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17 pages, 715 KB  
Article
Objective over Architecture: Fraud Detection Under Extreme Imbalance in Bank Account Opening
by Wenxi Sun, Qiannan Shen, Yijun Gao, Qinkai Mao, Tongsong Qi and Shuo Xu
Computation 2025, 13(12), 290; https://doi.org/10.3390/computation13120290 (registering DOI) - 9 Dec 2025
Abstract
Fraud in financial services—especially account opening fraud—poses major operational and reputational risks. Static rules struggle to adapt to evolving tactics, missing novel patterns and generating excessive false positives. Machine learning promises adaptive detection, but deployment faces severe class imbalance: in the NeurIPS 2022 [...] Read more.
Fraud in financial services—especially account opening fraud—poses major operational and reputational risks. Static rules struggle to adapt to evolving tactics, missing novel patterns and generating excessive false positives. Machine learning promises adaptive detection, but deployment faces severe class imbalance: in the NeurIPS 2022 BAF Base benchmark used here, fraud prevalence is 1.10%. Standard metrics (accuracy, f1_weighted) can look strong while doing little for the minority class. We compare Logistic Regression, SVM (RBF), Random Forest, LightGBM, and a GRU model on N = 1,000,000 accounts under a unified preprocessing pipeline. All models are trained to minimize their loss function, while configurations are selected on a stratified development set using validation-weighted F1-score f1_weighted. For the four classical models, class weighting in the loss (class_weight ∈{None,‘balanced’}) is treated as a hyperparameter and tuned. Similarly, the GRU is trained with a fixed class-weighted CrossEntropy loss that up-weights fraud cases. This ensures that both model families leverage weighted training objectives, while their final hyperparameters are consistently selected by the f1_weighted metric. Despite similar AUCs and aligned feature importance across families, the classical models converge to high-precision, low-recall solutions (1–6% fraud recall), whereas the GRU recovers 78% recall at 5% precision (AUC =0.8800). Under extreme imbalance, objective choice and operating point matter at least as much as architecture. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Applications of Machine Learning and Data Science Methods in Social Sciences)
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19 pages, 1723 KB  
Article
Study on the Structure of Lignin Isolated from Wood Under Acidic Conditions
by Andrzej Antczak, Aneta Skręta, Anna Kamińska-Dwórznicka, Klaudia Rząd and Arkadiusz Matwijczuk
Molecules 2025, 30(24), 4705; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules30244705 (registering DOI) - 9 Dec 2025
Abstract
Lignin obtained in acidic conditions is a waste product in various technological processes like sulfite pulping, organosolv pulping, or bioethanol production. Knowing the structure of the lignin enables its use in high-value-added applications. In this paper, the lignin structure isolated from Pinus sylvestris [...] Read more.
Lignin obtained in acidic conditions is a waste product in various technological processes like sulfite pulping, organosolv pulping, or bioethanol production. Knowing the structure of the lignin enables its use in high-value-added applications. In this paper, the lignin structure isolated from Pinus sylvestris L. and Populus deltoides × maximowiczii wood in acidic conditions was investigated. Two methods of lignin isolation (Klason method and a method using a sulfuric and phosphoric acid mixture) were compared. Additionally, lignin acetylation was performed. The lignin samples were analyzed using different instrumental techniques, such as size exclusion chromatography (SEC), attenuated total reflection–Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Based on the studies carried out, it was found out that the lignin isolated from pine and poplar wood in acidic conditions had a highly condensed structure. This was evidenced by the high-weight average molar mass of lignin (up to 118,700 g/mol) and the precipitates, aggregates, and agglomerates on its surface. Moreover, the characteristic signals of condensed lignin in ATR-FTIR analysis (band with wavenumber of 767 cm−1) and their decrease/disappearance (band that usually occurs with a wavenumber of about 814 cm−1) were observed. Lignin acetylation and analysis in the 0.5% LiCl/DMAc system have proven particularly effective in the case of the condensed poplar lignin. The beneficial effect of lignin acetylation was confirmed by SEM analysis. The high-molecular-weight condensed lignin, despite some of its problematic properties connected mainly with solubility, is a valuable substance that can be used for different applications (carbon fibers or as an additive for thermoplastic blends), which was confirmed by the studies in this paper and the findings of other scientists. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Macromolecular Chemistry)
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Graphical abstract

14 pages, 2096 KB  
Review
Graphitic Carbon Nitride in Oral Health: Emerging Applications, Antimicrobial Potential, and Future Perspectives
by Gertrud Alexandra Paltinean, Marioara Moldovan, Codruta Sarosi, Laura Silaghi-Dumitrescu, Stanca Cuc, Gabriel Furtos, Ioan Petean and Irina Camelia Chis
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025, 26(24), 11860; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms262411860 (registering DOI) - 9 Dec 2025
Abstract
This comprehensive review highlights the growing significance of graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4) as a multifunctional material with applications spanning diverse scientific and technological domains. Based on an extensive literature from electronic databases such as Web of Science, PubMed and [...] Read more.
This comprehensive review highlights the growing significance of graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4) as a multifunctional material with applications spanning diverse scientific and technological domains. Based on an extensive literature from electronic databases such as Web of Science, PubMed and Google Scholar, we provide an in-depth discussion of the fundamental structural configurations of g-C3N4, namely the triazine- and heptazine-based frameworks, which form the basis of its unique physicochemical and electronic properties. The two predominant synthesis strategies—thermal polymerization and solvothermal/hydrothermal routes—are examined in detail and illustrated through representative schematic models to elucidate their underlying mechanisms and resulting structural variations. Advanced surface characterization techniques, such as atomic force microscopy (AFM) and scanning tunneling microscopy (STM), are also discussed in the context of their application to materials, including Highly Oriented Pyrolytic Graphite (HOPG), graphene oxide, and carbon nitride. These analyses provide insights into nanoscale surface topography and structural attributes, with HOPG serving as a well-established reference material for comparison. The review also addresses the biological activities and potential applications of g-C3N4, particularly in the context of its photocatalytic, antimicrobial, and biocompatible properties. Despite substantial progress in other research fields, a notable gap remains in the exploration of g-C3N4 for oral and dental applications. This limitation is largely attributed to the scarcity of systematic studies and limited published data in this emerging area. Accordingly, this review identifies promising opportunities for future research aimed at harnessing the distinctive properties of g-C3N4 for innovative developments in oral healthcare and dental material science. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Applicability of Graphene-Based Materials in the Pharmaceutical, Biological and Biomedical Sectors)
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17 pages, 599 KB  
Article
Equity, Responsibility, and Strategy in Planetary Defense: A Game-Theoretic Approach to International Space Law
by Francesco Ventura, David Barillà, JR James and Daniela Barba
Sustainability 2025, 17(24), 11004; https://doi.org/10.3390/su172411004 (registering DOI) - 9 Dec 2025
Abstract
This paper explores the economic, environmental, and security issues created by the launch of satellite megaconstellations, which are networks of LEO (Low Earth Orbit) satellites planned to provide worldwide communications, data services, and research capabilities. Although such programs bring the potential to offer [...] Read more.
This paper explores the economic, environmental, and security issues created by the launch of satellite megaconstellations, which are networks of LEO (Low Earth Orbit) satellites planned to provide worldwide communications, data services, and research capabilities. Although such programs bring the potential to offer global coverage and substantial technology enhancements, they also pose significant challenges to fund and sustain. In order to address these issues, the approach assumes a Life Cycle Costing (LCC) scope that includes development, launch, operational, end-of-life, and environmental impacts. Based on this, we introduce an original model, which includes a Cooperative Game Theory component—more precisely the Shapley value—to devise fair and efficient cost-sharing mechanisms between multiple players. The model includes the effects of cooperation, free-rider phenomena, and the consideration of capacity limitations, providing a formalized approach to distribute costs fairly and ensure coalition stability. A three-operators case study demonstrates the real benefits achieved by collaboration: significant cost savings of up to 27% compared with independent approaches. However, the analysis also demonstrates the destabilizing effects of free riders, which undermine cooperation in the short run and may lead to a net increase in costs for contributing parties. The results indicate that resilient allocation mechanisms and policy protection are necessary to secure the sustainability of megaconstellations over the long time period, possibly also applicable to other critical infrastructures beyond space systems. Full article
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24 pages, 2481 KB  
Article
Technical Validation of a Multimodal Cognitive—Haptic Sudoku Platform Under Simulated Tremor Conditions
by Calin Vaida, Oana Vanta, Gabriela Rus, Alexandru Pusca, Tiberiu Antal, Nicoleta Tohanean, Andrei Cailean, Daniela Jucan, Iosif Birlescu, Bogdan Gherman and Doina Pisla
Bioengineering 2025, 12(12), 1340; https://doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering12121340 (registering DOI) - 9 Dec 2025
Abstract
Neurological disorders such as Parkinson’s and Alzheimer’s diseases often involve overlapping motor and cognitive impairments that motivate integrated rehabilitation approaches. This study presents the technical validation of a dual-modality rehabilitation platform that combines haptic-based motor interaction with cognitive engagement through an adaptive Sudoku [...] Read more.
Neurological disorders such as Parkinson’s and Alzheimer’s diseases often involve overlapping motor and cognitive impairments that motivate integrated rehabilitation approaches. This study presents the technical validation of a dual-modality rehabilitation platform that combines haptic-based motor interaction with cognitive engagement through an adaptive Sudoku task in healthy adults under simulated tremor conditions. The system integrates a real-time tremor-filtering pipeline based on discrete wavelet denoising, Kalman smoothing, and wavelet packet decomposition, designed to attenuate high-frequency oscillations while preserving voluntary motion. The preclinical evaluation was carried out in two stages: (i) technical validation with healthy adults performing a standardized cognitive–haptic task under three conditions (no tremor, simulated tremor without filtering, simulated tremor with filtering) and (ii) extended usability testing with older participants without diagnosed neurological disorders. Quantitative evaluation focused on latency, performance degradation under simulated tremor, and partial restoration with filtering, while usability was assessed using the System Usability Scale (SUS). The platform achieved low end-to-end latency (41.4 ± 1.4 ms) and high usability (overall mean SUS = 81.4 ± 6.2), indicating stable performance and positive user feedback. Filtering significantly improved performance compared with unfiltered tremor but did not fully restore baseline performance, highlighting the current algorithm as a first-step compensation strategy rather than a complete solution. This work therefore demonstrates technical feasibility and interaction performance in healthy participants under simulated tremor; it does not assess clinical effectiveness and is intended to inform subsequent patient studies in populations with neurodegenerative diseases. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advancements in Human–Machine Interaction and Robotics: From Biomechanics to Cognitive Neuroscience)
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19 pages, 2402 KB  
Article
Exploring the Effects of Thermal Cycling on the Precision of 3D-Printed Parts: A Comprehensive Analysis
by Gina-Mihaela Sicoe, Abdelhakim Dorbane and Daniel-Constantin Anghel
Appl. Sci. 2025, 15(24), 12955; https://doi.org/10.3390/app152412955 (registering DOI) - 9 Dec 2025
Abstract
This study investigates the dimensional stability of FDM-printed Z-ULTRAT components subjected to repeated thermal cycling between −20 °C and 80 °C. Dimensional measurements (height and width) were collected before cycling and after 1, 5, and 10 cycles to quantify thermal-induced drift. Results show [...] Read more.
This study investigates the dimensional stability of FDM-printed Z-ULTRAT components subjected to repeated thermal cycling between −20 °C and 80 °C. Dimensional measurements (height and width) were collected before cycling and after 1, 5, and 10 cycles to quantify thermal-induced drift. Results show that a single thermal cycle produces negligible dimensional change (ΔH ≈ +0.01 mm; ΔW ≈ +0.007 mm), with no statistical significance (p > 0.05). However, repeated cycling leads to cumulative deformation: after 5 and 10 cycles, the average height increased by +0.29–0.30 mm (p < 0.001), while width exhibited a nonlinear contraction–reexpansion behavior with mean variations between −0.05 mm and −0.03 mm (p < 0.05). Standard deviations increased with cycle count, indicating rising variability among specimens. These findings demonstrate that Z-ULTRAT parts experience progressive dimensional drift under sub-Tg thermal cycling, primarily along the build (Z) direction, due to anisotropic thermal response and relaxation of internal stresses. The study highlights the importance of thermal environment considerations in functional and industrial applications involving FDM components. Future work will include microstructural characterization (SEM/XRD) and multi-parameter optimization to better understand and mitigate thermal-induced deformation in polymer-based additively manufactured parts. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Emerging and Exponential Technologies in Industry 4.0)
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16 pages, 2938 KB  
Article
Integrative Bioinformatics and Experimental Validation Establish CCNB1 as a Potential Biomarker for Diagnosis and Prognosis in Colorectal Cancer
by Yao Zou, Quan Zou and Zhen Li
Curr. Issues Mol. Biol. 2025, 47(12), 1026; https://doi.org/10.3390/cimb47121026 (registering DOI) - 9 Dec 2025
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a prevalent and lethal malignancy worldwide. Despite extensive research, core genes for diagnosis and prognosis in CRC remain to be fully elucidated. This study aims to identify novel gene biomarkers for CRC diagnosis and prognosis based on the GEO [...] Read more.
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a prevalent and lethal malignancy worldwide. Despite extensive research, core genes for diagnosis and prognosis in CRC remain to be fully elucidated. This study aims to identify novel gene biomarkers for CRC diagnosis and prognosis based on the GEO and TCGA datasets. Integration of TCGA and GEO datasets revealed 197 common differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between CRC tumor and normal samples. Functional enrichment analysis implicated these DEGs in biological processes and signaling pathways critical to CRC progression, including cell cycle regulation and nuclear division. Protein–protein interaction (PPI) network analysis identified 17 hub genes from DEGs, including TROAP, CDKN3, CDCA3, UBE2C, CEP55, KIF11, CDC20, CCNA2, MCM4, CKS2, POLE2, MAD2L1, CCNB1, PTTG1, TPX2, TOP2A, and DLGAP5. All 17 hub genes demonstrated high diagnostic value (AUC > 0.85), including CCNB1 (AUC = 0.944). Based on the Cox proportional hazards regression, an 8-gene prognostic signature (CLCA1, CCNB1, TPM2, MMP3, AOC3, CRYAB, CA4, GUCA2A) effectively stratified patients by survival risk, with a 5-year AUC of 0.71. In vitro, CCNB1 knockdown triggered cell cycle arrest, thereby suppressing the proliferation of colorectal cancer cells. This study validated CCNB1 as a dual-purpose biomarker for CRC diagnosis and favorable prognosis, highlighting its potential utility in clinical management. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Gastrointestinal Cancers: From Pathogenesis to Treatment)
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22 pages, 2396 KB  
Article
CHROM-Y: Illumination-Adaptive Robust Remote Photoplethysmography Through 2D Chrominance–Luminance Fusion and Convolutional Neural Networks
by Mohammed Javidh, Ruchi Shah, Mohan Uma, Sethuramalingam Prabhu and Rajendran Beaulah Jeyavathana
Signals 2025, 6(4), 72; https://doi.org/10.3390/signals6040072 (registering DOI) - 9 Dec 2025
Abstract
Remote photoplethysmography (rPPG) enables non-contact heart rate estimation but remains highly sensitive to illumination variation and dataset-dependent factors. This study proposes CHROM-Y, a robust 2D feature representation that combines chrominance (Ω, Φ) with luminance (Y) to improve physiological signal extraction under varying lighting [...] Read more.
Remote photoplethysmography (rPPG) enables non-contact heart rate estimation but remains highly sensitive to illumination variation and dataset-dependent factors. This study proposes CHROM-Y, a robust 2D feature representation that combines chrominance (Ω, Φ) with luminance (Y) to improve physiological signal extraction under varying lighting conditions. The proposed features were evaluated using U-Net, ResNet-18, and VGG16 for heart rate estimation and waveform reconstruction on the UBFC-rPPG and BhRPPG datasets. On UBFC-rPPG, U-Net with CHROM-Y achieved the best performance with a Peak MAE of 3.62 bpm and RMSE of 6.67 bpm, while ablation experiments confirmed the importance of the Y-channel, showing degradation of up to 41.14% in MAE when removed. Although waveform reconstruction demonstrated low Pearson correlation, dominant frequency preservation enabled reliable frequency-based HR estimation. Cross-dataset evaluation revealed reduced generalization (MAE up to 13.33 bpm and RMSE up to 22.80 bpm), highlighting sensitivity to domain shifts. However, fine-tuning U-Net on BhRPPG produced consistent improvements across low, medium, and high illumination levels, with performance gains of 11.18–29.47% in MAE and 12.48–27.94% in RMSE, indicating improved adaptability to illumination variations. Full article
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18 pages, 693 KB  
Article
A Data Rate Monitoring Approach for Cyberattack Detection in Digital Twin Communication
by Cláudio Rodrigues, Waldir S. S. Júnior, Wilson Oliveira and Isomar Lima
Sensors 2025, 25(24), 7476; https://doi.org/10.3390/s25247476 (registering DOI) - 9 Dec 2025
Abstract
The growing integration of Digital Twins (DTs) in Industry 4.0 environments exposes the physical–virtual communication layer as a critical vector for cyber vulnerabilities; while most studies focus on complex and resource-intensive security mechanisms, this work demonstrates that the inherently predictable nature of DT [...] Read more.
The growing integration of Digital Twins (DTs) in Industry 4.0 environments exposes the physical–virtual communication layer as a critical vector for cyber vulnerabilities; while most studies focus on complex and resource-intensive security mechanisms, this work demonstrates that the inherently predictable nature of DT communications allows simple statistical metrics—such as the μ+3σ threshold—to provide robust, interpretable, and computationally efficient anomaly detection. Using a Docker-based simulation, we emulate Denial-of-Service (DoS), Man-in-the-Middle (MiTM), and intrusion attacks, showing that each generates a distinct statistical signature (e.g., a 50-fold increase in packet rate during DoS). The results confirm that data rate monitoring offers a viable, non-intrusive, and cost-effective first line of defense, thereby enhancing the resilience of IIoT-based Digital Twins. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Reliable Autonomics and the Internet of Things)
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27 pages, 16405 KB  
Article
Analyzing the Influence of Saint Patrick’s Day Geomagnetic Storm on the Maximum Usable Frequency (MUF) in the Brazilian Equatorial and Low-Latitude Ionosphere
by Onyinye G. Nwankwo, Fabio Becker-Guedes and Claudia M. N. Candido
Atmosphere 2025, 16(12), 1388; https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos16121388 (registering DOI) - 9 Dec 2025
Abstract
The variation in the maximum usable frequency (MUF) during geomagnetic disturbances is a key parameter for high-frequency (HF) radio communications. This study investigates MUF variability and related ionospheric parameters during the first geomagnetic superstorm of solar cycle 24, on 17 March 2015 (the [...] Read more.
The variation in the maximum usable frequency (MUF) during geomagnetic disturbances is a key parameter for high-frequency (HF) radio communications. This study investigates MUF variability and related ionospheric parameters during the first geomagnetic superstorm of solar cycle 24, on 17 March 2015 (the Saint Patrick’s Day storm). Using Digisondes at Sao Luis (equatorial) and Campo Grande (low-latitude, near the southern crest of the Equatorial Ionization Anomaly), we analyzed storm-time changes in the F region. During the main phase, two episodes of eastward Prompt Penetration Electric Fields produced rapid uplifts of the F2-layer peak height at São Luis, reaching altitudes up to 520 km, accompanied by MUF decreases of approximately 25% relative to quiet-day values. In contrast, Campo Grande exhibited a more subdued response, with MUF deviations generally remaining within 15–20% of quiet-time conditions. During the recovery phase, the likely occurrence of a westward disturbance dynamo electric field was inferred from suppression of the Pre-Reversal Enhancement and decreased F-layer heights at São Luis. Comparative analysis highlights distinct regional responses: São Luis showed strong storm-time deviations, while Campo Grande remained comparatively stable under the impacts of Equatorial Ionization Anomaly effects. These results provide quantitative evidence of localized geomagnetic storm impacts on MUF in the Brazilian sector, offering insights that may improve space weather monitoring and HF propagation forecasting. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Upper Atmosphere)
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21 pages, 18646 KB  
Article
Metabolomics and Transcriptomics Analyses Uncover the Potential of Flavonoids in Response to Saline–Alkali Stress in Codonopsis pilosula
by Jinhua Liu, Yongqing Wan, Xiaowei Sun, Wenting Su and Kaixia Li
Biology 2025, 14(12), 1759; https://doi.org/10.3390/biology14121759 (registering DOI) - 9 Dec 2025
Abstract
Codonopsis pilosula (CP) is a traditional medicinal herb whose cultivation is limited by environmental factors like saline–alkali. Flavonoids, found in various plant organs, are involved in plant stress responses, but the specific saline–alkali stress response mechanism of CP’s flavonoids is unknown. This study [...] Read more.
Codonopsis pilosula (CP) is a traditional medicinal herb whose cultivation is limited by environmental factors like saline–alkali. Flavonoids, found in various plant organs, are involved in plant stress responses, but the specific saline–alkali stress response mechanism of CP’s flavonoids is unknown. This study carried out saline–alkali stress treatments in CP, collected samples from roots, stems, and leaves, and conducted physiological, biochemical, transcriptomic, and metabolomic tests. Phenotypic observations showed varying degrees of saline–alkali stress effects on different organs of CP. Physiological tests revealed inconsistent antioxidant indicator changes across organs. Transcriptomic and metabolomic analyses revealed that, compared to roots and stems, leaves contained the highest number of flavonoids, reaching up to 23, and harbored the most differentially expressed flavonoid-related genes, with up to 54; the roots treated with NaHCO3 contained up to 14 types of differentially accumulated metabolites (DAMs) related to flavonoids, while the leaves treated with NaHCO3 contained up to 20 types of differentially expressed flavonoid-related genes; additionally, flavonoid pathway genes, including CHS, CHI, and bHLH transcription factors, might have responded to saline–alkali stress by modulating the production of flavonoid compounds such as Cyanidin and Galangin. This study preliminarily elucidates the molecular mechanisms of flavonoid response to saline–alkali stress in CP, providing a theoretical basis for flavonoid exploitation, molecular breeding, and cultivation area expansion. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Young Investigators in Biochemistry and Molecular Biology)
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15 pages, 407 KB  
Article
Comparative Evaluation of Novel Pre-Sowing Technologies on Germination and Vigour of Edible Wheat Sprout Seeds
by Aspasia Efthimiadou, Nikolaos Katsenios, Lida Papalamprou, Varvara Andreou, Sofia Chanioti, Marianna Giannoglou, Ioanna Kakabouki and George Katsaros
Seeds 2025, 4(4), 66; https://doi.org/10.3390/seeds4040066 (registering DOI) - 9 Dec 2025
Abstract
Sprouts are gaining popularity among consumers worldwide due to their high nutritional properties. A comparative evaluation of novel and environmentally friendly pre-sowing seed treatment techniques was conducted to enhance wheat sprout production. Pulsed electromagnetic field (PEMF), cold atmospheric plasma (CAP), and high-pressure processing [...] Read more.
Sprouts are gaining popularity among consumers worldwide due to their high nutritional properties. A comparative evaluation of novel and environmentally friendly pre-sowing seed treatment techniques was conducted to enhance wheat sprout production. Pulsed electromagnetic field (PEMF), cold atmospheric plasma (CAP), and high-pressure processing (HP) at 200 and 600 MPa were applied on durum wheat seeds for 3 and 10 min. The above techniques, along with ozonation (OZ), were also applied for 3 and 10 min for the “activation” of water that was used for immersion of the wheat seeds. Seed germination percentage, root and shoot length, and seedling dry weight were the measurements for the comparative evaluation of 21 treatments of seeds growing in Petri dishes. The results indicated that CAP, PEMF, and OZ treatments had positive effects on wheat sprout production, while prolonged exposure to HP processing appeared to stress the seeds. Overall, the multiple comparisons of four processing technologies, applied by two methods and at two exposure times, could be a benchmark study for further understanding the response of seeds in pre-sowing techniques. Full article
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27 pages, 8908 KB  
Article
Reducing Extreme Commuting by Built Environmental Factors: Insights from Spatial Heterogeneity and Nonlinear Effect
by Fengxiao Li, Xiaobing Liu, Xuedong Yan, Zile Liu, Xuefei Zhao and Lu Ma
ISPRS Int. J. Geo-Inf. 2025, 14(12), 487; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi14120487 (registering DOI) - 9 Dec 2025
Abstract
Nowadays, the number of people enduring extreme commuting is increasing, exacerbating traffic problems and harming individual well-being. To quantify the extreme commuting, we propose an extreme commuting severity (ECS) index that combines the number of extreme commuting trips with their specific distances, where [...] Read more.
Nowadays, the number of people enduring extreme commuting is increasing, exacerbating traffic problems and harming individual well-being. To quantify the extreme commuting, we propose an extreme commuting severity (ECS) index that combines the number of extreme commuting trips with their specific distances, where a one-way trip with a commuting distance of at least 25 km is regarded as an extreme commuting trip. In Beijing, the ECS index shows substantial spatial variability, with maximum values exceeding 30,000 for origins and 50,000 for destinations, underscoring the severe commuting burden in specific areas. By integrating the geographically weighted random forest (GWRF) with Shapley additive explanations (SHAP), we model both nonlinear effects and spatial heterogeneity in how the built environment shapes extreme commuting. Compared with benchmark models, the proposed GWRF model achieves the highest predictive performance, yielding the largest R2 and the lowest absolute and relative indicators across both generation and attraction scenarios. Notably, the GWRF improves explanatory power over the global model by a substantial margin, highlighting the importance of incorporating spatial heterogeneity. SHAP-based global importance results show that residential density (17.58%) is the most influential factor for ECS, whereas in the attraction scenario, company density exhibits the strongest contribution (20.7%), reflecting the strong pull of major employment clusters. Local importance maps further reveal pronounced spatial differences in effect direction and magnitude. For instance, although housing prices have modest global importance, they display clear spatial heterogeneity: they exert the strongest influence on extreme commuting generation within the Fourth Ring Road and around the North Fifth Ring, whereas in the attraction scenario, their effects concentrate in the southern part of the core area. These findings provide new empirical insights into the mechanisms underlying extreme commuting and highlight the need for spatially differentiated planning strategies. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Spatial Data Science and Knowledge Discovery)
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15 pages, 385 KB  
Article
A Phenomenological Study of the Lived Illness Experience of Adolescents with Chronic Glomerular Disease
by Sug Young Lee
Children 2025, 12(12), 1671; https://doi.org/10.3390/children12121671 (registering DOI) - 9 Dec 2025
Abstract
Aim: This qualitative study explored the fundamental characteristics of the illness experiences among adolescents living with chronic glomerular disease. Methods: A phenomenological research approach was employed. In-depth interviews were conducted between May and December 2015 with 13 adolescents aged 14–19 years who [...] Read more.
Aim: This qualitative study explored the fundamental characteristics of the illness experiences among adolescents living with chronic glomerular disease. Methods: A phenomenological research approach was employed. In-depth interviews were conducted between May and December 2015 with 13 adolescents aged 14–19 years who were diagnosed with chronic glomerular conditions requiring long-term monitoring and management. Results: Seven thematic clusters emerged from the data: “appearance and worsening of kidney disease symptoms,” “restrictions in daily living,” “unstable self-control,” “changes in relationships with friends,” “sensitivity about a decrease in achievements due to disease,” “efforts to maintain a normal daily life,” and “psychological, physical, and social strengthening.” The core experience was characterized as “overcoming limitations due to chronic disease and demonstrating resilient growth.” Conclusions: This study offers valuable insights into how adolescents interpret, cope with, and adapt to chronic renal conditions in their daily lives. The findings underscore the need for developmentally appropriate, interdisciplinary care strategies that include structured psychosocial and educational support to promote resilience and improve quality of life in this population. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Pediatric Nursing)
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14 pages, 266 KB  
Article
Female Education and Monastic Enclosure in Early Modern Portugal: Notes for a Reflection
by Maria Luísa Jacquinet
Religions 2025, 16(12), 1551; https://doi.org/10.3390/rel16121551 (registering DOI) - 9 Dec 2025
Abstract
The history of women’s education in Portugal predates the implementation of an official system, which was only consistently addressed after 1836 with Passos Manuel’s reform of primary instruction. Long before that, particularly from the Early Modern period onwards, women religious played a key [...] Read more.
The history of women’s education in Portugal predates the implementation of an official system, which was only consistently addressed after 1836 with Passos Manuel’s reform of primary instruction. Long before that, particularly from the Early Modern period onwards, women religious played a key role in providing education. Convents and Third Order houses—alongside families, charities, and religion-inspired foundations—offered instruction considered appropriate to women’s gender and social status. The Council of Trent (1545–1563) extended strict enclosure to all female convents, leading to the “monasticisation” of education—an arrangement that neither promoted the visibility of female learners nor encouraged the development of the pedagogical models that shaped their instruction. The later emergence of teaching orders, despite their adherence to enclosure, began to challenge the traditional monastic model. Drawing on largely unpublished or scarcely explored archival sources, this article seeks to shed light on the historical reasons behind the prominent and precedent-setting role of monasticism in the field of female education, and to address the enduring invisibility that still shrouds the cloistered world. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Women and Religion in the Medieval and Early Modern World)
20 pages, 1809 KB  
Article
From Heritage to Experience: Architectural Mediation and Meaning-Making in Bahrain’s Historic Sites
by May Al Saffar and Kheira Anissa Tabet Aoul
Architecture 2025, 5(4), 127; https://doi.org/10.3390/architecture5040127 (registering DOI) - 9 Dec 2025
Abstract
This study advances visitor research by examining how visitors interact with and derive meaning from Bahrain’s Historic Site Interpretation Centres (HSICs). Using a mixed-methods ethnographic approach, we collected data from four sites (Qal’at Al Bahrain, Shaikh Salman Fort, Bu Maher Fort, Al Khamis [...] Read more.
This study advances visitor research by examining how visitors interact with and derive meaning from Bahrain’s Historic Site Interpretation Centres (HSICs). Using a mixed-methods ethnographic approach, we collected data from four sites (Qal’at Al Bahrain, Shaikh Salman Fort, Bu Maher Fort, Al Khamis Mosque) through 113 surveys and 22 interviews. The findings confirm that architectural context and curatorial techniques significantly influence visitors’ meaning-making. While many valued the dual-interpretation formats, issues such as decontextualization and misalignment with local identity sometimes disrupted the intended narratives. HSICs are identified as essential centres for information and cultural identity, fostering emotional connections among visitors. This study confirms the connection between architectural design, display strategies, and user expectations, providing insights into how these factors shape visitors’ experiences. It provides implications for curatorial design and inclusive engagement strategies in similar settings. The VE-HSIC model introduced here serves as a framework to enhance visitor engagement, deepen understanding of visitor interactions, and explore how museum practices influence the creation of meaning. Full article
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12 pages, 1001 KB  
Article
Poly(3-Hydroxybutyrate-Co-3-Hydroxyvalerate) Produced from Food-Related Wastes: Solid-State NMR Analysis
by Atanu Biswas, Huai N. Cheng and John C. Edwards
Macromol 2025, 5(4), 61; https://doi.org/10.3390/macromol5040061 (registering DOI) - 9 Dec 2025
Abstract
Poly(hydroxyalkanoates) (PHAs) have garnered significant attention due to their biodegradable and biocompatible properties, making them promising alternatives to conventional petroleum-based plastics. As microbial-derived polyesters, PHAs offer a sustainable solution to plastic waste accumulation and microplastics because they can be produced from renewable resources, [...] Read more.
Poly(hydroxyalkanoates) (PHAs) have garnered significant attention due to their biodegradable and biocompatible properties, making them promising alternatives to conventional petroleum-based plastics. As microbial-derived polyesters, PHAs offer a sustainable solution to plastic waste accumulation and microplastics because they can be produced from renewable resources, including food-related waste. Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) (PHBV), a copolymer in the PHA family, exhibits improved mechanical flexibility and thermal properties compared to poly(3-hydroxybutyrate), thereby broadening its potential applications. In this work, eight samples of PHBV, including those made from food waste and municipal waste streams, were studied by solid-state NMR. Information obtained includes the copolymer composition, chemical shifts due to crystalline lattices, crystallinity, and polymer chain mobility. The composition matches the results from the fatty acid feed and solution NMR analysis. The samples appear to be about 62–70% crystalline. No significant differences in mobility are observed from NMR relaxation data. These results indicate that PHBV materials generated from different food-related waste sources, despite their compositional differences, possess similar crystallinity and molecular mobility, suggesting their suitability as biobased semi-crystalline plastics. Full article
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24 pages, 16704 KB  
Article
TiO2, GO, and TiO2/GO Coatings by APPJ on Waste ABS/PMMA Composite Filaments Filled with Carbon Black, Graphene, and Graphene Foam: Morphology, Wettability, Thermal Stability, and 3D Printability
by Alejandra Xochitl Maldonado Pérez, Alma Delfina Arenas Flores, José de Jesús Pérez Bueno, Maria Luisa Mendoza López, Yolanda Casados Mexicano, José Luis Reyes Araiza, Alejandro Manzano-Ramírez, Salomón Ramiro Vásquez García, Nelly Flores-Ramírez, Carlos Montoya Suárez and Edain Belén Pérez Mendoza
Polymers 2025, 17(24), 3263; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym17243263 (registering DOI) - 9 Dec 2025
Abstract
This work presents a multifactorial strategy for reusing waste thermoplastics and generating multifunctional filaments for additive manufacturing. Acrylonitrile–butadiene–styrene (ABS) waste and commercial poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) were compounded with carbon black (CB), graphene (G), or graphene foam (GF) at different loadings and extruded into [...] Read more.
This work presents a multifactorial strategy for reusing waste thermoplastics and generating multifunctional filaments for additive manufacturing. Acrylonitrile–butadiene–styrene (ABS) waste and commercial poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) were compounded with carbon black (CB), graphene (G), or graphene foam (GF) at different loadings and extruded into composite filaments. The aim is to couple filler-induced bulk modifications with atmospheric pressure plasma jet (APPJ) surface coatings of TiO2 and graphene oxide (GO) to obtain waste-derived filaments with tunable morphology, wettability, and thermal stability for advanced 3D-printed architectures. The filaments were subsequently coated with TiO2 and/or GO using an APPJ process, which tailored surface wettability and enabled the formation of photocatalytically relevant interfaces. Digital optical microscopy and SEM revealed that CB, G, and GF were reasonably well dispersed in both polymer matrices but induced distinct surface and cross-sectional morphologies, including a carbon-rich outer crust in ABS and filler-dependent porosity in PMMA. For ABS composites, static contact-angle measurements show that APPJ coatings broaden the apparent wettability window from ~60–80° for uncoated filaments to ~40–50° (TiO2/GO) up to >90° (GO), corresponding to a ≈150% increase in contact-angle span. For PMMA/CB composites, TiO2/GO coatings expand the accessible contact-angle range to ~15–125° while maintaining surface energies around 50 mN m−1. TGA/DSC analyses confirm that the composites and coatings remain thermally stable within typical extrusion and APPJ processing ranges, with graphene showing only ≈3% mass loss over the explored temperature range, compared with ≈65% for CB and ≈10% for GF. Fused deposition modeling trials verify the printability and dimensional fidelity of ABS-based composite filaments, whereas PMMA composites were too brittle for reliable FDM printing. Overall, combining waste polymer reuse, tailored carbonaceous fillers, and APPJ TiO2/GO coatings provides a versatile route to design surface-engineered filaments for applications such as photocatalysis, microfluidics, and soft robotics within a circular polymer manufacturing framework. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Structure, Properties and Applications of Polymer-Based Nanocomposites)
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17 pages, 3260 KB  
Article
Monitoring Soil Biodiversity and Biological Resilience in Disturbed Ecosystems: First Application of the BSR Index
by Giambattista Maria Altieri, Josefina Garrido, Salustiano Mato, Benedicto Soto, Vito Santarcangelo, Giuseppe Bari and Eustachio Tarasco
Soil Syst. 2025, 9(4), 134; https://doi.org/10.3390/soilsystems9040134 (registering DOI) - 9 Dec 2025
Abstract
Soil biodiversity is crucial for maintaining biological soil resilience, understood as a temporal property and as the ability of soils to uphold or recover their ecological functions under stress thanks to the diversity and complementarity of their biological communities. To evaluate this property, [...] Read more.
Soil biodiversity is crucial for maintaining biological soil resilience, understood as a temporal property and as the ability of soils to uphold or recover their ecological functions under stress thanks to the diversity and complementarity of their biological communities. To evaluate this property, we developed the Biological Soil Resilience Index (BSR), conceived as an evolution of the QBS-ar approach by integrating additional key bioindicators—entomopathogenic nematodes, entomopathogenic fungi, and earthworms—together with microarthropod eco-morphological adaptation scores. This multi-taxon framework provides a more comprehensive assessment of soil biological conditions than single-group indices and is specifically designed to be applied repeatedly over time to detect resilience trajectories. The Biodiversity Soil Resilience (BSR) Index was applied across nine sites subject to low, medium, and high anthropogenic disturbance, spanning urban, industrial, and airport environments. Results revealed not a resilience gradient but a clear disturbance gradient: low-impact sites achieved the highest BSR values (52–59), reflecting diverse and functionally complementary assemblages; medium-impact sites maintained moderate BSR value (27–42), but displayed imbalances among faunal groups; and high-impact sites showed the lowest values, including a critically low score at C_HI (17.86), where entomopathogens were absent and earthworm populations reduced. Entomopathogenic organisms proved particularly sensitive, disappearing entirely under severe disturbance. The BSR was sensitive to environmental gradients and effective in distinguishing ecologically meaningful differences among soil communities. Because it can be repeatedly applied over time, BSR provides the basis for monitoring long-term resilience dynamics, detecting early warning signals, and support timely mitigation or restoration measures. Overall, the study highlights the pivotal role of biodiversity in sustaining soil resilience and supports the BSR Index as a simple yet integrative tool for soil health assessment and for future resilience monitoring in disturbed landscapes. Full article
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11 pages, 640 KB  
Article
Sex Differences in the Metabolic Cost of a Military Load Carriage Task: A Field Based Study
by Ben Schram, Jacques Rosseau, Elisa F. D. Canetti and Robin Orr
Sports 2025, 13(12), 442; https://doi.org/10.3390/sports13120442 (registering DOI) - 9 Dec 2025
Abstract
Occupational demands, such as load carriage in tactical professions, do not discriminate based on sex. The aim of this study was to explore the differences in metabolic cost of a loaded pack march between the sexes in both absolute and relative terms. Twelve [...] Read more.
Occupational demands, such as load carriage in tactical professions, do not discriminate based on sex. The aim of this study was to explore the differences in metabolic cost of a loaded pack march between the sexes in both absolute and relative terms. Twelve Army personnel (six males and six females) volunteered to complete three identical load carriage marches (5 km at 5.5 km/h, carrying 30 kg), across flat (on road) and undulating (gravelled path) terrain as part of a larger equipment trial. Heart rate (HR) response (HR average and maximum) was monitored with a Polar Team Pro unit and oxygen consumption with VO Master Pro (VO2 average and maximum) with the level of significance set at 0.05. There were no significant differences in age, years of experience, absolute loads carried, or completion time for each of the three events. Male soldiers were significantly taller (182.3 ± 6.2 cm vs. 167.4 ± 6.9 cm), heavier (88.2 ± 8.7 kg vs. 70.9 ± 10.6 kg), carried significantly less relative load (34.3 ± 3.4% vs. 43.2 ± 7.5%), and had significantly greater predicted VO2max (56.7 ± 6.1 mL/kg/min vs. 45.0 ± 2.9 mL/kg/min). A linear mixed model identified a significant main effect of sex on both average HR (β = −1.10) and peak HR (β = −1.27), and on average VO2 (β = −0.68), but not peak VO2. While the study was not powered to detect sex differences, the large effect sizes observed suggest meaningful physiological differences warranting further investigation. Female soldiers faced significantly greater metabolic costs when carrying the same loads and moving at the same speed and across the same terrain as their male counterparts. Adequate recovery and pacing strategies should be considered for these events, especially during training. Full article
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20 pages, 1020 KB  
Article
When Values Matter More than Behavior: Behavioral Integrity in Air Travel and Climate Policy Support
by Hohjin Im
Tour. Hosp. 2025, 6(5), 273; https://doi.org/10.3390/tourhosp6050273 (registering DOI) - 9 Dec 2025
Abstract
Aviation accounts for a disproportionate share of tourism-related carbon emissions. Many travelers express environmental concern but continue to fly, reflecting the well-documented attitude–behavior gap. This study examines the concept of flight behavioral integrity (i.e., the alignment between professed avoidance of air travel for [...] Read more.
Aviation accounts for a disproportionate share of tourism-related carbon emissions. Many travelers express environmental concern but continue to fly, reflecting the well-documented attitude–behavior gap. This study examines the concept of flight behavioral integrity (i.e., the alignment between professed avoidance of air travel for environmental reasons and actual flying behavior) to assess whether integrity profiles predict support for climate policy. Drawing on nationally representative survey data from Germany (N = 2410), respondents were classified into four groups based on flight avoidance attitudes and reported flight activity in the past 12 months. An elastic-net multinomial regression tested psychological predictors of group membership, and factorial ANCOVAs assessed differences in environmental and climate policy support. Results showed that flight avoidance attitudes, rather than recent flying behavior, were the primary predictors of both integrity profiles and policy support. Flight-avoidant respondents consistently reported stronger policy endorsement, regardless of whether they had flown. Contrary to expectations, recent fliers expressed marginally higher support than non-fliers, potentially reflecting compensatory mechanisms or sociodemographic factors. Findings suggest that there are opportunities for tourism operators and policymakers to engage travelers through value-based (vs. purely behavioral) sustainability initiatives. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainability of Tourism Destinations)
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30 pages, 1538 KB  
Article
The Great Collusion: Analysis of Conspiracy Theories in Official Speeches of Pro-Bolsonaro Brazilian Federal Representatives (2019–2024)
by Allan Novaes and Diogo Macedo de Novaes
Genealogy 2025, 9(4), 149; https://doi.org/10.3390/genealogy9040149 (registering DOI) - 9 Dec 2025
Abstract
This study analyzes the political speeches of Brazilian federal representatives from the Liberal Party (PL), the primary platform for Bolsonarism, to identify patterns and features of conspiracy theories. Two core concepts are used: conspiracy theories as a worldview that addresses unpredictability and complexity [...] Read more.
This study analyzes the political speeches of Brazilian federal representatives from the Liberal Party (PL), the primary platform for Bolsonarism, to identify patterns and features of conspiracy theories. Two core concepts are used: conspiracy theories as a worldview that addresses unpredictability and complexity of life in contemporary society, and Bolsonarism as a fundamentally conspiracist worldview grounded in reactionary authoritarianism and populism. Analyzing speeches delivered between 2019 and 2024, our inductive methodology identified both epistemological (logic) and narrative (rhetoric) elements. These individual elements organically integrated to form a pervasive, overarching conspiracy theory that we term “The Grand Collusion”. This theory was strategically deployed to support electoral campaigns and structure political opposition to the Lula government. “The Grand Collusion” alleges a vast alliance between the top echelons of the Judiciary (led by STF Minister Alexandre de Moraes) and the Brazilian Left (led by Lula), with assistance from major media and multilateral organizations. Its alleged objectives include rigging the 2022 elections and orchestrating the systematic persecution and censorship of Right-wing politicians and conservative citizens. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Conspiracy Theories: Genealogies and Political Uses)
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28 pages, 953 KB  
Review
Rhubarb as a Potential Component of an Anti-Inflammatory Diet
by Joanna Kolodziejczyk-Czepas and Jan Czepas
Foods 2025, 14(24), 4219; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods14244219 (registering DOI) - 9 Dec 2025
Abstract
As a critical element of many civilization diseases, inflammation is a challenge for research on the development of effective treatment or preventive therapies. One of the fundamental approaches in reducing the chronic inflammatory response is to target modifiable risk factors, such as lifestyle [...] Read more.
As a critical element of many civilization diseases, inflammation is a challenge for research on the development of effective treatment or preventive therapies. One of the fundamental approaches in reducing the chronic inflammatory response is to target modifiable risk factors, such as lifestyle and diet. Rhubarb (Rheum L.) is one of the oldest medicinal plants, used in the ethnomedicine of different cultures and widely known for its use in Chinese traditional medicine. Rhubarb plants are rich in bioactive phytochemicals, belonging to diverse classes of specialized plant metabolites, which contribute to a broad spectrum of their biological activities, including the alleviation of inflammation of various etiologies. This narrative review focuses on the health-promoting properties of rhubarb as a dietary ingredient, with a particular emphasis on its anti-inflammatory properties as a functional dietary component. Rhubarb is also a rich source of dietary fiber and polysaccharides, which can evoke anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory effects as well. Different ways of rhubarb processing can significantly affect its chemical composition and biological activity, which may result from the degradation of temperature-sensitive substances such as glycosides. Aglycone release may enhance the bioactive properties of plant materials. Both rhubarb-derived extracts and single compounds can induce various anti-inflammatory effects through numerous mechanisms at the molecular, cellular, and systemic levels. Therefore, rhubarb demonstrates promising antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, which may contribute to therapeutic strategies targeting obesity, cardiovascular diseases, and other inflammation-associated disorders. Additionally, it may support the proper functioning of the digestive system. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Plant Foods)
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10 pages, 703 KB  
Article
On the Analysis Dependence of DESI Dynamical Dark Energy
by Eoin Ó Colgáin, Saeed Pourojaghi and M. M. Sheikh-Jabbari
Galaxies 2025, 13(6), 133; https://doi.org/10.3390/galaxies13060133 (registering DOI) - 9 Dec 2025
Abstract
We continue scientific scrutiny of the DESI dynamical dark energy (DE) claim by explicitly demonstrating that the result depends on the analysis pipeline. Concretely, we define a likelihood that converts the w0waCDM model back into the (flat) ΛCDM [...] Read more.
We continue scientific scrutiny of the DESI dynamical dark energy (DE) claim by explicitly demonstrating that the result depends on the analysis pipeline. Concretely, we define a likelihood that converts the w0waCDM model back into the (flat) ΛCDM model, which we fit to DESI constraints on the ΛCDM model from DR1 Full-Shape (FS) modeling and BAO. We further incorporate CMB constraints. Throughout, we find that w0 and wa are within 1σ of the ΛCDM model. Our work makes it explicit that, in contrast to DR1 and DR2 BAO, there is no dynamical DE signal in FS modeling, even when combined with BAO and CMB. Moreover, one confirms late-time accelerated expansion today (q0<0) at ≳3.4σ in FS modeling + BAO. On the contrary, DR1 and DR2 BAO fail to confirm q0<0 under similar assumptions. Our analysis highlights the fact that trustable scientific results should be independent of the analysis pipeline. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Theoretical and Observational Approaches to the Hubble Tension in Cosmology)
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20 pages, 719 KB  
Article
Building Resilience in War-Torn Tourism Destinations Through Hot-War Tourism: The Case of Ukraine
by Oleksii Ivanov and Damiano De Marchi
Tour. Hosp. 2025, 6(5), 274; https://doi.org/10.3390/tourhosp6050274 (registering DOI) - 9 Dec 2025
Abstract
Tourism in active conflict zones constitutes a distinct and contentious form of dark tourism, wherein visitors engage with sites marked by death and tragedy that have significantly shaped public consciousness. This study investigates hot-war tourism as an emerging tourism product in places affected [...] Read more.
Tourism in active conflict zones constitutes a distinct and contentious form of dark tourism, wherein visitors engage with sites marked by death and tragedy that have significantly shaped public consciousness. This study investigates hot-war tourism as an emerging tourism product in places affected by ongoing conflict, highlighting its potential to foster resilience, support local communities, and enhance social awareness. Using Ukraine as a case study, the paper examines the underlying motivations that drive tourists to such destinations and explores how, under specific conditions, local stakeholders can design tourism offerings that represent both meaningful and responsible travel experiences. War-torn and conflict-affected destinations possess the capacity to transform adversity into opportunities for long-term recovery and sustainable development. The findings contribute to the broader discourse on reimagining tourism in the face of disruption, offering insights into how strategic planning and innovation can enable destinations to rebuild and adapt during times of crisis. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Destination Resilience and Innovation for Advanced Sustainable Tourism Management)
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21 pages, 1169 KB  
Article
Assessment of the Economic Impact of the Saiga Population on Pasture Ecosystems and Agriculture
by Gulshat Aiesheva, Aigul Kazambayeva, Saltanat Yessengaliyeva and Kanbibi Nursapina
Earth 2025, 6(4), 155; https://doi.org/10.3390/earth6040155 (registering DOI) - 9 Dec 2025
Abstract
This article discusses the issue of pasture degradation in the West Kazakhstan region, which has been caused by a significant rise in the population of saigas (Saiga tatarica). This study aims to quantify agricultural losses and establish the relationship between saiga [...] Read more.
This article discusses the issue of pasture degradation in the West Kazakhstan region, which has been caused by a significant rise in the population of saigas (Saiga tatarica). This study aims to quantify agricultural losses and establish the relationship between saiga numbers and ecosystem changes. The research methodology incorporates field observations, agroecological observations, and mathematical analysis. Correlation and regression analyses were performed. The application of correlation and regression models confirmed a statistically significant relationship between the growth of the saiga population and the decline in hay yield: increasing animal numbers lead to a reduction in pasture productivity. The greatest losses were recorded in the Bokeiordinsky district, where grazing pressure exceeded 62.5%. It was concluded that urgent measures are needed to regulate the saiga population, restore degraded land, and introduce rotational grazing. Mechanisms for the adaptive management of wild populations that take into account the interests of the agricultural sector were proposed. The findings obtained can provide a solid foundation for informed decision-making in agricultural and environmental policy within the region. Full article
(This article belongs to the Topic Ecological Protection and Modern Agricultural Development)
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