MDPI - Publisher of Open Access Journals

17 pages, 2562 KB

Open AccessArticle

Aqueous Solutions of Oil-Soluble Polyglycerol Esters: Structuring and Emulsifying Abilities

by Rumyana Stanimirova, Mihail Georgiev, Krassimir Danov and Jordan Petkov

Molecules 2025, 30(23), 4507; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules30234507 (registering DOI) - 22 Nov 2025

The polyglycerol esters (PGEs) of fatty acids have a wide range of HLB values and applications in diverse industries, such as pharmaceuticals and cosmetics. While the physicochemical properties of oil-soluble PGEs dissolved in oil phases are well studied in the literature, there is [...] Read more.

The polyglycerol esters (PGEs) of fatty acids have a wide range of HLB values and applications in diverse industries, such as pharmaceuticals and cosmetics. While the physicochemical properties of oil-soluble PGEs dissolved in oil phases are well studied in the literature, there is no information on their structuring in aqueous phases and emulsifying abilities. We combined rheological and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) measurements and microscopy observations to characterize the dependence of oil-soluble PGE structuring in aqueous phases on the PGE concentration, the temperature of solution homogenization, and the PGE molecular structure. Excellent correlations between the considerable changes in solution viscosity and the temperatures of the two endo- and exothermic peaks in the DSC thermograms are observed. Single-tail PGE molecules, which have a higher number of polyglycerol units, are better organized in networks, and the viscosity of their aqueous solutions is higher compared to that of the respective double-tail PGE molecules. PGEs exhibit good emulsifying ability and the viscosity of the produced emulsions at room temperature can differ by orders of magnitudes depending on the temperature of emulsification. The reported properties of oil-soluble PGEs could be of interest for increasing the range of their applicability in practice. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Development and Application of Environmentally Friendly Surfactants)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

32 pages, 3228 KB

Open AccessArticle

MMTE: Micro-Moment Based Lightweight Trust Evaluation Model with Trust Spheres for Scalable Social IoT

by Raza Ul Mustafa, Alan McGibney and Susan Rea

Technologies 2025, 13(12), 543; https://doi.org/10.3390/technologies13120543 (registering DOI) - 22 Nov 2025

Abstract

The proliferation of the Social Internet of Things (SIoT) necessitates robust and scalable trust management systems to ensure secure and reliable interactions among heterogeneous devices. However, existing trust management models often lack scalability for large SIoT environments. To address this, a lightweight trust [...] Read more.

The proliferation of the Social Internet of Things (SIoT) necessitates robust and scalable trust management systems to ensure secure and reliable interactions among heterogeneous devices. However, existing trust management models often lack scalability for large SIoT environments. To address this, a lightweight trust evaluation model for SIoT, referred to as Micro-Moment (MMTE), is presented here. MMTE evaluates trust based on concise, context specific, repetitive, and high-frequency interactions, termed micro-moments among SIoT devices. The MMTE model is evaluated using the Lysis dataset, which is extracted from a real SIoT environment, and demonstrates superior resource efficiency compared to existing SIoT trust models with significantly lower CPU time, memory, and disk usage. MMTE’s linear complexity and simple design make it more resource efficient and scalable than other lightweight trust models, especially when processing large-scale data in heterogeneous SIoT networks. Moreover, MMTE accurately distinguishes 99.35% of malicious nodes in a simulated smart home environment. Furthermore, a numerical comparison clearly demonstrates that MMTE outperforms existing and recently published trust models in terms of classifying malicious and benign nodes. To enhance scalability, the concept of trust spheres is introduced, and devices with similar trust scores are grouped to streamline processing and storage demands. Sphere Anchors manage the trust spheres and efficiently distribute computational tasks and optimize storage through an adaptive storage strategy. The trust spheres also efficiently manage increasing network sizes, maintaining linear processing times as the traffic load increases, and also outperform existing models in terms of average propagation times. MMTE and trust spheres together provide a robust, scalable, and lightweight solution for trust management in SIoT networks. Full article

31 pages, 3732 KB

Open AccessArticle

An Advantage Actor–Critic-Based Quality of Service-Aware Routing Optimization Mechanism for Optical Satellite Network

by Wei Zhou, Bingli Guo, Xiaodong Liang, Qingsong Luo, Boying Cao, Zongxiang Xie, Ligen Qiu, Xinjie Shen and Bitao Pan

Photonics 2025, 12(12), 1148; https://doi.org/10.3390/photonics12121148 (registering DOI) - 22 Nov 2025

Abstract

To support the 6G vision of seamless “space–air–ground-integrated” global coverage, optical satellite networks must enable high-speed, low-latency, and intelligent data transmission. However, conventional inter-satellite laser link-based optical transport networks suffer from inefficient bandwidth utilization and nonlinear latency accumulation caused by multi-hop routing, which [...] Read more.

To support the 6G vision of seamless “space–air–ground-integrated” global coverage, optical satellite networks must enable high-speed, low-latency, and intelligent data transmission. However, conventional inter-satellite laser link-based optical transport networks suffer from inefficient bandwidth utilization and nonlinear latency accumulation caused by multi-hop routing, which severely limits their ability to support ultra-low-latency and real-time applications. To address the critical challenges of high topological complexity and stringent real-time requirements in satellite elastic optical networks, we propose an asynchronous advantage actor–critic-based quality of service-aware routing optimization mechanism for the optical inter-satellite link (OISL-AQROM). By establishing a quantitative model that correlates the optical service unit (OSU) C value with node hop count, the algorithm enhances the performance of latency-sensitive services in dynamic satellite environments. Simulation results conducted on a Walker-type low Earth orbit (LEO) constellation comprising 1152 satellites demonstrate that OISL-AQROM reduces end-to-end latency by 76.3% to 37.6% compared to the traditional heuristic multi-constrained shortest path first (MCSPF) algorithm, while supporting fine-grained dynamic bandwidth adjustment down to a minimum granularity of 2.6 Mbps. Furthermore, OISL-AQROM exhibits strong convergence and robust stability across diverse traffic loads, consistently outperforming MCSPF and deep deterministic policy gradient (DDPG) algorithm in overall efficiency, load adaptability, and operational reliability. The proposed algorithm significantly improves service quality and transmission efficiency in commercial mega-constellation optical satellite networks, demonstrating engineering applicability and potential for practical deployment in future 6G infrastructure. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Emerging Technologies for 6G Space Optical Communication Networks)

15 pages, 1660 KB

Open AccessArticle

MLD-Net: A Multi-Level Knowledge Distillation Network for Automatic Modulation Recognition

by Xihui Zhang, Linrun Zhang, Meng Zhang, Zhenxi Zhang, Peiru Li, Xiaoran Shi and Feng Zhou

Sensors 2025, 25(23), 7143; https://doi.org/10.3390/s25237143 (registering DOI) - 22 Nov 2025

Abstract

Automatic Modulation Recognition (AMR) is a critical technology for intelligent wireless communication systems, but the deployment of high-performance deep learning models is often hindered by their substantial computational and memory requirements. To address this challenge, this paper proposes a multi-level knowledge distillation network, [...] Read more.

Automatic Modulation Recognition (AMR) is a critical technology for intelligent wireless communication systems, but the deployment of high-performance deep learning models is often hindered by their substantial computational and memory requirements. To address this challenge, this paper proposes a multi-level knowledge distillation network, namely MLD-Net, for creating a lightweight and powerful AMR model. Our approach employs a large Transformer-based network as a teacher to guide the training of a compact and efficient Reformer-based student model. The knowledge contained in the large model is transferred across three distinct granularities: at the output level, to convey high-level predictive distributions; at the feature level, to align intermediate representations; and at the attention level, to propagate relational information about signal characteristics. This comprehensive distillation strategy empowers the student model to effectively emulate the teacher’s complex reasoning processes. Experimental results on the RML2016.10A benchmark dataset demonstrate that MLD-Net achieves state-of-the-art performance, outperforming other baseline models across a wide range of signal-to-noise ratios while requiring only a fraction of the parameters. Extensive ablation study further confirms the collaborative contribution of each distillation level, validating that the proposed MLD-Net is an effective solution for developing lightweight and efficient AMR networks for edge deployment. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section State-of-the-Art Sensors Technologies)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

31 pages, 3368 KB

Open AccessArticle

Improved PPG Peak Detection Using a Hybrid DWT-CNN-LSTM Architecture with a Temporal Attention Mechanism

by Galya Georgieva-Tsaneva

Computation 2025, 13(12), 273; https://doi.org/10.3390/computation13120273 (registering DOI) - 22 Nov 2025

Abstract

This study proposes an enhanced deep learning framework for accurate detection of P-peaks in noisy photoplethysmographic (PPG) signals, utilizing a hybrid architecture that integrates wavelet-based analysis with neural network components. The P-peak detection task is formulated as a binary classification problem, where the [...] Read more.

This study proposes an enhanced deep learning framework for accurate detection of P-peaks in noisy photoplethysmographic (PPG) signals, utilizing a hybrid architecture that integrates wavelet-based analysis with neural network components. The P-peak detection task is formulated as a binary classification problem, where the model learns to identify the presence of a peak at each time step within fixed-length input windows. A temporal attention mechanism is incorporated to dynamically focus on the most informative regions of the signal, improving both localization and robustness. The proposed architecture combines Discrete Wavelet Transform (DWT) for multiscale signal decomposition, Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) for morphological feature extraction, and Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) networks for capturing temporal dependencies. A temporal attention layer is introduced after the recurrent layers to enhance focus on time steps with the highest predictive value. An evaluation was conducted on 30 model variants, exploring different combinations of input types, decomposition levels, and activation functions. The best-performing model—Type30, which includes DWT (3 levels), CNN, LSTM, and attention—achieves an accuracy of 0.918, precision of 0.932, recall of 0.957, and F1-score of 0.923. The findings demonstrate that attention-enhanced hybrid architectures are particularly effective in handling signal variability and noise, making them highly suitable for real-world applications in wearable PPG monitoring, digital twins for Heart Rate Variability (HRV), and intelligent health systems. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Computational Engineering)

31 pages, 1593 KB

Open AccessArticle

The Impact of Digital Governance on Energy Efficiency: Evidence from E-Government Pilot City in China

by Xiaoling Li, Weiting Huang and Jilong Liu

Sustainability 2025, 17(23), 10475; https://doi.org/10.3390/su172310475 (registering DOI) - 22 Nov 2025

Abstract

The digital economy plays a transformative role in enhancing energy efficiency and promoting sustainable development globally. As a key manifestation of digital governance, e-government has emerged as a vital instrument for accelerating the digital transformation of public administration and modernizing governance systems. This [...] Read more.

The digital economy plays a transformative role in enhancing energy efficiency and promoting sustainable development globally. As a key manifestation of digital governance, e-government has emerged as a vital instrument for accelerating the digital transformation of public administration and modernizing governance systems. This study examines the impact of digital governance on urban energy efficiency by analyzing China’s E-Government Pilot City (EPC) policy as a quasi-natural experiment. Using a Difference-in-Differences (DID) approach and balanced panel data from 282 prefecture-level cities (2006–2020), we find that the EPC policy significantly improves total factor energy efficiency (TFEE) by an average of 2.60%. Mechanism analyses reveal that digital governance enhances energy efficiency through industrial structure upgrading, green technology innovation, and foreign direct investment attraction. Heterogeneity analyses indicate that the policy’s benefits are more pronounced in larger, non-resource-based, and non-old industrial base cities, as well as in regions with stronger institutional environments and advanced digital infrastructure. However, spatial spillover effects suggest that while the EPC policy boosts local energy efficiency, it may inadvertently reduce efficiency in neighboring areas due to competitive dynamics and industrial relocation. These findings underscore the importance of tailored and coordinated policy designs to maximize the energy efficiency benefits of digital governance. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Digital Governance and Digital Innovation for Sustainable Development)

12 pages, 635 KB

Open AccessArticle

Histopathological Verification of Abnormal Cytology Results Suggesting High-Grade Intraepithelial Lesions in Women over 50 Years of Age—Evaluation of the Clinical Utility of Conventional Gynecological Cytology

by Wiktoria Utkowska, Brygida Tucka, Jakub Szyszkowski, Krzysztof Krasuski, Artur Ludwin and Barbara Suchońska

J. Clin. Med. 2025, 14(23), 8305; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm14238305 (registering DOI) - 22 Nov 2025

Abstract

Objectives: Cervical cancer remains a major health concern worldwide. In women aged ≥ 50, diagnostic accuracy may be compromised due to menopausal changes such as atrophy and squamocolumnar junction displacement. Cytology remains the primary screening tool in many regions, including Poland, although [...] Read more.

Objectives: Cervical cancer remains a major health concern worldwide. In women aged ≥ 50, diagnostic accuracy may be compromised due to menopausal changes such as atrophy and squamocolumnar junction displacement. Cytology remains the primary screening tool in many regions, including Poland, although its sensitivity and specificity are limited. This study assessed the concordance between cytological diagnoses of high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (HSILs); atypical squamous cells, which cannot exclude HSIL (ASC-H); atypical glandular cells (AGCs); and histopathological verification in women aged ≥ 50 years, highlighting the limitations of current diagnostic pathways. Methods: A retrospective analysis was conducted on women aged ≥ 50 years referred between 2018–2024 with abnormal cytology. All patients underwent colposcopic assessment followed by histopathological verification supported by p16 immunostaining. Cytological and histopathological results were compared. Associations between clinical variables and diagnostic concordance were tested using the chi-square test (α = 0.05). Results: Among 79 patients, histopathology confirmed high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions with cervical intraepithelial neoplasia grade 2 or higher (HSIL/CIN2+) in 38%. Low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions with cervical intraepithelial neoplasia grade 1 (LSIL/CIN1) were found in 11%, and vaginal intraepithelial neoplasia grade 1 (VAIN1) in 4%, while 47% demonstrated inflammatory changes or no abnormalities. HSIL cytology showed the highest concordance, whereas AGC was more frequently associated with benign findings. No statistically significant association was detected between cytology accuracy and clinical characteristics (p > 0.05), highlighting the need for further studies in larger cohorts. Conclusions: In women aged ≥ 50, abnormal cytology frequently overestimated the severity of cervical pathology. Reliance on cytology alone may lead to overtreatment or misclassification, particularly in the presence of atrophic or inflammatory changes. Complementary use of human papillomavirus (HPV) genotyping and molecular markers alongside histopathological verification is recommended to enhance diagnostic precision in this population. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Obstetrics & Gynecology)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

19 pages, 780 KB

Open AccessReview

Functional 14-3-3 Proteins: Master Regulators in Plant Responses to Salt Stress

by Dongxue Tang, Yiwu Zhao, Zhongliang Wang, Junwen Kong, Naiqing Dong, Ling Zheng and Shuangshuang Zhao

Plants 2025, 14(23), 3568; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14233568 (registering DOI) - 22 Nov 2025

Abstract

14-3-3 proteins are highly conserved regulatory molecules that play a central role in plant responses to salt stress. These proteins modulate the activity, stability, and localization of diverse target proteins. This review summarizes current advances in understanding the multifaceted roles of 14-3-3 proteins [...] Read more.

14-3-3 proteins are highly conserved regulatory molecules that play a central role in plant responses to salt stress. These proteins modulate the activity, stability, and localization of diverse target proteins. This review summarizes current advances in understanding the multifaceted roles of 14-3-3 proteins in salt stress signaling. Specifically, it details how 14-3-3 proteins interact with and regulate diverse components, including protein kinases, phosphatases, ion channels and transporters, proton pumps, metabolic enzymes, and transcription factors. These interactions are predominantly phosphorylation-dependent and often involve calcium (Ca²⁺) and other second messengers. Additionally, 14-3-3 proteins themselves are subject to post-translational regulation, such as phosphorylation and ubiquitination, which fine-tune their stability and activity under stress conditions. This review highlights 14-3-3 proteins as versatile molecular switches in salt stress signaling, integrating diverse signals to orchestrate stress tolerance mechanisms. It also identifies critical knowledge gaps and outlines future research directions aimed at leveraging these proteins for improving crop resilience to salinity stress, an ongoing challenge in modern agriculture. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Abiotic Stress Responses in Plants—Second Edition)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

16 pages, 3370 KB

Open AccessArticle

A New Hope for All-Diamond Electrodes? The Interdigitated Double Diamond Electrode

by Manuel Zulla, Carolin Messerschmidt, Hanadi Ghanem, Johannes Bähr, Lukas Hegemann and Stefan Rosiwal

Electrochem 2025, 6(4), 41; https://doi.org/10.3390/electrochem6040041 (registering DOI) - 22 Nov 2025

Abstract

Nowadays, the development of efficient water treatment processes is increasingly driven by the need to provide solutions for contaminants of emerging concern. Electrochemical advanced oxidation processes (EAOPs) based on diamond electrodes can be part of innovative removal concepts. However, expensive substrates, energy-intensive chemical [...] Read more.

Nowadays, the development of efficient water treatment processes is increasingly driven by the need to provide solutions for contaminants of emerging concern. Electrochemical advanced oxidation processes (EAOPs) based on diamond electrodes can be part of innovative removal concepts. However, expensive substrates, energy-intensive chemical vapor deposition (CVD) of diamond, and market availability complicate matters for diamond electrodes to gain traction in the water treatment sector. In addition, it has to be stated that the mining and complex processing of necessary substrates like Si, Ti, Nb, or Ta need a significant amount of fresh water, which counteracts the need for more sustainability in the field of EAOPs. In this context, a ceramic-based boron-doped diamond (BDD) electrode is presented, which addresses this dilemma. The presented concept of the so-called interdigitated double diamond electrode (iDDE) consumes 14–46% less energy in batch-mode experiments to degrade an organic model molecule compared to standard BDD technology in a poorly conductive electrolyte (κ < 350 µS/cm). Laser-induced micro-structuring of the BDD layer reduces the interelectrode spacing (IES) of the iDDE to below 50 µm. The structuring approach at the micrometer scale enables the treatment of electrically low-conductivity electrolytes more energy efficiently, while reducing the need for a supporting electrolyte or a proton exchange membrane. Degradation experiments and Raman measurements reveal different properties of an iDDE compared to standard BDD technology. The iDDE concept highlights the need to understand the significance of non-uniform current density distributions on the general electrochemical activity of BDD electrodes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feature Papers in Electrochemistry)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

29 pages, 1270 KB

Open AccessArticle

Intensified CO₂ Absorption Process Using a Green Solvent: Rate-Based Modelling, Sensitivity Analysis, and Scale-Up

by Morteza Afkhamipour, Mohammad Shamsi, Seyedsaman Mousavian and Tohid N. Borhani

Processes 2025, 13(12), 3774; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr13123774 (registering DOI) - 22 Nov 2025

Abstract

Ionic liquids (ILs) are recognized as environmentally friendly solvents due to their high CO₂ absorption capacity, ease of recovery, and chemical stability, making them a promising alternative to conventional solvents for CO₂ capture. In this study, a rate-based mathematical model was [...] Read more.

Ionic liquids (ILs) are recognized as environmentally friendly solvents due to their high CO₂ absorption capacity, ease of recovery, and chemical stability, making them a promising alternative to conventional solvents for CO₂ capture. In this study, a rate-based mathematical model was developed for a rotating packed bed (RPB) absorber employing 1-n-butyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate ([bmim][PF₆]) as the solvent. The model incorporates mass, energy, and momentum balances, coupled with a thermodynamic model whose parameters were determined using experimental data. The rate-based model was validated against experimental results obtained from the RPB absorber. To enhance predictive accuracy, a sensitivity analysis of various mass transfer correlations was conducted, and simulations were performed based on the outcomes of this analysis. The model provided detailed radial profiles of pressure, gas and liquid flow rates, CO₂ concentration, temperature, volumetric mass transfer coefficients, and both gas- and liquid-phase resistances. The results indicated that the CO₂ capture efficiency and mass transfer coefficients in both phases increased with rotational speed along the bed’s radial direction. Furthermore, the RPB was designed for a flue gas stream from a fired heater in a petrochemical unit containing 10.74 mol % CO₂. The optimal liquid-to-gas ratio at a large scale was found to be 0.3 kg/kg, achieving a CO₂ removal efficiency of 98%. Under these conditions, the required motor power at an outer radius of 1.55 m was approximately 24.6 kW. Furthermore, comparison with a conventional packed bed showed that the liquid-phase volumetric mass transfer coefficient in the RPB was significantly higher, confirming its superior mass transfer performance. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue CO₂ Capture and Low-Carbon Hydrogen Production Processes)

19 pages, 1866 KB

Open AccessArticle

Administration of Single or Repeated Doses of CDCs in a Swine Model of Reperfused Myocardial Infarction: Magnetic Resonance and Proteomics Evaluation

by María Ángeles de Pedro, Claudia Báez-Díaz, Inmaculada Jorge, Fátima Vázquez-Lopez, Axiel Torrescusa-Bermejo, Beatriz Martinez-Fernandez, María Pulido, Esther López, Jesús Vázquez, Francisco M. Sánchez-Margallo and Veronica Crisostomo

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025, 26(23), 11294; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms262311294 (registering DOI) - 22 Nov 2025

Abstract

Some studies report better outcomes in cell therapy for myocardial infarction (MI) with repeated administrations. We aimed to elucidate the potential differences in terms of cardiac function and protein expression after one or three doses of cardiosphere-derived cells (CDCs) in a porcine MI [...] Read more.

Some studies report better outcomes in cell therapy for myocardial infarction (MI) with repeated administrations. We aimed to elucidate the potential differences in terms of cardiac function and protein expression after one or three doses of cardiosphere-derived cells (CDCs) in a porcine MI model. CDCs were isolated from swine cardiac explants, cultured in cardiomyocyte growth medium (CGM), and prepared for administration. Pigs surviving a 90 min balloon occlusion of the mid-left anterior descending coronary artery (LAD) were randomly allocated to receive vehicle (CON), one (D1), or three (D3) doses of 30 × 10⁶ CDCs via the infarct-related coronary artery. Cardiac function was assessed with magnetic resonance at baseline and 10 weeks. Programmed electrical stimulation to study arrhythmogenicity was performed at 10 weeks. High-throughput quantitative proteomic analysis of infarcted tissue was performed to identify biological processes based on protein abundance changes between groups. No significant differences were found between the three groups for any cardiac function parameter at 10 weeks. No increase in ventricular tachycardia inducibility was seen in treated groups. However, gene ontology and topological analyses revealed potentially beneficial molecular adaptations. Upregulation of GYS1, AGL, and GBE1 indicated an increase in glycogen biosynthesis and energy availability, while an increase in ANK2, along with hub proteins ALB and TRAP1, suggested cardioprotective effects. Furthermore, the increase in remodeling-related proteins, including EPHA4, PODN, and ALPK3, pointed to favorable structural adaptation following infarction. In conclusion, the intracoronary administration of single or repeated doses of 30 × 10⁶ CDCs to a porcine reperfused MI model shows only slight differential improvement in both cardiac function and protein profile in this experimental setting, thus presenting limited translational potential. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Cellular and Molecular Progression of Cardiovascular Diseases)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

14 pages, 675 KB

Open AccessArticle

Assessing Peripheral Blood Biomarkers and Predictive Patterns in Multiple Sclerosis Using Cytokines and Immune Gene Expression Profiles in Ocrelizumab-Treated Patients: Tracking Tumor Necrosis Factor

by Bojan Jevtić, Nikola Momcilovic, Goran Stegnjaić, Milica Lazarević, Suzana Stanisavljević, Olivera Tamas, Nikola Veselinovic, Maja Budimkic, Sarlota Mesaros, Đorđe Miljković, Tatjana Pekmezovic, Jelena Drulovic and Neda Nikolovski

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025, 26(23), 11295; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms262311295 (registering DOI) - 22 Nov 2025

Abstract

Ocrelizumab, a humanized monoclonal anti-CD20 and B cell-depleting antibody, is a disease-modifying therapy for multiple sclerosis (MS), a chronic inflammatory, demyelinating, and neurodegenerative disease of the central nervous system. However, reliable predictive biomarkers of ocrelizumab’s effectiveness, such as cytokine expression profiles in peripheral [...] Read more.

Ocrelizumab, a humanized monoclonal anti-CD20 and B cell-depleting antibody, is a disease-modifying therapy for multiple sclerosis (MS), a chronic inflammatory, demyelinating, and neurodegenerative disease of the central nervous system. However, reliable predictive biomarkers of ocrelizumab’s effectiveness, such as cytokine expression profiles in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), are lacking. The aim of this study was to identify immunological biomarkers of ocrelizumab treatment response in MS patients, during a two-year follow-up. mRNA expression for specific immune molecules in PBMCs was measured, and consequently correlated with the clinical and radiological parameters of disease activity. PBMCs were obtained from 80 MS patients (35 with relapsing–remitting MS-RRMS and 45 with primary progressive-PPMS), immediately before initiating ocrelizumab treatment and thereafter every 6 months (before the administration of the next dose of ocrelizumab). Expression of the B cell marker CD19; the pro-inflammatory cytokines interleukin (IL)1B, IL6, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF); and a costimulatory cell marker CD86 were determined. In both RMS and PPMS patients treated with ocrelizumab, higher baseline expression of TNF was statistically significantly associated with an increased risk of developing evidence of disease activity and a greater likelihood of disability progression, at month 24. This result implies that PBMCs’ TNF mRNA expression might be potentially considered as a prognostic biomarker of ocrelizumab effectiveness in MS patients. However, further studies comprising large cohorts and additional immunological parameters are warranted. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Multiple Sclerosis: From Molecular Pathology to Novel Therapeutic Approaches)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

25 pages, 3819 KB

Open AccessArticle

Cross-Modal and Contrastive Optimization for Explainable Multimodal Recognition of Predatory and Parasitic Insects

by Mingyu Liu, Liuxin Wang, Ruihao Jia, Shiyu Ji, Yalin Wu, Yuxin Wu, Luozehan Xie and Min Dong

Insects 2025, 16(12), 1187; https://doi.org/10.3390/insects16121187 (registering DOI) - 22 Nov 2025

Abstract

Natural enemies play a vital role in pest suppression and ecological balance within agricultural ecosystems. However, conventional vision-based recognition methods are highly susceptible to illumination variation, occlusion, and background noise in complex field environments, making it difficult to accurately distinguish morphologically similar species. [...] Read more.

Natural enemies play a vital role in pest suppression and ecological balance within agricultural ecosystems. However, conventional vision-based recognition methods are highly susceptible to illumination variation, occlusion, and background noise in complex field environments, making it difficult to accurately distinguish morphologically similar species. To address these challenges, a multimodal natural enemy recognition and ecological interpretation framework, termed MAVC-XAI, is proposed to enhance recognition accuracy and ecological interpretability in real-world agricultural scenarios. The framework employs a dual-branch spatiotemporal feature extraction network for deep modeling of both visual and acoustic signals, introduces a cross-modal sampling attention mechanism for dynamic inter-modality alignment, and incorporates cross-species contrastive learning to optimize inter-class feature boundaries. Additionally, an explainable generation module is designed to provide ecological visualizations of the model’s decision-making process in both visual and acoustic domains. Experiments conducted on multimodal datasets collected across multiple agricultural regions confirm the effectiveness of the proposed approach. The MAVC-XAI framework achieves an accuracy of 0.938, a precision of 0.932, a recall of 0.927, an F1-score of 0.929, an mAP@50 of 0.872, and a Top-5 recognition rate of 97.8%, all significantly surpassing unimodal models such as ResNet, Swin-T, and VGGish, as well as multimodal baselines including MMBT and ViLT. Ablation experiments further validate the critical contributions of the cross-modal sampling attention and contrastive learning modules to performance enhancement. The proposed framework not only enables high-precision natural enemy identification under complex ecological conditions but also provides an interpretable and intelligent foundation for AI-driven ecological pest management and food security monitoring. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Insect Pests Management: Securing Food Security, Human Health, and Natural Resources)

15 pages, 249 KB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Comparison of Impacts of Essential Oils, Green Tea Powder, Betaine, Probiotics, and Other Dietary Supplements on Growth and Well-Being of Heat-Stressed White Pekin Ducks

by Jill R. Domel, Eric B. Sobotik, Gabrielle M. House and Gregory S. Archer

Animals 2025, 15(23), 3382; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15233382 (registering DOI) - 22 Nov 2025

Abstract

Three experiments were conducted to compare different dietary supplements fed to mixed-run White Pekin ducks (n = 48 birds/treatment) reared for 35 d and exposed to ambient temperatures from d 0 to 35 or heat stress (32 °C–35 °C) for 12 h/d [...] Read more.

Three experiments were conducted to compare different dietary supplements fed to mixed-run White Pekin ducks (n = 48 birds/treatment) reared for 35 d and exposed to ambient temperatures from d 0 to 35 or heat stress (32 °C–35 °C) for 12 h/d on d 20–35. The basal diet (CON) was supplemented with 0.5 kg/MT seaweed extract (SE), 2.0 kg/MT betaine (BET), or 1.25 kg/MT yeast fermentate (YF) in Experiment 1; with 0.25 kg/MT mannanoligosaccharide (MOS), 0.5 kg/MT green tea powder (GT), or 0.55 kg/MT Poultry Star synbiotic (PS) in Experiment 2; or with 0.09 kg/MT Essential Oil #1 (EO1), 0.5 kg/MT Essential Oil #2 (EO2), or 0.5 kg/MT Microsaf probiotic (MS) in Experiment 3. Heat stress reduced body weight and feed consumption (Exp. 1–3) and negatively affected measures of stress (Exp. 1 and 2) and at least one measure of intestinal health (Exp. 1–3). Intestinal morphology was improved in birds that were fed EO1, EO2, and MS, and some measures of stress susceptibility were improved in birds that were fed SE, YF, MOS, GT, BET, or PS. Essential oil supplementation may be best used in combination with another of the supplements tested to optimize health and welfare in Pekin ducks. Further research could clarify which combinations are ideal for supporting both intestinal health and stress susceptibility in ducks. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Poultry)

25 pages, 991 KB

Open AccessReview

Satellite DNA Genomics: The Ongoing Story

by Manuel A. Garrido-Ramos, Miroslav Plohl and Eva Šatović-Vukšić

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025, 26(23), 11291; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms262311291 (registering DOI) - 22 Nov 2025

Abstract

Tandemly repeated non-coding sequences, widely known as satellite DNAs (satDNAs), are extremely diverse and highly variable components of eukaryotic genomes. In recent years, advances in high-throughput sequencing and new bioinformatics platforms have enabled in-depth studies of all (or nearly all) tandem repeats in [...] Read more.

Tandemly repeated non-coding sequences, widely known as satellite DNAs (satDNAs), are extremely diverse and highly variable components of eukaryotic genomes. In recent years, advances in high-throughput sequencing and new bioinformatics platforms have enabled in-depth studies of all (or nearly all) tandem repeats in any genome (the satellitome), while a growing number of telomere-to-telomere assemblies facilitates their detailed mapping. Research performed on a large number of non-model plant and animal species changed significantly the “classical” view on these sequences, both in an organizational and functional sense, from ballast compacted in the form of heterochromatin to elements that are important for structuring the entire genome, as well as for its functions and evolution. The diversity of repeat families, and the complexity of their intraspecies and interspecies distribution patterns, posed new questions, urging for species-by-species comparative analyses. Here we integrate some basic features of different forms of sequences repeated in tandem and rapidly growing data evidencing extensive dispersal of satDNA sequences in euchromatin, their putative roles and evolutionary significance. Importantly, we also present and discuss various issues brought on by the use of new methodological approaches and point out potential threats to the analysis of satDNAs and satellitomes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Repetitive DNA)

19 pages, 427 KB

Open AccessArticle

Toward Sustainable Integration of Digital Technology in Physical Education: A Teacher-Centered TAM–TPACK Framework for Instructional Design

by Se-Won Park, Seung-Bae Lee and Kwang-Jea Sung

Sustainability 2025, 17(23), 10476; https://doi.org/10.3390/su172310476 (registering DOI) - 22 Nov 2025

Abstract

This study proposes an integrated TAM–TPACK framework that explicates how teachers’ technology acceptance progresses to lesson design and enactment in elementary physical education, using augmented reality (AR) climbing as the focal case. A qualitative case study was conducted with three elementary teachers. Data [...] Read more.

This study proposes an integrated TAM–TPACK framework that explicates how teachers’ technology acceptance progresses to lesson design and enactment in elementary physical education, using augmented reality (AR) climbing as the focal case. A qualitative case study was conducted with three elementary teachers. Data comprised semi-structured interviews, classroom videos, lesson plans, and satisfaction surveys, and were interpreted through directed content analysis. The findings indicate that perceived usefulness (PU) and perceived ease of use (PEU) systematically informed goal setting, feasibility judgments, and content–curriculum alignment, whereas behavioral intention (BI) shaped pedagogical intent and design decisions. Technological Content Knowledge (TCK) and Technological Pedagogical Knowledge (TPK) functioned as core mechanisms that structurally aligned AR functionalities with curricular aims and instructional procedures. Clear correspondences—PU↔TCK, PEU↔TPK, and BI↔TPACK—were identified, conceptually mapping a pathway from technology acceptance to lesson design and classroom enactment. The study advances a concise, empirically grounded, teacher-centered model for digital physical education and underscores the need for standardized adoption criteria, structured professional development, implementation incentives, and equitable access to local infrastructure to support sustained practice as part of a sustainability-oriented digital transformation of physical education systems. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Digital and Sustainable Transformation of Education: Technology Enhanced-Teaching, Learning and Social Inclusion—2nd Edition)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

12 pages, 1179 KB

Open AccessArticle

Effectiveness of Modified Clear Aligner Attachment Designs on Molar Extrusion: An In Vitro Typodont Study

by Aisha Bin Hussain, Tarek Elshazly, Amar Hassan and Ahmed Ghoneima

Dent. J. 2025, 13(12), 551; https://doi.org/10.3390/dj13120551 (registering DOI) - 22 Nov 2025

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Clear aligner therapy (CAT) has become a popular, aesthetic, and comfortable alternative to fixed appliances. Advancement of in-house 3D printing has improved accessibility and customization of aligners. However, their effectiveness in achieving certain tooth movements, particularly extrusion, remains uncertain. This study [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Clear aligner therapy (CAT) has become a popular, aesthetic, and comfortable alternative to fixed appliances. Advancement of in-house 3D printing has improved accessibility and customization of aligners. However, their effectiveness in achieving certain tooth movements, particularly extrusion, remains uncertain. This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of modified aligner designs with different attachment configurations in producing extrusion of the upper first molar using typodont models. Methods: An in vitro study was performed with 400 clear aligners fabricated from shape memory polymer (Graphy Tera Harz TC-85DAC) using a Uniz Slash-C LCD 3D printer. Aligners were divided into four groups (n = 100 each) based on attachment location: no attachment (G1), buccal (G2), palatal (G3), and combined buccal–palatal (G4). Typodont models were used to simulate clinical conditions. Tooth extrusion, inclination, and angulation were measured using CBCT scans (Veraviewepocs 3D R100) and analyzed with Dolphin 3D imaging software. Results: Tooth movement varied by attachment configuration. G1 showed negligible extrusion. G2 and G3 produced significant vertical and angular changes, particularly in cusp extrusion and buccolingual tipping. G4 achieved the most consistent and statistically significant extrusion, with mean values of 0.97 mm (palatal cusp), 0.87 mm (mesiobuccal cusp), 0.72 mm (distobuccal cusp), and 1.62° mesiodistal tipping. The extrusion detected at the mesiobuccal cusp was 0.27, 0.41, 0.95, and 0.87 in G1, G2, G3, and G4, respectively. Buccal-only attachments demonstrated limited effectiveness. Conclusions: Attachment placement significantly affects the efficiency of clear aligners in achieving upper first molar extrusion. Combined buccal and palatal attachments provide superior control of extrusion and tipping movements. Customized attachment strategies may enhance clinical outcomes in CAT. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Innovations and Trends in Modern Orthodontics)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

21 pages, 8848 KB

Open AccessArticle

Investigating the Propagation Mechanisms and Visualization of Airwaves in Marine CSEM Using the Fictitious Wave Domain Method

by Jie Lu and Daicheng Peng

Sensors 2025, 25(23), 7140; https://doi.org/10.3390/s25237140 (registering DOI) - 22 Nov 2025

Abstract

The marine controlled-source electromagnetic (CSEM) method serves as an effective tool for detecting hydrocarbon reservoirs. However, it faces a key challenge in shallow water: the airwave, an EM signal lacking subsurface information, often obscures reservoir responses. Conventional CSEM analysis, conducted in the diffusive [...] Read more.

The marine controlled-source electromagnetic (CSEM) method serves as an effective tool for detecting hydrocarbon reservoirs. However, it faces a key challenge in shallow water: the airwave, an EM signal lacking subsurface information, often obscures reservoir responses. Conventional CSEM analysis, conducted in the diffusive frequency domain (DFD), only captures the steady-state behavior of the airwave, limiting physical insight into its propagation. In this study, we introduce the fictitious wave domain (FWD) method to reinterpret and visualize the airwaves’ trajectory and attenuation, individually. By transforming diffusive EM fields into fictitious lossless propagating waves, the FWD enables the use of kinematic wave concepts such as reflection, refraction, and travel time. The airwave is clearly identified as a refracted wave generated when a transverse electromagnetic (TEM) mode wave impinges perpendicularly on the air–seawater interface. Its path and arrival time become directly observable, allowing clear separation from other wave types. This approach visualizes and extracts the airwave even in complex inhomogeneous seawater, enabling its accurate transformation back to the DFD. The FWD thus provides a powerful tool for enhancing interpretation in marine EM exploration and offers a theoretical foundation for the development of tailored marine electromagnetic sensors. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Sensors and Measurement Methodologies Using Electromagnetic Phenomena)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

26 pages, 1895 KB

Open AccessArticle

A Data-Driven Approach for Integrated Design and Dynamic Optimization Under Water Demand Uncertainty of Renewable Electrodialysis Systems

by Alexia Voutetaki, Konstantinos V. Plakas, Panos Seferlis and Athanasios I. Papadopoulos

Processes 2025, 13(12), 3773; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr13123773 (registering DOI) - 22 Nov 2025

Abstract

This work proposes a modeling framework based on artificial neural networks (ANN) for the integrated design and dynamic optimization of renewable electrodialysis (ED) systems considering water demand uncertainty, using a first-principles ED model as the data source for the development of the ANN. [...] Read more.

This work proposes a modeling framework based on artificial neural networks (ANN) for the integrated design and dynamic optimization of renewable electrodialysis (ED) systems considering water demand uncertainty, using a first-principles ED model as the data source for the development of the ANN. The optimization goal is to identify the optimal photovoltaic (PV) and battery (BAT) capacities and the optimal time-varying ED voltage and flow profiles during the batch process, considering an uncertain distribution of potential water demand for each batch over an annual operating horizon. This is achieved by minimizing the annual capital and operating costs of the renewable ED-PV-BAT system. The ANN model demonstrated excellent predictive capabilities that closely matched the data generated by the ED model, with ± 3.5–9.6% and ± 2.0–4.8% error margins in the prediction intervals at a 95% confidence level. The optimal design resulting from dynamic optimization exhibited a lower cost than the design attained from the steady-state optimization, as the batch time and energy consumption were 50% and 17% lower, respectively. For this design, the energy consumption and nitrate concentration predicted by the ANN were only 0.31% and 1.2% different from the ED model predictions, without any effects on the predicted costs and batch times. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue 1st SUSTENS Meeting: Advances in Sustainable Engineering Systems)

28 pages, 7001 KB

Open AccessArticle

Functional Division of Insect Blood Cells by Single-Cell RNA-Sequencing and Cell-Type-Specific FISH Markers

by Falguni Khan, Gahyeon Jin, Mojtaba Esmaeily, Shiva Haraji, Niayesh Shahmohammadi and Yonggyun Kim

Cells 2025, 14(23), 1842; https://doi.org/10.3390/cells14231842 (registering DOI) - 22 Nov 2025

Abstract

Hemocytes (insect blood cells) consist of several morphological types and perform a variety of physiological processes, including immune responses. However, we do not know how many cell types are functionally differentiated in hemocytes or how they perform independent physiological processes. To address this [...] Read more.

Hemocytes (insect blood cells) consist of several morphological types and perform a variety of physiological processes, including immune responses. However, we do not know how many cell types are functionally differentiated in hemocytes or how they perform independent physiological processes. To address this fundamental question, we analyzed hemocyte transcripts with a single-cell RNA-sequencing (scRNA-Seq) technique. The hemocytes were collected from larvae of a lepidopteran insect, Spodoptera exigua, in which four different hemocyte types were morphologically recognized. scRNA-Seq discriminated 24 hemocyte clusters based on the transcripts of each cell. The clusters were separated into seven functional groups predicted from the top three highly expressed and annotated genes in each cluster: active protein synthesis (12 clusters), apoptosis (5 clusters), melanization (2 clusters), modulating cell shape (6 clusters), antimicrobial peptide production (9 clusters), calcium homeostasis (8 clusters), and cell repairing (1 cluster). Signal components of Toll/IMD immune pathways were variably expressed among the clusters. Biosynthetic genes associated with oxylipin immune mediators were specifically expressed among the clusters. Immune effectors such as melanization and apoptosis were expressed in specific hemocyte clusters. Specifically expressed genes that discriminate hemocyte types were used to develop fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) markers. In addition, five new hemocyte groups, which were not among the four known hemocyte types in the transcript profile, were identified and discriminated with their specific FISH markers. The hemocyte clusters underwent dynamic changes upon immune challenge. A trajectory analysis using the transcriptome suggests at least three different hemocyte differentiation pathways. These results indicate that the hemocytes of S. exigua are functionally highly differentiated and exhibit a dynamic transition in response to environmental changes. Full article

18 pages, 3681 KB

Open AccessArticle

A Novel Chimeric Molecule of Heparanase and Ig-Fc Enables Histochemical and Cytochemical Detection of O-sulfated Heparan Sulfate

by Jia Shi, Momoko Nakamura, Ryoya Baba, Sojiro Arakawa, Arisa Yamaguchi, Tomonori Hariya, Rin Suzuki, Yu Inazuki, Katsuhiko Takahashi, Makoto Tsuiji, Teruaki Oku, Mayumi Komine, Momo Shimekake, Kyohei Higashi, Masao Nakamura, Kazuki Sasaki, Motowo Nakajima, Tatsuro Irimura and Nobuaki Higashi

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025, 26(23), 11293; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms262311293 (registering DOI) - 22 Nov 2025

Abstract

A chimeric protein of heparanase and Ig-Fc was designed as a novel tool to expand the detection of structurally heterogeneous heparan sulfate (HS) and related glycosaminoglycans. The whole mouse heparanase gene was combined with the gene segment encoding the mouse IgG1 hinge-Fc domain. [...] Read more.

A chimeric protein of heparanase and Ig-Fc was designed as a novel tool to expand the detection of structurally heterogeneous heparan sulfate (HS) and related glycosaminoglycans. The whole mouse heparanase gene was combined with the gene segment encoding the mouse IgG1 hinge-Fc domain. A point mutation E335A was inserted to disable putative HS degradation activity. Chimeric proteins consisted of the latent form of the enzyme devoid of HS degradation activity. The chimeric proteins bound to heparin, N-desulfated heparin, and O-sulfated N-acetylheparosan. Their binding spectrum to glycosaminoglycans differed from that of anti-HS mAb 10E4. The chimeric proteins bound to Kato III and A549 cell lines. The binding was reduced by knocking down EXT1 gene expression. One of the chimeric proteins stained the epidermal cells in the hyperplastic spinous layer of inflamed atopic dermatitis skin and inflammatory cells in the dermis, which were not stained with mAb 10E4. The protein stained a polarized structure on the surface of monocytic U937 and THP1 cells. Similar polarized structures were observed with anti-syndecan-1 antibody staining. The chimeric protein and anti-syndecan-1 antibody precipitated similar sets of proteins that included syndecan-1 from the lysates of U937 cells. These novel chimeric proteins are useful to detect HS abundant in O-sulfation in histochemical, cytochemical, and biochemical studies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Heparin, Heparan Sulfate and Heparanase, 2nd Edition)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

18 pages, 1029 KB

Open AccessArticle

Comparison of Audiometric Outcomes Following Acute Labyrinthitis

by Lara Dreu, Maja Gabor, Petra Povalej Bržan and Janez Rebol

Medicina 2025, 61(12), 2083; https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina61122083 (registering DOI) - 22 Nov 2025

Abstract

Background and Objectives: Labyrinthitis is an inflammatory inner ear disorder often resulting in acute vertigo and hearing loss. While typically self-limiting, some cases lead to persistent deficits. This study examined incidence trends of acute labyrinthitis before and after 2020 and compared hearing [...] Read more.

Background and Objectives: Labyrinthitis is an inflammatory inner ear disorder often resulting in acute vertigo and hearing loss. While typically self-limiting, some cases lead to persistent deficits. This study examined incidence trends of acute labyrinthitis before and after 2020 and compared hearing outcomes between these periods. Materials and Methods: This retrospective cohort study included 126 patients diagnosed with acute labyrinthitis at a tertiary medical center between January 2014 and May 2024. Patients were divided into pre-2020 (2014–2019) and post-2020 (2020–2024) cohorts. Poisson regression analyzed incidence trends, while audiometric outcomes were compared in 79 patients with complete 3-month follow-up data. Hearing recovery was assessed using pure-tone averages (PTA) across 500–4000 Hz, and predictors of persistent impairment were identified through multivariable logistic regression. Results: The cohort had a mean age of 47.8 years with female predominance (63.5%). Annual case counts increased significantly post-2020 (19.8 vs. 6.5 cases/year; CRR 3.05, 95% CI 2.07–4.57, p < 0.001). Substantial hearing improvement occurred across all frequencies (median AC improvement 13.8 dB). Hearing recovery was comparable between periods, with similar PTA improvements (−16.7 vs. −15.3 dB, p = 0.73) and equivalent distributions across World Health Organization (WHO) hearing categories (p = 0.64). Baseline hearing level was the strongest predictor of persistent impairment (OR 1.56 per 5 dB increase, 95% CI 1.25–1.95, p < 0.001), while age, sex, and diagnostic period showed no significant association. Among post-2020 patients, only 12.6% had confirmed coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19), and no reliable association with hearing outcomes could be established due to substantial missing data. Conclusions: A significant increase in hospital-diagnosed labyrinthitis cases occurred following 2020, yet hearing outcomes at 3-month follow-up remained consistent with the pre-pandemic period. Baseline hearing level was the primary determinant of recovery, unaffected by demographic factors or diagnostic period. These findings suggest that while pandemic-related factors may have influenced case frequency, they did not alter auditory prognosis or recovery patterns. Full article

► Show Figures

Figure 1

37 pages, 7431 KB

Open AccessArticle

Hybrid Supercapacitor–Battery System for PV Modules Under Partial Shading: Modeling, Simulation, and Implementation

by Imen Challouf, Lotfi Khemissi, Faten Gannouni, Abir Rehaoulia, Anis Sellami, Fayçal Ben Hmida and Mongi Bouaicha

Energies 2025, 18(23), 6110; https://doi.org/10.3390/en18236110 (registering DOI) - 22 Nov 2025

Abstract

This paper describes the modeling, simulation, and experimental validation of a Hybrid supercapacitor–battery Energy Storage System (HESS) for photovoltaic (PV) modules under partial shading. The system is intended to provide an uninterruptible power supply for a DC primary load. The Hybrid Power System [...] Read more.

This paper describes the modeling, simulation, and experimental validation of a Hybrid supercapacitor–battery Energy Storage System (HESS) for photovoltaic (PV) modules under partial shading. The system is intended to provide an uninterruptible power supply for a DC primary load. The Hybrid Power System (HPS) architecture includes a DC/DC boost converter with a Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) algorithm that optimizes photovoltaic (PV) energy extraction. Furthermore, two bidirectional DC–DC converters are dedicated to the battery and supercapacitor subsystems to allow the bidirectional power flow within the HPS. The proposed HESS is evaluated through MATLAB/Simulink simulations and experimentally validated on a prototype using real-time hardware based on the dSPACE DS1104. To optimize power flow within the HPS, two energy management strategies are implemented: the Thermostat-Based Method (TBM) and the Filter-Based Method (FBM). The results indicate that the thermostat-based strategy provides better battery protection under shading conditions. Indeed, with this approach, the battery can remain in standby for 300 s under total permanent shading (100%), and for up to 30 min under dynamic partial shading, thereby reducing battery stress and extending its lifetime. Full article

► Show Figures

Figure 1

38 pages, 3171 KB

Open AccessReview

Emerging Role of Calycosin in Inflammatory Diseases: Molecular Mechanisms and Potential Therapeutic Applications

by Tongzhan Liu, Yifei Ye, Yu Hu and Meixiu Jiang

Biomolecules 2025, 15(12), 1643; https://doi.org/10.3390/biom15121643 (registering DOI) - 22 Nov 2025

Abstract

Inflammatory diseases are a type of disease caused by multiple factors, which are characterized by local or systemic tissue inflammatory reactions, commonly including atherosclerosis, osteoarthritis, non-alcoholic fatty liver, chronic kidney diseases, acute pancreatitis, and tumors. The prevalence of the above diseases is globally [...] Read more.

Inflammatory diseases are a type of disease caused by multiple factors, which are characterized by local or systemic tissue inflammatory reactions, commonly including atherosclerosis, osteoarthritis, non-alcoholic fatty liver, chronic kidney diseases, acute pancreatitis, and tumors. The prevalence of the above diseases is globally high and a growing threat to human health, as well as a huge healthcare burden. In recent years, Chinese herbal medicines have become an important reservoir for the discovery of new drugs and applications due to their unique molecular structures and potential biotherapeutic effects. Numerous studies have confirmed the beneficial effects of natural products in the prevention and treatment of different diseases. Scientific studies on the therapeutic potential of natural products have become a hot topic nowadays, especially regarding the active ingredients of herbs. Calycosin is a kind of isoflavonoid extracted from the root of Radix astragali, exhibiting anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anti-cancer, cardioprotective, hepatoprotective, and neuroprotective activities. Therefore, this review aims to discuss the emerging roles, molecular mechanisms and therapeutic potential of calycosin in resolving inflammatory diseases. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Inflammation—The Surprising Bridge between Diseases)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

16 pages, 303 KB

Open AccessArticle

An Analysis of Online Newspaper Framing of the COVID-19 Vaccine Rollout in Nigeria

by Mohammed Sadiq, Stephen Michael Croucher and Debalina Dutta

Journal. Media 2025, 6(4), 195; https://doi.org/10.3390/journalmedia6040195 (registering DOI) - 22 Nov 2025

Abstract

This study analyzed 911 articles from three major newspapers—Vanguard, Daily Trust, and Leadership—using framing theory to assess coverage. Content analysis revealed most headlines were positively framed. The most prevalent frame was attribution of responsibility, while the morality frame appeared [...] Read more.

This study analyzed 911 articles from three major newspapers—Vanguard, Daily Trust, and Leadership—using framing theory to assess coverage. Content analysis revealed most headlines were positively framed. The most prevalent frame was attribution of responsibility, while the morality frame appeared least frequently. These findings underscore the influential role of media framing in shaping public health perceptions and highlight the impact of social and political influencers on pandemic-related information dissemination. Full article

(This article belongs to the Collection Role of Media and Journalism during COVID-19 Pandemic: Lessons Learned and Future Challenges)

21 pages, 7923 KB

Open AccessArticle

The Role of PPARβ/δ-Related Lipid Metabolism in High-Altitude Adaptation of Yak Coat Based on Proteomics and Metabolomics

by Shijie Li, Yan Cui, Xinrui Li, Xuefeng Bai, Denghui Wang, Pengfei Zhao, Pengqiang Wei, Sijiu Yu and Junfeng He

Cells 2025, 14(23), 1843; https://doi.org/10.3390/cells14231843 (registering DOI) - 22 Nov 2025

Abstract

Background: In the cold plateau environment, the yak’s coat exhibits significant adaptive regulation to cope with adverse conditions. This adaptation is fundamentally governed by the cycle of hair follicles (HFs), a complex process involving numerous molecular signals. However, the key regulators and underlying [...] Read more.

Background: In the cold plateau environment, the yak’s coat exhibits significant adaptive regulation to cope with adverse conditions. This adaptation is fundamentally governed by the cycle of hair follicles (HFs), a complex process involving numerous molecular signals. However, the key regulators and underlying pathways remain poorly understood. Methods: Proteomic and non-targeted metabolomic analyses were employed to systematically investigate changes in proteins and metabolites during the cycle of yak hair follicles. We further validated the expression dynamics of PPARβ/δ and its related molecules, as well as the specific biological role of PPARβ/δ in regulating lipid metabolism and influencing the proliferation and apoptosis of yak dermal papilla cells (DPCs). Results: Proteomic results indicated that lipid-related proteins were among the most significantly altered, second only to hair structural proteins. The PPAR signaling pathway, which regulates lipid metabolism, may also play an important role in the cycle of yak HF. Non-targeted metabolomics revealed that Fatty Acyls were the most significantly altered metabolites during the transitions into anagen and catagen. Notably, unsaturated long-chain fatty acids (PPARβ/δ agonists) were consistently up-regulated in anagen and down-regulated in catagen, whereas saturated long-chain fatty acids (lacking PPARβ/δ agonist activity) did not exhibit a similar trend. PPARβ/δ shows significant expression changes in the dermal papilla (DP) and hair matrix (HM) during the cycle of yak HFs. Specifically, PPARβ/δ expression in the DP underwent progressive downregulation during the transition from anagen to catagen and subsequently to telogen, becoming nearly undetectable in the telogen DP. Cellular experiments confirmed that PPARβ/δ activation significantly reduced intracellular lipid content in yak DPCs and was accompanied by increased proliferation. Conversely, PPARβ/δ inhibition led to intracellular lipid accumulation and decreased proliferation. Conclusions: These findings suggest that PPARβ/δ may regulate the yak HF cycle by modulating lipid metabolism in DP. The level of intrinsic lipid metabolism within HFs may be a key factor influencing yak HF growth. Full article

8 pages, 495 KB

Open AccessArticle

Can the Control of Chronic Spontaneous Urticaria Symptoms Depend on the Stress-Coping Styles?

by Marzena Pluta-Kubicz, Edyta Jura-Szołtys, Radosław Gawlik, Magdalena Feusette, Robert Okuniewicz and Zenon Brzoza

Diagnostics 2025, 15(23), 2965; https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics15232965 (registering DOI) - 22 Nov 2025

Abstract

Background: The symptoms of chronic spontaneous urticaria can be exacerbated or even induced by psychological stress. Assessing the severity of symptoms using the recommended Urticaria Control Test is an important diagnostic step before deciding on the type of pharmacological treatment to be used. [...] Read more.

Background: The symptoms of chronic spontaneous urticaria can be exacerbated or even induced by psychological stress. Assessing the severity of symptoms using the recommended Urticaria Control Test is an important diagnostic step before deciding on the type of pharmacological treatment to be used. Due to the possibility of urticaria symptoms affecting patient’s emotional condition, the authors attempted to analyze if the way of coping with stress has an impact on urticaria symptom control as assessed with this questionnaire. Methods: The study included 61 (37 female; 60,6%;) patients with symptoms of chronic spontaneous urticaria without other coexisting diseases. All patients were treated with antihistamines. In the analyzed group of patients, the Urticaria Control Test and the Polish version of Endler and Parker’s Coping Inventory for Stressful Situations questionnaire were conducted. Results: The average score on the Urticaria Control Test in the analyzed group was 8.5 (±3.9) points. In our group, the most common coping style was a mixed style based on emotions and avoidance—32 (53%) respondents. Next, 11 (18%) patients reported an emotion-based style. A task-oriented style of coping with stress was observed in 8 (13%) respondents. In the study group, we found no statistical significance in the correlation between the UCT results and the patient’s coping style. Conclusions: Emotions play a significant role as a stress-coping style in chronic spontaneous urticaria patients. The lack of relation found between the Urticaria Control Test result and the Coping Inventory for Stressful Situations questionnaire confirms the objective usefulness of the Urticaria Control Test in assessing the control of spontaneous urticaria. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Novel Advances in Allergy Diagnosis)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

Recent Articles

Open Access Journals

Highly Accessed Articles

Latest Books

News

Blog Posts

Topics

Selected Special Issues

Selected Collections

Journals by Subject

Further Information

Guidelines

MDPI Initiatives

Follow MDPI