This article investigates the formation of spontaneous coordination in a row of flexible 2D flaps (artificial cilia) in a chamber filled with a high viscous liquid (Re = 0.12). Each flap is driven individually to oscillate by a rotary motor with the...
Single cilia, 100 nm in diameter and 10 µm in length, were isolated from mouse tracheae with Triton X-100 (0.02%) treatment, and the effects of pH on ciliary beating were examined by measuring the ciliary beat frequency (CBF) and the ciliary be...
Motile cilia, also called flagella, are found across a broad range of species; some cilia propel prokaryotes and eukaryotic cells like sperm, while cilia on epithelial surfaces create complex fluid patterns e.g., in the brain or lung. For sperm, the...
A straightforward ex vivo approach has been developed and refined to enable high-resolution imaging and quantitative assessment of motile cilia function in mouse airway epithelial tissue, allowing critical insights into cilia motility and cilia gener...
Primary ciliary dyskinesia (PCD) is a rare ciliopathy resulting in chronic oto-sino-pulmonary disease. PCD diagnosis can be achieved by a combination of different diagnostic and adjuvant tools, including high-speed video-microscopy analysis (HSVA). A...
Primary ciliary dyskinesia is a heterogeneous, inherited motile ciliopathy in which respiratory cilia beat abnormally, and some ultrastructural ciliary defects and specific genetic mutations have been associated with particular ciliary beating altera...
The effects of the isoflavone daidzein on the ciliary beat distance (CBD, which is a parameter assessing the amplitude of ciliary beating) and the ciliary beat frequency (CBF) were examined in ciliated human nasal epithelial cells (cHNECs) in primary...
Primary nasal epithelial cells and culture models are used as important diagnostic, research and drug development tools for several airway diseases. Various instruments have been used for the collection of human nasal epithelial (HNE) cells but no gl...
Ambroxol (ABX), a frequently prescribed secretolytic agent which enhances the ciliary beat frequency (CBF) and ciliary bend angle (CBA, an index of amplitude) by 30%, activates a voltage-dependent Ca2+ channel (CaV1.2) and a small transient Ca2+ rele...
Present theoretical investigation is a mathematical illustration of an application to endoscopy by incorporating hybrid nanoparticles and an induced magnetic field with a rheological fluid model for more realistic results. Rheological fluid behavior...
Inside the female genital tract, mammalian sperm undergo a maturation process called capacitation, which primes the sperm to navigate across the oviduct and fertilize the egg. Sperm capacitation and motility are controlled by 3′,5′-cyclic...
Airway epithelium is the first line of defense against exposure of the airway and lung to various inflammatory stimuli. Ciliary beating of airway epithelial cells constitutes an important part of the mucociliary transport apparatus. To be effective i...
The aquatic unicellular organism Paramecium caudatum uses cilia to swim around its environment and to graze on food particles and bacteria. Paramecia use waves of ciliary beating for locomotion, intake of food particles and sensing. There is some evi...
Motile cilia are hair-like microscopic structures which generate directional flow to provide fluid transport in various biological processes. Ciliary beating is one of the sources of cerebrospinal flow (CSF) in brain ventricles. In this study, we inv...
Motile cilia and homologous organelles, the flagella, are an early evolutionarily invention, enabling primitive eukaryotic cells to survive and reproduce. In animals, cilia have undergone functional and structural speciation giving raise to typical m...
Motile cilia are evolutionarily conserved organelles. In humans, multiciliated cells (MCCs), assembling several hundred motile cilia on their apical surface, are components of the monolayer epithelia lining lower and upper airways, brain ventricles,...
Shear stress at the cilia wall is considered as an imperative factor that affects the efficiency of cilia beatings as it describes the momentum transfer between the fluid and the cilia. We consider a visco-inelastic Prandtl fluid in a ciliated channe...
The magnitude of shear stress at the ciliated wall is considered as the measure of efficiency of cilia beatings as it describes the momentum transfer between the medium and the cilia. Under high shear rate, some non-Newtonian fluids behave as visco-i...
Small inhaled particles, which are entrapped by the mucous layer that is maintained by mucous secretion via mucin exocytosis and fluid secretion, are removed from the nasal cavity by beating cilia. The functional activities of beating cilia are asses...
Multiple motile cilia are formed at the apical surface of multi-ciliated cells in the epithelium of the oviduct or the fallopian tube, the trachea, and the ventricle of the brain. Those cilia beat unidirectionally along the tissue axis, and this prov...
Human pulmonary epithelial cells are protected by two layers of fluid—the outer watery periciliary liquid layer (PCL) and the uppermost non-Newtonian mucus layer (ML). Aerosols and inhaled toxic particles are trapped by the ML which must then b...
We present the mechanical model of an array of elastic filaments and simulate the response with different mechanical couplings. This class of systems is inspired by robust and elegant solutions for locomotion mechanics that have emerged in several sm...
Background/Objectives: In vitro models play a crucial role in preclinical respiratory research, enabling the testing and screening of mucosal formulations, dosage forms, and inhaled drugs. Mucociliary clearance (MCC) is an essential defense mechanism...
Cilia are hair-like projections of the plasma membrane with an inner microtubule skeleton known as axoneme. Motile cilia and flagella beat to displace extracellular fluids, playing important roles in the airways and reproductive system. On the contra...
Cilia and flagella are a vital part of many organisms. Protozoa such as paramecia rely on the collective and coordinated beating of tubular cilia or flagella for their transport, while mammals depend on the ciliated linings of their bronchia and fema...
Motile cilia of the lungs respond to environmental challenges by increasing their ciliary beat frequency in order to enhance mucociliary clearance as a fundamental tenant of innate defense. One important second messenger in transducing the regulable...
Cilia are slender, hair-like cell protrusions that are present ubiquitously in the natural world. They perform essential functions, such as generating fluid flow, propulsion, and feeding, in organisms ranging from protozoa to the human body. The coor...
Paramecium species, especially P. tetraurelia and caudatum, are model organisms for modern research into the form and function of cilia. In this review, we focus on the ciliary ion channels and other transmembrane proteins that control the beat frequ...
Background: Cilia are actin based cellular protrusions conserved from algae to complex multicellular organisms like Homo sapiens. Respiratory motile cilia line epithelial cells of the tracheobronchial tree, beat in a synchronous, metachronal wave, mo...
Background: The epithelial layer of the nasal mucosa is the first barrier for drug permeation during intranasal drug delivery. With increasing interest for intranasal pathways, adequate in vitro models are required. Here, porcine olfactory (OEPC) and...
In the present study, we characterized CFAP70, a candidate of cilia-related protein in mice. As this protein has a cluster of tetratricopeptide repeat (TPR) domains like many components of the intraflagellar transport (IFT) complex, we investigated t...
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a frequent respiratory disease. However, its pathophysiology remains partially elucidated. Epithelial remodeling including alteration of the cilium is a major hallmark of COPD, but specific assessments...
In Ts1Rhr, a Down syndrome model mouse, the airway ciliary beatings are impaired; that is, decreases in ciliary beat frequency (CBF) and ciliary bend angle (CBA, an index of ciliary beat amplitude)). A resumption to two copies of the Pcp4 gene on the...
Cilia on the surface of ciliated cells in the respiratory system are organelles that beat forward and backward to generate metachronal waves to propel mucus out of lungs. The layer that contains the cilia, coating the interior epithelial surface of t...
The qualitative and quantitative evaluation of nasal epithelial cells is interesting in chronic infectious and inflammatory pathologies of the nose and sinuses. Among the cells of the population of the nasal mucosa, ciliated cells are particularly im...
Nitric oxide (NO) is an important regulator of motile cilia. Coordinated ciliary beating moves mucus, extracellular fluids, or cells across tissue surfaces and, during embryonic development, drives the establishment of correct organ left–right...
Motile cilia and eukaryotic flagella are specific cell protrusions that are conserved from protists to humans. They are supported by a skeleton composed of uniquely organized microtubules—nine peripheral doublets and two central singlets (9 &ti...
Bitter taste receptors (T2Rs) are G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) expressed on the tongue but also in various locations throughout the body, including on motile cilia within the upper and lower airways. Within the nasal airway, T2Rs detect secret...
Cilia are microtubule-based hair-like organelles on the cell surface. Cilia have been implicated in various biological processes ranging from mechanosensation to fluid movement. Ciliary dysfunction leads to a plethora of human diseases, known as cili...
Primary ciliary dyskinesia (PCD) is a genetically heterogeneous disorder characterized by impaired mucociliary clearance due to defects in motile cilia. This study investigates the impact of loss-of-function mutations in the CFAP300 gene on the cilia...
Agricultural workers exposed to organic dust from swine concentrated animal feeding operations (CAFOs) have increased chances of contracting chronic lung disease. Mucociliary clearance represents a first line of defense against inhaled dusts, but org...
Primary ciliary dyskinesia (PCD) is a rare heterogenic genetic disorder associated with perturbed biogenesis or function of motile cilia. Motile cilia dysfunction results in diminished mucociliary clearance (MCC) of pathogens in the respiratory tract...
Multiciliated cells generate fluid flow along epithelial surfaces, and defects in their development or function cause primary ciliary dyskinesia. The fluid flow is generated by the coordinated beating of motile cilia, which are microtubule-based orga...
Cilia are microtubule-based organelles that project from the cell surface. In humans and other vertebrates, possession of a single cilium structure enables an assortment of cellular processes ranging from mechanosensation to fluid propulsion and loco...
Alcohol misuse is a known risk factor for pneumonia, and up to 50% of individuals who misuse alcohol are zinc deficient. Chronic alcohol misuse can lead to alcohol-induced ciliary dysfunction (AICD), preventing effective mucociliary clearance and pro...
In this review, we introduce Vorticella as a model biological micromachine for microscale engineering systems. Vorticella has two motile organelles: the oral cilia of the zooid and the contractile spasmoneme in the stalk. The oral cilia beat periodic...
Therapies that target progesterone action hold potential as contraceptives and in managing gynecological disorders. Recent literature reviews describe the role of steroid hormones in regulating the mammalian oviduct and document that estrogen is requ...
Ciliary-driven flow refers to the movement of fluid by the rhythmic and coordinated beating cilia and finds applications in the respiratory tract, fallopian tube, embryonic node, brain ventricles, paranasal sinuses, and understanding flows in the aud...
The effect of temperature on the filtration rate of filter-feeding bivalves is controversial. Some studies show a clear increase in filtration with an increase in temperature, in agreement with a decrease in kinematic viscosity with increasing temper...
Primary ciliary dyskinesia (PCD) is a rare disease with autosomal recessive inheritance, caused mostly by bi-allelic gene mutations that impair motile cilia structure and function. Currently, there are no causal treatments for PCD. In many disease mo...
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