Next Issue
Volume 16, April-1
Previous Issue
Volume 16, March-1
 
 
water-logo

Journal Browser

Journal Browser

Water, Volume 16, Issue 6 (March-2 2024) – 120 articles

Cover Story (view full-size image): In the quiet predawn, nature’s fury unveiled a stark landscape transformed. An earthquake might have sent the river’s guardian, an embankment, crumbling into its watery charge, obstructing its course and altering the flow of life. The rupture birthed a raw testament to the power beneath our feet, etched in the Earth’s fractured crust and the river’s new path. A once steadfast stream was now a chaotic torrent, its future course as unpredictable as the quaking Earth that reshaped it. This image captures the solemn aftermath, a moment frozen in time, narrating the silent yet profound dialogue between Earth’s relentless forces and the fragile grace of human existence. View this paper
  • Issues are regarded as officially published after their release is announced to the table of contents alert mailing list.
  • You may sign up for e-mail alerts to receive table of contents of newly released issues.
  • PDF is the official format for papers published in both, html and pdf forms. To view the papers in pdf format, click on the "PDF Full-text" link, and use the free Adobe Reader to open them.
Order results
Result details
Section
Select all
Export citation of selected articles as:
21 pages, 2664 KiB  
Article
Urban Governance, Economic Transformation, and Land Use: A Case Study on the Jimei Peninsula, Xiamen, China, 1936–2023
by Shu-Chen Tsai, Xue-Fang Zhang, Su-Hsin Lee and Hui Wang
Water 2024, 16(6), 913; https://doi.org/10.3390/w16060913 - 21 Mar 2024
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1320
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to explain how the heterogeneous elements embedded in the Jimei Peninsula affect the transformation of the production landscape into a consumption landscape and the connection between urban governance and economic transformation. The study took a qualitative approach, [...] Read more.
The purpose of this study was to explain how the heterogeneous elements embedded in the Jimei Peninsula affect the transformation of the production landscape into a consumption landscape and the connection between urban governance and economic transformation. The study took a qualitative approach, utilizing historical literature analysis, a field investigation, and in-depth interviews to explore the driving forces and impacts of coastal-zone functional transformation. A total of 26 residents were interviewed individually or collectively, the current situation in the coastal zone with a length of about 16.1 km was recorded in detail, and all the collected elements were divided into six landscape categories for analysis. The results indicate that urban positioning, economic development, policies, and residents are the main factors driving the continuous advancement of the Jimei Peninsula zone. The coast has completed the functional transformation from meeting the residents’ survival needs to tourists’ sightseeing needs. The traditional fishing culture in this area is slowly disappearing with the tide of time, and navigation technology is being passed down through the Jimei School Village. This study reveals the dynamic process of the transformation of coastal functions in representative coastal tourism cities in China, bringing attention to coastal ecology and local fishing culture, and raising people’s awareness of cautious coastal development and sustainable blue-economy development. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Coastal and Marine Governance and Protection)
Show Figures

Figure 1

18 pages, 8457 KiB  
Article
Experimental Study on the Slip–Stick Vibration of Plane Gate
by Yanzhao Wang, Guobin Xu, Zhicheng Liu and Deming Yang
Water 2024, 16(6), 912; https://doi.org/10.3390/w16060912 - 21 Mar 2024
Viewed by 889
Abstract
The slip–stick vibration intensity of a plane gate is usually large, which often brings serious safety risks to itself and the auxiliary structure. The slip–stick vibration of a plane gate is investigated using an experimental model test. The test conditions mainly focus on [...] Read more.
The slip–stick vibration intensity of a plane gate is usually large, which often brings serious safety risks to itself and the auxiliary structure. The slip–stick vibration of a plane gate is investigated using an experimental model test. The test conditions mainly focus on the gate-closing and gate-opening processes in transient flow. Based on the results, comparison diagrams of the slip–stick vibration response versus the external fluid excitation are constructed. The intensity and period of the slip–stick vibration both gradually increase with the opening degree of the plane gate decreasing. The frequency of slip–stick vibration is consistent with the natural frequency of the equivalent system, indicating that the slip–stick vibration is a nonlinear self-excited vibration. The slip–stick vibration and fluid excitation acting on the plane gate have a significant difference in response intensity and dominant frequency. In addition, a difference in gate support material can have a significant effect on the slip–stick vibration intensity. Therefore, the friction factor between gate support and track, rather than the fluid excitation, is the direct cause of slip–stick vibration, which can further prove that the slip–stick vibration is a friction-induced vibration caused by the gate’s active motion, enriching the theory of the gate’s vibration. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Hydraulics and Hydrodynamics)
Show Figures

Figure 1

15 pages, 7518 KiB  
Article
Evolution of the Pingluo Section of the Upper Yellow River over the Past 50 Years: Responses to Environmental Change and Human Activity
by Shuyu Liang, Tianqi Yan, Hongshan Gao, Chuantao Jing, Fei He and Meiqin Han
Water 2024, 16(6), 911; https://doi.org/10.3390/w16060911 - 21 Mar 2024
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1251
Abstract
The instability of the river channels has increased in response to the combined effects of global warming and human activity. This instability threatens the lives and property of people who live along river courses. This study takes the Pingluo section of the upper [...] Read more.
The instability of the river channels has increased in response to the combined effects of global warming and human activity. This instability threatens the lives and property of people who live along river courses. This study takes the Pingluo section of the upper Yellow River, which is ~28 km long and ~400 m wide, as its research focus. We studied 11 periods of Landsat remote sensing images from 1973 to 2023 and analyzed the evolutionary characteristics of the Pingluo section over the past 50 years. The channel morphology indices included the channel braiding index (BIT), the bar braiding index (BIB), the average area of the bar (Ab), and the width of the wet channel area (BW). The results showed that there was an overall shrinking trend in this section of the Yellow River; more particularly, fluctuations in indicators such as the river width and the braiding index highlighted an increasing–decreasing–increasing pattern of change. During the 1973–1986 period, the river showed a widening trend, with narrow anabranches cutting through the floodplain and both the river width and the braiding index increasing dramatically over a short period. Over the 1986–2018 period, the area of the wet channel continued to shrink to its lowest level for the past 50 years, the river’s branches were diverted and abandoned, and the channel tended to straighten out. Between 2018 and 2023, the river showed a slightly expanding trend. The evolution of the river channel appears to be related to regional human activity and climate change. For example, after the joint filling of the Longyangxia and Liujiaxia reservoirs in the upper reaches of the Pingluo section of the Yellow River in 1986, runoff and sediment load along this section decreased, flood events became less frequent, and the channel tended to contract. In addition, the increase in extreme precipitation events over the last five years has led to an increase in the magnitude and frequency of peak discharge values in the region, which is the main reason for the increase in the river braiding index and area. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Landscape Dynamics and Fluvial Geomorphology)
Show Figures

Figure 1

14 pages, 1800 KiB  
Article
Cost Studies of Reverse Osmosis Desalination Plants in the Range of 23,000–33,000 m3/day
by J. Feo-García, A. Pulido-Alonso, A. Florido-Betancor and N. R. Florido-Suárez
Water 2024, 16(6), 910; https://doi.org/10.3390/w16060910 - 21 Mar 2024
Viewed by 3169
Abstract
The analysis of energy consumption in reverse osmosis desalination plants is the most important and relevant factor to study, because this parameter indicates the level of efficiency and competitiveness of the plant. The direct consequence of the high specific energy consumption (SEC) of [...] Read more.
The analysis of energy consumption in reverse osmosis desalination plants is the most important and relevant factor to study, because this parameter indicates the level of efficiency and competitiveness of the plant. The direct consequence of the high specific energy consumption (SEC) of a desalination plant in the production of water is one of the main obstacles to the exponential expansion of this technology worldwide. The methodological procedure used to carry out the work is based on the analysis of energy consumption, maintenance costs, staff, membranes, and reagents of three desalination plants with a production of more than 23,000 m3/day located in the Canary Islands (Spain); all data are obtained from real analyses collected “in situ” from 2015 to 2018. One of the main objectives of the current research on desalination plants is to reduce the SEC of seawater desalination plants (SWRO), incorporating energy recovery systems (ERS) and high efficiency pumps (HEP), and to implement different operational configurations with the aim of minimizing the energy requirements necessary to obtain a good product quality at minimum production cost. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Desalination Technologies for Water Treatment)
Show Figures

Figure 1

18 pages, 2391 KiB  
Article
Automatic Group Decision-Making for Algal Bloom Management Based on Information Self-Learning
by Yuting Bai, Yijie Niu, Zhiyao Zhao, Xuebo Jin and Xiaoyi Wang
Water 2024, 16(6), 909; https://doi.org/10.3390/w16060909 - 21 Mar 2024
Viewed by 1268
Abstract
The phenomenon of algal bloom seriously affects the function of the aquatic ecosystems, damages the landscape of urban river and lakes, and threatens the safety of water use. The introduction of a multi-attribute decision-making method avoids the shortcomings of traditional algal bloom management [...] Read more.
The phenomenon of algal bloom seriously affects the function of the aquatic ecosystems, damages the landscape of urban river and lakes, and threatens the safety of water use. The introduction of a multi-attribute decision-making method avoids the shortcomings of traditional algal bloom management that relies on manual experience. However, the weight-calculation part of this method still receives the artificial influence of human factors, which reduces the accuracy and scientific rigor of the decision. This paper presents a group decision-making method based on information self-learning which makes decision weights automatically clustered and assigned. A general framework of decision-making management is constructed for the algal bloom management process. In the decision-making process, an improved density-based clustering algorithm is used to automatically cluster and rank the decision data in the form of the three-parameter interval number, and ultimately obtain the optimal management method that meets the management objectives. Finally, the method was applied at the monitoring station of Sanjiadian Reservoir in Beijing, China. Based on the treatment objectives and water quality monitoring data of the station, relevant experts were invited to evaluate the management solutions, and the information self-organizing algorithm of this paper was used to automatically rank the decision-making methods, and finally obtain the most suitable management method for the station. Comparison with the water quality data and treatment inputs after the previous man-made selection of treatment options, and discussion among experts, show that the decision-making method is feasible and effective, and contributes to the sustainable treatment of algal blooms. Full article
Show Figures

Figure 1

15 pages, 1695 KiB  
Article
Monitoring and Early Warning Method of Debris Flow Expansion Behavior Based on Improved Genetic Algorithm and Bayesian Network
by Jun Li, Javed Iqbal Tanoli, Miao Zhou and Filip Gurkalo
Water 2024, 16(6), 908; https://doi.org/10.3390/w16060908 - 21 Mar 2024
Viewed by 1031
Abstract
Based on an improved genetic algorithm and debris flow disaster monitoring network, this study examines the monitoring and early warning method of debris flow expansion behavior, divides the risk of debris flow disaster, and provides a scientific basis for emergency rescue and post-disaster [...] Read more.
Based on an improved genetic algorithm and debris flow disaster monitoring network, this study examines the monitoring and early warning method of debris flow expansion behavior, divides the risk of debris flow disaster, and provides a scientific basis for emergency rescue and post-disaster recovery. The function of the debris flow disaster monitoring network of the spreading behavior disaster chain is constructed. According to the causal reasoning of debris flow disaster monitoring information, the influence factors of debris flow, such as rainfall intensity and duration, are selected as the inputs of the Bayesian network, and the probability of a debris flow disaster is obtained. The probability is compared with the historical data threshold to complete the monitoring and early warning of debris flow spreading behavior. Innovatively, by introducing niche technology to improve traditional genetic algorithms by learning Bayesian networks, the optimization efficiency and convergence speed of genetic algorithms are improved, and the robustness of debris flow monitoring and warning is enhanced. The experimental results show that this method divides debris flow disasters into the following five categories based on their danger: low-risk area, medium-risk area, high-risk area, higher-risk area, and Very high-risk area. It accurately monitors the expansion of debris flows and completes early warning. The disaster management department can develop emergency rescue and post-disaster recovery strategies based on early warning results, thus providing a scientific basis for debris flow disasters. The improved genetic algorithm has a higher learning efficiency, a higher accuracy, a faster convergence speed, and higher advantages in learning time and accuracy of the Bayesian network structure. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Flowing Mechanism of Debris Flow and Engineering Mitigation)
Show Figures

Figure 1

15 pages, 6160 KiB  
Article
Comparison of Water Quality Prediction for Red Tilapia Aquaculture in an Outdoor Recirculation System Using Deep Learning and a Hybrid Model
by Roongparit Jongjaraunsuk, Wara Taparhudee and Pimlapat Suwannasing
Water 2024, 16(6), 907; https://doi.org/10.3390/w16060907 - 21 Mar 2024
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1921
Abstract
In modern aquaculture, the focus is on optimizing production and minimizing environmental impact through the use of recirculating water systems, particularly in outdoor setups. In such systems, maintaining water quality is crucial for sustaining a healthy environment for aquatic life, and challenges arise [...] Read more.
In modern aquaculture, the focus is on optimizing production and minimizing environmental impact through the use of recirculating water systems, particularly in outdoor setups. In such systems, maintaining water quality is crucial for sustaining a healthy environment for aquatic life, and challenges arise from instrumentation limitations and delays in laboratory measurements that can impact aquatic animal production. This study aimed to predict key water quality parameters in an outdoor recirculation aquaculture system (RAS) for red tilapia aquaculture, including dissolved oxygen (DO), pH, total ammonia nitrogen (TAN), nitrite nitrogen (NO2–N), and alkalinity (ALK). Initially, a random forest (RF) model was employed to identify significant factors for predicting each parameter, selecting the top three features from routinely measured parameters on the farm: DO, pH, water temperature (Temp), TAN, NO2–N, and transparency (Trans). This approach aimed to streamline the analysis by reducing variables and computation time. The selected parameters were then used for prediction, comparing the performance of convolutional neural network (CNN), long short-term memory (LSTM), and CNN–LSTM models across different epochs (1000, 3000, and 5000). The results indicated that the CNN–LSTM model at 5000 epochs was effective in predicting DO, TAN, NO2–N, and ALK, with high R2 values (0.815, 0.826, 0.831, and 0.780, respectively). However, pH prediction showed lower efficiency with an R2 value of 0.377. Full article
Show Figures

Figure 1

19 pages, 4992 KiB  
Article
Seasonal Freezing Drives Spatiotemporal Dynamics of Dissolved Organic Matter (DOM) and Microbial Communities in Reclaimed Water-Recharged River
by Jiaqi Zhao, Yang Huo, Zhiruo Zhang, Ying Zhang, Zhenlai Hou, Wei Fan, Zhi Geng and Mingxin Huo
Water 2024, 16(6), 906; https://doi.org/10.3390/w16060906 - 21 Mar 2024
Viewed by 1310
Abstract
Although reclaimed water (RW) has become a promising alternative source for alleviating water shortage in arid and semiarid regions, the ecological risks it poses to the receiving water bodies remain largely unknown. Dissolved organic matter (DOM) is crucial for affecting the quality of [...] Read more.
Although reclaimed water (RW) has become a promising alternative source for alleviating water shortage in arid and semiarid regions, the ecological risks it poses to the receiving water bodies remain largely unknown. Dissolved organic matter (DOM) is crucial for affecting the quality of RW and strongly influences bacterial communities (BCs) in aquatic ecosystems. In this study, we aimed to unravel the role of DOM signatures on the spatiotemporal composition of microbial communities (MCs) in a seasonally ice-sealed urban river that had been chronically replenished by RW. We found that discharging RW resulted in elevated DOM levels in the receiving river. Notably, an increase of 10% in protein-like substances was revealed. The differences between compositional characteristics of DOM and the abundance of riverine BCs between freezing and non-freezing periods were revealed. In the freezing season, humic-like components, aromaticity, and hydrophobicity of DOM were more significant, and bacterial taxa such as Bacteriodetes and Flavobacterium were increased, while Proteobacteria was decreased. Similarly, co-occurrence network analysis revealed an enhanced interplay between DOM and BCs at the same time. However, Klebsiella pneumoniae markedly decreased during the ice-sealed period. These results suggest that variations in DOM characteristics have remarkable impacts on the dynamics of aquatic BCs, which points to the need for a DOM−oriented RW quality monitoring strategy. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue DOM Distribution and Nutrient Dynamics in Freshwater Systems)
Show Figures

Figure 1

15 pages, 6957 KiB  
Article
Heavy Metals in the Sediments of Dongshan Bay, China: Sources, Distribution, and Controlling Factors
by Xinyue Yan, Xin Chen, Wenyan Zheng, Guilin Zhang and Aiguo Dong
Water 2024, 16(6), 905; https://doi.org/10.3390/w16060905 - 21 Mar 2024
Viewed by 1107
Abstract
Fifty-one surface sediment samples from Dongshan Bay, China, were analyzed for heavy metals to evaluate their distribution, pollution status, and controlling factors. The enrichment factor is suggestive of the potential pollution status, ranging from minimal to moderate enrichment, for Pb, As, Zn, and [...] Read more.
Fifty-one surface sediment samples from Dongshan Bay, China, were analyzed for heavy metals to evaluate their distribution, pollution status, and controlling factors. The enrichment factor is suggestive of the potential pollution status, ranging from minimal to moderate enrichment, for Pb, As, Zn, and Hg, with one site showing significant enrichment in As. A principal component analysis and the geochemical characteristics indicate that heavy metal concentrations are mainly influenced by clay minerals and Fe oxides, while Pb and Hg levels are also closely linked to the absorption of Mn oxides. Potential pollution is primarily from aquaculture (Cd, Zn, Cu, Pb) and industrial and domestic discharges. Approximately 270 tons of heavy metals were estimated to have been deposited in Dongshan Bay in 2021, highlighting the potential impact of human activities on coastal sediment quality. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Marine Sedimentation and Geological Processes)
Show Figures

Figure 1

13 pages, 3135 KiB  
Article
Water–Energy–Nutrients Nexus of Urban Environments
by Armando Silva-Afonso and Carla Pimentel-Rodrigues
Water 2024, 16(6), 904; https://doi.org/10.3390/w16060904 - 21 Mar 2024
Viewed by 1407
Abstract
The objective of this article is to deepen knowledge about the existing connections, at the level of urban environments, between energy, water, and nutrients (or food). Energy and basic resources—water and food—are closely interconnected, which is why the water–energy–food nexus constitutes the essential [...] Read more.
The objective of this article is to deepen knowledge about the existing connections, at the level of urban environments, between energy, water, and nutrients (or food). Energy and basic resources—water and food—are closely interconnected, which is why the water–energy–food nexus constitutes the essential integrated approach to ensuring the sustainable development of humanity. This nexus is also valid in urban environments and can be adapted for buildings, interconnecting, in this case, water, energy, and nutrients. This article is a literature review in this area, intending to highlight the strong connections between water, energy, and nutrients at the level of buildings, integrating the results obtained in different studies and showing the global importance of this nexus. The water–energy relationship in buildings is already well known in terms of the production of domestic hot water or building pumping, for example, but it turns out that it goes far beyond this interrelationship, also having implications for public networks. Regarding the water–nutrients nexus in urban environments, it can play an important role in terms of food security for humanity, especially regarding the possibility of recovering phosphorus in buildings. Full article
Show Figures

Figure 1

13 pages, 2789 KiB  
Article
Plastic Debris in the Stomach of the Invasive Signal Crayfish Pacifastacus leniusculus from a Baltic Coastal River
by Aldona Dobrzycka-Krahel, Michał E. Skóra and Agnieszka Pladzyk
Water 2024, 16(6), 903; https://doi.org/10.3390/w16060903 - 21 Mar 2024
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1379
Abstract
The signal crayfish Pacifastacus leniusculus is one of the most widespread non-indigenous crayfish in Europe and is of interest to aquaculture in many countries. Once they escape into the wild, they disperse and become a potential source of food exploited for consumption by [...] Read more.
The signal crayfish Pacifastacus leniusculus is one of the most widespread non-indigenous crayfish in Europe and is of interest to aquaculture in many countries. Once they escape into the wild, they disperse and become a potential source of food exploited for consumption by local inhabitants. The ingestion of plastics by the invasive signal crayfish in the Wieprza River, a tributary to the Baltic Sea, was determined by the FTIR identification of plastic compounds found in stomachs. The occurrence of plastic debris in the stomachs of P. leniusculus is reported for the first time. Plastic particles with the size range between 70 and 450 µm were observed only among crayfish inhabiting the lower, urbanized part of the river (7.3% of specimens). The presence of PTFE (polytetrafluoroethylene), cellophane, PP (polypropylene), PE (polyethylene), PMMA (polymethyl methacrylate), and nylon was confirmed with the highest frequency of PTFE in the stomachs of crayfish. Fibres were the predominant type of microplastics in crayfish stomachs. The results indicated the size-selective uptake and ingestion of plastics depending on the traits of the species and environment. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Oceans and Coastal Zones)
Show Figures

Figure 1

4 pages, 172 KiB  
Editorial
Micro(nano)plastics in Aquatic Environments: State of the Art and Beyond
by Amin Mojiri, John L. Zhou and Ziyang Lou
Water 2024, 16(6), 902; https://doi.org/10.3390/w16060902 - 21 Mar 2024
Viewed by 1393
Abstract
The significance of water resources cannot be overstated, as they are vital for human survival and the economic and social development of societies [...] Full article
24 pages, 2086 KiB  
Review
Biological Treatment of Nitroaromatics in Wastewater
by Swati Gupta and Zeev Ronen
Water 2024, 16(6), 901; https://doi.org/10.3390/w16060901 - 20 Mar 2024
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1594
Abstract
Nitroaromatic compounds (NACs), which are widely used in pesticides, explosives, dyes, and pharmaceuticals, include nitrobenzene, nitrotoluenes, nitrophenols, and nitrobenzoates. They are also significant industrial pollutants in the environment. These substances, as well as their derivatives, frequently have toxic or mutagenic properties. Wastewater containing [...] Read more.
Nitroaromatic compounds (NACs), which are widely used in pesticides, explosives, dyes, and pharmaceuticals, include nitrobenzene, nitrotoluenes, nitrophenols, and nitrobenzoates. They are also significant industrial pollutants in the environment. These substances, as well as their derivatives, frequently have toxic or mutagenic properties. Wastewater containing nitroaromatic compounds can be effectively managed by using biological treatment methods that are accessible, cost-effective, and environmentally friendly. This review highlights the latest developments in biological treatment systems for removing NACs from wastewater. The large-scale implementation of biological treatment systems will be facilitated by future studies that focus on identifying the best operational methods and that determine how co-pollutants impact the removal of NACs from wastewater. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Wastewater Treatment and Reuse)
Show Figures

Figure 1

15 pages, 4941 KiB  
Review
Current Status of Zero Liquid Discharge Technology for Desulfurization Wastewater
by Feng Xu, Sanmei Zhao, Bin Li, Haihua Li, Zhongqian Ling, Guangxue Zhang and Maosheng Liu
Water 2024, 16(6), 900; https://doi.org/10.3390/w16060900 - 20 Mar 2024
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2030
Abstract
Desulfurization wastewater is industrial wastewater with a high salt content, high metal ions, and high hardness produced by flue gas desulfurization of the limestone-gypsum method in coal-fired power plants. This paper summarizes the source of desulfurization wastewater, water quality characteristics, water quality impacts, [...] Read more.
Desulfurization wastewater is industrial wastewater with a high salt content, high metal ions, and high hardness produced by flue gas desulfurization of the limestone-gypsum method in coal-fired power plants. This paper summarizes the source of desulfurization wastewater, water quality characteristics, water quality impacts, and other factors, combined with the current status of research worldwide to introduce the advantages and shortcomings of the existing desulfurization wastewater treatment technology. In addition, zero liquid discharge technology as a novel method to treat desulfurization wastewater is also summarized. It mainly includes evaporation and crystallization, flue gas evaporation, membrane distillation removal, etc. Finally, this manuscript looks forward to the future development direction of desulfurization wastewater based on its existing technology and emission standards. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Processes for Industrial Wastewater Treatment)
Show Figures

Graphical abstract

20 pages, 1615 KiB  
Article
Robust Adaptive Control of the Offshore Produced Water Treatment Process: An Improved Multivariable MRAC-Based Approach
by Mahsa Kashani, Stefan Jespersen and Zhenyu Yang
Water 2024, 16(6), 899; https://doi.org/10.3390/w16060899 - 20 Mar 2024
Viewed by 1089
Abstract
The application of deoiling hydrocyclone systems as the downstream of three-phase gravity separator (TPGS) systems is one of the most commonly deployed produced water treatment processes in offshore oil and gas production. Due to the compact system’s complexity and tailor-made features, it is [...] Read more.
The application of deoiling hydrocyclone systems as the downstream of three-phase gravity separator (TPGS) systems is one of the most commonly deployed produced water treatment processes in offshore oil and gas production. Due to the compact system’s complexity and tailor-made features, it is always challenging to develop some optimally coordinated control solution for the coupled hydrocyclone and TPGS systems. It is obvious that coordinated control can better fulfill legislative discharge regulation by robustly maintaining high separation efficiencies. This paper presents a new control solution for a set of integrated hydrocyclone and TPGS systems by applying an improved multi-variable model reference adaptive control (MV-MRAC) approach with the aim of achieving both asymptotic output tracking and unknown disturbance rejection. A robust MV-MRAC controller design is proposed based on a control parameterization derived from a factorization of a high-frequency gain matrix Kp=LDS as a product of three matrices, where L represents unity lower triangular, D=sign(D) represents diagonal, and S represents positive definite, and a teaching–learning-based optimization (TLBO) algorithm for optimizing the adaption rates. The developed solution is analyzed and compared with a commonly deployed PI control solution on a model that is derived from a lab-scale produced water treatment process. This simulation study demonstrates the promising potential of the proposed control solution compared with the currently deployed PI control solution. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Technologies in Water Treatment)
Show Figures

Figure 1

23 pages, 2356 KiB  
Article
Monetization of Ecosystem Services from Nature-Based Solutions for Agricultural Diffuse Pollution Control: Simplified Value Transfer Method at European Scale
by Sara Floriana Zanini, Alessandro de Carli, Anacleto Rizzo, Giulio Conte and Fabio Masi
Water 2024, 16(6), 898; https://doi.org/10.3390/w16060898 - 20 Mar 2024
Viewed by 1839
Abstract
When nature-based solutions (NBS) are developed with a primary scope, they also provide simultaneous additional economic, social, and environmental benefits, i.e., Ecosystem Services. A monetary assessment that accounts for these additional benefits is provided by this work, with a focus on Europe. Specifically, [...] Read more.
When nature-based solutions (NBS) are developed with a primary scope, they also provide simultaneous additional economic, social, and environmental benefits, i.e., Ecosystem Services. A monetary assessment that accounts for these additional benefits is provided by this work, with a focus on Europe. Specifically, this is intended to evaluate nine identified benefits of those wetlands and buffer strips designed to primarily address agricultural diffuse pollution, which must surely be listed among the negative externalities of economic activities that NBS can help resolve. The aim of developing a simplified value transfer methodology for a rapid evaluation of NBS benefits with the adjusted unit Value Transfer method is to create an accessible solution when time, funding, or other constraints prevent the use of highly technical primary monetization approaches. The developed exercise allows us to gather insights from several primary valuation studies and to appropriately transfer the monetary valuation outcomes to new policy sites. In order to reduce the distance from the expected and required concrete achievements of the economic valuations, the study has been integrated with an case study located in the Venice lagoon catchment in Northwestern Italy. The results obtained are to be considered sound, with existing evidence showing that the most valuable benefits of the considered NBS are both water quality and recreation and tourism, to which is added, in the case of wetlands, water supply. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Water, Agriculture and Aquaculture)
Show Figures

Figure 1

19 pages, 5464 KiB  
Article
Water–Rock Interaction Processes in Tíscar and Larva Active Faults (Betic Cordillera, SE Spain)
by Rosario Jiménez-Espinosa, Pilar Hernández-Puentes and Juan Jiménez-Millán
Water 2024, 16(6), 897; https://doi.org/10.3390/w16060897 - 20 Mar 2024
Viewed by 981
Abstract
A hydrochemical and mineral study of groundwaters and damaged rocks from the Tíscar and Larva fault zones (Betic Cordillera, Iberian Peninsula) was carried out in order to (a) describe the physical and chemical properties of the groundwaters; (b) recognize significant locations with deep-origin [...] Read more.
A hydrochemical and mineral study of groundwaters and damaged rocks from the Tíscar and Larva fault zones (Betic Cordillera, Iberian Peninsula) was carried out in order to (a) describe the physical and chemical properties of the groundwaters; (b) recognize significant locations with deep-origin fluids related to active tectonics; (c) and to describe the water–rock interaction and the neoformation of clay mineral processes and their importance in the seismicity of the faults. A sampling campaign was completed between November 2012 and November 2013, during which data were obtained from 23 different groundwater sites in the fault areas. Two main groups of waters were distinguished: (a) Ca2+-Mg2+-HCO3 facies characterized by poor conductivity and salinity; and (b) saline waters (up to 30 meq/L) rich in Ca2+-Mg2+-SO4-Cl and with an elevated conductivity (frequently > 1000 μS/cm). In addition, a minor group of saline and warm waters (T > 16.5 °C) was found to be Na+-rich and show moderately high B values (>0.33 ppm), and which mig ht be hosted in aquifers deeper than the two main groups. This group of deep-origin waters is oversaturated in clay minerals and is in equilibrium for Ca-Mg carbonate minerals. X-ray diffraction and scanning and transmission electron microscopy data corroborate the crystallization forecast of authigenic smectite, which appears as thin films coating carbonate fragments. The origin of smectite is related to the fragile strain and thermal–fluid–mineral interactions in fault rocks. Smectite could lubricate carbonate rocks, which favor creep deformation versus seismic slip. This work provides locations where groundwater physico-chemical properties and composition suggest tectonic fault activity. Full article
Show Figures

Figure 1

19 pages, 8561 KiB  
Article
Identification of Time-Varying Conceptual Hydrological Model Parameters with Differentiable Parameter Learning
by Xie Lian, Xiaolong Hu, Liangsheng Shi, Jinhua Shao, Jiang Bian and Yuanlai Cui
Water 2024, 16(6), 896; https://doi.org/10.3390/w16060896 - 20 Mar 2024
Viewed by 1297
Abstract
The parameters of the GR4J-CemaNeige coupling model (GR4neige) are typically treated as constants. However, the maximum capacity of the production store (parX1) exhibits time-varying characteristics due to climate variability and vegetation coverage change. This study employed differentiable parameter learning (dPL) to [...] Read more.
The parameters of the GR4J-CemaNeige coupling model (GR4neige) are typically treated as constants. However, the maximum capacity of the production store (parX1) exhibits time-varying characteristics due to climate variability and vegetation coverage change. This study employed differentiable parameter learning (dPL) to identify the time-varying parX1 in the GR4neige across 671 catchments within the United States. We built two types of dPL, including static and dynamic parameter networks, to assess the advantages of the time-varying parameter. In the dynamic parameter network, we evaluated the impact of potential evapotranspiration (PET), precipitation (P), temperature (T), soil moisture (SM), and normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) datasets on the performance of dPL. We then compared dPL with the empirical functional method (fm). The results demonstrated that the dynamic parameter network outperformed the static parameter network in streamflow estimation. There were differences in streamflow estimation among the dynamic parameter network driven by various input features. In humid catchments, simultaneously incorporating all five factors, including PET, P, T, SM, and the NDVI, achieved optimal streamflow simulation accuracy. In arid catchments, it was preferable to introduce PET, T, and the NDVI separately for improved performance. dPL significantly outperformed the empirical fm in estimating streamflow and uncalibrated intermediate variables, like evapotranspiration (ET). Both the derived parX1 from dPL and the empirical fm exhibited significant spatiotemporal variation across 671 catchments. Notably, compared to parX1 obtained through the empirical fm, parX1 derived from dPL exhibited a distinct spatial clustering pattern. This study highlights the potential of dPL in enhancing model accuracy and contributes to understanding the spatiotemporal variation characteristics of parX1 under the influence of climate factors, soil conditions, and vegetation change. Full article
Show Figures

Figure 1

19 pages, 4664 KiB  
Article
Optimizing Reverse Osmosis Feed Spacer Design for Enhanced Dimethylphenol Removal from Wastewater: A Study of Hydrodynamics and Performance Indicators
by Mudhar A. Al-Obaidi, Farhan Lafta Rashid, Arman Ameen, Mohammed Kadhom and Iqbal M. Mujtaba
Water 2024, 16(6), 895; https://doi.org/10.3390/w16060895 - 20 Mar 2024
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1162
Abstract
Due to its high pollutant rejection and low energy usage, the spiral wound module of reverse osmosis (RO) process is the most commonly used technology utilised in wastewater treatment. For a spiral wound module, the presence of a feed spacer is important as [...] Read more.
Due to its high pollutant rejection and low energy usage, the spiral wound module of reverse osmosis (RO) process is the most commonly used technology utilised in wastewater treatment. For a spiral wound module, the presence of a feed spacer is important as a key solution to mitigate the concentration polarisation phenomenon, due to disorderly fluid flow, and to improve the mass transfer coefficient. Undoubtedly, improvements in the spiral wound module design, mainly in the symmetrical shape of the feed spacer, can have a significant impact on the cost and probable use of these modules. Despite the wide interest in appraising the impact of feed spacer geometry and orientation on the performance of a spiral wound module for RO process-based water desalination, the hydrodynamics of feed spacers (pressure drop and mass transfer coefficient) and the associated influences of feed spacer design (the height of the feed spacer, the angle of the filaments, and the porosity) on the removal of pollutants from wastewater have not yet been addressed. The current investigation aims to fill this gap by studying the hydrodynamics and design parameters of the selected parallelogram feed spacer type ultrafiltration (UF−3) for the removal of dimethylphenol from wastewater. Using model-based simulation, the impacts of UF−3 feed spacer design parameters, including the height, angle between the filaments (orientation), and porosity on the pressure drop, friction factor, axial flow fluid velocity, mass transfer coefficient, water flux, dimethylphenol rejection, recovery rate, and specific energy consumption are detailed in this study. The study intends to demonstrate the optimum design features of UF−3 feed spacer that should be considered to assure the highest elimination of dimethylphenol from wastewater in addition to the lowest specific energy consumption. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Technologies for Wastewater Treatment and Water Reuse)
Show Figures

Figure 1

12 pages, 863 KiB  
Review
Water Market Development in the Yellow River Basin: Challenges and Opportunities
by Yan Chen, Yuhan Yan and Tingju Zhu
Water 2024, 16(6), 894; https://doi.org/10.3390/w16060894 - 20 Mar 2024
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1227
Abstract
Water market development in the Yellow River Basin (YRB) unfolds new opportunities for alleviating water scarcity and improving water productivity. However, the further development of an effective water market in the basin faces challenges such as unclear water rights, regulatory deficiencies, market deficiencies, [...] Read more.
Water market development in the Yellow River Basin (YRB) unfolds new opportunities for alleviating water scarcity and improving water productivity. However, the further development of an effective water market in the basin faces challenges such as unclear water rights, regulatory deficiencies, market deficiencies, and insufficient compensation to third-parties, among others. Studying water market development in Western countries provides useful insights for addressing similar challenges, thus providing useful case studies despite the different cultural, economic, institutional, and political settings. This paper investigates water markets in the Murray–Darling Basin in Australia, the western United States, and Chile to synthesize cases of water market development that could potentially contribute to overcoming the challenges encountered in the YRB. After analyzing these cases, recommendations are made for enhancing the YRB’s water market development from the perspectives of water rights systems, as well as the roles of the government and market, legal system, and third-party effects. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Water Governance and Sustainable Water Resources Management)
Show Figures

Figure 1

23 pages, 8202 KiB  
Article
Prediction of Bedform Dimensions on Alluvial Bed in Unidirectional Flow
by Rui Wang and Guoliang Yu
Water 2024, 16(6), 893; https://doi.org/10.3390/w16060893 - 20 Mar 2024
Viewed by 957
Abstract
In this study, the bedform dimensions of an alluvial bed in a unidirectional flow were experimentally investigated. A series of flume experiments was conducted; 700 sets of flume and field data were used in developing formulae for predicting the bedform dimensions on alluvial [...] Read more.
In this study, the bedform dimensions of an alluvial bed in a unidirectional flow were experimentally investigated. A series of flume experiments was conducted; 700 sets of flume and field data were used in developing formulae for predicting the bedform dimensions on alluvial beds in unidirectional flow. Bedform dimensions include the length and height of bedforms generated by the lower and upper flow regimes; the resistance coefficient for the flow in different flow regimes is introduced into the proposed formulae. The momentum boundary-layer thickness was introduced as an independent variable instead of the flow depth. Based on a large amount of flume and field data, the coefficients of each parameter were determined; four typical formulae were used to compare the accuracy of the proposed formulae. The experimental results show that the momentum boundary-layer thickness, hydraulic radius, and resistance coefficient for the flow in different regimes correlate well with the bedform dimensions. The calculation results show that the dimensionless particle size should not be ignored in the calculation of bedform dimensions. The bedform dimensions have an obvious trend of rapid increase with an increase in the ratio of flow depth to sand size (H/d). The bedform dimensions obtained using the van Rijn method and the Engelund and Hansen method did not represent the variation trend of the bedform length in the upper flow regime with an increase in H/d when H/d was greater than 103. The calculations using the proposed formulae are more accurate and reasonable than those in previous studies predicting the bedform height and length on an alluvial bed in a unidirectional flow. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Coastal Sediments: Processes, Transport, Modeling and Hydrodynamics)
Show Figures

Figure 1

28 pages, 9596 KiB  
Article
Analysis of Land Use Change and Hydrogeological Parameters in the Andean Semiarid Region of Ecuador
by Holger Manuel Benavides-Muñoz, Verónica Correa-Escudero, Darwin Pucha-Cofrep and Franz Pucha-Cofrep
Water 2024, 16(6), 892; https://doi.org/10.3390/w16060892 - 20 Mar 2024
Viewed by 1388
Abstract
Access to freshwater in developing regions remains a significant concern, particularly in arid and semiarid areas with limited annual precipitation. Groundwater, a vital resource in these regions, faces dual threats—climate change and unsustainable exploitation. This study analyzes changes in land use, vegetation cover, [...] Read more.
Access to freshwater in developing regions remains a significant concern, particularly in arid and semiarid areas with limited annual precipitation. Groundwater, a vital resource in these regions, faces dual threats—climate change and unsustainable exploitation. This study analyzes changes in land use, vegetation cover, and hydrogeological parameters in Catacocha parish, situated in the southern Ecuadorian Andes region. The methodology incorporates the integration of data from the Paltas Municipality, Ministerio del Ambiente, Agua y Transición Ecológica—MAATE—and Instituto Geográfico Militar—IGM. Utilizing GIS tools, vegetation analysis is combined with a comparative assessment of discharge data spanning from 2000 to 2022. The data from the MAATE and IGM play an instrumental role in evaluating alterations in vegetation cover across the years. The study also examines the characteristic curves of the wells and their coefficient of storage. Additionally, it assesses the role of vegetation in facilitating infiltration and explores the potential relationship with precipitation patterns in the study area. In semiarid regions, prioritizing the management of natural vegetation is essential, either through conservation projects or reforestation plans throughout the year. Moreover, population emigration has revitalized land use, reserving specific areas for conservation. The transformation observed in the wells supplying the parish of Catacocha and its vegetation cover from 2000 to 2022 serves as a demonstration of this change. Discharge data remain essential for monitoring variations in well discharge and ensuring a consistent daily supply of potable water. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Soil and Water)
Show Figures

Figure 1

28 pages, 6099 KiB  
Article
Investigating First Flush Occurrence in Agro-Urban Environments in Northern Italy
by Majid Niazkar, Margherita Evangelisti, Cosimo Peruzzi, Andrea Galli, Marco Maglionico and Daniele Masseroni
Water 2024, 16(6), 891; https://doi.org/10.3390/w16060891 - 20 Mar 2024
Viewed by 1209
Abstract
The first flush (FF) phenomenon is commonly associated with a relevant load of pollutants, raising concerns about water quality and environmental management in agro-urban areas. An FF event can potentially transport contaminated water into a receiving water body by activating combined sewer overflow [...] Read more.
The first flush (FF) phenomenon is commonly associated with a relevant load of pollutants, raising concerns about water quality and environmental management in agro-urban areas. An FF event can potentially transport contaminated water into a receiving water body by activating combined sewer overflow (CSO) systems present in the drainage urban network. Therefore, accurately characterizing FF events is crucial for the effective management of sewer systems and for limiting environmental degradation. Given the ongoing controversy in the literature regarding the delineation of FF event occurrences, there is an unavoidable necessity for further investigations, especially experimental-based ones. This study presents the outcomes of an almost two-year field campaign focused on assessing the water quantity and quality of two combined sewer systems in Northern Italy. For this purpose, various hydro-meteorological variables, including precipitation, flow rate, temperature, and solar radiation, in addition to water quality analytics, were measured continuously to capture stormwater events. Throughout the monitoring period, sixteen stormwater events were identified and analyzed using five indices usually adopted in the literature to identify FF occurrences. The results indicate that there is a strong positive correlation between the mass first flush ratios calculated for nutrients and three factors, including maximum rainfall intensity, maximum flow rate, and antecedent dry weather period. Furthermore, rainfall duration was found to possess a strong negative correlation with the mass first flush ratios calculated for nutrients. However, for the same rainfall event, the occurrence of FF has never been unanimously confirmed by the indices examined in this study. Moreover, different macro-groups of pollutants can behave differently. Thus, it becomes apparent that relying solely on a priori analyses, without the support of data from experimental monitoring campaigns, poses a risk when designing actions for the mitigation of FF occurrences. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Rainwater Harvesting and Treatment)
Show Figures

Figure 1

20 pages, 7528 KiB  
Article
Contaminant Trends in Urban Groundwater: Case Study from Ljubljana (Central Slovenia)
by Janja Svetina, Joerg Prestor, Brigita Jamnik, Primož Auersperger and Mihael Brenčič
Water 2024, 16(6), 890; https://doi.org/10.3390/w16060890 - 20 Mar 2024
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1516
Abstract
Urban areas can significantly alter the quality status of aquifers if appropriate strategies to prevent and detect groundwater contamination are not implemented in time. The prevention of groundwater contamination should be a priority due to its potential long-term impact on the environment and [...] Read more.
Urban areas can significantly alter the quality status of aquifers if appropriate strategies to prevent and detect groundwater contamination are not implemented in time. The prevention of groundwater contamination should be a priority due to its potential long-term impact on the environment and the high cost of remediation. For effective and sustainable groundwater management, it is crucial to proactively monitor a wide range of compounds to prevent their spread, progression and increasing concentrations. This study is one of the few to analyse the trends of various urban groundwater contaminants (nitrate, sulphate, hexavalent chromium, pesticides, PCE and TCE) from a groundwater management perspective. Characteristic trends are assessed using linear regression and the Mann–Kendall method, while significant changes in trends are determined using the Darken and Pettitt tests. The time span of the analysed trends covers the transition period before and after the implementation of the Water Framework Directive (2000/60/EC) and the Groundwater Directive (2000/60/EC). This study confirms the effectiveness of enforcement measures to protect groundwater quality, as evidenced by several statistically significant decreasing trends. On the other hand, this study emphasises the importance of intervention-targeted sampling campaigns and the reporting of raw analytical values according to the ISO 11843 series of standards. This approach is essential to detect upward trends in emerging contaminants at an early stage and prevent them from reaching levels that could negatively impact the economy or even jeopardise the safety of drinking water supplies. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Hydrogeology)
Show Figures

Figure 1

22 pages, 7215 KiB  
Article
Can Short-Term Online-Monitoring Improve the Current WFD Water Quality Assessment Regime? Systematic Resampling of High-Resolution Data from Four Saxon Catchments
by Jakob Benisch, Björn Helm, Xin Chang and Peter Krebs
Water 2024, 16(6), 889; https://doi.org/10.3390/w16060889 - 20 Mar 2024
Viewed by 1038
Abstract
The European Union Water Framework Directive (2000/60/EC; WFD) aims to achieve a good ecological and chemical status of all bodies of surface water by 2027. The development of integrated guidance on surface water chemical monitoring (e.g., WFD Guidance Document No. 7/19) has been [...] Read more.
The European Union Water Framework Directive (2000/60/EC; WFD) aims to achieve a good ecological and chemical status of all bodies of surface water by 2027. The development of integrated guidance on surface water chemical monitoring (e.g., WFD Guidance Document No. 7/19) has been transferred into national German law (Ordinance for the Protection of Surface Waters, OGewV). For the majority of compounds, this act requires monthly sampling to assess the chemical quality status of a body of surface water. To evaluate the representativeness of the sampling strategy under the OGewV, high-frequency online monitoring data are investigated under different sampling scenarios and compared with current, monthly grab sampling data. About 23 million data points were analyzed for this study. Three chemical parameters (dissolved oxygen, nitrate-nitrogen, and chloride concentration) and discharge data were selected from four catchments of different sizes, ranging from 51,391 km2 to 84 km2 (Elbe, Vereinigte Mulde, Neiße and two stations at Lockwitzbach). In this paper, we propose short-term online-monitoring (STOM) as a sampling alternative. STOM considers the placement of online sensors over a limited duration and return interval. In general, we: (I) compare the results of conventional grab sampling with STOM, (II) investigate the different performance of STOM and grab sampling using discharge data as a proxy for analyzing event-mobilized pollutants, and (III) investigate the related uncertainties and costs of both sampling methods. Results show that STOM outperforms grab sampling for parameters where minimum/maximum concentrations are required by law, as the probability of catching a single extreme value is higher with STOM. Furthermore, parameters showing a pronounced diurnal pattern, such as dissolved oxygen, are also captured considerably better. The performance of STOM showed no substantial improvements for parameters with small concentration variability, such as nitrogen-nitrate or chloride. The analysis of discharge events as a proxy parameter for event-mobilized pollutants proves that the probability of capturing samples during events is significantly increased by STOM. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Field Methods for Water Quality Surveying, Volume II)
Show Figures

Figure 1

16 pages, 2627 KiB  
Review
Challenge to Lake Ecosystems: Changes in Thermal Structure Triggered by Climate Change
by Yin Zhang, Jian Shen, Liwei He, Jimeng Feng, Lina Chi and Xinze Wang
Water 2024, 16(6), 888; https://doi.org/10.3390/w16060888 - 20 Mar 2024
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2715
Abstract
Human activities, global warming, frequent extreme weather events, and changes in atmospheric composition affect the solar radiation reaching the Earth’s surface, affect mass and heat transfer at the air–water interface, and induce oscillations in wind-driven internal waves. This leads to changes in the [...] Read more.
Human activities, global warming, frequent extreme weather events, and changes in atmospheric composition affect the solar radiation reaching the Earth’s surface, affect mass and heat transfer at the air–water interface, and induce oscillations in wind-driven internal waves. This leads to changes in the spatiotemporal characteristics of thermal stratification in lakes, altering lake circulation patterns and vertical mass transfer. However, thermal stratification structures are often overlooked. The intensification of lake thermal stratification due to warming may lead to increased release of bottom pollutants, spreading through the dynamic behavior of the thermocline to the epilimnion. Moreover, the increased heat storage is beneficial for the growth and development of certain phytoplankton, resulting in rapid transitions of the original steady state of lakes. Consequently, water quality deterioration, ecological degradation, and declining biodiversity may occur. Conventional surface water monitoring may not provide comprehensive, accurate, and timely assessments. Model simulations can better predict future thermal stratification behaviors, reducing financial burdens, providing more refined assessments, and thus preventing subsequent environmental issues. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Transport of Pollutants and Heat in Surface Water and Groundwater)
Show Figures

Figure 1

21 pages, 2516 KiB  
Article
Model-Assisted Optimization of Cobalt Biosorption on Macroalgae Padina pavonica for Wastewater Treatment
by Abeer S. Aloufi, Bahja Al Riyami, Mustafa A. Fawzy, Hatim M. Al-Yasi, Mostafa Koutb and Sedky H. A. Hassan
Water 2024, 16(6), 887; https://doi.org/10.3390/w16060887 - 19 Mar 2024
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1548
Abstract
The release of heavy metals into the environment as a result of industrial and agricultural activities represents one of the century’s most significant issues. Cobalt is a hazardous metal that is employed in a variety of industries. In this study, response surface methodology [...] Read more.
The release of heavy metals into the environment as a result of industrial and agricultural activities represents one of the century’s most significant issues. Cobalt is a hazardous metal that is employed in a variety of industries. In this study, response surface methodology (RSM) combined with Box–Behnken design (BBD) was utilized to optimize the Co(II) ion removal from synthetic wastewater by the brown macroalga Padina pavonica. The influence of three factors, namely algal inoculum size, pH, and initial metal concentration, was assessed in optimization studies. RSM proposed a second-order quadratic model with a p-value of <0.0001 and R2 of 0.984 for P. pavonica. According to the data related to RSM optimization, the maximum percentage of Co(II) removal of 84.3% was attained under the conditions of algal inoculum size of 5.98 g/L, pH of 6.73, and initial Co(II) concentration of 21.63 mg/L. The experimental data from the biosorption process were fitted well with the Langmuir, Freundlich, and Temkin isotherm models. The maximal Co(II) adsorption capacity was estimated using the Langmuir model to be 17.98 mg/g. Furthermore, the pseudo-second-order kinetic model was shown to have the best fit for Co biosorption by P. pavonica, showing that the mechanism of Co(II) biosorption was chemisorption controlled by surface biosorption and intra-particle diffusion. Thermodynamic parameters were also investigated to evaluate the Gibbs free energy for the Co(II) ion, which was positive, showing that the biosorption process is nonspontaneous and exothermic, and the cobalt biosorption rate decreases with increasing temperature. Algal biomass was characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and energy dispersive spectroscopy. These analyses revealed the biosorbent’s diverse functional groups and porous, rough appearance. Therefore, P. pavonica can be used to implement sustainable, eco-friendly, and acceptable solutions to water pollution problems. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Wastewater Treatment and Reuse)
Show Figures

Figure 1

18 pages, 2477 KiB  
Review
Research Progress on Novel Electrochemical Descaling Technology for Enhanced Hardness Ion Removal
by Liangtian Wang, Jie Zhou, Yuexin Chang and Hao Xu
Water 2024, 16(6), 886; https://doi.org/10.3390/w16060886 - 19 Mar 2024
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1754
Abstract
In recent years, electrochemical descaling technology has gained widespread attention due to its environmental friendliness and ease of operation. However, its single-pass removal efficiency could be higher, severely limiting its practical application. To overcome the limitations of traditional electrochemical descaling processes, this paper [...] Read more.
In recent years, electrochemical descaling technology has gained widespread attention due to its environmental friendliness and ease of operation. However, its single-pass removal efficiency could be higher, severely limiting its practical application. To overcome the limitations of traditional electrochemical descaling processes, this paper first focuses on the separation efficiency of H+ and OH in the scale removal process based on numerous recent research papers. It mainly emphasizes how innovative cathode design can enhance the efficiency and stability of electrochemical descaling. Furthermore, this paper explores the coupling of electrochemical processes with different water treatment technologies, such as the combination of electrodeposition with electrocoagulation, filtration crystallization, microfiltration, and electrodialysis, and how these methods synergistically enhance descaling effects. Additionally, this paper discusses potential future directions for electrochemical descaling technology, including innovations in scale expansion, material updates, process optimization, system integration, and automation. Finally, this paper analyzes the practical challenges of electrochemical descaling technology, such as cost, energy consumption, equipment durability, and environmental impact, and proposes solutions. The implementation of these strategies is expected to promote the commercialization of electrochemical descaling technology, making it more aligned with the sustainability requirements of industry and the environment. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Wastewater Treatment and Reuse)
Show Figures

Graphical abstract

16 pages, 1044 KiB  
Article
Territorial Pluralism in China: Local Water Users’ Adaptation Strategies in the South–North Water Transfer Project
by Chengting Zhou, Jing Chen, Chen Li and Bo Bi
Water 2024, 16(6), 885; https://doi.org/10.3390/w16060885 - 19 Mar 2024
Viewed by 1193
Abstract
China’s South–North Water Transfer Project has been questioned as it has resulted in significantly negative issues. Drawing on the notion of hydrosocial territories, this article examines the contested hydraulic configuration and counter-imaginaries from local water users’ perspectives and their specific adaptation strategies in [...] Read more.
China’s South–North Water Transfer Project has been questioned as it has resulted in significantly negative issues. Drawing on the notion of hydrosocial territories, this article examines the contested hydraulic configuration and counter-imaginaries from local water users’ perspectives and their specific adaptation strategies in the South–North Water Transfer Project. This article argues that local water users in a Chinese context can only adopt adaptation strategies that are determined by their socio-economic backgrounds. This has led to significant social and environmental injustice. Addressing these issues is crucial for tackling inequities in the South–North Water Transfer Project and achieving the ambitious development goals of the project. Full article
(This article belongs to the Topic Hydrology and Water Resources Management)
Show Figures

Figure 1

16 pages, 1454 KiB  
Article
Modulational Instability of Nonlinear Wave Packets within (2+4) Korteweg–de Vries Equation
by Oksana Kurkina, Efim Pelinovsky and Andrey Kurkin
Water 2024, 16(6), 884; https://doi.org/10.3390/w16060884 - 19 Mar 2024
Viewed by 963
Abstract
The higher-order nonlinear Schrödinger equation with combined nonlinearities is derived by an asymptotic reduction from the (2+4) Korteweg–de Vries model for weakly nonlinear wave packets for the context of interfacial waves in a three-layer symmetric media. Focusing properties and modulation instability effects are [...] Read more.
The higher-order nonlinear Schrödinger equation with combined nonlinearities is derived by an asymptotic reduction from the (2+4) Korteweg–de Vries model for weakly nonlinear wave packets for the context of interfacial waves in a three-layer symmetric media. Focusing properties and modulation instability effects are discussed for the considered physical context. Instability growth rate, maximum of the increment and the boundaries of the instability interval are derived in terms of three-layer density stratification, their structure on the parameter planes of relative layer depth, carrier wavenumber and envelope amplitude, are considered in detail. Full article
Show Figures

Figure 1

Previous Issue
Next Issue
Back to TopTop