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Open AccessReview

Recent Advances in Piezoelectric and Triboelectric Nanogenerators for Ocean Current Energy Harvesting

by Yaning Chen, Mengwei Wu, Yuzhuo Tian, Rongming Zhang, Weitao Zhao, Hengxu Du, Chunyu Zhang, Yimeng Du, Taili Du, Haichao Yuan, Jicang Si and Minyi Xu

J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2026, 14(3), 249; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse14030249 (registering DOI) - 25 Jan 2026

Abstract

Ocean current energy, owing to its predictability and stability, is regarded as an ideal power source for distributed marine observation networks and underwater intelligent equipment. However, conventional ocean current energy devices that rely on rigid turbines and electromagnetic generators generally suffer from high [...] Read more.

Ocean current energy, owing to its predictability and stability, is regarded as an ideal power source for distributed marine observation networks and underwater intelligent equipment. However, conventional ocean current energy devices that rely on rigid turbines and electromagnetic generators generally suffer from high cut-in flow velocity, bulky size, high maintenance costs, and significant environmental disturbance, making them unsuitable for deep-sea, miniaturized, and long-duration power supply scenarios. These limitations highlight the urgent need for flexible and low-speed energy harvesters capable of autonomous, long-term operation. In recent years, nanogenerator technology has provided new opportunities for distributed and low-power ocean current energy harvesting. PENGs and TENGs can directly convert weak mechanical energy into electricity, enabling energy harvesting in small-scale and low-velocity flow fields. PENGs offer high durability and mechanical robustness, whereas TENGs exhibit superior output performance in low-speed and intermittent flows. This paper provides a comprehensive review of structural designs, material innovations, interface engineering, hybrid energy-conversion architectures, and power-management strategies for PENG- and TENG-based ocean current energy harvesters. Overall, future progress will rely on the integration of intelligent materials, multi-field coupling mechanisms, and system-level engineering strategies to achieve durable, scalable, and autonomous ocean current energy harvesting for distributed marine systems. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Marine Energy)

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27 pages, 13307 KB

Open AccessArticle

Synergistic Reinforcement and Multimodal Self-Sensing Properties of Hybrid Fiber-Reinforced Glass Sand ECC at Elevated Temperatures

by Lijun Ma, Meng Sun, Mingxuan Sun, Yunlong Zhang and Mo Liu

Polymers 2026, 18(3), 322; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym18030322 (registering DOI) - 25 Jan 2026

Abstract

To address the susceptibility of traditional concrete to explosive spalling and the lack of in situ damage-monitoring methods at high temperatures, in this study, a novel self-sensing, high-temperature-resistant Engineered Cementitious Composite (ECC) was developed. The matrix contains eco-friendly glass sand reinforced with a [...] Read more.

To address the susceptibility of traditional concrete to explosive spalling and the lack of in situ damage-monitoring methods at high temperatures, in this study, a novel self-sensing, high-temperature-resistant Engineered Cementitious Composite (ECC) was developed. The matrix contains eco-friendly glass sand reinforced with a hybrid system of polypropylene fibers (PPFs) and carbon fibers (CFs). The evolution of mechanical properties and the multimodal self-sensing characteristics of the ECC were systematically investigated following thermal treatment from 20 °C to 800 °C. The results indicate that the hybrid system exhibits a significant synergistic effect: through PFFs’ pore-forming mechanism, internal vapor pressure is effectively released to mitigate spalling, while CFs provide residual strength compensation. Mechanically, the compressive strength increased by 51.32% (0.9% CF + 1.0% PPF) at 400 °C compared to ambient temperature, attributed to high-temperature-activated secondary hydration. Regarding self-sensing, the composite containing 1.1% CF and 1.5% PPF displayed superior thermosensitivity during heating (resistivity reduction of 49.1%), indicating potential for early fire warnings. Notably, pressure sensitivity was enhanced after high-temperature exposure, with the 0.7% CF + 0.5% PPF group achieving a Fractional Change in Resistivity of 31.1% at 600 °C. Conversely, flexural sensitivity presented a “thermally induced attenuation effect” primarily attributed to high-temperature-induced interfacial weakening. This study confirms that the “pore-formation” mechanism, combined with the reconstruction of the conductive network, governs the material’s macroscopic properties, providing a theoretical basis for green, intelligent, and fire-safe infrastructure. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Processing, Characterization and Engineering Application of Fiber-Reinforced Thermoplastic Polymer Composites—2nd Edition)

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8 pages, 1600 KB

Open AccessCase Report

Long-Term Response Without Immune-Related Adverse Events to Atezolizumab Treatment in TMB-High Thymoma: A Case Report from the KOSMOS-II Study

by In Hee Lee, Moonsik Kim, An Na Seo, Soo Jung Lee and Jee Hyun Kim

J. Clin. Med. 2026, 15(3), 958; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm15030958 (registering DOI) - 25 Jan 2026

Abstract

Background: Thymic epithelial tumors (TETs), including thymic carcinomas and thymomas, are rare malignancies originating in the mediastinum. Therapeutic options remain limited for patients experiencing disease progression following platinum-based chemotherapy. High tumor mutational burden (TMB) is uncommon in thymic malignancies but may predict response [...] Read more.

Background: Thymic epithelial tumors (TETs), including thymic carcinomas and thymomas, are rare malignancies originating in the mediastinum. Therapeutic options remain limited for patients experiencing disease progression following platinum-based chemotherapy. High tumor mutational burden (TMB) is uncommon in thymic malignancies but may predict response to immunotherapy. We report a patient with TMB-high TET who participated in the KOSMOS-II study in South Korea and achieved a durable response to atezolizumab without developing immune-related adverse events (irAEs). Case presentation: A 73-year-old woman who had been treated for thymoma 20 years ago presented with a left neck mass. A biopsy of the neck mass confirmed recurrent thymoma, type B3, and her disease progressed despite platinum-based chemotherapy and subsequent pemetrexed treatment. TMB-high thymoma is very rare, but based on the next-generation sequencing (NGS) results, she was diagnosed with TMB-high (20.3 mutations/Mb) thymoma. As TMB-based immunotherapy is not approved in Korea, she was enrolled in the KOSMOS-II study and initiated on atezolizumab following molecular tumor board review. She achieved stable disease after three cycles and has remained progression-free for 14 months, completing 20 cycles without significant irAEs. Notably, her underlying myasthenia gravis did not worsen during treatment. Conclusions: This case demonstrates a favorable outcome with biomarker-directed ICI treatment in recurrent thymoma with limited treatment options, highlighting the importance of appropriate molecular markers to predict drug response. Although TMB-based immunotherapy is FDA-approved in the U.S., it remains unavailable in Korea, underscoring the need to explore flexible access pathways, including the potential use of immunotherapy beyond current indications, to improve treatment options for patients with life-threatening conditions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Oncology)

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16 pages, 2660 KB

Open AccessArticle

The Critical Role of Steroid Regimen for Lung Repair in Experimental Diffuse Alveolar Damage

by Aleksandr Chernov, Georgii Telegin, Evgeny Sinitsyn, Alexey Dmitriev, Viktor Palikov, Vitaly Kazakov, Maksim Rodionov, Igor Rybalkin, Tatiana Vlasik, Alexey Belogurov and Kirill Zykov

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2026, 27(3), 1199; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms27031199 (registering DOI) - 25 Jan 2026

Abstract

Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is a common condition among intensive care unit patients and is associated with high mortality. Currently, there are no unified therapeutic strategies, including for the use of systemic glucocorticosteroid (GCS) therapy, in the management of ARDS of various [...] Read more.

Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is a common condition among intensive care unit patients and is associated with high mortality. Currently, there are no unified therapeutic strategies, including for the use of systemic glucocorticosteroid (GCS) therapy, in the management of ARDS of various etiologies. Using our previously developed non-surgical and reproducible model of unilateral total diffuse alveolar damage (ARDS/DAD) in the left lung of ICR mice, we investigated the effects of GCS with different durations of action and administration regimens on lung function recovery. Our data show that repeated-course administration of dexamethasone promoted complete normalization of respiratory function, as well as restoration of aeration and perfusion of the left lung in mice following ARDS/DAD induction. In contrast, a single administration of the same drug or the use of a prolonged-release formulation, despite exhibiting anti-inflammatory effects, did not provide adequate lung tissue recovery and, in some cases, even exacerbated injury. These results underscore that in ARDS therapy, not just the use but the specific dosing regimen of glucocorticoids is critically important for driving complete functional and structural lung repair. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Lung Research: From Mechanisms to Therapeutic Innovation)

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20 pages, 2744 KB

Open AccessArticle

Spermine: A Hemoglobin Modifier That Reduces Autoxidation and Regulates Oxygen Delivery

by Peilin Shu, Zongtang Chu, Guoxing You, Weidan Li, Yuzhi Chen, Huiqin Jin, Hong Zhou, Ying Wang and Lian Zhao

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2026, 27(3), 1197; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms27031197 (registering DOI) - 25 Jan 2026

Abstract

One of the major factors currently hindering the development of hemoglobin-based oxygen carriers (HBOCs) is the autoxidation of hemoglobin to inactive methemoglobin (MetHb). The effects of spermine on the stability, aggregation, structure, and function of adult hemoglobin (HbA) were studied. The interaction of [...] Read more.

One of the major factors currently hindering the development of hemoglobin-based oxygen carriers (HBOCs) is the autoxidation of hemoglobin to inactive methemoglobin (MetHb). The effects of spermine on the stability, aggregation, structure, and function of adult hemoglobin (HbA) were studied. The interaction of spermine with HbA was elucidated by dynamic light scattering, colloid osmotic pressure measurements, thermal denaturation analysis, static light scattering, and oxygen dissociation assay. The antioxidant capacity of spermine was confirmed through UV–vis spectroscopic recordings, calculations of MetHb formation, and hydroxyl radical scavenging. The P50 value was determined by the oxygen dissociation curve to investigate the roles of spermine in increasing HbA’s oxygen affinity. The pH-dependent affinity between spermine and HbA was validated through surface plasmon resonance experiments. The transformation of HbA’s partial α-helix to a β-sheet structure induced by spermine was clarified using a microfluidic modulation spectrometer. The binding of spermine to βASP99, βGLU101, αTHR38, and αASN97 on HbA and the conformational shift in HbA towards the ‘R’ state were investigated via molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulations. In a word, spermine can enhance the oxygen affinity of HbA, effectively reduce autoxidation, and hold promise for applications in the research of HBOCs or hemoglobin modification. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Molecular Biology)

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12 pages, 598 KB

Open AccessArticle

Laboratory-Based Surveillance and Genetic Diversity of Enteric Adenovirus Among Children in Argentina, 2022–2024

by Juan Ignacio Degiuseppe, Paula Mabel Moron, Christian Barrios Mathieur and Argentinean Surveillance Network for Viral Gastroenteritis

Trop. Med. Infect. Dis. 2026, 11(2), 35; https://doi.org/10.3390/tropicalmed11020035 (registering DOI) - 25 Jan 2026

Abstract

Enteric adenoviruses are recognized causes of pediatric acute gastroenteritis, yet national-level data on their epidemiology and genetic diversity in Argentina remain limited. This study aimed to describe the laboratory-based surveillance of enteric adenoviruses and to characterize the circulating genotypes among children during the [...] Read more.

Enteric adenoviruses are recognized causes of pediatric acute gastroenteritis, yet national-level data on their epidemiology and genetic diversity in Argentina remain limited. This study aimed to describe the laboratory-based surveillance of enteric adenoviruses and to characterize the circulating genotypes among children during the 2022–2024 period. Data were obtained from the Argentine National Health Surveillance System, including weekly aggregated reports of adenovirus testing results from clinical laboratories nationwide. Detection frequencies were analyzed by year, age group, clinical setting, geographic region, and epidemiological week. Molecular characterization was performed using partial hexon gene sequencing. A total of 22,826 stool samples were tested, of which 1530 (6.7%) were positive for adenovirus, with no significant differences in positivity across years. Detection rates were highest among children under 1 year of age and were consistently greater in outpatient and emergency department settings compared with hospitalized patients. No clear seasonal pattern was observed. Genotyping revealed a predominance of HAdV-F41, with sporadic detection of non-enteric adenovirus types. These findings provide the first nationwide overview of enteric adenovirus circulation and genetic diversity in Argentina, highlighting stable transmission patterns and supporting the value of sustained laboratory surveillance to better characterize viral gastroenteritis etiology in the post-rotavirus vaccination era. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Viral Enteropathogens in Pediatric Populations)

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13 pages, 706 KB

Open AccessArticle

Addressing Pharmacy Admissions Declines Through a Student-Led Pre-Health Advising and Leadership System (PAALS): An Implementation Evaluation

by Ashim Malhotra

Pharmacy 2026, 14(1), 15; https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmacy14010015 (registering DOI) - 25 Jan 2026

Abstract

To enhance PharmD student leadership and advocacy skills, combat the paucity of trained pre-health advisors for pharmacy admissions, augment community relationships, and increase pharmacy admissions volume, we designed, implemented, and assessed PAALS, a Pre-health Academic Advising and Leadership System. PAALS was grounded in [...] Read more.

To enhance PharmD student leadership and advocacy skills, combat the paucity of trained pre-health advisors for pharmacy admissions, augment community relationships, and increase pharmacy admissions volume, we designed, implemented, and assessed PAALS, a Pre-health Academic Advising and Leadership System. PAALS was grounded in Astin’s Theory of Student Involvement and evaluated using the RE-AIM implementation science framework. RE-AIM measured outcomes across Reach, Effectiveness, Adoption, Implementation, and Maintenance as indicators of PAALS’s scale, fidelity, sustainability, and institutional embedding. Analysis of PAALS using the RE-AIM framework demonstrated the following outcomes: (1) Reach: 42 P1-P3 PharmD students participated as mentors; external partnerships expanded from 2 to 8 regional high schools and community programs; and more than 25 mentored learners successfully matriculated into the PharmD program. (2) Effectiveness: students enacted sustained leadership, advocacy, and mentoring roles. (3) Adoption: voluntary uptake of mentoring and governance roles by PharmD students occurred with repeated engagement by external partner institutions. (4) Implementation: Core program components were delivered consistently using existing institutional resources. (5) Maintenance: PAALS remained operational across five academic years despite student turnover, with leadership succession and institutional embedding sustained across cohorts. Our findings demonstrate that student-led advising and advocacy ecosystems address critical gaps in pharmacy-specific pre-health advising models. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Pharmacy Education and Student/Practitioner Training)

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18 pages, 4082 KB

Open AccessArticle

Electrochemical Characterization of a Molecularly Imprinted Polymer Sensor for the Selective Recognition of Type II Collagen in Joint Degeneration Monitoring

by Jindapa Nampeng, Naphatsawan Vongmanee, Chuchart Pintavirooj and Sarinporn Visitsattapongse

Polymers 2026, 18(3), 321; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym18030321 (registering DOI) - 25 Jan 2026

Abstract

Type II collagen is a primary fibrillar component of articular cartilage, and its early degradation is a key biomarker of joint-degenerative disorders such as osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, gout, etc. Reliable detection at low concentrations remains challenging due to limited assay accessibility, complex analytical [...] Read more.

Type II collagen is a primary fibrillar component of articular cartilage, and its early degradation is a key biomarker of joint-degenerative disorders such as osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, gout, etc. Reliable detection at low concentrations remains challenging due to limited assay accessibility, complex analytical procedures, and nonspecific responses in multicomponent biological matrices. This research reports the development of a Molecularly Imprinted Polymer (MIP)–based electrochemical sensor engineered for the selective recognition of type II collagen. A series of monomer formulations were evaluated, and the 1AAM:2VP composition produced a well-defined imprinted layer on screen-printed carbon electrodes, yielding the highest electrochemical sensitivity and linearity. The optimized sensor exhibited strong anodic and cathodic responses proportional to increasing collagen concentrations, with a calibration slope corresponding to an R² value of 0.9394. Minimal signal interference was observed, confirming high molecular selectivity. The limit of detection (LOD) was calculated to be approximately 0.065 µg/mL. These characteristics demonstrate that the proposed MIP sensor provides a low-cost, accessible, and highly selective analytical platform suitable for early-stage cartilage degeneration monitoring. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Molecularly Imprinted Polymers)

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12 pages, 3471 KB

Open AccessArticle

Water-Stable Perovskite Quantum Dots for Wide-Color-Gamut White-Light-Emitting Diodes

by Chenyang Fan, Chengzhao Luo, Yanhui Ding, Siwen Xia, Junlong Wu, Yunpeng Xiao and Yu Chen

Photonics 2026, 13(2), 108; https://doi.org/10.3390/photonics13020108 (registering DOI) - 25 Jan 2026

Abstract

Perovskite quantum dots (PQDs) based on CsPbX₃ (X = Cl, Br, I) have attracted extensive attention due to their outstanding optoelectronic properties; however, their practical applications are hindered by poor environmental stability. In this work, a sequential surface-modification strategy is developed to [...] Read more.

Perovskite quantum dots (PQDs) based on CsPbX₃ (X = Cl, Br, I) have attracted extensive attention due to their outstanding optoelectronic properties; however, their practical applications are hindered by poor environmental stability. In this work, a sequential surface-modification strategy is developed to address these limitations. First, CsPbBr₃ PQDs are passivated with (3-aminopropyl) triethoxysilane (APTES), which reduces surface defects and enhances the photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY) from 38.5% to 74.4%. Subsequently, a dense silica shell is constructed via in situ hydrolysis of tetramethyl orthosilicate (TMOS), further improving the PLQY to 95.6% and significantly boosting environmental stability. Structural and optical characterizations confirm effective defect passivation and suppress non-radiative recombination, with carrier lifetimes extended from 2.5 ns to 36.9 ns. Remarkably, the silica-coated PQDs retain over 50% of their initial emission intensity after 100 min of water immersion, far exceeding the stability of uncoated counterparts. Furthermore, when integrated with a commercial K₂SiF₆: Mn⁴⁺ red phosphor and a blue light-emitting diode (LED) chip, the resulting white LED (WLED) exhibits a wide color gamut covering 104% of the National Television System Committee (NTSC) standard and Commission Internationale de l’Éclairage (CIE) coordinates of (0.323, 0.331), closely matching standard white light. Importantly, only the silica-coated PQDs maintain a stable electrically driven device emission spectrum after water exposure. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Quantum Dot Light-Emitting Diodes: Innovations and Applications)

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16 pages, 5821 KB

Open AccessArticle

Experimental Study on Strain Evolution of Grouted Rock Mass with Inclined Fractures Using Digital Image Correlation

by Qixin Ai, Ying Fan, Lei Zhu and Sihong Huang

Appl. Sci. 2026, 16(3), 1224; https://doi.org/10.3390/app16031224 (registering DOI) - 25 Jan 2026

Abstract

To address the depletion of shallow coal resources, mining activities have progressed to greater depths, where rock masses contain numerous fractures due to complex geological conditions, making grouting reinforcement essential for ensuring stability. Using digital image correlation, this study investigated the strain evolution [...] Read more.

To address the depletion of shallow coal resources, mining activities have progressed to greater depths, where rock masses contain numerous fractures due to complex geological conditions, making grouting reinforcement essential for ensuring stability. Using digital image correlation, this study investigated the strain evolution characteristics of grouted fractured specimens of three rock types—mudstone, coal–rock, and sandstone—under uniaxial compression. Analysis of the strain evolution process focused on two typical fracture inclinations of 0° and 60°, while examination of the peak strain characteristics covered five inclinations, namely 0°, 15°, 30°, 45°, and 60°. The findings indicate that the mechanical response varies systematically with lithology and fracture inclination. The post-peak curves differ significantly among rock types: coal–rock shows a gentle descent, mudstone exhibits a rapid strength drop but higher residual strength, and sandstone is characterized by “serrated” fluctuations. The failure mode transitions from tensile splitting at a horizontal inclination of 0° to shear failure at inclinations of 15°, 30°, 45°, and 60°. Strain nephograms corresponding to the peak stress point D reveal sharp, band-shaped zones of strain localization. The maximum principal strain exhibits a non-monotonic trend, first increasing and then decreasing with increasing inclination angle. For grouted coal–rock and sandstone, the peak values of 47.47 and 45.00 occur at α = 45°. In contrast, grouted mudstone reaches a maximum value of 26.80 at α = 30°, indicating its lower susceptibility to damage. The study systematically clarifies the strain evolution behavior of grouted fractured rock masses, providing a theoretical basis for evaluating the effectiveness of reinforcement and predicting failure mechanisms. Crucially, the findings highlight mudstone’s role as a high-integrity medium and the particular vulnerability of horizontal fractures, offering direct guidance for the targeted grouting design in stratified rock formations. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances and Challenges in Rock Mechanics and Rock Engineering, 2nd Edition)

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18 pages, 5094 KB

Open AccessArticle

Effects of Ritonavir, Lopinavir, and Alcohol on ABC Transporters and Secretion of Bile Acid and Bilirubin in Senescent Hepatocytes

by Liting Chen, Eric Duran, Diego Headrick and Cheng Ji

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2026, 27(3), 1189; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms27031189 (registering DOI) - 25 Jan 2026

Abstract

Drug- and alcohol-induced liver injury involves impaired bile acids or bilirubin secretion, but it is not known how senescence influences the secretion of hepatocytes exposed to drugs and alcohol. In this study, the toxic effects of ritonavir, lopinavir, and alcohol on hepatocyte transporters [...] Read more.

Drug- and alcohol-induced liver injury involves impaired bile acids or bilirubin secretion, but it is not known how senescence influences the secretion of hepatocytes exposed to drugs and alcohol. In this study, the toxic effects of ritonavir, lopinavir, and alcohol on hepatocyte transporters and the secretion of bile acids and bilirubin were investigated in hydrogen peroxide-induced senescent HepG2 and doxorubicin-induced senescent primary human hepatocytes. In HepG2, intracellular conjugated bilirubin increased upon senescence and extracellular conjugated bilirubin in culture medium was decreased by ritonavir and lopinavir treatment. In the primary hepatocytes, intracellular bile acids or medium bilirubin were not significantly changed upon senescence. However, intracellular bile acids were increased, and medium conjugated bilirubin were decreased in senescent primary hepatocytes treated with alcohol and the two drugs. Transcriptional expressions of adenosine triphosphate (ATP)-binding cassette (ABC) transporters (ABCB4, ABCC6, ABCB11, and ABCD3) were decreased whereas UDP-glucuronosyltransferase (UGT1A1) was increased by ritonavir and lopinavir in senescent HepG2. In senescent primary hepatocytes, expressions of ABCB11, ABCC1, ABCC2, ABCC3, ABCC4, and ABCC6 were apparently reduced whereas UGT1A1 and the cytochrome P450 enzyme CYP7A1 were markedly increased by alcohol combined with ritonavir and lopinavir. Selective ABCC6 knockdown in the primary hepatocytes altered expressions of two senescence markers, Lamin A/C and cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor CKI (p21), increased expressions of CYP7A1 and hydroxy methyl glutaryl-CoA reductase (HMGCR), and increased intracellular bile acids. Further, anti-cholestasis agents, ursodeoxycholic acid and glycyrrhizin, significantly ameliorated the impaired secretions of bile acids and bilirubin as well as reducing intracellular lipid accumulation and cell death caused by ritonavir, lopinavir, and alcohol in the primary hepatocytes with ABCC6 knockdown. These results indicate that senescence moderately impairs the ABC transporters of hepatocytes and secretion of bile acids or bilirubin, which become worse in the presence of the drugs and alcohol but could be improved by anti-cholestasis agents. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Toxicology Research: Understanding and Predicting Compound—Induced Toxicity)

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16 pages, 1834 KB

Open AccessArticle

FPC-Net: Revisiting SuperPoint with Descriptor-Free Keypoint Detection via Feature Pyramids and Consistency-Based Implicit Matching

by Ionuț-Orlando Grigore-Atimuț, Claudiu Leoveanu-Condrei and Călin-Adrian Popa

Appl. Sci. 2026, 16(3), 1223; https://doi.org/10.3390/app16031223 (registering DOI) - 25 Jan 2026

Abstract

The extraction and matching of interest points are fundamental to many geometric computer vision tasks. Traditionally, matching is performed by assigning descriptors to interest points and identifying correspondences based on descriptor similarity. This work introduces a technique whereby interest points are inherently associated [...] Read more.

The extraction and matching of interest points are fundamental to many geometric computer vision tasks. Traditionally, matching is performed by assigning descriptors to interest points and identifying correspondences based on descriptor similarity. This work introduces a technique whereby interest points are inherently associated during detection, eliminating the need for computing, storing, transmitting, or matching descriptors. Although the matching accuracy is marginally lower than that of conventional approaches, our method completely eliminates the need for descriptors, leading to a drastic reduction in memory usage for localization systems. We assess its effectiveness by comparing it against both classical handcrafted methods and modern learned approaches. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Applications of Deep Learning and Artificial Intelligence Methods: 3rd Edition)

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41 pages, 5336 KB

Open AccessReview

From Processing to Performance: Innovations and Challenges in Ceramic-Based Materials

by Sachin Kumar Sharma, Sandra Gajević, Lokesh Kumar Sharma, Yogesh Sharma, Mohit Sharma, Saša Milojević, Slobodan Savić and Blaža Stojanović

Crystals 2026, 16(2), 85; https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst16020085 (registering DOI) - 25 Jan 2026

Abstract

In aerospace, defense, and energy systems, ceramic matrix composites (CMCs) are smart structural materials designed to function continuously in harsh mechanical, thermal, and oxidative conditions. Using high-strength fiber reinforcements and tailored interphases that enable damage-tolerant behavior, their creation tackles the intrinsic brittleness and [...] Read more.

In aerospace, defense, and energy systems, ceramic matrix composites (CMCs) are smart structural materials designed to function continuously in harsh mechanical, thermal, and oxidative conditions. Using high-strength fiber reinforcements and tailored interphases that enable damage-tolerant behavior, their creation tackles the intrinsic brittleness and low fracture toughness of monolithic ceramics. With a focus on chemical vapor infiltration, polymer infiltration and pyrolysis, melt infiltration, and additive manufacturing, this paper critically analyzes current developments in microstructural design, processing technologies, and interfacial engineering. Toughening mechanisms are examined in connection to multiscale mechanical responses, including controlled debonding, fiber bridging, fracture deflection, and energy dissipation pathways. Cutting-edge environmental barrier coatings are assessed alongside environmental durability issues like oxidation, volatilization, and hot corrosion. High-performance braking, nuclear systems, hypersonic vehicles, and turbine propulsion are evaluated as emerging uses. Future directions emphasize self-healing systems, ultra-high-temperature design, and environmentally friendly production methods. Full article

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27 pages, 823 KB

Open AccessReview

Green Synthesis of Biocatalysts for Sustainable Biofuel Production: Advances, Challenges, and Future Directions

by Ghazala Muteeb, Asmaa Waled Abdelrahman, Mohamed Abdelrahman Mohamed, Youssef Basem, Abanoub Sherif, Mohammad Aatif, Mohd Farhan, Ghazi I. Al Jowf, Anabelle P. Buran-Omar and Doaa S. R. Khafaga

Catalysts 2026, 16(2), 115; https://doi.org/10.3390/catal16020115 (registering DOI) - 25 Jan 2026

Abstract

The accelerating global demand for sustainable energy, driven by population growth, industrialization, and environmental concerns, has intensified the search for renewable alternatives to fossil fuels. Biofuels, including bioethanol, biodiesel, biogas, and biohydrogen, offer a viable and practical pathway to reducing net carbon dioxide [...] Read more.

The accelerating global demand for sustainable energy, driven by population growth, industrialization, and environmental concerns, has intensified the search for renewable alternatives to fossil fuels. Biofuels, including bioethanol, biodiesel, biogas, and biohydrogen, offer a viable and practical pathway to reducing net carbon dioxide (CO₂) emissions. Yet, their large-scale production remains constrained by biomass recalcitrance, high pretreatment costs, and the enzyme-intensive nature of conversion processes. Recent advances in enzyme immobilization using magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs), covalent organic frameworks, metal–organic frameworks, and biochar have significantly improved enzyme stability, recyclability, and catalytic efficiency. Complementary strategies such as cross-linked enzyme aggregates, carrier-free immobilization, and site-specific attachment further reduce enzyme leaching and operational costs, particularly in lipase-mediated biodiesel synthesis. In addition to biocatalysis, nanozymes—nanomaterials exhibiting enzyme-like activity—are emerging as robust co-catalysts for biomass degradation and upgrading, although challenges in selectivity and environmental safety persist. Green synthesis approaches employing plant extracts, microbes, and agro-industrial wastes are increasingly adopted to produce eco-friendly nanomaterials and bio-derived supports aligned with circular economy principles. These functionalized materials have demonstrated promising performance in esterification, transesterification, and catalytic routes for biohydrogen generation. Technoeconomic and lifecycle assessments emphasize the need to balance catalyst complexity with environmental and economic sustainability. Multifunctional catalysts, process intensification strategies, and engineered thermostable enzymes are improving productivity. Looking forward, pilot-scale validation of green-synthesized nano- and biomaterials, coupled with appropriate regulatory frameworks, will be critical for real-world deployment. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Design and Application of Combined Catalysis, 2nd Edition)

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12 pages, 530 KB

Open AccessArticle

Results and Future Perspectives of the Sustainable Anesthesia Project: A Large-Scale, Real-World Implementation Study at the Largest Spanish Private Healthcare Provider

by Juan Acha-Ganderias, María del Pino Henríquez-de Armas, Luis Enrique Muñoz-Alameda, Ion Cristóbal, Cristina Caramés and Leticia Moral-Iglesias

Healthcare 2026, 14(3), 300; https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare14030300 (registering DOI) - 25 Jan 2026

Abstract

Background: Climate change is a serious threat to global health. The healthcare sector contributes substantially to greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, with anaesthetic gases being a major source of Scope 1 emissions. We aimed to evaluate the 2024 impact of the Sustainable Anesthesia [...] Read more.

Background: Climate change is a serious threat to global health. The healthcare sector contributes substantially to greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, with anaesthetic gases being a major source of Scope 1 emissions. We aimed to evaluate the 2024 impact of the Sustainable Anesthesia Project, designed to reduce the environmental footprint of anaesthetic gases by eliminating and/or replacing the most polluting agents (nitrous oxide and desflurane) with more sustainable alternatives (sevoflurane, total intravenous anaesthesia, and regional/local anaesthesia). Methods: We conducted a descriptive analysis of anaesthetic gas consumption in 2023 and 2024, as well as a comparison of emissions in tons of CO₂, the impact on the carbon footprint, and the potential future emissions savings that full implementation of the project would entail. Results: In the first year, nitrous oxide consumption decreased by 64% and desflurane by 63%. Overall anaesthetic-gas emissions fell by 8386 tCO₂e versus 2023, a 54% relative reduction. Furthermore, the contribution of these gases to the total Scope 1 emissions markedly declined from 35.18% in 2023 to 21.22% in 2024. An additional reduction potential of around 4800 tCO₂e was identified for consolidation by 2025 with full implementation. Conclusions: The results observed in this study demonstrate the success of the Sustainable Anesthesia Project, whose strategy represents an extensible and applicable option to other centers and companies in the health sector to reduce their environmental impact. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Healthcare and Sustainability)

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13 pages, 857 KB

Open AccessArticle

Neurostimulation with Naming Therapy for Primary Progressive Aphasia: A Pilot Study Targeting Transcranial Direct Current (tDCS) Stimulation for the Individual

by Christopher Bernard Leahy, Jennifer C. Thompson, Matthew Jones and Anna Woollams

Brain Sci. 2026, 16(2), 128; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci16020128 (registering DOI) - 25 Jan 2026

Abstract

Background: Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS) in conjunction with behavioural language therapy in PPA has previously been modified for variation at the group level, but not at the individual level. This pilot study used individualised tDCS targeting by identifying regions of peak [...] Read more.

Background: Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS) in conjunction with behavioural language therapy in PPA has previously been modified for variation at the group level, but not at the individual level. This pilot study used individualised tDCS targeting by identifying regions of peak atrophy in the language system. Methods: Six PPA participants (four semantic and two non-fluent variant) were randomly allocated to receive tDCS or sham stimulation. The target electrode was selected for each based on their region of peak atrophy. Participants received naming therapy, individually calibrated according to baseline naming performance. Three sets of therapy were delivered in conjunction with tDCS (1 mA) or sham stimulation within participants’ homes. The study was not powered to demonstrate efficacy but to show proof-of-concept for an individualised, home-based tDCS targeting method. Results: All participants successfully completed the protocol. In one participant the region of peak atrophy differed from that predicted by clinical syndrome. Significant gains were observed at an individual level for treated items in both groups (2/3 tDCS and 2/3 Sham). No significant changes in untreated items were observed at an individual level. Significant naming improvement in untreated items was not observed for the tDCS group and was seen at one time point only for the Sham group. Conclusions: We have demonstrated the feasibility of a novel method for selecting neurostimulation targets for PPA at the individual level. A larger study would be required to determine the long-term therapeutic efficacy of this method. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Primary Progressive Aphasia: What Happens to Speech and Language? What Can We Do to Help?)

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24 pages, 7770 KB

Open AccessArticle

Multi-Response Optimization of Thermal Conductivity and Rheological Behavior in Nanoparticle-Enhanced Vegetable Oil Emulsions

by Vishal Shenoy P, Vijay Kini M, Raghuvir Pai B, Srinivas Shenoy Heckadka, Raviraj Shetty, Supriya J. P and Adithya Hegde

J. Compos. Sci. 2026, 10(2), 63; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs10020063 (registering DOI) - 25 Jan 2026

Abstract

In metal cutting industries, optimizing the thermal conductivity and viscosity of vegetable oil-based cutting fluids is critical for ensuring efficient heat dissipation, effective lubrication, and sustainability, directly influencing tool life and machining performance. This study presents a comprehensive experimental analysis employing statistical methods, [...] Read more.

In metal cutting industries, optimizing the thermal conductivity and viscosity of vegetable oil-based cutting fluids is critical for ensuring efficient heat dissipation, effective lubrication, and sustainability, directly influencing tool life and machining performance. This study presents a comprehensive experimental analysis employing statistical methods, particularly Taguchi’s Design of Experiments, to evaluate the thermal conductivity and viscosity of Pongamia pinnata, sunflower, and coconut oil incorporated with Silicon Dioxide (SiO₂), Hexagonal Boron Nitride (hBN), and Cupric Oxide (CuO) nanoparticles across different emulsion ratios and nanoparticle volume fractions. The results revealed that Pongamia pinnata oil containing 0.5 (Vol.%) SiO₂ nanoparticles at an emulsion ratio of 1:7 achieved the maximum thermal conductivity, measured at 0.637 W/mK. Additionally, the results revealed that Pongamia pinnata oil at an emulsion ratio of 1:13 exhibited the highest viscosity of 1.33 mPa·S, confirming that both the type of cutting oil and the emulsion ratio are the primary factors influencing viscosity. Further, the ANOVA analysis for thermal conductivity and viscosity highlights that the type of cutting fluid is the dominant factor, accounting for 90.58% of the total variance in thermal conductivity and 70.47% in viscosity, each with a highly significant p-value of 0.00, underscoring its decisive impact on the stability of both properties. Overall, this research offers important guidance for the selection and formulation of vegetable oil-based emulsions with nanoparticle additives. The results support the development of advanced nano lubricants with enhanced performance, catering to the increasing requirements of diverse industrial applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Composites Manufacturing and Processing)

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3 pages, 142 KB

Open AccessEditorial

Surface Chemistry and Reagents in Flotation

by Shiva Mohammadi-Jam

Minerals 2026, 16(2), 128; https://doi.org/10.3390/min16020128 (registering DOI) - 25 Jan 2026

Abstract

For over a century, froth flotation has been a cornerstone of the global mining industry, responsible for concentrating base-metal sulfide ores and underpinning the production of copper, zinc, lead, nickel, and associated metals worldwide [...] Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Surface Chemistry and Reagents in Flotation)

15 pages, 3325 KB

Open AccessArticle

Structural Study of L-Arabinose Isomerase from Latilactobacillus sakei

by Suwon Yang, Jeonghwa Cheon and Jung-Min Choi

Crystals 2026, 16(2), 84; https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst16020084 (registering DOI) - 25 Jan 2026

Abstract

D-Tagatose is a rare sugar of interest as a low-calorie sweetener, and enzymatic isomerization of D-galactose is a practical production route. L-arabinose isomerase (L-AI; EC 5.3.1.4) is a promising catalyst for the above process, but many characterized L-AIs perform best at alkaline pH [...] Read more.

D-Tagatose is a rare sugar of interest as a low-calorie sweetener, and enzymatic isomerization of D-galactose is a practical production route. L-arabinose isomerase (L-AI; EC 5.3.1.4) is a promising catalyst for the above process, but many characterized L-AIs perform best at alkaline pH and high temperature and often require substantial divalent metal supplementation (e.g., Mn²⁺/Co²⁺), which complicates food-grade processing. Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) are attractive sources of food-compatible enzymes, yet structural information for LAB-derived L-AIs has been limited. Here, we report the 2.6 Å X-ray crystal structure of L-AI from Latilactobacillus sakei 23K (LsAI) and define its oligomeric assembly. Although the asymmetric unit contains a single monomer, crystallographic symmetry reconstructs a D₃-symmetric homohexamer composed of two face-to-face trimers, consistent with a higher-order assembly in solution. Interface analysis shows predominantly polar interaction networks, and normalized B-factor mapping reveals localized flexibility near active-site-proximal regions. These findings provide a structural basis for understanding LAB-derived L-AIs and support structure-guided engineering toward food-grade, low-metal biocatalysts for rare-sugar production. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Structure and Characterization of Enzymes)

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28 pages, 5622 KB

Open AccessArticle

A Multi-Class Bahadur–Lazarsfeld Expansion Framework for Pixel-Level Fusion in Multi-Sensor Land Cover Classification

by Spiros Papadopoulos, Georgia Koukiou and Vassilis Anastassopoulos

Remote Sens. 2026, 18(3), 399; https://doi.org/10.3390/rs18030399 (registering DOI) - 25 Jan 2026

Abstract

In many land cover classification tasks, the limited precision of individual sensors hinders the accurate separation of certain classes, largely due to the complexity of the Earth’s surface morphology. To mitigate these issues, decision fusion methodologies are employed, allowing data from multiple sensors [...] Read more.

In many land cover classification tasks, the limited precision of individual sensors hinders the accurate separation of certain classes, largely due to the complexity of the Earth’s surface morphology. To mitigate these issues, decision fusion methodologies are employed, allowing data from multiple sensors to be synthesized into robust and more conclusive classification outcomes. This study employs fully polarimetric Synthetic Aperture Radar (PolSAR) imagery and leverages the strengths of three decomposition methods, namely Pauli’s, Krogager’s, and Cloude’s, by extracting their respective components for improved detection. From each decomposition method, three scattering components are derived, enabling the extraction of informative features that describe the scattering behavior associated with various land cover types. The extracted scattering features, treated as independent sensors, were used to train three neural network classifiers. The resulting outputs were then considered as local decisions for each land cover type and subsequently fused through a decision fusion rule to generate more complete and accurate classification results. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed Multi-Class Bahadur–Lazarsfeld Expansion (MC-BLE) fusion significantly enhances classification performance, achieving an overall accuracy (OA) of 95.78% and a Kappa coefficient of 0.94. Compared to individual classification methods, the fusion notably improved per-class accuracy, particularly for complex land cover boundaries. The core innovation of this work is the transformation of the Bahadur–Lazarsfeld Expansion (BLE), originally designed for binary decision fusion into a multi-class framework capable of addressing multiple land cover types, resulting in a more effective and reliable decision fusion strategy. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Multispectral Image Processing for Land Use and Land Cover Mapping)

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10 pages, 626 KB

Open AccessArticle

Discordance for Defects in Monochorionic Twins: Prevalence and Impact on Perinatal Outcomes

by Ewelina Litwinska, Izabela Walasik, Monika Szpotanska-Sikorska, Paweł Stanirowski, Tomasz Góra, Tomasz Szajner, Anna Janowicz-Grelewska, Aleksandra Księżopolska, Artur Ludwin and Magdalena Litwinska

Diagnostics 2026, 16(3), 385; https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics16030385 (registering DOI) - 25 Jan 2026

Abstract

Background: Monozygotic twin pregnancies are at increased risk of congenital abnormalities compared to singletons. In 20% of cases, both fetuses are affected (concordance), while in 80% of cases, only one fetus is affected (discordance). This study examines the prevalence of discordance for [...] Read more.

Background: Monozygotic twin pregnancies are at increased risk of congenital abnormalities compared to singletons. In 20% of cases, both fetuses are affected (concordance), while in 80% of cases, only one fetus is affected (discordance). This study examines the prevalence of discordance for structural defects in monochorionic (MC) twins, with normal aCGH comparative genomic hybridization (aCGH), reporting the types of detected abnormalities and their possible impact on perinatal outcomes, including the rate of single and double fetal loss before 24 weeks’ gestation and the rate of preterm birth (PB) before 32 weeks’ gestation. Methods: This was a retrospective study of discordant structural fetal anomalies in MC twin pregnancies detected at first-trimester scanning in three fetal medicine centers in Poland. Results: In the study population of 381 monochorionic twin pregnancies examined at 11–13 weeks’ gestation, 21 (5.5%) pregnancies showed discordant structural defects with normal aCGH result. The most common were cardiac defects (n = 8), followed by central nervous system (CNS) (n = 6) defects and facial anomalies (n = 3). Single or double fetal loss before 28 weeks occurred in four (19%) and two (9%) cases, respectively, and was associated with intertwin crown–rump length (CRL) discordance greater than 20% (p = 0.046). PB before 32 weeks’ gestation occurred in nine cases (47%) and was strongly associated with polyhydramnios (p = 0.001), which occurred mainly in CNS and facial defects. Conclusions: The prevalence of discordant structural defects with normal aCGH results among monochorionic twins is approximately 5%. In pregnancies with discordant defects, cardiac defects are the most common. Intertwin discordance greater than than 20% is associated with an increased risk of fetal demise. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advancements in Maternal–Fetal Medicine: 2nd Edition)

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14 pages, 487 KB

Open AccessArticle

The Role of AI-Generated Clinical Image Descriptions in Enhancing Teledermatology Diagnosis: A Cross-Sectional Exploratory Study

by Jonathan Shapiro, Binyamin Greenfield, Itay Cohen, Roni P. Dodiuk-Gad, Yuliya Valdman-Grinshpoun, Tamar Freud, Anna Lyakhovitsky, Ziad Khamaysi and Emily Avitan-Hersh

Diagnostics 2026, 16(3), 384; https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics16030384 (registering DOI) - 25 Jan 2026

Abstract

Background/Objectives: AI models such as ChatGPT-4 have shown strong performance in dermatology; however, the diagnostic value of AI-generated clinical image descriptions remains underexplored. This study assesses whether ChatGPT-4’s image descriptions can support accurate dermatologic diagnosis and evaluates their potential integration into the Electronic [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: AI models such as ChatGPT-4 have shown strong performance in dermatology; however, the diagnostic value of AI-generated clinical image descriptions remains underexplored. This study assesses whether ChatGPT-4’s image descriptions can support accurate dermatologic diagnosis and evaluates their potential integration into the Electronic Medical Record (EMR) system. Materials & Methods: In this Exploratory cross-sectional study, we analyzed images and descriptions from teledermatology consultations conducted between December 2023 and February 2024. ChatGPT-4 generated clinical descriptions for each image, which two senior dermatologists then used to formulate differential diagnoses. Diagnoses based on ChatGPT-4’s output were compared to those derived from the original clinical notes written by teledermatologists. Concordance was categorized as Top1 (exact match), Top3 (correct within top three), Partial, or No match. Results: The study included 154 image descriptions from 67 male and 87 female patients, aged 0 to 93 years. ChatGPT-4 descriptions averaged 74.3 ± 33.1 words, compared to 7.9 ± 3.0 words for teledermatologists. At least one of the two dermatologists achieved a Top 3 concordance rate of 82.5% using ChatGPT-4’s descriptions and 85.3% with teledermatologist descriptions. Conclusions: Preliminary findings highlight the potential integration of ChatGPT-4-generated descriptions into EMRs to enhance documentation. Although AI descriptions were longer, they did not enhance diagnostic accuracy, and expert validation remained essential. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Artificial Intelligence in Diagnostics: From Algorithms to Clinical Impact)

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19 pages, 1261 KB

Open AccessArticle

Predictive Modeling of Food Extrusion Using Hemp Residues: A Machine Learning Approach for Sustainable Ruminant Nutrition

by Aylin Socorro Saenz Santillano, Damián Reyes Jáquez, Rubén Guerrero Rivera, Efrén Delgado, Hiram Medrano Roldan and Josué Ortiz Medina

Processes 2026, 14(3), 418; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr14030418 (registering DOI) - 25 Jan 2026

Abstract

Predictive modeling of extrusion processes through machine learning (ML) offers significant improvements over classical response surface methodology (RSM) when addressing nonlinear and multivariable systems. This study evaluated hemp residues (Cannabis sativa) as a non-conventional ingredient in ruminant diets and compared the [...] Read more.

Predictive modeling of extrusion processes through machine learning (ML) offers significant improvements over classical response surface methodology (RSM) when addressing nonlinear and multivariable systems. This study evaluated hemp residues (Cannabis sativa) as a non-conventional ingredient in ruminant diets and compared the performance of polynomial regression models against several ML algorithms, including artificial neural networks (ANNs), random forest (RF), K-Nearest neighbors (KNN), and XGBoost. Three experimental datasets from previous extrusion studies were concatenated with new laboratory experiments, creating a unified database in excel. Input variables included extrusion parameters (temperature, screw speed, and moisture) and formulation components, while output variables comprised expansion index, BD, penetration force, water absorption index and water solubility index. Data preprocessing involved robust z-score detection of outliers (MAD criterion) with intra-group winsorization, followed by normalization to a [−1, +1] range. Hyperparameter optimization of ANN models was performed with Optuna, and all algorithms were evaluated through 5-fold cross-validation and independent external validation sets. Results demonstrated that ML models consistently outperformed quadratic regression, with ANNs achieving R² > 0.80 for BD and water solubility index, and RF excelling in predicting solubility. These findings establish machine learning as a robust predictive framework for extrusion processes and highlight hemp residues as a sustainable feed ingredient with potential to improve ruminant nutrition and reduce environmental impacts. Full article

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16 pages, 898 KB

Open AccessReview

Extremophile Red Algae for Acid Mine Waste Remediation: A Design-Forward Review Focused on Galdieria sulphuraria

by Shaseevarajan Sivanantharajah, Kirusha Sriram, Mathupreetha Sivanesarajah, Sinthuja Nadesananthan and Thinesh Selvaratnam

Processes 2026, 14(3), 417; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr14030417 (registering DOI) - 25 Jan 2026

Abstract

Acid mine drainage (AMD) and acid-generating mine wastes exhibit low pH, high sulfate levels, and complex multi-metal loads that strain conventional treatment. Thermoacidophilic red algae of the order Cyanidiales, particularly Galdieria sulphuraria (G. sulphuraria), have attracted interest as a biological option [...] Read more.

Acid mine drainage (AMD) and acid-generating mine wastes exhibit low pH, high sulfate levels, and complex multi-metal loads that strain conventional treatment. Thermoacidophilic red algae of the order Cyanidiales, particularly Galdieria sulphuraria (G. sulphuraria), have attracted interest as a biological option because they tolerate extreme acidity and elevated temperatures, grow under low light in mixotrophic or heterotrophic modes, and display rapid metal binding at the cell surface. This review synthesizes about two decades of peer-reviewed work to clarify how G. sulphuraria can be deployed as a practical module within mine water treatment trains. We examine the mechanisms of biosorption and bioaccumulation and show how they map onto two distinct configurations. Processed freeze-dried biomass functions as a regenerable sorbent for rare earth elements (REEs) and selected transition metals in packed beds with acid elution for recovery. Living cultures serve as polishing units for divalent metals and, when present, nutrients or dissolved organics under low light. We define realistic operating windows centered on pH 2–5 and temperatures of approximately 25–45 °C, and we identify matrix effects that govern success, including competition from ferric iron and aluminum, turbidity and fouling risks, ionic strength from sulfate, and suppression of REE uptake by phosphate in living systems. Building on laboratory studies, industrial leachate tests, and ecosystem observations, we propose placing G. sulphuraria upstream of bulk neutralization and outline reporting practices that enable cross-site comparison. The goal is an actionable framework that reduces reagent use and sludge generation while enabling metal capture and potential recovery of valuable metals from mine-influenced waters. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Environmental and Green Processes)

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14 pages, 275 KB

Open AccessArticle

Decoloniality, Participation, Organisational Democracy, and Self-Management in Post-Apartheid South Africa and the Global South

by Dasarath Chetty, Sheetal Bhoola, Jos Chathukulam, John Moolakkattu and Nolwazi Ngcobo

Soc. Sci. 2026, 15(2), 61; https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci15020061 (registering DOI) - 25 Jan 2026

Abstract

This paper examines how colonial and neoliberal logics have influenced the ideas of self-management, democracy, and participation and how a decolonial perspective might reinterpret them. Although democracy and participation are celebrated in mainstream development discourse, they frequently serve as technologies of control that [...] Read more.

This paper examines how colonial and neoliberal logics have influenced the ideas of self-management, democracy, and participation and how a decolonial perspective might reinterpret them. Although democracy and participation are celebrated in mainstream development discourse, they frequently serve as technologies of control that uphold market rationalities and dependency. The paper presents a conceptual model for comprehending how political and organisational practices in the Global South are both resisted by and limited by these dynamics, drawing on the framework of the colonial matrix of power. With reference to grassroots movements like Abahlali base Mjondolo, which represent alternative democratic logics based on collective self-management and epistemic justice, South Africa is used as a focal case. How gaps in the global architecture of dominance create opportunities for pluriversal futures is further demonstrated by comparative observations from Latin America and other Global South contexts. By (i) exposing the limitations of institutionalised participatory frameworks, (ii) highlighting radical democracy at the grassroots level, and (iii) describing the structural and epistemic prerequisites for significant change, the paper adds to discussions on decolonial political economy. By doing this, it reinterprets participation as a fight for liberating alternatives outside of colonial modernity rather than as inclusion within the status quo. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Democracy, Politics and Innovation, Social Integration and Global Politics in the Contemporary World)

16 pages, 3143 KB

Open AccessArticle

Effects of Combined Cr, Mn, and Zr Additions on the Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Al–6Cu Alloys Under Various Heat Treatment Conditions

by Hyuncheul Lee, Jaehui Bang, Pilhwan Yoon and Eunkyung Lee

Metals 2026, 16(2), 143; https://doi.org/10.3390/met16020143 (registering DOI) - 25 Jan 2026

Abstract

This study investigates the synergistic effects of Cr–Zr and Mn–Zr additions on the microstructural evolution and mechanical properties of Al–6 wt.%Cu alloys. Alloys were designed with solute concentrations positioned below, near, and above their maximum solubility limits, and were evaluated under as-cast, T4, [...] Read more.

This study investigates the synergistic effects of Cr–Zr and Mn–Zr additions on the microstructural evolution and mechanical properties of Al–6 wt.%Cu alloys. Alloys were designed with solute concentrations positioned below, near, and above their maximum solubility limits, and were evaluated under as-cast, T4, and T6 heat treatment conditions. Mechanical testing revealed distinct behavioral trends depending on the heat treatment: the T4 heat treatment condition generally exhibited superior hardness and yield strength, whereas the T6 heat treatment condition resulted in a slight reduction in hardness but facilitated a significant recovery in tensile strength and structural stability, particularly in alloys designed near the solubility limit. To elucidate the crystallographic origins of these mechanical variations, X-ray diffraction analysis was conducted to monitor changes in lattice parameters, dislocation density, and micro-strain. The results showed that T4 heat treatment induced lattice contraction and a decrease in dislocation density, suggesting that the high strength under T4 heat treatment conditions arises from lattice distortion caused by supersaturated solute atoms. Conversely, T6 aging led to lattice relaxation approaching that of pure aluminum, yet simultaneously triggered a re-accumulation of dislocation density and micro-strain due to the coherency strain fields surrounding precipitates, which effectively impede dislocation motion. Therefore, rather than proposing a single, definitive optimization condition, this study aims to secure foundational data regarding the correlation between these microstructural descriptors and mechanical behavior, providing a guideline for balancing the strengthening contributions in transition metal-modified Al–Cu alloys. Full article

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