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20 pages, 5998 KB

Open AccessArticle

Soil Properties and Aging Processes Regulate Cr(VI) Toxicity to Caenorhabditis elegans

by Xiang Ao, Xiuli Dang, Long Zhao, Caiting Mai, Mengmeng Bao, Fengzhuo Geng, Roland Bol and Iseult Lynch

Agriculture 2026, 16(2), 275; https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture16020275 (registering DOI) - 21 Jan 2026

Abstract

Chromium (Cr) is a highly toxic heavy metal, yet its effects on soil invertebrates—particularly Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans)—remain insufficiently understood, especially regarding how soil properties and Cr speciation change regulate its bioavailability and toxicity. In this study, the toxicity of Cr(VI) [...] Read more.

Chromium (Cr) is a highly toxic heavy metal, yet its effects on soil invertebrates—particularly Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans)—remain insufficiently understood, especially regarding how soil properties and Cr speciation change regulate its bioavailability and toxicity. In this study, the toxicity of Cr(VI) to the growth, fertility, and reproduction of C. elegans was assessed in six representative agricultural soils following 7, 60, and 120 days of spiked soil aging, following ISO 10872 guidelines. Substantial differences in toxicity were observed among soils after 7 days of aging, with toxicity ranking from low to high as black soil < yellowish-red soil < red soil < yellow–brown soil < fluvo-aquic soil < purple soil. After 60 days of aging, Cr(VI) toxicity decreased markedly, with EC₅₀ values for growth, fertility, and reproduction increasing by 1.04–2.32, 1.04–2.34, and 1.40–2.20 times, respectively. Organic matter (OM) and amorphous aluminum oxides (Al_AO) were identified as the principal soil properties that were significantly correlated with Cr(VI) toxicity and were useful for explaining and estimating toxicity thresholds within the range of soils examined in this study. In addition, the magnitude of the aging effect showed significant positive correlations with both amorphous aluminum oxides (Al_AO) and total aluminum (Al_total), suggesting that Al-bearing minerals may contribute to the time-dependent immobilization of Cr(VI) under the experimental conditions of this study. These findings expand the ecotoxicological database for chromium, improve the prediction of toxicity thresholds under diverse soil conditions, and provide a scientific basis for refining soil environmental quality standards and developing targeted management strategies for Cr-contaminated agricultural soils. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Agricultural Soils)

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15 pages, 1255 KB

Open AccessArticle

Development of an mRNA Vaccine for Tick-Borne Encephalitis: Selection of a Prototype Virus Strain

by Maria A. Nikiforova, Vladimir A. Gushchin, Denis A. Kleymenov, Anastasia M. Kocherzhenko, Evgeniia N. Bykonia, Elena P. Mazunina, Sofia R. Kozlova, Leonid I. Russu, Nadezhda A. Kuznetsova, Elena V. Shidlovskaya, Elizaveta V. Marchuk, Evgeny V. Usachev, Olga V. Usacheva, Dmitry V. Shcheblyakov, Irina V. Kozlova, Sergei E. Tkachev, Andrei A. Pochtovyi, Vladimir I. Zlobin, Denis Y. Logunov and Alexander L. Gintsburg

Vaccines 2026, 14(1), 107; https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines14010107 (registering DOI) - 21 Jan 2026

Abstract

Background/Objectives: While tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) is genetically relatively conserved, the significant antigenic divergence between its main circulating subtypes hinders the development of broadly effective antiviral treatments and vaccines. Current inactivated TBEV vaccines offer limited cross-protection against heterologous strains, as evidenced by [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: While tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) is genetically relatively conserved, the significant antigenic divergence between its main circulating subtypes hinders the development of broadly effective antiviral treatments and vaccines. Current inactivated TBEV vaccines offer limited cross-protection against heterologous strains, as evidenced by cases among vaccinated individuals in endemic regions. The aim of this study was to design a candidate mRNA vaccine and evaluate the breadth of protective immunity it elicits. Methods: Ten candidate mRNA-PrM/E-LNP vaccines were comparatively evaluated for immunogenicity and protective efficacy in BALB/c mice. Immunogenicity was assessed by measuring antigen-specific IgG titers via ELISA and neutralizing antibody titers against a panel of TBEV strains using a virus-neutralization test. Protective efficiency was determined in a lethal challenge model, where immunized mice were challenged with one of seven distinct TBEV strains. Results: Vaccination with all tested mRNA-PrM/E-LNP candidates conferred 100% survival in mice following a lethal challenge with each of the seven TBEV strains (100 LD₅₀). The construct mRNA-PrM/E—Krasny Yar-8 demonstrated the highest immunogenicity, inducing antigen-specific antibodies with a geometric mean titer (GMT) of 1:6625, as well as the broadest virus-neutralizing activity against both homologous and heterologous TBEV strains in vitro. Conclusions: The mRNA platform represents a promising strategy for developing TBEV vaccines, demonstrating high immunogenicity and cross-protective efficacy against diverse viral strains. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feature Papers of DNA and mRNA Vaccines)

30 pages, 2254 KB

Open AccessArticle

Wind and Snow Protection Design and Optimization for Tunnel Portals in Central Asian Alpine Mountains

by Bin Zhi, Changwei Li, Xiaojing Xu, Zhanping Song and Ang Jiao

Buildings 2026, 16(2), 454; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings16020454 (registering DOI) - 21 Jan 2026

Abstract

Aiming at the wind-blown snow disasters plaguing tunnel portals along the China-Tajikistan Highway Phase II Project, this study optimizes the protective parameters of wind deflectors through numerical simulation to improve the disaster prevention efficiency of tunnel portals in alpine mountainous areas. Three core [...] Read more.

Aiming at the wind-blown snow disasters plaguing tunnel portals along the China-Tajikistan Highway Phase II Project, this study optimizes the protective parameters of wind deflectors through numerical simulation to improve the disaster prevention efficiency of tunnel portals in alpine mountainous areas. Three core control parameters of wind deflectors, namely horizontal distance from the tunnel portal (L), plate inclination angle (β), and top installation height (h), were selected as the research objects. Single-factor numerical simulation scenarios were designed for each parameter, and an L9(3³) orthogonal test was further adopted to formulate 9 groups of multi-parameter combination scenarios, with the snow phase volume fraction at 35 m on the leeward side of the tunnel portal set as the core evaluation index. A computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model was established to systematically investigate the influence laws of each parameter on the wind field structure and snow drift deposition characteristics at tunnel portals and clarify the flow field response rules under different parameter configurations. Single-factor simulation results show that the wind deflector exerts distinct regulatory effects on the wind-snow flow field with different parameter settings: when L = 6 m, the disturbance zone of the wind deflector precisely covers the main wind flow development area in front of the tunnel portal, which effectively lifts the main incoming flow path, compresses the recirculation zone (length reduced from 45.8 m to 22.3 m), and reduces the settlement of snow particles, achieving the optimal comprehensive prevention effect; when β = 60°, the leeward wind speed at the tunnel portal is significantly increased to 10–12 m/s (from below 10 m/s), which effectively promotes the transport of snow particles and mitigates the accumulation risk, being the optimal inclination angle; when h = 2 m, the wind speed on both the windward and leeward sides of the tunnel portal is significantly improved, and the snow accumulation risk at the portal reaches the minimum. Orthogonal test results further quantify the influence degree of each parameter on the snow prevention effect, revealing that the horizontal distance from the tunnel portal is the most significant influencing factor. The optimal parameter combination of the wind deflector is determined as L = 6 m, β = 60°, and h = 2 m. Under this optimal combination, the snow phase volume fraction at 35 m on the leeward side of the tunnel portal is 0.0505, a 12.3% reduction compared with the non-deflector condition; the high-concentration snow accumulation zone is shifted 25 m leeward, and the high-value snow phase volume fraction area (>0.06) disappears completely, which can effectively alleviate the adverse impact of wind-blown snow disasters on the normal operation of tunnel portals. The research results reveal the regulation mechanism of wind deflector parameters on the wind-snow flow field at alpine tunnel portals and determine the optimal protective parameter combination, which can provide important theoretical reference and technical support for the prevention and control of wind-blown snow disasters at tunnel portals in similar alpine mountainous areas. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Building Energy, Physics, Environment, and Systems)

24 pages, 839 KB

Open AccessArticle

The Association of Physical Activity with Health Indices and Healthcare Utilization

by Anastasia Keremi, Antonia Kaltsatou, Anna Tsiakiri, Dimitrios Tsiptsios, Sotirios Botaitis, Foteini Christidi, Vasilis-Spyridon Tseriotis, Maria Voulgari, Pinelopi Vlotinou, Aspasia Serdari, Kostas Anagnostopoulos and Gregory Tripsianis

Sci 2026, 8(1), 23; https://doi.org/10.3390/sci8010023 (registering DOI) - 21 Jan 2026

Abstract

This study aimed to examine the association between physical activity and individuals’ health status, healthcare utilization, socio-demographic characteristics, and health behaviors in a large representative sample from Northern Greece. A cross-sectional study was conducted involving 1227 participants (47.4% males, mean age 49.94 ± [...] Read more.

This study aimed to examine the association between physical activity and individuals’ health status, healthcare utilization, socio-demographic characteristics, and health behaviors in a large representative sample from Northern Greece. A cross-sectional study was conducted involving 1227 participants (47.4% males, mean age 49.94 ± 14.87 years) from Thrace, Greece, selected through a two-stage stratified sampling method. According to the Greek version of IPAQ, participants were classified as inactive/insufficiently active, sufficiently and highly active. Data on socio-demographic, lifestyle, and health-related variables were collected through structured interviews. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was performed to determine the independent effect of physical activity on subjects’ characteristics using SPSS ver. 19. Half of the participants (49.8%) were inactive/insufficiently active, 418 participants (34.1%) were sufficiently active, and 198 participants (16.1%) were highly active. In univariate analysis, smoking (p < 0.001), higher coffee consumption (p = 0.002), higher adherence to Mediterranean diet (p < 0.001), napping during the day (p = 0.017) and short sleep duration (p < 0.001) were associated with lower prevalence of high activity. In adjusted analyses, sufficiently active participants had a lower risk for bad self-rated health (aOR = 0.63), hypertension (aOR = 0.41), dyslipidemia (aOR = 0.42), diabetes (aOR = 0.53), obesity (aOR = 0.61), cardiovascular diseases (aOR = 0.43), anxiety (aOR = 0.65), depression (aOR = 0.56), daily sleepiness (aOR = 0.62), poor sleep quality (aOR = 0.71), as well as for primary (aOR = 0.54) and secondary (aOR = 0.40) healthcare utilization compared to inactive participants. Higher-intensity physical activity did not enhance these beneficial effects of sufficient activity on subjects’ characteristics. Physical inactivity significantly compromises health across multiple domains. Promoting even moderate-intensity physical activity may reduce chronic disease burden and healthcare utilization. Full article

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12 pages, 772 KB

Open AccessArticle

Protective Effects of Grapeseed Proanthocyanidins in Ulcerative Colitis: A Pilot Study Evaluating a Potential Therapeutic Strategy

by Sonia Facchin, Elena Agostini, Elisa Laparra-Ruiz, Giuseppe Benvenuto, Giorgio Valle, Luisa Bertin and Edoardo Vincenzo Savarino

J. Clin. Med. 2026, 15(2), 888; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm15020888 (registering DOI) - 21 Jan 2026

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Recent research highlights Vitis vinifera seeds as a rich source of bioactive proanthocyanidins (PACs) with antioxidant and immunomodulatory effects. Poorly absorbed PACs are metabolized by gut microbiota into active phenolic metabolites. This pilot study in ulcerative colitis patients assessed grape seed [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Recent research highlights Vitis vinifera seeds as a rich source of bioactive proanthocyanidins (PACs) with antioxidant and immunomodulatory effects. Poorly absorbed PACs are metabolized by gut microbiota into active phenolic metabolites. This pilot study in ulcerative colitis patients assessed grape seed extract effects on microbiota, zonulin-related permeability, and quality of life. Methods: This prospective pilot study, conducted at the University Hospital of Padua, evaluated the effects of an eight-week treatment with proanthocyanidins (ECOVITIS^®) on gut microbiota, intestinal permeability (zonulin), and well-being in patients with ulcerative colitis in remission (IBDQ). Fecal and serum samples were collected at T0 and T1. Microbiota analysis was performed through 16S rRNA gene sequencing (QIIME2), zonulin was quantified using an ELISA kit for pre-haptoglobin gene2 (pre-HP2), and HP1/HP2 genotyping was conducted by quantitative PCR. Statistical analyses (Wilcoxon, ALDEx2, PERMANOVA) assessed microbial diversity and taxonomic changes between pre- and post-treatment samples. Results: Twenty-five ulcerative colitis patients completed the study. IBDQ scores significantly improved after treatment (mean Δ = +11.2, p < 0.001), especially in the 11 best IBDQ responders (Δ = +24.2, p < 0.001). Microbiota analysis showed increased Lachnospiraceae and Sutterellaceae in responders, while overall diversity remained unchanged. Zonulin levels were unaffected. Conclusions: PAC treatment improved quality of life in ulcerative colitis patients, as shown by increased IBDQ scores. Serum zonulin levels remained unchanged. Microbiota analysis revealed enrichment of Lachnospiraceae and Sutterellaceae families, suggesting beneficial modulation. Limitations include lack of metabolic assessment and a control group, and caution is needed in interpreting zonulin measurements. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Gastroenterology & Hepatopancreatobiliary Medicine)

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16 pages, 1516 KB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Knockout of MDHAR Paralogs Suggests Broader Regulatory Roles Beyond Ascorbic Acid Recycling in Lettuce

by Ugo Rogo, Samuel Simoni, Ambra Viviani, Claudio Pugliesi, Marco Fambrini, Alberto Vangelisti, Lucia Natali, Andrea Cavallini, Richard Michelmore and Tommaso Giordani

Horticulturae 2026, 12(1), 122; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae12010122 (registering DOI) - 21 Jan 2026

Abstract

Ascorbic acid (AsA) is a key antioxidant and nutrient in plants, regulating reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels and maintaining cellular redox homeostasis. The AsA recycling pathway sustains AsA pools by restoring its oxidized forms, ensuring intracellular balance. Among the enzymes involved, monodehydroascorbate reductase [...] Read more.

Ascorbic acid (AsA) is a key antioxidant and nutrient in plants, regulating reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels and maintaining cellular redox homeostasis. The AsA recycling pathway sustains AsA pools by restoring its oxidized forms, ensuring intracellular balance. Among the enzymes involved, monodehydroascorbate reductase (MDHAR) is important for the regeneration of AsA from monodehydroascorbate. In this study, we analyzed the four MDHAR paralogs in Lactuca sativa using CRISPR/Cas9 to determine whether disruption of individual MDHAR genes could alter AsA levels in lettuce leaves. Unexpectedly, none of the knockouts caused long-term changes in leaf AsA content. Transcriptomic analyses at 14 and 28 days showed minimal effects on AsA recycling or biosynthesis genes, except MDHAR genes. However, several other genes indirectly implicated in AsA regulation displayed differential expression in all mutants compared to the wild type, suggesting the presence of a complex regulatory network. In particular, genes encoding transcription factors (TFs), such as mTERF15, COL9, UPBEAT1, NAC28, and NAC42, were differentially regulated in all MDHAR mutants compared to the wild type at 28 days. These findings indicate that, although AsA content remains unchanged, MDHAR single knockouts alter expression of other genes through which the plants may indirectly compensate to maintain redox homeostasis. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Genetics, Genomics, Breeding, and Biotechnology (G2B2))

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19 pages, 2128 KB

Open AccessArticle

The Effect of Different Crop Production Systems on Seed Germination and Longevity in Winter Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)

by Monika Agacka-Mołdoch, Krzysztof Jończyk, Jan Bocianowski and Andreas Börner

Agronomy 2026, 16(2), 260; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy16020260 (registering DOI) - 21 Jan 2026

Abstract

Seed germination performance and storability are fundamental components of seed quality and critical for successful crop establishment. However, information on the impact of different crop production systems on the quality and storability of seed material is still limited. Therefore, the aim of this [...] Read more.

Seed germination performance and storability are fundamental components of seed quality and critical for successful crop establishment. However, information on the impact of different crop production systems on the quality and storability of seed material is still limited. Therefore, the aim of this study was to compare the effects of different crop production systems (ecological, integrated, conventional, and monoculture) on seed germination and predisposition for storage. The research was carried out on four varieties of winter wheat. Seed material was produced within a two-year period, during which different weather conditions occurred. Four germination-related traits were assessed: germination capacity NS (%), total germination (TG%), time to reach 50% germination (t50) and the area under the germination curve (AUC). The results demonstrated that the cultivar, the cultivation system and the year of study had a significant impact on germination characteristics. The ecological system ensured the highest germination rate in fresh seeds. However, in the CD test, the conventional system demonstrated the highest levels of stress resistance and stability, suggesting the best storage potential. The significant system × variety interaction demonstrates the importance of accurate matching of the genotype to the growing conditions to ensure optimal seed quality. Furthermore, the data demonstrated a strong influence of climatic conditions in the year of production, which is crucial for seed vigor. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Farming Sustainability)

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23 pages, 1822 KB

Open AccessArticle

Trajectory Association for Moving Targets of GNSS-S Radar Based on Statistical and Polarimetric Characteristics Under Low SNR Conditions

by Jiayi Yan, Fuzhan Yue, Zhenghuan Xia, Shichao Jin, Xin Liu, Chuang Zhang, Kang Xing, Zhiying Cui, Zhilong Zhao, Zongqiang Liu, Lichang Duan and Yue Pang

Remote Sens. 2026, 18(2), 367; https://doi.org/10.3390/rs18020367 (registering DOI) - 21 Jan 2026

Abstract

The Global Navigation Satellite System-Scattering (GNSS-S) radar has a wide coverage and strong concealment, enabling large-scale and long-term monitoring of sea surface targets. However, its signal power is extremely low and susceptible to sea clutter interference. To address the challenge of detecting and [...] Read more.

The Global Navigation Satellite System-Scattering (GNSS-S) radar has a wide coverage and strong concealment, enabling large-scale and long-term monitoring of sea surface targets. However, its signal power is extremely low and susceptible to sea clutter interference. To address the challenge of detecting and tracking moving targets in complex maritime environments using low-resolution radar, this paper proposes a method for extracting moving target trajectories from GNSS-S radar under low signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) conditions. The method constructs a feature plane consisting of statistical and polarization characteristics, based on the unique distribution of different motion targets in this plane, the distinction between sea clutter and multi-motion targets is carried out using machine learning algorithms, and finally the trajectory association of the targets is achieved by the Kalman filter, and the tracking correctness can reach more than 93.89%. Compared with the tracking method based on high-resolution imaging targets, this technique does not require complex imaging operations, and only requires certain processing on the radar echo, which has the advantages of easy operation and high reliability. Full article

43 pages, 6577 KB

Open AccessReview

Biopolymers and Biocomposites for Additive Manufacturing of Optical Frames

by Beatriz Carvalho, Fátima Santos, Juliana Araújo, Bruna Santos, João Alhada Lourenço, Pedro Ramos and Telma Encarnação

Macromol 2026, 6(1), 8; https://doi.org/10.3390/macromol6010008 (registering DOI) - 21 Jan 2026

Abstract

Optical frames are used worldwide to correct visual impairments, protect from UV damage, or simply for fashion purposes. Optical frames are often made of poorly biodegradable and fossil-based materials, with designs not targeted to everyone’s tastes and requirements. Additive manufacturing processes allow personalisation [...] Read more.

Optical frames are used worldwide to correct visual impairments, protect from UV damage, or simply for fashion purposes. Optical frames are often made of poorly biodegradable and fossil-based materials, with designs not targeted to everyone’s tastes and requirements. Additive manufacturing processes allow personalisation of optical frames and the use of new sustainable biomaterials to replace fossil-based ones. This comprehensive review combines an extensive survey of the scientific literature, market trends, and information from other relevant sources, analysing the biomaterials currently used in additive manufacturing and identifying biomaterials (biopolymers, natural fibres, and natural additives) with the potential to be developed into biocomposites for printing optical frames. Requirements for optical devices were carefully considered, such as standards, regulations, and demands for manufacturing materials. By comparing with fossil-based analogues and by discussing the chemical, physical, and mechanical properties of each biomaterial, it was found that combining various materials in biocomposites is promising for achieving the desirable properties for printing optical frames. The advantages of the various techniques of this cutting-edge technology were also analysed and discussed for optical industry applications. This study aims to answer the central research question: which biopolymers and biocomposite constituents (natural fibres, plasticisers, and additives) have the ideal mechanical, thermal, physical, and chemical properties for combining into a biomaterial suitable for producing sustainable, customisable, and inclusive optical frames on demand, using additive manufacturing techniques. Full article

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18 pages, 6644 KB

Open AccessArticle

Determining the Critical Period of Continuous Waterlogging in Maize: An Analysis of Physiological, Biochemical, and Transcriptomic Traits

by Denglong Chen, Cong Peng, Zhiming Liu, Wanrong Gu, Fanyun Yao, Lichun Wang, Yujun Cao and Yongjun Wang

Plants 2026, 15(2), 330; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants15020330 (registering DOI) - 21 Jan 2026

Abstract

Waterlogging stress severely limits crop photosynthesis and energy supplies, resulting in significant yield reductions. However, the critical duration of waterlogging stress during the maize jointing stage remains unclear, and the physiological and molecular mechanisms underlying its effects on photosynthetic efficiency and energy synthesis [...] Read more.

Waterlogging stress severely limits crop photosynthesis and energy supplies, resulting in significant yield reductions. However, the critical duration of waterlogging stress during the maize jointing stage remains unclear, and the physiological and molecular mechanisms underlying its effects on photosynthetic efficiency and energy synthesis in maize require further investigation. In this study, we systematically analyzed the responses of physiological traits, transcriptomic profiles, and the yield formation in maize (Zea mays L.) to varying waterlogging durations imposed during the jointing stage, including 0 days (CK), 2 days (F2), 4 days (F4), 6 days (F6), 8 days (F8), and 10 days (F10). Our results indicate that the (1) grain weight (GW) showed no significant difference between F2 and CK. However, the GW in F4, F6, F8, and F10 decreased significantly by 17.49%, 26.45%, 60.24%, and 100.00%, respectively, compared to the CK. (2) Compared with the CK, the malondialdehyde content progressively increased from F4 to F10, while antioxidant enzyme activity gradually decreased. The chlorophyll content declined by 29.93% to 57.38%, and net photosynthetic efficiency decreased by 13.82% to 38.93%. Although the leaf sucrose content in from F4 to F10 gradually decreased, the leaf starch content remained stable in F4 and F6. In contrast, the starch content in F8 and F10 leaves was significantly reduced by 37.55% and 47.60%, respectively, compared with CK. (3) A transcriptomic analysis revealed that during from F2 to F4, genes encoding photosystem I subunit protein, such as PSAD, and the cytochrome b6f complex proteingene PETC were downregulated. At F6, these key genes encoding photosynthetic proteins were upregulated. However, at F8 and F10, their expression was significantly downregulated. Concurrently, genes related to ATP synthesis (e.g., ATPD) as well as starch and sucrose metabolism (e.g., SPP2, SS1) were also downregulated. In summary, when waterlogging stress persists for no longer than 6 days, plants can maintain their starch content to supply energy for growth, thereby ensuring basic developmental needs. When waterlogging persists for more than 6 days, energy synthesis is impaired, and the nutrient transport to the grains is significantly inhibited, ultimately resulting in a substantial reduction in yield. Therefore, 6 days of waterlogging can be considered the critical threshold for significant yield loss in maize during the jointing stage. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Decoding Plant Stress Responses: An Integration of Physiology and Biochemistry)

19 pages, 919 KB

Open AccessArticle

Milk Quality Dynamics in Romanian Black Spotted and Romanian Spotted Cattle Breeds Under Heat Stress

by Gabriela Amariții (Pădurariu), Claudia Pânzaru and Vasile Maciuc

Agriculture 2026, 16(2), 274; https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture16020274 (registering DOI) - 21 Jan 2026

Abstract

Milk production and quality are increasingly affected worldwide by rising ambient temperatures associated with climate change, with heat stress (HS) representing one of the major environmental challenges for dairy cattle. HS alters physiological and metabolic processes, leading to significant changes in milk composition, [...] Read more.

Milk production and quality are increasingly affected worldwide by rising ambient temperatures associated with climate change, with heat stress (HS) representing one of the major environmental challenges for dairy cattle. HS alters physiological and metabolic processes, leading to significant changes in milk composition, particularly in regions exposed to prolonged summer heat. The Temperature–Humidity Index (THI) is widely used to assess the degree of thermal discomfort and its impact on dairy performance. This study investigated the effects of heat stress on milk quality parameters in a dairy herd managed under identical conditions, comprising Romanian Black Spotted (RBS, Holstein strain) and Romanian Spotted (RS, Simmental strain) cows. Descriptive statistics were performed using the SAVC for Windows program, while differences between means were evaluated using the t-test in GraphPad Prism 9. Milk quality traits were significantly affected when THI values exceeded 73, with a consistent decline observed from early summer onwards. In the RBS breed, milk protein content decreased significantly compared with spring values, reaching 3.25% (p < 0.0001) in 2023 and 3.35% (p < 0.01) in 2024. Similar trends were recorded in the RS breed, with minimum protein values of 3.10% (p < 0.0001) and 3.19% (p < 0.0001). Fat content, casein concentration, and milk urea levels also showed highly significant HS-related changes (p < 0.0001). Overall, heat stress negatively affected milk quality, while the RS breed appears less affected under the studied conditions than the RBS breed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Quality Assessment and Processing of Farm Animal Products)

19 pages, 12627 KB

Open AccessArticle

Radar-Based Insights into Seasonal Warm Cloud Dynamics in Northern Thailand: Properties, Kinematics and Occurrence

by Pakdee Chantraket and Parinya Intaracharoen

Atmosphere 2026, 17(1), 113; https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos17010113 (registering DOI) - 21 Jan 2026

Abstract

This study presents a four-year (2021–2024) radar-based analysis of warm cloud (non-glaciated) dynamics across northern Thailand, specifically characterizing their properties, kinematics, and occurrence. Utilizing high-resolution S-band dual-polarization weather radar data, a total of 20,493 warm cloud events were tracked and analyzed, with identification [...] Read more.

This study presents a four-year (2021–2024) radar-based analysis of warm cloud (non-glaciated) dynamics across northern Thailand, specifically characterizing their properties, kinematics, and occurrence. Utilizing high-resolution S-band dual-polarization weather radar data, a total of 20,493 warm cloud events were tracked and analyzed, with identification based on a maximum reflectivity (≥35 dBZ) and a cloud top height below the seasonal 0 °C isotherm. Occurrence exhibited a profound seasonal disparity, with the rainy season (82.68% of events) dominating due to the influence of the moist Southwest Monsoon (SWM), while the spatial distribution confirmed that convective initiation is exclusively concentrated over mountainous terrain, underscoring orographic lifting as the essential mechanical trigger. Regarding properties, while vertical development and mass are greater in the warm seasons, microphysical intensity and Duration (mean ~26 min) remain highly uniform, suggesting a constrained, efficient warm rain process. In kinematics, clouds move fastest in winter (mean WSPD ~18.38 km/h), yet pervasive directional chaos (SD > 112°) highlights the strong influence of terrain-induced local circulations. In conclusion, while topography dictates where warm clouds form, the monsoon dictates when and how robustly they develop, creating intense, short-lived events that pose significant operational constraints for localized precipitation enhancement strategies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Remote Sensing of Precipitation: Interactions Among Aerosols, Clouds, and Precipitation and Their Impact on Climate Systems)

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11 pages, 1256 KB

Open AccessArticle

Retromandibular Anteroparotid Versus Transparotid Approach for Subcondylar Mandibular Fractures: A Retrospective Comparative Study of 80 Cases

by Andrea Battisti, Danilo Di Giorgio, Federica Orsina Ferri, Marco Della Monaca, Benedetta Capasso, Paolo Priore, Valentina Terenzi and Valentino Valentini

J. Clin. Med. 2026, 15(2), 887; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm15020887 (registering DOI) - 21 Jan 2026

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Subcondylar mandibular fractures represent a challenging subset of maxillofacial trauma due to their proximity to the temporomandibular joint and the facial nerve. The retromandibular approach can be performed through either an anteroparotid or a transparotid route, but comparative clinical data remain [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Subcondylar mandibular fractures represent a challenging subset of maxillofacial trauma due to their proximity to the temporomandibular joint and the facial nerve. The retromandibular approach can be performed through either an anteroparotid or a transparotid route, but comparative clinical data remain limited. This study aimed to evaluate clinical outcomes, complication profiles, and operative parameters associated with the retromandibular anteroparotid versus transparotid approach for open reduction and internal fixation (ORIF) of subcondylar fractures. Methods: A retrospective analysis was conducted on 80 consecutive patients treated for subcondylar mandibular fractures at the Department of Maxillofacial Surgery, Umberto I General Hospital, Sapienza University of Rome, between 2018 and 2025. All patients underwent ORIF via a retromandibular approach (anteroparotid or transparotid) with a minimum follow-up of 6 months. Demographic data, trauma etiology, fracture morphology (classified as simple or complex), associated fractures, surgical approach, fixation details, operative time, hospital stay, and postoperative complications were collected. Facial nerve function was clinically assessed and graded using the House–Brackmann scale. Associations between fracture type, surgical approach, number of plates, and complications were evaluated using Chi-square or Fisher’s exact tests, while operative time was compared using one-way ANOVA and Kruskal–Wallis tests (p < 0.05). Results: The cohort had a mean age of 41.9 years and was predominantly male (67.5%). The anteroparotid route was used in 54 patients (67.5%) and the transparotid route in 26 (32.5%). Overall, 10 patients (12.5%) developed postoperative complications, including transient facial nerve weakness, malocclusion, visible scarring, and sialocele. All cases of sialocele occurred in the transparotid subgroup, whereas no salivary complications were observed after the anteroparotid approach. No permanent facial nerve deficits, temporomandibular joint ankylosis, or long-term facial asymmetry were recorded at 6 months. No significant association was found between surgical approach and overall complication rate, but complex fracture patterns were significantly associated with increased operative time. Conclusions: The retromandibular approach is a safe and effective option for ORIF of subcondylar mandibular fractures. Both anteroparotid and transparotid routes provided reliable exposure and stable fixation with low complication rates. The anteroparotid route appears to minimize parotid-related complications, such as sialocele, while maintaining comparable functional outcomes. These findings support the retromandibular anteroparotid approach as a valuable alternative in the surgical management of subcondylar fractures. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Surgical Management of Maxillofacial Fractures and Reconstruction of Facial Deformities)

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17 pages, 6012 KB

Open AccessArticle

Effects of pH and Temperature on the Structure and Function of Pea Albumin

by Xinxin Li, Guozhi Ji, Bingyu Chen, Wenhui Li, Xiaomin Li, Jie Liu, Zhishen Mu, Ziyuan Wang and Hongzhi Liu

Molecules 2026, 31(2), 381; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules31020381 (registering DOI) - 21 Jan 2026

Abstract

Pea albumin is a high-quality plant-based protein with growing relevance in food applications, yet the effects of pH and thermal treatment on its structural and functional properties remain insufficiently understood. This study investigated the effects of environmental factors, namely pH (3, 5, 7, [...] Read more.

Pea albumin is a high-quality plant-based protein with growing relevance in food applications, yet the effects of pH and thermal treatment on its structural and functional properties remain insufficiently understood. This study investigated the effects of environmental factors, namely pH (3, 5, 7, 9) and temperature (40, 60, 80, 100 °C), on the structural behavior and functionality of pea albumin. Structural changes were characterized through particle size, Zeta potential, surface hydrophobicity, and intrinsic fluorescence. Functional properties, including solubility, foaming ability, and emulsifying capacity, were evaluated and compared with untreated controls. Under alkaline conditions (pH 9), stronger electrostatic repulsion led to a 29.5% reduction in particle size, a 76.47% increase in Zeta potential, enhanced protein unfolding, and a 19.06% increase in surface hydrophobicity. At this pH, solubility increased by 24.8%, accompanied by notable improvements in foaming and emulsifying performance. Moderate heating (40, 60 °C) induced partial unfolding, resulting in decreased particle size and enhanced solubility, which further contributed to improved functional behavior. Pearson correlation analysis demonstrated significant associations between structural indicators (particle size, Zeta potential, surface hydrophobicity) and functional properties, highlighting the structure–function relationship of pea albumin. This work provides a comprehensive understanding of environmental factor-induced changes in pea albumin and offers valuable insights for its optimized application in plant-based foods. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bioactive Molecules in Foods: From Sources to Functional Applications)

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24 pages, 696 KB

Open AccessArticle

The Swedish Forest-Based Sector in Turbulent Times

by Ragnar Jonsson

Forests 2026, 17(1), 141; https://doi.org/10.3390/f17010141 (registering DOI) - 21 Jan 2026

Abstract

The European forest-based sector faces a perfect storm of demographic, geopolitical, climatic, and policy-driven challenges. These multipronged, oftentimes interlinked factors are particularly consequential for export-oriented, forest-rich economies like Sweden. This study provides a qualitative scenario analysis to assess potential futures for the Swedish [...] Read more.

The European forest-based sector faces a perfect storm of demographic, geopolitical, climatic, and policy-driven challenges. These multipronged, oftentimes interlinked factors are particularly consequential for export-oriented, forest-rich economies like Sweden. This study provides a qualitative scenario analysis to assess potential futures for the Swedish forest sector towards 2050, focusing on the impacts of key drivers: geopolitical alignment, European Union (EU) policy implementation, economic and demographic trends, technological progress, and climate change. Two critical uncertainties—Europe’s geopolitical positioning and the policy balance between wood use and forest conservation—form the axes for four contrasting scenarios. Results indicate that, across all futures, volume-based manufacturing in Sweden is expected to stagnate or decline due to high costs and weak EU demand, with bulk production shifting to the Global South. Long-term viability hinges on a strategic shift to high-value segments (e.g., specialty packaging solutions, biochemicals, construction components) and the adoption of advanced technologies. Concurrently, the sector must adapt to increased forest disturbances and diversify tree species, despite industry processes being optimized for current conifers. The study concludes that without a decisive transition from commodity production to innovative, value-added strategies, the Swedish forest sector’s competitiveness and resilience are at serious risk. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Strategic Forest-Based Sector Planning and Management in the Era of Bioeconomy, 2nd Edition)

16 pages, 1087 KB

Open AccessArticle

Transient Synchronization Stability Analysis of DFIG-Based Wind Turbines with Virtual Resistance Demagnetization Control

by Xiaohe Wang, Xiaofei Chang, Ming Yan, Zhanqi Huang and Chao Wu

Electronics 2026, 15(2), 467; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics15020467 (registering DOI) - 21 Jan 2026

Abstract

With the increasing penetration of wind power, the transient synchronization stability of doubly fed induction generator (DFIG)-based wind turbines during grid faults has become a critical issue. While conventional fault ride-through methods like Crowbar protection can ensure safety, they compromise system controllability and [...] Read more.

With the increasing penetration of wind power, the transient synchronization stability of doubly fed induction generator (DFIG)-based wind turbines during grid faults has become a critical issue. While conventional fault ride-through methods like Crowbar protection can ensure safety, they compromise system controllability and worsen grid voltage conditions. Virtual resistance demagnetization control has emerged as a promising alternative due to its simple structure and effective flux damping. However, its impact on transient synchronization stability has not been revealed in existing studies. To fill this gap, this paper presents a comprehensive analysis of the transient synchronization stability of DFIG systems under virtual resistance control, introducing a novel fourth-order transient synchronization model that explicitly captures the coupling between the virtual resistance demagnetization control and phase-locked loop (PLL) dynamics. The model reveals the emergence of transient power and positive damping terms induced by the virtual resistance, which play a pivotal role in stabilizing the system. Furthermore, this work theoretically investigates how the virtual resistance and current loop’s proportional-integral (PI) parameters jointly influence transient stability, demonstrating that increasing the virtual resistance while reducing the integral gain of the current loop significantly enhances synchronization stability. Simulation results validate the accuracy of the model and the effectiveness of the proposed analysis. The findings provide a theoretical foundation for optimizing control parameters and improving the stability of DFIG-based wind turbines during grid faults. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Stability Analysis and Optimal Operation Strategy for Power Systems with High Renewable Energy Penetration)

25 pages, 1635 KB

Open AccessReview

Advancements in Solar Tracking: A Comprehensive Review of Image-Processing Techniques

by Jihad Rishmany, Chawki Lahoud, Jamal Harmouche, Rodrigue Imad and Nicolas Saba

Sustainability 2026, 18(2), 1117; https://doi.org/10.3390/su18021117 (registering DOI) - 21 Jan 2026

Abstract

Solar energy is a widely available renewable source suitable for diverse applications, including residential, industrial and aerospace sectors. To maximize energy capture, solar tracking systems adjust panels to maintain perpendicular alignment with sunlight. Various tracking techniques are employed to adjust these trackers, such [...] Read more.

Solar energy is a widely available renewable source suitable for diverse applications, including residential, industrial and aerospace sectors. To maximize energy capture, solar tracking systems adjust panels to maintain perpendicular alignment with sunlight. Various tracking techniques are employed to adjust these trackers, such as sensors, predefined algorithms, deep learning, and image-processing techniques. Image processing-based trackers have gained prominence for their precision and accuracy. This approach uses cameras as sensors to capture real-time sky images and analyze them to detect the sun and its coordinates, orienting solar panels toward its center. This technology can be integrated with other techniques to enhance energy output with high accuracy, minimal tracking error, and low maintenance requirements. This review examines computer vision methods used in solar tracking systems, synthesizing findings from 26 studies published between 2009 and 2024. The paper discusses main system components, methods utilized, and results obtained. Findings demonstrate that the robustness and accuracy of these tracking systems have increased compared to other tracking systems, while tracking error has decreased. Full article

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30 pages, 10191 KB

Open AccessArticle

Spatio-Temporal Evaluation of Hydrological Pattern Changes Under Climatic and Anthropogenic Stress in an Endorheic Basin: Coupled SWAT-MODFLOW Analysis of the Lake Cuitzeo Basin

by Alejandra Correa-González, Joel Hernández-Bedolla, Mario Alberto Hernández-Hernández, Sonia Tatiana Sánchez-Quispe, Marco Antonio Martínez-Cinco and Constantino Domínguez Sánchez

Hydrology 2026, 13(1), 41; https://doi.org/10.3390/hydrology13010041 (registering DOI) - 21 Jan 2026

Abstract

In recent years, human activities have impacted surface water and groundwater and their interactions with natural water bodies. Lake Cuitzeo is one of Mexico’s most important water bodies but has significantly reduced its flooded area in recent years. Previous studies did not explicitly [...] Read more.

In recent years, human activities have impacted surface water and groundwater and their interactions with natural water bodies. Lake Cuitzeo is one of Mexico’s most important water bodies but has significantly reduced its flooded area in recent years. Previous studies did not explicitly evaluate the combined effects of hydrological variables on lake dynamics, limiting the understanding of how basin-scale processes influence lake-level. The objective of this study is to evaluate the change in spatio-temporal patterns of hydrological variables under climatic and anthropogenic stress in the Lake Cuitzeo endorheic basin. The proposed methodology uses the SWAT model to analyze at the basin scale, land use and land cover changes, and trends in precipitation and their effect on hydrological processes. Consequently, groundwater flow interactions were assessed for the first time for the Cuitzeo Lake Basin using an automatically coupled SWAT-MODFLOW (v3, 2019), despite limited observational data. A statistically significant change in mean precipitation was detected beginning in 2015, with a decrease of 10.22% compared to the 1973–2014 mean. Land use and land cover changes between 1997 and 2013 resulted in a 26.20% increase in surface runoff. In contrast, estimated evapotranspiration decreased by 1.77%, potentially associated with the reduction in forest cover. As a combined effect of decreased precipitation and land use and land cover change, groundwater percolation declined by 6.34%. Overall, the combined effects of climatic variables and anthropogenic activities have altered lake–aquifer interaction. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Integrated Surface Water and Groundwater Resource Management, 2nd Edition)

18 pages, 1035 KB

Open AccessArticle

Serum Lipidomic Profile Signature of Active Acromegaly and Relationships to Cardiovascular Disease

by Oana Stănoiu-Pînzariu, Thalijn L. C. Wolters, Carmen Socaciu, Cristina Alina Silaghi, Ana Valea, Ioana Popa-Ilie, Georgeta Hazi, Andreea Iulia Socaciu, Romana Teodora Netea-Maier and Carmen Emanuela Georgescu

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2026, 27(2), 1082; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms27021082 (registering DOI) - 21 Jan 2026

Abstract

Acromegaly is a rare endocrine disease characterized by multiple metabolic abnormalities and high cardiovascular risk. This cross-sectional study evaluated the lipidomic serum profile of 109 participants (59 acromegaly patients versus 50 healthy controls) via high-performance liquid chromatography combined with mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS). The [...] Read more.

Acromegaly is a rare endocrine disease characterized by multiple metabolic abnormalities and high cardiovascular risk. This cross-sectional study evaluated the lipidomic serum profile of 109 participants (59 acromegaly patients versus 50 healthy controls) via high-performance liquid chromatography combined with mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS). The lipidomic profile that differentiated acromegaly from controls included sphingomyelins (SMs), glycerophospholipids, glycerolipids, ceramides, fatty acids, wax esters (WEs), carnitines, and sterol (ST) lipids. SM 34:0;O2 and phosphorylcholine best distinguished acromegaly patients from controls (VIP > 2.49). SM 34:0;O2 levels were significantly elevated in treatment-naïve versus uncontrolled patients (p < 0.0001). Furthermore, SM 34:0;O2 positively correlated with random GH and IGF-1. Lack of therapy predicted SM 34:0;O2 serum titers in acromegaly. Profound alterations of glycerophospholipids and sphingolipids were detected in acromegaly patients with cardiovascular complications. ST 24:1;O3, ceramide (Cer) 38:0;O4, and WE 34:1 were significantly increased in both hypertensive acromegaly patients and those with heart failure in comparison to patients without cardiovascular impairment. In conclusion, SM 34:0;O2 and phosphorylcholine emerged as potential lipidomic biomarkers in acromegaly. Moreover, SM 34:0;O2 potentially reflects disease severity. Identifying lipidomic profile alterations in acromegaly patients with cardiac involvement may provide a basis for further insights into the cardiovascular pathogenesis of the disease. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Lipid Metabolism in Human Health and Diseases)

27 pages, 1350 KB

Open AccessSystematic Review

Anti-Inflammatory Potential of Ganoderma lucidum Triterpenes: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Preclinical Evidence

by Rafaela Guedes Pozzobon, Renata Rutckeviski, Luíza Siqueira de Lima, Cláudia Sirlene Oliveira and Fhernanda Ribeiro Smiderle

Pharmaceuticals 2026, 19(1), 188; https://doi.org/10.3390/ph19010188 (registering DOI) - 21 Jan 2026

Abstract

Background: Ganoderma lucidum triterpenes are bioactive compounds with recognized anti-inflammatory, antitumor, and immunomodulatory properties. This systematic review synthesizes evidence regarding the anti-inflammatory activity of these triterpenes based on studies from the last two decades. Methods: A systematic search was performed in [...] Read more.

Background: Ganoderma lucidum triterpenes are bioactive compounds with recognized anti-inflammatory, antitumor, and immunomodulatory properties. This systematic review synthesizes evidence regarding the anti-inflammatory activity of these triterpenes based on studies from the last two decades. Methods: A systematic search was performed in PubMed, Medline, and Embase (2003–2025) for original in vitro and in vivo (non-clinical) studies evaluating G. lucidum triterpene extracts or isolated compounds. Clinical trials, reviews, and multi-species extracts were excluded. The review is registered on PROSPERO (CRD42024510982), and animal study quality was assessed using the SYRCLE Risk of Bias tool. Findings: From over 3000 records, 23 articles were included. Studies utilized diverse models, including macrophages, human PBMCs, and various animal strains (mice, rats, chickens). All studies reported significant anti-inflammatory effects via reduction in pro-inflammatory markers (TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6), primarily through downregulation of MAPK and TLR-4/NF-κB signaling pathways. Meta-analysis of in vitro data confirmed significant reductions in NO levels (−3.29 [95% CI: −5.21, −1.37]; p = 0.0008), IL-6 (−3.51 [−4.73, −2.29]; p < 0.00001), and TNF-α (−2.20 [−2.93, −1.48]; p < 0.00001). Similar anti-inflammatory profiles were observed in vivo across hepatic and splenic tissues. Interpretation: Evidence consistently demonstrates the potent anti-inflammatory activity of G. lucidum triterpenes, highlighting their potential as therapeutic candidates for inflammatory diseases. However, the structural complexity and isomer diversity of these compounds remain significant barriers to pharmacological standardization. Future research must prioritize clinical translation by investigating compound synergism, bioavailability, and long-term toxicity profiles, which were notably absent in current non-clinical literature. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Natural Products)

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21 pages, 785 KB

Open AccessArticle

Marine Bromophenols from Laminaria hyperborea’s Epiphytic Biomass: Chemical Profiling, Cytotoxicity, and Antioxidant Activity

by Angeliki Barouti, Vinh Le Ba, Lars Herfindal and Monica Jordheim

Mar. Drugs 2026, 24(1), 52; https://doi.org/10.3390/md24010052 (registering DOI) - 21 Jan 2026

Abstract

The epiphytic community of Laminaria hyperborea, dominated by red algae, is typically discarded during industrial processing despite its potential as a source of high-value natural products. This study aims to valorize this underutilized biomass by characterizing its secondary metabolites and evaluating the [...] Read more.

The epiphytic community of Laminaria hyperborea, dominated by red algae, is typically discarded during industrial processing despite its potential as a source of high-value natural products. This study aims to valorize this underutilized biomass by characterizing its secondary metabolites and evaluating the biological activities of its major bromophenols. A combined chromatographic workflow enabled the isolation and structural elucidation of five bromophenols (1–5), including one previously undescribed compound (5). Among these, compound 4 exhibited the strongest cytotoxicity against the acute myeloid leukemia (AML) cell line MOLM-13 (EC₅₀ = 6.23 μM) and induced pronounced apoptotic features. When tested on two normal cell lines (NRK and H9c2) and in zebrafish larvae, it showed moderate toxicity at higher concentrations, indicating a reasonable selectivity window. In contrast, compound 5 was more toxic to normal cells than to MOLM-13 in vitro, while showing no acute toxicity in zebrafish; however, interpretations are preliminary due to compound purity. Bromophenols 1–4 were also tested for antioxidant activity, with 4 being the most potent (ABTS EC₅₀ = 22.1 μM), although this did not translate into protection against doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity. Additionally, non-targeted UHPLC-QTOF MS/MS analysis tentatively identified nine additional bromophenols and provided an estimation of their origin species within the epiphytic assemblage. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Marine Biotechnology Related to Drug Discovery or Production)

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22 pages, 1518 KB

Open AccessArticle

Polylactide/Polycaprolactone Nanofiber Scaffold Enhances Primary Cortical Neuron Growth

by Valeriia S. Shtol, Anastasiia D. Tsareva, Kirill A. Arsentiev, Sophia P. Konovalova, Suanda A. Tlimahova, Dmitry V. Klinov, Dimitri A. Ivanov and Pavel E. Musienko

Polymers 2026, 18(2), 294; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym18020294 (registering DOI) - 21 Jan 2026

Abstract

Spinal cord injury (SCI) remains a major clinical challenge due to the limited regenerative capacity of the central nervous system (CNS). Effective scaffolds for repair must combine mechanical compatibility with host tissue, controlled degradation matching the time course of regeneration, and microarchitectural features [...] Read more.

Spinal cord injury (SCI) remains a major clinical challenge due to the limited regenerative capacity of the central nervous system (CNS). Effective scaffolds for repair must combine mechanical compatibility with host tissue, controlled degradation matching the time course of regeneration, and microarchitectural features that promote neuronal survival. Electrospun nanofibrous scaffolds mimic the structural and mechanical features of the extracellular matrix, providing critical cues for neuronal adhesion and glial modulation in neural regeneration. Here, we fabricated biodegradable poly(lactic acid)/poly(ε-caprolactone) (PLA/PCL) scaffolds using a dichloromethane/tetrahydrofuran (DCM/THF) solvent system to induce surface porosity via solvent-driven phase separation. The DCM/THF solvent system formulation produced nanofibers with porous surfaces and increased area for cell interaction. PLA/PCL scaffolds showed a Young’s modulus of ~26 MPa and sustained degradation, particularly under oxidative conditions simulating the post-injury microenvironment. In vitro, these scaffolds enhanced neuronal density up to fivefold and maintained ~80% viability over 10 days in primary neuron–glia cultures. Morphometric analysis revealed that DCM/THF-based scaffolds supported astrocytes with preserved process complexity and reduced circularity, indicative of a less reactive morphology. In contrast, scaffolds fabricated with 1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoro-2-propanol (HFIP) displayed reduced bioactivity and promoted morphological features associated with astrocyte reactivity, including cell rounding and process retraction. These findings demonstrate that solvent-driven control of scaffold microarchitecture is a powerful strategy to enhance neuronal integration and modulate glial morphology, positioning DCM/THF-processed PLA/PCL scaffolds as a promising platform for CNS tissue engineering. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biodegradable Polymers for Sustainable Solutions: Innovations and Applications)

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25 pages, 13301 KB

Open AccessArticle

Historic Urban Landscapes at Risk: Global Monitoring and Assessment of Emerging Crises in UNESCO World Heritage Properties

by Ji Li, Fangyu Chen, Haopeng Li, Qixuan Dou, Fei Fu and Yaling Shi

Land 2026, 15(1), 198; https://doi.org/10.3390/land15010198 (registering DOI) - 21 Jan 2026

Abstract

Despite the growing recognition of heritage risk reduction, a comprehensive framework for multi-risk assessment remains notably absent within the context of historic urban landscapes (HULs) across diverse global contexts. This paper aims to fill this gap by developing an assessment framework to address [...] Read more.

Despite the growing recognition of heritage risk reduction, a comprehensive framework for multi-risk assessment remains notably absent within the context of historic urban landscapes (HULs) across diverse global contexts. This paper aims to fill this gap by developing an assessment framework to address multiple emerging risks in HUL management, considering climate-related, human-induced, and mixed hazards in UNESCO World Heritage properties. A four-step process is established—hazard identification, exposure categorisation, adaptation capacity-building, and vulnerability monitoring and evaluation. Using content analysis, this framework is applied to official reports from 33 World Heritage HUL cases across 33 countries. The results show that, although various hazards have been acknowledged by state parties, local governments prioritise human-induced or natural hazards more often than mixed hazards, leading to a shortage of comprehensive risk management plans and practical actions in most cases. Regarding heritage adaptation, the factors of capacity and governance are widely addressed, demonstrating the commitment of state parties to formulate strategies and solve problems. However, public participation and education practices remain insufficiently implemented, resulting in a relatively low degree of adaptation capacity-building. The proposed multi-risk assessment framework offers a crucial reference for global urban heritage management and risk reduction. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Climate Adaptation and Recovery Strategies: Reimagining Governance in Urban Regions)

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16 pages, 226 KB

Open AccessArticle

“The Window of Opportunity”: A Qualitative Exploration of Individual Reminiscence in Care Home Settings

by Aoife Conway, Rosemary Bradley, Assumpta Ryan, Claire McCauley, Brighide Lynch, Deirdre Harkin and Sarah Penney

Healthcare 2026, 14(2), 276; https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare14020276 (registering DOI) - 21 Jan 2026

Abstract

Background: Care homes are complex care environments where supporting residents’ identity, wellbeing, and sense of personhood is central to person-centred care. Reminiscence is widely recognised as a psychosocial approach that can support these outcomes. However, existing evidence has largely focused on group-based interventions, [...] Read more.

Background: Care homes are complex care environments where supporting residents’ identity, wellbeing, and sense of personhood is central to person-centred care. Reminiscence is widely recognised as a psychosocial approach that can support these outcomes. However, existing evidence has largely focused on group-based interventions, with comparatively limited attention given to how individual reminiscence is implemented and sustained within care home practice. Methods: This study was an implementation-focused qualitative exploration of staff experiences of introducing and embedding individualised reminiscence in care home practice. Care home staff participated in four monthly workshops that introduced principles of individualised reminiscence and supported them to plan and implement reminiscence with at least one resident. Participants used either the InspireD digital reminiscence app (n = 19) or non-digital approaches such as life story books (n = 2), depending on local preferences and perceived suitability. Three focus groups were conducted with 21 care home staff to explore experiences of implementing individualised reminiscence and perceptions of its impact on residents, staff, and families. Data were analysed using reflexive thematic analysis. Results: Four interrelated themes were identified: (1) reminiscence within pressured systems; (2) resident experience and identity; (3) adapting and sustaining practice; and (4) families as partners in reminiscence. Participants described challenges associated with workload pressures, role expectations, and variability in family involvement, which influenced how reminiscence was adopted in practice. Despite these constraints, participants described perceived benefits for residents, including perceived improvements in mood, engagement, and expressions of identity. Participants also discussed perceived increased staff confidence, strengthened staff–resident relationships, and enhanced awareness of person-centred care practices. Conclusions: Findings highlight the perceived potential of individualised reminiscence to support person-centred and relational care in care homes, while identifying key contextual influences on implementation. Further research is needed to examine sustainability and effectiveness using comparative and mixed-method designs. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Novel Research and Care Strategies for Older Adults with Stroke and/or Dementia)

23 pages, 380 KB

Open AccessArticle

Integration of Climate Crisis Awareness and Nature-Based Learning into Curricula: Perspectives of Primary School Teachers

by Emine Kaya

Sustainability 2026, 18(2), 1116; https://doi.org/10.3390/su18021116 (registering DOI) - 21 Jan 2026

Abstract

A sustainable future is possible by educating children about the climate crisis and environmental issues. In this context, this study aims to examine the views of primary school teachers on integrating climate crisis awareness and nature-based learning into curricula. The sample of the [...] Read more.

A sustainable future is possible by educating children about the climate crisis and environmental issues. In this context, this study aims to examine the views of primary school teachers on integrating climate crisis awareness and nature-based learning into curricula. The sample of the study consisted of 15 primary school teachers working in the province of Adıyaman in the Southeastern Anatolia Region of Türkiye. Data were collected using a personal information form and a semi-structured interview form. The data were analyzed using the content analysis method. The results of the study revealed the perspectives of teachers on climate crisis awareness and the integration of nature-based learning into curricula. It is concluded that curricula are found inadequate in both quantitative and qualitative terms, while the integration of climate crisis awareness and nature-based teaching into curricula is viewed positively. Teachers criticize the lack of materials, low public awareness, and insufficient physical infrastructure in schools. In the educational process, whether conducted face-to-face or through digital tools, the aim is to present children with hopeful scenarios rather than fear and anxiety. It is observed that local, cultural, and ecological contexts guide the teaching process, and teachers require in-service training. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Sustainable Education and Approaches)

14 pages, 26943 KB

Open AccessArticle

The Influence of Transgenic Insect-Resistance and Herbicide-Tolerance Soybean KM2208-23 on the Rhizosphere Micro-Biome

by Xue Song, Xinyao Xia, Shuke Yang, Chaofeng Hao, Hongwei Sun, Fan Li, Xiaohui Xu, Hongxia Zhang and Xingbo Lu

Plants 2026, 15(2), 329; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants15020329 (registering DOI) - 21 Jan 2026

Abstract

The consequences of stacking multiple insect-resistance and herbicide-tolerance genes, particularly across the entire plant life cycle, remain inadequately understood. This study investigated the impact of stacked-trait transgenic soybeans on rhizosphere microbial communities across five growth stages (pre-sowing, V3, R3, R5, R8). Using 16S [...] Read more.

The consequences of stacking multiple insect-resistance and herbicide-tolerance genes, particularly across the entire plant life cycle, remain inadequately understood. This study investigated the impact of stacked-trait transgenic soybeans on rhizosphere microbial communities across five growth stages (pre-sowing, V3, R3, R5, R8). Using 16S rRNA and ITS sequencing, we compared the rhizosphere microbiome of the transgenic modified soybean (GMO) with its non-transgenic control check (CK). Results showed transient but significant shifts in soil properties (e.g., available nitrogen) and microbial beta diversity during the V3 stages. However, plant developmental stage was the predominant factor shaping microbial succession, with its effect outweighing that of the transgene. No persistent changes in microbial alpha diversity were observed. We conclude that the influence of this stacked-trait soybean on the rhizosphere is growth-stage-specific and represents a minor, recoverable perturbation rather than a sustained ecological impact. These findings contribute to the ecological safety assessment of multi-gene transgenic crops. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Applications of Bioinformatics in Plant Science)

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