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18 pages, 1116 KB  
Article
A Likelihood-Based Pose Estimation Method for Robotic Arm Repeatability Measurement Using Monocular Vision
by Peng Zhang, Jiatian Li, Jiayin Liu, Feng He and Yiheng Jiang
Sensors 2025, 25(22), 7089; https://doi.org/10.3390/s25227089 (registering DOI) - 20 Nov 2025
Abstract
Repeatability accuracy is a key performance metric for robotic arms. To address limitations in existing monocular vision-based measurement methods, this study proposes a likelihood-based pose estimation approach. Our method first obtains initial pose estimates through optimized likelihood estimation, then iteratively refines depth information. [...] Read more.
Repeatability accuracy is a key performance metric for robotic arms. To address limitations in existing monocular vision-based measurement methods, this study proposes a likelihood-based pose estimation approach. Our method first obtains initial pose estimates through optimized likelihood estimation, then iteratively refines depth information. By modeling the statistical characteristics of multiple observed poses, we derive a global theoretical pose. Within this framework, two-dimensional feature points are backprojected into three-dimensional space to form an observed point cloud. The error between this observed cloud and the theoretical feature point cloud is computed using the Iterative Closest Point (ICP) algorithm, enabling accurate quantification of repeatability accuracy. Based on 30 repeated trials at each of five target poses, the proposed method achieved repeatability positioning accuracy of 0.0115 mm, 0.0121 mm, 0.0068 mm, 0.0162 mm, and 0.0175 mm at the five poses, respectively, with a mean value of 0.0128 mm and a standard deviation of 0.0038 mm across the poses. Compared with two existing monocular vision-based methods, it demonstrates superior accuracy and stability, achieving average accuracy improvements of 0.79 mm and 1.06 mm, respectively, and reducing the standard deviation by over 85%. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Sensing and Imaging)
25 pages, 3399 KB  
Article
Enhancing Intelligent Transportation Safety with Explainable AI: A Framework for Uncovering Crash Severity Factors at Highway–Rail Grade Crossings
by Dongming Wang, Qin He, Jinwen Peng and Gen Li
World Electr. Veh. J. 2025, 16(11), 637; https://doi.org/10.3390/wevj16110637 (registering DOI) - 20 Nov 2025
Abstract
Improving road safety is a fundamental goal of Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS). However, the complex interplay of factors in accident-prone scenarios, such as highway–rail grade crossings, poses significant challenges for conventional analysis. This paper addresses this gap by proposing and validating a novel [...] Read more.
Improving road safety is a fundamental goal of Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS). However, the complex interplay of factors in accident-prone scenarios, such as highway–rail grade crossings, poses significant challenges for conventional analysis. This paper addresses this gap by proposing and validating a novel explainable artificial intelligence (XAI) framework, which integrates Extreme Gradient Boosting (XGBoost) with Shapley Additive Explanations (SHAP), to enhance safety analysis within ITS. Applying this framework to a comprehensive dataset of highway–rail grade crossing collisions, our research moves beyond simple correlation to uncover the nonlinear relationships and interaction effects governing injury severity. The model identifies speed-related factors, driver age, and traffic exposure as primary predictors. More critically, the SHAP analysis quantitatively reveals significant synergistic risks, demonstrating that the combination of non-dry road surfaces and poor lighting conditions drastically amplifies injury severity. These findings offer granular insights for the “smart management” and development of “resilient infrastructures,” enabling targeted interventions like adaptive lighting systems and dynamic risk warnings. This study not only provides critical safety solutions for grade crossings but also showcases the power of XAI as a robust tool for “advanced analysis” across various complex transportation safety problems, ultimately contributing to the creation of safer and more reliable ITS. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Theory, Method and Application of New Energy and Intelligent Transportation)
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17 pages, 587 KB  
Review
Permeable Pavements: An Integrative Review of Technical and Environmental Contributions to Sustainable Cities
by Eric Franco, Enedir Ghisi, Igor Catão Martins Vaz and Liseane Padilha Thives
Water 2025, 17(22), 3323; https://doi.org/10.3390/w17223323 (registering DOI) - 20 Nov 2025
Abstract
Rapid urban growth and the expansion of impervious surfaces have intensified environmental issues such as flooding, water pollution, and urban heat islands. Permeable pavements have emerged as a green infrastructure solution to mitigate these impacts and support the sustainable development of cities. The [...] Read more.
Rapid urban growth and the expansion of impervious surfaces have intensified environmental issues such as flooding, water pollution, and urban heat islands. Permeable pavements have emerged as a green infrastructure solution to mitigate these impacts and support the sustainable development of cities. The aim of this study was to conduct an integrative review on the state of the art of permeable pavements, with a focus on their technical and environmental contributions. The methodology followed the PRISMA guidelines, using the Scopus database to select the most cited articles across four thematic areas: Life Cycle Assessment; infiltration capacity and pollutant retention; mitigation of heat islands and flooding; and the impacts of climate and clogging. The results show that, despite the initial cost and production-related impacts, permeable pavements offer long-lasting benefits, including reduced surface runoff, pollutant filtration, and evaporative cooling. The main economic limitations identified were clogging, which decreases system efficiency, and the high implementation cost, highlighting the need for regular maintenance and innovations in materials. In summary, permeable pavements are an effective strategy for sustainable urban development, but their longevity depends on proper design and maintenance. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Urban Water Management)
27 pages, 3487 KB  
Article
Stability Assessment of Unilateral External Fixator Configurations for Open Tibial Fractures: An Experimental Study
by Elmedin Mešić, Nedim Pervan, Adil Muminović, Edvin Rahman and Bakir Muminović
Appl. Sci. 2025, 15(22), 12327; https://doi.org/10.3390/app152212327 (registering DOI) - 20 Nov 2025
Abstract
The primary objective of external fixation is to stabilize bone fractures, with the mechanical characteristics of the fixation system playing a critical role in shaping the biomechanical environment of the fracture and, consequently, the healing process. This study presents an experimental investigation of [...] Read more.
The primary objective of external fixation is to stabilize bone fractures, with the mechanical characteristics of the fixation system playing a critical role in shaping the biomechanical environment of the fracture and, consequently, the healing process. This study presents an experimental investigation of the stability of eight unilateral external fixation configurations applied to an open tibial fracture. The stiffness of each configuration was evaluated under axial compression, anterior–posterior (AP) bending, medial–lateral (ML) bending, and torsional loading. In addition, the effects of structural parameters—such as the number of half-pins, planarity of the configuration, and interfragmentary distance—on fixator stiffness and generated stresses were examined. The results revealed a linear relationship between applied load and both bone segment displacement and principal stresses. Biomechanical tests demonstrated that biplanar configurations provide sufficient stability for open tibial fractures, while simultaneously offering an optimal structural design for the fixation system. Moreover, the number of half-pins was identified as a statistically significant factor influencing configuration stiffness under axial loading and torsion, with biplanar configurations proving particularly effective in torsional scenarios. However, in AP and ML bending tests, neither configuration type nor any individual parameter produced statistically significant differences in bending stiffness. Interestingly, interfragmentary distance did not exert a statistically significant effect on configuration stiffness under any loading condition. Furthermore, neither configuration type nor the analyzed parameters had a notable influence on the principal stresses measured at the control points. Full article
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19 pages, 770 KB  
Article
A Study on Acceptance Intention of Extruded Pellet for Olive Flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus) Based on the UTAUT2 Model
by Nam-Lee Kim, Kang-Woong Kim and Do-Hoon Kim
Sustainability 2025, 17(22), 10406; https://doi.org/10.3390/su172210406 (registering DOI) - 20 Nov 2025
Abstract
This study aims to examine the factors influencing the acceptance of extruded pellet (EP) usage among Korea’s olive flounder farming households by analyzing their acceptance factors to provide recommendations for its wider adoption. A survey was conducted among olive flounder farming households, and [...] Read more.
This study aims to examine the factors influencing the acceptance of extruded pellet (EP) usage among Korea’s olive flounder farming households by analyzing their acceptance factors to provide recommendations for its wider adoption. A survey was conducted among olive flounder farming households, and 188 valid questionnaires were collected. To examine the factors influencing EP acceptance intention, the UTAUT2 (extended unified theory of acceptance and use of technology) model was used. The independent variables were categorized into performance expectancy, effort expectancy, facilitating conditions, social influence, price value, and reliability as independent variables, while acceptance intention was considered as the dependent variable, to derive measurement items. In addition, the differences between the two groups were analyzed by using the aquaculture region and the manager’s experience as moderating variables. The hypothesis testing showed that performance expectancy, effort expectancy, social influence, price value, and reliability factors had a positive effect on acceptance intention, while facilitating conditions did not show a significant effect. The analysis of the moderating effect of the aquaculture region indicated a significant difference between the Jeju-do and Jeollanam-do groups. Conversely, the moderating effect of experience showed no significant difference between those with more experience (≥10 years) and those with less (<10 years). Full article
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24 pages, 1999 KB  
Article
The Rise of the Chaebol: A Bibliometric Analysis of Business Groups in South Korea
by Artur F. Tomeczek
J. Risk Financial Manag. 2025, 18(11), 658; https://doi.org/10.3390/jrfm18110658 (registering DOI) - 20 Nov 2025
Abstract
South Korea has become one of the most important economies in Asia. The largest Korean multinational firms are affiliated with influential family-owned business groups known as the chaebol. Despite the surging academic popularity of the chaebol, there is a considerable knowledge gap in [...] Read more.
South Korea has become one of the most important economies in Asia. The largest Korean multinational firms are affiliated with influential family-owned business groups known as the chaebol. Despite the surging academic popularity of the chaebol, there is a considerable knowledge gap in the bibliometric analysis of business groups in Korea. In an attempt to fill this gap, the article aims to provide a systematic review of the chaebol and the role that business groups have played in the economy of Korea. Three distinct bibliometric networks are analyzed, namely the scientific collaboration network, bibliographic coupling network, and keyword co-occurrence network. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Economic and Financial Institutions: Their Development and Performance Throughout History)
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28 pages, 5549 KB  
Article
RMH-YOLO: A Refined Multi-Scale Architecture for Small-Target Detection in UAV Aerial Imagery
by Fan Yang, Min He, Jiuxian Liu and Haochen Jin
Sensors 2025, 25(22), 7088; https://doi.org/10.3390/s25227088 (registering DOI) - 20 Nov 2025
Abstract
Unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) vision systems have been widely deployed for aerial monitoring applications, yet small-target detection in UAV imagery remains a significant challenge due to minimal pixel representation, substantial scale variations, complex background interference, and varying illumination conditions. Existing object detection algorithms [...] Read more.
Unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) vision systems have been widely deployed for aerial monitoring applications, yet small-target detection in UAV imagery remains a significant challenge due to minimal pixel representation, substantial scale variations, complex background interference, and varying illumination conditions. Existing object detection algorithms struggle to maintain high accuracy when processing small targets with fewer than 32 × 32 pixels in UAV-captured scenes, particularly in complex environments where target-background confusion is prevalent. To address these limitations, this study proposes RMH-YOLO, a refined multi-scale architecture. The model incorporates four key innovations: a Refined Feature Module (RFM) that fuses channel and spatial attention mechanisms to enhance weak feature representation of small targets while maintaining contextual integrity; a Multi-scale Focus-and-Diffuse (MFFD) network that employs a focus-diffuse transmission pathway to preserve fine-grained spatial details from high-resolution layers and propagate them to semantic features; an efficient CS-Head detection architecture that utilizes parameter-sharing convolution to enable efficient processing on embedded platforms; and an optimized loss function combining Normalized Wasserstein Distance (NWD) with InnerCIoU to improve localization accuracy for small targets. Experimental validation on the VisDrone2019 dataset demonstrates that RMH-YOLO achieves a precision and recall of 53.0% and 40.4%, representing improvements of 8.8% and 7.4% over the YOLOv8n baseline. The proposed method attains mAP50 and mAP50:95 of 42.4% and 25.7%, corresponding to enhancements of 9.2% and 6.4%, respectively, while maintaining computational efficiency with only 1.3 M parameters and 16.7 G FLOPs. Experimental results confirm that RMH-YOLO effectively improves small-target detection accuracy while maintaining computational efficiency, demonstrating its broad application potential in diverse UAV aerial monitoring scenarios. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Computer Vision for Object Detection and Tracking with Sensor-Based Applications)
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15 pages, 1483 KB  
Article
Comparative Evaluation of Color Stability and Fracture Resistance of CAD/CAM and Chairside Provisional Restorations: An In Vitro Study
by Florina Titihazan, Ioana Veja, Cristian Zaharia, Tareq Hajaj, Cosmin Sinescu, George Dumitru Constantin and Mihai Rominu
J. Funct. Biomater. 2025, 16(11), 426; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb16110426 (registering DOI) - 20 Nov 2025
Abstract
Background and Objectives: Provisional restorations are essential in fixed prosthodontics, ensuring esthetics, function, and biological protection during treatment. Recent advances in CAD/CAM technologies have enabled the fabrication of provisional materials with enhanced color stability and fracture resistance compared to conventional chairside polymeric materials. [...] Read more.
Background and Objectives: Provisional restorations are essential in fixed prosthodontics, ensuring esthetics, function, and biological protection during treatment. Recent advances in CAD/CAM technologies have enabled the fabrication of provisional materials with enhanced color stability and fracture resistance compared to conventional chairside polymeric materials. This study aimed to compare the color stability and fracture strength of provisional crowns fabricated using CAD/CAM and a conventional direct chairside technique. Materials and Methods: A total of 40 provisional crowns (four materials, n = 10 each group) were fabricated for a mandibular molar 3.6 using two workflows: CAD/CAM-milled poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA), high-impact polymer composite (HIPC; Bredent), and Ambarino composite (Creamet), and directly fabricated 3M™ Protemp™ (Scutan technique), respectively. Color stability was evaluated after seven-day immersion in coffee and red wine at 37 °C using a spectrophotometer (CIE L*a*b* system). Fracture resistance (Fmax) was measured under axial load in a universal testing machine. Data were analyzed by one-way ANOVA and Tukey’s HSD (α = 0.05). Results: Significant differences were observed among materials (F(3,36) = 212.6, p < 0.001). HIPC showed the highest mean fracture resistance (2068.9 ± 104.0 N), followed by PMMA (1215.8 ± 61.4 N) and 3M™ Protemp™ (1183.4 ± 86.4 N), while Ambarino exhibited the lowest (555.4 ± 25.4 N). Regarding color stability, Ambarino demonstrated the smallest ΔE* (1.1 ± 0.2), followed by PMMA (2.0 ± 0.3), HIPC (2.8 ± 0.3), and Protemp™ (4.9 ± 0.4). Only Protemp™ exceeded the clinical perceptibility threshold (ΔE* > 3.3). Conclusions: Both manufacturing methods and material compositions significantly influence the optical and mechanical properties of provisional restorations. CAD/CAM-milled HIPC and PMMA provided superior fracture strength and clinically acceptable color stability, suggesting their suitability for long-term or high-load temporary crowns compared with chairside-fabricated composites, particularly in posterior regions. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Restorative Dentistry Materials)
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19 pages, 1639 KB  
Article
Science Translation in Late Qing Christian Periodicals and the Disciplinary Transformation of Chinese Lixue
by Mingyu Lu and Aiai Lin
Religions 2025, 16(11), 1472; https://doi.org/10.3390/rel16111472 (registering DOI) - 20 Nov 2025
Abstract
Missionary periodicals during the late Qing dynasty played a crucial role in introducing, translating, and systematizing Western scientific knowledge, thereby facilitating China’s transition from the traditional epistemic frameworks of “Lixue” to modern academic disciplines. Situated within a framework of knowledge transmission and disciplinary [...] Read more.
Missionary periodicals during the late Qing dynasty played a crucial role in introducing, translating, and systematizing Western scientific knowledge, thereby facilitating China’s transition from the traditional epistemic frameworks of “Lixue” to modern academic disciplines. Situated within a framework of knowledge transmission and disciplinary formation mediated by Chinese Christianity, this study moves beyond prior scholarship that mainly focused on individual missionary figures such as Young John Allen or specific publications like The Church News. Instead, it adopts a broader perspective, employing an integrated quantitative and qualitative analysis to examine their collective role in scientific modernization and disciplinization. The research argues that translational activities in these publications fundamentally reshaped China’s knowledge landscape. It specifically traces the semantic evolution of “Gezhi” (格致) and the transformation of “Lixue” from a moral-philosophical tradition toward the modern natural sciences. By reconstructing this process, the paper illuminates how Chinese Christianity contributed to knowledge structuring and academic modernization, highlighting its significant impact on contemporary disciplines such as Translation Studies. The findings underscore the multifaceted interactions among religious media, knowledge production, and social change. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Chinese Christianity and Knowledge Development)
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20 pages, 5228 KB  
Article
Region-Specific Roles of TGF-β2 and Angiotensin II in Fibrotic and Inflammatory Remodeling of the Optic Nerve Head
by Si-Eun Oh, Jie-Hyun Kim, Se-Eun Park, Chan-Kee Park and Hae-Young Lopilly Park
Cells 2025, 14(22), 1830; https://doi.org/10.3390/cells14221830 (registering DOI) - 20 Nov 2025
Abstract
This study investigated the region-specific roles of transforming growth factor-β2 (TGF-β2) and angiotensin II (AngII) in extracellular matrix (ECM) remodeling and inflammatory responses within scleral tissues surrounding the optic nerve head (ONH), using primary human fibroblasts from posterior sclera, peripapillary sclera (ppScl), and [...] Read more.
This study investigated the region-specific roles of transforming growth factor-β2 (TGF-β2) and angiotensin II (AngII) in extracellular matrix (ECM) remodeling and inflammatory responses within scleral tissues surrounding the optic nerve head (ONH), using primary human fibroblasts from posterior sclera, peripapillary sclera (ppScl), and fibroblast-like cells from lamina cribrosa (LC). In vivo validation was performed in a chronic ocular hypertension rat model. Fibrotic and inflammatory markers were analyzed by Western blotting, quantitative PCR, and immunocytochemistry following TGF-β2 or AngII stimulation, and in vivo effects were assessed after subtenon injection of pathway-specific inhibitors. TGF-β2 induced robust upregulation of α-smooth muscle actin, collagen type I, and fibronectin across all scleral regions, whereas AngII elicited regionally confined pro-inflammatory responses, particularly in the LC and ppScl, characterized by increased cyclooxygenase-2 expression. Inhibition of either pathway reduced ECM deposition in vivo, but only AngII blockade significantly attenuated glial activation and preserved retinal ganglion cells. These findings demonstrate that TGF-β2 predominantly drives fibrosis, while AngII promotes region-specific neuroinflammation, and that inflammation, rather than fibrosis alone, plays a critical role in glaucomatous neurodegeneration. Targeting both fibrotic and inflammatory mechanisms in a region-specific manner may offer improved neuroprotection in glaucoma. Full article
15 pages, 1210 KB  
Article
Theoretical-Experimental Analysis to Elucidate the Mechanism of Action of Novel Anabolic Agents
by Israel Quiroga, Maura Cardenas-Garcia, María Guadalupe Hernández-Linares, Gabriel Guerrero-Luna and Fermín Flores-Manuel
Molecules 2025, 30(22), 4486; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules30224486 (registering DOI) - 20 Nov 2025
Abstract
Research into muscle tissue pathologies offers great opportunities for new pharmaceutical agents. Current therapies, including corticosteroids and immunosuppressants, have limited efficacy and significant adverse effects. In this context, steroidal hydrazone compound 4d was investigated for its ability to promote muscle growth and regeneration [...] Read more.
Research into muscle tissue pathologies offers great opportunities for new pharmaceutical agents. Current therapies, including corticosteroids and immunosuppressants, have limited efficacy and significant adverse effects. In this context, steroidal hydrazone compound 4d was investigated for its ability to promote muscle growth and regeneration as a potential anabolic and regenerative modulator. Flow cytometry analysis showed that 4d significantly increases cell populations in S phase, indicating a strong proliferative stimulus in pathways regulated by TNF-α, AKT, MAFbX, and SMAD2/3. Molecular docking studies showed that 4d shares strong interactions with the known MasR agonist (EP-2825), exhibiting a higher predicted binding affinity. Furthermore, 4d demonstrated the ability to interact with ACVR1/2A receptors, mimicking the binding profiles of known antagonists and potentially inhibiting myostatin/SMAD signaling. Taken together, experimental and computational evidence supports a dual-mechanistic model in which 4d promotes muscle proliferation and regeneration by (1) activating the MasR–PI3K/AKT/mTOR axis and (2) inhibiting the ACVR1/2A–SMAD pathway, counteracting the action of myostatin. These findings position compound 4d as a promising therapeutic candidate against muscle wasting disorders, including cancer-related cachexia, by inducing a robust and multifactorial anabolic response. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue A Themed Issue in Honor of the 20th Anniversary of the Mexican Academy of Organic Chemistry (AMQO))
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21 pages, 3427 KB  
Article
The Intertwined Factors Affecting Altimeter Sigma0
by Graham D. Quartly
Remote Sens. 2025, 17(22), 3776; https://doi.org/10.3390/rs17223776 (registering DOI) - 20 Nov 2025
Abstract
Radar altimeters receive radio-wave reflections from nadir and determine surface parameters from the strength and shape of the return signal. Over the oceans, the strength of the return, termed sigma0 (σ0), is strongly related to the small-scale roughness of the [...] Read more.
Radar altimeters receive radio-wave reflections from nadir and determine surface parameters from the strength and shape of the return signal. Over the oceans, the strength of the return, termed sigma0 (σ0), is strongly related to the small-scale roughness of the ocean surface and is used to estimate near-surface wind speed. However, a number of other factors affect σ0, and these need to be estimated and compensated for when developing long-term consistent σ0 records spanning multiple missions. Aside from unresolved issues of absolute calibration, there are various geophysical factors (sea surface temperature, wave height and rain) that have an effect. The choice of the waveform retracking algorithm also affects the σ0 values, with the four-parameter Maximum Likelihood Estimator introducing a strong dependence on waveform-derived mispointing and the use of delay-Doppler processing leading to apparent variation with spacecraft radial velocity. As all of these terms have strong geographical correlations, care is required to disentangle these various effects in order to establish a long-term consistent record. This goal will enable a better investigation of the long-term changes in wind speed at sea. Full article
14 pages, 1439 KB  
Article
Lab- and Pilot-Scale Effects of Spirulina (Limnospira sp.) Biomass Produced from Brewery Wastewater Treatment as a Biofertilizer for Barley (Hordeum vulgare) in Passo Fundo, Brazil
by Arthur Lima e Silva, Daniel Kurpan, Arthur Costa dos Santos, Thalia de Souza Silva, Isadora de Oliveira Santo, Victor Rafael Leal de Oliveira, Bruna de Lemos Novo, Layon Carvalho de Assis, Michelle Amario, Raphael de Oliveira Ribeiro, Bernardo Ferreira Braz, Fernando Henrique Cincotto, Ricardo Erthal Santelli, Elisabete Barbarino, Rosane de Oliveira Nunes, Daniel Perrone, Ricardo Sposina Sobral Teixeira, Luiz Carlos Bertolino, Denise Maria Guimarães Freire and Anita Ferreira do Valle
Agriculture 2025, 15(22), 2397; https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture15222397 (registering DOI) - 20 Nov 2025
Abstract
Microalgae have been proposed for the bioremediation of wastewater, as well as for biofertilization and biostimulation of several plant species. This study used Limnospira sp. biomass produced in brewery wastewater to formulate a pelletized biofertilizer. Its efficacy in promoting barley (Hordeum vulgare [...] Read more.
Microalgae have been proposed for the bioremediation of wastewater, as well as for biofertilization and biostimulation of several plant species. This study used Limnospira sp. biomass produced in brewery wastewater to formulate a pelletized biofertilizer. Its efficacy in promoting barley (Hordeum vulgare) growth was then compared with chemical fertilizers and a control group without fertilization on lab- and pilot-scale setups. On a 100-day lab-scale experiment under controlled light (260–280 µmol photons m−2 s−1) and temperature (20 ± 2 °C), minor differences in plant growth were observed, whereas the elemental composition of the barley plants did not differ, including toxic elements. On a pilot-scale agricultural setup (5 m2) under environmental conditions, barley productivity, protein content, and the percentage of class I grains (diameter ≥ 2.5 mm) significantly increased based on the different dressing techniques used (p < 0.05). Using the microalgae-based biofertilizer for both base and top dressing increased productivity, protein content, and grain size (% class I) by 26.9%, 14.4%, and 8.78%, respectively, compared to using chemical fertilizers (NPK 5:20:20 and urea). These results indicate the great potential of using microalgae biomass from wastewater treatment as biofertilizer for more sustainable agriculture. Full article
(This article belongs to the Topic Soil Fertility and Plant Nutrition for Sustainable Agriculture—2nd Edition)
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29 pages, 4768 KB  
Article
Enhancing the Valorization of Spent Pleurotus Substrate Through Anaerobic Digestion by Extracted Enzymes
by Diana Constantinescu-Aruxandei, Alexandru Vlaicu, Daria Gabriela Popa, Ștefan-Ovidiu Dima, Mălina Deșliu-Avram, Alin Cristian Nicolae Vintilă, Marius Ghiurea, Mihaela Cilțea-Udrescu, Ioana Popa-Tudor, Naomi Tritean, Georgeta Ramona Ivan, Cristian-Andi Nicolae, Mihaela Ganciarov, Gabriel Vasilievici and Florin Oancea
Agronomy 2025, 15(11), 2663; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy15112663 (registering DOI) - 20 Nov 2025
Abstract
Spent mushroom substrate (SMS) could be used as a substrate in anaerobic digestion (AD), but some studies have reported modest production and yield of methane. Several solutions have been proposed to mitigate this issue, such as co-digestion with other substrates, various pretreatments, and [...] Read more.
Spent mushroom substrate (SMS) could be used as a substrate in anaerobic digestion (AD), but some studies have reported modest production and yield of methane. Several solutions have been proposed to mitigate this issue, such as co-digestion with other substrates, various pretreatments, and the use of additives. In this study we report for the first time the possibility of enhancing the process of methane production from spent Pleurotus substrate (SPS) using a pretreatment with enzymes recovered by a simple aqueous extraction from SPS. This represents an alternative to harsher chemical and physical pretreatment methods. The pretreatment increased the methane production from SPS by 16% at saturation, and a 25% faster anaerobic digestion process was obtained. After 2 days of AD, the methane volume for SPS + enzyme was 287 ± 9 NmL, approaching the maximum of 295 ± 14 NmL obtained for this variant, and was 39% more than SPS without pretreatment (207 ± 16 NmL). Pleurotus cultivation, AD, and the enzymes increased the crystallinity of the substrate. The enzymes increased the chemical oxygen demand, total carbon, and the concentration of pentanoic acid and 2-methyl-butanoic acid and decreased the concentration of hexanoic acid in the liquid digestate. The pretreatment increased, in general, the P and K content in the liquid and solid digestates. All data were compared with the hay used for Pleurotus cultivation. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue A Path for Circular Economy in Agriculture: From Organic Waste to Sustainable Energy and Soil Fertility)
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14 pages, 1193 KB  
Article
Feature-Guided Machine Learning for Studying Passive Blood–Brain Barrier Permeability to Aid Drug Discovery
by Baining Zhu and Suwei Liu
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025, 26(22), 11228; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms262211228 (registering DOI) - 20 Nov 2025
Abstract
Effective prediction of blood–brain barrier (BBB) permeability remains essential for central nervous system drug development. This study evaluates multiple supervised machine learning models using a public dataset of permeable and non-permeable compounds. Random Forest models demonstrate optimal balance between accuracy and generalizability, outperforming [...] Read more.
Effective prediction of blood–brain barrier (BBB) permeability remains essential for central nervous system drug development. This study evaluates multiple supervised machine learning models using a public dataset of permeable and non-permeable compounds. Random Forest models demonstrate optimal balance between accuracy and generalizability, outperforming more complex gradient boosting methods that were prone to overfitting. Feature analysis identifies NH/OH and NO group counts as key determinants of passive diffusion, with reduced hydrogen bond donor and heteroatom counts enhancing permeability. Additionally, model performance deteriorates at NH/OH count = 3, establishing this as a decision boundary where hydrogen bonding complexity disrupts reliable prediction. This study shows the non-linear structure-permeability relationships that challenge traditional descriptor-based approaches, while demonstrating that machine learning can simultaneously provide both accurate prediction and applicable insights for drug discovery applications. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Molecular Pharmacology)
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41 pages, 2559 KB  
Article
Locating Causes of Inconsistency in a Variability Model for Software Product Line
by Younghun Han, Sungwon Kang and Jihyun Lee
Appl. Sci. 2025, 15(22), 12328; https://doi.org/10.3390/app152212328 (registering DOI) - 20 Nov 2025
Abstract
One of the central activities of software product line development is variability modeling for a product family. Because variability models are needed at various stages of software product line development, determining whether a variability model has been modeled correctly is an essential activity [...] Read more.
One of the central activities of software product line development is variability modeling for a product family. Because variability models are needed at various stages of software product line development, determining whether a variability model has been modeled correctly is an essential activity for successful software product line development. Existing studies proposed various methods for analysis of various aspects of correctness of a variability model. In particular, analyzing whether a variability model is consistent or not is considered the most important analysis perspective since it is impossible to configure products from such a model. There are few studies in the software product line field that locate causes of inconsistency in a variability model. Furthermore, these existing methods cannot locate the exact causes of inconsistency due to the fact that the feature model they are based on allows ambiguity in its parent–child relationship or due to the fact that they are designed to produce explanations rather than locations of causes, resulting in producing long and complex explanations as the size of the feature model increases. In this work, we propose a method that determines whether or not a variability model has an inconsistency and identifies the exact locations of its causes if it has an inconsistency. To evaluate the proposed method, we developed a tool that automatically performs all the steps of the method and used it to conduct experiments with 49 models, including real-world variability models. As a result, the proposed method accurately identified all models with an inconsistency and located all causes of inconsistency in them. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Computing and Artificial Intelligence)
29 pages, 941 KB  
Review
Nanoparticles Used for the Delivery of RNAi-Based Therapeutics
by Tianrui Ren, Liang Ma, Ping Fu and Chuyue Zhang
Pharmaceutics 2025, 17(11), 1502; https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics17111502 (registering DOI) - 20 Nov 2025
Abstract
RNA interference (RNAi) offers programmable, sequence-specific silencing via small interfering RNA (siRNA) and microRNA (miRNA), but clinical translation hinges on overcoming instability, immunogenicity, and inefficient endosomal escape. This review synthesizes advances in non-viral nanocarriers—liposomes, polymeric nanoparticles, and extracellular vesicles (EVs)—that stabilize nucleic acids, [...] Read more.
RNA interference (RNAi) offers programmable, sequence-specific silencing via small interfering RNA (siRNA) and microRNA (miRNA), but clinical translation hinges on overcoming instability, immunogenicity, and inefficient endosomal escape. This review synthesizes advances in non-viral nanocarriers—liposomes, polymeric nanoparticles, and extracellular vesicles (EVs)—that stabilize nucleic acids, tune biodistribution, and enable organ- and cell-selective delivery. We highlight design levers that now define the field: ligand-guided targeting, stimuli-responsive release, biomimicry and endogenous carriers, and rational co-delivery with small molecules. Across major disease areas—cancer and cardiovascular, respiratory, and urological disorders—these platforms achieve tissue-selective uptake (e.g., macrophages, endothelium, and myocardium), traverse physiological barriers (including the blood–brain barrier and fibrotic stroma), and remodel hostile microenvironments or immune programs to enhance efficacy while maintaining favorable safety profiles. Early clinical studies reflect this diversity, spanning targeted nanoparticles, local drug depots, exosome and cellular carriers, and inhaled formulations, e.g., and converge on core phase-I endpoints (safety, maximum tolerated dose, pharmacokinetics/pharmacodynamics, and early activity). Looking ahead, priorities include good manufacturing practice scale, consistent manufacture—especially for EVs; more efficient loading and cargo control; improved endosomal escape and biodistribution; and rigorous, long-term safety evaluation with standardized, head-to-head benchmarking. Emerging directions such as in vivo EVs biogenesis, theragnostic integration, and data-driven formulation discovery are poised to accelerate translation. Collectively, nanoparticle-enabled RNAi has matured into a versatile, clinically relevant toolkit for precise gene silencing, positioning the field to deliver next-generation therapies across diverse indications. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Pharmaceutical Applications of Vesicle and Nanocarrier Delivery Strategies)
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20 pages, 4419 KB  
Article
Optimal Power Purchase Model and Pricing Mechanism of Green Power Parks Considering Power Quality Responsibility Sharing
by Changhai Yang, Ding Li, Yuxuan Wang, Zhe Qiu and Shuaibing Li
Energies 2025, 18(22), 6065; https://doi.org/10.3390/en18226065 (registering DOI) - 20 Nov 2025
Abstract
With the increasing share of renewable energy, green power parks face challenges such as high electricity purchasing costs and fluctuations in power quality. To address these issues, this paper proposes an integrated optimization method based on power quality responsibility modeling and a differentiated [...] Read more.
With the increasing share of renewable energy, green power parks face challenges such as high electricity purchasing costs and fluctuations in power quality. To address these issues, this paper proposes an integrated optimization method based on power quality responsibility modeling and a differentiated reward–penalty pricing mechanism (DRPPM). First, an integrated operation model of “source–grid–load–storage” is established. Within the pressure–state–response (PSR) framework, power quality deviations are quantified and mapped into economic costs. Then, a differentiated reward–penalty pricing mechanism is designed to dynamically adjust power quality deviations through a continuous function, guiding users toward adaptive energy consumption behavior. Finally, a green power park in Gansu Province dominated by wind and photovoltaic generation is used as a case study with four typical simulation scenarios. The results show that the proposed mechanism reduces the park’s electricity purchasing cost and increases the green power consumption ratio by up to 74.9%. Meanwhile, it effectively improves power quality indicators such as frequency, voltage, and harmonics. The study verifies the comprehensive advantages of the proposed framework in terms of economy, energy efficiency, and stability, providing a reference for low-carbon and efficient operation of high-energy-consumption green power parks. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section F1: Electrical Power System)
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22 pages, 1579 KB  
Article
Integrated Sediment and Mussel Chemical Analysis for Environmental Quality Assessment in Rovinj’s Coastal Waters (Northern Adriatic, Croatia)
by Jadranka Pelikan, Kristina Grozić, Luca Privileggio, Dijana Pavičić-Hamer, Mirta Smodlaka Tanković, Kristina Pikelj, Marin Glad and Bojan Hamer
J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2025, 13(11), 2212; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse13112212 (registering DOI) - 20 Nov 2025
Abstract
Marine sediments are a key component of aquatic ecosystems, linking diverse water uses, functions, and services. Chemical contamination of sediments is a global concern, with many jurisdictions striving to prevent future pollution and manage existing contamination. This study evaluates the contamination status of [...] Read more.
Marine sediments are a key component of aquatic ecosystems, linking diverse water uses, functions, and services. Chemical contamination of sediments is a global concern, with many jurisdictions striving to prevent future pollution and manage existing contamination. This study evaluates the contamination status of Rovinj’s coastal waters using an integrated approach that combines sediment and biota chemical analyses. Sediments were analyzed to assess long-term contaminant accumulation (D8.C1), while the Mediterranean mussel (Mytilus galloprovincialis) served as a bioindicator of bioavailable contaminants and their cumulative effects on marine habitats (D8.C2). Sediment samples were collected from five sites (S1–S5), and mussels were caged using Mussel Watch installations for approximately 120 days at a control site (Lim Bay) and within Rovinj harbor. Both matrices were analyzed for heavy metals (As, Cd, Cu, Cr, Hg, Ni, Pb, and Zn), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (16 PAHs), and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), following the EU Water Framework Directive. All sampled locations showed a reduction in sediment contamination relative to 2011 data, with most concentrations below ecotoxicological thresholds. Exceptions included elevated ΣPAH and PCB concentrations in the harbor (S1 = 3.18 mg/kg DW; 0.33 mg/kg DW) and marina (S2 = 3.64 mg/kg DW; 0.89 mg/kg DW), as well as Ni levels (S3 = 30 mg/kg DW; S4 = 34 mg/kg DW). Despite higher contaminant loads at some locations, mussel contaminant bioaccumulation remained limited, and their vitality and survival were only moderately affected in the harbor. Although localized increases in some contaminants were detected, all calculated QPECm values remained below 1.0, indicating no significant ecological risk. However, a moderate-to-high probability of toxic effects (P) may occur with long-term exposure for biota inhabiting harbor and marina areas. The results of this study demonstrate continued improvement in the environmental quality of Rovinj’s coastal waters compared to the previous decade. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Assessment and Monitoring of Coastal Water Quality)
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44 pages, 6363 KB  
Review
Cracking the Sulfur Code: Garlic Bioactive Molecules as Multi-Target Blueprints for Drug Discovery
by Faizul Azam, Md Jamir Anwar, Jordan Kahfi, Suliman A. Almahmoud and Abdul-Hamid Emwas
Pharmaceuticals 2025, 18(11), 1766; https://doi.org/10.3390/ph18111766 (registering DOI) - 20 Nov 2025
Abstract
Garlic (Allium sativum L.) has served as a food source and medicinal agent for over thousands of years. Bioactive constituents, including allicin, diallyl sulfide/disulfide/trisulfide, ajoene, and S-allyl-cysteine, demonstrate antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antithrombotic, antineoplastic, antimicrobial and neuroprotective properties. Convergent mechanistic evidence suggests the [...] Read more.
Garlic (Allium sativum L.) has served as a food source and medicinal agent for over thousands of years. Bioactive constituents, including allicin, diallyl sulfide/disulfide/trisulfide, ajoene, and S-allyl-cysteine, demonstrate antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antithrombotic, antineoplastic, antimicrobial and neuroprotective properties. Convergent mechanistic evidence suggests the modulation of redox homeostasis, attenuation of pro-inflammatory signaling, regulation of platelet activation, and induction of apoptosis and cell-cycle arrest in tumor models. Computational studies, in conjunction with wet-lab data, offer molecular-level insights and guide candidate prioritization. Density functional theory elucidates radical-scavenging pathways and electronic descriptors that account for redox activity. Structure-based methods, including docking, molecular dynamics, and MM-GBSA, elucidate potential interactions between organosulfur scaffolds and enzymes or receptors pertinent to pharmacological effects. In silico ADME/Tox platforms predict generally favorable oral absorption for hydrophobic allyl sulfides, while polar derivatives exhibit more limited brain penetration. Emerging AI/ML pipelines combine network pharmacology with QSAR to focus on important targets and chemical types, while also spotting potential development. Formulation strategies, including nanoencapsulation and controlled-release systems, are utilized to stabilize labile thiosulfinates and modulate hydrogen-sulfide-releasing profiles, with potential applications in various disease conditions. Significant challenges encompass the standardization of preparations, variability in pharmacokinetics, heterogeneity in dose–response relationships, and interactions between drugs and nutrients or other drugs. The integration of mechanistic, computational, and formulation insights delineates a systematic approach to progress garlic-derived agents from diverse natural products to reproducible, mechanism-guided pharmaceuticals. Full article
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15 pages, 1965 KB  
Article
“Face” as Method: Aesthetic Experiment and Era Reflections in Jia Zhangke’s Caught by the Tides
by Hanbin Wang
Arts 2025, 14(6), 150; https://doi.org/10.3390/arts14060150 (registering DOI) - 20 Nov 2025
Abstract
In Jia Zhangke’s Caught by the Tides, the “face” serves not only as a visual subject but also as a methodology. Continuing the previous realistic shooting style, this film utilizes the faces of ordinary individuals as a poignant commentary on the era. [...] Read more.
In Jia Zhangke’s Caught by the Tides, the “face” serves not only as a visual subject but also as a methodology. Continuing the previous realistic shooting style, this film utilizes the faces of ordinary individuals as a poignant commentary on the era. Simultaneously, by leveraging the proper noun “Zhao Tao’s face,” it achieves nonverbal emotional expression while sketching the evolution of Chinese independent film aesthetics. Compared to faces captured in moving images, the faces of lifelike “quasi-human” sculpture resist being fixed as mere images through their vivid presence, autonomously generating narrative momentum by being viewed across different times and spaces. Moreover, in this media age of breakneck technological advancement, the “crisis of the face” has also transformed into a broader “existential crisis.” How to preserve the warmth and vitality of the human face may be the most profound and provocative question the film leaves its audience. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Detailed Study of Films: Adjusting Attention)
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33 pages, 4386 KB  
Article
Research Based on a Fuzzy Algorithm for Energy Saving Single-Phased Powered Pumps
by Wangsheng Sun, Haiqing Si, Haibo Wang and Gen Li
Machines 2025, 13(11), 1070; https://doi.org/10.3390/machines13111070 (registering DOI) - 20 Nov 2025
Abstract
Water pumps consume roughly 20% of global electricity, yet 60–70% of pumps operate below optimal efficiency, leading to substantial energy waste. Improving pump efficiency is therefore critical. A major contributor to these losses is the low efficiency of the driving motor at reduced [...] Read more.
Water pumps consume roughly 20% of global electricity, yet 60–70% of pumps operate below optimal efficiency, leading to substantial energy waste. Improving pump efficiency is therefore critical. A major contributor to these losses is the low efficiency of the driving motor at reduced speeds and the lack of variable-speed capability—especially in single-phase pumps. This paper presents a fuzzy-logic–FOC (field oriented control) permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) pump system that can run on either three-phase or single-phase power. The system maintains high efficiency across a wide speed range and saves energy not only through variable-speed operation but also via an intelligent control strategy termed “constant flow, variable pressure.” To assess performance, we conducted experiments comparing the proposed fuzzy-logic FOC controlled PMSM pump and a conventional AC asynchronous induction motor pump. The results show that the new system overcomes the inherent lack of speed regulation in traditional single-phase pumps and significantly improves efficiency across diverse operating conditions. Moreover, by implementing the “constant flow, variable pressure” strategy, the system achieves average energy savings estimated at 30–50% compared with a conventional AC asynchronous motor-driven pump. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Automation and Control Systems)
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28 pages, 1524 KB  
Systematic Review
The Role of HMB Supplementation in Enhancing the Effects of Resistance Training in Older Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis on Muscle Quality, Body Composition, and Physical Function
by Alberto García-Alonso, Juan Luis Sánchez-González, Víctor Navarro-López, Roberto Méndez-Sánchez and Luis Polo-Ferrero
Nutrients 2025, 17(22), 3624; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17223624 (registering DOI) - 20 Nov 2025
Abstract
Background/Objectives: Resistance training (RT) is a key strategy to counteract age-related declines in muscle strength and physical function. β-hydroxy-β-methylbutyrate (HMB) has been proposed as a complementary supplement to enhance these adaptations. However, the additional effects of RT plus HMB (RT+HMB) compared with RT [...] Read more.
Background/Objectives: Resistance training (RT) is a key strategy to counteract age-related declines in muscle strength and physical function. β-hydroxy-β-methylbutyrate (HMB) has been proposed as a complementary supplement to enhance these adaptations. However, the additional effects of RT plus HMB (RT+HMB) compared with RT alone remain unclear. This systematic review and meta-analysis evaluated the effects of RT+HMB versus RT alone on body composition, muscle quality (MQ), and physical function in older adults. Methods: Following PRISMA guidelines (PROSPERO: CRD420251144810), six databases (PubMed, Scopus, Cochrane Library, CINAHL, Web of Science, and ScienceDirect) were searched up to July 2025. Randomized controlled trials comparing RT+HMB with RT alone were included. Methodological quality was assessed with the PEDro scale and risk of bias using Cochrane RoB 2. Pooled standardized mean differences (SMDs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated. Results: Ten trials (n = 596) met inclusion criteria. RT+HMB produced modest and borderline significant improvements in handgrip strength (SMD 0.24; 95% CI 0.00–0.48; p = 0.05) and moderate benefits in Short Physical Performance Battery (SPPB) scores (SMD 0.54; 95% CI 0.12–0.95; p = 0.01). No significant effects were observed for gait speed, appendicular lean mass, MQ, fat mass, or body weight (p > 0.05). Five trials (50%) were rated at high risk of bias, limiting confidence in pooled estimates. Conclusions: HMB supplementation combined with RT may yield modest improvements in functional performance, particularly handgrip strength and overall physical function, without statically significant effects in body composition and MQ. Further high-quality RCTs are warranted to confirm its clinical relevance. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutritional Status in Community-Dwelling Older Adults)
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20 pages, 2026 KB  
Article
Global Sensitivity and Mathematical Modeling for Zoonotic Lassa Virus Transmission and Disability in Critical Cases in the Light of Fractional Order Model
by Ibrahim Aldayel, Osamah AbdulAziz Aldayel and El Mehdi Farah
Symmetry 2025, 17(11), 2011; https://doi.org/10.3390/sym17112011 (registering DOI) - 20 Nov 2025
Abstract
Lassa fever remains a significant zoonotic threat in West Africa, characterized by complex human-to-human and rodent-to-human transmission pathways and prolonged immune responses. Existing integer-order models often neglect the long-term memory and delayed recovery effects inherent to the disease. In this study, we develop [...] Read more.
Lassa fever remains a significant zoonotic threat in West Africa, characterized by complex human-to-human and rodent-to-human transmission pathways and prolonged immune responses. Existing integer-order models often neglect the long-term memory and delayed recovery effects inherent to the disease. In this study, we develop and analyze a fractional-order Caputo model for Lassa fever transmission incorporating disability feedback among recovered individuals. The model captures memory-dependent infection and recovery dynamics, offering a more realistic description of epidemic persistence. The model is symmetric when the fractional approach to unity where it recovers its classical ODE counterpart. Analytical results establish the positivity, boundedness, existence, and uniqueness of solutions, while Picard stability and contraction mapping confirm well-posedness within the fractional framework. A Grünwald–Letnikov discretization scheme is constructed for numerical simulation, validated under varying fractional orders (λ∈[0.7,1]). The results reveal that decreasing the fractional order slows the infection decay rate and prolongs epidemic duration, highlighting the biological significance of memory effects. A global sensitivity analysis based on Latin Hypercube Sampling and Partial Rank Correlation Coefficients (LHS–PRCC) identifies the rodent-to-human transmission rate (κ1), human-to-human transmission rate (η1), and rodent interaction rate (ξr) as the most influential parameters. These findings provide critical insight into the control and management of Lassa fever through rodent population control, improved recovery rates, and early human intervention. The fractional-order formulation thus extends existing models both mathematically and epidemiologically by capturing delayed dynamics and disability-induced feedback mechanisms. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Symmetry in Nonlinear Equations: Mathematical Models, Methods and Applications Ⅱ)
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18 pages, 358 KB  
Article
Shaping Italy as a Tourist Destination: Language, Translation, and the DIETALY Project (1919–1959)
by Mirella Agorni
Tour. Hosp. 2025, 6(5), 253; https://doi.org/10.3390/tourhosp6050253 (registering DOI) - 20 Nov 2025
Abstract
This article presents the initial findings of the DIETALY project (Destination Italy in English Translation Over the Years), which explores the role of language and translation in shaping Italy’s international image as a tourist destination from the 1920s to the 1950s. Focusing on [...] Read more.
This article presents the initial findings of the DIETALY project (Destination Italy in English Translation Over the Years), which explores the role of language and translation in shaping Italy’s international image as a tourist destination from the 1920s to the 1950s. Focusing on the national tourism agency ENIT, it analyses brochures, booklets and related materials produced for English-speaking markets during a period marked by Fascism, economic depression and post-war reconstruction. The study reveals that translation, localisation and adaptation were pivotal to ENIT’s communication strategy, facilitating cultural representation and adapting discourse in response to cultural, political and market changes. A case study of the Italy brochure series (1920–1937) illustrates the transition from literal translations to more adaptive, market-sensitive forms of linguistic mediation, reflecting growing awareness of audience expectations in Britain and the United States. Alongside this historical inquiry, the DIETALY project is developing a database that systematises the metadata of these dispersed materials. Although still in progress, this database is designed to support future qualitative and quantitative research, complementing the project’s demonstration of how ENIT’s multilingual discourse contributed to the construction of Italy’s identity as an attractive tourist destination for international audiences. Full article
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22 pages, 4488 KB  
Article
Research on Dynamic Control Strategies for Intermittent Bus Lanes in Mixed Traffic Flow Environments
by Yuan Gao, Shiyao Cui and Yibing Yue
Technologies 2025, 13(11), 539; https://doi.org/10.3390/technologies13110539 (registering DOI) - 20 Nov 2025
Abstract
The traditional intermittent bus lane control struggles to achieve an effective balance between bus priority and lane utilization efficiency. To address this limitation, this study proposes a dynamic control strategy that enables the borrowing of intermittent bus lanes in mixed traffic flow environments [...] Read more.
The traditional intermittent bus lane control struggles to achieve an effective balance between bus priority and lane utilization efficiency. To address this limitation, this study proposes a dynamic control strategy that enables the borrowing of intermittent bus lanes in mixed traffic flow environments and constructs a connected vehicle control model encompassing both the target intersection and its upstream segment. First, a dynamic clearance framework is established on the dedicated lane based on the real-time speed of buses. Concurrently, the target connected and automated vehicle (CAV) predicts the traffic signal status upon its arrival at the stop line to determine its traversable zone at the bus lanes. Subsequently, a coordinated control strategy is designed for the dynamic clearance framework and the traversable zone, leading to the development of lane-changing decision models under four distinct scenarios. This approach allows CAVs to dynamically utilize residual lane resources without compromising bus operations. Finally, using average vehicle delay as the evaluation metric, a comparative simulation analysis is conducted against the traditional bus lane utilization method across four dimensions: connected vehicle penetration rate, traffic flow saturation, right-turn proportion, and bus departure frequency. The experimental results demonstrate that the proposed strategy significantly improves both bus priority and overall traffic efficiency. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Intelligent Driving Technology)
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18 pages, 8395 KB  
Article
Ensemble Integration of Pedestrian Safety Indicators for Robust Pedestrian Flood Risk Assessment in Urban Inundation Conditions
by Inhwan Park, Dogyu Lee, Jaehyun Shin and Dong Sop Rhee
Water 2025, 17(22), 3322; https://doi.org/10.3390/w17223322 (registering DOI) - 20 Nov 2025
Abstract
Increasing rainfall intensity and altered temporal patterns due to climate change pose significant threats to pedestrian safety in highly urbanized areas. Reliable pedestrian safety assessment is therefore essential for evacuation planning and flood risk management. This study evaluated pedestrian stability under various rainfall [...] Read more.
Increasing rainfall intensity and altered temporal patterns due to climate change pose significant threats to pedestrian safety in highly urbanized areas. Reliable pedestrian safety assessment is therefore essential for evacuation planning and flood risk management. This study evaluated pedestrian stability under various rainfall patterns and return periods using four instability indicators derived from hydraulic and empirical formulations. To mitigate indicator-dependent variability, the normalized indicators were combined into an integrated instability index through an ensemble-averaging approach. The flood-intensity-based indicator systematically underestimated non-walkable areas compared with force-balance-based indicators, whereas the integrated index produced more consistent spatial patterns of pedestrian risk across rainfall scenarios. The most hazardous conditions occurred under the 1 h, Huff fourth-quartile storm, highlighting the influence of late-peaking rainfall on short-duration urban flooding. These findings demonstrate that the proposed ensemble-averaged framework enhances the robustness of pedestrian flood risk evaluation and provides a quantitative basis for prioritizing mitigation measures and evacuation planning in urban areas. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Analysis and Simulation of Urban Floods)
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