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27 pages, 16408 KB

Open AccessArticle

A SNR-Based Adaptive Goldstein Filter for Ionospheric Faraday Rotation Estimation Using Spaceborne Full-Polarimetric SAR Data

by Zelin Wang, Xun Wang, Dong Li and Yunhua Zhang

Remote Sens. 2026, 18(2), 378; https://doi.org/10.3390/rs18020378 (registering DOI) - 22 Jan 2026

Abstract

The spaceborne full-polarimetric (FP) synthetic aperture radar (SAR) is an advanced sensor for high-resolution Earth observation. However, FP data acquired by such a system are prone to distortions induced by ionospheric Faraday rotation (FR). From the perspective of exploiting these distortions, this enables [...] Read more.

The spaceborne full-polarimetric (FP) synthetic aperture radar (SAR) is an advanced sensor for high-resolution Earth observation. However, FP data acquired by such a system are prone to distortions induced by ionospheric Faraday rotation (FR). From the perspective of exploiting these distortions, this enables the estimation of the ionospheric FR angle (FRA), and consequently the total electron content, across most global regions (including the extensive ocean areas) using spaceborne FP SAR measurements. The accuracy of FRA estimation, however, is highly sensitive to noise interference. This study addresses denoising in FRA retrieval based on the Bickel–Bates estimator, with a specific focus on noise reduction methods built upon the adaptive Goldstein filter (AGF) that was originally designed for radar interferometric processing. For the first time, three signal-to-noise ratio (SNR)-based AGFs suitable for FRA estimation are investigated. A key feature of these filters is that their SNRs are all defined using the amplitude of the Bickel–Bates estimator signal rather than the FRA estimates themselves. Accordingly, these AGFs are applied to the estimator signal instead of the estimated FRAs. Two of the three AGFs are developed by adopting the mathematical forms of SNRs and filter parameters consistent with the existing SNR-based AGFs for interferogram. The third AGF is newly proposed by utilizing more general mathematical forms of SNR and filter parameter that differ from the first two. Specifically, its SNR definition aligns with that widely used in image processing, and its filter parameter is derived as a function of the defined SNR plus an additionally introduced adjustable factor. The three SNR-based AGFs tailored for FRA estimation are tested and evaluated against existing AGF variants and classical image denoising methods using three sets of FP SAR Datasets acquired by the L-band ALOS PALSAR sensor, encompassing an ocean-only scene, a plain land–ocean combined scene, and a more complex land–ocean combined scene. Experimental results demonstrate that all three filters can effectively mitigate noise, with the newly proposed AGF achieving the best performance among all denoising methods included in the comparison. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Satellite Remote Sensing Techniques for Ionospheric and Thermospheric Observations)

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20 pages, 7477 KB

Open AccessArticle

Fatty Acid Synthase as a Potential Metabolic Vulnerability in Ocular Adnexal Sebaceous Carcinoma

by Autumn Berlied, Isabella Boyack, Andre Vieira, Maria Gonzalez-Perez, Vikas Kumar and Cornelia Peterson

Cancers 2026, 18(2), 349; https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers18020349 (registering DOI) - 22 Jan 2026

Abstract

Background: MYC dysregulation is frequent in ocular adnexal sebaceous carcinoma (SebCA), an aggressive malignancy without precision therapy. Fatty acid synthase (FASN) expression and lipid metabolism are commonly perturbed in high-MYC-expressing tumors; however, the role of MYC and FASN in the coregulation of [...] Read more.

Background: MYC dysregulation is frequent in ocular adnexal sebaceous carcinoma (SebCA), an aggressive malignancy without precision therapy. Fatty acid synthase (FASN) expression and lipid metabolism are commonly perturbed in high-MYC-expressing tumors; however, the role of MYC and FASN in the coregulation of lipid biosynthesis and tumorigenesis in SebCA is unknown. Methods: The aim of this study was to characterize the effects of FASN inhibition on MYC expression, oncogenic processes, and lipid profiles in vitro, using non-neoplastic human Meibomian gland epithelial cells (HMGECs) and three primary SebCA cell lines, and in vivo, utilizing a conditionally MYC-overexpressing mouse model. Results: FASN inhibition reduced cell viability, proliferation, and clonogenicity and altered the saturation profile of fatty acids across multiple lipid classes. The relative saturation of ceramides was the most variable between treatment conditions. MYC overexpression in the murine Meibomian gland promoted proliferation while suppressing sebaceous differentiation. Subsequent topical FASN inhibition further reduced sebaceous differentiation, attenuated PLIN2 expression, and induced apoptotic cell death. Conclusions: Collectively, these findings suggest that MYC expression in SebCA is responsive to FASN inhibition. Pharmacologic targeting of FASN reveals a metabolic vulnerability that may serve as a target for future therapeutic development. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Novel Treatments for Ocular and Periocular Cancers)

14 pages, 767 KB

Open AccessArticle

Awareness of Primary Biliary Cholangitis Among Turkish Physicians: A Cross-Sectional, Multicenter, Web-Based Survey

by Hasan Eruzun and Henning Gronbaek

J. Clin. Med. 2026, 15(2), 915; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm15020915 (registering DOI) - 22 Jan 2026

Abstract

Background: Primary Biliary Cholangitis (PBC) requires early diagnosis and specialized management to prevent progression to cirrhosis. This study evaluates the awareness levels of Turkish physicians from various specialties regarding the clinical features, diagnostic criteria, and current treatment protocols of PBC. Methods: A multi-regional [...] Read more.

Background: Primary Biliary Cholangitis (PBC) requires early diagnosis and specialized management to prevent progression to cirrhosis. This study evaluates the awareness levels of Turkish physicians from various specialties regarding the clinical features, diagnostic criteria, and current treatment protocols of PBC. Methods: A multi-regional cross-sectional survey was conducted with 269 physicians across Türkiye. Knowledge levels were assessed through a 28-item instrument covering epidemiology, diagnosis and therapy. Data distribution was non-normal (Skewness: −1.296, Kurtosis: 2.857), necessitating the use of the Kruskal–Wallis H test and Dunn–Bonferroni post hoc procedure for inter-group comparisons. Internal consistency was confirmed with a Cronbach’s alpha of 0.80. Results: The overall mean awareness score was 62.6%. Item-level analysis revealed a near-universal understanding of the non-mandatory role of liver biopsy in diagnosis (99.1%) yet identified a critical knowledge gap regarding second-line therapies, particularly the use of steroids (6.8%). Significant disparities were observed among specialties (p < 0.001). Gastroenterologists (Median: 91.07%) and gastroenterology fellows (Median: 85.71%) exhibited significantly higher proficiency compared to general practitioners (64.29%) and family medicine residents (67.86%). Internal medicine specialists outperformed primary care providers, while no significant differences were found among other subgroups after Bonferroni adjustment. Conclusions: Professional specialization is the primary determinant of PBC awareness. While core diagnostic knowledge is stable, significant gaps exist in pharmacological management among non-specialists. Targeted medical education for primary care physicians is essential to ensure timely referral and optimize patient outcomes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Gastroenterology & Hepatopancreatobiliary Medicine)

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14 pages, 2341 KB

Open AccessArticle

Reversible Effects of Integrase Inhibitors on Newly Differentiated Adipocytes

by Richard Taylor Pickering, Archana Asundi, Alex Olson, Katie Soden and Nina H. Lin

Viruses 2026, 18(1), 149; https://doi.org/10.3390/v18010149 (registering DOI) - 22 Jan 2026

Abstract

Weight gain has been associated with integrase strand transfer inhibitors (INSTIs) in real-world studies; however, the causality of this relationship is unclear. Thus, we examined the effects of the INSTI, Dolutegravir (DTG), on human adipose cells in vitro and the reversibility of these [...] Read more.

Weight gain has been associated with integrase strand transfer inhibitors (INSTIs) in real-world studies; however, the causality of this relationship is unclear. Thus, we examined the effects of the INSTI, Dolutegravir (DTG), on human adipose cells in vitro and the reversibility of these effects by switching to a protease inhibitor, Darunavir (DRV). We established cultures of human adipose stem cells (ASCs) and newly differentiated adipocytes from individuals without HIV. For adipocytes, cells were exposed to DTG or DRV for 7 days, after which cells were maintained or switched to another ART. Experiments examining ASCs and the effects on adipogenesis initiated exposure during proliferation and continued throughout differentiation. Adipogenic outcomes included triglyceride content, gene expression, and adipokine secretion. Metabolic outcomes included lactate production, lipolysis, and oxygen consumption rates. DTG suppressed the secretion of adiponectin and leptin, and this was reversed following the switch to DRV in adipocytes without the altered expression of adipogenic genes. DTG exposure increased markers of endoplasmic reticulum stress, elevated lactate production, and suppressed oxygen consumption in ASCs. Exposure to DTG during differentiation lowered triglyceride accumulation and adiponectin secretion without altering the expression of adipogenic markers. Thus, DTG exposure resulted in changes in adipocyte function consistent with the progression of metabolically adverse phenotypes, and these effects were reversible. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue HIV-1 Infection and Immunometabolism: Relevance to HIV Pathogenesis and Persistence 3.0)

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19 pages, 11267 KB

Open AccessArticle

A Dual-Dynamic Crosslinked Polysaccharide-Based Hydrogel Loaded with Exosomes for Promoting Diabetic Wound Healing

by Ding Lin, Zhenhao Li, Jianying Hao, Xiaobo Xu, Xiuqiang Li, Yuan Feng, Xiaochen Lu, Fanglian Yao, Hong Zhang and Junjie Li

Materials 2026, 19(2), 445; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma19020445 (registering DOI) - 22 Jan 2026

Abstract

Diabetic wounds are often accompanied by severe inflammation, which is unfavorable for vascular growth and wound repair. Therefore, promoting the healing of diabetic wounds is of great significance. In this study, carboxymethyl chitosan (CMCS) was grafted with 4-formylphenylboronic acid (FPBA) and then crosslinked [...] Read more.

Diabetic wounds are often accompanied by severe inflammation, which is unfavorable for vascular growth and wound repair. Therefore, promoting the healing of diabetic wounds is of great significance. In this study, carboxymethyl chitosan (CMCS) was grafted with 4-formylphenylboronic acid (FPBA) and then crosslinked with oxidized sodium alginate (OAlg) to form a dual-dynamic covalent hydrogel (CPOA) based on borate ester bond and Schiff base bonds. Mesenchymal stem cells’ exosomes (Exos) were incorporated into the CPOA to construct CPOA@Exos for diabetic wound healing. Owing to the dual-dynamic covalent crosslinking network, the CPOA hydrogel showed good injectability and self-healing ability. In addition, the hydrogel displayed reactive oxygen species (ROS) responsive properties, enabling both scavenging of multiple free radicals and on-demand release of Exos in the ROS-rich wound microenvironment. A diabetic wound model was established on C57 mice, and treatment with CPOA@Exos demonstrated that it could promote the polarization of macrophages toward the M2 phenotype, enhance cellular proliferation in the wounded area, and thereby accelerate the healing of diabetic wounds. In conclusion, this study provides a new hydrogel wound dressing that can inhibit inflammation for the management of diabetic wounds. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fabrication, Characteristics and Applications of Multifunctional Polymer Nanocomposites)

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23 pages, 924 KB

Open AccessArticle

Test–Retest Reliability and Agreement of Postural Control Variables Within and Between Single-Leg Squat Variations

by Vasileios Chatziilias, Ioannis Kafetzakis and Dimitris Mandalidis

Appl. Sci. 2026, 16(2), 1147; https://doi.org/10.3390/app16021147 (registering DOI) - 22 Jan 2026

Abstract

Single-leg squats are commonly used to assess lower-limb strength and alignment; however, their application for evaluating postural control remains underexplored. This study assessed the reliability and agreement of postural control measures within and between unipedal squat variations. Twenty-eight physically active adults performed a [...] Read more.

Single-leg squats are commonly used to assess lower-limb strength and alignment; however, their application for evaluating postural control remains underexplored. This study assessed the reliability and agreement of postural control measures within and between unipedal squat variations. Twenty-eight physically active adults performed a conventional single-leg squat (CSLSQ), the anterior excursion of the Y-Balance Test (ANYBT), and a forward step-down (FRSTD) with both limbs on two occasions, 5–7 days apart. The mean values of five trials were analyzed for center-of-pressure (COP) 95% confidence ellipse area (95%CEA), path length (PL), velocity (VL), and mediolateral and anteroposterior variability (RMS-X and RMS-Y). Most COP variables demonstrated good-to-excellent reliability (ICC = 0.780–0.948), whereas RMS-X showed lower reliability (ICC = 0.367–0.803) and higher measurement error across limbs. The FRSTD demonstrated high ICCs (0.780–0.948) and low measurement error, comparable to the CSLSQ (0.794–0.940) and generally higher than the ANYBT (0.790–0.895), regardless of limb. Overall, the dominant limb exhibited higher ICCs and lower measurement error than the non-dominant limb. Inter-task agreement was greatest between the CSLSQ and FRSTD, primarily on the dominant limb, indicating greater potential interchangeability for selected COP metrics (95% CEA, VL, and RMS-Y). These findings may assist clinicians and sports scientists in selecting appropriate single-leg squat tasks and COP measures for assessment. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in the Prevention and Rehabilitation of ACL Injuries—2nd Edition)

7 pages, 857 KB

Open AccessArticle

Viruses Infecting Cuban Honey Bees and Evolution of Deformed-Wing-Virus Variants

by Poppy J. Hesketh-Best, Anais R. Luis, Declan C. Schroeder and Stephen J. Martin

Viruses 2026, 18(1), 148; https://doi.org/10.3390/v18010148 (registering DOI) - 22 Jan 2026

Abstract

Cuba is in a unique situation in which it has a large (220,000 managed colonies) and isolated honey bee population due to a 60+ year ban on the importation of bees. Despite this, the ectoparasitic mite Varroa destructor arrived in 1996, and with [...] Read more.

Cuba is in a unique situation in which it has a large (220,000 managed colonies) and isolated honey bee population due to a 60+ year ban on the importation of bees. Despite this, the ectoparasitic mite Varroa destructor arrived in 1996, and with it came deformed wing virus (DWV). In 2018, an island-wide survey detected varroa and DWV in 91% of colonies. In this study, we conducted a full-virome analysis on some of these samples, along with additional samples collected in 2021. For the first time, we detected two variants of Lake Sinai Virus and confirmed the absence of the normally widespread black queen cell virus in Cuba. We also detected both DWV-A and DWV-B master variants, with DWV-B being the dominant variant. Interestingly, the DWV-B/A recombinant was also detected, indicating that despite Cuba’s isolated nature, the pattern of DWV evolution mirrors that found in the USA and Europe. However, this pattern is not found in neighboring Latin America, China, or Japan, where the DWV-A master variant continues to be dominant. How and why two distinct evolutionary DWV pathways have arisen remain a mystery. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Honey Bee Viruses Research)

27 pages, 16896 KB

Open AccessArticle

Large-Signal Stability Analysis of VSC-HVDC System Based on T-S Fuzzy Model and Model-Free Predictive Control

by Zhaozun Sun, Yalan He, Zhe Cao, Jingrui Jiang, Tongkun Li, Pizheng Tan, Kaixuan Mei, Shujie Gu, Tao Yu, Jiashuo Zhang and Linyun Xiong

Electronics 2026, 15(2), 492; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics15020492 (registering DOI) - 22 Jan 2026

Abstract

Voltage source converter-based–high voltage direct current (VSC-HVDC) systems exhibit strong nonlinear characteristics that dominate their dynamic behavior under large disturbances, making large-signal stability assessment essential for secure operation. This paper proposes a large-signal stability analysis framework for VSC-HVDC systems. The framework combines a [...] Read more.

Voltage source converter-based–high voltage direct current (VSC-HVDC) systems exhibit strong nonlinear characteristics that dominate their dynamic behavior under large disturbances, making large-signal stability assessment essential for secure operation. This paper proposes a large-signal stability analysis framework for VSC-HVDC systems. The framework combines a unified Takagi–Sugeno (T–S) fuzzy model with a model-free predictive control (MFPC) scheme to enlarge the estimated domain of attraction (DOA) and bring it closer to the true stability region. The global nonlinear dynamics are captured by integrating local linear sub-models corresponding to different operating regions into a single T–S fuzzy representation. A Lyapunov function is then constructed, and associated linear matrix inequality (LMI) conditions are derived to certify large-signal stability and estimate the DOA. To further reduce the conservatism of the LMI-based iterative search, we embed a genetic-algorithm-based optimizer into the model-free predictive controller. The optimizer guides the improved LMI iteration paths and enhances the DOA estimation. Simulation studies in MATLAB 2023b/Simulink on a benchmark VSC-HVDC system confirm the feasibility of the proposed approach and show a less conservative DOA estimate compared with conventional methods. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Stability Analysis and Optimal Operation Strategy for Power Systems with High Renewable Energy Penetration)

16 pages, 5622 KB

Open AccessArticle

Tailoring the Microstructure and Properties of HiPIMS-Deposited DLC-Cr Nanocomposite Films via Chromium Doping

by Jicheng Ding, Wenjian Zhuang, Qingye Wang, Qi Wang, Haijuan Mei, Dongcai Zhao, Xingguang Liu and Jun Zheng

Nanomaterials 2026, 16(2), 150; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano16020150 (registering DOI) - 22 Jan 2026

Abstract

Chromium-doped diamond-like carbon (DLC-Cr) nanocomposite films were successfully deposited using a high-power impulse magnetron sputtering (HiPIMS) system. The Cr content in the films was controlled by adjusting the Cr target powers. The influence of Cr content on the microstructure, mechanical properties, tribological performance, [...] Read more.

Chromium-doped diamond-like carbon (DLC-Cr) nanocomposite films were successfully deposited using a high-power impulse magnetron sputtering (HiPIMS) system. The Cr content in the films was controlled by adjusting the Cr target powers. The influence of Cr content on the microstructure, mechanical properties, tribological performance, and wettability of the films was systematically investigated. The results show that the Cr content and deposition rate of the films increased with increases in the target power. The surface topography of the films evolved from smooth to rough as the Cr target increased from 10 W to 70 W. At low Cr doping rates, the film mainly exhibited an amorphous structure, whereas the nanocomposite structure was formed at proper Cr doping rates. Raman and XPS analyses revealed that Cr incorporation altered the I_D/I_G ratio and promoted the formation of Cr-C bonds, leading to a more graphitic and nanocomposite-like structure. The nanoindentation results show that an optimal Cr content enhances both hardness and elastic modulus, while higher Cr concentrations lead to a decline in mechanical strength due to more graphitization and decreasing stress. Tribological tests exhibited a significant reduction in the friction coefficient (0.21) and wear rate (0.63 × 10⁻¹⁴ m³/N·m) at a moderate Cr level. Additionally, the surface wettability evolved toward enhanced hydrophilicity with increasing Cr power, as evidenced by reduced water contact angles and increased surface energy. These findings demonstrate that controlled Cr incorporation effectively tailors the structure, stress state, and surface chemistry of DLC films, offering a tunable pathway to achieving optimal mechanical performance and tribological stability for advanced engineering applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Synthesis, Interfaces and Nanostructures)

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21 pages, 4647 KB

Open AccessArticle

Multi-Omics Analysis of the Co-Expression Features of Specific Neighboring Gene Pairs Suggests an Association with Catechin Regulation in Camellia sinensis

by Shuaibin Lian, Feixiang Ren, Shuanghui Cai, Zhong Wang, Youchao Tu, Ke Gong and Wei Zhang

Genes 2026, 17(1), 117; https://doi.org/10.3390/genes17010117 (registering DOI) - 22 Jan 2026

Abstract

Background/Objectives: The arrangement and positioning of genes on chromosomes are non-random in plant genomes. Adjacent gene pairs often exhibit similar co-expression patterns and regulatory mechanisms. However, the genomic and epigenetic features influencing such co-expression, particularly in perennial crops like tea (Camellia sinensis [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: The arrangement and positioning of genes on chromosomes are non-random in plant genomes. Adjacent gene pairs often exhibit similar co-expression patterns and regulatory mechanisms. However, the genomic and epigenetic features influencing such co-expression, particularly in perennial crops like tea (Camellia sinensis), remain largely uncharacterized. Methods: Firstly, we identified 771 specific neighboring gene pairs (SNGs) in C. sinensis (YK10) and investigated the contributions of intergenic distance and gene length to SNGs’ co-expression. Secondly, we integrated multi-omics data including transcriptome, ATAC-seq, Hi-C and histone modification data to explore the factors influencing their co-expression. Thirdly, we employed logistic regression models to individually assess the contributions of nine factors—ATAC-seq, H3K27ac, Hi-C, GO, distance, length, promoter, enhancer, and expression level—to the co-expression of SNGs. Finally, by integrating co-expression networks with metabolic profiles, several transcription factors potentially involved in the regulation of catechin metabolic pathways were identified. Results: Intergenic distance was significantly negatively correlated with co-expression strength, while gene length showed a positive correlation. Furthermore, these two features exerted synergistic effects with threshold characteristics and functional significance. SNGs marked by either ATAC-seq or H3K27ac peaks displayed significantly higher expression levels, suggesting that epigenetic regulation promotes co-expression. In addition, correlation analysis revealed that the expression of certain SNGs was closely associated with catechin accumulation, particularly epicatechin gallate (EGC) and epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), highlighting their potential role in modulating tissue-specific catechin levels. Conclusions: Collectively, this study reveals a multilayered regulatory framework governing SNG co-expression and provides theoretical insights and candidate regulators for understanding metabolic regulation in tea plants. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Genetics and Breeding of Tea Tree and Tea Plant)

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21 pages, 828 KB

Open AccessArticle

Near-Real-Time Epileptic Seizure Detection with Reduced EEG Electrodes: A BiLSTM-Wavelet Approach on the EPILEPSIAE Dataset

by Kiyan Afsari, May El Barachi and Christian Ritz

Brain Sci. 2026, 16(1), 119; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci16010119 (registering DOI) - 22 Jan 2026

Abstract

Background and Objectives: Epilepsy is a chronic neurological disorder characterized by recurrent seizures caused by abnormal brain activity. Reliable near-real-time seizure detection is essential for preventing injuries, enabling early interventions, and improving the quality of life for patients with drug-resistant epilepsy. This study [...] Read more.

Background and Objectives: Epilepsy is a chronic neurological disorder characterized by recurrent seizures caused by abnormal brain activity. Reliable near-real-time seizure detection is essential for preventing injuries, enabling early interventions, and improving the quality of life for patients with drug-resistant epilepsy. This study presents a near-real-time epileptic seizure detection framework designed for low-latency operation, focusing on improving both clinical reliability and patient comfort through electrode reduction. Method: The framework integrates bidirectional long short-term memory (BiLSTM) networks with wavelet-based feature extraction using Electroencephalogram (EEG) recordings from the EPILEPSIAE dataset. EEG signals from 161 patients comprising 1,032 seizures were analyzed. Wavelet features were combined with raw EEG data to enhance temporal and spectral representation. Furthermore, electrode reduction experiments were conducted to determine the minimum number of strategically positioned electrodes required to maintain performance. Results: The optimized BiLSTM model achieved 86.9% accuracy, 86.1% recall, and an average detection delay of 1.05 s, with a total processing time of 0.065 s per 0.5 s EEG window. Results demonstrated that reliable detection is achievable with as few as six electrodes, maintaining comparable performance to the full configuration. Conclusions: These findings demonstrate that the proposed BiLSTM-wavelet approach provides a clinically viable, computationally efficient, and wearable-friendly solution for near-real-time epileptic seizure detection using reduced EEG channels. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Neural Engineering, Neuroergonomics and Neurorobotics)

17 pages, 1148 KB

Open AccessArticle

Polymorphisms and Expression Characteristics of the ZSWIM7 Gene Are Associated with the Fertility of Male Allotetraploid of Red Crucian Carp × Common Carp

by Tao Dai, Minglin Dong, Siyang He, Weiling Qin, Conghui Yang and Yi Zhou

Animals 2026, 16(2), 352; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani16020352 (registering DOI) - 22 Jan 2026

Abstract

Allotetraploid fish produced by distant hybridization are valuable germplasm for the mass production of sterile triploids. The allotetraploid crucian–carp hybrid (4nAT, 4n = 200) is derived from the intergeneric cross between a female red crucian carp (Carassius auratus red var., 2n = [...] Read more.

Allotetraploid fish produced by distant hybridization are valuable germplasm for the mass production of sterile triploids. The allotetraploid crucian–carp hybrid (4nAT, 4n = 200) is derived from the intergeneric cross between a female red crucian carp (Carassius auratus red var., 2n = 100) and a male common carp (Cyprinus carpio L., 2n = 100). However, after 33 successive generations, this lineage faces a critical bottleneck in maintaining male fertility. The present study aimed to develop new biomarkers for testicular development and characterize the associated functional gene expression profile in 4nAT. Following whole-genome resequencing and selection signature analysis of 15 male 4nAT individuals from each of the high-development group (HDG) and low-development group (LDG), ZSWIM7 (Zinc Finger SWIM-Type Containing 7), a gene implicated in reproductive development, was selected as a candidate for further fertility association studies. Seven SNPs were screened in the coding region of ZSWIM7 of 70 4nAT males; among these, SNP3 (c.23T/C) exhibited a significant correlation between genotypes and testicular development: individuals with the CT genotype showed a higher gonadosomatic index (1.17 ± 0.68 vs. 0.65 ± 0.50) and greater counts of mature spermatozoa (2537.67 ± 283.95 vs. 341.56 ± 121.66) compared to those with the TT genotype. Further quantitative PCR and immunofluorescence assays demonstrated that ZSWIM7 was highly expressed in the testis and specifically localized to the nuclei of early meiotic primary spermatocytes. Collectively, these results establish ZSWIM7 as a promising biomarker for 4nAT testicular development, offering a potential molecular tool for maintaining male fertility in allotetraploid fish breeding. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Molecular Genetics in Aquaculture: Practical Applications for Sustainable Production)

14 pages, 1033 KB

Open AccessSystematic Review

Imaging and Clinical Outcomes with Sentinel Cerebral Embolic Protection During TAVR: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Trials with Trial Sequential Analysis

by Shanmukh Sai Pavan Lingamsetty, Mangesh Kritya, Priyanka Vatsavayi, Chenna Reddy Tera, Mohamed Doma, Sahas Reddy Jitta, Mohan Chandra Vinay Bharadwaj Gudiwada, Jaswanth Jasti, Adham Ramadan, Venkata Vedantam, Pedro A. Villablanca and Andrew M. Goldsweig

J. Clin. Med. 2026, 15(2), 914; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm15020914 (registering DOI) - 22 Jan 2026

Abstract

Background: Stroke and subclinical cerebral ischemia remain important neurological complications of transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR). The Sentinel cerebral embolic protection (CEP) device is designed to capture embolic debris during TAVR, but its impact on clinical and imaging outcomes remains incompletely characterized. Methods: [...] Read more.

Background: Stroke and subclinical cerebral ischemia remain important neurological complications of transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR). The Sentinel cerebral embolic protection (CEP) device is designed to capture embolic debris during TAVR, but its impact on clinical and imaging outcomes remains incompletely characterized. Methods: PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane databases were systematically searched for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) comparing Sentinel CEP versus no protection when TAVR was performed. Outcomes of interest included all stroke, disabling stroke, infarct volume by diffusion-weighted MRI in protected and unprotected areas, all-cause mortality, acute kidney injury, and major vascular complications. Risk ratios (RRs) and median differences with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated using random-effects models and trial sequential analysis (TSA) assessed evidence robustness. Results: Four RCTs including 10,986 patients were analyzed. Sentinel CEP did not significantly reduce clinical stroke (RR 0.88, 95% CI 0.69–1.12) or disabling stroke (RR 0.68, 95% CI 0.41–1.14). Pooled DW-MRI data showed a significant reduction in new ischemic lesion volume within Sentinel CEP-protected territories (difference in medians –75.7 mm³; 95% CI –130.4 to –21.0). Subgroup analyses in elderly, female, and high-surgical-risk patients revealed no benefit with Sentinel CEP. Additionally, TSA indicated that current data are underpowered for definitive conclusions. Conclusions: The Sentinel CEP device during TAVR did not significantly reduce clinical stroke but was associated with lower MRI-detected ischemic lesion volumes compared with no protection. Further adequately powered RCTs integrating clinical and imaging endpoints are needed to define its role in neuroprotection during TAVR. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Transcatheter Aortic Valve Implantation: Recent Advances and Future Directions)

16 pages, 355 KB

Open AccessReview

Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning in Bone Metastasis Management: A Narrative Review

by Halil Bulut, Serdar Demiröz, Enes Kanay, Korhan Ozkan and Costantino Errani

Curr. Oncol. 2026, 33(1), 65; https://doi.org/10.3390/curroncol33010065 (registering DOI) - 22 Jan 2026

Abstract

Background: Artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) are increasingly used in the diagnosis and management of bone metastases, spanning lesion detection, segmentation, prognostic modeling, fracture risk assessment, and surgical decision support. However, the literature is heterogeneous and rapidly evolving, making it difficult [...] Read more.

Background: Artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) are increasingly used in the diagnosis and management of bone metastases, spanning lesion detection, segmentation, prognostic modeling, fracture risk assessment, and surgical decision support. However, the literature is heterogeneous and rapidly evolving, making it difficult for clinicians to contextualize these developments. Methods: We performed a narrative review of the literature on AI/ML applications in bone metastasis management, focusing on studies that address clinically relevant problems such as detection and segmentation of metastatic lesions, prediction of skeletal-related events and survival, and support for reconstructive decision-making. We prioritized recent, peer-reviewed work that reports model performance and highlights opportunities for clinical translation. Results: Most published studies center on imaging-based diagnosis and lesion segmentation using radiomics and deep learning, with generally high internal performance but limited external validation. Emerging work explores prognostic models and biomechanically informed fracture risk estimation, yet these remain at an early proof-of-concept stage. Very few frameworks are integrated into routine workflows, and explainability, bias mitigation, and health-economic impacts are rarely evaluated. Conclusions: AI and ML tools have substantial potential to standardize imaging assessment, refine risk stratification, and ultimately support personalized management of bone metastases. Future research should focus on externally validated, multimodal models; development of AI-augmented alternatives to the Mirels score; federated multicenter collaboration; and routine incorporation of explainability and cost-effectiveness analyses. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Bone and Soft Tissue Oncology)

19 pages, 2472 KB

Open AccessReview

Spatial Patterns and Drivers of Ecosystem Service Values in the Qinghai Lake Basin, Northwestern China (2000–2020)

by Yuyu Ma, Kelong Chen, Yanli Han, Shijia Zhou, Xingyue Li, Shuchang Zhu and Hairui Zhao

Sustainability 2026, 18(2), 1141; https://doi.org/10.3390/su18021141 (registering DOI) - 22 Jan 2026

Abstract

As a vital ecological security barrier and climate regulator in northwestern China, the spatial patterns and evolving formation mechanisms of ecosystem services within the Qinghai Lake basin hold significant strategic value for ecological conservation and national park development in the region. This study [...] Read more.

As a vital ecological security barrier and climate regulator in northwestern China, the spatial patterns and evolving formation mechanisms of ecosystem services within the Qinghai Lake basin hold significant strategic value for ecological conservation and national park development in the region. This study selected land use data during 2000–2020, integrating the equivalent factor method, spatial correlation analysis, and the geodetector approach to systematically investigate the spatial heterogeneity characteristics of ESV in the Qinghai Lake basin and its corresponding driving mechanisms. The results indicate the following: (1) During the period 2000–2020, grassland consistently constituted the primary land cover category within the Qinghai Lake Basin, accounting for over 60% of the total area; water bodies (16.67%) and unused land (16.56%) represented the secondary land use categories. Over this twenty-year period, the total ESV exhibited a slight increasing trend, rising from USD 30.30 × 10⁸ to USD 30.75 × 10⁸, representing a growth of 0.31%. Regulating services constituted the primary component of ESV. The highest contribution to ESV originated from water bodies, with grassland ranking second. (2) ESV displayed a spatial arrangement marked by “high values in the lake center and low values in the surrounding areas” and “higher values in the southeast and lower values in the northwest.” Its spatial correlation exhibits a pronounced positive relationship. The number of units classified as high-high clusters (primarily water bodies at low elevations) and low-low clusters (mainly grasslands and unused land at high elevations) both increased over the study period, indicating a continuous intensification of ESV spatial agglomeration. (3) Results from the geographical detector reveal that both natural and anthropogenic factors collectively drive the spatial variation in ESV, with natural factors exhibiting stronger explanatory capacity. Among these, elevation and temperature are identified as the dominant drivers of ESV spatiotemporal differentiation. The combined effect of two interacting factors surpasses the influence exerted by any single factor in isolation. This research clarifies that the spatial distribution of ESV in the Qinghai Lake Basin, which features “high values in the lake center and low values in the surrounding areas” as well as “higher values in the southeast and lower values in the northwest,” is jointly shaped by the combined control of vertical zonality governed by topographic and climatic factors and the spatial differentiation of human activities. In low-altitude lakeshore zones, ESV rose as a consequence of water body expansion and the enforcement of ecological conservation measures, leading to the emergence of high-value clusters. In contrast, ESV improvement in high-elevation regions remained limited, constrained by fragile natural conditions and minimal human intervention. The insights derived from this research offer a scientific foundation for refining the “one core, four zones, one ring, multiple points” functional zoning framework of the Qinghai Lake National Park, as well as for developing tailored management approaches suited to distinct elevation-based regions. Full article

23 pages, 1447 KB

Open AccessArticle

Exploring the Potential of Polyvinyl Alcohol–Borax-Based Gels for the Conservation of Historical Silk Fabrics by Comparative Cleaning Tests on Simplified Model Systems

by Ehab Al-Emam, Marta Cremonesi, Natalia Ortega Saez, Hilde Soenen, Koen Janssens and Geert Van der Snickt

Gels 2026, 12(1), 97; https://doi.org/10.3390/gels12010097 (registering DOI) - 22 Jan 2026

Abstract

Cleaning historical silk textiles is a particularly sensitive operation that requires precise control to prevent mechanical or chemical damage. In this study, we investigate using flexible PVA–borax-based gels to remove soot from silk, i.e., polyvinyl alcohol–borax (PVA-B) gels and polyvinyl alcohol–borax–agarose double network [...] Read more.

Cleaning historical silk textiles is a particularly sensitive operation that requires precise control to prevent mechanical or chemical damage. In this study, we investigate using flexible PVA–borax-based gels to remove soot from silk, i.e., polyvinyl alcohol–borax (PVA-B) gels and polyvinyl alcohol–borax–agarose double network gels (PVA-B/AG DN) loaded with different cleaning agents—namely, 30% ethanol and 1% Ecosurf EH-6—in addition to plain gels loaded with water. These gel formulations were tested on simplified model systems (SMS) and were applied using two methods: placing and tamping. The cleaning results were compared with a traditional contact-cleaning approach; micro-vacuuming followed by sponging. Visual inspection, 3D opto-digital microscopy, colorimetry, and machine-learning-assisted (ML) soot counting were exploited for the assessment of cleaning efficacy. Rheological characterization provided information about the flexibility and handling properties of the different gel formulations. Among the tested systems, the DN gel containing only water, applied by tamping, was easy to handle and demonstrated the highest soot-removal effectiveness without leaving residues, as confirmed by micro-Fourier Transform Infrared (micro-FTIR) analysis. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) micrographs proved the structural integrity of the treated silk fibers. Overall, this work allows us to conclude that PVA–borax-based gels offer an effective, adaptable, and low-risk cleaning strategy for historical silk fabrics. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in the Design and Application of Gels in Heritage Conservation)

15 pages, 1163 KB

Open AccessArticle

bZIP-Domain Variant Allele Frequency Helps to Refine Risk Stratification in CEBPA-Mutated AML.

by Kainan Zhang, Xiaohang Ma, Xiaoxuan Lu, Guorui Ruan, Fangfang Wei, Hao Jiang, Yingjun Chang, Xiaojun Huang and Xiaosu Zhao

Biomedicines 2026, 14(1), 256; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines14010256 (registering DOI) - 22 Jan 2026

Abstract

Objectives: To investigate the prognostic value of CEBPA (CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein α) molecular features, such as variant allele frequency (VAF), in patients with de novo acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Methods: Next-generation sequencing (NGS) was used to detect CEBPA mutations in 162 patients [...] Read more.

Objectives: To investigate the prognostic value of CEBPA (CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein α) molecular features, such as variant allele frequency (VAF), in patients with de novo acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Methods: Next-generation sequencing (NGS) was used to detect CEBPA mutations in 162 patients with newly diagnosed AML (except acute promyelocytic leukemia). Results: We established 44.2% as the optimal threshold for both maximum VAF and bZIP-domain VAF. The high-VAF group showed higher leukemia burden and inferior event-free survival (EFS). bZIP-domain VAF demonstrated superior prognostic value over maximum VAF (HR: 3.174 vs. 2.460) and was validated across subgroups, namely cytogenetically normal acute myeloid leukemia (CN-AML), chemotherapy-only, and low/intermediate-risk subgroups. Multivariate analysis confirmed high bZIP-domain VAF and DNMT3A mutation as independent risk factors. Conclusions: Our results confirm that the bZIP-domain VAF of CEBPA mutations is a more effective predictor of relapse than the maximum VAF, offering a valuable tool for the early identification of patients at high risk of relapse. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Cancer Biology and Oncology)

20 pages, 833 KB

Open AccessArticle

Efficacy and Safety of Steamed Ginger Extract for Body Weight and Body Fat Reduction in Overweight Adults: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Clinical Trial

by Jeong Eun Kwon, Yeong-Geun Lee, Inhye Kim, Jaewoo Bae, Se-Chan Kang and Hyang-Im Baek

Nutrients 2026, 18(2), 366; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu18020366 (registering DOI) - 22 Jan 2026

Abstract

Objective: This randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial assessed the efficacy and safety of steamed ginger extract (GGE03), standardized to high levels of 1-dehydro-6-gingerdione (GD), in reducing body fat and weight among overweight individuals. Methods: Eighty adults aged 18 to 60 years, with a [...] Read more.

Objective: This randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial assessed the efficacy and safety of steamed ginger extract (GGE03), standardized to high levels of 1-dehydro-6-gingerdione (GD), in reducing body fat and weight among overweight individuals. Methods: Eighty adults aged 18 to 60 years, with a body mass index (BMI) of 25.0 to 29.9 kg/m², were randomly assigned to receive either GGE03 (n = 40; 480 mg/day) or a placebo (n = 40) for 12 weeks. Efficacy and safety parameters were evaluated at baseline and after the intervention period. Results: After 12 weeks, the GGE03 group showed statistically significant reductions in body fat percentage and body fat mass compared to the placebo group, as measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA). Additionally, significant decreases in body weight, BMI, waist circumference, and hip circumference were observed following GGE03 supplementation. Serum triglyceride (TG) and total cholesterol (TC) levels were also significantly lower in the GGE03 group compared to the placebo group. No product-related adverse events or clinically significant laboratory abnormalities were noted, indicating that GGE03 was well tolerated. Conclusions: Twelve weeks of GGE03 supplementation were associated with statistically significant improvements in body composition and lipid parameters without safety concerns. These findings support the potential of GD-standardized GGE03 as a well-tolerated functional dietary ingredient for body fat management and metabolic health. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Clinical Nutrition)

21 pages, 1681 KB

Open AccessArticle

Spatial Associations and Co-Occurrence Networks of Sympatric Species in an Asian Elephant Community

by Jingshan Wang, Xu Li, Yuan Tian, Wenguan Duan, Yuhui Si, Dusu Wen, Weibin Wang and Dehuai Meng

Animals 2026, 16(2), 351; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani16020351 (registering DOI) - 22 Jan 2026

Abstract

Understanding how species share resources (niche dynamics) and associate with each other is crucial for maintaining stable ecological communities. Using infrared camera traps, we constructed spatial association networks for an isolated Asian elephant population. The Asian elephant (Elephas maximus), a keystone [...] Read more.

Understanding how species share resources (niche dynamics) and associate with each other is crucial for maintaining stable ecological communities. Using infrared camera traps, we constructed spatial association networks for an isolated Asian elephant population. The Asian elephant (Elephas maximus), a keystone species in tropical forests, faces significant threats from habitat fragmentation and human disturbances, particularly in the isolated population of Nangunhe National Nature Reserve, Yunnan, China. Using infrared camera trapping, niche analysis, and interspecific association models, we examined the ecological role of Asian elephants and their sympatric species networks in fragmented habitats. We identified 44 species, including 11 species with higher relative abundance showing significant ecological correlations with elephants. Asian elephants exhibited the broadest spatial distribution, consistent with their role as ecological engineers due to high environmental tolerance and diverse resource utilization. Sympatric herbivores exhibited moderate spatial co-occurrence. Wild boars (Sus scrofa), red-bellied squirrels (Callosciurus erythraeus), northern pig-tailed macaques (Macaca leonina), and red junglefowl (Gallus gallus) demonstrated significant spatial associations with elephants. Lambda coefficient analysis revealed asymmetric associations reflecting spatial reliance of red-bellied squirrels and wild boars on elephant activity zones. Temporally, Asian elephants exhibited a stable bimodal activity pattern at dawn and dusk. Despite varying degrees of diel overlap with sympatric species, no significant temporal avoidance was detected, suggesting fine-scale coexistence mechanisms beyond the temporal dimension. We argue that conservation strategies are in urgent need of a transformation from single-species protection to the preservation of ecological interaction networks. This study clarifies the dominant position of Asian elephants in the community by mapping the spatial association networks between Asian elephants and sympatric species, and its findings hold substantial guiding significance for the recovery and protection of isolated Asian elephant populations. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Ecology and Conservation)

14 pages, 2938 KB

Open AccessArticle

Effects of Persistent Introgression on Mitochondrial DNA Genetic Structure and Diversity in the Apis cerana cerana Population

by Shujing Zhou, Miao Jia, Yidan Long, Bingfeng Zhou, Yinan Wang, Zhining Zhang, Yue Wang, Danyang Zhang, Xinjian Xu and Xiangjie Zhu

Insects 2026, 17(1), 128; https://doi.org/10.3390/insects17010128 (registering DOI) - 22 Jan 2026

Abstract

Continuous human-mediated introduction of colonies and queens promotes genetic introgression and reshapes the genetic diversity and structure of local honeybee populations. According to reports, multiple non-native honeybee colonies and queens have been introduced into the DL region, leading to continuous genetic introgression. Here, [...] Read more.

Continuous human-mediated introduction of colonies and queens promotes genetic introgression and reshapes the genetic diversity and structure of local honeybee populations. According to reports, multiple non-native honeybee colonies and queens have been introduced into the DL region, leading to continuous genetic introgression. Here, we assessed the effects of continuous introgression on indigenous Apis cerana in the DL region using mtDNA and genome-wide SNP markers. We sequenced the mitochondrial tRNA ^leu-COII from 217 individuals sampled at 7 DL sites and identified 26 haplotypes defined by 18 polymorphic sites. The ΦST values indicated no internal differentiation within the Apis cerana populations in the DL region. Phylogenetic, network, ABBA-BABA test, and f3 statistic suggested introgression from both northern and southern sources. The f4-ratio indicates that approximately 16% of the ancestry in the DL group is derived from the Aba group. Genetic diversity varied widely within the DL region (Hd: 0.2907–0.8220; π: 0.0009–0.0038; K: 0.3140–1.3980), indicating different stages of introgression. The genetic structure within the DL group appears to be unstable, necessitating long-term monitoring of evolutionary processes and genetic diversity dynamics in A. c. cerana for further insights. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Social Insects and Apiculture)

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12 pages, 1927 KB

Open AccessArticle

Field-Controlled Magnetisation Patterns in Three-Arm Star-Shaped Nanoparticles as Prototypes of Reconfigurable Routing and Vortex State Memory Devices

by Dominika Kuźma, Piotr Zegan, Yaroslav Parkhomenko and Piotr Zieliński

Appl. Sci. 2026, 16(2), 1145; https://doi.org/10.3390/app16021145 (registering DOI) - 22 Jan 2026

Abstract

A model of nanoparticles has been designed to partially resemble self-similar ferroelastic star-like domain textures. Numerical computations have been used to find the equilibrium configurations of magnetisation in such systems. As expected from the symmetry, the self-similar initial states give room to other [...] Read more.

A model of nanoparticles has been designed to partially resemble self-similar ferroelastic star-like domain textures. Numerical computations have been used to find the equilibrium configurations of magnetisation in such systems. As expected from the symmetry, the self-similar initial states give room to other types of domain structure as a function of the star parameters. When relaxed without an external field, the self-similar pattern mostly turns into a massive vortex in the centre with radially oriented domains in the star’s peripheral arms. In contrast, a random initial state ends up in a configuration of a triple valve with one input and two outputs, or vice versa, analogous to logical gates. A treatment with an in-plane magnetic field always leads to the valve configuration. The triple-valve states turn out stable, whereas the vortex ones are metastable. The results may be in the design of magnetic-based logic devices. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Application of Magnetic Nanoparticles)

16 pages, 2373 KB

Open AccessArticle

Pyrrhotite Facilitates Growth and Cr Accumulation in Leersia hexandra Swartz for Effective Cr(VI) Removal in Constructed Wetlands

by Xinyue Zhang, Xuehong Zhang, Yue Lin, Jiang Lv, Minmin Jiang, Sijia Cheng and Jun Yan

Toxics 2026, 14(1), 107; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics14010107 (registering DOI) - 22 Jan 2026

Abstract

Hexavalent chromium (Cr(VI)) is a hazardous pollutant frequently found in industrial wastewater. Constructed wetlands (CWs) provide an alternative for Cr(VI) removal, but their effective removal is essentially governed by the extent of Cr accumulation in plants. This study evaluated the effects of pyrrhotite [...] Read more.

Hexavalent chromium (Cr(VI)) is a hazardous pollutant frequently found in industrial wastewater. Constructed wetlands (CWs) provide an alternative for Cr(VI) removal, but their effective removal is essentially governed by the extent of Cr accumulation in plants. This study evaluated the effects of pyrrhotite addition on a Cr-hyperaccumulator Leersia hexandra Swartz (L. hexandra) in CW microcosms with different substrates (pyrrhotite and gravel) and influent Cr(VI) concentrations (2 and 10 mg·L⁻¹). All microcosms achieved substantial Cr(VI) removal, while pyrrhotite significantly facilitated the removal of NO₃⁻-N, COD, and TP. Pyrrhotite alleviated Cr-induced oxidative stress and thus promoted photosynthesis in L. hexandra, reflected by 27.32–39.09% lower malondialdehyde levels, 1.67–8.37% higher total chlorophyll contents, and 17.36–39.61% higher net photosynthetic rates. Consequently, maximum aboveground Cr standing stock reached 164.50 mg·m⁻² in the P10 group, where L. hexandra contributed 6.63% to the total Cr removal. Microbial analysis showed reduced Cr-stress responses in pyrrhotite groups. Structural equation modeling indicated that pyrrhotite and its dissolution products promote Cr standing stock of L. hexandra through establishing in/ex planta defensive mechanisms. These findings provide new perspectives on phytoremediation coupled with CWs for the treatment of Cr(VI)-containing wastewater. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Ecological Remediation of Heavy Metal-Polluted Environment)

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28 pages, 9471 KB

Open AccessArticle

Shaking Table Test-Based Verification of PDEM for Random Seismic Response of Anchored Rock Slopes

by Xuegang Pan, Jinqing Jia and Lihua Zhang

Appl. Sci. 2026, 16(2), 1146; https://doi.org/10.3390/app16021146 (registering DOI) - 22 Jan 2026

Abstract

This study systematically verified the applicability and accuracy of the Probability Density Evolution Method (PDEM) in the probabilistic modeling of the dynamic response of anchored rock slopes under random seismic action through large-scale shaking table model tests. Across 144 sets of non-stationary random [...] Read more.

This study systematically verified the applicability and accuracy of the Probability Density Evolution Method (PDEM) in the probabilistic modeling of the dynamic response of anchored rock slopes under random seismic action through large-scale shaking table model tests. Across 144 sets of non-stationary random ground motions and 7 sets of white noise excitations, key response data such as acceleration, displacement, and changes in anchor axial force were collected. The PDEM was used to model the instantaneous probability density function (PDF) and cumulative distribution function (CDF), which were then compared with the results of normal distribution, Gumbel distribution, and direct sample statistics from multiple dimensions. The results show that the PDEM does not require a preset distribution form and can accurately reproduce the non-Gaussian, multi-modal, and time evolution characteristics of the response; in the reliability assessment of peak responses, its prediction deviation is much smaller than that of traditional parametric models; the three-dimensional probability density evolution cloud map further reveals the law governing the entire process of the response PDF from “narrow and high” in the early stage of the earthquake, “wide and flat” in the main shock stage, to “re-convergence” after the earthquake. The study confirms that the PDEM has significant advantages and engineering application value in the analysis of random seismic responses and the dynamic reliability assessment of anchored slopes. Full article

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46 pages, 2149 KB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Service Model Selection for “Internet + Recycling” Platforms: A Game-Theoretic Analysis of Door-to-Door vs. Fixed-Point Collection

by Jietan Geng, Duo Shang, Mingxu Yu, Jiyao Yin, Zhangyu Chang and Chengjie Zheng

Sustainability 2026, 18(2), 1142; https://doi.org/10.3390/su18021142 (registering DOI) - 22 Jan 2026

Abstract

The rise of “Internet + Recycling” platforms is transforming the domestic waste management landscape, creating dual-channel reverse supply chains where new platforms interact with traditional recyclers. However, these platforms face critical strategic decisions regarding their service portfolios (convenient but costly door-to-door vs. economical [...] Read more.

The rise of “Internet + Recycling” platforms is transforming the domestic waste management landscape, creating dual-channel reverse supply chains where new platforms interact with traditional recyclers. However, these platforms face critical strategic decisions regarding their service portfolios (convenient but costly door-to-door vs. economical fixed-point drop-off) and their relationship with incumbents (cooperation vs. competition). This study aims to determine the optimal pricing, service level, and relationship strategies for an “Internet + Recycling” center to maximize profitability under the influence of consumer channel preferences and government subsidies. We developed four Stackelberg game-theoretic models representing different scenarios of service modes (fixed-point only vs. fixed-point with door-to-door) and relationship structures (cooperation vs. competition). We derived equilibrium solutions for recycling prices, service levels, and profits. Our results reveal that while cooperation generally leads to higher systemic profits, the addition of a door-to-door service significantly alters the strategic landscape. We find that a higher consumer preference for the platform channel allows the center to lower prices while increasing profits, and that government subsidies are the most effective at enhancing service levels in cooperative models. Crucially, intense competition incentivizes recycling centers to reduce rather than increase their service levels to cut costs. This research provides a decision-making framework for recycling enterprises to select optimal service and competitive strategies. It also offers insights for policymakers on how to design subsidies to effectively promote high-convenience recycling services and foster a more efficient circular economy. Full article

25 pages, 4518 KB

Open AccessArticle

Time Series Analysis and Periodicity Analysis and Forecasting of the Dniester River Flow Using Spectral, SSA, and Hybrid Models

by Serhii Melnyk, Kateryna Vasiutynska, Oleksandr Butenko, Iryna Korduba, Roman Trach, Alla Pryshchepa, Yuliia Trach and Vitalii Protsiuk

Water 2026, 18(2), 291; https://doi.org/10.3390/w18020291 (registering DOI) - 22 Jan 2026

Abstract

This study applies spectral analysis and singular spectrum analysis (SSA) to mean annual runoff of the Dniester River for 1950–2024 to identify dominant periodic components governing the hydrological regime of this transboundary basin shared by Ukraine and Moldova. The novelty lies in a [...] Read more.

This study applies spectral analysis and singular spectrum analysis (SSA) to mean annual runoff of the Dniester River for 1950–2024 to identify dominant periodic components governing the hydrological regime of this transboundary basin shared by Ukraine and Moldova. The novelty lies in a basin-specific integration in the first systematic application of a combined spectral–SSA framework to the Dniester River, enabling consistent characterization of runoff variability and assessment of large-scale natural drivers. Time series from three gauging stations are analysed to develop data-driven runoff models and medium-term forecasts. Four stable groups of periodic variability are identified, with characteristic timescales of approximately 30, 11, 3–5.8, and 2 years, corresponding to major atmospheric–oceanic oscillations (AMO, NAO, PDO, ENSO, QBO) and the 11-year solar cycle. Cross-spectral and coherence analyses reveal a statistically significant relationship between solar activity and river discharge, with an estimated lag of about 2 years. SSA reconstructions explain more than 80% of discharge variance, indicating high model reliability. Forecast comparisons show that spectral methods tend to amplify long-term trends, CNN–LSTM models produce conservative trajectories, while a hybrid ensemble approach provides the most balanced and physically interpretable projections. Ensemble forecasts indicate reduced runoff during 2025–2028, followed by recovery in 2029–2034, supporting long-term water-resources planning and climate adaptation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Hydrology)

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18 pages, 3271 KB

Open AccessArticle

Complete Mitochondrial Genomic Characteristics and Phylogenetic Analysis of the Medicinal Plant Peperomia leptostachya

by Mengyun Ying, Jianyu Shi, Zhijun Shen and Qiuping Ye

Genes 2026, 17(1), 118; https://doi.org/10.3390/genes17010118 (registering DOI) - 22 Jan 2026

Abstract

Background: Peperomia leptostachya is a herbaceous plant with significant medicinal value. To elucidate its mitochondrial genomic characteristics, this study conducted a systematic analysis. Methods: The mitochondrial genome of P. leptostachya was assembled, annotated, and subjected to comparative analysis. Results: (1) The genome exhibits [...] Read more.

Background: Peperomia leptostachya is a herbaceous plant with significant medicinal value. To elucidate its mitochondrial genomic characteristics, this study conducted a systematic analysis. Methods: The mitochondrial genome of P. leptostachya was assembled, annotated, and subjected to comparative analysis. Results: (1) The genome exhibits significant structural peculiarities, presenting as an atypical circular structure accompanied by an independent minicircle, forming a multi-branched reticulate configuration spanning a total length of 981,249 bp. Within the mitochondrial genome of P. leptostachya, a total of 52 genes have been identified, including 35 PCGs, 14 tRNAs and 3 rRNAs. (2) A phylogenetic tree was built for 22 species based on the DNA sequences. P. leptostachya belongs to the family Piperaceae within the order Piperales and is closely related to Piper nigrum. (3) Homologous colinear blocks were detected between P. leptostachya and its close relatives, though these blocks exhibited short lengths. Additionally, blank regions were identified that showed no homology with other species. Mitochondrial genomes of P. leptostachya and two close relatives had inconsistent collinear block arrangements. The mitochondrial genome of P. leptostachya had undergone genomic rearrangement relative to closely related species. Conclusions: This study lays the foundation for research into the genetic characteristics and biological traits of P. leptostachya. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Plant Genetics and Genomics)

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