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20 pages, 2724 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Analysis of the Effect of Environmental Regulation on Eco-Efficiency of Service Sector

by Xuefen Liu, Chang Gan and Mihai Voda

Sustainability 2024, 16(13), 5774; https://doi.org/10.3390/su16135774 (registering DOI) - 6 Jul 2024

The green transformation of the service sector is crucial for promoting the construction of ecological civilization and boosting high-quality development. The aim of the relationship between environmental regulation and eco-efficiency is to explore the path of the green transformation of the service sector. [...] Read more.

The green transformation of the service sector is crucial for promoting the construction of ecological civilization and boosting high-quality development. The aim of the relationship between environmental regulation and eco-efficiency is to explore the path of the green transformation of the service sector. Based on the provincial data in China from 2001~2019, this study investigated the effect of environmental regulation on the eco-efficiency of the service sector, concentrating on the influencing mechanism and threshold effect of environmental regulation on the eco-efficiency of the largest service sector in the Chinese economy. Applying the panel OLS model, mediating model, and threshold effect model. The main findings are as follows. First, environmental regulation is not beneficial for boosting the eco-efficiency of the service sector because of compliance costs. Second, environmental regulation can reduce the eco-efficiency of the service sector through service agglomeration. However, the effect of innovation compensation can hinder the negative influence of environmental regulation on the eco-efficiency of the service sector. Third, the inhibiting effect of environmental regulation disappears non-linearly with boosting economic development. Conversely, the positive influence of environmental regulation becomes negative, along with improving service agglomeration. At last, this study provided recommendations for the policymakers who hope to accelerate the green transformation of the service sector from the perspectives of strengthening technological innovation, reducing agglomeration, and establishing coordinated development mechanisms. Full article

18 pages, 16925 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Dynamic Modeling and Analysis of Flexible-Joint Robots with Clearance

by Jing Wang, Shisheng Zhou, Jimei Wu, Jiajuan Qing, Tuo Kang and Mingyue Shao

Sensors 2024, 24(13), 4396; https://doi.org/10.3390/s24134396 (registering DOI) - 6 Jul 2024

Abstract

The coupling effects of flexible joints and clearance on the dynamics of a robotic system were investigated. A numerical analysis was undertaken to reveal the coupling effects between flexible joints and clearance. The nonlinear spring-damping model and Coulomb model were applied to characterize [...] Read more.

The coupling effects of flexible joints and clearance on the dynamics of a robotic system were investigated. A numerical analysis was undertaken to reveal the coupling effects between flexible joints and clearance. The nonlinear spring-damping model and Coulomb model were applied to characterize the contact characteristics of the clearance, and a model for the flexible joint was formulated using the equivalent spring theory. An accurate robot model was established based on the clearance and joint flexibility characterization. The dynamic equation of a robot was obtained according to the Newton-Euler method. A comparative analysis was performed to assess the impacts of both the joint action of clearance and flexible joints and varying joint clearance values on the performance of the robot. The results showed that the coupling effects of flexible joints and clearance had a negative impact on the system dynamic performance. The amplitudes of the dynamic responses caused by the clearance are weakened by the flexible joint, but it leads to the lag of the system response. This study served as the theoretical foundation for exploring precise control techniques in robotics research. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Sensors and Robotics)

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14 pages, 487 KiB

Open AccessReview

Blood Microbiota and Its Products: Mechanisms of Interference with Host Cells and Clinical Outcomes

by Luigi Santacroce, Ioannis Alexandros Charitos, Marica Colella, Raffaele Palmirotta and Emilio Jirillo

Hematol. Rep. 2024, 16(3), 440-453; https://doi.org/10.3390/hematolrep16030043 (registering DOI) - 6 Jul 2024

Abstract

In healthy conditions, blood was considered a sterile environment until the development of new analytical approaches that allowed for the detection of circulating bacterial ribosomal DNA. Currently, debate exists on the origin of the blood microbiota. According to advanced research using dark field [...] Read more.

In healthy conditions, blood was considered a sterile environment until the development of new analytical approaches that allowed for the detection of circulating bacterial ribosomal DNA. Currently, debate exists on the origin of the blood microbiota. According to advanced research using dark field microscopy, fluorescent in situ hybridization, flow cytometry, and electron microscopy, so-called microbiota have been detected in the blood. Conversely, others have reported no evidence of a common blood microbiota. Then, it was hypothesized that blood microbiota may derive from distant sites, e.g., the gut or external contamination of blood samples. Alteration of the blood microbiota’s equilibrium may lead to dysbiosis and, in certain cases, disease. Cardiovascular, respiratory, hepatic, kidney, neoplastic, and immune diseases have been associated with the presence of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria and/or their products in the blood. For instance, lipopolysaccharides (LPSs) and endotoxins may contribute to tissue damage, fueling chronic inflammation. Blood bacteria can interact with immune cells, especially with monocytes that engulf microorganisms and T lymphocytes via spontaneous binding to their membranes. Moreover, LPSs, extracellular vesicles, and outer membrane vesicles interact with red blood cells and immune cells, reaching distant organs. This review aims to describe the composition of blood microbiota in healthy individuals and those with disease conditions. Furthermore, special emphasis is placed on the interaction of blood microbiota with host cells to better understand disease mechanisms. Full article

24 pages, 5882 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Polar Sea Ice Monitoring Using HY-2B Satellite Scatterometer and Scanning Microwave Radiometer Measurements

by Tao Zeng, Lijian Shi, Yingni Shi, Dunwang Lu and Qimao Wang

Remote Sens. 2024, 16(13), 2486; https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16132486 (registering DOI) - 6 Jul 2024

Abstract

The Ku band microwave scatterometer (SCA) and scanning microwave radiometer (SMR) onboard HaiYang-2B (HY-2B) can simultaneously supply active and passive microwave observations over the polar region. In this paper, a polar ice water discrimination model and Arctic sea-ice-type classification model based on the [...] Read more.

The Ku band microwave scatterometer (SCA) and scanning microwave radiometer (SMR) onboard HaiYang-2B (HY-2B) can simultaneously supply active and passive microwave observations over the polar region. In this paper, a polar ice water discrimination model and Arctic sea-ice-type classification model based on the support vector machine (SVM) method were established and used to produce a daily sea ice extent dataset from 2019 to 2021 with data from SCA and SMR. First, suitable scattering and radiation parameters are chosen as input data for the discriminant model. Then, the sea ice extent was obtained based on the monthly ice water discrimination model, and finally, the ice over the Arctic was classified into multiyear ice (MYI) and first-year ice (FYI). The 3-year ice extent and MYI extent products were consistent with the similar results of the National Snow and Ice Data Center (NSIDC) and Ocean and Sea Ice Satellite Application Facility (OSISAF). Using the OSISAF similar product as validation data, the overall accuracies (OAs) of ice/water discrimination and FYI/MYI discrimination are 99% and 97%, respectively. Compared with the high spatial resolution classification results of the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) and SAR, the OAs of ice/water discrimination and FYI/MYI discrimination are 96% and 86%, respectively. In conclusion, the SAC and SMR of HY-2B have been verified for monitoring polar sea ice, and the sea ice extent and sea-ice-type products are promising for integration into long-term sea ice records. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in Sea Ice Research Using Satellite Data)

18 pages, 5757 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Air Quality Predictions through Mathematical Modeling for Iron Ore Mine Project

by Naresh Kumar Katariya, Bhanwar Singh Choudhary and Prerna Pandey

Appl. Sci. 2024, 14(13), 5922; https://doi.org/10.3390/app14135922 (registering DOI) - 6 Jul 2024

Abstract

Mathematical modeling was deployed to predict air quality during the construction and operation phases of an iron ore mine project in Maharashtra, India. A survey of different models revealed that the ISCST3 model was the most applicable one to predict the air quality [...] Read more.

Mathematical modeling was deployed to predict air quality during the construction and operation phases of an iron ore mine project in Maharashtra, India. A survey of different models revealed that the ISCST3 model was the most applicable one to predict the air quality parameters, particularly the suspended particulate matter (SPM) and coarse particulate matter (PM₁₀). Baseline air quality data, emission rates, local meteorology, and terrain information were used to simulate the ground-level concentrations. The simulation predicted SPM and PM₁₀ peaks of 172 µg/m³ and 44 µg/m³, respectively. The prediction was within the prescribed limits of the national standards of 200 µg/m³ and 100 µg/m³, respectively, near the source, with minor exceedances in total SPM in two nearby villages and an impact on air quality due to proposed mining. Accordingly, mitigation strategies towards such villages were recommended and implemented. Later, the monitoring in the operation phase revealed that particulate matter could be controlled effectively with mitigation strategies and ensured compliance with air quality standards. The analysis also revealed strong correlations between the particulate matter and the distance of the localities and SPM and PM₁₀. Continuous monitoring and adaptive mitigation based on real-time data were thus emphasized for long-term sustainability and responsible mining practices. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Latest Advances in Environmental Engineering: Approaches to the Management and Treatment of Water, Air and Waste)

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29 pages, 795 KiB

Open AccessReview

High-Tech Sustainable Beauty: Exploring Nanotechnology for the Development of Cosmetics Using Plant and Animal By-Products

by Gabriela Braga Barros Nhani, Leonardo Delello Di Filippo, Geanne Aparecida de Paula, Vitoria Ribeiro Mantovanelli, Patricia Pereira da Fonseca, Felipe Mota Tashiro, Diana Coêlho Monteiro, Bruno Fonseca-Santos, Jonatas L. Duarte and Marlus Chorilli

Cosmetics 2024, 11(4), 112; https://doi.org/10.3390/cosmetics11040112 (registering DOI) - 6 Jul 2024

Abstract

In a world increasingly focused on eco-conscious living, the cosmetic industry is actively adopting nanotechnology to transform plant and animal by-products into high-value beauty products. This comprehensive review explores the innovative and sustainable approaches for extracting and utilizing bioactive compounds from these by-products. [...] Read more.

In a world increasingly focused on eco-conscious living, the cosmetic industry is actively adopting nanotechnology to transform plant and animal by-products into high-value beauty products. This comprehensive review explores the innovative and sustainable approaches for extracting and utilizing bioactive compounds from these by-products. The application of nanocarrier systems is highlighted for their role in enhancing the delivery efficacy and safety of these ingredients in skincare and beauty products. Consumer demand and environmental concerns drive the shift towards natural and sustainable cosmetic products. Traditional cosmetic production often involves significant ecological impacts, prompting the industry to seek greener alternatives. This review addresses the critical need for sustainable beauty solutions that align with global sustainability goals, particularly those outlined in the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. The review provides valuable insights into current trends and future directions in sustainable cosmetics by focusing on nanotechnology and by-products. The review uniquely integrates nanotechnology with sustainability practices in the cosmetic industry. It details the benefits of using nanocarriers to improve the stability, bioavailability, and efficacy of bioactive compounds derived from natural waste. This intersection of high-tech methodologies and sustainability offers a novel perspective on cosmetic innovation. Future research should focus on overcoming the technical, regulatory, and economic challenges of scaling up nanotechnology applications. Investigations should include the development of transparent supply chains, standardization methods for characterizing nanoparticles, and comprehensive lifecycle assessments to ensure environmental safety. Additionally, fostering collaboration between scientific research, industry practices, and consumer education is vital for advancing sustainable practices. This review contributes to the broader discourse on sustainable beauty by presenting a clear pathway for integrating these innovative approaches. It ensures that future cosmetic products meet consumer expectations for efficacy and safety and promote environmental stewardship and a circular economy, ultimately benefiting both the skin and the planet. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Delivery Systems for Dermatologic and Dermocosmetics Products)

19 pages, 339 KiB

Open AccessReview

Insight into the Role of the miR-584 family in Human Cancers

by Mariantonia Braile, Neila Luciano, Davide Carlomagno, Giuliana Salvatore and Francesca Maria Orlandella

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2024, 25(13), 7448; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25137448 (registering DOI) - 6 Jul 2024

Abstract

Among the non-coding RNAs, the aberrant expression of microRNAs (miRNAs) is well described in the oncology field. It is clear that the altered expression of miRNAs is crucial for a variety of processes such as proliferation, apoptosis, motility, angiogenesis and metastasis insurgence. Considering [...] Read more.

Among the non-coding RNAs, the aberrant expression of microRNAs (miRNAs) is well described in the oncology field. It is clear that the altered expression of miRNAs is crucial for a variety of processes such as proliferation, apoptosis, motility, angiogenesis and metastasis insurgence. Considering these aspects, RNA-based therapies and the use of miRNAs as non-invasive biomarkers for early diagnosis are underlined as promising opportunities against cancer death. In the era of precision medicine, significant progress in next-generation sequencing (NGS) techniques has broadened knowledge regarding the miRNAs expression profile in cancer tissues and in the blood of cancer patients. In this scenario, pre-clinical and clinical studies suggested that the members of the miR-584 family, i.e., miR-584-5p and -3p, are prominent players in cancer development and progression. Under some conditions, these miRNAs are under-expressed in cancer tissues acting as tumor suppressors, while in other conditions, they are overexpressed, acting as oncogenes increasing the aggressive behavior of cancer cells. The aim of this review is to provide a comprehensive and up-to-date overview on the expression, upstream genes, molecular targets and signaling pathways influenced by the miR-584 family (i.e., miR-584-3p and -5p) in various human solid and hematological cancers. To achieve this goal, 64 articles on this topic are discussed. Among these articles, 55 are focused on miR-584-5p, and it is outlined how this miRNA could be used in future applications as a potential new therapeutic strategy and diagnostic tool. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue miRNAs in Carcinogenesis of Solid and Hematological Malignancies)

19 pages, 310 KiB

Open AccessReview

Review of CAR T-Cell Therapy in Multiple Myeloma: A Canadian Perspective

by Steven Chun-Min Shih and Sita Bhella

Curr. Oncol. 2024, 31(7), 3949-3967; https://doi.org/10.3390/curroncol31070292 (registering DOI) - 6 Jul 2024

Abstract

Multiple myeloma (MM) is an incurable plasma cell malignancy. In the context of the current standard of care therapies in Canada, outcomes among patients with relapsed/refractory multiple myeloma (RRMM), particularly those with triple-class (or more) refractory disease remain poor. Immunotherapies have significantly changed [...] Read more.

Multiple myeloma (MM) is an incurable plasma cell malignancy. In the context of the current standard of care therapies in Canada, outcomes among patients with relapsed/refractory multiple myeloma (RRMM), particularly those with triple-class (or more) refractory disease remain poor. Immunotherapies have significantly changed the treatment landscape of MM. Since 2021, two BCMA-targeting CAR T-cell therapy products have been approved for RRMM—namely Idecabtagene vicleucel (Ide-cel) (ABECMA®) and Ciltacabtagene autoleucel (Cilta-cel) (CARVYKTI®), both of which are available in the US and Europe. Although they have shown unprecedented efficacy in RRMM, their clinical and logistical limitations must be acknowledged. MM CAR T-cell therapy is likely to be approved in Canada soon. Therefore, it is timely that we review the latest evidence for commercially available CAR T-cell therapy in multiple myeloma, with a focus on its relevance and impact in the Canadian setting. There will be challenges to access and strategies must be in place to ensure equitable care for all Canadians with MM. Alongside haematologists working in the immune effector cell therapy programs, providers in the community will also play a role in the ongoing monitoring and management of long-term side effects including opportunistic infections and late neurotoxicity. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Myeloma and Leukemia-Challenges and Current Treatment Options)

18 pages, 13111 KiB

Open AccessArticle

TSC-1 Offner Spectrometer Prototype Characterization

by Weerapot Wanajaroen, Thierry Lepine, Pearachad Chartsiriwattana, Suwicha Wannawichian, Wiphu Rujopakarn, Saran Poshyachinda and Boonrucksar Soonthornthum

Photonics 2024, 11(7), 644; https://doi.org/10.3390/photonics11070644 (registering DOI) - 6 Jul 2024

Abstract

The Thai Space Consortium (TSC) has undertaken the development of an Offner spectrometer prototype for the TSC-1 satellite mission, aiming to enhance Earth observation capabilities. Through systematic parameter selection and radiometric analyses, optimal performance of the hyperspectral imager within established specifications was achieved [...] Read more.

The Thai Space Consortium (TSC) has undertaken the development of an Offner spectrometer prototype for the TSC-1 satellite mission, aiming to enhance Earth observation capabilities. Through systematic parameter selection and radiometric analyses, optimal performance of the hyperspectral imager within established specifications was achieved in the previous study. The design phase involved selecting a two-mirror off-axis telescope coupled with the Offner spectrometer for its diffraction-limited performance. Rigorous testing validated the prototype’s alignment with simulated performance, affirming its ability to meet demanding Earth observation requirements. The experimental results demonstrate that the Offner spectrometer prototype has been successfully developed. The spatial resolution ranges between 21.0 and 24.1 µm, and the spectral resolution ranges between 7.3 and 8.7 nm, with no significant distortion. Furthermore, the signal-to-noise ratio at 550 nm is 100. This achievement positions the TSC at the forefront of innovative Earth observation instrumentation in Thailand, with implications for future space missions requiring precise and efficient hyperspectral imaging. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Hyperspectral Imaging and Signal Processing)

20 pages, 563 KiB

Open AccessReview

Monoclonal Antibodies in Smoldering Multiple Myeloma and Monoclonal Gammopathy of Undetermined Significance: Current Status and Future Directions

by Valeria Ferla, Francesca Farina, Tommaso Perini, Magda Marcatti and Fabio Ciceri

Pharmaceuticals 2024, 17(7), 901; https://doi.org/10.3390/ph17070901 (registering DOI) - 6 Jul 2024

Abstract

Monoclonal antibodies (MoAbs) targeting several cellular receptors have significantly improved the prognosis of multiple myeloma (MM). Their high effectiveness and safety raise the question of whether earlier therapeutic intervention in monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS) and smoldering multiple myeloma (SMM) influences the [...] Read more.

Monoclonal antibodies (MoAbs) targeting several cellular receptors have significantly improved the prognosis of multiple myeloma (MM). Their high effectiveness and safety raise the question of whether earlier therapeutic intervention in monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS) and smoldering multiple myeloma (SMM) influences the natural course of the disease. MM is preceded by clinically recognized conditions such as MGUS and SMM. Numerous studies are investigating the disease biology and immune profile of SMM and MGUS to unravel the intricate relationship between immunosurveillance and disease progression. The standard approach to MGUS and SMM remains close observation. Early studies indicate benefits in terms of progression or even survival for promptly treating high-risk SMM patients. Ongoing debates are focused on which patients with SMM and MGUS to treat, as well as on determining the optimal therapeutic approach. The first approach aims to cure by attempting to eliminate the pathological clone, while the second approach is preventive, aiming to manage disease progression to active MM and restore the immune system. In this review, we focus on the available and emerging data on early treatment, particularly with MoAbs alone or in combination with other therapies, in SMM and MGUS patients. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Multidrug Therapies Containing Monoclonal Antibodies for Multiple Myeloma 2024)

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17 pages, 3016 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Strength Optimisation of Hybrid Bolted/Bonded Composite Joints Based on Finite Element Analysis

by Raphael Blier, Leila Monajati, Masoud Mehrabian and Rachid Boukhili

Materials 2024, 17(13), 3354; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17133354 (registering DOI) - 6 Jul 2024

Abstract

A finite element analysis (FEA) was conducted to examine the behaviour of single-lap quasi-isotropic (QI) and cross-ply (CP) hybrid bolted/bonded (HBB) configurations subjected to tensile shear loading. Several critical design factors influencing the composite joint strength, failure conditions, and load-sharing mechanisms that would [...] Read more.

A finite element analysis (FEA) was conducted to examine the behaviour of single-lap quasi-isotropic (QI) and cross-ply (CP) hybrid bolted/bonded (HBB) configurations subjected to tensile shear loading. Several critical design factors influencing the composite joint strength, failure conditions, and load-sharing mechanisms that would optimise the joining performance were assessed. The study of the stress concentration around the holes and along the adhesive layer highlights the fact that the HBB joints benefit from significantly lower stresses compared to only bolted joints, especially for CP configurations. The simulation results confirmed the redundancy of the middle bolt in a three-bolt HBB joint. The stiffness and plastic behaviour of the adhesive were found to be important factors that define the transition of the behaviour of the joint from a bolted type, where load sharing is predominant, to a bonded joint. The load-sharing potential, known as an indicator of the joint’s performance, is improved by reducing the overlap length, using a low-stiffness, high-plasticity adhesive, and using thicker laminates in the QI layup configuration. Enhancing both the ratio of the edge distance to the hole diameter and washer size proves advantageous in reducing stresses within the adhesive layer, thereby improving the joint strength. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Manufacturing and Mechanics of Materials, Volume II)

30 pages, 15394 KiB

Open AccessReview

Principles and Design of Bionic Hydrogel Adhesives for Skin Wound Treatment

by Chunxiao Wang, Xinyu Zhang, Yinuo Fan, Shuhan Yu, Man Liu, Linhan Feng, Qisen Sun and Panpan Pan

Polymers 2024, 16(13), 1937; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym16131937 (registering DOI) - 6 Jul 2024

Abstract

Over millions of years of evolution, nature has developed a myriad of unique features that have inspired the design of adhesives for wound healing. Bionic hydrogel adhesives, capable of adapting to the dynamic movements of tissues, possess superior biocompatibility and effectively promote the [...] Read more.

Over millions of years of evolution, nature has developed a myriad of unique features that have inspired the design of adhesives for wound healing. Bionic hydrogel adhesives, capable of adapting to the dynamic movements of tissues, possess superior biocompatibility and effectively promote the healing of both external and internal wounds. This paper provides a systematic review of the design and principles of these adhesives, focusing on the treatment of skin wounds, and explores the feasibility of incorporating nature-inspired properties into their design. The adhesion mechanisms of bionic adhesives are analyzed from both chemical and physical perspectives. Materials from natural and synthetic polymers commonly used as adhesives are detailed regarding their biocompatibility and degradability. The multifunctional design elements of hydrogel adhesives for skin trauma treatment, such as self-healing, drug release, responsive design, and optimization of mechanical and physical properties, are further explored. The aim is to overcome the limitations of conventional treatments and offer a safer, more effective solution for the application of bionic wound dressings. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biomedical Polymer Materials for Wound Healing)

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11 pages, 2117 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Depletion of Activated Hepatic Stellate Cells and Capillarized Liver Sinusoidal Endothelial Cells Using a Rationally Designed Protein for Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis and Alcoholic Hepatitis Treatment

by Falguni Mishra, Yi Yuan, Jenny J. Yang, Bin Li, Payton Chan and Zhiren Liu

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2024, 25(13), 7447; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25137447 (registering DOI) - 6 Jul 2024

Abstract

Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) and alcoholic hepatitis (AH) affect a large part of the general population worldwide. Dysregulation of lipid metabolism and alcohol toxicity drive disease progression by the activation of hepatic stellate cells and the capillarization of liver sinusoidal endothelial cells. Collagen deposition, [...] Read more.

Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) and alcoholic hepatitis (AH) affect a large part of the general population worldwide. Dysregulation of lipid metabolism and alcohol toxicity drive disease progression by the activation of hepatic stellate cells and the capillarization of liver sinusoidal endothelial cells. Collagen deposition, along with sinusoidal remodeling, alters sinusoid structure, resulting in hepatic inflammation, portal hypertension, liver failure, and other complications. Efforts were made to develop treatments for NASH and AH. However, the success of such treatments is limited and unpredictable. We report a strategy for NASH and AH treatment involving the induction of integrin α_vβ₃-mediated cell apoptosis using a rationally designed protein (ProAgio). Integrin α_vβ₃ is highly expressed in activated hepatic stellate cells (αHSCs), the angiogenic endothelium, and capillarized liver sinusoidal endothelial cells (caLSECs). ProAgio induces the apoptosis of these disease-driving cells, therefore decreasing collagen fibril, reversing sinusoid remodeling, and reducing immune cell infiltration. The reversal of sinusoid remodeling reduces the expression of leukocyte adhesion molecules on LSECs, thus decreasing leukocyte infiltration/activation in the diseased liver. Our studies present a novel and effective approach for NASH and AH treatment. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Chronic Liver Disease and Hepatocellular Carcinoma)

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16 pages, 7694 KiB

Open AccessArticle

3D Printing for Customized Bone Reconstruction in Spheno-Orbital Meningiomas: A Systematic Literature Review and Institutional Experience

by Simona Serioli, Alberto Pietrantoni, Alberto Benato, Marco Galeazzi, Amedeo Piazza, Liverana Lauretti, Pier Paolo Mattogno, Alessandro Olivi, Marco Maria Fontanella and Francesco Doglietto

J. Clin. Med. 2024, 13(13), 3968; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm13133968 (registering DOI) - 6 Jul 2024

Abstract

Background: The treatment of spheno-orbital meningiomas (SOMs) requires extensive bone resections, creating significant defects in a complex geometrical space. Bone reconstruction represents a fundamental step that optimizes long-term aesthetic and functional outcomes. In recent years, 3D printing technology has also been exploited [...] Read more.

Background: The treatment of spheno-orbital meningiomas (SOMs) requires extensive bone resections, creating significant defects in a complex geometrical space. Bone reconstruction represents a fundamental step that optimizes long-term aesthetic and functional outcomes. In recent years, 3D printing technology has also been exploited for complex skull base reconstructions, but reports remain scarce. Methods: We retrospectively analyzed four consecutive patients who underwent SOM resection and one-step 3D PEEK customized reconstruction from 2019 to 2023. A systematic review of 3D printing customized implants for SOM was then performed. Results: All patients underwent a frontotemporal craniotomy, removal of SOM, and reconstruction of the superolateral orbital wall and pterional region. The aesthetic outcome was extremely satisfactory in all cases. No orbital implant malposition or infectious complications were documented. Eleven papers were included in the literature review, describing 27 patients. Most (23) patients underwent a single-stage reconstruction; in three cases, the implant was positioned to correct postoperative delayed enophthalmos. Porous titanium was the most used material (16 patients), while PEEK was used in three cases. Prosthesis malposition was described in two (7.4%) patients. Conclusions: Single-step reconstruction with a personalized 3D PEEK prosthesis represents a valid reconstruction technique for the treatment of SOMs with good aesthetic outcomes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue State of the Art—Treatment of Skull Base Diseases: Volume II)

24 pages, 2094 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Regulation of Proline Accumulation and Protein Secretion in Sorghum under Combined Osmotic and Heat Stress

by Samkelisiwe P. Ngwenya, Sellwane J. Moloi, Nemera G. Shargie, Adrian P. Brown, Stephen Chivasa and Rudo Ngara

Plants 2024, 13(13), 1874; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13131874 (registering DOI) - 6 Jul 2024

Abstract

Plants reprogramme their proteome to alter cellular metabolism for effective stress adaptation. Intracellular proteomic responses have been extensively studied, and the extracellular matrix stands as a key hub where peptide signals are generated/processed to trigger critical adaptive signal transduction cascades inaugurated at the [...] Read more.

Plants reprogramme their proteome to alter cellular metabolism for effective stress adaptation. Intracellular proteomic responses have been extensively studied, and the extracellular matrix stands as a key hub where peptide signals are generated/processed to trigger critical adaptive signal transduction cascades inaugurated at the cell surface. Therefore, it is important to study the plant extracellular proteome to understand its role in plant development and stress response. This study examined changes in the soluble extracellular sub-proteome of sorghum cell cultures exposed to a combination of sorbitol-induced osmotic stress and heat at 40 °C. The combined stress significantly reduced metabolic activity and altered protein secretion. While cells treated with osmotic stress alone had elevated proline content, the osmoprotectant in the combined treatment remained unchanged, confirming that sorghum cells exposed to combined stress utilise adaptive processes distinct from those invoked by the single stresses applied separately. Reactive oxygen species (ROS)-metabolising proteins and proteases dominated differentially expressed proteins identified in cells subjected to combined stress. ROS-generating peroxidases were suppressed, while ROS-degrading proteins were upregulated for protection from oxidative damage. Overall, our study provides protein candidates that could be used to develop crops better suited for an increasingly hot and dry climate. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mastering Resilience: A Comprehensive Exploration of Plant Stress Responses through Omics Profiling)

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19 pages, 864 KiB

Open AccessReview

Role of the Innate Immune Response in Glomerular Disease Pathogenesis: Focus on Podocytes

by Wadih Issa, Rachel Njeim, Arianna Carrazco, George W. Burke and Alla Mitrofanova

Cells 2024, 13(13), 1157; https://doi.org/10.3390/cells13131157 (registering DOI) - 6 Jul 2024

Abstract

Accumulating evidence indicates that inflammatory and immunologic processes play a significant role in the development and progression of glomerular diseases. Podocytes, the terminally differentiated epithelial cells, are crucial for maintaining the integrity of the glomerular filtration barrier. Once injured, podocytes cannot regenerate, leading [...] Read more.

Accumulating evidence indicates that inflammatory and immunologic processes play a significant role in the development and progression of glomerular diseases. Podocytes, the terminally differentiated epithelial cells, are crucial for maintaining the integrity of the glomerular filtration barrier. Once injured, podocytes cannot regenerate, leading to progressive proteinuric glomerular diseases. However, emerging evidence suggests that podocytes not only maintain the glomerular filtration barrier and are important targets of immune responses but also exhibit many features of immune-like cells, where they are involved in the modulation of the activity of innate and adaptive immunity. This dual role of podocytes may lead to the discovery and development of new therapeutic targets for treating glomerular diseases. This review aims to provide an overview of the innate immunity mechanisms involved in podocyte injury and the progression of proteinuric glomerular diseases. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Podocyte Pathophysiology)

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11 pages, 261 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Do Investment Funds Audited by the Big Four Firms Exhibit Different Performances? Evidence from Brazil

by Rodrigo Fernandes Malaquias, Dermeval Martins Borges Junior and Pablo Zambra

J. Risk Financial Manag. 2024, 17(7), 284; https://doi.org/10.3390/jrfm17070284 (registering DOI) - 6 Jul 2024

Abstract

Investment funds manage a portfolio composed of financial instruments; therefore, their accounting reports should undergo a careful process of preparation and auditing. The main purpose of this study is to analyze the effect of being audited by a Big Four audit company on [...] Read more.

Investment funds manage a portfolio composed of financial instruments; therefore, their accounting reports should undergo a careful process of preparation and auditing. The main purpose of this study is to analyze the effect of being audited by a Big Four audit company on funds’ risk-adjusted performance. The database is composed of equity funds from the Brazilian financial market, with daily returns spanning from January 2005 to March 2023. The funds’ performance was measured based on three indicators, including the Sharpe Ratio and Jensen’s Alpha. Fama and MacBeth regressions were used to test the hypotheses. The main findings indicate that the benefits of audit quality also include a positive effect on the risk-adjusted performance of investment funds, as the coefficient of the variable “Big Four” was positive and significant based on the proxies for risk-adjusted performance. This study advances this area of research by demonstrating the effects of the type of audit on the risk-adjusted performance indicators of investment funds. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Accounting & Auditing Research)

12 pages, 889 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Postfilament-Induced Two-Photon Fluorescence of Dyed Liquid Aerosol Enhanced by Structured Femtosecond Laser Pulse

by Dmitry V. Apeksimov, Pavel A. Babushkin, Yury E. Geints, Andrey M. Kabanov, Elena E. Khoroshaeva, Victor K. Oshlakov, Alexey V. Petrov and Alexander A. Zemlyanov

Atmosphere 2024, 15(7), 813; https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos15070813 (registering DOI) - 6 Jul 2024

Abstract

Laser-induced fluorescence spectroscopy (LIFS) is actively used for remote sensing of atmospheric aerosols and is currently one of the most sensitive and selective techniques for determining small concentrations of substances inside particles. The use of high-power femtosecond laser sources for LIFS-based remote sensing [...] Read more.

Laser-induced fluorescence spectroscopy (LIFS) is actively used for remote sensing of atmospheric aerosols and is currently one of the most sensitive and selective techniques for determining small concentrations of substances inside particles. The use of high-power femtosecond laser sources for LIFS-based remote sensing of aerosols contributes to the development of new-generation fluorescence atmospheric lidars since it makes it possible to overcome the energy threshold for the nonlinear-optical effects of multiphoton absorption in particles and receive the emission signal at long distances in the atmosphere. Our study is aimed at the development and experimental demonstration of the technique of nonlinear laser-induced fluorescence spectroscopy (NLIFS) based on the remote excitation of aerosol fluorescent emission stimulated by a spatially structured high-power femtosecond laser pulse. Importantly, for the first time to our knowledge, we demonstrate the advances in using stochastically structured plasma-free intense light channels (postfilaments) specially formed by the propagation of femtosecond laser radiation through a turbulent air layer to improve NLIFS efficiency. A multiple increase in the received signal of two-photon-excited fluorescence of polydisperse-dyed aqueous aerosols by the structured postfilaments is reported. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Methodological Aspects of Physics and Applications of Atmospheric Nonlinear Optics)

11 pages, 627 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Gene Therapy of Thromboangiitis Obliterans with Growth Factor Plasmid (VEGF165) and Autologous Bone Marrow Cells

by Piotr Barć, Paweł Lubieniecki, Maciej Antkiewicz, Diana Kupczyńska, Jan Barć, Katarzyna Frączkowska-Sioma, Tomasz Dawiskiba, Tadeusz Dorobisz, Wojciech Sekula, Błażej Czuwara, Małgorzata Małodobra-Mazur, Dagmara Baczyńska, Wojciech Witkiewicz, Jan Paweł Skóra and Dariusz Janczak

Biomedicines 2024, 12(7), 1506; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines12071506 (registering DOI) - 6 Jul 2024

Abstract

Background: We performed gene therapy for critical limb ischemia in thromboangiitis obliterans (TAO) by the intramuscular administration of plasmids of the vascular endothelial growth factor gene (VEGF 165) with or without bone marrow-derived stem cells. Methods: The 21 patients were randomly assigned to [...] Read more.

Background: We performed gene therapy for critical limb ischemia in thromboangiitis obliterans (TAO) by the intramuscular administration of plasmids of the vascular endothelial growth factor gene (VEGF 165) with or without bone marrow-derived stem cells. Methods: The 21 patients were randomly assigned to three groups: A—with dual therapy, cells and plasmid; B—plasmid only; and C—control group, where patients received intramuscular injections of saline. Serum VEGF levels, the ankle–brachial index (ABI), transcutaneous oxygen pressure (TcPO2), and the rest pain measured by the visual analog scale (VAS) were determined sequentially before treatment, and then 1 and 3 months after treatment. Results: In the treatment groups, serum VEGF levels increased by 4 weeks and returned to baseline values after 3 months. ABI after 12 weeks increased by an average of 0.18 in group A, and 0.09 in group B and group C. TcPO2 increased by an average of 17.3 mmHg in group A, 14.1 mmHg in group B, and 10.7 mmHg in group C. The largest pain decrease was observed in group A and averaged 5.43 less pain intensity. Conclusion: Gene therapy using the VEGF plasmid along with or without bone marrow-derived mononuclear cells administered intramuscularly into an ischemic limb in TAO is a safe and effective therapy. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Gene Delivery and Gene Editing)

16 pages, 4228 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Green Synthesis of CuO Nanoparticles from Macroalgae Ulva lactuca and Gracilaria verrucosa

by Marta Marmiroli, Marco Villani, Paolina Scarponi, Silvia Carlo, Luca Pagano, Valentina Sinisi, Laura Lazzarini, Milica Pavlicevic and Nelson Marmiroli

Nanomaterials 2024, 14(13), 1157; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano14131157 (registering DOI) - 6 Jul 2024

Abstract

Macroalgae seaweeds such as Ulva lactuca and Gracilaria verrucosa cause problems on the northern coast of the Italian Adriatic Sea because their overabundance hinders the growth of cultivated clams, Rudatapes philippinarum. This study focused on the green synthesis of CuO nanoparticles from [...] Read more.

Macroalgae seaweeds such as Ulva lactuca and Gracilaria verrucosa cause problems on the northern coast of the Italian Adriatic Sea because their overabundance hinders the growth of cultivated clams, Rudatapes philippinarum. This study focused on the green synthesis of CuO nanoparticles from U. lactuca and G. verrucosa. The biosynthesized CuO NPs were successfully characterized using FTIR, XRD, HRTEM/EDX, and zeta potential. Nanoparticles from the two different algae species are essentially identical, with the same physical characteristics and almost the same antimicrobial activities. We have not investigated the cause of this identity, but it seems likely to arise from the reaction of Cu with the same algae metabolites in both species. The study demonstrates that it is possible to obtain useful products from these macroalgae through a green synthesis approach and that they should be considered as not just a cause of environmental and economic damage but also as a potential source of income. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Studies in Bionanomaterials)

21 pages, 2496 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Inhibition of Cancer Stem-like Cells by Curcumin and Other Polyphenol Derivatives in MDA-MB-231 TNBC Cells

by Maria Ros, Gerard Riesco-Llach, Emma Polonio-Alcalá, Pere Miquel Morla-Barcelo, Santiago Ruiz-Martínez, Lidia Feliu, Marta Planas and Teresa Puig

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2024, 25(13), 7446; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25137446 (registering DOI) - 6 Jul 2024

Abstract

Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) accounts for 15% of all breast cancers and is highly aggressive. Despite an initial positive response to chemotherapy, most patients experience rapid disease progression leading to relapse and metastasis. This is attributed to the presence of breast cancer stem [...] Read more.

Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) accounts for 15% of all breast cancers and is highly aggressive. Despite an initial positive response to chemotherapy, most patients experience rapid disease progression leading to relapse and metastasis. This is attributed to the presence of breast cancer stem cells (BCSCs) within the tumor, which are characterized by self-renewal, pluripotency, and resistance mechanisms. Targeting BCSCs has become critical as conventional therapies fail to eradicate them due to a lack of specific targets. Curcumin, a polyphenol derived from turmeric (Curcuma longa), exhibits anticancer effects against breast cancer cells and BCSCs. The use of curcumin derivatives has been suggested as an approach to overcome the bioavailability and solubility problems of curcumin in humans, thereby increasing its anticancer effects. The aim of this study was to evaluate the cellular and molecular effects of six synthetic compounds derived from the natural polyphenol epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) (TL1, TL2) and curcumin derivatives (TL3, TL4, TL5, and TL6) on a TNBC mesenchymal stem-like cell line. The activity of the compounds against BCSCs was also determined by a mammosphere inhibition assay and studying different BCSC markers by Western blotting. Finally, a drug combination assay was performed with the most promising compounds to evaluate their potential synergistic effects with the chemotherapeutic agents doxorubicin, cisplatin, and paclitaxel. The results showed that compounds exhibited specific cytotoxicity against the TNBC cell line and BCSCs. Interestingly, the combination of the curcumin derivative TL3 with doxorubicin and cisplatin displayed a synergistic effect in TNBC cells. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances of Natural Products in Chemical and Biological Aspects)

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22 pages, 2619 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Predictors of Successful Maintenance Practices in Companies Using Fluid Power Systems: A Model-Agnostic Interpretation

by Marko Orošnjak, Ivan Beker, Nebojša Brkljač and Vijoleta Vrhovac

Appl. Sci. 2024, 14(13), 5921; https://doi.org/10.3390/app14135921 (registering DOI) - 6 Jul 2024

Abstract

The study identifies critical factors influencing companies’ operational and sustainability performance utilising fluid power systems. Firstly, the study performs Machine Learning (ML) modelling using variables extracted from survey instruments in the West Balkan region. The dataset comprises 115 companies (38.75% response rate). The [...] Read more.

The study identifies critical factors influencing companies’ operational and sustainability performance utilising fluid power systems. Firstly, the study performs Machine Learning (ML) modelling using variables extracted from survey instruments in the West Balkan region. The dataset comprises 115 companies (38.75% response rate). The survey data consist of 22 predictors, including meta-data and three target variables. The K-Nearest Neighbours algorithm offers the highest predictive accuracy compared to the other seven ML models, including Ridge Regression, Support Vector Regression, and ElasticNet Regression. Next, using a model-agnostic interpretation, we assess feature importance using mean dropout loss. After extracting the most essential features, we test hypotheses to understand individual variables’ local and global interpretation of maintenance performance metrics. The findings suggest that Failure Analysis Personnel, data analytics, and the usage of advanced technological solutions significantly impact the availability and sustainability of these systems. Full article

14 pages, 586 KiB

Open AccessStudy Protocol

Can Music Enhance Working Memory and Speech in Noise Perception in Cochlear Implant Users? Design Protocol for a Randomized Controlled Behavioral and Electrophysiological Study

by Kathrin Mertel, Andrew Dimitrijevic and Michael Thaut

Audiol. Res. 2024, 14(4), 611-624; https://doi.org/10.3390/audiolres14040052 (registering DOI) - 6 Jul 2024

Abstract

Background: A cochlear implant (CI) enables deaf people to understand speech but due to technical restrictions, users face great limitations in noisy conditions. Music training has been shown to augment shared auditory and cognitive neural networks for processing speech and music and to [...] Read more.

Background: A cochlear implant (CI) enables deaf people to understand speech but due to technical restrictions, users face great limitations in noisy conditions. Music training has been shown to augment shared auditory and cognitive neural networks for processing speech and music and to improve auditory–motor coupling, which benefits speech perception in noisy listening conditions. These are promising prerequisites for studying multi-modal neurologic music training (NMT) for speech-in-noise (SIN) perception in adult cochlear implant (CI) users. Furthermore, a better understanding of the neurophysiological correlates when performing working memory (WM) and SIN tasks after multi-modal music training with CI users may provide clinicians with a better understanding of optimal rehabilitation. Methods: Within 3 months, 81 post-lingual deafened adult CI recipients will undergo electrophysiological recordings and a four-week neurologic music therapy multi-modal training randomly assigned to one of three training focusses (pitch, rhythm, and timbre). Pre- and post-tests will analyze behavioral outcomes and apply a novel electrophysiological measurement approach that includes neural tracking to speech and alpha oscillation modulations to the sentence-final-word-identification-and-recall test (SWIR-EEG). Expected outcome: Short-term multi-modal music training will enhance WM and SIN performance in post-lingual deafened adult CI recipients and will be reflected in greater neural tracking and alpha oscillation modulations in prefrontal areas. Prospectively, outcomes could contribute to understanding the relationship between cognitive functioning and SIN besides the technical deficits of the CI. Targeted clinical application of music training for post-lingual deafened adult CI carriers to significantly improve SIN and positively impact the quality of life can be realized. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Music Perception in Cochlear Implant Recipients)

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