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18 pages, 10429 KB

Open AccessArticle

Intelligent Pulsed Electrochemical Activation of NaClO₂ for Sulfamethoxazole Removal from Wastewater Driven by Machine Learning

by Naboxi Tian, Congyuan Zhang, Wenxiao Yang, Yunfeng Shen, Xinrong Wang and Junzhuo Cai

Separations 2026, 13(1), 31; https://doi.org/10.3390/separations13010031 (registering DOI) - 15 Jan 2026

Abstract

Sulfamethoxazole (SMX), a widely used antibiotic, poses potential threats to ecosystems and human health due to its persistence and residues in aquatic environments. This study developed a novel intelligent water treatment system, namely Intelligent Pulsed Electrochemical Activation of NaClO₂ (IPEA_NaClO2), [...] Read more.

Sulfamethoxazole (SMX), a widely used antibiotic, poses potential threats to ecosystems and human health due to its persistence and residues in aquatic environments. This study developed a novel intelligent water treatment system, namely Intelligent Pulsed Electrochemical Activation of NaClO₂ (IPEA_NaClO2), which integrates a FeCuC-Ti₄O₇ composite electrode with machine learning (ML) to achieve efficient SMX removal and energy consumption optimization. Six key operational parameters—initial SMX concentration, NaClO₂ dosage, reaction temperature, reaction time, pulsed potential, and pulsed frequency—were systematically investigated to evaluate their effects on removal efficiency and electrical specific energy consumption (E-SEC). Under optimized conditions (SMX 10 mg L⁻¹, NaClO₂ 60~90 mM, pulsed frequency 10 Hz, temperature 313 K) for 60 min, the IPEA_NaClO2 system achieved an SMX removal efficiency of 89.9% with a low E-SEC of 0.66 kWh m⁻³. Among the ML models compared (back-propagation neural network, BPNN; gradient boosting decision tree, GBDT; random forest, RF), BPNN exhibited the best predictive performance for both SMX removal efficiency and E-SEC, with a coefficient of determination (R²) approaching 1 on the test set. Practical application tests demonstrated that the system maintained excellent stability across different water matrices, achieved a bacterial inactivation rate of 98.99%, and significantly reduced SMX residues in a simulated agricultural irrigation system. This study provides a novel strategy for the intelligent control and efficient removal of refractory organic pollutants in complex water bodies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Photo-/Electro-/Photoelectro-Catalytic Removal of Pollutants in Environmental Matrices)

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6 pages, 147 KB

Open AccessEditorial

Dynamics of Innovation and Tradition, Disruption and Continuity: Reconsidering Communication, Agency and Ethics in Digital Religion

by Pauline Hope Cheong and Ilona Nord

Religions 2026, 17(1), 101; https://doi.org/10.3390/rel17010101 (registering DOI) - 15 Jan 2026

Abstract

Our daily lives, long-lasting realities and future horizons have been stretched in recent times as emerging new technologies and AI (artificial intelligence) have made contact with and filled human and nonhuman existence [...] Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Institutional Innovation and Tradition: Understanding Changes and Continuities in Religious Leadership, Communication, and Technology Ethics)

29 pages, 2803 KB

Open AccessArticle

Benchmarking SQL and NoSQL Persistence in Microservices Under Variable Workloads

by Nenad Pantelic, Ljiljana Matic, Lazar Jakovljevic, Stefan Eric, Milan Eric, Miladin Stefanović and Aleksandar Djordjevic

Future Internet 2026, 18(1), 53; https://doi.org/10.3390/fi18010053 (registering DOI) - 15 Jan 2026

Abstract

This paper presents a controlled comparative evaluation of SQL and NoSQL persistence mechanisms in containerized microservice architectures under variable workload conditions. Three persistence configurations—SQL with indexing, SQL without indexing, and a document-oriented NoSQL database, including supplementary hybrid SQL variants used for robustness analysis—are [...] Read more.

This paper presents a controlled comparative evaluation of SQL and NoSQL persistence mechanisms in containerized microservice architectures under variable workload conditions. Three persistence configurations—SQL with indexing, SQL without indexing, and a document-oriented NoSQL database, including supplementary hybrid SQL variants used for robustness analysis—are assessed across read-dominant, write-dominant, and mixed workloads, with concurrency levels ranging from low to high contention. The experimental setup is fully containerized and executed in a single-node environment to isolate persistence-layer behavior and ensure reproducibility. System performance is evaluated using multiple metrics, including percentile-based latency (p95), throughput, CPU utilization, and memory consumption. The results reveal distinct performance trade-offs among the evaluated configurations, highlighting the sensitivity of persistence mechanisms to workload composition and concurrency intensity. In particular, indexing strategies significantly affect read-heavy scenarios, while document-oriented persistence demonstrates advantages under write-intensive workloads. The findings emphasize the importance of workload-aware persistence selection in microservice-based systems and support the adoption of polyglot persistence strategies. Rather than providing absolute performance benchmarks, the study focuses on comparative behavioral trends that can inform architectural decision-making in practical microservice deployments. Full article

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17 pages, 1193 KB

Open AccessArticle

Potentials of Magnetron Sputtering for Battery Applications—A Case Study for Thin Lithium Metal Anodes

by Nikolas Dilger, Matteo Kaminski, Julian Brokmann, Jutta Janssen, Thomas Neubert and Sabrina Zellmer

Surfaces 2026, 9(1), 10; https://doi.org/10.3390/surfaces9010010 (registering DOI) - 15 Jan 2026

Abstract

Due to its very high theoretical specific capacity, lithium is still considered a promising anode material for innovative next-generation battery cells. The aim is to produce thin lithium metal anodes (LMAs) that are sufficient for the battery cell due to the lithium already [...] Read more.

Due to its very high theoretical specific capacity, lithium is still considered a promising anode material for innovative next-generation battery cells. The aim is to produce thin lithium metal anodes (LMAs) that are sufficient for the battery cell due to the lithium already present in the cathode and thus additionally increase the energy density of the cell. The production of thin lithium layers (<10 µm) is challenging with most processes, and very costly with decreasing thickness. In this study, the use of magnetron sputtering to deposit thin layers of lithium for the production of LMAs is tested. An innovative process—the deposition of lithium from a liquid phase via Hot Target Sputtering—will be presented that has the potential to overcome the previous limitations in the deposition rate, and enables the potential for industrial application. The process was successfully tested in terms of general process control, stability and reproducibility and used to produce lithium metal anodes. These were then successfully integrated in All-Solid-State-Battery (ASSB) cells and compared with a lithium reference foil in a C-rate test with regard to their electrochemical performance reaching ≈ 110 mAh g⁻¹ at a 1C discharge rate. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Surface Science in Electrochemical Energy Storage)

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16 pages, 1085 KB

Open AccessArticle

Effectiveness of an mHealth Exercise Program on Fall Incidence, Fall Risk, and Fear of Falling in Nursing Home Residents: The Cluster Randomized Controlled BeSt Age Trial

by Jonathan Diener, Jelena Krafft, Sabine Rayling, Janina Krell-Roesch, Hagen Wäsche, Anna Lena Flagmeier, Alexander Woll and Kathrin Wunsch

Sports 2026, 14(1), 41; https://doi.org/10.3390/sports14010041 (registering DOI) - 15 Jan 2026

Abstract

The global rise in nursing home (NH) populations presents substantial challenges, as residents frequently experience physical and cognitive decline, low physical activity, and high fall risk. This study evaluates the effectiveness of the BeSt Age App, a tablet-based, staff-supported mHealth intervention designed to [...] Read more.

The global rise in nursing home (NH) populations presents substantial challenges, as residents frequently experience physical and cognitive decline, low physical activity, and high fall risk. This study evaluates the effectiveness of the BeSt Age App, a tablet-based, staff-supported mHealth intervention designed to promote physical activity and prevent falls among NH residents. Primary outcomes were fall incidence and fall risk (assessed using Berg Balance Scale [BBS] and Timed Up and Go [TUG]); fear of falling was a secondary outcome. In a cluster-randomized controlled trial across 19 German NHs, 229 residents (mean age = 85.4 ± 7.4 years; 74.7% female) were assigned to an intervention group (IG) or control group (CG). The 12-week intervention comprised twice-weekly, tablet-guided exercise sessions implemented by NH staff. Mixed models and generalized estimating equations were used under an intention-to-treat framework. The IG showed significantly greater improvement in BBS scores than the CG (group × time: F(1, 190.81) = 8.25, p = 0.005, d = 0.22), while group × time changes in TUG performance, fear of falling, and fall incidence were nonsignificant. These findings demonstrate the feasibility of a staff-mediated mHealth approach to fall prevention in NH residents, showing significant improvements in BBS scores as one functional indicator of fall risk, while TUG, fall incidence and fear of falling showed no change. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Physical Activity for Preventing and Managing Falls in Older Adults)

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12 pages, 1326 KB

Open AccessArticle

Future Teachers Speak Up: Exploring Pre-Primary and Primary Trainees’ Beliefs About Bilingual Education Programs in Spain

by Isabel Alonso-Belmonte

Educ. Sci. 2026, 16(1), 131; https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci16010131 (registering DOI) - 15 Jan 2026

Abstract

The present exploratory study investigates how pre-primary and primary student teachers (STs) at the Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM) perceive the impact of bilingual education programs (BEPs) on children’s learning experience. Specifically, it examines student teachers’ views on the benefits and challenges of [...] Read more.

The present exploratory study investigates how pre-primary and primary student teachers (STs) at the Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM) perceive the impact of bilingual education programs (BEPs) on children’s learning experience. Specifically, it examines student teachers’ views on the benefits and challenges of implementing Content and Language Integrated Learning (CLIL) in pre-primary and primary education and explores whether there are differences between the opinions of the two groups. The analysis is based on data from six items of a structured questionnaire, validated in previous studies and completed by 170 prospective pre-primary and primary teachers at the UAM. The results suggest a shared perception among STs that BEPs enrich the learning experience of students in both pre-primary and primary education. Most STs recognize that CLIL enhances language proficiency and supports cognitive development, although they also point to insufficient teacher training and the low motivation of children with learning difficulties as major challenges. While no major differences emerged between the views of pre-primary and primary STs, subtle variations point to the existence of two distinct trainee profiles that determine their views on BEPs and that would require further mid-term investigation. The findings highlight areas for targeted support in teacher training programs. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Research, Innovation, and Practice in Bilingual Education)

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15 pages, 473 KB

Open AccessArticle

From Trauma to Suicidal Ideation in a Spanish Chronic Pain Population: Cognitive Mediation in the Genesis of Psychological Suffering

by Juan José Mora-Ascó, Carmen Moret-Tatay, María José Beneyto-Arrojo and Miguel Pedro León-Padilla

J. Clin. Med. 2026, 15(2), 715; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm15020715 (registering DOI) - 15 Jan 2026

Abstract

Background: Chronic pain is consistently associated with increased vulnerability to suicidal ideation, particularly among individuals with a history of early adverse experiences. However, the cognitive mechanisms linking childhood trauma to suicidal thoughts in this population remain insufficiently understood. Methods: A cross-sectional study was [...] Read more.

Background: Chronic pain is consistently associated with increased vulnerability to suicidal ideation, particularly among individuals with a history of early adverse experiences. However, the cognitive mechanisms linking childhood trauma to suicidal thoughts in this population remain insufficiently understood. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted with 251 adults living with chronic pain. Participants completed validated measures assessing childhood trauma, perceived burdensomeness, hopelessness, pain catastrophizing, and suicidal ideation. Correlational analyses were conducted to examine associations among variables, followed by a multiple mediation model to test the mediating role of cognitive processes. Data were analyzed using Pearson correlations and robust-estimation mediation procedures implemented in JASP. Results: Childhood trauma showed positive and significant associations with perceived burdensomeness, hopelessness, pain catastrophizing, and suicidal ideation. Mediation analyses showed that perceived burdensomeness, hopelessness, and pain catastrophizing significantly mediated the relationship between childhood trauma and suicidal ideation, with small-to-moderate indirect effects. These findings suggest that maladaptive cognitive patterns may partially explain how early adverse experiences are associated with suicidal thoughts in individuals with chronic pain. Conclusions: The results highlight the relevance of considering early adverse experiences and pain-related cognitive processes in the clinical assessment of suicidal ideation among individuals with chronic pain. Further research using longitudinal and multimethod designs is needed to refine explanatory models and guide psychological interventions aimed at reducing vulnerability to suicidal ideation in this population. This study expands existing knowledge by simultaneously examining perceived burdensomeness, hopelessness, and pain catastrophizing as mediators between childhood trauma and suicidal ideation in individuals with chronic pain. These findings contribute to refining trauma-informed clinical approaches and identifying specific intervention targets. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Psychological Pain and Suicidal Behavior: Clinical Implications)

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16 pages, 1469 KB

Open AccessArticle

Molecular Investigation of the Effects of Two Antiepileptic Drugs (Valproic Acid and Levetiracetam) on Alveolar Bone Under Orthodontic Force

by Nurhan Bayindir-Durna, Metin Uckan, Seyma Aydin and Selcuk Ozdemir

Medicina 2026, 62(1), 178; https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina62010178 (registering DOI) - 15 Jan 2026

Abstract

Background and Objectives: This study aims to analyze the effects of levetiracetam (LEV) and valproic acid (VPA) administration on oxidative stress, inflammation, apoptosis, extracellular matrix dynamics, and bone remodeling parameters in rat alveolar bone exposed to orthodontic force. Materials and Methods: Four experimental [...] Read more.

Background and Objectives: This study aims to analyze the effects of levetiracetam (LEV) and valproic acid (VPA) administration on oxidative stress, inflammation, apoptosis, extracellular matrix dynamics, and bone remodeling parameters in rat alveolar bone exposed to orthodontic force. Materials and Methods: Four experimental groups were designed for this study: Control, Force, Force + LEV, and Force + VPA. LEV (150 mg/kg/day) or VPA (300 mg/kg/day) was administered intraperitoneally to the experimental groups daily for 6 weeks. At the end of the experimental period, the alveolar bone tissues were used for molecular analyses. RT-PCR analysis was performed to assess the expression levels of antioxidant markers [superoxide dismutase, (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and glutathione (GSH)], inflammatory cytokines [tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β)], apoptosis-related genes (Bax, Bcl-2, and Caspase-3), matrix remodeling genes [matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2), matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9), and metallopeptidase inhibitor 1 (TIMP-1)], and bone metabolism regulators [receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-Β ligand (RANKL) and osteoprotegerin (OPG)]. Oxidative stress and inflammatory measurements were also confirmed via ELISA assays. Results: The results demonstrated that orthodontic force application increased oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis compared to the Control group, disrupted extracellular matrix homeostasis, and increased bone resorption, while LEV administration (LEV + Force) markedly mitigated these abnormalities. In other words, LEV administration increased levels of antioxidant markers, decreased levels of inflammatory cytokines and pro-apoptotic genes, restored extracellular matrix balance (decrease in MMP-2 and MMP-9 with concurrent upregulation of TIMP-1), and limited tissue destruction (decrease in RANKL along with elevation in OPG). In contrast to LEV, VPA did not correct these molecular alterations induced by orthodontic force and, in several parameters, further exacerbated them. Conclusions: In conclusion, molecular data from the animal model indicate that LEV plays a protective role against orthodontic force by reducing excess levels of oxidative stress, apoptosis, and inflammation and homeostatic pathways. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Dentistry and Oral Health)

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22 pages, 2529 KB

Open AccessArticle

Comprehensive Tool for Assessing Farmers’ Knowledge and Perception of Climate Change and Sustainable Adaptation: Evidence from Himalayan Mountain Region

by Nirmal Kumar Patra, Limasangla A. Jamir and Tapan B. Pathak

Climate 2026, 14(1), 20; https://doi.org/10.3390/cli14010020 (registering DOI) - 15 Jan 2026

Abstract

Knowledge and perceptions are prerequisites for contributing to CC mitigation and adaptation. This paper developed a framework and a tool (scale) to capture farmers’ knowledge and perceptions of all aspects of CC. We involved 15 extremely qualified (those with PhD degrees in agriculture [...] Read more.

Knowledge and perceptions are prerequisites for contributing to CC mitigation and adaptation. This paper developed a framework and a tool (scale) to capture farmers’ knowledge and perceptions of all aspects of CC. We involved 15 extremely qualified (those with PhD degrees in agriculture and allied disciplines and experience in scale construction and CC research) experts and 83 highly qualified (a minimum of a PhD degree in agriculture and allied fields was the prerequisite criterion for acting as a judge) judges in the construction of this scale. Further, we adopted factor analysis to draw valid conclusions. We proposed 138 items/statements related to 14 dimensions/issues (General, GHGs, Temperature, Rainfall, Agricultural emissions, shifting cultivation, rice cultivation, Mitigation, C-sequestration, Impact on Agriculture, Livestock, Wind, Natural disaster, Impact, and Adaptation) associated with agriculture and CC scenarios. Finally, 102 items/statements were retained with six indicators/dimensions. The results indicate that the scale explains 83% of variance. The scale is highly consistent (Cronbach alpha = 0.985) and widely applicable to future research and policy decisions. Further, the scale was adopted (with 100 respondents) to assess consistency and validity. Finally, the tool (scale) for assessing farmers’ knowledge and perceptions of CC was prepared for further use and replication. The policy and research system may adopt the framework and scale to assess stakeholders’ inclusive knowledge and perceptions of CC. The findings of this study may be helpful for policymakers, researchers, development workers, and extension functionaries. Full article

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31 pages, 15918 KB

Open AccessArticle

Cross-Domain Landslide Mapping in Remote Sensing Images Based on Unsupervised Domain Adaptation Framework

by Jing Yang, Mingtao Ding, Wubiao Huang, Qiang Xue, Ying Dong, Bo Chen, Lulu Peng, Fuling Zhang and Zhenhong Li

Remote Sens. 2026, 18(2), 286; https://doi.org/10.3390/rs18020286 (registering DOI) - 15 Jan 2026

Abstract

Rapid and accurate acquisition of landslide inventories is essential for effective disaster relief. Deep learning-based pixel-wise semantic segmentation of remote sensing imagery has greatly advanced in landslide mapping. However, the heavy dependance on extensive annotated labels and sensitivity to domain shifts severely constrain [...] Read more.

Rapid and accurate acquisition of landslide inventories is essential for effective disaster relief. Deep learning-based pixel-wise semantic segmentation of remote sensing imagery has greatly advanced in landslide mapping. However, the heavy dependance on extensive annotated labels and sensitivity to domain shifts severely constrain the model performance in unseen domains, leading to poor generalization. To address these limitations, we propose LandsDANet, an innovative unsupervised domain adaptation framework for cross-domain landslide identification. Firstly, adversarial learning is employed to reduce the data distribution discrepancies between the source and target domains, thereby achieving output space alignment. The improved SegFormer serves as the segmentation network, incorporating hierarchical Transformer blocks and an attention mechanism to enhance feature representation capabilities. Secondly, to alleviate inter-domain radiometric discrepancies and attain image-level alignment, a Wallis filter is utilized to perform image style transformation. Considering the class imbalance present in the landslide dataset, a Rare Class Sampling strategy is introduced to mitigate bias towards common classes and strengthen the learning of the rare landslide class. Finally, a contrastive loss is adopted to further optimize and enhance the model’s ability to delineate fine-grained class boundaries. The proposed model is validated on the Potsdam and Vaihingen benchmark datasets, followed by validation in two landslide scenarios induced by earthquakes and rainfall to evaluate its adaptability across different disaster domains. Compared to the source-only model, LandsDANet achieved improvements in IoU of 27.04% and 35.73% in two cross-domain landslide disaster recognition tasks, respectively. This performance not only showcases its outstanding capabilities but also underscores its robust potential to meet the demands for rapid response. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section AI Remote Sensing)

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11 pages, 778 KB

Open AccessArticle

Association Between PET/CT Metabolic Parameters and Serum ACE and Calcium Levels in Sarcoidosis

by Yaşar Incekara, Erdoğan Cetinkaya, Ramazan Eren, Reşit Akyel and Mustafa Cortuk

Diagnostics 2026, 16(2), 278; https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics16020278 (registering DOI) - 15 Jan 2026

Abstract

Background: Sarcoidosis is a multisystem inflammatory disorder characterized by non-caseating granulomas, most commonly affecting the lungs and intrathoracic lymph nodes. Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) levels and calcium abnormalities are recognized biomarkers, while ^18F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography/computed tomography (FDG-PET/CT) is increasingly used to assess disease [...] Read more.

Background: Sarcoidosis is a multisystem inflammatory disorder characterized by non-caseating granulomas, most commonly affecting the lungs and intrathoracic lymph nodes. Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) levels and calcium abnormalities are recognized biomarkers, while ^18F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography/computed tomography (FDG-PET/CT) is increasingly used to assess disease activity. However, neither provides sufficient diagnostic accuracy alone. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the relationship between FDG-PET/CT metabolic findings and serum ACE and calcium (Ca²⁺) levels as surrogate indicators of inflammatory metabolic intensity in sarcoidosis. Methods: In this retrospective single-center study, 127 patients with pulmonary sarcoidosis who underwent PET/CT at diagnosis were evaluated. Demographic and clinical data, ACE, and Ca²⁺ levels were recorded. FDG uptake in mediastinal, pulmonary, and extrapulmonary sites was analyzed, and correlations with biomarkers were assessed. Results: The cohort included 89 females (70.1%) and 38 males (29.9%), mean age 51.3 ± 11.9 years. FDG uptake was most frequent in mediastinal lymph nodes (84.3%) and lung parenchyma (40.9%). ACE levels correlated weakly with total SUVmax (r = 0.214, p = 0.019). Calcium levels correlated with extrapulmonary SUVmax (r = 0.327, p = 0.001) and were higher in patients with extrapulmonary involvement (p = 0.045). No associations were found between symptom presence and biomarkers or SUVmax values. Conclusions: FDG-PET/CT metabolic parameters, particularly total and extrapulmonary SUVmax, demonstrated modest yet statistically significant associations with ACE and calcium levels. These findings suggest that a combined biomarker-imaging approach may provide complementary information regarding inflammatory metabolic intensity and systemic involvement; however, the results should be interpreted as exploratory and require validation in prospective studies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Medical Imaging and Theranostics)

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16 pages, 276 KB

Open AccessArticle

Clinical and Genetic Characteristics of Pheochromocytoma and Paraganglioma: A Single-Center Experience Including a Rare VHL Variant

by Merve Korkmaz Yilmaz, Ozlem Kandemir Alibakan, Aydeniz Aydin Gumus, Alper Gezdirici, Huseyin Karatay, Serkan Sari, Tugba Matlim Ozel, Mutlu Niyazoglu and Esra Hatipoglu

J. Clin. Med. 2026, 15(2), 712; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm15020712 (registering DOI) - 15 Jan 2026

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Advances in the genetic understanding of pheochromocytoma–paraganglioma (PPGL) have considerably refined personalized approaches to diagnosis and management. This study aims to present our institutional experience on the diagnostic characteristics, clinical course, and genetic background of patients with PPGL, in the context of [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Advances in the genetic understanding of pheochromocytoma–paraganglioma (PPGL) have considerably refined personalized approaches to diagnosis and management. This study aims to present our institutional experience on the diagnostic characteristics, clinical course, and genetic background of patients with PPGL, in the context of the current literature. Methods: This retrospective analysis included 35 patients diagnosed with PPGL between years 2020 and 2024, all of whom underwent surgical resection and next-generation sequencing for germline mutations in major PPGL susceptibility genes. Clinical presentation, biochemical profile, pathological findings, and follow-up outcomes were compared between mutation-positive and mutation-negative cases. Results: Of the 35 patients with PPGL, germline mutations were identified in 6 patients (17%): 2 in Cluster 1A genes (SDHA, SDHB), 2 in Cluster 1B (VHL), and 2 in Cluster 2 (NF1). Consistent with existing literature, pathogenic germline variants—particularly SDHB and VHL—were identified in our cohort exclusively in patients younger than 30 years (ages 17, 20, and 25). Mutation-positive patients more frequently exhibited noradrenergic or non-secretory profiles (p = 0.01). Among the three non-secretory tumors in the cohort, two harbored genetic mutations (SDHA, NF1). Interestingly, both NF1-positive patients were normotensive—one (c.3496G > A) with a non-secretory tumor and the other (c.2329T > A) presenting at an unusually late age (63 years)—a strikingly atypical spectrum that underscores the phenotypic variability of NF1-associated PPGL. Bilateral disease was observed exclusively in VHL carriers (p = 0.03). Importantly, we identified a rare VHL c.369delG frameshift variant, not previously reported in association with PPGLs, in a patient with PPGL. No significant difference was observed between SDHB loss (p = 0.1) and proliferative indices (mitotic count, Ki-67) (p = 0.07, p = 0.6) between the two groups. During a median follow-up of 24 months (IQR: 18–36), one SDHB-positive patient had a recurrence, while no distant metastases were detected in the remaining mutation carriers. Conclusions: These findings support characteristic clinical patterns among mutation-positive PPGL and underscore the importance of systematic germline testing in all cases—irrespective of age, family history, or biochemical profile—to guide individualized management and enable cascade screening. The identification of a rare VHL c.369delG variant, previously unreported in association with PPGL, within a characteristic VHL-related clinical phenotype highlights the importance of this association. Similarly, atypical NF1 cases emphasize phenotypic variability and reinforce the importance of germline testing even in clinically silent presentations. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Endocrinology & Metabolism)

12 pages, 337 KB

Open AccessArticle

Effect of Dietary Supplementation with Rumen-Protected GABA (γ-Aminobutyric Acid) on Milk Productivity and Blood Profiles of Dairy Cattle Under Heat Stress Conditions

by Young Hye Joo, Jun Sik Woo, Honggu Lee, Won Seob Kim, Keun Kyu Park and Yognjun Choi

Animals 2026, 16(2), 262; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani16020262 (registering DOI) - 15 Jan 2026

Abstract

This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of rumen-protected γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) supplementation on milk productivity of lactating Holstein cows. Eighteen Holstein dairy cows (mean parity, 2.2 ± 1.0 year; mean milk yield, 34.3 ± 5.5 kg) were selected in a commercial [...] Read more.

This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of rumen-protected γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) supplementation on milk productivity of lactating Holstein cows. Eighteen Holstein dairy cows (mean parity, 2.2 ± 1.0 year; mean milk yield, 34.3 ± 5.5 kg) were selected in a commercial dairy farm for the experiment. The experiment was conducted from 17 July 2024 to 11 September 2024 (56 days). Generally, THI 72 is set as a threshold since the productivity of Holstein cows starts to decrease. Animals were exposed to heat stress conditions (THI ≥ 72) during the experimental period. The basal diet was fed as a total mixed ration (TMR), and GABA was top-dressed onto the TMR. The treatments were basal diet (Control), basal diet supplemented with rumen-protected GABA 3 g/d (Treatment 1), and basal diet supplemented with rumen-protected GABA 6 g/d (Treatment 2) as a completely randomized design. Statistical significance was compared between the control and GABA treatment groups using the method of repeated measurement. Increased levels of rumen-protected GABA supplementation tended to mitigate the decline in milk yield associated with heat stress (p = 0.083). Milk fat content in the GABA supplementation groups was significantly greater than that in the control group (p = 0.036). Milk lactose content was significantly increased by GABA supplementation (p = 0.017). Blood metabolic profiles and cortisol did not differ significantly between the control and GABA supplementation groups. Activities in the GABA supplementation groups were significantly greater than those in the control group (p < 0.05). Rest and rumination times in the GABA supplementation group were significantly lower than those in the control group (p < 0.05). These results suggest that rumen-protected GABA can be a practical nutritional intervention for minimizing productivity losses in Holstein cows during periods of elevated ambient temperature. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mitigating Heat Stress in Ruminants: Physiological Impacts and Nutritional Strategies)

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28 pages, 1711 KB

Open AccessReview

Advanced Biomaterials for Craniofacial Tissue Regeneration: From Fundamental Mechanism to Translational Applications—A Scoping Review

by Żaneta Anna Mierzejewska, Valentina Veselinović, Nataša Trtić, Saša Marin, Jan Borys and Bożena Antonowicz

J. Funct. Biomater. 2026, 17(1), 44; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb17010044 (registering DOI) - 15 Jan 2026

Abstract

Recent advances in biomaterials, immunomodulation, stem cell therapy, and biofabrication are reshaping maxillofacial surgery, shifting reconstruction paradigms toward biologically integrated and patient-specific tissue regeneration. This review provides a comprehensive synthesis of current and emerging strategies for bone and soft-tissue regeneration in the craniofacial [...] Read more.

Recent advances in biomaterials, immunomodulation, stem cell therapy, and biofabrication are reshaping maxillofacial surgery, shifting reconstruction paradigms toward biologically integrated and patient-specific tissue regeneration. This review provides a comprehensive synthesis of current and emerging strategies for bone and soft-tissue regeneration in the craniofacial region, with particular emphasis on bioactive ceramics, biodegradable polymers, hybrid composites, and stimuli-responsive smart materials. We further examine translational technologies such as extracellular vesicles, decellularized extracellular matrices, organoids, and 3D bioprinting, highlighting key challenges such as bioink standardization, perfusion limitations, and regulatory classification. Maxillofacial surgery is positioned for a paradigm shift toward personalized, biologically active, and clinically scalable regenerative solutions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Functional Biomaterial for Bone Regeneration (2nd Edition))

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15 pages, 421 KB

Open AccessArticle

Thiol/Disulfide Homeostasis in Lung Cancer: Insights from a Clinical Study

by Selen Karaoğlanoğlu, Müge Sönmez and Hüseyin Erdal

Antioxidants 2026, 15(1), 114; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox15010114 (registering DOI) - 15 Jan 2026

Abstract

Background: The development of lung cancer is strongly influenced by oxidative stress (OS), which results when the balance between oxidants and antioxidants is disturbed. Evaluation of both specific redox markers such as thiol/disulfide homeostasis (TDH) and overall indicators including total antioxidant status [...] Read more.

Background: The development of lung cancer is strongly influenced by oxidative stress (OS), which results when the balance between oxidants and antioxidants is disturbed. Evaluation of both specific redox markers such as thiol/disulfide homeostasis (TDH) and overall indicators including total antioxidant status (TAS), total oxidant status (TOS), and oxidative stress index (OSI) may provide a more comprehensive view of oxidative imbalance in lung cancer. We examined OS indices and TDH in patients with lung cancer versus healthy controls. Methods: Eighty participants were enrolled, consisting of 40 patients with newly diagnosed lung cancer and 40 age- and sex-matched healthy controls. Serum levels of native thiol (NT), total thiol (TT), and disulfide were determined using an automated spectrophotometric method. Additionally, TAS, TOS, and the OSI were evaluated to provide an overall assessment of oxidative balance. Routine hematological and biochemical parameters were compared between groups. Results: White blood cell and neutrophil counts were notably higher in lung cancer patients compared with controls (p < 0.05). NT and TT levels were remarkably decreased, whereas disulfide levels, TOS, and OSI were significantly elevated in the lung cancer group (p < 0.05). TAS levels tended to be lower in patients, although not reaching statistical significance. No significant association was observed between oxidative parameters and tumor stage or localization. Conclusions: Patients with lung cancer exhibited a marked oxidative imbalance, characterized by elevated oxidant burden and impaired TDH. Combined assessment of TAS, TOS, OSI, and thiol/disulfide parameters may provide valuable insight into the oxidative pathophysiology of lung cancer and hold potential as complementary biomarkers for disease evaluation. Further large scale studies are needed to confirm these findings. Full article

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18 pages, 17264 KB

Open AccessArticle

Genetic Diversity of Vif and Vpr Accessory Proteins in HIV-1 Group M Clades

by Oxana Galzitskaya, Aleksey Lebedev, Anastasiia Antonova, Ekaterina Mezhenskaya, Anna Glyakina, Evgeniya Deryusheva, Ilya Likhachev and Anna Kuznetsova

Viruses 2026, 18(1), 116; https://doi.org/10.3390/v18010116 (registering DOI) - 15 Jan 2026

Abstract

Vif and Vpr are HIV-1 accessory proteins that create optimal conditions for viral replication. They are considered as potential targets for the development of therapeutic agents. Natural amino acid substitutions in these proteins have previously been associated with disease progression. The aim of [...] Read more.

Vif and Vpr are HIV-1 accessory proteins that create optimal conditions for viral replication. They are considered as potential targets for the development of therapeutic agents. Natural amino acid substitutions in these proteins have previously been associated with disease progression. The aim of this study was to analyze the genetic diversity of Vif and Vpr in HIV-1 group M clades. A total of 5286 sequences were downloaded and analyzed. For 37 clades in group M, the consensus sequences, amino acid natural variation, and clade-specific amino acid residue substitutions (CSSs) were evaluated. Structural analysis and modeling of consensus sequences were performed for subtypes A1, B, C, and D. The average conservation degree in the HIV-1 group M was 86.4% for Vif and 91.3% for Vpr. In both proteins, the lowest amino acid diversity was observed in sub-subtype A6, and the highest in subtype B. In consensus sequences, the substitutions, which might influence pathogenesis, have been determined: in Vif—22H (11_cpx, 91_cpx) and 136P (A6, 01_AE, 15_01B, 59_01B, 89_BF1, 103_01B, 111_01C, 133_A6B), in Vpr—41N (06_cpx) and 55A (B, 07_BC, 35_01D, 56_cpx, 66_cpx, 66_BF1, 71_BF1, 85_BC, 137_0107). In functional motifs, CSSs associated with changes in the chemical properties of amino acid residues were noted. These findings could be taken into account for the development of therapeutic drugs in the future. No correlation was observed between the subtypes and the spatial organization of the oligomeric structures of Vif and Vpr. Using the structural analysis and modeling, it has been shown for the first time that Vif can interact with APOBEC3G as an oligomer. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue HIV Accessory Proteins)

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24 pages, 8088 KB

Open AccessArticle

Research on Landscape Enhancement Design of Street-Facing Façades and Adjacent Public Spaces in Old Residential Areas: A Commercial Activity Optimization Approach

by Yan Gui, Mengjia Gu, Suoyi Kong and Likai Lin

Buildings 2026, 16(2), 361; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings16020361 (registering DOI) - 15 Jan 2026

Abstract

With the ongoing advancement of urbanization, the renewal of old urban areas has emerged as a central front in enhancing urban quality, with street space improvement playing a pivotal role in advancing sustainable urban development. This study focuses on Chengdu, a highly urbanized [...] Read more.

With the ongoing advancement of urbanization, the renewal of old urban areas has emerged as a central front in enhancing urban quality, with street space improvement playing a pivotal role in advancing sustainable urban development. This study focuses on Chengdu, a highly urbanized megacity, employing a combination of multi-point continuous street view photography, spatial mapping, and landscape design interventions to systematically examine human activity patterns, commercial dynamics, and pathways for spatial optimization along the street-facing interfaces of old residential neighborhoods and their adjacent urban streets. The findings reveal that: (1) commercializing the street-facing façades enhances local employment opportunities; (2) window-type fences demonstrate superior adaptability by effectively balancing commercial accessibility with resident safety; and (3) a diverse mix of commercial types sustains the vitality of street-level economies in these areas. These results not only offer actionable spatial strategies for the renovation of old residential zones in Chengdu but also contribute transferable insights for urban regeneration efforts globally. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advancing Sustainable and Cost-Effective Practices in Building Design and Construction)

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15 pages, 1784 KB

Open AccessArticle

Deep Neural Network-Based Inversion Method for Electron Density Profiles in Ionograms

by Longlong Niu, Chen Zhou, Na Wei, Guosheng Han, ZhongXin Deng and Wen Liu

Atmosphere 2026, 17(1), 88; https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos17010088 (registering DOI) - 15 Jan 2026

Abstract

Accurate inversion of ionograms of the ionosonde is of great significance for studying ionospheric structure and radio wave propagation. Traditional inversion methods usually describe the electron density profile based on preset polynomial functions, but such functions are difficult to fully match the complex [...] Read more.

Accurate inversion of ionograms of the ionosonde is of great significance for studying ionospheric structure and radio wave propagation. Traditional inversion methods usually describe the electron density profile based on preset polynomial functions, but such functions are difficult to fully match the complex dynamic distribution characteristics of the ionosphere, especially in accurately representing special positions such as the F2 layer peak. To this end, this paper proposes an inversion model based on a Variational Autoencoder, named VSII-VAE, which realizes the mapping from ionograms to electron density profiles through an encoder–decoder structure. To enable the model to learn inversion patterns with physical significance, we introduced physical constraints into the latent variable space and the decoder, constructing a neural network inversion model that integrates data-driven approaches with physical mechanisms. Using multi-class ionograms as input and the electron density measured by Incoherent Scatter Radar as the training target, experimental results show that the electron density profiles retrieved by VSII-VAE are highly consistent with ISR observations, with errors between synthetic virtual heights and measured virtual heights generally below 5 km. On the independent test set, the model evaluation metrics reached

R^{2}

= 0.82, RMSE = 0.14 MHz,

r_{p}

= 0.94, outperforming the ARTIST method and verifying the effectiveness and superiority of the model inversion. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Research and Space-Based Exploration on Space Plasma)

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12 pages, 270 KB

Open AccessReview

Clinical Use, Population-Level Impact, and Antimicrobial Resistance Considerations of Probiotics and Microbiome-Based Therapeutics: Review

by Monthon Lertcanawanichakul, Phuangthip Bhoopong, Husna Madoromae and Tuanhawanti Sahabuddeen

Pharmacoepidemiology 2026, 5(1), 3; https://doi.org/10.3390/pharma5010003 (registering DOI) - 15 Jan 2026

Abstract

Probiotics and microbiome-based therapeutics are increasingly used to prevent antibiotic-associated diarrhea (AAD) and support gut microbiota health across children, adults, and elderly populations. Evidence synthesized in this narrative review from randomized controlled trials and meta-analyses (>20,000 participants) suggests that early probiotic administration, particularly [...] Read more.

Probiotics and microbiome-based therapeutics are increasingly used to prevent antibiotic-associated diarrhea (AAD) and support gut microbiota health across children, adults, and elderly populations. Evidence synthesized in this narrative review from randomized controlled trials and meta-analyses (>20,000 participants) suggests that early probiotic administration, particularly Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG, Bifidobacterium species, multistrain formulations, and Saccharomyces boulardii, is associated with a 30–40% relative reduction in AAD incidence across heterogeneous studies, with absolute risk reductions of approximately 5–12% depending on baseline risk, strain, dose, and timing. Probiotics are generally well tolerated, with mild gastrointestinal adverse effects reported in 3–5% of users and rare serious events mainly in immunocompromised individuals. However, heterogeneity in formulations, populations, and limited long-term real-world data underscores the need for further pharmacoepidemiological studies, microbiome surveillance, and evaluation of antimicrobial resistance implications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Exploring Herbal Medicine: Applying Epidemiology Principles)

23 pages, 3280 KB

Open AccessArticle

Research on Short-Term Photovoltaic Power Prediction Method Using Adaptive Fusion of Multi-Source Heterogeneous Meteorological Data

by Haijun Yu, Jinjin Ding, Yuanzhi Li, Lijun Wang, Weibo Yuan, Xunting Wang and Feng Zhang

Energies 2026, 19(2), 425; https://doi.org/10.3390/en19020425 (registering DOI) - 15 Jan 2026

Abstract

High-precision short-term photovoltaic (PV) power prediction has become a critical technology in ensuring grid accommodation capacity, optimizing dispatching decisions, and enhancing plant economic benefits. This paper proposes a long short-term memory (LSTM)-based short-term PV power prediction method with the genetic algorithm (GA)-optimized adaptive [...] Read more.

High-precision short-term photovoltaic (PV) power prediction has become a critical technology in ensuring grid accommodation capacity, optimizing dispatching decisions, and enhancing plant economic benefits. This paper proposes a long short-term memory (LSTM)-based short-term PV power prediction method with the genetic algorithm (GA)-optimized adaptive fusion of space-based cloud imagery and ground-based meteorological data. The effective integration of satellite cloud imagery is conducted in the PV power prediction system, and the proposed method addresses the issues of low accuracy, poor robustness, and inadequate adaptation to complex weather associated with using a single type of meteorological data for PV power prediction. The multi-source heterogeneous data are preprocessed through outlier detection and missing value imputation. Spearman correlation analysis is employed to identify meteorological attributes highly correlated with PV power output. A dedicated dataset compatible with LSTM algorithm-based prediction models is constructed. An LSTM prediction model with a GA algorithm-based adaptive multi-source heterogeneous data fusion method is proposed, and the ability to construct a precise short-term PV power prediction model is demonstrated. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed method outperforms single-source LSTM, single-source CNN-LSTM, and dual-source CNN-Transformer models in prediction accuracy, achieving an RMSE of 0.807 kWh and an MAPE of 6.74% on a critical test day. The proposed method enables real-time precision forecasting for grid dispatch centers and lightweight edge deployment at PV plants, enhancing renewable energy integration while effectively mitigating grid instability from power fluctuations. Full article

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19 pages, 924 KB

Open AccessArticle

Navigating Climate Neutrality Planning: How Mobility Management May Support Integrated University Strategy Development, the Case Study of Genoa

by Ilaria Delponte and Valentina Costa

Future Transp. 2026, 6(1), 19; https://doi.org/10.3390/futuretransp6010019 (registering DOI) - 15 Jan 2026

Abstract

Higher education institutions face a critical methodological challenge in pursuing net-zero commitments: Within the amount ofhe emissions related to Scope 3, including indirect emissions from water consumption, waste disposal, business travel, and mobility, employees commuting represents 50–92% of campus carbon footprints, yet reliable [...] Read more.

Higher education institutions face a critical methodological challenge in pursuing net-zero commitments: Within the amount ofhe emissions related to Scope 3, including indirect emissions from water consumption, waste disposal, business travel, and mobility, employees commuting represents 50–92% of campus carbon footprints, yet reliable quantification remains elusive due to fragmented data collection and governance silos. The present research investigates how purposeful integration of the Home-to-Work Commuting Plan (HtWCP)—mandatory under Italian Decree 179/2021—into the Climate Neutrality Plan (CNP) could constitute an innovative strategy to enhance emissions accounting rigor while strengthening institutional governance. Stemming from the University of Genoa case study, we show how leveraging mandatory HtWCP survey infrastructure to collect granular mobility behavioral data (transportation mode, commuting distance, and travel frequency) directly addresses the GHG Protocol-specified distance-based methodology for Scope 3 accounting. In turn, the CNP could support the HtWCP in framing mobility actions into a wider long-term perspective, as well as suggesting a compensation mechanism and paradigm for mobility actions that are currently not included. We therefore establish a replicable model that simultaneously advances three institutional dimensions, through the operationalization of the Avoid–Shift–Improve framework within an integrated workflow: (1) methodological rigor—replacing proxy methodologies with actual behavioral data to eliminate the notorious Scope 3 data gap; (2) governance coherence—aligning voluntary and regulatory instruments to reduce fragmentation and enhance cross-functional collaboration; and (3) adaptive management—embedding biennial feedback cycles that enable continuous validation and iterative refinement of emissions reduction strategies. This framework positions universities as institutional innovators capable of modeling integrated governance approaches with potential transferability to municipal, corporate, and public administration contexts. The findings contribute novel evidence to scholarly literature on institutional sustainability, policy integration, and climate governance, whilst establishing methodological standards relevant to international harmonization efforts in carbon accounting. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Innovative Transport Systems: Integrating Urban Logistics, Environmental Impact, and Climate Resilience)

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28 pages, 5967 KB

Open AccessArticle

Implantation of Bioreactor-Conditioned Plant-Based Vascular Grafts

by Tai Yin, Nicole Gorbenko, Christina Karras, Samantha E. Nainan, Gianna Imeidopf, Arvind Ramsamooj, Sleiman Ghorayeb and Nick Merna

J. Funct. Biomater. 2026, 17(1), 43; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb17010043 (registering DOI) - 15 Jan 2026

Abstract

Small-diameter synthetic grafts often fail from thrombosis, intimal hyperplasia, and compliance mismatch, highlighting the need for alternatives that better support endothelialization and remodeling. Here, we evaluated multilayer plant-based vascular grafts fabricated from decellularized leatherleaf viburnum reinforced with cross-linked gelatin, seeded with vascular smooth [...] Read more.

Small-diameter synthetic grafts often fail from thrombosis, intimal hyperplasia, and compliance mismatch, highlighting the need for alternatives that better support endothelialization and remodeling. Here, we evaluated multilayer plant-based vascular grafts fabricated from decellularized leatherleaf viburnum reinforced with cross-linked gelatin, seeded with vascular smooth muscle cells and endothelial cells, and conditioned in a perfusion bioreactor to mimic physiological shear stress. Pre-implant assays confirmed effective decellularization, low residual detergent, and mechanical integrity suitable for surgical handling. In a rat abdominal aorta interposition model, plant-based grafts remained patent at 1, 4, and 24 weeks and showed higher survival than silicone controls. Ultrasound imaging demonstrated flow patterns and resistance indices similar to native vessels, and plant-based grafts maintained significantly higher endothelial cell coverage than silicone controls, reaching native-like density by 24 weeks. Histology and biochemical assays showed early collagen and elastin coverage comparable to native aorta and increased collagen by 24 weeks. Scanning electron microscopy showed smooth luminal surfaces with minimal thrombus formation, contrasting with the rougher, thrombus-prone surfaces of silicone grafts. These findings indicate that plant-based grafts support endothelialization, maintain long-term patency, and undergo favorable remodeling in vivo, supporting their potential as a biomimetic alternative for small-diameter arterial repair. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Biomaterials for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine)

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Graphical abstract

9 pages, 288 KB

Open AccessArticle

Lung Carcinoids—Time to Change Practices

by Ana Rodrigues, Nuno Coimbra, Inês Lucena Sampaio, Isabel Azevedo, Marta Soares, Carmen Jerónimo and Rui Henrique

Curr. Oncol. 2026, 33(1), 50; https://doi.org/10.3390/curroncol33010050 (registering DOI) - 15 Jan 2026

Abstract

Background: Lung carcinoids—typical and atypical—are rare neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) representing 1–2% of lung cancers. Despite clinicopathological differences, their clinical management often mirrors lung cancer protocols rather than NET-specific recommendations. Objectives: Portray a 12-year real-world experience with lung carcinoids at a Comprehensive [...] Read more.

Background: Lung carcinoids—typical and atypical—are rare neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) representing 1–2% of lung cancers. Despite clinicopathological differences, their clinical management often mirrors lung cancer protocols rather than NET-specific recommendations. Objectives: Portray a 12-year real-world experience with lung carcinoids at a Comprehensive Cancer Center, identifying gaps in diagnostic work-up, treatment decision-making, and follow-up. Methods: Retrospective observational cohort study of adult patients with histologically confirmed lung carcinoids diagnosed at IPO Porto between January 2013 and December 2024. Demographic, clinical, imaging, and treatment data were collected from electronic patient records. Analyses were descriptive. Results: Among 179 identified cases, 129 met eligibility criteria. Median age was 62 years (range 18–84); 53.6% were women and 53.5% were non-smokers; 84.5% had ECOG-PS 0–1. The most frequent presentation was respiratory symptoms (34.1%), followed by incidental findings (43.4%, of which ~20% were during staging or surveillance of other cancers). Typical carcinoids accounted for 49.6% and atypical for 43.4%. FDG-PET/CT was requested in 70.9% of cases, including many with typical carcinoid, and SSTR-PET/CT in 64.6% (dual PET in 38.8%). Most patients (65.1%) presented with stage I disease; 17.1% were stage IV. Mean time-to-first treatment was 83 days (range 1–259). Surgery was the first treatment option for 78.3% of patients. Conclusions: This real-world series highlights heterogeneity in diagnostic pathways, excessive FDG-PET use in typical carcinoids, and non-standardized follow-up. Dedicated multidisciplinary lung-NET boards and national reference centers are needed to homogenize and streamline patient management. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Thoracic Oncology)

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26 pages, 9482 KB

Open AccessArticle

Can Environmental Analysis Algorithms Be Improved by Data Fusion and Soil Removal for UAV-Based Buffel Grass Biomass Prediction?

by Wagner Martins dos Santos, Alexandre Maniçoba da Rosa Ferraz Jardim, Lady Daiane Costa de Sousa Martins, Márcia Bruna Marim de Moura, Elania Freire da Silva, Luciana Sandra Bastos de Souza, Alan Cezar Bezerra, José Raliuson Inácio Silva, Ênio Farias de França e Silva, João L. M. P. de Lima, Leonor Patricia Cerdeira Morellato and Thieres George Freire da Silva

Drones 2026, 10(1), 61; https://doi.org/10.3390/drones10010061 (registering DOI) - 15 Jan 2026

Abstract

The growing demand for sustainable livestock systems requires efficient methods for monitoring forage biomass. This study evaluated spectral (RGB and multispectral), textural (GLCM), and area attributes derived from unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) imagery to predict buffelgrass (Cenchrus ciliaris L.) biomass, also testing [...] Read more.

The growing demand for sustainable livestock systems requires efficient methods for monitoring forage biomass. This study evaluated spectral (RGB and multispectral), textural (GLCM), and area attributes derived from unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) imagery to predict buffelgrass (Cenchrus ciliaris L.) biomass, also testing the effect of soil pixel removal. A comprehensive machine learning pipeline (12 algorithms and 6 feature selection methods) was applied to 14 data combinations. Our results demonstrated that soil removal consistently improved the performance of the applied models. Multispectral (MSI) sensors were the most robust individually, whereas textural (GLCM) attributes did not contribute significantly. Although the MSI and RGB data combination proved complementary, the model with the highest accuracy was obtained with CatBoost using only RGB information after Boruta feature selection, achieving a CCC of 0.83, RMSE of 0.214 kg, and R² of 0.81 in the test set. The most important variable was vegetation cover area (19.94%), surpassing spectral indices. We conclude that integrating RGB UAVs with robust processing can generate accessible and effective tools for forage monitoring. This approach can support pasture management by optimizing stocking rates, enhancing natural resource efficiency, and supporting data-driven decisions in precision silvopastoral systems. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in the Use of UAVs for Monitoring and Analysis of Forage and Agricultural Crops: Technologies, Methods and Applications)

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19 pages, 13205 KB

Open AccessArticle

Static Stress Transfer and Fault Interaction Within the 2008–2020 Yutian Earthquake Sequence Constrained by InSAR-Derived Slip Models

by Xiaoran Fan, Guohong Zhang and Xinjian Shan

Remote Sens. 2026, 18(2), 288; https://doi.org/10.3390/rs18020288 (registering DOI) - 15 Jan 2026

Abstract

The Yutian region at the southwestern termination of the Altyn Tagh Fault has experienced four moderate-to-strong earthquakes since 2008, providing an opportunity to investigate fault interactions within a transtensional tectonic setting. In this study, we derive the coseismic deformation and slip model of [...] Read more.

The Yutian region at the southwestern termination of the Altyn Tagh Fault has experienced four moderate-to-strong earthquakes since 2008, providing an opportunity to investigate fault interactions within a transtensional tectonic setting. In this study, we derive the coseismic deformation and slip model of the 2020 Mw 6.3 Yutian earthquake using ascending and descending Sentinel-1 InSAR data. The deformation field exhibits a characteristic subsidence–uplift pattern consistent with normal faulting, and the preferred slip model indicates a north–south-striking fault with slip concentrated at depths of 6–9 km. To place this event in a broader tectonic context, we incorporate published slip models for the 2008 and 2014 earthquakes together with a simplified finite-fault model for the 2012 event to construct a unified four-event source framework. Static Coulomb stress calculations reveal complex interactions among the four earthquakes. Localized positive loading from the 2012 event partially counteracts the negative

Δ C F S

imposed by the 2008 and 2014 earthquakes, reshaping the stress field rather than simply promoting or inhibiting failure. The cumulative stress evolution shows persistent unclamping and repeated shear-stress reversals, indicating that the 2020 earthquake resulted from long-term extensional loading superimposed on multi-stage coseismic stress redistribution. These results demonstrate that multi-event stress analysis provides a more reliable framework for assessing seismic hazards in regions with complex local stress fields. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Satellite Remote Sensing for Geohazards)

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18 pages, 1213 KB

Open AccessArticle

Beyond DXA: Trabecular Bone Score, Quantitative Ultrasound and Bone Turnover Markers for Morphometric Vertebral Fracture Assessment in People Living with HIV

by David Vladut Razvan, Ovidiu Rosca, Iulia Georgiana Bogdan, Livia Stanga, Sorina Maria Denisa Laitin and Adrian Vlad

Diagnostics 2026, 16(2), 277; https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics16020277 (registering DOI) - 15 Jan 2026

Abstract

Background and Objectives: People living with HIV (PLWH) have excess osteoporosis and fractures not fully captured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). We evaluated whether trabecular bone score (TBS), calcaneal quantitative ultrasound (QUS) and bone turnover markers improve vertebral fracture risk assessment beyond [...] Read more.

Background and Objectives: People living with HIV (PLWH) have excess osteoporosis and fractures not fully captured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). We evaluated whether trabecular bone score (TBS), calcaneal quantitative ultrasound (QUS) and bone turnover markers improve vertebral fracture risk assessment beyond areal bone mineral density (BMD) in PLWH. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, 87 antiretroviral-treated adults undergoing DXA had lumbar spine TBS and calcaneal QUS. Morphometric vertebral fractures were identified, correlates of degraded TBS were analyzed using multivariable regression, and sequential logistic models quantified the incremental contribution of TBS and CTX to discriminate for prevalent morphometric vertebral fractures. Results: Low BMD (osteopenia/osteoporosis) was present in 62% of participants, degraded TBS in 37% and morphometric vertebral fractures in 17%. Degraded versus normal TBS was associated with older age (49.1 vs. 39.7 years), longer HIV duration and lower nadir CD4+ count, as well as more frequent tenofovir disoproxil fumarate exposure (66% vs. 52%; all p ≤ 0.04). In multivariable analysis, age (per 10-year increase; adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 1.78; 95% CI 1.13–2.83) and nadir CD4+ < 200 cells/mm³ (aOR 2.29; 95% CI 1.06–4.97) independently predicted degraded TBS. In sequential cross-sectional models for prevalent morphometric vertebral fractures, the area under the curve increased from 0.71 (clinical variables) to 0.79 after adding lumbar spine T-score and to 0.85 after adding TBS; adding CTX yielded 0.87 without a statistically significant incremental gain. Conclusions: In PLWH, TBS captures bone quality deficits and improves vertebral fracture risk discrimination beyond BMD, supporting its integration alongside DXA in routine HIV care. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Diagnostic Microbiology and Infectious Disease)

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