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19 pages, 18784 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Robust Secondary Controller for Islanded Microgrids with Unexpected Electrical Partitions under Fault Conditions

by Evangelos E. Pompodakis, Georgios I. Orfanoudakis, Katsigiannis Yiannis and Emmanuel S. Karapidakis

Energies 2024, 17(15), 3727; https://doi.org/10.3390/en17153727 (registering DOI) - 29 Jul 2024

This paper proposes a sophisticated, fault-tolerant, and centralized secondary controller that is designed for inverter-based, islanded microgrids. The proposed controller enhances system resilience to unexpected network partitions, which typically occur due to the tripping of protective devices under fault conditions. In typical radially [...] Read more.

This paper proposes a sophisticated, fault-tolerant, and centralized secondary controller that is designed for inverter-based, islanded microgrids. The proposed controller enhances system resilience to unexpected network partitions, which typically occur due to the tripping of protective devices under fault conditions. In typical radially configured MGs, a line fault can cause protective devices to isolate the faulted line, thereby splitting the MG into two electrically independent sub-microgrids (SMGs), while retaining the existing communication and control framework. In contrast to traditional centralized and distributed secondary controllers, which often fail to restore the frequency to the nominal value (50 Hz) in split SMGs, the proposed controller exhibits exceptional performance. Through simulation studies on 6-bus and 13-bus islanded MG setups, the controller has not only demonstrated its ability to swiftly restore the nominal frequency in both SMGs within a few seconds (specifically 5 s), but also to ensure fair power distribution among the distributed generators (DGs) supplying the SMGs. This rapid frequency stabilization underscores the controller’s effectiveness in maintaining stable frequency levels immediately following a fault. In contrast, the use of traditional centralized and consensus controllers typically results in a frequency deviation of about 3 Hz from the nominal value in one of the SMGs during the microgrid’s partition. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Control of Renewable Energy Sources in Power Systems and Smart Grids: 2nd Edition)

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15 pages, 2040 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Acute Toxicity of Commercial Wildfire Retardants to Two Daphniid Species (Ceriodaphnia dubia and Daphnia magna)

by Darlan Quinta Brito, Carlos Henke-Oliveira and Eduardo Cyrino Oliveira-Filho

Toxics 2024, 12(8), 548; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics12080548 (registering DOI) - 29 Jul 2024

Abstract

In the face of global climate change, there has been an increase in wildfires around the world, highlighting the need for improved firefighting techniques, such as the use of fire retardants (FRs). These products can enter aquatic systems directly or through runoff, posing [...] Read more.

In the face of global climate change, there has been an increase in wildfires around the world, highlighting the need for improved firefighting techniques, such as the use of fire retardants (FRs). These products can enter aquatic systems directly or through runoff, posing potential risks to aquatic biota. In this study, the acute toxicity (24-h/48-h EC50) of three distinct FRs (N-Borate, N-Phosphate+, and N-Phosphate−) was assessed on the immobility of freshwater microcrustaceans Ceriodaphnia dubia and Daphnia magna. The toxicity of the FRs varied up to two orders of magnitude, all of which presented risks to cladocerans even at dilutions much below those recommended by their manufacturers. Among the tested FRs, N-Phosphate− emerged as the most harmful to both species. Specifically, for C. dubia, the 24 h EC50 was 0.005% and the 48 h EC50 was 0.0019%, while for D. magna, 24 h EC50 was 0.003% and the 48 h EC50 was 0.0023%. With the increasing use of FRs for wildfire control, our study highlights the toxicity of newly formulated FRs to daphniid species and emphasizes the need for further evidence-based evaluations of their effects on freshwater ecosystems, which is crucial for choosing FRs that pose the lowest hazard to zooplankton communities. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Emerging Contaminants)

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14 pages, 1264 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Chain-Mediating Effects of Mindfulness and Sense of Control on Corporate Employees’ Mental Health Problems

by Xiaoran Li, Xiaoli Ni and Juguo Zhang

Behav. Sci. 2024, 14(8), 654; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs14080654 (registering DOI) - 29 Jul 2024

Abstract

Based on the chain-mediating role of mindfulness and sense of control, this study examines the mediating role of mindfulness and sense of control on employees’ mental health. A total of 720 questionnaires were collected from employees of select enterprises and institutions in China; [...] Read more.

Based on the chain-mediating role of mindfulness and sense of control, this study examines the mediating role of mindfulness and sense of control on employees’ mental health. A total of 720 questionnaires were collected from employees of select enterprises and institutions in China; 53 invalid questionnaires were excluded, with a response rate of 93%, leaving 667 employees as the study sample (average age = 38 years, 71.8% female). The study findings show that: (1) Work–family conflict had a significant positive correlation with mental health problems and a significant negative correlation with mindfulness and sense of control. (2) The influence on the mental health state was due to the mediating effect of mindfulness, sense of control, and the chain-mediating effect of mindfulness and sense of control. The study adopted self-report scales for measuring mindfulness and a sense of control; therefore, further experimental methods must be included in the future to explore these results. This study shows that mindfulness and sense of control can reduce the impact of work–family conflict on mental health problems. Additionally, the chain-mediating effect of mindfulness and sense of control plays an important role in mental health problems. Full article

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16 pages, 3823 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Remote Sensing of Chlorophyll-a and Water Quality over Inland Lakes: How to Alleviate Geo-Location Error and Temporal Discrepancy in Model Training

by Jongmin Park, Sami Khanal, Kaiguang Zhao and Kyuhyun Byun

Remote Sens. 2024, 16(15), 2761; https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16152761 (registering DOI) - 29 Jul 2024

Abstract

Harmful algal blooms (HABs) threaten lake ecosystems and public health. Early HAB detection is possible by monitoring chlorophyll-a (Chl-a) concentration. Ground-based Chl-a data have limited spatial and temporal coverage but can be geo-registered with temporally coincident satellite imagery to calibrate a remote sensing-based [...] Read more.

Harmful algal blooms (HABs) threaten lake ecosystems and public health. Early HAB detection is possible by monitoring chlorophyll-a (Chl-a) concentration. Ground-based Chl-a data have limited spatial and temporal coverage but can be geo-registered with temporally coincident satellite imagery to calibrate a remote sensing-based predictive model for regional mapping over time. When matching ground and satellite data, positional and temporal discrepancies are unavoidable due particularly to dynamic lake surfaces, thereby biasing the model calibration. This limitation has long been recognized but so far has not been addressed explicitly. To mitigate such effects of data mismatching, we proposed an Akaike Information Criterion (AIC)-like weighted regression algorithm that relies on an error-based heuristic to automatically favor “good” data points and downplay “bad” points. We evaluated the algorithm for estimating Chl-a over inland lakes in Ohio using Harmonized Landsat Sentinel-2. The AIC-like weighted regression estimates showed superior performance with an R² of 0.91 and an error variance (

σ_{E}^{2}

) of 0.29 μg/L, outperforming linear regression (R² = 0.34,

σ_{E}^{2}

= 2.34 μg/L) and random forest (R² = 0.82,

σ_{E}^{2}

= 0.92 μg/L). We also noticed the poorest performance occurred in the spring due to low reflectance variation in clear water and low Chl-a concentration. Our weighted regression scheme is adaptive and generically applicable. Future studies may adopt our scheme to tackle other remote sensing estimation problems (e.g., terrestrial applications) for alleviating the adverse effects of geolocation errors and temporal discrepancies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Multi-Source Remote Sensing Data in Hydrology and Water Management)

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27 pages, 4230 KiB

Open AccessReview

Non-Thermal Technology Approaches to Improve Extraction, Fermentation, Microbial Stability, and Aging in the Winemaking Process

by Katarina Perić, Marina Tomašević, Natka Ćurko, Mladen Brnčić and Karin Kovačević Ganić

Appl. Sci. 2024, 14(15), 6612; https://doi.org/10.3390/app14156612 (registering DOI) - 29 Jul 2024

Abstract

Research into non-thermal wine processing technologies is constantly evolving due to the increasing trend towards high-quality, minimally processed, and preservative-free wines. Technologies such as high-power ultrasound, high hydrostatic pressure, pulsed electric field, ultra-high pressure homogenization, and, more recently, cold plasma are some of [...] Read more.

Research into non-thermal wine processing technologies is constantly evolving due to the increasing trend towards high-quality, minimally processed, and preservative-free wines. Technologies such as high-power ultrasound, high hydrostatic pressure, pulsed electric field, ultra-high pressure homogenization, and, more recently, cold plasma are some of the best examples currently being explored. This article provides an overview of the latest scientific research into these five non-thermal technologies and their current status in relation to winemaking. By exploring the potential applications of these technologies, it becomes possible to enhance extraction, shorten maceration time, inactivate microorganisms and oxidative enzymes, reduce the addition of chemical additives, accelerate aging, improve wine quality, and much more. However, further experiments are necessary to better comprehend the short- and long-term impacts on the overall quality of the wines produced, especially in terms of sensory characteristics and consumer acceptance. Optimizing processing conditions and scaling up are also of paramount importance to ensure better performance of these technologies at the various stages of winemaking. Additionally, a combined technologies approach has been highlighted as one of the future directions to overcome the limitations of processing with a single technology. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Applications of Plant Extracts in the Food Industry)

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12 pages, 3943 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Hydrogen Bonding in Amorphous Indomethacin

by C. J. Benmore, J. L. Yarger, S. K. Davidowski, C. D. Shrader, P. A. Smith and S. R. Byrn

Pharmaceutics 2024, 16(8), 1002; https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics16081002 (registering DOI) - 29 Jul 2024

Abstract

Amorphous Indomethacin has enhanced bioavailability over its crystalline forms, yet amorphous forms can still possess a wide variety of structures. Here, Empirical Potential Structure Refinement (EPSR) has been used to provide accurate molecular models on the structure of five different amorphous Indomethacin samples, [...] Read more.

Amorphous Indomethacin has enhanced bioavailability over its crystalline forms, yet amorphous forms can still possess a wide variety of structures. Here, Empirical Potential Structure Refinement (EPSR) has been used to provide accurate molecular models on the structure of five different amorphous Indomethacin samples, that are consistent with their high-energy X-ray diffraction patterns. It is found that the majority of molecules in amorphous Indomethacin are non-bonded or bonded to one neighboring molecule via a single hydrogen bond, in contrast to the doubly bonded dimers found in the crystalline state. The EPSR models further indicate a substantial variation in hydrogen bonding between different amorphous forms, leading to a diversity of chain structures not found in any known crystal structures. The majority of hydrogen bonds are associated with the carboxylic acid group, although a significant number of amide hydrogen bonding interactions are also found in the models. Evidence of some dipole–dipole interactions are also observed in the more structurally ordered models. The results are consistent with a distribution of Z-isomer intramolecular type conformations in the more disordered structures, that distort when stronger intermolecular hydrogen bonding occurs. The findings are supported by ¹H and ²H NMR studies of the hydrogen bond dynamics in amorphous Indomethacin. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Pharmaceutical Solid Forms: From Crystal Structure to Formulation)

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7 pages, 206 KiB

Open AccessEditorial

Ionosphere Monitoring with Remote Sensing Vol II

by Fabio Giannattasio

Remote Sens. 2024, 16(15), 2762; https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16152762 (registering DOI) - 29 Jul 2024

Abstract

Unveiling the physical properties of the Earth’s ionosphere is crucial for the comprehension of the dynamic processes that occur within it across various spatial and temporal scales [...] Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Ionosphere Monitoring with Remote Sensing II)

14 pages, 2785 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Compromised Cerebral Arterial Perfusion, Altered Brain Tissue Integrity, and Cognitive Impairment in Adolescents with Complex Congenital Heart Disease

by Nancy A. Pike, Bhaswati Roy, Cristina Cabrera-Mino, Nancy J. Halnon, Alan B. Lewis, Xingfeng Shao, Danny J. J. Wang and Rajesh Kumar

J. Cardiovasc. Dev. Dis. 2024, 11(8), 236; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcdd11080236 (registering DOI) - 29 Jul 2024

Abstract

(1) Introduction: Adolescents with complex congenital heart disease (CCHD) show brain tissue injuries in regions associated with cognitive deficits. Alteration in cerebral arterial perfusion (CAP), as measured by arterial transit time (ATT), may lead to perfusion deficits and potential injury. Our study aims [...] Read more.

(1) Introduction: Adolescents with complex congenital heart disease (CCHD) show brain tissue injuries in regions associated with cognitive deficits. Alteration in cerebral arterial perfusion (CAP), as measured by arterial transit time (ATT), may lead to perfusion deficits and potential injury. Our study aims to compare ATT values between CCHD patients and controls and assess the associations between ATT values, MD values, and cognitive scores in adolescents with CCHD. (2) Methods: 37 CCHD subjects, 14–18 years of age, who had undergone surgical palliation and 30 healthy controls completed cognitive testing and brain MRI assessments using a 3.0-Tesla scanner. ATT values and regional brain mean diffusivity [MD] were assessed for the whole brain using diffusion tensor imaging. (3) Results: The mean MoCA values [23.1 ± 4.1 vs. 28.1 ± 2.3; p < 0.001] and General Memory Index, with a subscore of WRAML2 [86.8 ± 15.4 vs. 110.3 ± 14.5; p < 0.001], showed significant cognitive deficits in CCHD patients compared to controls. The mean global ATT was significantly higher in CCHD patients versus controls (mean ± SD, s, 1.26 ± 0.11 vs. 1.19 ± 0.11, p = 0.03), respectively. The partial correlations between ATT values, MD values, and cognitive scores (p < 0.005) showed significant associations in areas including the hippocampus, prefrontal cortices, cerebellum, caudate, anterior and mid cingulate, insula, thalamus, and lingual gyrus. (4) Conclusions: Adolescents with CCHD had prolonged ATTs and showed correlation with clinical measurements of cognitive impairment and MRI measurements of brain tissue integrity. This suggests that altered CAP may play a role in brain tissue injury and cognitive impairment after surgical palliation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Pediatric Cardiology and Congenital Heart Disease)

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14 pages, 503 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Comparison of the Fatty Acid Profiles of Sow and Goat Colostrum

by Lucía Ayala, Pilar Gómez-Cortés, Fuensanta Hernández, Josefa Madrid, Silvia Martínez-Miró and Miguel Angel de la Fuente

Vet. Sci. 2024, 11(8), 341; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci11080341 (registering DOI) - 29 Jul 2024

Abstract

Currently, the utilization of hyperprolific sows has stimulated the search for supplements aimed at enhancing piglet survival, as these sows yield more offspring than they can adequately feed with their colostrum production. In contrast, intensive goat farming often yields surplus colostrum, thus necessitating [...] Read more.

Currently, the utilization of hyperprolific sows has stimulated the search for supplements aimed at enhancing piglet survival, as these sows yield more offspring than they can adequately feed with their colostrum production. In contrast, intensive goat farming often yields surplus colostrum, thus necessitating its removal, since kids are exclusively fed colostrum through lactation solely within the initial day of birth. The objective of this study was to examine and compare the fatty acid (FA) profiles of colostrum from sows and goats, together with possible influencing factors such as sow parity and the postpartum day of the goat, for possible use as an energy supplement for neonatal piglets. Swine colostrum was collected from sows with a 0–5 parity. In addition, samples of goat colostrum were collected on their first (D1) and second (D2) days of postpartum milking. The FA profiles of the colostrum were analyzed via gas chromatography. The parity value of the sows did not affect (p > 0.05) the FA colostrum composition. High proportions of palmitic, oleic, and linoleic acids were found in both types of colostrum. Levels of palmitic, oleic, and linoleic acids were significantly higher in D1 goat colostrum, whereas saturated FAs of less than 14 carbons (4:0, 6:0, 8:0, 10:0, and 12:0) were found in higher proportions in D2. These FAs play an important role in colostrum as they are a readily available source of energy and have also been attributed strong antibacterial activity. Therefore, goat colostrum, especially D2, could be used as an alternative energy supplement for newborn piglets, in particular for the weakest and smallest of the litter, which are the most in need. Full article

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9 pages, 4297 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Lack of Data or Lack of Weasels? The Likely Silent Extinction of Weasel Mustela nivalis (Carnivora: Mustelidae) in Spain

by Ana B. Llorca, Francisco S. Tortosa and José Guerrero-Casado

Diversity 2024, 16(8), 446; https://doi.org/10.3390/d16080446 (registering DOI) - 29 Jul 2024

Abstract

Records from online biodiversity databases (including citizen science data) can play a crucial role in enhancing scientific knowledge about the abundance, distribution, and population trends of poorly studied species which are usually not properly monitored. This study aims to demonstrate the utility of [...] Read more.

Records from online biodiversity databases (including citizen science data) can play a crucial role in enhancing scientific knowledge about the abundance, distribution, and population trends of poorly studied species which are usually not properly monitored. This study aims to demonstrate the utility of data hosted in GBIF in detecting the likely decline of species common and widely distributed in the past, but whose conservation status is now uncertain, such as the weasel (Mustela nivalis) in Spain. To address this, we analyzed data on its presence in Spain from 2008 to 2022 available on GBIF.org, and compared it with the distribution data from the Atlas of Mammals of Spain published in 2007. The results indicate that: (i) data from GBIF.org reveal a moderate decline (negative trend) in the weasel population in Spain during the study period; (ii) the species has been recorded in a limited number of 10 × 10 km UTM-squares (Universal Transverse Mercator) within its distribution range as defined by the 2007 atlas; and (iii) there are large areas of Spain in which the species has not been detected in recent years. These findings highlight the concerning conservation status of this carnivorous species and underscore the value of data from open access platforms such as GBIF in identifying potential silent extinctions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Collection Feature Papers in Animal Diversity)

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12 pages, 2537 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Observed Vertical Dispersion Patterns of Particulate Matter in Urban Street Canyons and Dominant Influencing Factors

by Xiaoshuang Wang, Xiaoping Chen, Bojun Ma, Zhixiang Zhou and Changhui Peng

Forests 2024, 15(8), 1319; https://doi.org/10.3390/f15081319 (registering DOI) - 29 Jul 2024

Abstract

When developing strategies aimed at mitigating air pollution in densely populated urban areas, it is vital to accurately investigate the vertical distribution of airborne particulate matter (PM) and its primary influencing factors. For this study, field experiments were conducted to quantify the vertical [...] Read more.

When developing strategies aimed at mitigating air pollution in densely populated urban areas, it is vital to accurately investigate the vertical distribution of airborne particulate matter (PM) and its primary influencing factors. For this study, field experiments were conducted to quantify the vertical distribution and dispersion processes of PM at five vertical heights related to trees—including at street level near vehicular emission sources (0.3 m), pedestrian breathing height (1.5 m), beneath the canopy (6 m), mid-canopy (9 m), and the top of the canopy (12 m)—within a street-facing building in Wuhan, China. Comparing the vertical dispersion patterns of PM with six particle sizes (PM₁, PM_2.5, PM₄, PM₇, PM₁₀, and total suspended particulates—TSPs), larger particles exhibited more pronounced variations with height, notably TSPs (correlation coefficient of −0.95) and PM₁₀ (−0.84). The findings consistently revealed a downward trend in PM concentrations across various particle sizes with increasing height, indicating a negative linear correlation between particle concentrations and altitude within the street canyon. For every 1% increase in vertical height, the PM_2.5 concentration decreased by approximately 5.44%, the PM₁₀ concentration decreased by 132.1%, and the TSP concentration decreased by 180.6%. These findings show potential for guiding building designers in developing effective strategies, such as optimal vent placement, in order to mitigate the intrusion of outdoor air pollution—particularly PM_2.5—into indoor environments. Furthermore, this research provides novel insights for residents living in street-facing buildings and individuals with respiratory diseases, aiding them in the selection of residential floors to minimize health risks associated with exposure to respirable PM. Full article

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12 pages, 1161 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Investigating the Hepatitis E Virus (HEV) Diversity in Rat Reservoirs from Northern Italy

by Luca De Sabato, Marina Monini, Roberta Galuppi, Filippo Maria Dini, Giovanni Ianiro, Gabriele Vaccari, Fabio Ostanello and Ilaria Di Bartolo

Pathogens 2024, 13(8), 633; https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens13080633 (registering DOI) - 29 Jul 2024

Abstract

Hepatitis E virus belonging to the Rocahepevirus ratti species, genotype HEV-C1, has been extensively reported in rats in Europe, Asia and North America. Recently, human cases of hepatitis associated with HEV-C1 infection have been reported, but the zoonotic nature of rat-HEV remains controversial. [...] Read more.

Hepatitis E virus belonging to the Rocahepevirus ratti species, genotype HEV-C1, has been extensively reported in rats in Europe, Asia and North America. Recently, human cases of hepatitis associated with HEV-C1 infection have been reported, but the zoonotic nature of rat-HEV remains controversial. The transmission route of rat-HEV is unidentified and requires further investigation. The HEV strains of the Paslahepevirus balayani species, belonging to the same Hepeviridae family, and including the zoonotic genotype HEV-3 usually found in pigs, have also sporadically been identified in rats. We sampled 115 rats (liver, lung, feces) between 2020 and 2023 in Northeast Italy and the HEV detection was carried out by using Reverse Transcription PCR. Results: HEV RNA was detected in 3/115 (2.6%) rats who tested positive for HEV-C1 strains in paired lung, intestinal contents and liver samples. Overall, none tested positive for the Paslahepevirus balayani strains. In conclusion, our results confirm the presence of HEV-rat in Italy with a prevalence similar to previous studies but show that there is a wide heterogeneity of strains in circulation. The detection of HEV-C1 genotype of Rocahepevirus ratti species in some human cases of acute hepatitis suggests that HEV-C1 may be an underestimated source of human infections. This finding, with the geographically widespread detection of HEV-C1 in rats, raises questions about the role of rats as hosts for both HEV-C1 and HEV-3 and the possibility of zoonotic transmission. Full article

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13 pages, 3129 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Non-Linear Response of Alpha and Beta Diversity of Taxonomic and Functional Groups of Phytoplankton to Environmental Factors in Subtropical Reservoirs

by Zhenlong Xiang, Haiyu Niu, Quehui Tang and Ren Hu

Microorganisms 2024, 12(8), 1547; https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms12081547 (registering DOI) - 29 Jul 2024

Abstract

Exploring the response of the diversity of phytoplankton species and functional groups to environmental variables is extremely important in maintaining biodiversity in aquatic ecosystems. Although there were more taxonomic units at the species level than at the functional group level, it remained unclear [...] Read more.

Exploring the response of the diversity of phytoplankton species and functional groups to environmental variables is extremely important in maintaining biodiversity in aquatic ecosystems. Although there were more taxonomic units at the species level than at the functional group level, it remained unclear whether species diversity was more sensitive than functional group diversity to environmental variables. In this study, taxonomic composition and alpha–beta diversity of phytoplankton were investigated in 23 subtropical reservoirs located in the Han River Basin in South China during wet and dry seasons. Structural Equation Modelling (SEM) and Generalized Dissimilarity Modelling (GDM) were employed to validate the response of phytoplankton species and functional group alpha–beta diversities to environmental variables. The results indicated that the community compositions of phytoplankton in eutrophic reservoirs were similar between wet and dry seasons, while there were distinct differences for community composition in oligotrophic–mesotrophic reservoirs between the two seasons. Across all reservoirs, there were no significant differences in alpha and beta diversities of species and functional groups between wet and dry seasons. The SEM and GDM results revealed that total phosphorus was the primary driving factor influencing alpha and beta diversities of species and functional groups in the 23 reservoirs. Meanwhile, the non-linear results of species beta diversity were stronger than the non-linear results of functional group beta diversity, indicating that phytoplankton species exhibited a higher explanatory power in responding to environmental changes compared to that of functional groups. Compared to that of species beta diversity, the response of functional group beta diversity to environmental variables was significantly lower in the dry season. These research findings lead to re-evaluating the common practice relating to the use of phytoplankton functional groups to assess environmental conditions, which may overlook the explanatory power of subtle changes at the species level, especially during periods of habitat diversification in the dry season. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Environmental Microbiology)

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12 pages, 990 KiB

Open AccessCommunication

The Mediterranean-DASH Intervention for Neurodegenerative Delay (MIND) Diet and Metabolites in Chronic Kidney Disease

by Catharine A. Couch, Zsuzsanna Ament, Amit Patki, Naruchorn Kijpaisalratana, Varun Bhave, Alana C. Jones, Nicole D. Armstrong, Katharine L. Cheung, W. Taylor Kimberly, Hemant K. Tiwari and Marguerite Ryan Irvin

Nutrients 2024, 16(15), 2458; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16152458 (registering DOI) - 29 Jul 2024

Abstract

The Mediterranean-DASH Intervention for Neurodegenerative Delay (MIND) is a hybrid of the Mediterranean and DASH (Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension) diets, and its association with renal outcomes remains unclear. In the REasons for Geographic and Racial Disparities in Stroke (REGARDS) cohort, diet data [...] Read more.

The Mediterranean-DASH Intervention for Neurodegenerative Delay (MIND) is a hybrid of the Mediterranean and DASH (Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension) diets, and its association with renal outcomes remains unclear. In the REasons for Geographic and Racial Disparities in Stroke (REGARDS) cohort, diet data were collected at baseline using food frequency questionnaires. Modified Poisson regression was used to examine the association of MIND diet with incident chronic kidney disease (CKD). In the REGARDS stroke case-cohort, 357 metabolites were measured in baseline plasma. Weighted linear regression was used to test associations between MIND diet and metabolites. Weighted logistic regression was used to test associations between MIND-associated metabolites and incident CKD. Mediation analyses were conducted to determine whether metabolites mediated the relationship between MIND diet and CKD. A higher MIND diet score was associated with a decreased risk of incident CKD (risk ratio 0.90, 95% CI (0.86–0.94); p = 2.03 × 10⁻⁷). Fifty-seven metabolites were associated with MIND diet (p < 3 × 10⁻⁴). Guanosine was found to mediate the relationship between MIND diet and incident CKD (odds ratio for indirect effects 0.93, 95% CI (0.88–0.97); p < 0.05). These findings suggest a role of the MIND diet in renal outcomes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in Nutrigenomics and Nutrigenetics)

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19 pages, 1443 KiB

Open AccessReview

Advancements in Non-Addictive Analgesic Diterpenoid Alkaloid Lappaconitine: A Review

by Wen Zhang, Shujuan Mi, Xinxin He, Jiajia Cui, Kangkang Zhi and Ji Zhang

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2024, 25(15), 8255; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25158255 (registering DOI) - 29 Jul 2024

Abstract

The perennial herb Aconitum sinomontanum Nakai (Ranunculaceae) has been utilized as a traditional oriental medicine in China for numerous years. The principal pharmacological constituent of A. sinomontanum, lappaconitine (LA), exhibits analgesic, anti-inflammatory, anti-tumor, anti-arrhythmic, and anti-epileptic activities. Due to its potent efficacy [...] Read more.

The perennial herb Aconitum sinomontanum Nakai (Ranunculaceae) has been utilized as a traditional oriental medicine in China for numerous years. The principal pharmacological constituent of A. sinomontanum, lappaconitine (LA), exhibits analgesic, anti-inflammatory, anti-tumor, anti-arrhythmic, and anti-epileptic activities. Due to its potent efficacy and non-addictive nature, LA is widely utilized in the management of cancer pain and postoperative analgesia. This review encompasses the research advancements pertaining to LA including extraction methods, separation techniques, pharmacological properties, chemical modifications, and clinical applications. Additionally, it offers insights into the potential applications and current challenges associated with LA to facilitate future research endeavors. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Molecular Mechanisms of Pain and Analgesia)

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17 pages, 363 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Classical Theism and Theological Method: A Critical Inquiry

by John C. Peckham

Religions 2024, 15(8), 915; https://doi.org/10.3390/rel15080915 (registering DOI) - 29 Jul 2024

Abstract

Some classical theists contend that the Christian tradition demands affirmation of the following four tenets—divine simplicity, timelessness, immutability, and impassibility—in their absolute or strict senses, a position I refer to as strict classical theism. These four tenets, however, are the subject of considerable [...] Read more.

Some classical theists contend that the Christian tradition demands affirmation of the following four tenets—divine simplicity, timelessness, immutability, and impassibility—in their absolute or strict senses, a position I refer to as strict classical theism. These four tenets, however, are the subject of considerable debate in recent scholarship. This article engages the ongoing debate by focusing on some significant difficulties strict classical theism faces relative to meeting two widely held standards of Christian theological method: the standard of biblical warrant and the standard of systematic coherence. First, highlighting classical Christology as a test case, this article suggests that strict classical theism faces pressure to either revise or abandon some contested tenets or confront the prospect of abandoning the standard of systematic coherence. Second, the article turns to highlighting some ways that strict classical theism struggles to meet the standard of biblical warrant, which might necessitate a reevaluation of some of its core claims and the viability of common appeals made to the Christian tradition in support of such claims. This article is not intended as a conclusive argument against strict classical theism but aims at the more modest goal of pressing these points regarding theological method, calling for serious consideration, and inviting further discussion. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Concept of God: The Intersection of Classical Theism and Relational Theism)

22 pages, 10915 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effects of Palm Kernel Shells (PKS) on Mechanical and Physical Properties of Fine Lateritic Soils Developed on Basalt in Bangangté (West Cameroon): Significance for Pavement Application

by Verlène Hardy Njuikom Djoumbi, Valentine Yato Katte, Idriss Franklin Tiomo and Armand Sylvain Ludovic Wouatong

Appl. Sci. 2024, 14(15), 6610; https://doi.org/10.3390/app14156610 (registering DOI) - 29 Jul 2024

Abstract

The utilization of an agricultural waste product known as palm kernel shells (PKS) combined with fine laterites (from basalt in Bangangté, West Cameroon) to produce low-cost and innovative materials with good bearing capacities for road pavement was investigated. Fine laterites from two soil [...] Read more.

The utilization of an agricultural waste product known as palm kernel shells (PKS) combined with fine laterites (from basalt in Bangangté, West Cameroon) to produce low-cost and innovative materials with good bearing capacities for road pavement was investigated. Fine laterites from two soil profiles (BL31 and BL32) and made up of kaolinite, hematite, goethite, gibbsite, anatase, ilmenite and magnetite minerals were partially replaced with PKS at 15%, 25%, 35%, and 45% by weight. Physical and mechanical tests, including particle size distribution, Atterberg limits, unsoaked and soaked California Bearing Ratio (UCBR and SCBR), unconfined compressive strength (UCS), and tensile strength (Rt), were performed on the different mixtures. After the addition of PKS, a decrease in fine particle content (77 to 38%), liquidity limit (LL: 72 to 61%), plasticity index (PI: 30 to 19%), maximum dry density (MDD: 1.685 to 1.29 t/m³), and optimum moisture content (OMC: 27.5 to 24.0%) was noticed. Additionally, there was an increase in UCBR (16–72%), SCBR (14–66%), UCS (1.07–7.67 MPa), and Rt (2.24–9.71 MPa). This allows new materials suitable for the construction of base layers for low trafficked roads (T1–T2), as well as sub-base and base layers for high trafficked roads (T3), to be obtained. This newly formed material can be recommended locally for road construction works, though more in-depth studies are required. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Earth Sciences)

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16 pages, 4948 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Production of Ceramic Investment Casting Shells Using Lithography-Based Ceramic Manufacturing and Binder Jetting Technology

by Irina Sviridova, Hendrik Holling, Wenchao Tang, Alexander Küll and Christian Mendieta Terán

J. Manuf. Mater. Process. 2024, 8(4), 162; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmmp8040162 (registering DOI) - 29 Jul 2024

Abstract

This paper presents a comprehensive analysis of the utilization of 3D printing technology for the fabrication of ceramic shells in the context of investment casting. This study encompasses an exploration of various 3D printing techniques such as binder jetting technology and lithography-based ceramic [...] Read more.

This paper presents a comprehensive analysis of the utilization of 3D printing technology for the fabrication of ceramic shells in the context of investment casting. This study encompasses an exploration of various 3D printing techniques such as binder jetting technology and lithography-based ceramic manufacturing applied to ceramic materials tailored for investment casting applications for different materials. Comparative analyses between conventionally manufactured shells and those produced through 3D printing techniques are presented, shedding light on the potential advantages and challenges associated with the adoption of additive manufacturing in investment casting processes. The findings of this study reveal that both methods offer viable solutions for creating ceramic materials suitable as shells for investment casting. Both lithography-based ceramic manufacturing and binder jetting technology exhibit unique advantages and challenges. Lithography-based ceramic manufacturing demonstrates a superior surface finish and resolution, making it particularly suitable for intricate designs and fine details. On the other hand, binder jetting technology presents advantages in terms of speed and scalability, allowing for the rapid production of larger components. Full article

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27 pages, 2977 KiB

Open AccessSystematic Review

Influence of Carbohydrate Intake on Caprylic Acid (C8:0)-Induced Ketogenesis—A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

by Marius Frenser, Tobias Fischer, Isabel Albrecht and Thorsten Marquardt

Nutrients 2024, 16(15), 2456; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16152456 (registering DOI) - 29 Jul 2024

Abstract

The ketogenic diet is used worldwide to treat various diseases, especially drug-resistant epilepsies. Medium-chain triglycerides or medium-chain fatty acids, primarily the major ketogenic compound caprylic acid (C8; C8:0), can significantly support ketogenesis. This review examines the effects of concurrent carbohydrate intake on C8-induced [...] Read more.

The ketogenic diet is used worldwide to treat various diseases, especially drug-resistant epilepsies. Medium-chain triglycerides or medium-chain fatty acids, primarily the major ketogenic compound caprylic acid (C8; C8:0), can significantly support ketogenesis. This review examines the effects of concurrent carbohydrate intake on C8-induced ketogenesis. A systematic literature search (PubMed and Web of Science) with subsequent data extraction was performed according to PRISMA guidelines and the Cochrane Handbook. Studies investigating the metabolic response to C8-containing MCT interventions with carbohydrate intake were included. The studies did not include a ketogenic diet. Three intervention groups were created. The quality of the studies was assessed using the RoB II tool, and the meta-analysis was performed using the Cochrane RevMan software. A total of 7 trials, including 4 RCTs, met the inclusion criteria. Ketone production was lower when C8 was combined with carbohydrates compared to MCT intake alone. The lower C8 dose group (11 g) did not show a significantly lower ketogenic effect than the higher dose group (19 g). Forest plot analysis showed heterogeneous data. The data suggest a non-linear relationship between C8, carbohydrate intake and ketone production. Further studies are needed to investigate the influence of different carbohydrates on C8-induced ketogenesis. Limitations include heterogeneous intervention conditions, such as different types of dispersions, caffeine intake, limited number of studies and variability in study design. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Nutrition and Metabolism)

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10 pages, 668 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Potential of Combined Yeast Culture and Enzymatically Hydrolysed Yeast to Improve In Vitro Dry Matter and Nutrient Degradability of Different Feedstuffs

by Alisha A. Sookrali and Martin P. Hughes

Ruminants 2024, 4(3), 352-361; https://doi.org/10.3390/ruminants4030025 (registering DOI) - 29 Jul 2024

Abstract

Live yeast cultures have been a popular additive in ruminant feeds to improve fermentation efficiency, rumen, and intestinal health. However, very little is known about inactive yeast culture and hydrolysable yeast cells on nutrient digestibility in ruminants. Therefore, this study was conducted to [...] Read more.

Live yeast cultures have been a popular additive in ruminant feeds to improve fermentation efficiency, rumen, and intestinal health. However, very little is known about inactive yeast culture and hydrolysable yeast cells on nutrient digestibility in ruminants. Therefore, this study was conducted to determine the effects of a combined yeast culture and enzymatically hydrolysed yeast (YC+EHY) on in vitro dry matter and nutrient digestibility. Seven chemically contrasting substrates, including the leaves and petiole of forage plants (Trichanthera gigantea, Gliricidia sepium, Leucaena leucocephala, and Brachiaria arrecta), agriculture by-products (soybean meal and rice hulls), and a commercial concentrate feed, were incubated in vitro with and without YC+EHY to determine dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP), neutral detergent fibre (NDF), and acid detergent fibre (ADF) digestibility after 24 and 48 h of incubation. A second experiment evaluated in vitro CP degradability by incubating substrates for 0, 2, 4, 8, 16, 24, and 48 h with and without YC+EHY. Incubation with YC+EHY reduced 24 h DM and CP digestibility in soybean meal and G. sepium by 16.2% and 38.5%, respectively. Conversely, the ADF digestibility of B. arrecta incubated with YC+EHY increased by 32%. In vitro ruminal DM and nutrient digestibility were unaffected by YC+EHY after 48 h of incubation. The rate of CP degradability in the commercial concentrate and rice hull inoculated with YC+EHY increased sharply between 16 and 24 h post-incubation and generally plateaued afterwards. Similarly, YC+EHY significantly increased CP degradability in L. leucocephala after 8 and 16 h of incubation. The 16 h CP degradation in T. gigantea without YC+EHY was significantly higher. It was therefore concluded that YC+EHY has potential to improve ruminal ADF digestibility and modify ruminal CP degradation dependent on the type of substrate. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Ruminal Microbiota, Fermentation Process, Enteric Methane Emissions, and Animal Performance)

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18 pages, 13305 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Preventive Effect of Low-Molecular Weight Oyster Peptides on Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Acute Colitis in Mice by Modulating Intestinal Microbiota Communities

by Qihang Wu, Haisheng Lin, Weiqiang Shen, Wenhong Cao, Xiaoming Qin, Jialong Gao, Zhongqin Chen, Huina Zheng, Saiyi Zhong and Haoyang Huang

Foods 2024, 13(15), 2391; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods13152391 (registering DOI) - 29 Jul 2024

Abstract

Colitis causes inflammation, diarrhoea, fever, and other serious illnesses, posing a serious threat to human health and safety. Current medications for the treatment of colitis have serious side effects. Therefore, the new strategy of creating a defence barrier for immune function by adding [...] Read more.

Colitis causes inflammation, diarrhoea, fever, and other serious illnesses, posing a serious threat to human health and safety. Current medications for the treatment of colitis have serious side effects. Therefore, the new strategy of creating a defence barrier for immune function by adding anti-inflammatory foods to the daily diet is worth advocating for. Low-molecular weight oyster peptides (LOPs) are a natural food with anti-inflammatory activity extracted from oysters, so intervention with LOPs is likely to be an effective preventive solution. The aim of this study was to investigate the preventive effect of LOPs on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced acute colitis inflammation in mice and its underlying mechanism. The results showed that LOPs not only inhibited the colonic histopathy in mice induced by LPS-induced inflammation but also reduced the inflammatory response in the blood. In addition, LOPs significantly increased the number of beneficial bacteria (Alistipes, Mucispirillum, and Oscillospira), decreased the number of harmful bacteria (Coprobacillus, Acinetobater) in the intestinal microbiota, and further affected the absorption and utilisation of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) in the intestinal tract. In conclusion, dietary supplementation with LOPs is a promising health-promoting dietary supplement and nutraceutical for the prevention of acute colitis by reducing the inflammatory response and modulating the intestinal microbial communities. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Foods of Marine Origin)

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12 pages, 519 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Impact of the Physical Activity Environment on Change in Body Mass Index Percentile in Child Care Centers Serving Children with Disabilities

by Martha H. Bloyer, Ruixuan Ma, Yaray Agosto, Carolina Velasquez, Katheryn Espina, Joanne Palenzuela, Michelle Schladant, Julieta Hernandez, Sarah E. Messiah and Ruby Natale

Nutrients 2024, 16(15), 2457; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16152457 (registering DOI) - 29 Jul 2024

Abstract

Childcare centers (CCCs) can provide opportunities to implement physical activity (PA) via health promotion interventions to prevent obesity and associated chronic disease risk factors in young children. This study evaluated the impact of the Healthy Caregivers-Healthy Children (HC2) intervention on body mass index [...] Read more.

Childcare centers (CCCs) can provide opportunities to implement physical activity (PA) via health promotion interventions to prevent obesity and associated chronic disease risk factors in young children. This study evaluated the impact of the Healthy Caregivers-Healthy Children (HC2) intervention on body mass index percentile (PBMI) and the PA environment in CCCs serving children with disabilities (CWD) over one school year. Ten CCCs were cluster-randomized to either (1) an intervention arm that received the HC2 curriculum adapted for CWD or (2) an attention control arm. Mixed-effect linear regression models analyzed the relationship between change in child PBMI and CCC childcare center PA environment by experimental condition and child disability status over one school year. Findings showed a significant decrease in PBMI among children in the HC2 centers (−6.74, p = 0.007) versus those in control centers (−1.35, p = 0.74) over one school year. Increased PA staff behaviors (mean change 3.66, p < 0.001) and PA policies (mean change 6.12, p < 0.001) were shown in intervention centers during the same period. Conversely, there was a significant increase in sedentary opportunities (mean change 4.45, p < 0.001) and a decrease in the portable play environment (mean change −3.16, p = 0.03) and fixed play environment (mean change −2.59, p = 0.04) in control centers. No significant differences were found in PBMI changes between CWD and children without disabilities (beta = 1.62, 95% CI [−7.52, 10.76], p = 0.73), suggesting the intervention’s efficacy does not differ by disability status. These results underscore the importance of (1) including young CWD and (2) PA and the supporting environment in CCC health promotion and obesity prevention interventions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Interventions to Promote Diet and Healthy Lifestyle Behaviors in Early Childhood)

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12 pages, 3194 KiB

Open AccessReview

Efficacy and Safety of Honey Dressings in the Management of Chronic Wounds: An Updated Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

by Ying Tang, Lihong Chen and Xingwu Ran

Nutrients 2024, 16(15), 2455; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16152455 (registering DOI) - 28 Jul 2024

Abstract

Chronic wounds impose a substantial economic burden on healthcare systems and result in decreased productivity. Honey possesses diverse properties, rendering it a promising, cost-effective, and efficacious intervention strategy for the management of chronic wounds. However, the findings are controversial. We have presented an [...] Read more.

Chronic wounds impose a substantial economic burden on healthcare systems and result in decreased productivity. Honey possesses diverse properties, rendering it a promising, cost-effective, and efficacious intervention strategy for the management of chronic wounds. However, the findings are controversial. We have presented an updated and comprehensive systematic review and meta-analysis to evaluate the efficacy and safety of honey dressings in the management of chronic wounds. Nine electronic databases were systematically searched to identify relevant studies published prior to 22 March 2024. A total of eight studies, including 906 individuals that met the inclusion criteria, were incorporated. The findings demonstrated a significant acceleration in wound healing time with honey dressings (MD = −17.13, 95% CI −26.37 to −7.89, p = 0.0003) and an increase in the percentage of wound healing (MD = 18.31, 95% CI 8.86 to 27.76, p = 0.0001). No statistically significant differences were observed in the healing rate (RR = 2.00, 95% CI 0.78 to 5.10, p = 0.15), clearance time of bacteria (MD = −11.36, 95% CI: −25.91 to 3.18, p = 0.13) and hospital stay duration. Honey may decrease the VAS score but may increase the incidence of painful discomfort during treatment. The topical application of honey is an effective therapeutic approach for managing chronic wounds, but the quality of the evidence was very low due to the quality of risk of bias, inconsistency, and publication bias, highlighting the necessity for larger-scale studies with adequately powered RCTs to ensure the safety and efficacy of honey dressings in chronic wound healing. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Nutrition and Public Health)

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