MDPI - Publisher of Open Access Journals

23 pages, 6816 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Characterization and Expression Analysis of Sugar Transporters through Partial Least Square Structural Equation Model (PLS-SEM) Revealed Their Role in Pepper (Capsicum annuum L.)

by Pan Xia, Shiyong Zhou, Xiaoxue Zhao and Changling Zhao

Plants 2024, 13(13), 1825; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13131825 (registering DOI) - 3 Jul 2024

Abstract

Pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) is one of the most important economic crops in the world. By controlling the transport and distribution of photosynthetic products between cells and organs, sugar transporters are widely involved in growth and development, environmental adaptation, and microbial interactions. [...] Read more.

Pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) is one of the most important economic crops in the world. By controlling the transport and distribution of photosynthetic products between cells and organs, sugar transporters are widely involved in growth and development, environmental adaptation, and microbial interactions. The present study was carried out at the genome-wide level to systematically characterize sugar transporters. As a result, 50 MST, 3 SUT, and 29 SWEET genes were identified and classified. The expression pattern of sugar transporters in pepper was analyzed by transcriptomic data. The expression properties of sugar transporters were further explored in pepper varieties with significant differences in weight, shape, and pungency. It was shown that the pepper sugar transporter genes had obvious spatiotemporal specific expression characteristics and exhibited variety-specific expression preferences. We focus on analyzing candidate genes that may be involved in fruit development and expansion. We further explore the response of pepper sugar transporters to adversity stress using a structural equation model. Finally, we found that the MST, SUT, and SWEET families are collectively involved in balancing pepper resistance to abiotic stress by coordinating the expression strengths of different family members. Our study may contribute to the functional study of pepper sugar transporter genes and create the prospect of utilizing sugar transporter gene resources to improve pepper variety. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Horticultural Science and Ornamental Plants)

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16 pages, 6514 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Characteristics of the Mixed Yogurt Fermented from Cow–Soy Milk in the Presence of Transglutaminase

by Xudong Lin, Zhiqi Cao, Jiaxin Zhang, Guangqing Mu and Shujuan Jiang

Foods 2024, 13(13), 2120; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods13132120 (registering DOI) - 3 Jul 2024

Abstract

The mixed yogurt was fermented from Cow–Soy milk and modified by transglutaminase (TG). The effects of mixed milk and TG on the quality characteristics of mixed yogurt were investigated by texture characteristics, rheology (rheometer) and structure (scanning electron microscopy). The findings revealed that [...] Read more.

The mixed yogurt was fermented from Cow–Soy milk and modified by transglutaminase (TG). The effects of mixed milk and TG on the quality characteristics of mixed yogurt were investigated by texture characteristics, rheology (rheometer) and structure (scanning electron microscopy). The findings revealed that the mixed yogurt with 50% cow milk exhibited lower hardness, viscosity and consistency. Furthermore, when TG was added, the yogurt showed better rheological properties, sensory score and a more stable microstructure. Compared with the samples without TG modification, the viscosity and cohesiveness of the modified samples increased by 10% and 100%, respectively. The combination of cow milk and soy milk improved the texture of yogurt, and the TG addition further improved the physicochemical properties of yogurt. This finding provided a meaningful reference for the development of mixed yogurt with a suitable taste from animal and plant milk, and laid a basis for the practical application of mixed yogurt in the dairy industry, which will meet the requirements for dairy products for consumers in future. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dairy Product: Microbiology, Sensory and Physico-Chemical Analysis)

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15 pages, 2581 KiB

Open AccessArticle

From Lab to Nursery: Novel Approaches of Seed Disinfection for Managing Pine Pitch Canker Propagation

by Luís Fernandes, Diana S. Paiva, Ana C. Silva, Cláudia Fernandes, Ana Rita Fernandes, Dina Ribeiro, Luís Martins, Helena Bragança and António Portugal

Forests 2024, 15(7), 1154; https://doi.org/10.3390/f15071154 (registering DOI) - 3 Jul 2024

Abstract

Fusarium circinatum, the causative agent of pine pitch canker disease, is a pathogenic fungus that poses a significant threat to pine forests globally. It infects various Pinus species, causing resinous cankers, needle discoloration, and tree death. The disease severely impacts forest ecosystems, [...] Read more.

Fusarium circinatum, the causative agent of pine pitch canker disease, is a pathogenic fungus that poses a significant threat to pine forests globally. It infects various Pinus species, causing resinous cankers, needle discoloration, and tree death. The disease severely impacts forest ecosystems, necessitating cost-effective and environmentally friendly management strategies. Contaminated pine seeds and seedlings are the main pathways for introducing this fungus to disease-free areas. To mitigate this disease and prevent its spread, it is crucial to implement new processes in forest plant production systems that align with the existing conditions of forest nurseries, ensuring effective and sustainable management. With this in mind, a national collaborative study involving 14 Portuguese partners was initiated to develop new prevention and mitigation strategies. In this work, four different treatments—MennoFlorades, Captan, ethanol, and hot water—were tested for their ability to eliminate F. circinatum from contaminated Pinus seeds in vitro. The most effective treatments were selected for further in vitro assays and real-context nursery germination trials to assess their impacts on seed germination, plant production, and certification. MennoFlorades, Captan, and hot water were tested in the nursery, with hot water showing the most promising results due to its negligible impact on seedlings, eco-friendly nature, ease of implementation, and cost-effectiveness. These findings offer promising prospects for preventing pine pitch canker outbreaks in nurseries and, consequently, in forests. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biodiversity and Ecology of Organisms Associated with Woody Plants)

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26 pages, 10062 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Identifying Key Genes Involved in Axillary Lymph Node Metastasis in Breast Cancer Using Advanced RNA-Seq Analysis: A Methodological Approach with GLMQL and MAS

by Mostafa Rezapour, Robert Wesolowski and Metin Nafi Gurcan

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2024, 25(13), 7306; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25137306 (registering DOI) - 3 Jul 2024

Abstract

Our study aims to address the methodological challenges frequently encountered in RNA-Seq data analysis within cancer studies. Specifically, it enhances the identification of key genes involved in axillary lymph node metastasis (ALNM) in breast cancer. We employ Generalized Linear Models with Quasi-Likelihood (GLMQLs) [...] Read more.

Our study aims to address the methodological challenges frequently encountered in RNA-Seq data analysis within cancer studies. Specifically, it enhances the identification of key genes involved in axillary lymph node metastasis (ALNM) in breast cancer. We employ Generalized Linear Models with Quasi-Likelihood (GLMQLs) to manage the inherently discrete and overdispersed nature of RNA-Seq data, marking a significant improvement over conventional methods such as the t-test, which assumes a normal distribution and equal variances across samples. We utilize the Trimmed Mean of M-values (TMMs) method for normalization to address library-specific compositional differences effectively. Our study focuses on a distinct cohort of 104 untreated patients from the TCGA Breast Invasive Carcinoma (BRCA) dataset to maintain an untainted genetic profile, thereby providing more accurate insights into the genetic underpinnings of lymph node metastasis. This strategic selection paves the way for developing early intervention strategies and targeted therapies. Our analysis is exclusively dedicated to protein-coding genes, enriched by the Magnitude Altitude Scoring (MAS) system, which rigorously identifies key genes that could serve as predictors in developing an ALNM predictive model. Our novel approach has pinpointed several genes significantly linked to ALNM in breast cancer, offering vital insights into the molecular dynamics of cancer development and metastasis. These genes, including ERBB2, CCNA1, FOXC2, LEFTY2, VTN, ACKR3, and PTGS2, are involved in key processes like apoptosis, epithelial–mesenchymal transition, angiogenesis, response to hypoxia, and KRAS signaling pathways, which are crucial for tumor virulence and the spread of metastases. Moreover, the approach has also emphasized the importance of the small proline-rich protein family (SPRR), including SPRR2B, SPRR2E, and SPRR2D, recognized for their significant involvement in cancer-related pathways and their potential as therapeutic targets. Important transcripts such as H3C10, H1-2, PADI4, and others have been highlighted as critical in modulating the chromatin structure and gene expression, fundamental for the progression and spread of cancer. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Targeting Breast Cancer: Strategies and Hope—2nd Edition)

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30 pages, 987 KiB

Open AccessReview

Feline Cognition and the Role of Nutrition: An Evolutionary Perspective and Historical Review

by Allison P. McGrath, Daniel J. Horschler and Leslie Hancock

Animals 2024, 14(13), 1967; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani14131967 (registering DOI) - 3 Jul 2024

Abstract

Research into cognition in cats and the impact of nutrition on cat cognitive health lags behind that in dogs but is receiving increased attention. In this review, we discuss the evolutionary history of the domesticated cat, describe possible drivers of domestication, and explore [...] Read more.

Research into cognition in cats and the impact of nutrition on cat cognitive health lags behind that in dogs but is receiving increased attention. In this review, we discuss the evolutionary history of the domesticated cat, describe possible drivers of domestication, and explore the interrelationships between nutrition and cat cognition. While most cat species are solitary, domesticated cats can live in social groups, engage in complex social encounters, and form strong attachments to humans. Researchers have recently started to study cat cognition using similar methods as those developed for dogs, with an initial primary focus on perception and social cognition. Similar to dogs, cats also show cognitive and behavioral changes associated with stress and aging, but these signs are often gradual and often considered a consequence of natural aging. Despite the fundamental role of nutrition in cognitive development, function, and maintenance, research into the association between nutrition and cognition in cats is only preliminary. Ultimately, additional research is needed to gain a full understanding of cat cognition and to explore the role of nutrition in the cognitive health of cats to help improve their welfare. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Companion Animal Cognition and Behavior)

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22 pages, 4034 KiB

Open AccessReview

From Genesis to Old Age: Exploring the Immune System One Cell at a Time with Flow Cytometry

by Anis Larbi

Biomedicines 2024, 12(7), 1469; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines12071469 (registering DOI) - 3 Jul 2024

Abstract

The immune system is a highly complex and tightly regulated system that plays a crucial role in protecting the body against external threats, such as pathogens, and internal abnormalities, like cancer cells. It undergoes development during fetal stages and continuously learns from each [...] Read more.

The immune system is a highly complex and tightly regulated system that plays a crucial role in protecting the body against external threats, such as pathogens, and internal abnormalities, like cancer cells. It undergoes development during fetal stages and continuously learns from each encounter with pathogens, allowing it to develop immunological memory and provide a wide range of immune protection. Over time, after numerous encounters and years of functioning, the immune system can begin to show signs of erosion, which is commonly named immunosenescence. In this review, we aim to explore how the immune system responds to initial encounters with antigens and how it handles persistent stimulations throughout a person’s lifetime. Our understanding of the immune system has greatly benefited from advanced technologies like flow cytometry. In this context, we will discuss the valuable contribution of flow cytometry in enhancing our knowledge of the immune system behavior in aging, with a specific focus on T-cells. Moreover, we will expand our discussion to the flow cytometry-based assessment of extracellular vesicles, a recently discovered communication channel in biology, and their implications for immune system functioning. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Inflammation and Immunosenescence in Age-Related Diseases)

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14 pages, 6419 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Temperature Evaluation Considering Gradient Distribution for MV Cable XLPE Insulation Based on Wave Velocity

by Yan Liu, Jianben Liu, Longxiang Zhang, Yuwei Liang, Yuyao Zhong and Yan Li

Symmetry 2024, 16(7), 834; https://doi.org/10.3390/sym16070834 (registering DOI) - 3 Jul 2024

Abstract

Temperature is an important factor for the service life of cable insulation. To ensure safety, the operating temperature of cables must be monitored. Since optical fiber temperature measurement technology is difficult to be used widely in medium voltage (MV) cables due to cost, [...] Read more.

Temperature is an important factor for the service life of cable insulation. To ensure safety, the operating temperature of cables must be monitored. Since optical fiber temperature measurement technology is difficult to be used widely in medium voltage (MV) cables due to cost, this paper proposes a temperature evaluation method based on wave velocity. Firstly, the dielectric constant of cross-linked polyethylene (XLPE) cable insulation under different temperature is obtained through experiment. Based on the result, the relationship curve between wave velocity and temperature is established. The asymmetry effect due to temperature gradient in the cable insulation is discussed via finite element simulation. The effectiveness of obtaining the average insulation temperature of the cable based on wave velocity is validated. In addition, the mechanism of the temperature influence on the cable insulation material’s dielectric constant is analyzed by molecular dynamics simulation, which further deepens understanding of the characteristics of cable insulation materials. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Electrical and Electronic Engineering with Symmetry/Asymmetry)

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16 pages, 1534 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Collaboration Practices for the Cybersecurity of Supply Chains to Critical Infrastructure

by Tania Wallis and Paul Dorey

Appl. Sci. 2024, 14(13), 5805; https://doi.org/10.3390/app14135805 (registering DOI) - 3 Jul 2024

Abstract

This work describes the collaboration practices of a community of interest in the UK that brings together cybersecurity professionals with a shared interest in improving supply chain cybersecurity for Operational Technology (OT) environments. This research emphasizes the need for collective responsibility between organizations [...] Read more.

This work describes the collaboration practices of a community of interest in the UK that brings together cybersecurity professionals with a shared interest in improving supply chain cybersecurity for Operational Technology (OT) environments. This research emphasizes the need for collective responsibility between organizations and provides a set of principles for adopting a code of practice and partnership approach to supply chain cybersecurity. This work has enabled cybersecurity experience from several critical infrastructure sectors, including energy, rail, aviation, water, health, and food, to analyze the uptake and practical use of existing supply chain guidance, identifying gaps and challenges. The community has examined touch points with the supply chain and identified improvements related to the communication of cybersecurity requirements, technical and commercial engagement between customers and suppliers, and in the tailoring of implementations towards operational technology contexts. Communicating the context of securing cyber-physical systems is an essential perspective for this community. This work exemplifies a partnership framework and is translating experiences into useful guidance, particularly for OT systems, to improve cybersecurity levels across multiple contributors to critical infrastructure systems. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainability and Green Supply Chain Management in Industrial Fields)

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17 pages, 18974 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Influence of High-Temperature Deformation on the Dissolution of δ-Ferrite in Stainless Steels

by Rahman Bajmalu Rostami, Pedro de Souza Ciacco, Mauricio Claudio Viali Muñoz, Luis Fellipe Simoes and Calixto Isaac Garcia

Metals 2024, 14(7), 783; https://doi.org/10.3390/met14070783 (registering DOI) - 3 Jul 2024

Abstract

The dissolution behavior of δ-ferrite in two commercial stainless steels, 15-5PH and M-154, was studied. In this work, a new approach combining hot deformation and additional post-treatment was investigated and compared with conventional annealing heat treatments for the dissolution of δ-ferrite. The results [...] Read more.

The dissolution behavior of δ-ferrite in two commercial stainless steels, 15-5PH and M-154, was studied. In this work, a new approach combining hot deformation and additional post-treatment was investigated and compared with conventional annealing heat treatments for the dissolution of δ-ferrite. The results showed the acceleration in the dissolution of δ-ferrite using the new methodology. Samples from each steel were subjected to conventional annealing heat treatments at 1000 °C and 1150 °C, with soaking times of 1, 2, and 3 h. A second set of samples was subjected to hot compression experiments at 900 °C, under different strain rates, followed by post-processing heat treatments at 1000 °C and 1150 °C, while keeping the holding time constant for 10 min. Advanced microstructural characterization techniques such as Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), and Electron Probe Micro-Analysis (EPMA) were employed to investigate δ-ferrite dissolution in terms of changes in area fraction and chemical composition. The results indicated a strong correlation between the dissolution behavior of δ-ferrite and the processing parameters. In addition, thermodynamic calculations using Thermo-Calc software (version 2021.2.87071-368) were used to assess the diffusion of elements during the dissolution of δ-ferrite as a function of temperature and time. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Microstructure–Mechanical Property Relationships in High-Strength Steels (2nd Edition))

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16 pages, 785 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effects of Work–Family Conflict and Facilitation Profiles on Work Engagement

by Carla Carvalho, Lisete Mónico, Ana Pinto, Soraia Oliveira and Eduardo Leite

Societies 2024, 14(7), 110; https://doi.org/10.3390/soc14070110 (registering DOI) - 3 Jul 2024

Abstract

Achieving the balance between work and family life needs a holistic viewpoint on how these two aspects interact. It poses a significant challenge due to its impact on individuals, organizations, and society. Research suggests that employees engaged in both spheres tend to exhibit [...] Read more.

Achieving the balance between work and family life needs a holistic viewpoint on how these two aspects interact. It poses a significant challenge due to its impact on individuals, organizations, and society. Research suggests that employees engaged in both spheres tend to exhibit more favorable work attitudes, and experience improved health and wellbeing. In this study, we examined the interplay between work–family dynamics and work engagement among 654 university professors in Portugal. Using several statistical methods, including confirmatory factor analysis, correlation analysis, cluster analysis, and multivariate analysis, we identified distinct conflict and facilitation patterns within work–family relationships. Our findings revealed four clusters representing different conflict-facilitation profiles: those characterized by either work → family facilitation or conflict, and, similarly, family → work facilitation or conflict. Notably, we observed a significant association between work engagement and work–family facilitation, particularly evident in dimensions such as vigor and dedication. Absorption showed fewer significant effects than the other dimensions. We discuss these results, suggesting interventions within the university professors’ careers, as well as further research directions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Revitalizing Workplaces: The Intersection of Public Health and Sustainable Wellbeing in Organizations)

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11 pages, 3196 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Contamination of Streptococcus suis and S. suis Serotype 2 in Raw Pork and Edible Pig Organs: A Public Health Concern in Chiang Mai, Thailand

by Ratchadakorn Guntala, Likhitphorn Khamai, Nattawara Srisai, Sakaewan Ounjaijean, Woottichai Khamduang and Sayamon Hongjaisee

Foods 2024, 13(13), 2119; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods13132119 (registering DOI) - 3 Jul 2024

Abstract

Streptococcus suis is one of the most important zoonotic pathogens causing serious diseases in both pigs and humans, especially serotype 2. In northern Thailand, there is a notable prevalence of S. suis infection in humans and transmission has occurred mainly through the consumption [...] Read more.

Streptococcus suis is one of the most important zoonotic pathogens causing serious diseases in both pigs and humans, especially serotype 2. In northern Thailand, there is a notable prevalence of S. suis infection in humans and transmission has occurred mainly through the consumption of raw pork products. Despite the continued practice of consuming raw pork in this region, limited data exist regarding S. suis contamination in such products. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the prevalence of S. suis and S. suis serotype 2 in retail raw pork meat and edible pig organs sold in Chiang Mai city, Thailand. A total of 200 samples, comprising raw pork meat and edible pig organs, were collected from nine fresh markets in Chiang Mai city between May and July 2023. Samples were prepared and cultured in Todd-Hewitt broth. Bacterial DNA was extracted and tested for any serotypes of S. suis and serotype 2 using loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) techniques. The study revealed contaminations of S. suis and serotype 2 at rates of 84% and 34%, respectively, with a higher prevalence observed in pig organs compared to raw pork. Both S. suis and serotype 2 were detected across all nine fresh markets investigated. The prevalence of S. suis remained consistently high throughout the study period, whereas serotype 2 showed peaks in May and July. These high rates of contamination indicate that people who consume or work in close contact with raw pork or edible pig organs are at a high risk of S. suis infection. Urgent implementation and maintenance of food safety campaigns and public health interventions are crucial for disease prevention and control. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Detection and Control of Food-Borne Pathogens)

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22 pages, 2305 KiB

Open AccessReview

Recommender Systems for Teachers: A Systematic Literature Review of Recent (2011–2023) Research

by Vissarion Siafis, Maria Rangoussi and Yannis Psaromiligkos

Educ. Sci. 2024, 14(7), 723; https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci14070723 (registering DOI) - 3 Jul 2024

Abstract

Recommender Systems (RSs) have recently emerged as a practical solution to the information overload problem users face when searching for digital content. In general, RSs provide their respective users with specialized advice and guidance in order to make informed decisions on the selection [...] Read more.

Recommender Systems (RSs) have recently emerged as a practical solution to the information overload problem users face when searching for digital content. In general, RSs provide their respective users with specialized advice and guidance in order to make informed decisions on the selection of suitable digital content. This paper is a systematic literature review of recent (2011–2023) publications on RSs designed and developed in the context of education to support teachers in particular—one of the target groups least frequently addressed by existing RSs. A body of 61 journal papers is selected and analyzed to answer research questions focusing on experimental studies that include RS evaluation and report evaluation results. This review is expected to help teachers in better exploiting RS technology as well as new researchers/developers in this field in better designing and developing RSs for the benefit of teachers. An interesting result obtained through this study is that the recent employment of machine learning algorithms for the generation of recommendations has brought about significant RS quality and performance improvements in terms of recommendation accuracy, personalization and timeliness. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Technology Enhanced Education)

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14 pages, 267 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Burden of Caregivers of Patients with Chronic Diseases in Primary Health Care: A Cross-Sectional Study in Greece

by Eleni N. Albani, Aikaterini Toska, Constantinos Togas, Spyridon Rigatos, Viktor Vus, Evangelos C. Fradelos, Anastasios Tzenalis and Maria Saridi

Nurs. Rep. 2024, 14(3), 1633-1646; https://doi.org/10.3390/nursrep14030122 (registering DOI) - 3 Jul 2024

Abstract

Background: In the world of elderly people and people with chronic diseases, caregivers give a solution to caring at home. This study aimed to evaluate the burden of caregivers of patients with chronic diseases in primary health care and identify possible demographic and [...] Read more.

Background: In the world of elderly people and people with chronic diseases, caregivers give a solution to caring at home. This study aimed to evaluate the burden of caregivers of patients with chronic diseases in primary health care and identify possible demographic and other determinants of it. Methods: This was a cross-sectional study with a convenience sample, which was conducted in two health centers. The sample comprised 291 caregivers who visited the aforementioned health centers in Patra, Greece. A composite questionnaire was utilized: the first part included demographic data and care-related information and the second included the Zarit Burden Interview and the Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scale-21 (DASS-21). Results: The highest mean score in the DASS was recorded in the depression subscale and the lowest in the stress subscale. Concerning the Zarit Burden Interview, the highest mean score was recorded in the personal strain subscale and the lowest in the management of care subscale. The highest correlation was recorded between role strain and anxiety and the lowest was between management of care and stress. Similarly, the total score in the Zarit Burden Interview correlated significantly (in a positive direction) with depression, anxiety, and stress. Conclusions: Most of the caregivers of patients with chronic diseases in primary health care experienced a moderate to severe burden (especially in the dimension of personal strain) and moderate depression. The experienced burden was positively associated with depression, anxiety, and stress. There were significant differences in the caregivers’ burden according to several demographic and care-related characteristics. Full article

14 pages, 1533 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Driver Fatigue Detection Using Heart Rate Variability Features from 2-Minute Electrocardiogram Signals While Accounting for Sex Differences

by Chao Zeng, Jiliang Zhang, Yizi Su, Shuguang Li, Zhenyuan Wang, Qingkun Li and Wenjun Wang

Sensors 2024, 24(13), 4316; https://doi.org/10.3390/s24134316 (registering DOI) - 3 Jul 2024

Abstract

Traffic accidents due to fatigue account for a large proportion of road fatalities. Based on simulated driving experiments with drivers recruited from college students, this paper investigates the use of heart rate variability (HRV) features to detect driver fatigue while considering sex differences. [...] Read more.

Traffic accidents due to fatigue account for a large proportion of road fatalities. Based on simulated driving experiments with drivers recruited from college students, this paper investigates the use of heart rate variability (HRV) features to detect driver fatigue while considering sex differences. Sex-independent and sex-specific differences in HRV features between alert and fatigued states derived from 2 min electrocardiogram (ECG) signals were determined. Then, decision trees were used for driver fatigue detection using the HRV features of either all subjects or those of only males or females. Nineteen, eighteen, and thirteen HRV features were significantly different (Mann–Whitney U test, p < 0.01) between the two mental states for all subjects, males, and females, respectively. The fatigue detection models for all subjects, males, and females achieved classification accuracies of 86.3%, 94.8%, and 92.0%, respectively. In conclusion, sex differences in HRV features between drivers’ mental states were found according to both the statistical analysis and classification results. By considering sex differences, precise HRV feature-based driver fatigue detection systems can be developed. Moreover, in contrast to conventional methods using HRV features from 5 min ECG signals, our method uses HRV features from 2 min ECG signals, thus enabling more rapid driver fatigue detection. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in Intelligent Vehicles and Intelligent Transportation Systems)

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23 pages, 4957 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Study on the Effect of Water–Binder Ratio on the Carbonation Resistance of Raw Sea Sand Alkali-Activated Slag Concrete and the Distribution of Chloride Ions after Carbonation

by Yan Wu, Sixiang Kang, Feng Zhang, Haisheng Huang, Haojie Liu, Jianbin Zhang, Hongze Li, Weihong Li, Zhou Zheng and Wenda Wu

Buildings 2024, 14(7), 2027; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14072027 (registering DOI) - 3 Jul 2024

Abstract

The excessive extraction of river sand has led to significant ecological issues. Moreover, the environmental impact and resource demand of cement production have increasingly turned the spotlight on sea sand as a viable alternative due to its abundance and ease of extraction. Concurrently, [...] Read more.

The excessive extraction of river sand has led to significant ecological issues. Moreover, the environmental impact and resource demand of cement production have increasingly turned the spotlight on sea sand as a viable alternative due to its abundance and ease of extraction. Concurrently, alkali-activated binders, a novel type of low-carbon cementitious material, have gained attention for their low energy consumption, high durability, and effective chloride ion fixation capabilities. However, they are susceptible to carbonation. Introducing a controlled sea sand amount can raise the materials’ carbonation resistance, although carbonation may raise the concentration of free Cl⁻ within the structure to levels that could risk the integrity of steel reinforcements by accelerating corrosion. In this context, the current study investigates sea sand alkali-activated slag (SSAS) concrete prepared with varying water–binder (W/B) ratios to evaluate its impact on flowability, mechanical strength, performances, and chloride ion distribution post-carbonation. The results demonstrate that the mechanical property of SSAS concrete diminishes as the water-to-binder ratio increases, with a more pronounced reduction observed. The depth of carbonation in mortar specimens also rises with the W/B ratio, whereas the compressive strength post-carbonation initially decreases before showing an increase as carbonation progresses. Furthermore, carbonation redistributes chloride ions in SSAS, leading to a peak Cl⁻ concentration near the carbonation front. However, this peak amplitude does not show a clear correlation with changes in the W/B ratio. This study provides a theoretical foundation for employing sea sand and alkali-activated concrete. Full article

(This article belongs to the Collection Advances in Sustainable Building Materials and Construction)

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16 pages, 1636 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A New Assessment of Two Transferase-Based Liver Enzymes in Low- and High-Fibrosis Patients Chronically Infected with Hepatitis B Virus: A Meta-Analysis and Pilot Study

by Marina Manea, Ion Mărunțelu and Ileana Constantinescu

J. Clin. Med. 2024, 13(13), 3903; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm13133903 (registering DOI) - 3 Jul 2024

Abstract

Background: The detection of fibrosis remains a necessity for the evaluation of hepatitis B virus (HBV)-infected patients, but the most accurate technique is invasive. Current studies aim to develop a novel noninvasive biomarker for fibrosis assessment, but no-one has found the ideal candidate. [...] Read more.

Background: The detection of fibrosis remains a necessity for the evaluation of hepatitis B virus (HBV)-infected patients, but the most accurate technique is invasive. Current studies aim to develop a novel noninvasive biomarker for fibrosis assessment, but no-one has found the ideal candidate. This study is a meta-analysis combined with a pilot study to investigate the connection between two transferase compounds and the levels of fibrosis. Methods: We studied data from PUBMED, Web of Science, and Scopus, retrieving 28,896 articles. Following PRISMA guidelines, we finally analyzed full-text articles written in English. The excluded items were duplicates, non-article entries, and irrelevant papers. We assessed the variations in alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT) levels between patients with high and low levels of fibrosis. Joanna Briggs Institute tools were used to assess article quality. We used R 4.2.2 for statistics. The pilot study included 14 randomly chosen patients with different fibrosis levels. Results: We found significant differences in ALT and GGT levels between patients with high and low fibrosis. The GGT/ALT ratio correlated with the levels of fibrosis and the fibrosis-4 (FIB-4) score. Conclusions: This meta-analysis assessed ALT and GGT levels in chronic HBV patients with fibrosis. The pilot study identified the first association between fibrosis and the GGT/ALT ratio in a Romanian cohort of chronic patients. This brings new ideas for future research. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Advances in Management of Hepatitis B Virus (HBV) Infection)

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14 pages, 582 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Carbon Footprint of Spanish University Websites

by Sonia Sanchez-Cuadrado and Jorge Morato

Sustainability 2024, 16(13), 5670; https://doi.org/10.3390/su16135670 (registering DOI) - 3 Jul 2024

Abstract

The consumption of digital content is essential for economic and scientific development, leading to a high dependence on information and communication technologies, which significantly impacts the environment. Quantifying this ecological impact is challenging due to its intangible nature and the diversity of factors. [...] Read more.

The consumption of digital content is essential for economic and scientific development, leading to a high dependence on information and communication technologies, which significantly impacts the environment. Quantifying this ecological impact is challenging due to its intangible nature and the diversity of factors. This research focuses on assessing the energy consumption and CO₂ production of Spanish university websites to evaluate their levels of digital pollution and environmental impact. The calculation of the carbon footprint considers factors related to energy consumption and the use of green or renewable energies. The findings indicate that only 17% of university websites can be considered environmentally friendly. There are significant differences in CO₂ consumption and emissions depending on whether the websites implement environmentally sound practices. This study highlights the lack of initiatives aimed at reducing energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions associated with web information management. The study shows that Spanish universities have the potential to contribute to the reduction in CO₂ emissions by implementing sustainable development practices on their websites. Furthermore, it fosters awareness about technology usage and its environmental impact, promoting the adoption of green and sustainable approaches. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Education in the Digital Society: Applying Communication Technologies and Digital Tools to Education)

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35 pages, 6200 KiB

Open AccessReview

Alginate-Based Electrospun Nanofibers and the Enabled Drug Controlled Release Profiles: A Review

by Zhiyuan Zhang, Hui Liu, Deng-Guang Yu and Sim-Wan Annie Bligh

Biomolecules 2024, 14(7), 789; https://doi.org/10.3390/biom14070789 (registering DOI) - 3 Jul 2024

Abstract

Alginate is a natural polymer with good biocompatible properties and is a potential polymeric material for the sustainable development and replacement of petroleum derivatives. However, the non-spinnability of pure alginate solutions has hindered the expansion of alginate applications. With the continuous development of [...] Read more.

Alginate is a natural polymer with good biocompatible properties and is a potential polymeric material for the sustainable development and replacement of petroleum derivatives. However, the non-spinnability of pure alginate solutions has hindered the expansion of alginate applications. With the continuous development of electrospinning technology, synthetic polymers, such as PEO and PVA, are used as co-spinning agents to increase the spinnability of alginate. Moreover, the coaxial, parallel Janus, tertiary and other diverse and novel electrospun fiber structures prepared by multi-fluid electrospinning have found a new breakthrough for the problem of poor spinning of natural polymers. Meanwhile, the diverse electrospun fiber structures effectively achieve multiple release modes of drugs. The powerful combination of alginate and electrostatic spinning is widely used in many biomedical fields, such as tissue engineering, regenerative engineering, bioscaffolds, and drug delivery, and the research fever continues to climb. This is particularly true for the controlled delivery aspect of drugs. This review provides a brief overview of alginate, introduces new advances in electrostatic spinning, and highlights the research progress of alginate-based electrospun nanofibers in achieving various controlled release modes, such as pulsed release, sustained release, biphasic release, responsive release, and targeted release. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Development and Application of Novel Biomaterials for Tissue Engineering)

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7 pages, 212 KiB

Open AccessCase Report

Mollaret’s Meningitis due to Herpes Simplex Virus 2: A Case Report and Review of the Literature

by Liliana Gabrielli, Isabella Banchini, Evangelia Petrisli, Giulia Piccirilli, Simona Venturoli, Matteo Pavoni, Alessia Cantiani, Federica Lanna, Caterina Campoli, Matteo Montironi, Maddalena Giannella and Tiziana Lazzarotto

Microorganisms 2024, 12(7), 1363; https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms12071363 (registering DOI) - 3 Jul 2024

Abstract

Mollaret’s meningitis is a rare neurological disorder characterized by recurrent episodes of aseptic lymphocytic meningitis, often associated with herpes simplex virus 2 (HSV-2) infection. We report the case of a 39 y.o. Italian woman who experienced four episodes of aseptic lymphocytic meningitis between [...] Read more.

Mollaret’s meningitis is a rare neurological disorder characterized by recurrent episodes of aseptic lymphocytic meningitis, often associated with herpes simplex virus 2 (HSV-2) infection. We report the case of a 39 y.o. Italian woman who experienced four episodes of aseptic lymphocytic meningitis between 2004 and 2023, diagnosed as Mollaret’s meningitis. In each episode, the patient presented with fever, severe headache and photophobia. In two episodes cutaneous vesicles in the left gluteal area preceding meningitis symptoms were also reported. A diagnostic evaluation included a physical–chemical analysis and a real-time PCR of the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). The CSF presented pleocytosis with lymphocytic predominance and a positive HSV-2 load, with a peak of 1234 copies/mL. The patient was treated successfully with acyclovir, and the symptoms resolved without neurological sequelae. This case highlights the importance of comprehensive diagnostic testing and vigilant monitoring to manage Mollaret’s syndrome effectively. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Virology)

21 pages, 5624 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Seismic Stability Study of Bedding Slope Based on a Pseudo-Dynamic Method and Its Numerical Validation

by Yulin Lu, Yinuo Jing, Jinze He, Xingxing Zhang and Xiaoran Chen

Appl. Sci. 2024, 14(13), 5804; https://doi.org/10.3390/app14135804 (registering DOI) - 3 Jul 2024

Abstract

Earthquakes are one of the main causes of bedding slope instability, and scientifically and quantitively evaluating seismic stability is of great significance for preventing landslide disasters. This study aims to assess the bedding slope stability under seismic loading and the influences of various [...] Read more.

Earthquakes are one of the main causes of bedding slope instability, and scientifically and quantitively evaluating seismic stability is of great significance for preventing landslide disasters. This study aims to assess the bedding slope stability under seismic loading and the influences of various parameters on stability using a pseudo-dynamic method. Based on the limit equilibrium theory, a general solution for the dynamic safety factor of bedding slope is proposed. The effects of parameters such as slope height, slope angle, cohesion, internal friction angle, vibration time, shear wave velocity, seismic acceleration coefficient, and amplification factor on stability are discussed in detail. To evaluate the validity of the pseudo-dynamic solution, the safety factors are compared with those given by early cases, and the results show that the safety factors calculated by the present formulation coincide better with those of previous methods. Moreover, a two-dimensional numerical solution of bedding slope based on Mohr–Coulomb’s elastic–plastic failure criterion is also performed by using the finite element procedure, and the minimum safety factor is essentially consistent with the result of the pseudo-dynamic method. It is proved that the pseudo-dynamic method is effective for bedding slope stability analyses during earthquakes, and it can overcome the limitations of the pseudo-static method. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Civil Engineering)

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11 pages, 684 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effects of Presentation Side and Emotional Valence on Auditory Recognition in Younger and Older Adults

by Giulia Prete, Gianluca Malatesta, Anita D’Anselmo, Rocco Palumbo, Irene Ceccato, Pasquale La Malva, Adolfo Di Crosta, Nicola Mammarella, Luca Tommasi and Alberto Di Domenico

Symmetry 2024, 16(7), 835; https://doi.org/10.3390/sym16070835 (registering DOI) - 3 Jul 2024

Abstract

(1) Background: It is well-established that older persons compared with younger persons show a bias toward positive valence (a positivity effect), together with less pronounced hemispheric asymmetries, but these topics have been scarcely explored in auditory modality. (2) Methods: We presented auditory stimuli [...] Read more.

(1) Background: It is well-established that older persons compared with younger persons show a bias toward positive valence (a positivity effect), together with less pronounced hemispheric asymmetries, but these topics have been scarcely explored in auditory modality. (2) Methods: We presented auditory stimuli with positive, neutral, or negative emotional valence dichotically to 20 younger and 20 older participants and asked them to memorize the stimuli. In a following session, stimuli were presented binaurally, and participants had to decide whether they were new or already presented in the left/right ear. (3) Results: A higher performance by younger compared with older listeners emerged, but neither the expected Right Ear Advantage nor the positivity effect was confirmed. New stimuli were correctly categorized more frequently if they had neutral valence, whereas stimuli already presented were better recognized with negative rather than neutral or positive valence, without any age difference. (4) Conclusions: These results reveal no hemispheric asymmetries and no age difference in a memory task for auditory stimuli and suggest the existence of a bias to better encode negative content, possibly due to the crucial role of negative stimuli in everyday life. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Symmetry/Asymmetry in Life Sciences: Feature Papers 2024)

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13 pages, 690 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Long- and Medium-Term Financial Strategies on Equities Using Dynamic Bayesian Networks

by Karl Lewis, Mark Anthony Caruana and David Paul Suda

AppliedMath 2024, 4(3), 843-855; https://doi.org/10.3390/appliedmath4030045 (registering DOI) - 3 Jul 2024

Abstract

Devising a financial trading strategy that allows for long-term gains is a very common problem in finance. This paper aims to formulate a mathematically rigorous framework for the problem and compare and contrast the results obtained. The main approach considered is based on [...] Read more.

Devising a financial trading strategy that allows for long-term gains is a very common problem in finance. This paper aims to formulate a mathematically rigorous framework for the problem and compare and contrast the results obtained. The main approach considered is based on Dynamic Bayesian Networks (DBNs). Within the DBN setting, a long-term as well as a short-term trading strategy are considered and applied on twelve equities obtained from developed and developing markets. It is concluded that both the long-term and the medium-term strategies proposed in this paper outperform the benchmark buy-and-hold (B&H) trading strategy. Despite the clear advantages of the former trading strategies, the limitations of this model are discussed along with possible improvements. Full article

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27 pages, 750 KiB

Open AccessReview

The Effect of Neuropsychiatric Drugs on the Oxidation-Reduction Balance in Therapy

by Karina Sommerfeld-Klatta, Wiktoria Jiers, Szymon Rzepczyk, Filip Nowicki, Magdalena Łukasik-Głębocka, Paweł Świderski, Barbara Zielińska-Psuja, Zbigniew Żaba and Czesław Żaba

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2024, 25(13), 7304; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25137304 (registering DOI) - 3 Jul 2024

Abstract

The effectiveness of available neuropsychiatric drugs in the era of an increasing number of patients is not sufficient, and the complexity of neuropsychiatric disease entities that are difficult to diagnose and therapeutically is increasing. Also, discoveries about the pathophysiology of neuropsychiatric diseases are [...] Read more.

The effectiveness of available neuropsychiatric drugs in the era of an increasing number of patients is not sufficient, and the complexity of neuropsychiatric disease entities that are difficult to diagnose and therapeutically is increasing. Also, discoveries about the pathophysiology of neuropsychiatric diseases are promising, including those initiating a new round of innovations in the role of oxidative stress in the etiology of neuropsychiatric diseases. Oxidative stress is highly related to mental disorders, in the treatment of which the most frequently used are first- and second-generation antipsychotics, mood stabilizers, and antidepressants. Literature reports on the effect of neuropsychiatric drugs on oxidative stress are divergent. They are starting with those proving their protective effect and ending with those confirming disturbances in the oxidation–reduction balance. The presented publication reviews the state of knowledge on the role of oxidative stress in the most frequently used therapies for neuropsychiatric diseases using first- and second-generation antipsychotic drugs, i.e., haloperidol, clozapine, risperidone, olanzapine, quetiapine, or aripiprazole, mood stabilizers: lithium, carbamazepine, valproic acid, oxcarbazepine, and antidepressants: citalopram, sertraline, and venlafaxine, along with a brief pharmacological characteristic, preclinical and clinical studies effects. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Targeting Oxidative Stress for Disease)

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