MDPI - Publisher of Open Access Journals

29 pages, 1212 KB

Open AccessReview

Neurobiological Mechanisms and Therapeutic Potential of Glucagon-like Peptide-1 Receptor Agonists in Binge Eating Disorder: A Narrative Review

by Sujitra Tongta, Titiwat Sungkaworn and Nutthapoom Pathomthongtaweechai

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025, 26(22), 10974; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms262210974 (registering DOI) - 13 Nov 2025

Abstract

Binge eating disorder (BED) is a prevalent eating disorder lacking adequate pharmacological interventions. This review examines the therapeutic potential of glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1RAs), medications approved for type 2 diabetes and obesity now being investigated for eating disorders through their modulation of [...] Read more.

Binge eating disorder (BED) is a prevalent eating disorder lacking adequate pharmacological interventions. This review examines the therapeutic potential of glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1RAs), medications approved for type 2 diabetes and obesity now being investigated for eating disorders through their modulation of metabolic and reward pathways. A narrative review was conducted using PubMed/MEDLINE, through May 2025, to examine GLP-1RA effects on BED, including preclinical and clinical studies, mechanistic investigations, and relevant reviews. GLP-1 receptors (GLP-1Rs) are expressed in hypothalamic nuclei, regulating energy homeostasis and mesolimbic circuits controlling food reward. Preclinical studies demonstrate that GLP-1RAs reduce food-seeking behavior, suppress dopamine signaling in reward circuits, and modulate neural transmission in key brain regions. These effects extend beyond appetite suppression to directly modify reward processing underlying compulsive eating. Emerging clinical evidence with semaglutide and liraglutide report reductions in binge eating episodes, decreased food cravings, and improved symptom scores. However, current studies remain small-scale with methodological limitations, and translating findings from animal models to human eating disorder complexity presents significant challenges. This review integrates preclinical and clinical evidence demonstrating that GLP-1RAs modulate both metabolic and reward pathways. By elucidating the underlying neurobiological mechanisms, GLP-1RAs may offer advantages over current symptom-focused therapies for BED. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Research in Gut Microbiota–Gut–Brain Axis)

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19 pages, 28347 KB

Open AccessArticle

Utilization of Construction and Demolition Waste in Concrete as Cement and Aggregate Substitute: A Comprehensive Study on Microstructure, Performance, and Sustainability

by Ning Mao, Junfeng Zheng, Jun Jiang, Fengyuan Yang, Xiaoming Ying, Peng Ge, Li Zheng and Zhongyuan Lu

Sustainability 2025, 17(22), 10135; https://doi.org/10.3390/su172210135 (registering DOI) - 13 Nov 2025

Abstract

Construction and demolition waste (CDW) was successfully utilized as an aggregate with 100% replacement of natural aggregates and mineral admixtures, with up to 60% replacement of ordinary Portland cement (OPC) in the production of recycled concrete. The effects of ratios of concrete-based CDW [...] Read more.

Construction and demolition waste (CDW) was successfully utilized as an aggregate with 100% replacement of natural aggregates and mineral admixtures, with up to 60% replacement of ordinary Portland cement (OPC) in the production of recycled concrete. The effects of ratios of concrete-based CDW (concrete-CDW)/brick-based CDW (brick-CDW) in both aggregates and CDW mineral admixture contents in the binder on recycled concrete were investigated in terms of their workability and compressive strength, microstructure, and sustainability. The results showed that with an increase in the ratios of brick-CDW/concrete-CDW aggregates, the concrete workability continuously deteriorated, while the compressive strength firstly increased and then decreased. Compared to the 100% dosage of concrete-CDW aggregates, the 28-day compressive strength of the recycled concrete was 37.4 MPa; the optimized relative proportions of brick-CDW and concrete-CDW aggregates were 20% and 80%, respectively; and the 28-day compressive strength was the highest, reaching to 46.7 MPa, and increasing by 24.9%. In a binder study, the microstructure of the paste was found to be improved, with the dosage of brick-CDW and concrete-CDW admixtures at up to 20%. In this range, the workability changed slightly when the relative proportion of brick-CDW admixture increased, the 28-day compressive strength of the recycled concrete increased, and the pore structure was refined. Furthermore, the utilization of a large amount of CDW as a mineral admixture and aggregate in concrete significantly reduced costs and CO₂ emissions in different regions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Sustainable Building Materials)

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11 pages, 2766 KB

Open AccessArticle

Visualization of the Persistent Avascular Retina with Ultra-Widefield Green Reflectance Imaging

by Ayşe Cengiz Ünal, Melih Akıdan and Muhammet Kazım Erol

Diagnostics 2025, 15(22), 2873; https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics15222873 (registering DOI) - 13 Nov 2025

Abstract

Objectives: The aim of this study was to determine which color imaging facilitated easier detection of the persistent avascular retina (PAR) in ultra-widefield (UWF) fundus imaging in children undergoing retinopathy of prematurity (ROP). Methods: A total of 20 eyes of 10 [...] Read more.

Objectives: The aim of this study was to determine which color imaging facilitated easier detection of the persistent avascular retina (PAR) in ultra-widefield (UWF) fundus imaging in children undergoing retinopathy of prematurity (ROP). Methods: A total of 20 eyes of 10 children aged between 6 and 9 who underwent diagnostic and therapeutic procedures for ROP were included. Fundus images were obtained using Optos confocal scanning laser ophthalmoscopy (cSLO; Optos PLC, Daytona, Dunfermline, UK). The images were divided and recorded into three groups as original imaging (composite), red reflectance imaging, and green reflectance imaging. These images were prepared as a slideshow for 10 ophthalmology specialists and they were surveyed to determine in which color imaging the peripheral avascular area was more easily detected. The results were evaluated. Results: The rate of detecting the PAR in green reflectance imaging by the participants included in the study was found to be statistically higher compared to other colors of imaging (composite 0.63 ± 0.09 (0.5–0.8), red 0.12 ± 0.05 (0.05–0.2), and green 0.94 ± 0.06 (0.85–1), p < 0.0001). All respondents reported that the boundaries of the peripheral avascular area were more clearly defined in the UWF (Optos PLC, Daytona, Dunfermline, UK) green reflectance imaging. Conclusions: Each color imaging used in UWF fundus imaging helps to visualize different layers of the retina. Our study showed that retinal vascular endings appear more distinct due to the lower penetration of the green laser into the choroidal vessels. Based on these findings, we believe that UWF fundus green reflectance imaging is more useful for detecting and monitoring PAR. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Pediatric Ophthalmology Diagnostics and Management)

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20 pages, 3108 KB

Open AccessArticle

Inter-Protocol Interference Impact of LoRaWAN on IEEE 802.11ah in a Simulation Environment

by Mateo Tito-Lara, Mauricio Domínguez-Limaico, Edgar Maya-Olalla and Fabián Cuzme-Rodríguez

Sensors 2025, 25(22), 6924; https://doi.org/10.3390/s25226924 (registering DOI) - 13 Nov 2025

Abstract

The spectral coexistence of LPWAN technologies, such as IEEE 802.11ah and LoRaWAN, in the sub-GHz band presents significant challenges for the performance of dense IoT networks. This study analyzes the impact of LoRaWAN interference on IEEE 802.11ah using an NS-3-based simulation environment. To [...] Read more.

The spectral coexistence of LPWAN technologies, such as IEEE 802.11ah and LoRaWAN, in the sub-GHz band presents significant challenges for the performance of dense IoT networks. This study analyzes the impact of LoRaWAN interference on IEEE 802.11ah using an NS-3-based simulation environment. To this end, both technologies were integrated within a unified simulation framework, enabling the configuration of PHY and MAC parameters, as well as operating frequency bands consistent with real-world deployments in the US902–928 MHz ISM band and aligned with official standards. The evaluation focuses on fundamental performance metrics—throughput, total packet loss percentage (PPP), and signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio (SINR)—under varying node densities and payload configurations. Across our sweep, moving from the lowest to the highest LoRa load (from 10 to 8000 LoRa nodes within the specified deployment radius), IEEE 802.11ah throughput decreases by up to 31%, and the packet loss percentage (PPP) increases by up to 79%. Furthermore, an SINR threshold was established as the criterion for packet loss under interference. Overall, this work provides a reproducible methodology for assessing inter-protocol coexistence in unlicensed sub-GHz bands, contributing quantitative evidence to the analysis and design of multi-protocol IoT networks in dense environments. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Internet of Things)

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21 pages, 660 KB

Open AccessArticle

Heterogeneous Effects of Income on Physical and Mental Health of the Elderly: A Regression Discontinuity Design Based on China’s New Rural Pension Scheme

by Tao Ju and Mengmeng Pan

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2025, 22(11), 1709; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph22111709 (registering DOI) - 13 Nov 2025

Abstract

Aging has been a social phenomenon unprecedented in history, which poses greater challenges on ensuring the health of the growing old population. We aim to estimate the effects of pension income on the physical and mental health of the elderly and further explore [...] Read more.

Aging has been a social phenomenon unprecedented in history, which poses greater challenges on ensuring the health of the growing old population. We aim to estimate the effects of pension income on the physical and mental health of the elderly and further explore the complementary effects of external community medical environments with external pension income. We develop a Regression Discontinuity Design using an exogenous shock to the income—China’s New Rural Pension Scheme (NRPS), the world’s largest existing pension scheme. We find that public pension policy provides financial support to the elderly but also increases the loss of their perceived controllability. Specifically, empirical results indicate that pension income plays a positive effect on physical health and a negative effect on mental health. The positive effect only exists when communities have better medical environments, while the negative relationship is not affected by the external medical environment. Our findings reveal that internal pension income and external medical environment are therefore complementary factors to achieve better physical health of the elderly, while passive dependence on pension income may reduce mental health by heightening older people’s negative perceptions of losing controllability of their lives. Money is not omnipotent in both the physical and mental health of the elderly. Full article

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19 pages, 4252 KB

Open AccessArticle

For the Love of the Sea: Technocratic Environmentalism and the Struggle to Sustain Community-Led Aquaculture

by Gareth Thomas, Louise Steel and Luci Attala

Sustainability 2025, 17(22), 10136; https://doi.org/10.3390/su172210136 (registering DOI) - 13 Nov 2025

Abstract

This article argues that sustainability governance in small-scale regenerative aquaculture arises less from formal regulation than from the relational, ethical, and temporal labour of practitioners. Based on an ethnographic study of Câr-y-Môr, Wales’s first community-owned regenerative ocean farm, the research combines over 250 [...] Read more.

This article argues that sustainability governance in small-scale regenerative aquaculture arises less from formal regulation than from the relational, ethical, and temporal labour of practitioners. Based on an ethnographic study of Câr-y-Môr, Wales’s first community-owned regenerative ocean farm, the research combines over 250 h of participant observation, 25 interviews, and document analysis with transdisciplinary humanities-informed sustainability science (THiSS). The study shows how technocratic environmentalism, reliant on auditing, reporting, and standardised procedures, often clashes with the shifting rhythms of tides, weather, and the embodied work of marine labour. Ethnography uniquely reveals the embodied knowledge, improvisation, and moral commitment through which practitioners continually remake governance, translating bureaucratic rules into ecologically and socially meaningful practice. The findings demonstrate that adaptive governance requires recognition of local and experiential expertise, proportionate regulatory frameworks, and protected spaces for experimentation and learning. Seen in this way, sustainability shifts from a fixed goal to a relational process. When governance learns from practice and care is recognised as a form of knowledge, it becomes more adaptive, situated, and responsive, revealing both the constraints of technocratic control and the possibilities of care-based policy and practice. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Ocean Governance and Marine Environmental Monitoring)

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20 pages, 4592 KB

Open AccessArticle

Mixtures of p,p′-DDE, PCB153, BDE47, and PFOS Alter Adipocytic Differentiation of 3T3-L1 Cells

by Melanie M. Garcia, John L. Pearce, Morgan A. Jacobellis, William S. Baldwin, Kelly J. Hunt and Lisa J. Bain

Toxics 2025, 13(11), 975; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics13110975 (registering DOI) - 13 Nov 2025

Abstract

Exposure to certain chemicals can promote adipogenesis, but less is known about whether exposure to human-relevant chemical mixtures behaves similarly. Chemical concentrations from the serum of mothers enrolled in the Environmental Influences on Child Health Outcomes—Fetal Growth Study (n = 813) were used [...] Read more.

Exposure to certain chemicals can promote adipogenesis, but less is known about whether exposure to human-relevant chemical mixtures behaves similarly. Chemical concentrations from the serum of mothers enrolled in the Environmental Influences on Child Health Outcomes—Fetal Growth Study (n = 813) were used in a self-organizing map algorithm to identify five distinct patterns of real-world exposure mixtures containing p,p′-DDE, PCB153, BDE47, and PFOS. Each mixture profile was exposed to 3T3-L1 cells at 1×, 50×, and 500× serum levels over a 14-day adipogenic differentiation period. Cells were assessed for triglycerides and markers of adipocyte formation and maturation. The results indicate that a mixture dominated by high BDE47 levels (Profile 3) behaved differently than BDE47 alone. BDE47 alone increased expression of Fsp27, Fabp4, and Cpt1, while the Profile 3 mixture inhibited expression of these three genes. In contrast, mixtures dominated by either p,p′-DDE or PFOS (Profiles 1 and 4) behaved similarly to their dominant chemicals. Exposures inducing Pparγ increased Fsp27 levels, while those inducing Ampk reduced Fsp27 levels. These findings suggest that individual chemicals alter transcription factors that control adipogenesis, and the interplay between transcription factors yields synergistic or antagonistic chemical interactions in real-world mixture exposures. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Exposome Analysis and Risk Assessment)

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16 pages, 770 KB

Open AccessArticle

From Gender Threat to Farsightedness: How Women’s Perceived Intergroup Threat Shapes Their Long-Term Orientation

by Yongheng Shi, Yufang Zhao, Xingyang Ma and Shasha Chen

Behav. Sci. 2025, 15(11), 1542; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs15111542 (registering DOI) - 13 Nov 2025

Abstract

Women experience realistic and symbolic gender intergroup threats across diverse social contexts, which can profoundly influence their decision-making processes. Drawing on intergroup threat theory, this research investigated how perceived gender intergroup threats affect women’s intertemporal choice behavior and examined cognitive appraisal as a [...] Read more.

Women experience realistic and symbolic gender intergroup threats across diverse social contexts, which can profoundly influence their decision-making processes. Drawing on intergroup threat theory, this research investigated how perceived gender intergroup threats affect women’s intertemporal choice behavior and examined cognitive appraisal as a potential mediating mechanism. Study 1 (N = 281) found a negative correlation between gender intergroup threat perception and delay discounting through questionnaires. Study 2 (N = 154) experimentally manipulated threat perception and demonstrated that both realistic and symbolic gender threats enhanced consideration of future consequences, with cognitive appraisal serving as a complete mediator of these effects. Study 3 (N = 120) employed a recall paradigm, providing convergent evidence that heightened realistic threat perception and associated threat appraisal increased preferences for delayed, long-term outcomes. These findings suggest that perceived gender intergroup threats promote future-oriented decision-making among women, potentially as an adaptive strategy to manage threat-related risks, and the mediating role of cognitive appraisal further elucidates the psychological mechanisms underlying this behavioral shift. This research advances the theoretical understanding of how intergroup threat dynamics shape women’s economic behavior and extends knowledge of gender threat interactions in decision-making contexts. Full article

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20 pages, 7750 KB

Open AccessReview

The Role of Angiographic Imaging in the Treatment of Spinal Vascular Malformations

by Camilla Giulia Calastra, Ada Ayechu Abendaño, Raluca-Ana-Maria Barna, Federica Orellana, Simone Baffelli, Ameet Aiyangar and Annapaola Parrilli

Med. Sci. 2025, 13(4), 266; https://doi.org/10.3390/medsci13040266 (registering DOI) - 13 Nov 2025

Abstract

Spinal vascular malformations (SVMs) are rare and heterogeneous lesions that may lead to progressive neurological decline or hemorrhage, posing significant challenges for management due to their complex angioarchitecture and proximity to critical neural structures. This review examines the role of angiographic imaging modalities [...] Read more.

Spinal vascular malformations (SVMs) are rare and heterogeneous lesions that may lead to progressive neurological decline or hemorrhage, posing significant challenges for management due to their complex angioarchitecture and proximity to critical neural structures. This review examines the role of angiographic imaging modalities used intraoperatively and postoperatively in guiding treatment, confirming therapeutic success, and informing follow-up strategies. We summarize evidence on two-dimensional digital subtraction angiography (2D DSA), indocyanine green videoangiography (ICG–VAG), and emerging adjunctive techniques. 2D DSA remains the reference standard, offering superior temporal and spatial resolution for real-time visualization of vascular anatomy, catheter navigation, and embolic delivery, though its invasive nature, radiation exposure, and two-dimensional projection limit long-term applicability. ICG–VAG provides a complementary, non-ionizing method for intraoperative fluorescence imaging, aiding in shunt localization and venous preservation, although its restricted field of view and limited capacity for quantitative analysis reduce its standalone value. Advances in quantitative angiographic metrics, patient-specific hemodynamic modeling, and artificial intelligence-driven image analysis are anticipated to enhance diagnostic accuracy and reproducibility. The development of standardized multimodal protocols will be crucial for optimizing patient-centered treatment of these complex and rare lesions. Full article

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2 pages, 150 KB

Open AccessBook Review

Book Review: Kharazi et al. Innovations in Ionic Liquid-Based Surfactants and Interfacial Phenomena; CRC Press: Boca Raton, FL, USA, 2025; ISBN: 978-1-032-74807-8

by Abhijit Dan

Colloids Interfaces 2025, 9(6), 75; https://doi.org/10.3390/colloids9060075 (registering DOI) - 13 Nov 2025

Abstract

The book series Progress in Colloid and Interface Science was launched in 2009 by Libero Liggieri and Reinhard Miller [...] Full article

22 pages, 1221 KB

Open AccessArticle

A Physics-Informed Residual and Particle Swarm Optimization Framework for Physics-Informed UAV GPS Spoofing Detection

by Ting Ma and Xiaofeng Zhang

Sensors 2025, 25(22), 6925; https://doi.org/10.3390/s25226925 (registering DOI) - 13 Nov 2025

Abstract

Global Positioning System (GPS) spoofing poses a significant threat to the reliability of unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) navigation systems that rely heavily on Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS). To address this challenge, we propose a detection framework named PIR–PSO–XGBoost, which integrates Physics-Informed Residual [...] Read more.

Global Positioning System (GPS) spoofing poses a significant threat to the reliability of unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) navigation systems that rely heavily on Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS). To address this challenge, we propose a detection framework named PIR–PSO–XGBoost, which integrates Physics-Informed Residual (PIR) modeling with Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) and Extreme Gradient Boosting (XGBoost). Unlike existing detection frameworks that rely on handcrafted features or deep black box models, the proposed method introduces a physically interpretable residual construction process that captures signal inconsistencies by enforcing temporal and carrier level consistency across GNSS observables. These residuals, combined with conventional navigation features, are used to train an XGBoost-based classifier, while PSO is employed to perform global hyperparameter tuning to enhance model generalization and robustness across diverse spoofing scenarios. This design improves interpretability and computational efficiency, addressing the limitations of traditional feature engineering and deep learning-based detectors. Experimental results on a real-world GPS spoofing dataset demonstrate that the proposed framework achieves a classification accuracy of 95.26% and an F1-score of 95.28%, significantly outperforming conventional learning baselines. These findings confirm that combining physics-guided feature construction with swarm optimized learning yields a robust, efficient, and deployable solution for GPS spoofing detection in UAV applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Navigation and Positioning)

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46 pages, 694 KB

Open AccessReview

The Two-Measure Theory and an Overview of Some of Its Manifestations

by Alexander B. Kaganovich

Universe 2025, 11(11), 376; https://doi.org/10.3390/universe11110376 (registering DOI) - 13 Nov 2025

Abstract

The Two-Measure Theory (TMT) has been developing since 1998 and has yielded a number of highly interesting results, including those not realized in traditional field theory models. The most important advantage of TMT as an alternative theory is that, under the conditions under [...] Read more.

The Two-Measure Theory (TMT) has been developing since 1998 and has yielded a number of highly interesting results, including those not realized in traditional field theory models. The most important advantage of TMT as an alternative theory is that, under the conditions under which all classical tests of general relativity are performed, TMT models are able to accurately reproduce Einstein’s general relativity. Despite this, TMT is still often perceived as something too exotic to be relevant to reality. In fact, the fundamental idea underlying TMT seems undeniable: if we truly believe in the effectiveness of mathematics in studying nature, we must agree that there must be a correspondence between the fundamental laws of nature and the structure of the mathematical apparatus necessary to adequately describe them. It then turns out that there is no reason to ignore the volume measure existing on the differentiable manifold on which the theory of gravity and matter fields is built. This idea has far-reaching implications. The goals of this paper are (1) to provide a clear mathematical and conceptual justification for TMT and (2) to collect in a single article some of the main results of TMT obtained over the past 25 years. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Modified Gravity and Dark Energy Theories)

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32 pages, 9488 KB

Open AccessArticle

A CAD-Integrated Framework for Dynamic Structural Topology Optimisation via Visual Programming

by Laura Sardone, Stefanos Sotiropoulos and Alessandra Fiore

Computation 2025, 13(11), 267; https://doi.org/10.3390/computation13110267 (registering DOI) - 13 Nov 2025

Abstract

Structural Topology Optimisation (STO) plays a critical role in computational engineering, enabling the creation of material-efficient, performance-driven structures. However, dynamic STO workflows, particularly those involving time-varying or seismic excitations, are often inaccessible to architects and engineers due to their reliance on standalone solvers, [...] Read more.

Structural Topology Optimisation (STO) plays a critical role in computational engineering, enabling the creation of material-efficient, performance-driven structures. However, dynamic STO workflows, particularly those involving time-varying or seismic excitations, are often inaccessible to architects and engineers due to their reliance on standalone solvers, large-scale data handling, and advanced programming skills. This paper introduces a Computer-Aided Design (CAD)-embedded, time-dependent STO framework built upon a modular, adjoint-based optimisation core integrated into a Visual Programming Language (VPL) interface. Implemented within a parametric CAD environment through a custom C# component, the framework embeds a MATLAB-based solver to support geometry definition, boundary condition control, and dynamic finite element analysis under harmonic and seismic loading. The resulting Graphical User Interface (GUI) lowers technical barriers by enabling users to iteratively configure STO parameters, manage meshing, and visualise real-time results. Case studies on tall building façades under earthquake excitation validate the framework’s ability to minimise displacement at targeted Degrees of Freedom (DOFs), dynamically adapt material distributions, and enhance structural resilience. By bridging high-fidelity computational methods with accessible visual workflows, the proposed system advances the integration of dynamic STO into both architectural and engineering practice. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Topology Optimization: Methods and Applications)

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25 pages, 5177 KB

Open AccessArticle

Process Control via Electrical Impedance Tomography for Energy-Aware Industrial Systems

by Krzysztof Król, Grzegorz Kłosowski, Tomasz Rymarczyk, Konrad Gauda, Monika Kulisz, Ewa Golec and Agnieszka Surowiec

Energies 2025, 18(22), 5956; https://doi.org/10.3390/en18225956 (registering DOI) - 13 Nov 2025

Abstract

Conventionally, tomography is an inspection technique in which tomographic images are intended for human perception and interpretation. In this work, we shift this paradigm by transforming tomography into an autonomous estimator of industrial reactor states, enabling fully automated process control. Alcoholic fermentation was [...] Read more.

Conventionally, tomography is an inspection technique in which tomographic images are intended for human perception and interpretation. In this work, we shift this paradigm by transforming tomography into an autonomous estimator of industrial reactor states, enabling fully automated process control. Alcoholic fermentation was employed as an example of a controlled process in the current study. The work presents an original concept utilizing transfer learning in conjunction with a ResNet-type artificial neural network, which converts electrical measurements into a sequence of values correlated with the conductivity of pixels constituting the cross-section of the examined biochemical reactor. The conductivity vector is transformed into a parameter determining substrate concentration, enabling dynamic process regulation in response to signals generated from EIT (Electrical Impedance Tomography). Within the scope of the described research, calibration of the conductivity vector against substrate concentrations was performed, and a Matlab/Simulink-based dynamic Monod kinetics model was developed. The obtained results demonstrate high accuracy in substrate concentration estimation relative to reference values throughout a forty-six-hour process. The same signals enable energy-efficient process control, in which cooling and mixing intensity are regulated according to energy prices and renewable energy availability. This strategy may possess particular application in facilities where fermentation installations are co-located with bioenergy production units. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue AI-Enhanced Operation and Management of Renewable Energy-Integrated Power Systems)

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10 pages, 1509 KB

Open AccessArticle

Survey of the Trunk Wood Mycobiome of an Ancient Tilia × europaea L.

by Ales Eichmeier, Milan Spetik, Lucie Frejlichova, Jakub Pecenka, Jana Cechova, Lukas Stefl and Pavel Simek

Appl. Microbiol. 2025, 5(4), 131; https://doi.org/10.3390/applmicrobiol5040131 (registering DOI) - 13 Nov 2025

Abstract

The genus Tilia (Malvaceae) comprises long-lived broadleaf trees of considerable ecological, cultural, and historical importance in temperate Europe and Asia. Among these, Tilia × europaea L. (common European linden) is a key native species in Central and Northern Europe, with individuals documented to [...] Read more.

The genus Tilia (Malvaceae) comprises long-lived broadleaf trees of considerable ecological, cultural, and historical importance in temperate Europe and Asia. Among these, Tilia × europaea L. (common European linden) is a key native species in Central and Northern Europe, with individuals documented to live for several centuries. While the phyllosphere and soil-associated microbiomes of linden have been studied, the internal fungal communities inhabiting ancient trees remain poorly understood. In this study, the complete mycobiome of linden tree wood was analyzed. Wood-inhabiting fungi (the wood mycobiome) include endophytes, saprotrophs, and potential pathogens that can strongly influence host vitality and ecosystem processes. Advances in high-throughput amplicon sequencing (HTAS) now provide unprecedented opportunities to characterize these hidden communities. In this study, we investigated the trunk wood mycobiome of an ancient T. × europaea L. individual using a culture-independent HTAS approach. The results reveal a diverse fungal assemblage, including taxa like Arthinium or Phialemonium not previously reported from living linden wood, and highlight potential implications for tree health and longevity. This work provides a first baseline characterization of the internal mycobiome of the ancient Tilia tree and contributes to broader efforts to conserve its biological and cultural value. Full article

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16 pages, 316 KB

Open AccessArticle

Emission Information Asymmetry in Optimal Carbon Tariff Design: Trade-Offs Between Environmental Efficacy and Energy Transition Goals

by Shasha Liu and Fangcheng Tang

Energies 2025, 18(22), 5958; https://doi.org/10.3390/en18225958 (registering DOI) - 13 Nov 2025

Abstract

Against the global rollout of Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanisms (CBAMs), carbon tariffs have emerged as a core tool for developed economies to internalize environmental externalities—especially for energy-intensive imports that dominate cross-border carbon flows. However, emission information asymmetry, a critical barrier to implementing cross-border [...] Read more.

Against the global rollout of Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanisms (CBAMs), carbon tariffs have emerged as a core tool for developed economies to internalize environmental externalities—especially for energy-intensive imports that dominate cross-border carbon flows. However, emission information asymmetry, a critical barrier to implementing cross-border energy and environmental policies, undermines the design of optimal carbon tariffs, as it distorts the link between tariff levels and actual fossil energy-related emissions. This study develops a two-country analytical model to examine how biased assessments of exporters’ carbon intensity influence optimal tariff settings, exporters’ strategic behavior, and aggregate carbon emissions—with a focus on energy-intensive production contexts. The results show that underestimating carbon intensity reduces exporters’ compliance costs, incentivizing emission concealment; this weakens tariffs’ environmental stringency and may raise global emissions. Overestimation, by contrast, inflates exporters’ marginal costs, discouraging green investment and causing emission displacement rather than reduction. The analysis highlights a policy feedback loop wherein misjudged emission information distorts both trade competitiveness and environmental performance. This study concludes that a transparent, accurate, and internationally verifiable carbon accounting system is essential: it not only facilitates the effective implementation of CBAM but also aligns optimal carbon tariffs with CBAM’s dual goals of climate action and trade equity, while supporting global energy transition efforts. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section B: Energy and Environment)

20 pages, 446 KB

Open AccessArticle

Bantu Verbal Extensions Between Morphology and Syntax

by Gloria Cocchi

Languages 2025, 10(11), 284; https://doi.org/10.3390/languages10110284 (registering DOI) - 13 Nov 2025

Abstract

Bantu languages represent a typical example of how morphology and syntax are deeply intertwined. Indeed, these agglutinative languages employ affixes, hence morphemes, to express relations that in other languages—like Italian or English—are conveyed by independent words, in syntax. In particular, in this work, [...] Read more.

Bantu languages represent a typical example of how morphology and syntax are deeply intertwined. Indeed, these agglutinative languages employ affixes, hence morphemes, to express relations that in other languages—like Italian or English—are conveyed by independent words, in syntax. In particular, in this work, I am going to discuss Bantu causative and applicative constructions, which are formed by means of verbal extensions, i.e., affixes that adjoin to verb stems in order to derive complex syntactic structures. Through the comparison with other languages, in particular Italian and English, we will argue that a biclausal analysis of Bantu causatives is tenable and, even more, this analysis can be extended to applicative and ditransitive verbs, taking into consideration the different behaviour of symmetrical and asymmetrical Bantu languages. Finally, we will discuss the peculiar situation of Italian, which behaves like symmetrical Bantu languages as concerns object pronominalization in the complex constructions under analysis; we will conclude that the co-occurrence of clitic pronouns is linked to their different morphological forms, which suggests that they occupy different positions in the clitic/affix string, underlying once more how morphology and syntax feed each other. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Morpho(phono)logy/Syntax Interface)

4 pages, 164 KB

Open AccessEditorial

Interventional Radiology: Towards Personalized Medicine

by Fabio Corvino

J. Pers. Med. 2025, 15(11), 553; https://doi.org/10.3390/jpm15110553 (registering DOI) - 13 Nov 2025

Abstract

In recent years, the concept of personalized medicine has moved beyond a theoretical framework to become a tangible clinical imperative [...] Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Interventional Radiology: Towards Personalized Medicine)

28 pages, 2990 KB

Open AccessArticle

Time-Domain Modeling and Simulation of Hybrid Perturb and Observe–Particle Swarm Optimization Maximum Power Point Tracking for Enhanced CubeSat Photovoltaic Energy Harvesting

by Khaya Ntutuzelo Dwaza, Senthil Krishnamurthy and Haltor Mataifa

Energies 2025, 18(22), 5957; https://doi.org/10.3390/en18225957 (registering DOI) - 13 Nov 2025

Abstract

The escalating demand for efficient energy harvesting in CubeSat missions necessitates advanced maximum power point tracking (MPPT) techniques. This work presents a comprehensive time-domain analysis and simulation of three MPPT algorithms: perturb and observe (PO), particle swarm optimization (PSO), and a novel hybrid [...] Read more.

The escalating demand for efficient energy harvesting in CubeSat missions necessitates advanced maximum power point tracking (MPPT) techniques. This work presents a comprehensive time-domain analysis and simulation of three MPPT algorithms: perturb and observe (PO), particle swarm optimization (PSO), and a novel hybrid PO-PSO method, tailored explicitly for CubeSat photovoltaic (PV) solar modules. Utilizing MATLAB R2025a/Simulink, a detailed model of a PV module based on the Azur Space 3G30C datasheet and a DC-DC boost converter was developed. The conventional PO MPPT, while simple, demonstrated limitations in tracking the global maximum power point (GMPP) under rapidly changing temperature conditions and exhibited significant oscillations around the GMPP. The PSO algorithm, known for its global search capabilities, was investigated to mitigate these shortcomings. This research introduces a hybrid PO-PSO MPPT technique that synergistically combines the low computational complexity of PO with the robust global optimization of PSO. Time-domain simulation results demonstrate that the proposed hybrid PO-PSO MPPT significantly reduces oscillations around the GMPP, enhances tracking accuracy under varying temperature conditions, and stabilizes output parameters more effectively than standalone PO or PSO methods. These findings validate the hybrid approach as a superior and reliable solution for optimizing power generation in constrained CubeSat applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Novel Research on Renewable Power and Hydrogen Generation)

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17 pages, 1121 KB

Open AccessArticle

TASA: Text-Anchored State–Space Alignment for Long-Tailed Image Classification

by Long Li, Tinglei Jia, Huaizhi Yue, Huize Cheng, Yongfeng Bu and Zhaoyang Zhang

J. Imaging 2025, 11(11), 410; https://doi.org/10.3390/jimaging11110410 (registering DOI) - 13 Nov 2025

Abstract

Long-tailed image classification remains challenging for vision–language models. Head classes dominate training while tail classes are underrepresented and noisy, and short prompts with weak text supervision further amplify head bias. This paper presents TASA, an end-to-end framework that stabilizes textual supervision and enhances [...] Read more.

Long-tailed image classification remains challenging for vision–language models. Head classes dominate training while tail classes are underrepresented and noisy, and short prompts with weak text supervision further amplify head bias. This paper presents TASA, an end-to-end framework that stabilizes textual supervision and enhances cross-modal fusion. A Semantic Distribution Modulation (SDM) module constructs class-specific text prototypes by cosine-weighted fusion of multiple LLM-generated descriptions with a canonical template, providing stable and diverse semantic anchors without training text parameters. Dual-Space Cross-Modal Fusion (DCF) module incorporates selective-scan state–space blocks into both image and text branches, enabling bidirectional conditioning and efficient feature fusion through a lightweight multilayer perceptron. Together with a margin-aware alignment loss, TASA aligns images with class prototypes for classification without requiring paired image–text data or per-class prompt tuning. Experiments on CIFAR-10/100-LT, ImageNet-LT, and Places-LT demonstrate consistent improvements across many-, medium-, and few-shot groups. Ablation studies confirm that DCF yields the largest single-module gain, while SDM and DCF combined provide the most robust and balanced performance. These results highlight the effectiveness of integrating text-driven prototypes with state–space fusion for long-tailed classification. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Image and Video Processing)

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8 pages, 1249 KB

Open AccessCase Report

A Rare Case of Alternaria citri Keratitis Successfully Treated with Voriconazole

by Maura Bertazzolo, Giorgia Boaretto, Elena Zani, Massimo Busin, Deborah Cruciani, Silvia Crotti, Chiara Poletti, Roberta Vatri, Alessandra Caracciolo and Cristina Lapucci

J. Fungi 2025, 11(11), 805; https://doi.org/10.3390/jof11110805 (registering DOI) - 13 Nov 2025

Abstract

The genus Alternaria comprises several species of dematiaceous hyphomycetes known to cause opportunistic infections in humans. Over the past two decades, fungal infections have emerged as a significant cause of morbidity and mortality, particularly among immunocompromised individuals. Such infections often occur following disruption [...] Read more.

The genus Alternaria comprises several species of dematiaceous hyphomycetes known to cause opportunistic infections in humans. Over the past two decades, fungal infections have emerged as a significant cause of morbidity and mortality, particularly among immunocompromised individuals. Such infections often occur following disruption of the skin or corneal epithelial barrier, especially in patients with pre-existing ocular conditions or compromised immune status. This case report describes a rare instance of fungal keratitis (FK) caused by Alternaria citri in a 71-year-old male who presented with an acute onset of eye infection. The patient showed a favorable response to treatment with voriconazole. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Fungal Pathogenesis and Disease Control)

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32 pages, 2534 KB

Open AccessReview

Recent Advances in Non-Destructive Testing Technology for Coated Steel Structure Welds

by Zhiyong Ji, Dongsheng Xu, Honglun Wang, Junzhe Chen and Yunwei Fu

Sensors 2025, 25(22), 6923; https://doi.org/10.3390/s25226923 (registering DOI) - 13 Nov 2025

Abstract

The fabrication of a steel structure facility in the aerospace sector was executed through the implementation of welding techniques. In order to reduce the effects of environmental corrosion and extend its service life, it is typically coated with a protective layer. Nevertheless, conventional [...] Read more.

The fabrication of a steel structure facility in the aerospace sector was executed through the implementation of welding techniques. In order to reduce the effects of environmental corrosion and extend its service life, it is typically coated with a protective layer. Nevertheless, conventional non-destructive testing (NDT) techniques generally necessitate preliminary procedures, such as coating removal and surface grinding, prior to inspection, leading to elevated costs and diminished efficiency. Consequently, the investigation into NDT methodologies for welds encased under coatings is of considerable practical significance. The objective of this paper is to comprehensively review and thoroughly analyze the latest research progress in NDT techniques for detecting defects in coated steel welds, seeking feasible approaches for achieving NDT on coated steel structures. Firstly, the paper examines the hazards of common weld defects and the challenges coatings pose to NDT operations. The text then proceeds to expound upon the principles, research advancements, and application scenarios of multiple NDT methods currently available for detecting defects beneath coatings. A comparative summary of these methods is provided, focusing on detection capabilities, coating penetration abilities, key advantages, and limitations. In conclusion, the paper provides insights into future development trends. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sensor-Based Frequency, Time–Frequency and Higher-Order Signal Processing for Condition Monitoring, Structural Health Monitoring and Non-Destructive Testing (Second Edition))

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19 pages, 913 KB

Open AccessArticle

Decision-Making Model for Risk Assessment in Cloud Computing Using the Enhanced Hierarchical Holographic Modeling

by Auday Qusay Sabri and Halina Binti Mohamed Dahlan

Computers 2025, 14(11), 491; https://doi.org/10.3390/computers14110491 (registering DOI) - 13 Nov 2025

Abstract

Risk assessment is critical for securing and sustaining operational resilience in cloud computing. Traditional approaches often rely on single-objective or subjective weighting methods, limiting their accuracy and adaptability to dynamic cloud conditions. To address this gap, this study provides a framework for multi-layered [...] Read more.

Risk assessment is critical for securing and sustaining operational resilience in cloud computing. Traditional approaches often rely on single-objective or subjective weighting methods, limiting their accuracy and adaptability to dynamic cloud conditions. To address this gap, this study provides a framework for multi-layered decision-making using an Enhanced Hierarchical Holographic Modeling (EHHM) approach for cloud computing security risk assessment. Two methods were used, the Entropy Weight Method (EWM) and Criteria Importance Through Intercriteria Correlation (CRITIC), to provide a multi-factor decision-making risk assessment framework across the different security domains that exist with cloud computing. Additionally, fuzzy set theory provided the respective levels of complexity dispersion and ambiguities, thus facilitating an accurate and objective participation for a cloud risk assessment across asymmetric information. The trapezoidal membership function measures the correlation, rank, and scores, and was applied to each corresponding cloud risk security domain. The novelty of this re-search is represented by enhancing HHM with an expanded security-transfer domain that encompasses the client side, integrating dual-objective weighting (EWM + CRITIC), and the use of fuzzy logic to quantify asymmetric uncertainty in judgments unique to this study. Informed, data-related, multidimensional cloud risk assessment is not reported in previous studies using HHM. The different Integrated Weight measures allowed for accurate risk judgments. The risk assessment across the calculated cloud computing security domains resulted in a total score of 0.074233, thus supporting the proposed model in identifying and prioritizing risk assessment. Furthermore, the scores of the cloud computing dimensions highlight EHHM as a suitable framework to support and assist corporate decision-making in cloud computing security activity and informed risk awareness with innovative activity amongst a turbulent and dynamic cloud computing environment with corporate operational risk. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Cloud Computing and Big Data Mining)

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22 pages, 397 KB

Open AccessArticle

On Morgado and Sette’s Implicative Hyperlattices as Models of da Costa Logic C_ω

by Marcelo Esteban Coniglio, Ana Claudia Golzio and Kaique Matias de Andrade Roberto

Logics 2025, 3(4), 15; https://doi.org/10.3390/logics3040015 (registering DOI) - 13 Nov 2025

Abstract

José Morgado introduced in 1962 a novel notion of hyperlattices, which he called reticuloides. In his master’s thesis submitted in 1971 (under the supervision of Newton da Costa), Antonio M. Sette introduced a new class of implicative hyperlattices (here called SIHLs) based on [...] Read more.

José Morgado introduced in 1962 a novel notion of hyperlattices, which he called reticuloides. In his master’s thesis submitted in 1971 (under the supervision of Newton da Costa), Antonio M. Sette introduced a new class of implicative hyperlattices (here called SIHLs) based on Morgado’s hyperlattices. He also extended SIHLs by adding a unary hyperoperator, thus defining a class of hyperalgebras (denoted

{SHC}_{ω}

) corresponding to da Costa algebras for

C_{ω}

, thereby providing suitable semantics for the logic

C_{ω}

. In this paper, after providing a (hyper)lattice-theoretic characterization of Sette’s implicative hyperlattices and proving some basic results on SIHLs, we introduce a class of swap structures—special hyperalgebras over the signature of

C_{ω}

that arise naturally from implicative lattices. We prove that these swap structures are indeed

{SHC}_{ω}

. Finally, we demonstrate that the class

{SHC}_{ω}

, as well as the aforementioned swap structures, characterizes the logic

C_{ω}

. Full article

26 pages, 10465 KB

Open AccessArticle

Water–Nitrogen Coupling Under Film Mulching Synergistically Enhances Soil Quality and Winter Wheat Yield by Restructuring Soil Microbial Co-Occurrence Networks

by Fangyuan Shen, Liangjun Fei, Youliang Peng and Yalin Gao

Plants 2025, 14(22), 3461; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14223461 (registering DOI) - 13 Nov 2025

Abstract

Improper irrigation and fertilization can easily lead to soil nutrient imbalance, inhibit microbial reproduction, and thereby reduce soil quality and crop yield. This study conducted winter wheat planting experiments in 2023–2025, setting three muddy water (sediment-laden irrigation water) treatments of different sediment concentrations [...] Read more.

Improper irrigation and fertilization can easily lead to soil nutrient imbalance, inhibit microbial reproduction, and thereby reduce soil quality and crop yield. This study conducted winter wheat planting experiments in 2023–2025, setting three muddy water (sediment-laden irrigation water) treatments of different sediment concentrations (3, 6 and 9 kg·m⁻³), irrigation levels (0.50–0.65, 0.65–0.80 and 0.80–0.95 FC), and nitrogen application rates (100, 160 and 220 kg·ha⁻¹). An L9(3³) orthogonal experimental design was applied to evaluate the influence of water and nitrogen regulation on soil properties, microbial community structure, and wheat productivity. The results showed the following: Among these treatments, the T5 treatment (6 kg·m⁻³, 0.65–0.80 FC, 160 kg·ha⁻¹) significantly improved the root zone environment, and the total nitrogen (TN), ammonium nitrogen (NH₄⁺-N), nitrate nitrogen (NO₃⁻-N), and soil organic carbon (SOC) content also increased significantly. T5 also enhanced the diversity and network complexity of bacterial and fungal communities. Notably, genera such as Lysobacter, Lasiobolidium, and Ascobolus became central to nitrogen transformation and nutrient cycling. Structural equation modeling revealed the interdependent mechanism between soil quality, microorganisms, and wheat yield: NO₃⁻-N and SOC drive improvements in soil quality, while microbial community structure and network complexity are key to yield increases, with fungal communities making the largest direct contribution to yield (R² = 0.93). The T5 treatment increased two-year yields by 21.34–24.96% compared to conventional irrigation and fertilization (CK2), improved irrigation water use efficiency by 56.40–57.51% and peak nitrogen agronomic efficiency. The synergistic effect of “soil quality optimization–enhanced microbial activity–efficient utilization of water and nitrogen–high wheat yield” has been achieved, providing a theoretical basis and practical reference for scientific water and nitrogen management and sustainable yield increase in winter wheat in the Yellow River Basin and similar areas. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Water and Nutrient Management for Sustainable Crop Production)

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21 pages, 1019 KB

Open AccessArticle

Linking the LCA of Forest Bio-Based Products for Construction, Ecosystem Services, and Sustainable Forest Management

by Teresa Garnica, Soledad Montilla, José Antonio Tenorio Ríos, Ángel Lora, Antonio J. Molina Herrera and Marta Conde

Sustainability 2025, 17(22), 10134; https://doi.org/10.3390/su172210134 (registering DOI) - 13 Nov 2025

Abstract

The multifunctional role of forests in supplying renewable biomaterials and delivering ecosystem services (ESs) is often overlooked in standard life cycle assessment (LCA) methodologies, despite its relevance for sustainable construction. This study developed the BioCons Impact Compensation Model (ICM), which integrates ES into [...] Read more.

The multifunctional role of forests in supplying renewable biomaterials and delivering ecosystem services (ESs) is often overlooked in standard life cycle assessment (LCA) methodologies, despite its relevance for sustainable construction. This study developed the BioCons Impact Compensation Model (ICM), which integrates ES into life cycle inventory (LCI) databases and quantifies proprietary BioCons Mitigation Indicators, capturing additional environmental information, ensuring transparency, and preventing greenwashing. Using structural Scots pine in Spain as a case study, the GWP_-luluc-roots indicator was found to be 226.84 kg CO_2-eq/FU, representing 36% of the biogenic carbon (616.45 kg CO_2-eq/FU), highlighting the contribution of root-derived carbon to long-term soil carbon storage. The BioCons Mitigation Indicators demonstrate that mitigation generally exceeds environmental impacts, except for HTP-nc-inorganics, with surplus ES available as biocredits to offset emissions in other life cycle stages. Integrating these indicators into environmental product declarations (EPDs) provides a transparent and accurate view of environmental performance. The results validate the hypothesis that forest bio-based construction products (FBCPs) act as carriers of ESs embedded in derived products, supporting more comprehensive and robust sustainability assessments. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Innovative Approaches for Sustainable Built Environments: Integrating Circular Materials, Green Infrastructures, and Smart Technologies)

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19 pages, 1281 KB

Open AccessArticle

Preview Control of a Semi-Active Suspension System Supplemented by an Active Aerodynamic Surface

by Syed Babar Abbas and Iljoong Youn

Sensors 2025, 25(22), 6922; https://doi.org/10.3390/s25226922 (registering DOI) - 12 Nov 2025

Abstract

This research presents a harmonized optimal preview control strategy for a semi-active suspension system (SASS) with a controlled damper varied between the upper and lower bounds of the damping coefficient and an active aerodynamic surface (AAS) control. The preview control algorithm is based [...] Read more.

This research presents a harmonized optimal preview control strategy for a semi-active suspension system (SASS) with a controlled damper varied between the upper and lower bounds of the damping coefficient and an active aerodynamic surface (AAS) control. The preview control algorithm is based on a simplified bilinear 2-DOF quarter-car model to address the tradeoff between passenger ride comfort and road holding capabilities. While the active suspension with the actuator requires a significant amount of energy to provide control force, the semi-active suspension system with a variable damping coefficient mechanism consumes minimal energy to adapt quickly to the real-time operating conditions. Moreover, the dynamic performance of semi-active suspension with the preview controller in conjunction with the active aerodynamic surface is significantly improved. MATLAB^® (R2025b)-based numerical simulations for different road excitations were carried out for the evaluation of the proposed system. Both time-domain and frequency-domain results demonstrate enhanced vehicle dynamic performances in response to road bumps, asphalt road excitations, and harmonic input signals. The simulation performance results indicate that the proposed system extraordinarily reduced the variation in the mean-squared value of the car body vertical acceleration. At the same time, the system enhanced the wheel-road holding metric by decreasing the variation in the gripping force on the ground surface, while maintaining the necessary suspension rattle space constraints within the prescribed limit. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Vehicular Sensing)

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