MDPI - Publisher of Open Access Journals

20 pages, 5872 KB

Open AccessArticle

ATR-FTIR and FORS Fingerprints for Authentication of Commercial Sunflower Oils and Quantification of Their Oleic Acid

by Guillermo Jiménez-Hernández, M. Gracia Bagur-González, Fidel Ortega-Gavilán, Luis F. García del Moral, Vanessa Martos and Antonio González-Casado

Foods 2026, 15(4), 682; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods15040682 (registering DOI) - 13 Feb 2026

Abstract

The composition of sunflower oil, rich in fatty acids, largely depends on the seed variety. Commercial sunflower oils are classified as low (SFO), medium (MOSFO), and high (HOSFO) oleic, distinguished by their oleic and linoleic acid content. Higher oleic acid levels enhance health [...] Read more.

The composition of sunflower oil, rich in fatty acids, largely depends on the seed variety. Commercial sunflower oils are classified as low (SFO), medium (MOSFO), and high (HOSFO) oleic, distinguished by their oleic and linoleic acid content. Higher oleic acid levels enhance health benefits and oxidative stability. Due to their differing market values, ensuring the correct quality and authenticity of these oils is essential. Unsupervised chemometric methods have been applied to visualise the natural behaviour of sunflower oils, while supervised models have been used for authentication based on Attenuated Total Reflection Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR) fingerprints obtained from a benchtop spectrometer. Authentication of MOSFO is particularly challenging because of its wider oleic acid range (43.1–74.9%) and production via genetic modification or blending SFO/HOSFO. To address this, two multivariable PLS-R regression models were developed using ATR FT-IR and Fibre Optic Reflectance Spectroscopy (FORS) fingerprints, the latter obtained with a portable, cost-effective device. The results indicate that FORS could be used as a rapid quality control tool for on-site quantification. In contrast, ATR FT-IR is a more accurate tool for confirmation and quantification, achieving excellent results (Residual Predictive Deviation, RPD = 7.09 and Range Error Ratio, RER = 17.82). Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Food Physics and (Bio)Chemistry)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

17 pages, 306 KB

Open AccessArticle

Extending Maximum-Entropy Interbank Reconstruction to a Multi-Country Framework with Cross-Border Exposures

by Simone Sbaraglia, Pin Guo and Stefano Zedda

J. Risk Financial Manag. 2026, 19(2), 140; https://doi.org/10.3390/jrfm19020140 (registering DOI) - 13 Feb 2026

Abstract

Estimating bilateral interbank exposures is essential for assessing systemic risk and contagion in global banking systems. We propose a reconstruction framework that extends the maximum-entropy approach to a multi-country setting by integrating domestic balance-sheet total interbank exposure values with country-level aggregate cross-border exposures. [...] Read more.

Estimating bilateral interbank exposures is essential for assessing systemic risk and contagion in global banking systems. We propose a reconstruction framework that extends the maximum-entropy approach to a multi-country setting by integrating domestic balance-sheet total interbank exposure values with country-level aggregate cross-border exposures. The method distributes each country’s external positions across its resident banks and then reconstructs the domestic interbank matrices under maximum-entropy constraints, yielding a globally consistent exposure matrix. Cross-border aggregates—such as those published by the BIS—enter the framework only as optional external constraints rather than as objects of empirical validation. The resulting dual-layer interbank network improves the internal coherence of multi-country exposure estimates and provides a consistent input for contagion simulations and systemic risk analysis. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Banking Practices, Climate Risk and Financial Stability)

22 pages, 1937 KB

Open AccessArticle

Translocator Protein Modulation by PK11195 and NO Synthase Inhibition Affect Cardiac Oxidative Stress and Cardiometabolic and Inflammatory Markers in Isoprenaline-Induced Rat Myocardial Injury

by Ana Ilic, Nina Radisavljevic, Slavica Mutavdzin Krneta, Dusan Todorovic, Novica Boricic, Sanja Stankovic, Biljana Bozic Nedeljkovic, Marija Matić, Marija Stojanovic, Ranko Skrbic and Dragan Djuric

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2026, 27(4), 1786; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms27041786 (registering DOI) - 13 Feb 2026

Abstract

Translocator protein (TSPO) regulates mitochondrial function, inflammation, and oxidative stress; however, its role in acute myocardial injury (MI) remains incompletely understood. While previous studies have examined TSPO ligands in cardiac injury, the interplay between TSPO modulation and nitric oxide (NO) signaling in AMI [...] Read more.

Translocator protein (TSPO) regulates mitochondrial function, inflammation, and oxidative stress; however, its role in acute myocardial injury (MI) remains incompletely understood. While previous studies have examined TSPO ligands in cardiac injury, the interplay between TSPO modulation and nitric oxide (NO) signaling in AMI has not been systematically investigated. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of TSPO modulation by PK11195, alone or in combination with nitric oxide synthase (NOS) inhibition by Nω-Nitro-L-arginine methyl ester hydrochloride (L-NAME), on cardiometabolic, inflammatory, oxidative stress, and histopathological parameters in an experimental model of isoprenaline-induced MI in rats. Male Wistar albino rats were divided into four groups: control (C); isoprenaline + saline-treated (ISO); isoprenaline + PK11195-treated (IP); and isoprenaline + PK11195 + L-NAME-treated (IPLN) groups. Isoprenaline administration induced MI, evidenced by elevated cardiac biomarkers, electrocardiographic (ECG) alterations, and histopathological damage. PK11195 treatment significantly attenuated MI and reduced pro-inflammatory cytokine levels while increasing anti-inflammatory cytokine levels, indicating protective effects. Nevertheless, TSPO modulation was associated with adverse metabolic effects, notably elevated fibrinogen and plasma homocysteine levels. Co-administration of L-NAME mechanistically demonstrated that NO availability is essential for PK11195 cardioprotective effects, as NOS inhibition partially abolished cardioprotection and modified oxidative stress parameters. Overall, TSPO modulation exerts complex actions in acute MI through regulating mitochondrial function, inflammatory signaling, and NO pathways, suggesting that TSPO is a potential, multifaceted therapeutic target. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Oxidative Stress Responses in Cardiovascular Diseases)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

24 pages, 3623 KB

Open AccessArticle

Automated Intracellular Immunofluorescence Staining Enabled by Magnetic 3D Mixing in a Modular Microfluidic Platform

by Zhengyi Zhang, Mengyu Wang, Runtao Zhong, Yingbo Zhao and Yeqing Sun

Biosensors 2026, 16(2), 120; https://doi.org/10.3390/bios16020120 (registering DOI) - 13 Feb 2026

Abstract

Traditional sample preparation for flow cytometry is often labor-intensive, operator-dependent, and reagent-consuming, limiting its suitability for automated and point-of-care biosensing applications. To address these challenges, this study presents a functional modular microfluidic system integrating immunomagnetic beads (IMBs) to enable automated intracellular immunofluorescence (IF) [...] Read more.

Traditional sample preparation for flow cytometry is often labor-intensive, operator-dependent, and reagent-consuming, limiting its suitability for automated and point-of-care biosensing applications. To address these challenges, this study presents a functional modular microfluidic system integrating immunomagnetic beads (IMBs) to enable automated intracellular immunofluorescence (IF) staining. The modular microfluidic platform is enabled by a dynamically actuated three-dimensional magnetic field that couples with IMBs within a microfluidic reaction chamber, requiring only one-dimensional magnet translation to induce effective three-dimensional bead motion. This magnetic–chip cooperative strategy significantly enhances microscale mixing and cell capture, facilitating automated immunostaining of the radiation biomarker in CD4⁺ cells. Finite element simulations were employed to guide magnetic field design by analyzing magnetic force distributions and identifying key parameters, including magnet material, size, spatial arrangement, and chip–magnet distance. Experimental validation using CD4⁺ cell capture confirmed the effectiveness of the magnetic mixing strategy, revealing ∇B·B as the critical design parameter. An N52 NdFeB magnet (6 mm diameter, 10 mm height) positioned within 2.2 mm of the chamber centerline stably retained IMBs at flow rates below 200 µL/min. Under optimized conditions (magnet translation speed of 8 mm/s and a 15 min mixing duration), a maximum cell capture efficiency of 86% was achieved. Subsequent automated γH2AX IF staining demonstrated a strong linear dose–response relationship (R² > 0.9) in mean fluorescence intensity. This study demonstrates a robust and scalable strategy for automating complex IF staining workflows, highlighting the potential of magnetic-field-assisted microfluidic platforms for biosensing applications requiring reliable intracellular biomarker detection. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Environmental, Agricultural, and Food Biosensors)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

19 pages, 2800 KB

Open AccessArticle

Stability Analysis of Reverse-Dipping Rock Slopes Based on the Bi-Directional Evolutionary Structural Optimization Method (BESO) Prediction Method

by Yu Zhang, Xuan Wang, Jiasheng Zhang, Honggang Wu and Yingrun Chen

Symmetry 2026, 18(2), 345; https://doi.org/10.3390/sym18020345 (registering DOI) - 13 Feb 2026

Abstract

Sliding failure is a common form of instability for reverse rock slopes. The determination of the failure plane for such unstable slopes is currently a key and challenging issue in research. To pinpoint the position of the failure surface with higher accuracy, this [...] Read more.

Sliding failure is a common form of instability for reverse rock slopes. The determination of the failure plane for such unstable slopes is currently a key and challenging issue in research. To pinpoint the position of the failure surface with higher accuracy, this paper proposes a key equilibrium model based on the symmetric bidirectional evolutionary structural optimization (BESO) method. This model is based on the basic parameters of the slope, the BESO method, and the limit equilibrium theory. It uses its own algorithm program to search and determine the key failure plane of the slope. At the same time, two rock slope model tests were conducted to verify the effectiveness of this method in slope stability analysis. The calculated results exhibit a good consistency with the experimental outcomes, which confirms the feasibility of using the key equilibrium-bidirectional evolutionary structural optimization (CE-BESO) method for stability evaluation of this type of slopes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Engineering and Materials)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

24 pages, 834 KB

Open AccessArticle

Green Innovative Work Behavior Toward Net-Zero in the Maritime Industry: The Moderating Roles of Climate Change Perception and Government Subsidies

by Kuang-Yen Chung and Rong-Her Chiu

Sustainability 2026, 18(4), 1927; https://doi.org/10.3390/su18041927 (registering DOI) - 12 Feb 2026

Abstract

Amid growing international pressure for carbon neutrality, the maritime industry is facing mounting institutional demands for environmental innovation. Drawing on protection motivation theory, this study surveyed 499 employees from 1519 shipping service firms to examine how coercive, mimetic, and normative pressures shape green [...] Read more.

Amid growing international pressure for carbon neutrality, the maritime industry is facing mounting institutional demands for environmental innovation. Drawing on protection motivation theory, this study surveyed 499 employees from 1519 shipping service firms to examine how coercive, mimetic, and normative pressures shape green innovative work behavior. By extending protection motivation theory to a highly regulated maritime context, this study demonstrates that institutional pressures do not directly drive green innovation; instead, they enhance employees’ self-protective motivation, which subsequently fosters eco-innovation. Moreover, these relationships are stronger when firms perceive greater climate risks or receive government subsidies, indicating that contextual conditions amplify the translation of motivation into behavior. Overall, the findings reveal how macro-level institutional forces shape the sustainable transition of maritime services through employee psychology, offering governance-relevant insights for policymakers and firms seeking to promote green innovation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Future-Proofing Maritime Logistics and Port Management: Sustainability in the Era of Tech Innovation, Climate Goals, and Global Disruption)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

18 pages, 940 KB

Open AccessArticle

Atopy and Other Sensitivities in Non-Celiac Wheat Sensitivity: Is There an Associated Hypersensitivity Background?

by Aurelio Seidita, Pasquale Mansueto, Mirco Pistone, Maurizio Soresi, Diana Di Liberto, Marianna Lauricella, Lydia Giannitrapani, Giovanni Pratelli, Giuseppe Mazzarella, Alessandra Camarca, Francesco Maurano, Giuseppe Mogavero and Antonio Carroccio

Nutrients 2026, 18(4), 609; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu18040609 - 12 Feb 2026

Abstract

Background: A hypersensitivity reaction has been hypothesized as one of the possible pathophysiological mechanisms involved in non-celiac wheat sensitivity (NCWS). Some studies have reported a high frequency of atopic diseases in NCWS patients. Objectives: This study aimed A) to define the presence and [...] Read more.

Background: A hypersensitivity reaction has been hypothesized as one of the possible pathophysiological mechanisms involved in non-celiac wheat sensitivity (NCWS). Some studies have reported a high frequency of atopic diseases in NCWS patients. Objectives: This study aimed A) to define the presence and features of atopic diseases and other hypersensitivities in NCWS patients and B) to search for possible allergic features which could address a NCWS diagnosis. Methods: Clinical, laboratory and histological data from NCWS patients before the start of a wheat-free diet were retrospectively analyzed and compared to control subjects with celiac disease (CeD) or irritable bowel syndrome/functional dyspepsia (IBS/FD). Results: Atopic disease prevalence was higher in the NCWS patients (32.8%) than in those with CeD (19.3%) and IBS/FD (21.5%) (p = 0.001 for both). Similarly, NCWS subjects reported a higher frequency of multiple food sensitivities (MFSs) (39.8%) and self-reported milk intolerance (SRMI) (65.9%) compared to the control groups (p < 0.001 for both). On multiple logistic regression analysis, a coexistent atopic disease (OR 1.481), MFS (OR 3.882) and SRMI (OR 2.259) proved to be variables associated with the NCWS diagnosis. Conclusions: NCWS subjects have a higher frequency of atopic disease, MFS and SRMI when compared to both CeD and IBS/FD patients. All these conditions could be considered as an expression of an underlying hypersensitivity milieu characterizing NCWS and might be of support in the differential diagnosis between NCWS and functional gastrointestinal disorders, if inserted into a broader diagnostic panel. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Nutritional Immunology)

59 pages, 2897 KB

Open AccessReview

Medicinal Plants in the Space Exploration Era: Opportunities and Challenges for Mitigating Spaceflight-Induced Health Hazards

by Francesca Pettinau and Alessandro Orrù

Appl. Sci. 2026, 16(4), 1860; https://doi.org/10.3390/app16041860 - 12 Feb 2026

Abstract

Since the dawn of civilization, humanity has looked to the sky, seeking to expand knowledge beyond Earth’s boundaries. The last eight decades have witnessed remarkable progress in space exploration, paving the way for increasingly longer space journeys and the establishment of human settlements [...] Read more.

Since the dawn of civilization, humanity has looked to the sky, seeking to expand knowledge beyond Earth’s boundaries. The last eight decades have witnessed remarkable progress in space exploration, paving the way for increasingly longer space journeys and the establishment of human settlements on the Moon and Mars. These achievements have been made possible by advances in multiple scientific disciplines, including the rise of space medicine, astropharmacy, astrobiology, and astrobotany, each addressing how biological and technological systems adapt to extraterrestrial environments. Nevertheless, the space environment remains profoundly inhospitable to human life, making the protection of health and the assurance of long-term sustainability a key strategic goal in space exploration programs. Within this multidisciplinary framework, the potential role of medicinal plants remains underexplored. Historically central to healthcare, medicinal plants provide a vast repertoire of bioactive compounds and molecular scaffolds, many of which have inspired modern drugs. This review explores how medicinal plants could contribute to human well-being beyond Earth—not only as sources of therapeutic agents to mitigate spaceflight-induced ailments but also as biomanufacturing platforms for on-demand production of pharmaceuticals. Ultimately, medicinal plants could continue to play a pivotal role in supporting human health, also in space, but it poses new challenges and requires further scientific and technological advances. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biological Activities of Medicinal Plants and Their Potential Applications)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

11 pages, 1338 KB

Open AccessArticle

Interfascial Injection Pressure Depending on Type of Regional Anesthesia Needle

by Wilk Mateusz, Jedrasiak Karol, Suwalska Aleksandra and Wodarski Piotr

J. Clin. Med. 2026, 15(4), 1458; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm15041458 - 12 Feb 2026

Abstract

Introduction: Reliable identification regarding interfascial spaces proves essential to achieve successful nerve block analgesia; however, ultrasound guided approaches are recognized as challenging, particularly in obese or pediatric patients. In prior cadaveric and clinical investigations, multiple approaches were evaluated to identify methods for measuring [...] Read more.

Introduction: Reliable identification regarding interfascial spaces proves essential to achieve successful nerve block analgesia; however, ultrasound guided approaches are recognized as challenging, particularly in obese or pediatric patients. In prior cadaveric and clinical investigations, multiple approaches were evaluated to identify methods for measuring injection pressures as a function of needle position relative to fascia. Our previous study proposed simpler method of finding interfascial spaces with the needle tip. In this study, it was examined whether needle tip design influences injection pressures during regional anesthesia procedures, via an ex vivo pig specimen setup. Methods: A bespoke apparatus for tracking injection pressure was deployed to enable continuous measurement of intraluminal pressure generated while delivering saline throughout ultrasound guided peripheral nerve block needles conducted within pig thigh specimens. Delivery was performed using an infusion pump. Three types of needles of the same manufacturer (Pajunk) and same diameter (22G) but with different tips (Facet, Facet S and Sprotte) were used to measure injection pressures during penetration through tissues until interfascial plane hydrodissection was created. Statistical analyses were performed to compare pressure levels, variability, and temporal pressure trends. Results: Ninety ultrasound guided injections in porcine thigh tissue were analyzed, with thirty procedures per needle type. Injection pressure differed significantly between intramuscular, fascial puncture, and interfascial phases, showing a distinct puncture peak (p ≤ 3.44 × 10⁻¹⁴). Needle geometry significantly affected pressures across all phases (Kruskal–Wallis intramuscular p = 2.0 × 10⁻⁶, puncture p = 7.52 × 10⁻⁸, interfascial p = 9.2 × 10⁻⁵), with large pairwise effects (Hedges g up to 1.51). The classical tip produced the highest intramuscular and higher interfascial pressures, the sharp tip required the lowest puncture pressure, and the lateral tip yielded the lowest intramuscular and interfascial pressures. Conclusions: Needle tip geometry substantially influences pressure dynamics throughout the injection process, with the classical design associated with the highest fascia-penetration injection pressures and the sharp needle exhibiting the lowest, while the lateral design associated with lowest intramuscular-penetration and interfascial pressures. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Targeted Medicine in Postoperative Pain Management)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

40 pages, 5718 KB

Open AccessArticle

Estimation of Fractal Dimension and Super-Resolution Reconstruction for Person Re-Identification in Images from Infrared Surveillance Camera

by Seung Yong Jung, Dong Chan Lee, Min Su Jeong, Seong In Jeong, Hyun Woo Song, Ho Won Lee and Kang Ryoung Park

Fractal Fract. 2026, 10(2), 123; https://doi.org/10.3390/fractalfract10020123 - 12 Feb 2026

Abstract

Person re-identification (Re-ID) using infrared surveillance cameras has attracted increasing attention due to its robustness under low-light conditions. However, infrared images generally suffer from a low spatial resolution, which degrades Re-ID performance. To address this issue, this study proposes a part attention and [...] Read more.

Person re-identification (Re-ID) using infrared surveillance cameras has attracted increasing attention due to its robustness under low-light conditions. However, infrared images generally suffer from a low spatial resolution, which degrades Re-ID performance. To address this issue, this study proposes a part attention and contrastive loss-based super-resolution reconstruction network (PCSR-Net) and a unified infrared-only Re-ID framework. The proposed PCSR-Net consists of a correlation-based super-resolution reconstruction network (CoSR-Net), a feature extractor for Re-ID, and a part attention mechanism that estimates the importance of different body regions. In addition, contrastive loss and part-aware reconstruction loss are incorporated to guide the super-resolution process toward identity-discriminative representations. Experimental results on DBPerson-Recog-DB1 and SYSU-MM01 demonstrate that the proposed method outperforms state-of-the-art approaches in terms of the equal error rate (EER), mean average precision (mAP), and rank-1 accuracy, validating its effectiveness for infrared-based person Re-ID. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fractional Order Complex Systems: Advanced Control, Intelligent Estimation and Reinforcement Learning Image Processing Algorithms, Second Edition)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

11 pages, 477 KB

Open AccessArticle

Molecular Diagnosis of Syphilis in Brazilian Ambulatory Patients: Detection of Treponema pallidum subsp. pallidum in Serum Using Ancient DNA Protocols

by Lorrayne Samille Santos de Brito, Mauro Romero Leal Passos and Alena Mayo Iñiguez

Microorganisms 2026, 14(2), 453; https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms14020453 - 12 Feb 2026

Abstract

The rising incidence of syphilis in recent decades underscores the need to improve diagnostic and control strategies. The infection caused by Treponema pallidum subsp. pallidum is commonly diagnosed using serological tests. However, these methods exhibit limitations in the early or late stages of [...] Read more.

The rising incidence of syphilis in recent decades underscores the need to improve diagnostic and control strategies. The infection caused by Treponema pallidum subsp. pallidum is commonly diagnosed using serological tests. However, these methods exhibit limitations in the early or late stages of disease, when antibody responses and/or bacterial loads are low. Molecular biology detection using serum samples is also hampered by low circulating bacterial loads during asymptomatic periods. Ancient DNA (aDNA) studies apply methods adapted to recovering low concentrations and degraded DNA. In this study, we evaluated the effectiveness of aDNA protocols applied to the molecular diagnosis of T. p. subsp. pallidum in serum samples from ambulatory patients from Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. A PRISMA-based systematic review was also performed to identify studies using molecular biology diagnosis from serum. Twenty serums screened by TPHA (Treponema pallidum Hemagglutination assay) and with different VDRL titers (Venereal Disease Research Laboratory test) were analyzed. Amplification of tpp15 gene was observed in 14/17 (82.35%) samples; T. pallidum sequence was confirmed in 12/17 (70.59%). The findings demonstrate the potential of molecular approaches based on aDNA-adapted protocols as alternatives to conventional serological diagnosis, contributing to improved detection of infection and strengthening epidemiological surveillance of syphilis. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Public Health Microbiology)

16 pages, 1137 KB

Open AccessArticle

Effects of Irrigation Water Sources on Heavy Metal Distribution and Dynamics in Soil–Corn Systems

by Yaqiong Fan, Feifan Zheng, Guoqiang Geng, Jingjuan Hu, Yajuan Wu, Yamin Jia, Ronghao Liu, Guisheng Fan and Lixia Shen

Agronomy 2026, 16(4), 438; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy16040438 - 12 Feb 2026

Abstract

The rational use of reclaimed water for irrigation is a vital strategy to alleviate water scarcity in arid and semi-arid regions. Assessing its impact on heavy metal behavior in soil–plant systems is crucial for ensuring agricultural safety. This study evaluated the effects of [...] Read more.

The rational use of reclaimed water for irrigation is a vital strategy to alleviate water scarcity in arid and semi-arid regions. Assessing its impact on heavy metal behavior in soil–plant systems is crucial for ensuring agricultural safety. This study evaluated the effects of four irrigation water sources—well water (CK, control), river water (R0), a 1:1 mixture of river and reclaimed water (R1), and reclaimed water (R2)—on the distribution of heavy metals (Mn, Zn, Cu) in soil profiles and their accumulation in corn organs across growth stages. Results indicated that soil Mn content increased over time, whereas Zn and Cu levels generally decreased, with the smallest reduction observed in the R2 treatment at deeper soil layers. In corn, Mn and Cu were primarily concentrated in roots and leaves, while Zn accumulated notably in grains. Plant heavy metal content was generally lower under R2 than CK. Risk assessment indicated slight Mn pollution in soil, whereas Zn and Cu remained within safe limits. Health risk indices (THQ) for R1 and R2 were lower than CK. Overall, the mixed water treatment (R1) showed the strongest potential for controlling heavy metal contamination, suggesting that blended reclaimed water can support sustainable irrigation with long-term Mn monitoring recommended. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Water Use and Irrigation)

13 pages, 546 KB

Open AccessArticle

Assessing ChatGPT Accuracy Across Versions for Patient and Guideline Queries in Sacral Neuromodulation

by Kirolos Eskandar

Soc. Int. Urol. J. 2026, 7(1), 11; https://doi.org/10.3390/siuj7010011 - 12 Feb 2026

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Sacral neuromodulation (SNM) is an established therapy for refractory overactive bladder and non-obstructive urinary retention. With the rapid adoption of large language models (LLMs) such as ChatGPT, their accuracy in procedure-specific domains requires evaluation. The aim of this study was to compare [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Sacral neuromodulation (SNM) is an established therapy for refractory overactive bladder and non-obstructive urinary retention. With the rapid adoption of large language models (LLMs) such as ChatGPT, their accuracy in procedure-specific domains requires evaluation. The aim of this study was to compare the accuracy, completeness, and reproducibility of ChatGPT versions 3.5, 4.0, and 5.0 in answering patient- and guideline-based questions on SNM. Methods: Twenty questions were developed from international guidelines, device information, and common patient inquiries, covering five domains (mechanism, technique, outcomes, complications, postoperative management), two source types (frequently asked question [FAQs] vs. guideline), and three difficulty levels. These thematic domains were derived from core clinical counseling areas routinely addressed in SNM evaluation and follow-up. Each was submitted to ChatGPT versions 3.5, 4.0, and 5.0. Responses were rated independently by two urologists on a four-point accuracy scale. Combined success (Grades 1–2) and accuracy trends were compared across versions. Chi-square tests were used to assess differences across versions, Cramer’s V to measure effect size, and Cohen’s kappa to evaluate reproducibility. Results: Accuracy improved progressively across versions. Combined success rates rose from 70% in version 3.5 to 85% in 4.0 and 90% in 5.0 (p = 0.031, Cramer’s V = 0.29). Highest accuracy was observed in mechanism and procedural technique, while complication- and guideline-based questions showed lower performance. FAQ and straightforward questions were answered more reliably than guideline-based or complex ones. Reproducibility was excellent across all versions (κ = 0.81–0.91). Conclusions: ChatGPT 4.0 and 5.0 show strong potential as adjunctive tools for patient education in SNM, particularly for FAQs and procedural explanations. However, because persistent limitations were observed in guideline interpretation and complication management, clinician oversight remains essential, and these models should not be regarded as substitutes for professional clinical judgment. Full article

► Show Figures

Figure 1

29 pages, 1103 KB

Open AccessReview

Smart Antibiofilm Platforms Based on Synthetic Antimicrobial Peptides-Engineered Hydrogels

by Carpa Rahela, Bogyor Agota-Katalin and Butiuc-Keul Anca

Polymers 2026, 18(4), 471; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym18040471 - 12 Feb 2026

Abstract

Chronic wounds and implanted medical devices remain highly vulnerable to biofilm-associated infections, which resist conventional antibiotics and immune clearance. Synthetic antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) have emerged as promising alternatives, offering tunable sequences, short lengths for cost-effective synthesis, and functional modifications that enhance stability and [...] Read more.

Chronic wounds and implanted medical devices remain highly vulnerable to biofilm-associated infections, which resist conventional antibiotics and immune clearance. Synthetic antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) have emerged as promising alternatives, offering tunable sequences, short lengths for cost-effective synthesis, and functional modifications that enhance stability and antibiofilm potency. Hydrogels provide an optimal delivery matrix by enabling localized AMP release, maintaining a moist wound environment, and supporting stimuli-responsive or sustained therapeutic action. This review highlights recent advances in peptide engineering strategies—including rational sequence design, chemical modifications, and self-assembling nanostructures—alongside hydrogel integration approaches ranging from physical entrapment to covalent tethering and infection-triggered release systems. Mechanistic insights into antibiofilm activity are discussed, supported by in vitro, ex vivo, and in vivo evaluation models. Beyond antimicrobial efficacy, multifunctional AMP–hydrogel systems can deliver complementary benefits such as hemostasis, anti-inflammation, or enzymatic biofilm dispersal, further accelerating tissue repair. Despite significant progress, translational challenges remain, including peptide stability, manufacturing costs, regulatory hurdles, and host safety. Future directions point toward AI-driven peptide design, programmable hydrogels, and point-of-care integration to realize safe, effective, and multifunctional AMP–hydrogel therapies for chronic wound management and biofilm eradication. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Biobased and Biodegradable Polymers)

24 pages, 1543 KB

Open AccessArticle

Super-Resolution Reconstruction and Detector Geometric Error Correction for Parallel-Beam Low-Resolution Multi-Detector SPECT: A Proof of Concept

by Zhibiao Cheng, Jun Zhang, Ping Chen and Junhai Wen

Tomography 2026, 12(2), 23; https://doi.org/10.3390/tomography12020023 - 12 Feb 2026

Abstract

Objectives: Due to collimator limitations, Single-Photon Emission Computed Tomography (SPECT) suffers from relatively low spatial resolution, which hampers the detection of small lesions. This study proposes a super-resolution (SR) reconstruction algorithm for a parallel-beam, low-resolution (LR) multi-detector SPECT system and employs a neural [...] Read more.

Objectives: Due to collimator limitations, Single-Photon Emission Computed Tomography (SPECT) suffers from relatively low spatial resolution, which hampers the detection of small lesions. This study proposes a super-resolution (SR) reconstruction algorithm for a parallel-beam, low-resolution (LR) multi-detector SPECT system and employs a neural network to estimate and correct for geometric errors in the LR detectors. Methods: A parallel-beam LR multi-detector SPECT system is presented, in which the detectors perform relative sub-pixel shifts. At each sampling angle, an SR reconstruction algorithm synthesizes high-resolution (HR) SPECT images from LR projections acquired by four offset LR detectors. To correct for geometric errors among these detectors, a randomly distributed gamma point source was designed to generate training data. A neural network was then employed to estimate the geometric errors, thereby refining the SR reconstruction. Results: Numerical simulation demonstrated that the proposed neural network could accurately identify the displacement-based geometric errors of the LR detectors. Utilizing these estimated parameters to correct the SR reconstruction process yielded results comparable to those obtained from direct reconstruction of HR projections, achieving a two-fold resolution improvement. Conclusions: Preliminary proof-of-principle for SR reconstruction in a parallel-beam LR multi-detector SPECT system was established. Further validation of the hardware performance is warranted. Full article

29 pages, 546 KB

Open AccessReview

Advances in the Therapeutic Landscape of Hepatocellular Carcinoma: Current Strategies and Future Perspectives

by Asahiro Morishita, Kyoko Oura, Hiroki Tai, Rie Yano, Mai Nakahara, Tomoko Tadokoro, Koji Fujita, Shima Mimura, Joji Tani, Miwa Tatsuta, Takashi Himoto and Hideki Kobara

Cancers 2026, 18(4), 609; https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers18040609 - 12 Feb 2026

Abstract

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most common primary liver cancer and a major cause of cancer mortality worldwide. Because HCC usually arises in cirrhotic livers, prognosis is shaped by the dual threats of tumor progression and hepatic decompensation, requiring treatment decisions that balance [...] Read more.

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most common primary liver cancer and a major cause of cancer mortality worldwide. Because HCC usually arises in cirrhotic livers, prognosis is shaped by the dual threats of tumor progression and hepatic decompensation, requiring treatment decisions that balance anticancer efficacy with preservation of liver function, portal hypertension control, and quality of life. In recent years, management has shifted from a predominantly locoregional approach to an integrated continuum that spans curative resection, ablation, and transplantation; refined transarterial and radiotherapy techniques; and modern systemic therapy dominated by immunotherapy-based combinations. These advances have improved response rates, enabled downstaging and conversion in selected patients, and expanded opportunities for sequential and multimodal treatment. However, challenges persist, including therapeutic decision-making in patients with Child–Pugh B liver function, lack of robust predictive biomarkers, and resistance after initial response. Emerging tools—liquid biopsy, radiomics, AI-assisted imaging, and microbiome modulation—may support future precision strategies and optimized treatment allocation. In this review, we summarize current evidence guiding staging and therapy selection, outline practical considerations across curative, locoregional, and systemic modalities, and discuss evolving biomarkers and next-generation immunotherapy as key steps toward more personalized, durable, and equitable global HCC care. Full article

(This article belongs to the Collection Advances in the Management of Hepatocellular Carcinoma)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

12 pages, 744 KB

Open AccessArticle

Cylinder Bicuspid Pulmonary Valve Reconstruction Using Equine Pericardium: A Novel Technique for Right Ventricular Outflow Tract Repair

by Ahmed F. Elmahrouk, Abdelmonem M. Helal, Mohammad F. Babgi, Abdulbadee Bogis, Amjad A. Kouatli and Mohammad S. Shihata

J. Clin. Med. 2026, 15(4), 1457; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm15041457 - 12 Feb 2026

Abstract

Background: Right ventricular outflow tract (RVOT) reconstruction is frequently performed for pediatric patients with pulmonary valve anomalies, yet optimal techniques remain debated. The equine pericardium offers a promising substrate for pulmonary valve reconstruction but has been understudied in pulmonary valve reconstruction. This [...] Read more.

Background: Right ventricular outflow tract (RVOT) reconstruction is frequently performed for pediatric patients with pulmonary valve anomalies, yet optimal techniques remain debated. The equine pericardium offers a promising substrate for pulmonary valve reconstruction but has been understudied in pulmonary valve reconstruction. This study evaluated a novel technique using the equine pericardium to create a cylinder bicuspid pulmonary valve for RVOT reconstruction. Methods: In this retrospective cohort study, 17 pediatric patients (median age: 10 months; 53% male) underwent RVOT reconstruction with equine pericardium between 2023 and 2024. The valve was fashioned from a patch of equine pericardium into a cylinder to create a functionally bicuspid valve. The height of the cylinder ranged from 1.5–2 cm. The diameter was measured around a Hegar dilator corresponding to a valve size z-score of +3. The outcomes included the degree of postoperative pulmonary regurgitation, RVOT pressure gradients, postoperative complications, and reinterventions. Results: Postoperatively, the median peak RVOT pressure gradient decreased significantly from 70 mmHg (IQR: 65–90) to 25 mmHg (IQR: 20–40; p < 0.001). Mild pulmonary regurgitation persisted in one patient (5.9%). Five patients had mild right ventricular dysfunction (29.41%). At a median 3-month follow-up (IQR: 1–8), 17.7% (n = 3) underwent cardiac catheterization. There was no postoperative mortality. Conclusion: Cylinder bicuspid pulmonary valve reconstruction using the equine pericardium effectively reduces RVOT obstruction while maintaining pulmonary valve competence and demonstrates acceptable short-term safety. Having a competent pulmonary valve after repairing the hypoplastic pulmonary valve annulus is very promising; however, the small cohort and limited follow-up preclude definitive conclusions about long-term durability. Larger prospective studies with longer follow-up periods are needed to validate this technique for RVOT reconstruction. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Latest Advances in Pediatric Surgery)

23 pages, 59311 KB

Open AccessArticle

W-MTD: A Weather-Robust and Lightweight Maritime Target Detection Method Based on Knowledge Distillation for USVs

by Mengying Ge, Yiji Zhou, Qiuyang Zhang, Zhou Ni and Wei Song

J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2026, 14(4), 359; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse14040359 - 12 Feb 2026

Abstract

Maritime target detection under complex adverse weather conditions (e.g., fog, rain, and low light) is crucial for Unmanned Surface Vehicle (USV) navigation. However, achieving high detection accuracy and efficiency remains challenging due to coupled environmental interference and limited computing resources. In this paper, [...] Read more.

Maritime target detection under complex adverse weather conditions (e.g., fog, rain, and low light) is crucial for Unmanned Surface Vehicle (USV) navigation. However, achieving high detection accuracy and efficiency remains challenging due to coupled environmental interference and limited computing resources. In this paper, we propose W-MTD, a task-specific distillation framework designed for weather-robust and lightweight maritime target detection based on knowledge distillation. Building upon the Fine-grained Distribution Refinement (D-FINE) detection model, this method constructs a dual-path knowledge distillation framework tailored for maritime scenes. Through the synergistic optimization of feature similarity constraints and decoupled distillation, it facilitates multi-level knowledge transfer from a teacher model to a lightweight student model, mitigating feature degradation caused by model compression. A multi-scenario augmentation strategy is designed to balance convergence across different weather conditions. Experiments show that W-MTD’s student model improves detection accuracy by 7.0–13.9% under three adverse weather conditionscompared to the baseline teacher model trained solely on clear weather data while maintaining comparable clear-weather performance. With only 4 M parameters and 7 GFLOPs, the student model demonstrates favorable performance and efficiency compared to other real-time detectors, indicating its potential suitability for USV deployment. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Ocean Engineering)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

21 pages, 9135 KB

Open AccessBrief Report

Application of Opposing-Coils Transient Electromagnetic Method in Urban Potential-Fault Detection

by Sixin Zhu, Shuo Cai, Xu Zhao, Fuyao Cui and Haolin Wang

Appl. Sci. 2026, 16(4), 1859; https://doi.org/10.3390/app16041859 - 12 Feb 2026

Abstract

Urban environments face heightened seismic risks due to dense infrastructure and population concentration. Traditional seismic methods often face significant practical limitations in cities due to space constraints, traffic disruption, and acoustic noise, necessitating reliable alternative geophysical approaches for fault screening. This study evaluates [...] Read more.

Urban environments face heightened seismic risks due to dense infrastructure and population concentration. Traditional seismic methods often face significant practical limitations in cities due to space constraints, traffic disruption, and acoustic noise, necessitating reliable alternative geophysical approaches for fault screening. This study evaluates the efficacy and practical utility of the opposing-coils transient electromagnetic method (OCTEM) as an effective alternative to conventional seismic techniques for detecting shallow-fault-like resistivity signatures under complex urban electromagnetic noise. By employing dual coaxial coils with opposing currents, the OCTEM suppresses primary-field interference, enabling high-resolution imaging of subsurface structures at depths of 0–200 m. A case study in Tiancheng Chengyuan, Cangzhou City, China, demonstrates the OCTEM’s capability to reliably delineate stratigraphic interfaces and resistivity anomalies under challenging electromagnetic background conditions. Field data exhibited a mean square relative error of 4.01%, validating its data quality and measurement stability. The survey successfully identified stratigraphic continuity and localized heterogeneity features within the investigation zone. These results establish the OCTEM as a robust and efficient tool for urban fault screening, particularly in environments where traditional high-resolution seismic methods are impractical or economically unfeasible. Full article

44 pages, 3678 KB

Open AccessReview

Advanced Oxidation Processes in Water Treatment: Mapping 15 Years of Scientific Progress and Collaboration

by Motasem Y. D. Alazaiza, Tharaa M. Alzghoul, Obie Farobie, Al-Anoud Al-Yazeedi, Salem S. Abu Amr and Mohammed J. K. Bashir

Environments 2026, 13(2), 103; https://doi.org/10.3390/environments13020103 - 12 Feb 2026

Abstract

Advanced Oxidation Processes (AOPs) are pivotal technologies for the effective degradation of a wide variety of organic and inorganic pollutants in water and wastewater treatment. This bibliometric analysis evaluates 481 publications from the Scopus database, covering the period from 2010 to November 2025, [...] Read more.

Advanced Oxidation Processes (AOPs) are pivotal technologies for the effective degradation of a wide variety of organic and inorganic pollutants in water and wastewater treatment. This bibliometric analysis evaluates 481 publications from the Scopus database, covering the period from 2010 to November 2025, to explore research trends and developments in the field. The findings reveal a substantial increase in research output, with an average annual growth rate of 22.7%. China leads in publication count with 192 documents, followed closely by the United States with 64 publications, demonstrating their substantial contributions to AOP research. Prominent institutions include Tongji University and Università Degli Studi Di Salerno, emphasizing the global collaboration among 2335 authors from 158 institutions across 74 countries. Key themes emerging from the analysis include high oxidative efficiency of AOPs, their hybrid applications with biological and adsorption methods, and their adaptability in treating persistent pollutants and emerging contaminants. However, challenges such as high operational costs, hazardous byproduct formation, and reliance on specific water matrix conditions remain significant obstacles. Funding sources, notably the National Natural Science Foundation of China, play a crucial role, supporting numerous studies, while journals like “Water Research,” “Chemical Engineering Journal,” and “Science of the Total Environment” are identified as primary venues for disseminating impactful research. Overall, this study underscores the need for innovative strategies and interdisciplinary collaboration to enhance the efficacy and application of AOP technologies in addressing the growing challenges in water treatment and environmental sustainability. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Research on the Removal of Emerging Pollutants)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

18 pages, 1613 KB

Open AccessArticle

Antibiotic-Driven Evolutionary Engineering in Salmonella Heidelberg Reveals Genomic Signatures of Attenuation

by Ruy D. Chacón, Manuel Ramírez, Claudete S. Astolfi-Ferreira and Antonio J. Piantino Ferreira

Genes 2026, 17(2), 235; https://doi.org/10.3390/genes17020235 - 12 Feb 2026

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Salmonella Heidelberg (SH) is a globally distributed pathogen associated with gastrointestinal disease in humans and animals and frequently affects poultry. Among the classic strategies used in vaccine development, evolutionary engineering enables the generation of attenuated bacterial strains through exposure to selective [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Salmonella Heidelberg (SH) is a globally distributed pathogen associated with gastrointestinal disease in humans and animals and frequently affects poultry. Among the classic strategies used in vaccine development, evolutionary engineering enables the generation of attenuated bacterial strains through exposure to selective pressures such as antibiotics. In this study, spontaneous antibiotic-resistant mutant strains of SH were generated by exposure to high concentrations of streptomycin and rifampicin, after which their phenotypic and genotypic characteristics were evaluated. Methods: The wild-type strain SA628 wt was subjected to continuous and discontinuous selection under antibiotic pressure. Phenotypic characterization included biochemical profiling and antibiotic susceptibility testing. Whole-genome sequencing was performed to identify genetic changes affecting virulence- and resistance-associated genes, plasmid content, and point mutations using variant calling approaches. The potential functional relationships of the mutated genes were further analyzed through genetic network analysis. Results: The mutant strains SA628 mut1 and SA628 mut3 were obtained through discontinuous selection, whereas strain SA628 mut2 was generated under continuous selection. Phenotypically, all the mutant strains exhibited resistance to streptomycin, whereas SA628 mut2 and SA628 mut3 also exhibited resistance to rifampicin. Genomic analyses revealed mutations in rpoS, ascD, ynfE, rpoB, and cyaA associated with discontinuous selection and in iscU, ybiO, rpoB, and rsmG associated with continuous selection. Network analysis indicated that these genes are functionally connected within regulatory and metabolic interaction networks, including global transcriptional regulation, anaerobic metabolism, cAMP-mediated signaling, translation, and iron–sulfur cluster biogenesis. Conclusions: Collectively, these findings suggest that antibiotic-driven selection promotes coordinated genetic changes affecting stress responses and metabolism, which may contribute to reduced virulence. This work provides insights into bacterial adaptation under antibiotic stress and supports the potential use of evolutionary engineering for the development of attenuated strains. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Unraveling Genomic Mechanisms of Stress Tolerance and Antimicrobial Resistance in Foodborne Pathogens)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

29 pages, 730 KB

Open AccessReview

A Literature Review of Public Transport OD Matrix Estimation

by Joan Burgalat, Gael Pallares, Myriam Foucras and Yohan Dupuis

Future Transp. 2026, 6(1), 45; https://doi.org/10.3390/futuretransp6010045 - 12 Feb 2026

Abstract

Origin–Destination matrices (ODms) are a fundamental input for public transport planning and optimization, as they characterize travel demand across a network. Traditionally estimated from user surveys, ODms are now increasingly inferred from large-scale automatically collected data, such as Automated Fare Collection (AFC), Automated [...] Read more.

Origin–Destination matrices (ODms) are a fundamental input for public transport planning and optimization, as they characterize travel demand across a network. Traditionally estimated from user surveys, ODms are now increasingly inferred from large-scale automatically collected data, such as Automated Fare Collection (AFC), Automated Passenger Counting (APC), and Automated Vehicle Location data (AVL). This review focuses on the reconstruction of static ODms in public transport systems, while accounting for studies that exploit dynamic or short-term observations when these are used to infer static or quasi-static demand patterns. We provide a transversal synthesis of OD estimation approaches by jointly analyzing data sources, modeling assumptions, uncertainty handling, and validation strategies. A structured comparative table summarizes representative case studies across different data contexts, objectives, and methodological families. Beyond a descriptive overview, this review identifies key research gaps, including the lack of uncertainty-aware benchmarking frameworks, the limited propagation of uncertainty across modeling stages, and the strong dependence of reported performance on data quality and validation references. These findings highlight that OD estimation performance is context-dependent and that methodological choices should be aligned with data availability, modeling objectives, and acceptable assumptions rather than with reported accuracy alone. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Data-Driven Optimization for Smart Urban Mobility)

24 pages, 693 KB

Open AccessArticle

Behind the Wheel of a Truck Simulator: Comparison of Self-Reported, Performance-Based, and Simulation Methods for Predicting Driver Traffic Offences

by Paulina Baran, Piotr Zieliński, Mariusz Krej, Marcin Piotrowski and Łukasz Dziuda

Behav. Sci. 2026, 16(2), 271; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs16020271 - 12 Feb 2026

Abstract

Traffic violations represent a significant public health concern, with professional drivers substantially impacting road safety. This pilot study compared self-report questionnaires (general personality versus domain-specific), performance-based tests, and driving simulator measures to determine which assessment method best predicts traffic offences among professional truck [...] Read more.

Traffic violations represent a significant public health concern, with professional drivers substantially impacting road safety. This pilot study compared self-report questionnaires (general personality versus domain-specific), performance-based tests, and driving simulator measures to determine which assessment method best predicts traffic offences among professional truck drivers. Participants (N = 27) completed the Impulsiveness–Venturesomeness–Empathy Questionnaire (IVE), the Road Traffic Behaviours Questionnaire (KZD), and the Vienna Risk-Taking Test Traffic (WRBTV) and performed standardised driving scenarios in a truck simulator. Performance was assessed using speed variations in five validated decision-making situations. Drivers were classified into two groups based on relatively higher and relatively lower numbers of self-reported traffic offences. The KZD demonstrated the strongest group differentiation (p = 0.034, d = 0.76). Simulator performance was significantly different between the groups (p = 0.033, d = −0.68), with offence-reporting drivers showing smaller speed reductions. The WRBTV and the IVE empathy subscale approached significance (p = 0.056 and p = 0.059, respectively). Higher empathy characterised offence-free drivers, suggesting social–emotional factors may contribute to traffic safety. General impulsiveness and venturesomeness showed no group differences. The results indicate that domain-specific questionnaires and behavioural assessments offer superior predictive validity compared to general personality measures for identifying potentially unsafe drivers. ROC analysis revealed moderate predictive validity across significant measures (AUC: 0.64–0.70), with differential patterns of sensitivity and specificity among predictors. The findings suggest implementing tiered screening approaches using domain-specific questionnaires as initial cost-effective tools, followed by simulator assessment for at-risk drivers, enabling transport companies and regulatory bodies to identify high-risk drivers proactively. Full article

28 pages, 2220 KB

Open AccessReview

Top Physical Sciences of Mediterranean Croatia for the Sustainable Development Goals Framework: A Case Study of the University of Split—Bibliometric Approach

by Petra Jelic, Tonka Petricevic, Ana Matijasevic Renic, Petra Zoranovic, Ana Marusic and Igor Jerkovic

Sustainability 2026, 18(4), 1926; https://doi.org/10.3390/su18041926 - 12 Feb 2026

Abstract

The United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) have been one of the benchmarks for academic research. This study addresses global SDG-related challenges through top research in physical sciences (PS) at the University of Split (UNIST). UNIST was selected as a case study of [...] Read more.

The United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) have been one of the benchmarks for academic research. This study addresses global SDG-related challenges through top research in physical sciences (PS) at the University of Split (UNIST). UNIST was selected as a case study of a small and relatively new EU university, with moderate funding and research capacity. A bibliometric approach was applied, and articles related to SDGs were presented (with 1 to 50 authors) in the top 5% Q1 journals within the Web of Science Core Collection (WoSCC) for Physical Sciences. Sixty-three of the eighty-three articles are related to SDGs (subcategories: Astronomy & Astrophysics, Chemistry, Geoscience, Multidisciplinary, Mathematics, Meteorology & Atmospheric Science, Multidisciplinary Sciences, Oceanography, Physics, Thermodynamics, and Water Resources). The study presents the following: (a) UNIST articles in the top 5% Q1 journals and corresponding SDGs up to 2022; (b) their citations; (c) their contribution to SDG achievement; (d) drivers of top performance in PS; (e) comparison with other universities in Mediterranean Croatia; (f) policy recommendations. The SDG-related research output in PS at UNIST has expanded through interdisciplinary approaches and international collaborations addressing complex global challenges. The highest citation impacts were found for SDG13 (191.88), SDG14 (167.4), and SDG6 (145.56). Although 26 articles were related to SDG3, their citation impact was lower (not targeting core biomedical research). For 10 articles related to SDG14, the citation impact was very high (167.4). The drivers of the top 5% performance of UNIST in PS are identified and policy recommendations as well as lessons learned are mentioned to improve the participation of small universities in EU or national research programs and foster international cooperation across the European Research Area (ERA) to address the SDGs. Full article

17 pages, 3381 KB

Open AccessArticle

Hydrothermally Constructed ZnIn₂S₄/SrSnO₃ Type-II Heterojunction for Highly Efficient Photocatalytic Hydrogen Evolution

by Zhang-Yi Xiong, Hao Liu, Yan Zhong, Chao-Hao Hu, Dian-Hui Wang, Tian Sang, Shi-Mei Liu, Ke-Wei Chen and Xian-Fu Pan

Inorganics 2026, 14(2), 57; https://doi.org/10.3390/inorganics14020057 - 12 Feb 2026

Abstract

To achieve high-performance photocatalysts, efficient separation of photogenerated charge carriers is critical to prolonging their lifetime and thereby enhancing the activity of the hydrogen evolution reaction. In this work, we rationally designed and synthesized a nanoflower-like SrSnO₃/ZnIn₂S₄ heterostructure [...] Read more.

To achieve high-performance photocatalysts, efficient separation of photogenerated charge carriers is critical to prolonging their lifetime and thereby enhancing the activity of the hydrogen evolution reaction. In this work, we rationally designed and synthesized a nanoflower-like SrSnO₃/ZnIn₂S₄ heterostructure by in situ embedding SrSnO₃ nanorods within the layered framework of ZnIn₂S₄. Experimental results demonstrate that the 0.8%-SrSnO₃/ZnIn₂S₄ composite exhibits a hydrogen evolution rate 13.79 times higher than that of pure ZnIn₂S₄ under simulated solar irradiation. This dramatic enhancement stems from the formation of a Type-II heterojunction at the interface, where the staggered band alignment generates an internal electric field that drives spatial separation of electrons and holes, effectively suppressing recombination and promoting charge utilization. This study validates that the strategic incorporation of a small amount of SrSnO₃ into ZnIn₂S₄ represents a highly effective approach to significantly boost photocatalytic hydrogen production performance. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mixed Metal Oxides, 3rd Edition)

► Show Figures

Graphical abstract

32 pages, 1450 KB

Open AccessArticle

Metaheuristic-Driven Ensemble Learning for Robust Fracture Energy Prediction in FDM-Fabricated PLA Components

by Volkan Ates, Mehmet Eker, Ramazan Gungunes and Demet Zalaoglu

Polymers 2026, 18(4), 470; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym18040470 - 12 Feb 2026

Abstract

Additive manufacturing (AM) has reshaped production methodologies by enabling the fabrication of complex geometries for high-performance applications. As a leading AM technique, Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM) is widely used for its versatility. However, the structural reliability of FDM-printed parts is fundamentally dictated by [...] Read more.

Additive manufacturing (AM) has reshaped production methodologies by enabling the fabrication of complex geometries for high-performance applications. As a leading AM technique, Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM) is widely used for its versatility. However, the structural reliability of FDM-printed parts is fundamentally dictated by their mechanical performance, where impact toughness functions as a critical benchmark across demanding industrial environments. Polylactic acid (PLA) has distinguished itself as a premier biodegradable polymer, favored for its superior stiffness and processability. Nevertheless, the inherent brittleness and anisotropic behavior of FDM-printed PLA pose significant challenges, necessitating investigation of their fracture mechanics. This study firstly evaluates the impact toughness of FDM-processed PLA Izod specimens using impact tests, structured within a Taguchi design of experiments (DoE) methodology. An L27 orthogonal array was employed to investigate the influence of manufacturing parameters on impact behavior and fracture energy. Then, to achieve high-fidelity predictions from experimental data, the parametric effects were systematically investigated through an advanced machine learning framework. In the first stage, optimal prediction models were identified by evaluating five mathematical formulations hybridized with five nature-inspired optimization algorithms (GWO, SMA, GSA, FPA, and KH) across nine dataset combinations. In the second stage, these best-performing models were integrated into a metaheuristic ensemble using the GWO to perform a weighted aggregation. This hybrid ensemble methodology significantly enhanced predictive accuracy, achieving a Mean Absolute Percentage Error (MAPE) of 5.0847%, which represents a 37.3% relative improvement over the best individual base model. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Polymer Composites: Mechanical Characterization)

Recent Articles

Open Access Journals

Highly Accessed Articles

Latest Books

News

Blog Posts

Topics

Selected Special Issues

Selected Collections

Journals by Subject

Further Information

Guidelines

MDPI Initiatives

Follow MDPI