You seem to have javascript disabled. Please note that many of the page functionalities won't work as expected without javascript enabled.

Search for Articles:

Title / Keyword

Author / Affiliation / Email

Journal

Article Type

Advanced Search

Section

Special Issue

Volume

Issue

Number

Page

Logical OperatorOperator

Search Text

Search Type

Recent Advances in Pharmaceuticals Biosorption on Microbial and Algal-Derived Biosorbents
Conversion of Glass Waste into Zeolite A Adsorbent for Efficient Ammonium Ion Adsorption from Aqueous Solution: Kinetic and Isotherm Studies
An Investigation of MnO_x and K/MnO_x-Based Catalysts on MnO₂ and Fe₃O₄ Supports for the Deep Oxidation of Cyclohexane

Journal Description

Processes

Processes is an international, peer-reviewed, open access journal on processes/systems in chemistry, biology, material, energy, environment, food, pharmaceutical, manufacturing, automation control, catalysis, separation, particle and allied engineering fields published monthly online by MDPI. The Systems and Control Division of the Canadian Society for Chemical Engineering (CSChE S&C Division) and the Brazilian Association of Chemical Engineering (ABEQ) are affiliated with Processes and their members receive discounts on the article processing charges. Please visit Society Collaborations for more details.

Open Access— free for readers, with article processing charges (APC) paid by authors or their institutions.
High Visibility: indexed within Scopus, SCIE (Web of Science), Ei Compendex, Inspec, AGRIS, and other databases.
Journal Rank: JCR - Q2 (Engineering, Chemical) / CiteScore - Q2 (Chemical Engineering (miscellaneous))
Rapid Publication: manuscripts are peer-reviewed and a first decision is provided to authors approximately 14.9 days after submission; acceptance to publication is undertaken in 2.7 days (median values for papers published in this journal in the second half of 2024).
Recognition of Reviewers: reviewers who provide timely, thorough peer-review reports receive vouchers entitling them to a discount on the APC of their next publication in any MDPI journal, in appreciation of the work done.

Impact Factor: 2.8 (2023); 5-Year Impact Factor: 3.0 (2023)

Imprint Information Journal Flyer Open Access ISSN: 2227-9717

Latest Articles

19 pages, 5904 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Small-Signal Stability Analysis of Grid-Connected System for Renewable Energy Based on Network Node Impedance Modelling

by Lifu He, Dingshan Liu, Haidong Tao, Yangwu Shen, Jiapeng Ren, Yuting Wang, Jin Li and Yaqin Xu

Processes 2025, 13(5), 1292; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr13051292 - 23 Apr 2025

As distributed renewable energy is integrated into the power grid, the issue of small-signal stability arising from the interaction between the grid-connected converters and the grid-side impedance cannot be overlooked. However, when multiple converters for renewable energy are interconnected, the system topology becomes [...] Read more.

As distributed renewable energy is integrated into the power grid, the issue of small-signal stability arising from the interaction between the grid-connected converters and the grid-side impedance cannot be overlooked. However, when multiple converters for renewable energy are interconnected, the system topology becomes complex, making it difficult to delineate the source and grid subsystems. This poses challenges for analyzing the interactive stability among the control loops of grid-connected converters and network impedance. To address this, this article establishes a small-signal impedance model for a grid-connected system. By deriving the transfer functions of individual control loops through the control block diagram, the stability influencing factors for specific control parameters can be analyzed. Furthermore, a stability analysis method for systems with multiple grid-connected converters based on a network node impedance model is proposed. This method enables the determination of stability for grid-connected converters connected at different node locations, providing a theoretical reference for the stability analysis of grid-connected systems. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Control and Optimization of Smart Grids, Microgrid Systems and Active Distribution Networks)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

23 pages, 6864 KiB

Open AccessArticle

An Unresolved SPH-DEM Coupling Framework for Bubble–Particle Interactions in Dense Multiphase Systems

by Ying Tian, Guanhua An, Xiangwei Dong, Rui Chen, Zhen Guo, Xuhe Zheng and Qiang Zhang

Processes 2025, 13(5), 1291; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr13051291 - 23 Apr 2025

This study presents a novel unresolved SPH-DEM coupling framework to investigate the complex interactions between rising gas bubbles and sinking solid particles in multiphase systems. Traditional numerical methods often struggle with large deformations, multiphase interfaces, and computational efficiency when simulating dense particle-laden flows. [...] Read more.

This study presents a novel unresolved SPH-DEM coupling framework to investigate the complex interactions between rising gas bubbles and sinking solid particles in multiphase systems. Traditional numerical methods often struggle with large deformations, multiphase interfaces, and computational efficiency when simulating dense particle-laden flows. To address these challenges, the proposed model leverages SPH’s Lagrangian nature to resolve fluid motion and bubble dynamics, while the DEM captures particle–particle and particle–bubble interactions. An unresolved coupling strategy is introduced to bridge the scales between fluid and particle phases, enabling efficient simulations of large-scale systems with discrete bubbles/particles. The model is validated against benchmark cases, including single bubbles rising and single particle’s sedimentation. Simulation studies reveal the effects of particle/bubble number and initial distance on phase interaction patterns and clustering behaviors. Results further illustrate the model’s capability to capture complex phenomena such as particle entrainment by bubble wakes and hindered settling in dense suspensions. The framework offers a robust and efficient tool for optimizing industrial processes like mineral flotation, where bubble–particle dynamics play a critical role. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Innovative Meshless Methods for Multiphase Flows and Fluid–Structure Interaction Problems)

17 pages, 11168 KiB

Open AccessArticle

pH-Responsive Gold Nanoparticle/PVP Nanoconjugate for Targeted Delivery and Enhanced Anticancer Activity of Withaferin A

by Velmurugan Sekar, Amutha Santhanam and Paulraj Arunkumar

Processes 2025, 13(5), 1290; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr13051290 - 23 Apr 2025

The development of advanced high-capacity nanoparticle-based drug loading, precise targeting, low toxicity, and excellent biocompatibility is critical for improving cancer therapeutics. Withaferin A, a natural steroidal lactone derived from Physalis minima, exhibits potential biological activity and holds promise as a therapeutic agent. [...] Read more.

The development of advanced high-capacity nanoparticle-based drug loading, precise targeting, low toxicity, and excellent biocompatibility is critical for improving cancer therapeutics. Withaferin A, a natural steroidal lactone derived from Physalis minima, exhibits potential biological activity and holds promise as a therapeutic agent. In this study, a novel nanoconjugate (NC) was developed using gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) functionalized with polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP), Withaferin A drug, and folic acid for targeted drug delivery in cancer treatment. The AuNPs–PVP–Withaferin A–FA nanoconjugate was synthesized through a layer-by-layer assembly process and was confirmed using UV–visible and FTIR spectroscopy. The hydrodynamic radius, surface charge, and morphology of the NC were characterized using dynamic light scattering (DLS), zeta potential analysis, and electron microscopy, respectively. The nanoformulation demonstrated a pH-responsive drug release, with 92% of Withaferin A released at pH 5, mimicking the tumor microenvironment. In vitro cytotoxicity studies conducted on MCF-7 cells using MTT assays, dual dye staining, and protein expression analysis revealed that the nanoconjugate effectively induced apoptosis in cancer cells. These outcomes emphasize the prospect AuNPs–PVP–Withaferin A–FA nanoconjugate as a targeted and efficient Withaferin A delivery system for cancer therapy, leveraging the inherent anticancer properties of Withaferin A. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Composite Materials Processing, Modeling and Simulation)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

16 pages, 9250 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Numerical Investigation into Particle Migration Characteristics in Hydraulic Oil Filtration

by Jian Chen, Dongyang Xi, Guichao Wang, Mi Zhou, Yibo Hu and Xihua Xie

Processes 2025, 13(5), 1289; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr13051289 - 23 Apr 2025

An oil filter is a necessary and significant part of many manufacturing processes and equipment. Unlike the structural design and filter material selection, the particle movement in the filter during filtration is the fundamental factor influencing the filter’s performance, but this has not [...] Read more.

An oil filter is a necessary and significant part of many manufacturing processes and equipment. Unlike the structural design and filter material selection, the particle movement in the filter during filtration is the fundamental factor influencing the filter’s performance, but this has not attracted enough attention. Due to the small size and large number of particles in the filter, it is difficult to monitor every particle’s movement. Therefore, this work used a hydraulic oil filter as a case study. Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) was coupled with the Discrete Phase Model (DPM) to investigate the particle motion in the filter. A filter boundary function was programmed to simulate the filter cartridge zone. The effects of inlet velocity and oil temperature/viscosity on the particle movement and filtration performance were studied. The results showed that a low-velocity zone existed and trapped some contaminant particles, particularly for particles with large Stokes numbers. The results also demonstrated that increased temperature induced an apparent reduction in filtering efficiency within the first 1.8 s from 0.61 to 0.49 when the temperature increased from 15 °C to 70 °C for 25 μm particles. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Particle Processes)

► Show Figures

Graphical abstract

16 pages, 8377 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Stratigraphic Correlation of Well Logs Using Geology-Informed Deep Learning Networks

by Zhaohui Xu, Boyu Zheng, Bo Liu and Wendan Song

Processes 2025, 13(5), 1288; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr13051288 - 23 Apr 2025

Stratigraphic correlation plays a crucial role in reservoir characterization. However, it is often time-consuming and heavily dependent on geological expertise. To address this issue, we propose a novel method called CMT-enhanced Hiformer, which integrates convolutional neural networks meet vision transformers (CMT) and hierarchical [...] Read more.

Stratigraphic correlation plays a crucial role in reservoir characterization. However, it is often time-consuming and heavily dependent on geological expertise. To address this issue, we propose a novel method called CMT-enhanced Hiformer, which integrates convolutional neural networks meet vision transformers (CMT) and hierarchical multi-scale representations using transformers (Hiformer). First, the architecture of CMT-enhanced Hiformer fuses the advantages of convolutional neural networks and transformers, effectively extracting complex features from well logs and capturing both local and global dependencies via a well-designed attention mechanism. Next, a geological constraint with regularization parameters is incorporated into the loss function. The new loss function promotes the accuracy of stratigraphic boundaries. The proposed method was validated using data from the Shuanghe oil field in central China. Specifically, the model achieved a maximum F1 score of 0.8857 and a precision of 0.8865 on the blind test dataset, demonstrating its robustness and high classification accuracy. Moreover, we conducted ablation studies and performed a detailed comparison with state-of-the-art deep learning models. The results demonstrate that the proposed method significantly improves the accuracy and efficiency of stratigraphic correlation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Applications of Intelligent Models in the Petroleum Industry)

20 pages, 1638 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Brake Disc Material Selection Based on MCDM and Simulation

by Javier Martínez-Gómez and Juan Francisco Nicolalde

Processes 2025, 13(5), 1287; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr13051287 - 23 Apr 2025

Material selection is a crucial aspect of product design, often determining the success or failure of a product in the market. It involves an exploration of the main criteria for the application of the product, according to the properties required by the component [...] Read more.

Material selection is a crucial aspect of product design, often determining the success or failure of a product in the market. It involves an exploration of the main criteria for the application of the product, according to the properties required by the component to be designed. The present study aims to evaluate the material selection of a brake disc in light SUV-type vehicles. The material selection is based on multi-criteria decision making (MCDM) methods. Five different MCDM methods were used to select the best material alternatives and the ENTROPY method was used for weighting the criteria. In addition, a simulation is carried out to validate the results of the MCDM analysis and to show that the selected material can be used due to its strength and temperature conditions. Due to its low density, high yield strength, and good compressive strength, the best alternative is ASTM A536 material for three MCDM methods and the second option is ASTM A48 according to two methods. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Multi-Criteria Decision Making in Chemical and Process Engineering)

22 pages, 2714 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Seed Train Intensification and TFDF-Based Perfusion for MDCK Cell-Based Influenza A Virus Production

by Tilia Zinnecker, Emelie Wicke, Udo Reichl, Sven Göbel and Yvonne Genzel

Processes 2025, 13(5), 1286; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr13051286 - 23 Apr 2025

The production of influenza A virus (IAV) using Madin-Darby Canine Kidney (MDCK) cells is a key strategy for efficient influenza vaccine manufacturing. However, challenges remain in optimizing cell culture processes for higher yield and efficiency. This study aims to evaluate different process intensification [...] Read more.

The production of influenza A virus (IAV) using Madin-Darby Canine Kidney (MDCK) cells is a key strategy for efficient influenza vaccine manufacturing. However, challenges remain in optimizing cell culture processes for higher yield and efficiency. This study aims to evaluate different process intensification strategies on two distinct clonal MDCK suspension cell lines (C59 and C113) for improved IAV production. A semi-perfusion strategy was used to push cells towards high cell density (HCD), achieving up to 17 × 10⁶ C113 cells/mL and 42 × 10⁶ C59 cells/mL, respectively. Next, a Tangential Flow Depth Filtration (TFDF)-based perfusion process with direct harvest during IAV production was established, resulting in high titers and a 10-fold higher space-time yield for C59 and a 4-fold improvement for C113 compared to batch operation. In addition, the suitability of N-1 perfusion was evaluated for batch and intensified fed-batch processes. Cells taken from the N-1 perfusion showed different cell-specific growth rates, but this had no effect on virus titers except for processes started from oxygen-deprived precultures. Finally, comparable virus titers were obtained when the production bioreactor was directly inoculated from an HCD cryovial. Taken together, seed train intensification and TFDF-based perfusion majorly reduced process times and improved IAV production. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Biological Processes and Systems)

23 pages, 1024 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Integrated Coordinated Control of Source–Grid–Load–Storage in Active Distribution Network with Electric Vehicle Integration

by Shunjiang Wang, Yiming Luo, Peng Yu and Ruijia Yu

Processes 2025, 13(5), 1285; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr13051285 - 23 Apr 2025

In line with the strategic plan for emerging industries in China, renewable energy sources like wind power and photovoltaic power are experiencing vigorous growth, and the number of electric vehicles in use is on a continuous upward trend. Alongside the optimization of the [...] Read more.

In line with the strategic plan for emerging industries in China, renewable energy sources like wind power and photovoltaic power are experiencing vigorous growth, and the number of electric vehicles in use is on a continuous upward trend. Alongside the optimization of the distribution network structure and the extensive application of energy storage technology, the active distribution network has evolved into a more flexible and interactive “source–grid–load–storage” diversified structure. When electric vehicles are plugged into charging piles for charging and discharging, it inevitably exerts a significant impact on the control and operation of the power grid. Therefore, in the context of the extensive integration of electric vehicles, delving into the charging and discharging behaviors of electric vehicle clusters and integrating them into the optimization of the active distribution network holds great significance for ensuring the safe and economic operation of the power grid. This paper adopts the two-stage “constant-current and constant-voltage” charging mode, which has the least impact on battery life, and classifies the electric vehicle cluster into basic EV load and controllable EV load. The controllable EV load is regarded as a special “energy storage” resource, and a corresponding model is established to enable its participation in the coordinated control of the active distribution network. Based on the optimization and control of the output behaviors of gas turbines, flexible loads, energy storage, and electric vehicle clusters, this paper proposes a two-layer coordinated control model for the scheduling layer and network layer of the active distribution network and employs the improved multi-target beetle antennae search optimization algorithm (MTTA) in conjunction with the Cplex solver for solution. Through case analysis, the results demonstrate that the “source–grid–load–storage” coordinated control of the active distribution network can fully tap the potential of resources such as flexible loads on the “load” side, traditional energy storage, and controllable EV clusters; realize the economic operation of the active distribution network; reduce load and voltage fluctuations; and enhance power quality. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Analysis and Optimization Control of Active Distribution Networks and Smart Grids)

21 pages, 5088 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Doubly Fed Induction Generator Frequency Regulation Enhancement Using Combined Inertia and Proportional Resonant Controller

by Mohamed Abdeen, Saleh Al Dawsari, Mahmoud A. El-Dabah, Mamdouh K. Ahmed, Ezzeddine Touti, Ahmed A. Zaki Diab and Ayat G. Abo El-Magd

Processes 2025, 13(5), 1284; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr13051284 - 23 Apr 2025

Power systems are currently undergoing a transition from centralized synchronous generators to decentralized non-synchronous generators that rely on renewable energy sources. This shift poses a challenge to system operators, as the high penetration levels of renewable energy introduce variability and changes in the [...] Read more.

Power systems are currently undergoing a transition from centralized synchronous generators to decentralized non-synchronous generators that rely on renewable energy sources. This shift poses a challenge to system operators, as the high penetration levels of renewable energy introduce variability and changes in the physics of power systems. Load-frequency control is one of the biggest challenges faced by electrical grids, especially with increased wind energy penetration in recent years. The inertial controller is one of the methods used to support system frequency in variable-speed wind turbines. In this study, a proportional resonant (PR) controller was added to an inertial controller to achieve better frequency regulation by controlling the active power of the doubly fed induction generator (DFIG). First, the impact of the PR controller parameters on the frequency deviation, overshoot, settling time, and system stability was investigated to identify the optimal values that achieved the lowest frequency deviation while maintaining system stability. Second, the performance of the proposed method was compared that of the traditional method under different load perturbations. The results prove that improperly determining the proportional gain of the PR controller negatively affects system stability and frequency deviation. In addition, the results validate the hypothesis that the proposed method would provide fast frequency support for all the studied cases. The analysis and simulation of these scenarios were performed using the MATLAB/SIMULINK program. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Energy Systems)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

24 pages, 1114 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Actuator Fault Estimation for Distributed Interconnected Lipschitz Nonlinear Systems with Direct Feedthrough Inputs

by Ling Fang, Zhi-Wei Gao and Yuanhong Liu

Processes 2025, 13(5), 1283; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr13051283 - 23 Apr 2025

Distributed interconnected systems are complex dynamic systems where every single subsystem has an impact on other subsystems. Actuators are key components in interconnected dynamic systems, which are prone to faults due to age and unexpected conditions. Therefore, there is motivation to develop an [...] Read more.

Distributed interconnected systems are complex dynamic systems where every single subsystem has an impact on other subsystems. Actuators are key components in interconnected dynamic systems, which are prone to faults due to age and unexpected conditions. Therefore, there is motivation to develop an effective diagnosis algorithm for distributed interconnected systems, which is a starting point for predictive maintenance. In this study, an actuator fault estimation approach is proposed for a class of nonlinear interconnected systems with direct feedthrough inputs. Specifically, the original interconnected system is transformed into an augmented system by setting an extended state vector composed of an original state vector and actuator fault vector. An additional control term is used to eliminate the impact from unknown disturbances on the estimator error dynamics. Regional pole constraints are considered in the design of the distributed robust observer so that the poles are placed into a desired stable region. The observer gains are obtained by solving simultaneous linear matrix inequalities. Finally, the effectiveness of the proposed method is demonstrated by simulation studies, and a comparison is also provided. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Model Based, Data Driven Identification and Control for Developing Intelligent and Smart Processes and Systems)

17 pages, 3339 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Case Study: Component Design for Streamlining the Manufacturing Process Using 3D Printing

by Jozef Trojan, Peter Trebuňa, Jozef Svetlík and Ján Kopec

Processes 2025, 13(5), 1282; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr13051282 - 23 Apr 2025

The innovative pressure device, developed to address contamination issues on Essity Slovakia’s carton production line, was successfully implemented using 3D printing technology. This approach resulted in a precise prototype that significantly reduces contamination, simplifies packaging procedures, and lessens the need for manual labor. [...] Read more.

The innovative pressure device, developed to address contamination issues on Essity Slovakia’s carton production line, was successfully implemented using 3D printing technology. This approach resulted in a precise prototype that significantly reduces contamination, simplifies packaging procedures, and lessens the need for manual labor. The project entailed a comprehensive review of the current system, 3D scanning, creation of a model using SolidWorks software, and fabrication with a Trilab DeltiQ 2 printer. The outcomes demonstrate a staggering 96% decrease in contamination, elimination of downtime, and a boost in overall line efficiency. This research underscores the transformative capabilities of additive manufacturing in industrial modernization and accentuates the significance of technological advancements in enhancing efficiency, sustainability, and quality within the manufacturing industry. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Circular Economy on Production Processes and Systems Engineering)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

13 pages, 4638 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Migration and Conversion of Al Element in the Hydrometallurgical Preparation of Al₂O₃ from Secondary Aluminium Dross

by Kepeng Huang, Changjiang Zheng, Qingda Li, Xinyang Qiu and Xuemei Yi

Processes 2025, 13(5), 1281; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr13051281 - 23 Apr 2025

The amount of secondary aluminium dross in China exceeds one million tons annually, posing environmental and disposal challenges. This study explores acid leaching as an alternative to conventional alkali methods for recovering Al from secondary aluminium dross to produce Al₂O₃ [...] Read more.

The amount of secondary aluminium dross in China exceeds one million tons annually, posing environmental and disposal challenges. This study explores acid leaching as an alternative to conventional alkali methods for recovering Al from secondary aluminium dross to produce Al₂O₃. Research has focused on optimizing leaching conditions. Under optimized H₂SO₄ leaching conditions, an Al³⁺ leaching ratio of 86.5% is achieved. By maintaining a pH below 9 during hydrolytic precipitation and multiple washes, the leaching efficiency of Al from Al(OH)₃ reached 95.97%. The original dross, which is primarily composed of Al, Al₂O₃, and AlN, undergoes a transformation where AlN becomes Al(OH)₃ during washing. Thermal decomposition then yields Al₂O₃. The overall recovery of Al reaches 83.11%. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Trends in Extractive Metallurgy)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

2 pages, 139 KiB

Open AccessCorrection

Correction: Supramani et al. Performance of Biomass and Exopolysaccharide Production from the Medicinal Mushroom Ganoderma lucidum in a New Fabricated Air-L-Shaped Bioreactor (ALSB). Processes 2023, 11, 670

by Sugenendran Supramani, Nur Ardiyana Rejab, Zul Ilham, Rahayu Ahmad, Pau-Loke Show, Mohamad Faizal Ibrahim and Wan Abd Al Qadr Imad Wan-Mohtar

Processes 2025, 13(5), 1280; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr13051280 - 23 Apr 2025

Error in Table [...] Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Biological Processes and Systems)

12 pages, 3340 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Enhancing the Quality and Sustainability of Laser Cutting Processes in Laser-Assisted Manufacturing Using a Box–Behnken Design

by Omid Mehrabi, Zeinab Malekshahi Beiranvand, Fakhir A. Rasoul and Mahmoud Moradi

Processes 2025, 13(5), 1279; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr13051279 - 23 Apr 2025

This study aims to examine and optimize CO₂ laser cutting parameters—namely, laser power, cutting speed, and focal plane position—when applied to polypropylene material using an experimental methodology. This research aims to improve cutting quality, increase cutting speed, and reduce waste while adhering [...] Read more.

This study aims to examine and optimize CO₂ laser cutting parameters—namely, laser power, cutting speed, and focal plane position—when applied to polypropylene material using an experimental methodology. This research aims to improve cutting quality, increase cutting speed, and reduce waste while adhering to sustainability objectives. To achieve these goals, a comprehensive experimental approach was employed, incorporating the Box–Behnken Design (BBD) based on the response surface methodology (RSM) to optimize the laser cutting process by evaluating the relationships between input parameters and output responses. Data were collected through a series of controlled experiments in which laser power (ranging from 30 to 60 W), cutting speed (ranging from 30 to 60 mm/s), and focal plane position (set at −3, 0, and +3 mm) were systematically varied. The responses, quantified regarding cut quality, include kerf width and the heat-affected zone (HAZ). Additionally, RSM was used to optimize the laser cutting process to improve kerf quality. The results indicated that cutting speed has an inverse effect on kerf width and HAZ, while laser power has a direct effect. Furthermore, the focal plane position was found to have the least impact on the output responses. The maximum kerf width and HAZ were observed at a minimum cutting speed of 30 mm/s and a maximum laser power of 60 W. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Progress in Laser-Assisted Manufacturing and Materials Processing)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

28 pages, 1129 KiB

Open AccessReview

Metal-Based Nanoparticles as Nanopesticides: Opportunities and Challenges for Sustainable Crop Protection

by Puji Shandila, Tunjung Mahatmanto and Jue-Liang Hsu

Processes 2025, 13(5), 1278; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr13051278 - 23 Apr 2025

Metal-based nanoparticles (MNPs) are gaining attention as promising components of nanopesticides, offering innovative solutions to enhance agricultural pest management while addressing environmental concerns associated with traditional pesticides. MNPs, such as silver, copper, zinc, nickel, gold, iron, aluminum, and titanium, exhibit unique nanoscale properties. [...] Read more.

Metal-based nanoparticles (MNPs) are gaining attention as promising components of nanopesticides, offering innovative solutions to enhance agricultural pest management while addressing environmental concerns associated with traditional pesticides. MNPs, such as silver, copper, zinc, nickel, gold, iron, aluminum, and titanium, exhibit unique nanoscale properties. These properties enable the formulation of MNPs for controlled and sustained release, thereby reducing application frequency and minimizing environmental runoff. This controlled release mechanism not only improves pest management efficacy but also reduces risks to non-target organisms and beneficial species, aligning with the principles of sustainable crop protection. This review examines nanopesticides based on their specific targets, such as nanoinsecticide, nanobactericide, nanofungicide, nanonematicide, and nanoviricide. It also explores the mechanisms of action of metal-based nanoparticles, including physical disruption, chemical interactions, and biological processes. Additionally, the review details how MNPs compromise cellular integrity through mechanisms such as membrane damage, DNA disruption, mitochondrial impairment, and protein denaturation. Despite these advantages, significant challenges remain, particularly concerning the environmental impact of MNPs, their long-term effects on soil health and ecosystem dynamics, and potential risks to human safety. Addressing these challenges is crucial for realizing the full potential of MNPs in sustainable agriculture. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feature Review Papers in Section "Environmental and Green Processes")

► Show Figures

Figure 1

18 pages, 6611 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Optimization of Thiourea-Promoted Gold and Silver Leaching from Pyrite Cinders Using Response Surface Methodology (RSM)

by Yerkezhan Abikak, Bagdaulet Kenzhaliev, Ata Akcil, Seydou Dembele, Aigul Koizhanova, Nauryzbek Bakhytuly and Gulzhaina Kassymova

Processes 2025, 13(5), 1277; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr13051277 - 22 Apr 2025

The cyanidation of precious metals from ores and secondary resources has been classified as a hazardous process due to the release of toxic gases. The use of environmentally friendly and cost-effective processes is a suitable alternative to cyanidation. Thiourea leaching has been shown [...] Read more.

The cyanidation of precious metals from ores and secondary resources has been classified as a hazardous process due to the release of toxic gases. The use of environmentally friendly and cost-effective processes is a suitable alternative to cyanidation. Thiourea leaching has been shown to be one of the best alternative reagents to cyanide. The present work aims to evaluate the efficiency of the thiourea leaching of gold and silver from pretreated pyrite cinders. The use of pre-chemical activation prior to leaching helped to increase the amount of free gold and silver particles. A preliminary leaching test led to the selection of Fe₂(SO₄)₃ as a suitable oxidizing agent for Au and Ag leaching. To select suitable leaching parameters, the response surface methodology (RSM) was used to optimize some parameters that can considerably affect sulfuric acid–thiourea leaching and identify the greatest interaction between them. The optimized parameters of 30 g/L thiourea, 10% pulp density, pH = 1, and 50 °C over 4 h of leaching time allowed for Au and Ag recoveries of 98.31 and 88.57%, respectively. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Chemical Systems Dynamic Modeling and Simulation)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

14 pages, 1450 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Investigation of the Process of Increasing Bismuth Content in Lead Alloys Using the Oxygen Oxidation Method

by Aibar S. Kizatov, Yernat A. Kozhakhmetov, Natalya A. Kulenova and Raigul A. Ramazanova

Processes 2025, 13(5), 1276; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr13051276 - 22 Apr 2025

Bismuth is a promising and environmentally safe metal widely used in various industries, including electronics, medicine and metallurgy. Despite this, its production is associated with a number of technological difficulties due to the low content of bismuth in natural ores and its presence [...] Read more.

Bismuth is a promising and environmentally safe metal widely used in various industries, including electronics, medicine and metallurgy. Despite this, its production is associated with a number of technological difficulties due to the low content of bismuth in natural ores and its presence mainly as a by-product of lead processing. The present article is devoted to the study of the method of increasing the content of bismuth in lead alloys using oxygen oxidation. It is shown that lead, which has a high affinity for oxygen, is effectively oxidized and passes into the slag phase, whereas bismuth is concentrated in the metallic phase. Experiments were carried out at 650 °C using boric acid to lower the melting point of the slag and improve its flowability. As a result of five enrichment steps, the bismuth content in the alloy increased from 4.0% to 48.8%. The proposed method demonstrates high selectivity and economic efficiency, which makes it promising for industrial application. The results of the study can be used to develop more environmentally safe and energy-efficient technologies for bismuth lead enrichment, which is especially relevant in the context of growing demand for bismuth in various industries. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Manufacturing Processes and Systems)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

15 pages, 6887 KiB

Open AccessArticle

SCA Fracturing Mechanisms of Rock Mass and Application in Overhanging Roof Structure Fragmentation of Mine Goaf

by Hui Li, Ruifu Yuan, Penghui Zai, Qunlei Zhang and Chun Feng

Processes 2025, 13(5), 1275; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr13051275 - 22 Apr 2025

During coal resource mining, hard roof mining is prone to causing rock-burst disasters because traditional blasting–cutting roof technology has the disadvantages of low efficiency and high cost. This article studies the theoretical basis and engineering application of fracturing technology with a static expansion [...] Read more.

During coal resource mining, hard roof mining is prone to causing rock-burst disasters because traditional blasting–cutting roof technology has the disadvantages of low efficiency and high cost. This article studies the theoretical basis and engineering application of fracturing technology with a static expansion agent (SCA). The influences of borehole diameter and spacing on the fracturing effect of a rock mass are studied through theoretical analysis and simulation. Rock mass models of a cantilever beam for a single rock layer and multiple layers were established, and the mechanical properties of the roof strata under three working conditions were analyzed. The research results show that the maximum annular stress value occurs along the drill hole wall between the adjacent drill holes, and the annular stress at the center line between two drill holes is the smallest. As the spacing between the holes increases, the annular stress at the center line decreases; however, the annular stress at the center of the drill line becomes larger with the increase in hole diameter. The degree of stress concentration increases sharply with the decrease in distance f from the borehole center to the free surface. Relative to the cantilever beam model of a single rock layer, the combined rock layers can effectively control the displacement and deformation of the cantilever roof. Based on the above research results, a drilling method with a 75 mm diameter and a 10° inclination angle is used, demonstrating that the suspended roof area can be reduced to below 20 m² using the fracturing technology with a static expansion agent, allowing the roof strata to fall simultaneously during mining. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Energy Systems)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

19 pages, 8687 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Research on the Effect of Damping Grooves on the Pressure and Cavitation Characteristics of Axial Piston Pumps

by Ruichuan Li, Dongrun Li, Zhengyu Li, Tong Wu and Jikang Xu

Processes 2025, 13(5), 1274; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr13051274 - 22 Apr 2025

The damping groove structure of the port plate plays a crucial role in the pulsation suppression, vibration reduction, and noise optimization of the piston pump. Different damping groove structures have a significant impact on the flow distribution process during the normal operation of [...] Read more.

The damping groove structure of the port plate plays a crucial role in the pulsation suppression, vibration reduction, and noise optimization of the piston pump. Different damping groove structures have a significant impact on the flow distribution process during the normal operation of the port plate, affecting the pump outlet flow and pressure pulsations, which in turn influence the noise level of the piston pump. Therefore, the damping groove in the piston pump is one of the key structures influencing the pump’s pressure and cavitation behavior. To address the pressure shocks and oscillations caused by the distribution process in the piston pump, this study proposes a novel damping groove and performs CFD simulations on the non-damped groove. The analysis focuses on the pressure pulsation characteristics in the plunger chamber and the cavitation behavior of the pump. Additionally, an optimization analysis of the structural parameters of the new damping groove is conducted, which effectively reduces pressure shocks and cavitation in the swash plate axial piston pump. This study provides a theoretical foundation for improving the performance and lifespan of piston pumps. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Application of Refrigeration and Heat Pump Technology)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

14 pages, 2843 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Thermodynamic Analysis of a Compact System Generating Hydrogen for Mobile Fuel Cell Applications

by Qiaolin Lang, Xiaobo Yang, Ke Liang, Yang Liu and Yang Zhang

Processes 2025, 13(5), 1273; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr13051273 - 22 Apr 2025

A thermodynamic analysis of a compact hydrogen generation system for mobile fuel cell applications is presented. The system consists of a miniature autothermal steam reformer (ATR) and a water–gas shift (WGS) reactor, designed to produce hydrogen from hydrocarbon fuels for a 1 kW [...] Read more.

A thermodynamic analysis of a compact hydrogen generation system for mobile fuel cell applications is presented. The system consists of a miniature autothermal steam reformer (ATR) and a water–gas shift (WGS) reactor, designed to produce hydrogen from hydrocarbon fuels for a 1 kW proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cell. Methane is used as the model fuel, and the study focuses on optimizing feed compositions and operational conditions to maximize hydrogen yield and purity. Feed compositions and operational conditions are optimized. In total, 0.7 Nm³ h⁻¹ H₂ is generated from 0.25 Nm³ h⁻¹ CH₄ with properly adjusted steam and air feeding. Issues with product purity and start-up procedures have been identified and discussed, along with feasible solutions. The system is suitable for remote and mobile applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Studies on Chemical Processes Thermodynamics)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

More Articles...

Submit to Processes Review for Processes

Journal Menu

Journal Browser

► Journal Browser

Highly Accessed Articles

View More...

Latest Books

More Books and Reprints...

E-Mail Alert

News

18 April 2025
Meet Us at the 19th International Conference on Chemistry and the Environment (ICCE 2025), 8–12 June 2025, Belgrade, Serbia

17 April 2025
Processes 2024 Outstanding Reviewer Award—Winners Announced

16 April 2025
Processes 2024 Young Investigator Award—Winner Announced

More News & Announcements...

Topics

Propose a Topic

Topic in Energies, Processes, Water, Sustainability, Buildings

Towards a Greener Tomorrow—Modern Trends in Cooling and Water Solutions Topic Editors: Jaroslaw Krzywanski, Marcin Sosnowski, Karol Sztekler, Anna Pajdak, Anna Zylka, Anna Kulakowska, Karolina Grabowska, Dorian Skrobek
Deadline: 30 April 2025

Topic in Energies, Minerals, Mining, Processes, Sustainability

Green Mining, 2nd Volume Topic Editors: Kun Du, Jianping Sun
Deadline: 31 May 2025

Topic in Applied Sciences, Energies, Materials, Processes, Sustainability

Advances in Sustainable Materials and Products Topic Editors: Andrzej Pacana, Dominika Siwiec
Deadline: 9 June 2025

Topic in Applied Sciences, Bioengineering, Fermentation, Processes, Water

Bioreactors: Control, Optimization and Applications - 2nd Volume Topic Editors: Francesca Raganati, Alessandra Procentese
Deadline: 30 June 2025

More Topics

Conferences

Announce Your Conference

20–22 October 2025 The 4th International Electronic Conference on Processes—Sustainable Process Design, Engineering, Control and Systems Innovation

3–5 November 2025 The 4th International Online Conference on Materials

4–5 June 2025 1st SUSTENS Meeting: Advances in Sustainable Engineering Systems

More Conferences...

Special Issues

Propose a Special Issue

Special Issue in Processes

Advanced Technologies and Process Optimizations of Wastewater Treatment Guest Editor: Qunshan Wei
Deadline: 25 April 2025

Special Issue in Processes

Heat Processing, Surface and Coatings Technology of Metal Materials Guest Editors: Guoliang Chen, Haoyang Fu, Yongchun Zou
Deadline: 25 April 2025

Special Issue in Processes

Preparation, Characterization and Application of Heterogeneous Catalysts Guest Editor: Wladimir Reschetilowski
Deadline: 25 April 2025

Special Issue in Processes

Advances in Electrode Materials for Energy Storage Applications Guest Editors: Chelliah Koventhan, An-Ya Lo, Yu-Cheng Chang
Deadline: 30 April 2025

More Special Issues

Topical Collections

Topical Collection in Processes

Process System Engineering for More Efficient Power and Chemicals Production Collection Editors: Fausto Gallucci, Vincenzo Spallina

Topical Collection in Processes

Principles of Modular Design and Control in Complex Systems Collection Editor: Cong T. Trinh

Topical Collection in Processes

Modeling, Simulation and Computation on Dynamics of Complex Fluids Collection Editors: Gabriella Bognár, Krisztian Hriczo

Topical Collection in Processes

Tools, Approaches and Modeling in Sustainable Supply Chain Management Collection Editors: Chih-Te Yang, Chi-Jie Lu

More Topical Collections

Back to TopTop