio of 2:1, A2) and different application rates of pure nitrogen (N) during the entire wheat and maize growth period (B) (450 kg·ha⁻¹, B1; 600 kg·ha⁻¹, B2). Moreover, no fertilization was used in the entire wheat and maize growth period for the control (CK). The findings showed that A2B1 treatment led to the highest response, with an average wheat yield of 7.75 t·ha⁻¹ and an average maize yield of 8.40 t·ha⁻¹ over the last 9 years. The highest SOC content (15.13 g·kg⁻¹), storage (34.20 t·ha⁻¹), and sequestration (7.11 t·ha⁻¹) were also observed under the A2B1 treatment. Both enhanced crop yield and SOC sequestration resulted from improvements in cumulative carbon (C) input, soil nutrients, and stoichiometry under the A2B1 treatment. It was confirmed that total N (TN), alkali-hydrolysable N (AN), available P (AP), available K (AK), and the ratios of C:K, N:K, and N:P had positive effects on crop yield through the labile components of SOC and on SOC sequestration through microbial necromass C. To conclude, our findings highlight the urgent need to optimize fertilizer management strategies to improve crop production and SOC sequestration in the North China Plain. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic High-Efficiency Utilization of Water-Fertilizer Resources and Green Production of Crops)

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17 pages, 4332 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Impacts of Leaf Damage Intensity on Ant–Plant Protection Mutualism and Plant Fitness

by Isabela Cristina de Oliveira Pimenta, Eduardo Soares Calixto and Kleber Del-Claro

Plants 2025, 14(6), 837; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14060837 - 7 Mar 2025

Viewed by 56

Abstract

Herbivores can negatively impact plant reproduction by altering floral traits, pollination, and fruit production. To counteract this, plants developed defense mechanisms, such as the biotic defense resulting from associations with ants. The aim of this study was to investigate whether leaf herbivory at [...] Read more.

Herbivores can negatively impact plant reproduction by altering floral traits, pollination, and fruit production. To counteract this, plants developed defense mechanisms, such as the biotic defense resulting from associations with ants. The aim of this study was to investigate whether leaf herbivory at different intensities influences reproductive success and extrafloral nectar secretion patterns in a savanna plant, Banisteriopsis malifolia (Malpighiaceae). Plants were subjected to simulated leaf herbivory and divided into three groups: Control (damage < 5%), T15 (15% leaf area removed), and T50 (50% leaf area removed). Assessments continued until fruiting. The findings indicate an increase in extrafloral nectar sugar concentration after simulated herbivory. Increasing foliar damage significantly delayed the time to bloom, decreased the number of inflorescences per plant, and reduced the size of buds and flowers. Foliar damage significantly decreased fruit size. Furthermore, ant foraging was influenced by herbivory, with a predominance of aggressive ants on plants with high levels of damage. Our study shows that varying levels of leaf damage affect extrafloral nectar secretion, ant foraging behavior, and plant reproductive structures. These findings highlight how insect herbivores and the level of damage they cause influence plant fitness and consequently community structure. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Plant Behavioral Ecology)

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17 pages, 3657 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Influence of Miscanthus floridulus on Heavy Metal Distribution and Phytoremediation in Coal Gangue Dump Soils: Implications for Ecological Risk Mitigation

by Jiaolong Wang, Yan Jiang, Yuanying Peng, Xiaoyong Chen, Wende Yan, Xiaocui Liang, Qian Wu and Jingjie Fang

Plants 2025, 14(6), 836; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14060836 - 7 Mar 2025

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Abstract

Coal gangue dumps, a byproduct of coal mining, contribute significantly to heavy metal contamination, impacting soil and water quality. In order to assess the levels of heavy metal contamination in soils at different stages of abandonment, this study investigated the role of Miscanthus [...] Read more.

Coal gangue dumps, a byproduct of coal mining, contribute significantly to heavy metal contamination, impacting soil and water quality. In order to assess the levels of heavy metal contamination in soils at different stages of abandonment, this study investigated the role of Miscanthus floridulus (M. floridulus) in the spatial distribution and remediation of six heavy metals (Cd, Cr, Mn, Ni, Cu, and Pb) in coal gangue dump soils abandoned for 0, 8, and 12 years in Pingxiang City, Jiangxi Province, China. Fieldwork was conducted at three sites operated by the Pingxiang Mining Group: Anyuan (active, barren), Gaokeng (8 years, natural vegetation), and Qingshan (12 years, partially remediated). Anyuan remains largely barren, while Gaokeng supports natural vegetation without formal remediation. In contrast, Qingshan supports diverse plant species, including M. floridulus, due to partial remediation. Using a randomized design, root exudates, heavy metal concentrations, and soil properties were analyzed. The results showed that Cd poses the highest ecological risk, with concentrations of 64.56 mg kg⁻¹ at the active site, 25.57 mg kg⁻¹ at the 8-year site, and 39.13 mg kg⁻¹ at the 12-year site. Cu and Pb showed accumulation, while Cr and Mn decreased over time. Root exudates from M. floridulus enhanced metal bioavailability, influencing Cd, Cr, and Ni concentrations. These findings highlight the importance of rhizosphere processes in metal mobility and inform sustainable remediation strategies for post-mining landscapes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Microbial and Nutrient Interactions as Remediation Tools in Plant Ecosystems)

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25 pages, 3990 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Relationship Between Phenological Characteristics and Life Forms Within Temperate Semi-Natural Grassland Ecosystems in the Central Himalaya Region of India

by Archana Fartyal, Ravi Kant Chaturvedi, Surendra Singh Bargali and Kiran Bargali

Plants 2025, 14(6), 835; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14060835 - 7 Mar 2025

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Abstract

The seasonal phenological segregation observed among various species within a plant community can be interpreted as a form of niche differentiation that facilitates the coexistence of these species. In the present study, life forms and phenological attributes of dominant plant species in temperate [...] Read more.

The seasonal phenological segregation observed among various species within a plant community can be interpreted as a form of niche differentiation that facilitates the coexistence of these species. In the present study, life forms and phenological attributes of dominant plant species in temperate semi-natural grasslands of Central Himalaya, India, were assessed between January 2022 and December 2022. This study was carried out in three sites in different forest zones, viz. oak, cypress and pine. In each site, plots measuring 0.5 hectares were established and phenological assessments were conducted within each of these plots. A total of 50, 36, and 49 herbaceous species were identified in the grasslands of oak, cypress and pine zones, respectively, with these species categorized into five distinct life form classes. In the grasslands of both oak and pine zones, hemicryptophytes emerged as the predominant life form, whereas in the cypress zone grasslands, it was found that chamaephytes take precedence. The differences observed in the classifications of life forms can be ascribed to the geographical distribution and the biotic interactions present in these sites. The three grasslands exhibit comparable climatic conditions and day lengths, resulting in no significant variations in soil temperature, light intensity or overall climatic factors. The majority of species commenced their flowering phase during the monsoon season, attributed to the favorable conditions characterized by warm, humid weather and adequate soil moisture. Various phenological events, including germination, growth, and senescence, are significantly affected by weather and climate, and their timing subsequently influences ecosystem processes in a reciprocal manner. This study provides valuable foundational data for ecological and environmental research, aiding in the comparison and distinction of plant compositions across the Himalayas and its ecosystems. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Plant Ecology)

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16 pages, 9628 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Genome-Wide Identification of the NAC Gene Family in Brassica rapa (L.) and Expression Pattern Analysis of BrNAC2s

by Weiqiang Li, Fan Ping, Huixuan Jiang, Shuqing Zhang, Tong Zhao, Kaiwen Liu, Hongrui Yu, Iqbal Hussian, Xiliang Ren and Xiaolin Yu

Plants 2025, 14(6), 834; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14060834 - 7 Mar 2025

Viewed by 159

Abstract

Flowers are one of the most important organs in plants. Their development serves as a key indicator of the transition from vegetative to reproductive growth and is regulated by various internal signals and environmental factors. NAC (NAM, ATAF, CUC) transcription factors (TFs) play [...] Read more.

Flowers are one of the most important organs in plants. Their development serves as a key indicator of the transition from vegetative to reproductive growth and is regulated by various internal signals and environmental factors. NAC (NAM, ATAF, CUC) transcription factors (TFs) play a crucial regulatory role in floral organ development; however, research on the analysis and identification of the NAC TF family in Chinese cabbage (Brassica rapa L.) remains limited. In this study, we performed a comprehensive genome-wide analysis of NACs in B. rapa and identified 279 members of the BrNAC gene family. Their physicochemical properties, domain structure, collinearity relation, and cis-regulatory elements were evaluated. Phylogenetic analysis indicates that NAC proteins from Arabidopsis, B. rapa, B. oleracea, and B. nigra can be classified into seven distinct clades. BrNACs exhibit a tissue-specific expression, and nine BrNACs being specifically expressed in the inflorescence. Furthermore, nine flower-related BrNACs were selected for RT-qPCR analysis to validate their expression profiles. BrNAC2s has been cloned to investigate their subcellular localization, and examine the expression patterns of their promoters in Arabidopsis inflorescences. BrNAC2a and BrNAC2c are highly expressed in stamens while BrNAC2b exhibits elevated expression in pistils and pedicel. Collectively, our findings enhance the understanding of the BrNAC family and provide a foundation for future studies on the molecular mechanisms of BrNACs in floral development. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Plant Genetics, Genomics and Biotechnology)

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15 pages, 3149 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Weighted Gene Co-Expression Network Analysis Uncovers Core Drought Responsive Genes in Pecan (Carya illinoinensis)

by Mengxin Hou, Yongrong Li, Jiping Xuan, Yan Zhang, Tao Wang, Min Zhai, Guoming Wang, Longjiao Hu and Zhenghai Mo

Plants 2025, 14(6), 833; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14060833 - 7 Mar 2025

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Abstract

Drought severely affects the growth and production of pecan (Carya illinoinensis), while genes conferred drought adaptation are yet to be fully elucidated. Here, an in-depth exploration of the two different RNA-seq projects regarding drought stress (designated as P1 and P2) was [...] Read more.

Drought severely affects the growth and production of pecan (Carya illinoinensis), while genes conferred drought adaptation are yet to be fully elucidated. Here, an in-depth exploration of the two different RNA-seq projects regarding drought stress (designated as P1 and P2) was performed via weighted gene co-expression network analysis. For the two projects, there existed one pair of modules (P1 turquoise module and P2 blue module) that was probably associated with drought resistance, as the paired modules both exhibited an increased expression profile with increasing water shortage stress and were annotated to be involved in oxidative stress response and the signaling pathways of abscisic acid and jasmonic acid. There were 441 and 1258 hub genes in the P1 turquoise module and P2 blue module, respectively, among which, 140 were overlapped and thus were recognized as core drought responsive genes. An additional drought stress experiment was conducted for RT-qPCR validation, and the results showed that the 20 core genes selected for detection were highly responsive to water deficit. Together, our results will be helpful for understanding the molecular mechanism of drought response and improving drought resistance in pecan. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Plant Fruit Development and Abiotic Stress)

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15 pages, 3284 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Development of Protoplast-Based Gene Editing System for Areca Palm

by Hao Nie, Saira Batool, Yin Min Htwe, Xiaomeng Fang, Dapeng Zhang, Peng Shi, Zhiying Li, Mingjun Ma, Hanlu Su, Qun Yu, Xiangman He and Yong Wang

Plants 2025, 14(6), 832; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14060832 - 7 Mar 2025

Viewed by 198

Abstract

Areca palm (Areca catechu L.) is an economically significant crop in tropical and subtropical regions. However, an efficient transformation and gene editing system for genetic improvement has still not been established. In this study, protoplasts were isolated from juvenile leaves, followed by [...] Read more.

Areca palm (Areca catechu L.) is an economically significant crop in tropical and subtropical regions. However, an efficient transformation and gene editing system for genetic improvement has still not been established. In this study, protoplasts were isolated from juvenile leaves, followed by PEG-mediated transformation and gene editing targeting the areca palm AcPDS via the CRISPR/Cas9 system. High yield (9.08 × 10⁶ cells/g FW) and viability (91.57%) protoplasts were isolated successfully by digestion for 5 h in an enzyme solution. Transformation efficiency (11.85%) was obtained through PEG-mediated transformation (incubation for 30 min in the mixture containing 40% PEG-4000, 400 mM CaCl₂, 30 µg of plasmid DNA, and 100 µL of protoplasts). Furthermore, subcellular localization was established by the cotransformation of GFP and pNLS-mCherry in the protoplasts. Moreover, the editing efficiency (2.82%) of AcPDS using the CRISPR/Cas9 system was detected by Hi-TOM sequencing. This study established an efficient transformation and gene editing system based on protoplasts in areca palm, which will be beneficial for gene function verification and genetic improvement in areca palm and other tropical palm crops. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances and Applications of Genome Editing in Plants)

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15 pages, 2964 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Do Faster-Growing Holoparasitic Plant Species Exhibit Broader Niches and Wider Global Distributions?

by Quanzhong Zhang and Jinming Hu

Plants 2025, 14(6), 831; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14060831 - 7 Mar 2025

Viewed by 188

Abstract

Parasitic organisms, as an important component of ecosystems, have long been a focal point in ecological research, particularly concerning the relationship between their growth characteristics, ecological niche, and distribution patterns. This study selects the holoparasitic plant species Cuscuta campestris Yunck., Cuscuta australis R.Br., [...] Read more.

Parasitic organisms, as an important component of ecosystems, have long been a focal point in ecological research, particularly concerning the relationship between their growth characteristics, ecological niche, and distribution patterns. This study selects the holoparasitic plant species Cuscuta campestris Yunck., Cuscuta australis R.Br., and Cuscuta chinensis Lam. from the Cuscuta subgenus Grammica as model species to explore the relationship between the growth rate, ecological niche breadth, and global distribution patterns of parasitic plants. Through greenhouse experiments and data analysis, the main findings of this study indicate a strong positive correlation between the growth rate, ecological niche breadth, number of global occurrence points, and global distribution area for C. campestris, C. australis, and C. chinensis. The significant correlation between growth rate and ecological niche breadth suggests that the intrinsic growth characteristics of parasitic plants may significantly influence their realized ecological niche. Furthermore, the experimental results show that when C. campestris, C. australis, and C. chinensis parasitize non-native hosts from the Americas, they produce greater biomass than when parasitizing native hosts from China. In conclusion, this study provides new support for ecological theories regarding species adaptability, distribution patterns, and environmental influences, and offers directions for future research. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biodiversity Management and Conservation: Exploring the Dynamics of Alien and Native Plant Species)

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Plants, Volume 14, Issue 6 (March-2 2025) – 21 articles

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