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16 pages, 507 KB

Open AccessArticle

LC-ESI-MS/MS Analysis of Echium asperrimum from the Algerian Aurès Region: Antioxidant, Antimicrobial, Cholinesterase Inhibitory, and Antiproliferative Activities

by Amina Guetteche, Hamza Fadel, Mohammed Esseddik Toumi, Khawla Kerbab, Aslı Yıldırım Kocaman, İlyas Yıldız, Süleyman Muhammed Çelik, Noor Nayel, Tevfik Ozen, Ibrahim Demirtas, Hichem Hazmoune, Ramazan Erenler, Lahcene Zaiter, Maria D’Elia and Luca Rastrelli

Molecules 2026, 31(4), 584; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules31040584 (registering DOI) - 7 Feb 2026

Abstract

The aim of the present study was to characterize the phenolic profile of hydroethanolic (EAEE) and ethyl acetate (EAAE) extracts of Echium asperrimum and to evaluate their antibacterial, antioxidant, anti-Alzheimer-related (cholinesterase inhibitory) activity, and antiproliferative activities. The DPPH radical scavenging activity of EAEE [...] Read more.

The aim of the present study was to characterize the phenolic profile of hydroethanolic (EAEE) and ethyl acetate (EAAE) extracts of Echium asperrimum and to evaluate their antibacterial, antioxidant, anti-Alzheimer-related (cholinesterase inhibitory) activity, and antiproliferative activities. The DPPH radical scavenging activity of EAEE and EAAE showed IC₅₀ values of 32.53 ± 1.25 and 97.85 ± 2.31 µg/mL, respectively. In addition, both extracts exhibited phosphomolybdenum reduction capacity, with A_0.50 values of 61.60 ± 2.97 µg/mL for EAEE and 23.20 ± 1.55 µg/mL for EAAE. Acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase inhibition assays revealed IC₅₀ values comparable to the reference compound galantamine. Both extracts also showed antimicrobial activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacterial strains. LC-ESI-MS/MS analysis indicated that p-coumaric acid (5.12 mg/g), vanillic acid (11.6 mg/g), hydroxybenzaldehyde (3.82 mg/g), and gentisic acid (1.66 mg/g) were the major phenolic constituents of EAAE, whereas p-coumaric acid (0.13 mg/g), salicylic acid (0.141 mg/g), sinapic acid (0.20 mg/g), and trans-ferulic acid (0.20 mg/g) predominated in EAEE. Furthermore, EAAE exhibited dose-dependent antiproliferative activity at concentrations of 50 and 100 µg/mL, with an IC₅₀ value of 83.09 ± 6.50 µg/mL. Taken together, these findings suggest that E. asperrimum represents a promising source of bioactive compounds with potential relevance for future pharmaceutical and nutraceutical research. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Pharmacological Effects of Natural Products: Antioxidant, Anti-Inflammatory and Anticancer Activities)

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23 pages, 2792 KB

Open AccessArticle

Classification of SINE Tails in the Porcine Genome and Its Potential Impact on VWA8 Gene

by Yao Zheng, Shasha Shi, Naisu Yang, Chengyu Zhou, Rui Zhou, Hepan Gan, Zhanpeng Gu, Songyu Zuo, Cai Chen, Xiaoyan Wang and Chengyi Song

Genes 2026, 17(2), 200; https://doi.org/10.3390/genes17020200 (registering DOI) - 7 Feb 2026

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Short Interspersed Nuclear Elements (SINEs) constitute major components of mammalian genomes, but the structural diversity and evolutionary dynamics of their characteristic 3′ poly(A) tails have not been fully characterized. Methods: Based on the custom-developed SINEtail-scan pipeline, 1,018,332 SINEs with tail in the [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Short Interspersed Nuclear Elements (SINEs) constitute major components of mammalian genomes, but the structural diversity and evolutionary dynamics of their characteristic 3′ poly(A) tails have not been fully characterized. Methods: Based on the custom-developed SINEtail-scan pipeline, 1,018,332 SINEs with tail in the pig reference genome (Sus scrofa 11.1) were identified and systematically classified, revealing the diversity of tail sequence structures. According to nucleotide composition and microsatellite repeat patterns, the tail sequences were divided into 16 different structural types. Results: A-rich sequences predominated (66.3%), while non-A-rich tails exhibited characteristic architectures including AT-format, AC-format, and AG-format repeats. Temporal analysis spanning 85 million years demonstrated progressive tail modification, with A-rich proportions declining from 84.2% in recent insertions to 31.9% in ancient elements, accompanied by accumulation of complex non-A-rich structures. Comparative genomic analysis across 10 pig genome assemblies identified 308 SINE tail insertions within protein-coding sequences, of which 45 (14.6%) exhibited inter-individual structural polymorphism. Detailed investigation of a polymorphic insertion in the VWA8 gene revealed a 16-bp tail variant causing a frameshift mutation and C-terminal protein structure divergence. Conclusions: These findings establish SINE tail sequences as dynamic evolutionary substrates undergoing continuous modification through slippage-mediated mechanisms, with implications for genome evolution, population genetics, and gene function modulation in mammals. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Bioinformatics)

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33 pages, 2103 KB

Open AccessReview

Chromatin Remodeling in VSMC Phenotype Switching During Vascular Remodeling: From Mechanism to Therapeutic Potential

by Xiaozhu Ma, Shuai Mei, Qidamugai Wuyun, Li Zhou, Hu Ding and Jiangtao Yan

Biomolecules 2026, 16(2), 265; https://doi.org/10.3390/biom16020265 (registering DOI) - 7 Feb 2026

Abstract

Vascular remodeling is a characteristic pathological feature of various vascular diseases, including atherosclerosis, restenosis following vascular injury, hypertension, and aneurysms. The phenotypic switching of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) acts as a key driver of vascular remodeling. Under specific pathological stimuli, VSMCs rapidly [...] Read more.

Vascular remodeling is a characteristic pathological feature of various vascular diseases, including atherosclerosis, restenosis following vascular injury, hypertension, and aneurysms. The phenotypic switching of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) acts as a key driver of vascular remodeling. Under specific pathological stimuli, VSMCs rapidly transition from a contractile to a dedifferentiated phenotype, characterized by enhanced proliferation, migration, and secretory activity. Chromatin remodeling, a core mechanism of epigenetic regulation, orchestrates dynamic changes in chromatin structure and function through ATP-dependent remodeling complexes, histone-modifying enzymes, and DNA methyltransferases. These components collectively translate mechanical stress, metabolic disturbances, and inflammatory signals into reversible epigenetic modifications, thereby precisely regulating VSMC phenotypic switching. As such, chromatin remodeling represents a critical node for therapeutic intervention in vascular remodeling-related diseases. In recent years, a growing body of research has focused on the role of chromatin remodelers in regulating VSMC phenotype. In this review, we focus on the roles of ATP-dependent chromatin-remodeling factors and chromatin-modifying enzymes in the control of gene expression of VSMC phenotype switching. Firstly, we summarize the latest insights into chromatin remodeling and VSMC phenotypic switching, and then discuss recent advances in the identification and functional characterization of chromatin remodeling molecules, emphasizing their implications for VSMC behavior. Finally, we highlight the translational potential of targeting chromatin remodelers in the development of clinical therapies for vascular remodeling diseases and outline future directions for research in this field. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Epigenetic Regulation of Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells During Development and Disease)

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16 pages, 2191 KB

Open AccessArticle

A Co-Fermentation Strategy from Corncob Hydrolysate to Enhance Simultaneous Co-Production of Lactic Acid and Ethanol

by Xiaona Wang, Yongsheng Li, Yuanchun Zhang, Yuanyuan Ren, Hongzhi Ma, Jianguo Liu and Qunhui Wang

Fermentation 2026, 12(2), 95; https://doi.org/10.3390/fermentation12020095 (registering DOI) - 7 Feb 2026

Abstract

Efficient co-utilization of mixed sugars from lignocellulosic hydrolysates is often hindered by carbon catabolite repression and pretreatment-derived inhibitors. In this study, a co-fermentation strategy using Saccharomyces cerevisiae (S. cerevisiae) and Enterococcus mundtii (E. mundtii) was developed to simultaneously produce [...] Read more.

Efficient co-utilization of mixed sugars from lignocellulosic hydrolysates is often hindered by carbon catabolite repression and pretreatment-derived inhibitors. In this study, a co-fermentation strategy using Saccharomyces cerevisiae (S. cerevisiae) and Enterococcus mundtii (E. mundtii) was developed to simultaneously produce ethanol and lactic acid from non-detoxified corncob hydrolysate. Co-fermentation performed at 39 °C significantly improved substrate utilization compared with monoculture systems, achieving pentose and total sugar utilization percentages of 67.1% and 83.7%, respectively. S. cerevisiae preferentially consumed glucose and effectively detoxified furfural and 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (5-HMF), thereby alleviating inhibitory stress and carbon catabolite repression on E. mundtii. By optimizing the inoculation sequence, a 3 h delayed inoculation of E. mundtii significantly enhanced pentose utilization from 68.6% to 80.2% and increased total sugar utilization to 90.4%. This synergistic co-fermentation strategy provides an effective approach for improving mixed-sugar utilization and multi-product bioconversion efficiency in lignocellulosic biorefineries. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Separation Techniques and Circular Economy)

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29 pages, 7242 KB

Open AccessArticle

Groundwater Baseline Values Using the 95–95 Upper Tolerance Limit in an Iron Ore Tailing Disposal Pit, Iron Quadrangle, Brumadinho, Brazil

by Raphael Vicq Ferreira Costa, Marianna Lopes Soares, Felipe de Souza Cologna, Nathalia Froiman Carmona, Ludmilla Lage, Fabianna Resende Vieira, Gabriela Maria Arantes Rodrigues, Vitor Brognaro Pimenta, Maurício José da Silva Soares and Teresa Valente

Mining 2026, 6(1), 12; https://doi.org/10.3390/mining6010012 (registering DOI) - 7 Feb 2026

Abstract

The rupture of the B-I dam at the Córrego do Feijão mine in Brumadinho, Minas Gerais, Brazil, on 25 January 2019, prompted the implementation of environmental remediation actions. Among these actions is the need for groundwater quality monitoring in the Feijão Pit (“Cava [...] Read more.

The rupture of the B-I dam at the Córrego do Feijão mine in Brumadinho, Minas Gerais, Brazil, on 25 January 2019, prompted the implementation of environmental remediation actions. Among these actions is the need for groundwater quality monitoring in the Feijão Pit (“Cava de Feijão”) area due to the disposal of tailings from dams B-I, B-IV, and B-IVA at this site. In order to assess potential impacts on groundwater, the determination of baseline values for elements of interest was proposed for ten monitoring wells installed in and around the pit, with monitoring results from 2019 to 2024, totaling 854 samples. Due to the lack of hydrochemistry data and local hydrogeological complexity of the existing aquifers within the context of the Iron Quadrangle (IQ), it was necessary to evaluate and determine individual baseline values for each monitoring well, assessing data variability and population distribution. For this purpose, the 95–95 Upper Tolerance Limit (UTL) method was applied to establish baseline values providing a robust statistical approach that encompasses 95% of observations with a 95% confidence interval as it is a widely used standard in statistics due to its practical balance between confidence and precision. This methodology proved effective and has potential for application in groundwater monitoring in areas that may present high compositional variability due to the chemical heterogeneity of the groundwater. The baseline values obtained for the main elements of interest, which are iron (Fe) and manganese (Mn), were consistent with findings from previous studies conducted in the hydrogeological units of the study area, also demonstrating that the adopted methodology was effective in identifying representative concentrations for the region. Full article

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20 pages, 409 KB

Open AccessArticle

The Relationship Between Biodiversity and Ecosystem Functioning in an Experimental Species-Poor Saltmarsh Community: The Roles of Physical Stress and Disturbance

by Pei-Shan Ji and Cheng-Huan Wang

Diversity 2026, 18(2), 106; https://doi.org/10.3390/d18020106 (registering DOI) - 7 Feb 2026

Abstract

Although the central focus of ecology has long been the relationship between biodiversity and ecosystem functioning, this relationship has rarely been explored in species-poor communities such as salt marshes, which have the potential to shed new light on this debate. We conducted two [...] Read more.

Although the central focus of ecology has long been the relationship between biodiversity and ecosystem functioning, this relationship has rarely been explored in species-poor communities such as salt marshes, which have the potential to shed new light on this debate. We conducted two microcosm experiments, each testing a different environmental variable (salinity or disturbance) and its interaction with the plant community’s richness and species composition, using all possible combinations of the three sedge species found in the pioneer plant community in the Yangtze River Estuary. The relationships between diversity and productivity were weak and non-significant, possibly due to intense competition among the sedges. Species composition played a more important role in determining productivity. Moreover, biodiversity effects were found to be environment-dependent. Salinity stress increased the selection effect, while disturbance tended to increase both selection and complementarity effects. Interestingly, the correlation between biodiversity and stability was non-linear and presented different patterns in the salinity and disturbance experiments. Our results show that species-poor systems with low functional group diversity may exhibit weak relationships between biodiversity and ecosystem functioning during the establishment phase under controlled experimental conditions. In this ecosystem, species richness rarely impacted biomass, which was instead primarily driven by species composition and environmental conditions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Plant Diversity)

19 pages, 4770 KB

Open AccessArticle

Powder Manufacturing-Driven Variations in Flowability and Deformation Behavior of Pure Copper Powders for Cold Spray Additive Manufacturing

by Niloofar Eftekhari and Hamid Jahed

Metals 2026, 16(2), 197; https://doi.org/10.3390/met16020197 (registering DOI) - 7 Feb 2026

Abstract

The quality of the feedstock powder plays a key role in determining the properties of coatings produced by cold spray (CS). However, most commercially available powders are not specifically designed for CS, which makes it difficult to tailor powder characteristics for optimal performance. [...] Read more.

The quality of the feedstock powder plays a key role in determining the properties of coatings produced by cold spray (CS). However, most commercially available powders are not specifically designed for CS, which makes it difficult to tailor powder characteristics for optimal performance. In this study, we examined the cold sprayability of five copper (Cu) powders manufactured using electrolysis, gas atomization, and mechanical grinding. The powders were characterized in terms of their microstructure, particle shape, and size distribution to evaluate how the production method influences powder properties. Powder flowability was measured using a shear cell test, while mechanical properties and deformability relevant to CS were assessed through nano-indentation. The results showed that gas-atomized powders with equiaxed grain structures offered the best combination of flowability and deformability, making them the most suitable for CS. Their spherical particle shape resulted in a lower surface area compared to the irregular electrolytic powder, which reduced inter-particle surface forces and allowed for smoother powder flow. Nano-indentation measurements indicated that the mechanically ground powder with ultra-fine grains and the gas-atomized powder containing fine dendrites had the highest nano-hardness values (HIT = 2.1 ± 0.15 GPa and 1.6 ± 0.1 GPa, respectively). In contrast, the porous electrolytic Cu powder showed the lowest hardness (HIT = 0.7 ± 0.2 GPa). These trends were confirmed by microstructural analysis of the deposited coatings. Coatings produced from the irregular electrolytic powder exhibited limited particle deformation, weak inter-particle bonding, and the highest porosity. Conversely, spherical gas-atomized powders produced much denser coatings. In particular, the powder with the most uniform spherical shape and no microsatellite particles resulted in the lowest coating porosity due to its superior deformation behavior upon impact. Full article

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18 pages, 1302 KB

Open AccessArticle

Synergistic Effect of Constructed Wetland-Microbial Fuel Cell in the Treatment of Agricultural Non-Point Source Pollution

by Qingqing Dai, Songhe Jiang, Mingji Jin and Yue Quan

Sustainability 2026, 18(4), 1723; https://doi.org/10.3390/su18041723 (registering DOI) - 7 Feb 2026

Abstract

In this study, we employed a constructed wetland-microbial fuel cell (CW-MFC) for the treatment of agricultural non-point source pollution, and the impacts of CW-MFC, constructed wetland (CW), and microbial fuel cell (MFC) on agricultural non-point source pollution processing performance, electrical performance, and changes [...] Read more.

In this study, we employed a constructed wetland-microbial fuel cell (CW-MFC) for the treatment of agricultural non-point source pollution, and the impacts of CW-MFC, constructed wetland (CW), and microbial fuel cell (MFC) on agricultural non-point source pollution processing performance, electrical performance, and changes in the microbial community within the system were compared and analyzed to explore the synergistic effect of CW-MFC coupling. The findings indicated that the coupling of CW and MFC effectively enhanced the processing performance, electrical performance, and enzyme activity of CW-MFC. The electric field’s promotion of the removal rate of chemical oxygen demand (COD) and total nitrogen (TN) was greater than that of plants, while the electric field’s promotion of the removal rate of total phosphorus (TP) was smaller than that of plants. The promoting effect on the removal rate of atrazine was greater than that of plants at a low concentration of atrazine, but smaller than that of plants at medium and high concentrations of atrazine. The promoting effect of the electric field on urease (UE) and catalase (CAT) activities was generally greater than that of plants, while the promoting effect on alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity was greater in plants. Affected by the coupling of CW and MFC, the microbial community diversity of CW-MFC and the abundance of bacterial phyla, classes, and genera such as Acidobacteria, Deltaproteobacteria, Aquabacterium, Geobacter, and Subgroup_6 were detected. The abundance of terpenoids and polyketides increased to varying extents. The results of this study laid a solid theoretical foundation for the advancement of agricultural non-point source pollution control technology and provided strong support for the expansion of CW to new application fields. It has profound significance for effectively controlling agricultural non-point source pollution and ensuring the sustainable development of agriculture. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Pollution Prevention, Mitigation and Sustainability)

17 pages, 14645 KB

Open AccessArticle

Chloroplast Genome Evolution in Pleurothallidinae (Orchidaceae): Lineage-Specific Selection, Codon Usage Patterns, and Phylogenetic Implications

by Yuxue Liu, Qiang Zhang, Zhenhua Wu, Zhenping Shi and Shuo Wang

Genes 2026, 17(2), 199; https://doi.org/10.3390/genes17020199 (registering DOI) - 7 Feb 2026

Abstract

Background: The subtribe Pleurothallidinae is a diverse group within Orchidaceae with a complex taxonomic history. Comparative plastome analysis can provide insights into genome evolution and facilitate phylogenetic reconstruction. Methods: Here we analyzed 25 complete chloroplast genomes representing 15 genera, including 14 newly assembled [...] Read more.

Background: The subtribe Pleurothallidinae is a diverse group within Orchidaceae with a complex taxonomic history. Comparative plastome analysis can provide insights into genome evolution and facilitate phylogenetic reconstruction. Methods: Here we analyzed 25 complete chloroplast genomes representing 15 genera, including 14 newly assembled genomes, to investigate plastome evolution in this subtribe. Results: All genomes exhibited the typical quadripartite structure (148, 246–158, 138 bp) with conserved gene content (128–134 genes). While most protein-coding genes were under purifying selection, we detected signatures of positive selection in specific lineages. Notably, ndhF in Lepanthes tachirensis showed a markedly elevated Ka/Ks ratio (3.65), which may be associated with adaptation to an extensive distributional range. ENC-plot analysis indicated that natural selection, rather than mutation pressure alone, shapes codon usage bias, with patterns varying among species from different geographic regions. Nucleotide diversity analysis identified eight hypervariable intergenic regions (psbK-psbI, atpI-rps2, petN-psbM, psbB-psbT, petD-rpoA, rpoA-rps11, rps3-rpl22, ccsA-ndhD) suitable as candidate molecular markers. Phylogenetic analysis confirmed that Lepanthes and Pleurothallis are non-monophyletic as traditionally defined. Conclusions: These findings expand plastome resources for Pleurothallidinae, reveal lineage-specific patterns of selection, and provide molecular markers for future taxonomic and evolutionary studies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Plant Genetics and Genomics)

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18 pages, 2915 KB

Open AccessArticle

Machine Learning Frameworks for SHM: A Case Study on the Infante D. Henrique Bridge

by Marília Marcy and Graciela Doz

NDT 2026, 4(1), 8; https://doi.org/10.3390/ndt4010008 (registering DOI) - 7 Feb 2026

Abstract

Efficient structural health monitoring requires not only robust computational strategies but also reliable data acquisition systems capable of capturing representative dynamic responses of real structures. In this study, a continuous dynamic monitoring system composed of accelerometers strategically distributed along the bridge deck provides [...] Read more.

Efficient structural health monitoring requires not only robust computational strategies but also reliable data acquisition systems capable of capturing representative dynamic responses of real structures. In this study, a continuous dynamic monitoring system composed of accelerometers strategically distributed along the bridge deck provides the foundational data for all subsequent computational analyses. The integrated application of t-Distributed Stochastic Neighbor Embedding (t-SNE) and Learning Vector Quantization (LVQ) is evaluated for the identification of structural damage in the Infante D. Henrique Bridge, located in Porto, Portugal. Data obtained from five years of continuous monitoring were used, with a portion of the identified natural frequencies employed for training and validation of the LVQ algorithm. The robustness of the approach was assessed through artificial modification of data from the second year of monitoring, simulating different damage scenarios. The results demonstrate that the t-SNE–LVQ combination improves discrimination between normal and damaged structural states, achieving identification rates above 70%. The main contribution of this work lies in demonstrating the feasibility and effectiveness of an integrated hardware-to-software machine learning framework applied to real monitoring data, highlighting its potential for structural health monitoring and decision-support systems. Full article

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20 pages, 1437 KB

Open AccessReview

Role of Main Red Seaweed Bioactive Compounds in Modulating Redox Imbalance and Cholinergic Dysfunction: Insights from In Vitro Assays

by João Ferreira, Mário Pacheco, Amélia M. Silva and Isabel Gaivão

Curr. Issues Mol. Biol. 2026, 48(2), 190; https://doi.org/10.3390/cimb48020190 (registering DOI) - 7 Feb 2026

Abstract

Oxidative and nitrosative stress are key contributors to the development and progression of chronic inflammatory disorders, cancer and neurodegenerative diseases (viz., Alzheimer’s disease). Cholinergic dysfunction is a major hallmark of Alzheimer’s disease and is closely associated with these processes. Red seaweeds are rich [...] Read more.

Oxidative and nitrosative stress are key contributors to the development and progression of chronic inflammatory disorders, cancer and neurodegenerative diseases (viz., Alzheimer’s disease). Cholinergic dysfunction is a major hallmark of Alzheimer’s disease and is closely associated with these processes. Red seaweeds are rich in bioactive compounds that have been increasingly investigated for their potential to modulate these processes. This review aims to examine the role of major red seaweed-derived metabolites in regulating redox imbalance, immunomodulatory capacity and acetylcholinesterase activity, with emphasis on in vitro studies. An analysis of peer-reviewed literature was conducted, focusing on chemical, biochemical and cell-based assays. Studies assessed antioxidant activity, anti-inflammatory and immunostimulatory effects, and acetylcholinesterase inhibition of isolated compounds/fractions of red seaweed using established methods, including radical scavenging assays, Griess-based nitrite assay and enzyme inhibition assays. Sulfated polysaccharides, oligosaccharides, mycosporine-like amino acids (MAAs), phycoerythrin, bromophenols, phlorotannin and terpenoid-derived metabolites demonstrated antioxidant capacity through radical scavenging, metal chelation and modulation of endogenous antioxidants. They also modulated inflammatory mediators, including nitric oxide and pro-inflammatory cytokines, and inhibited acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity. In vitro evidence supports red seaweed-derived compounds as promising modulators of redox homeostasis, inflammation and cholinergic function, highlighting their relevance as functional food ingredients, while underscoring the need for in vivo and clinical validation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Molecular Research on Free Radicals and Oxidative Stress—2nd Edition)

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25 pages, 3120 KB

Open AccessArticle

Exergetic and Economic Analysis of Three Multi-Product Biorefinery Schemes for the Valorization of Agricultural Wastes: A Case Study of Colombia

by Adrian Yaya-González, Daniela Alvarado-Barrios and Yeimmy Peralta-Ruiz

Processes 2026, 14(4), 586; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr14040586 (registering DOI) - 7 Feb 2026

Abstract

Colombia generates large volumes of lignocellulosic residues from agriculture, forestry, and agro-industrial activities. Much of this material is landfilled, openly burned, or left to decompose. These practices drive greenhouse-gas emissions (methane and CO₂), particulate air pollution, water contamination, and pest proliferation. [...] Read more.

Colombia generates large volumes of lignocellulosic residues from agriculture, forestry, and agro-industrial activities. Much of this material is landfilled, openly burned, or left to decompose. These practices drive greenhouse-gas emissions (methane and CO₂), particulate air pollution, water contamination, and pest proliferation. Therefore, this study focuses on the design, simulation, exergetic and economic analysis of lignocellulosic biorefinery schemes in Colombia using corn stover (CS) as feedstock. This approach thus turns an environmental liability into valuable resources. Mass and energy balances obtained from Aspen Plus V10^® were used to calculate exergy efficiency. Economic indicators were provided by the Aspen Process Economic Analyzer (APEA) V10^® software. The first scenario (SCE01) included xylitol, lignin, carbon dioxide, biogas, and biofertilizer production along with in situ ethanol co-production; for scenario 2 (SCE02), a cogeneration (CHP) stage using biogas and biofertilizer as fuel was added; in scenario 3 (SCE03), the ethanol production of scenarios 1 and 2 was replaced by glutamic acid production. The exergy efficiency results were as follows: SCE01 (60.1%), SCE02 (36.8%), SCE03 (37.5%). The largest exergy losses were found in the CHP system. In terms of economic viability, all scenarios showed favorable economic parameters. SCE03 showed better results with an Internal Rate of Return (IRR) of 28.01% and a Net Present Value (NPV) of USD 985.1 M compared to SCE01 (27.48%; USD 769.1 M) and SCE02 (27.13%; USD 643.1 M). In light of these results, the SCE03 approach represents the most attractive investment opportunity, with the potential to integrate the social and environmental pillars of sustainability by fostering rural economic development and CO₂ capture. Optimization strategies can be readily adopted to enhance the overall efficiency of the proposed model, enabling it to serve as a benchmark for scaling and comparing alternative lignocellulosic waste valorization pathways at a national level. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Sustainable Processes)

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17 pages, 3844 KB

Open AccessArticle

Properties of Nanocomposite Ag-Cu Colloids Prepared by Electrical Spark Discharge Method

by Meng-Yun Chung, Kuo-Tung Chen, Chaur-Yang Chang, Jun-Fu Hang and Kuo-Hsiung Tseng

Nanomaterials 2026, 16(4), 223; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano16040223 (registering DOI) - 7 Feb 2026

Abstract

Electrical spark discharge was used to prepare nano Ag–Cu colloids with an electrical discharge machine, deionized water (DW) as the dielectric fluid (DF), and at room temperature and normal pressure. The upper and lower electrodes of the electrical discharge machine were pure Ag [...] Read more.

Electrical spark discharge was used to prepare nano Ag–Cu colloids with an electrical discharge machine, deionized water (DW) as the dielectric fluid (DF), and at room temperature and normal pressure. The upper and lower electrodes of the electrical discharge machine were pure Ag and Cu wires or composite metal wires with an Ag–Cu ratio of 92.5:7.5 or 72:28. The optimal T_on–T_off, process time, and current for colloid production were identified as 30–30 µs, 5 min, and approximately 11 A, respectively. The absorbance, characteristic wavelength, particle size distribution, and suspension stability were, respectively, 0.586, 406 nm, 101 nm, and 28.1 mV for the colloids prepared using pure Ag and Cu wires; 0.509, 419 nm, 197.5 nm, and −6.67 mV for the 92.5:7.5 composite wires; and 1.479, 407 nm, 85.27 nm, and14.8 mV for the 72:28 composite wires. The diffraction peaks of the Ag and Cu particles shifted for the composite-produced colloids; this was likely caused by internal structural defects in the composite metal wires. Transmission electron microscopy was used to analyze the nanomaterials. The average Ag and Cu lattice widths, respectively, were 0.234 nm and 0.207 nm for the pure-metal wires, 0.243 nm and 0.210 nm for the 92.5:7.5 composite wires, and 0.243 nm and 0.210 nm for the 72:28 composite wires. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analyses were conducted to determine the crystal orientations of the nano Ag–Cu particles and revealed that nano Ag–Cu colloids prepared using pure Ag and Cu wires had an Ag–Cu particle ratio of approximately 97:3. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Nanocomposite Materials)

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25 pages, 5036 KB

Open AccessArticle

Rock Engineering Knowledge and Radical Uncertainty: From Empirical Methods to Professional Practice

by Davide Elmo and Samantha Kenzie Adams

Geosciences 2026, 16(2), 73; https://doi.org/10.3390/geosciences16020073 (registering DOI) - 7 Feb 2026

Abstract

It is important for the rock engineering practice to acknowledge the difference between uncertainty, which diminishes with adequate data access, and radical uncertainty, which persists because critical features and failure mechanisms may remain undetected, not because of inadequate sampling but because they represent [...] Read more.

It is important for the rock engineering practice to acknowledge the difference between uncertainty, which diminishes with adequate data access, and radical uncertainty, which persists because critical features and failure mechanisms may remain undetected, not because of inadequate sampling but because they represent conditions that cannot be expected. Radical uncertainty represents an ontological feature of complex geological systems rather than a limitation of our current state of knowledge. The paper’s central thesis is that current rock engineering practice has developed what we term the “epistemological three-body problem”: the interaction between (i) inherent geological uncertainty that includes radical uncertainty (unknown unknowns), (ii) empirical methods that lack field-scale validation yet have gained professional acceptance through historical precedent, and (iii) regulatory frameworks that demand apparent certainty. We demonstrate this thesis through three interconnected arguments. First, we expose the epistemological and validation challenges inherent in widely adopted design methods. Second, we analyze how operational definitions, validation processes, and numerical modelling approaches may generate misleading precision rather than meaningful understanding of rock engineering problems, and third, we propose a framework for acknowledging and working within the boundaries of radical uncertainty. On this basis, we must acknowledge that rock engineering practice necessarily operates under a standard of a “balance of probabilities”. Given the nature of radical uncertainty, professional practice should evaluate methods not by whether they eliminate uncertainty, but by whether they represent reasonable approaches to managing it. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Geomechanics)

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17 pages, 2546 KB

Open AccessReview

Adiposity and Muscularity Evaluation Using New Objective Morphological Methods Available in Clinical Veterinary Practice: Feline Body Mass Index and Ultrasonography

by Eiji Iwazaki and Akihiro Mori

Animals 2026, 16(4), 528; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani16040528 (registering DOI) - 7 Feb 2026

Abstract

In this narrative review, we provide an overview of morphology-based body composition measurement techniques and introduce evaluation methods relevant to veterinary practice. We specifically focus on previous work on the feline body mass index and body composition assessment methods using ultrasonography, creating new [...] Read more.

In this narrative review, we provide an overview of morphology-based body composition measurement techniques and introduce evaluation methods relevant to veterinary practice. We specifically focus on previous work on the feline body mass index and body composition assessment methods using ultrasonography, creating new figures and tables from previously reported data. Based on these modalities, we introduce an objective, easy-to-use method for estimating obesity and assessing body composition. We highlight that adiposity and muscularity evaluation via the feline body mass index and ultrasonography appropriately reflects the total fat mass, fat percentage, and lean body mass assessed using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. The proposed method objectively assesses obesity and can be easily and stably used in clinical veterinary practice. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Companion Animals)

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21 pages, 1258 KB

Open AccessReview

Sustainability in Turkish Language Teaching: A Conceptual Framework Developed Through an Integrative Literature Review

by Hatice Dilek Çağ

Sustainability 2026, 18(4), 1724; https://doi.org/10.3390/su18041724 (registering DOI) - 7 Feb 2026

Abstract

This study aims to develop a conceptual framework for integrating sustainability into Turkish language teaching through the synthesis of relevant academic literature and policy documents. Although the intersection of language education and sustainability has been expanding globally, its application within the specific context [...] Read more.

This study aims to develop a conceptual framework for integrating sustainability into Turkish language teaching through the synthesis of relevant academic literature and policy documents. Although the intersection of language education and sustainability has been expanding globally, its application within the specific context of Turkish language education remains insufficiently examined. To address this gap, a qualitative integrative literature review was adopted, enabling the analytical synthesis of diverse theoretical and policy sources to generate new conceptual insights and a coherent framework, rather than merely aggregating or descriptively summarizing existing findings. The findings indicate that integrating sustainability into Turkish language teaching may enhance students’ sustainability awareness and global citizenship while also supporting motivation by providing meaningful, real-world contexts for language use. The analysis further suggests that effective integration requires structural alignment among curriculum design, pedagogical approaches, teacher competencies, instructional materials, and assessment processes. The study also highlights the importance of targeted professional development for teachers in addressing challenges such as limited pedagogical knowledge and workload constraints. Overall, the study proposes a conceptual framework that contributes to ongoing theoretical discussions on integrating sustainability into Turkish language teaching. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Education for a Sustainable Future: A Global Development Necessity)

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16 pages, 1294 KB

Open AccessArticle

A Bracing Design Method for Shear-Type Strongly Braced Steel Frames Based on the Story Critical Stiffness

by Shuwei Lan, Jiansheng Zhang, Difei Zhao, Hongyu Chen and Bo Xu

Buildings 2026, 16(4), 695; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings16040695 (registering DOI) - 7 Feb 2026

Abstract

After a shear-type strongly braced steel frame suffers from non-sway buckling, the effective length factor for columns in a non-sway frame should be selected for stability calculations, and the P-δ effect should be considered for second-order analysis. However, an unreasonable design may result [...] Read more.

After a shear-type strongly braced steel frame suffers from non-sway buckling, the effective length factor for columns in a non-sway frame should be selected for stability calculations, and the P-δ effect should be considered for second-order analysis. However, an unreasonable design may result if the shear-type bracing cannot be accurately and practically designed to meet the strong bracing requirements. In this paper, an analytical method for the critical bracing design of shear-type strongly braced steel frames is proposed. First, the relationship between the shear-type bracing stiffness and buckling load of structures is analyzed, and then the calculation formula for the story critical bracing stiffness is derived based on the critical bracing stiffness of the separation column. Furthermore, the relationship between the cross-sectional properties of the shear-type brace members and the critical bracing lateral stiffness is established. Based on this, a direct calculation formula for the critical brace area of shear-type strongly braced steel frames is derived. This formula can determine whether a shear-type braced steel frame will experience sidesway or non-sway buckling, thereby providing a basis for selecting the appropriate approach for calculating the column effective length factor and second-order effects. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Building Structures)

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13 pages, 4287 KB

Open AccessArticle

Coevolution and Genetic Divergence Between Two Aphid Species (Aphididae, Lachninae: Cinara formosana and Tuberolachnus salignus) and Their Obligate Buchnera Symbionts

by Chunlin An, Huachao Xu, Lixiang Wang, Lei Liu, Youssef Dewer and Suqin Shang

Diversity 2026, 18(2), 105; https://doi.org/10.3390/d18020105 (registering DOI) - 7 Feb 2026

Abstract

The obligate symbiosis between aphids and their primary bacterial symbionts (Buchnera) is ecologically and evolutionarily significant, yet the genetic patterns underlying these associations require further clarification. This study investigated the coevolutionary relationships of two aphid species, Cinara formosana and Tuberolachnus salignus [...] Read more.

The obligate symbiosis between aphids and their primary bacterial symbionts (Buchnera) is ecologically and evolutionarily significant, yet the genetic patterns underlying these associations require further clarification. This study investigated the coevolutionary relationships of two aphid species, Cinara formosana and Tuberolachnus salignus, with their Buchnera symbionts using COI (mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I) and bacterial 16S rRNA (16S ribosomal RNA) markers revealed substantial genetic divergence between the two aphid species, with interspecific genetic distances ranging from 0.131 to 0.138. In contrast, populations of T. salignus from different regions showed minimal intraspecific variation (genetic distance 0.006). Phylogenetic analyses confirmed that populations of each aphid species formed distinct, monophyletic clusters. Crucially, the phylogenetic relationships inferred from the aphid COI gene were fully congruent with those derived from the Buchnera 16S rRNA gene sequences. This concordance further supports the application of the COI gene as a reliable marker for species identification within the studied Lachninae aphids. Our findings provide novel insights into the coupled genetic divergence and coevolution of aphids and their obligate symbionts, offering a molecular framework for the precise identification and population monitoring of these aphids, which can inform sustainable management strategies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Phylogeny and Evolution)

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38 pages, 5024 KB

Open AccessArticle

Improving Sexual Dysfunction with Cinnamon Leaf Extract and Nanoemulsion by Using a Rat Model

by Yi-No Wu, Jin-Wei Lee, Han-Sun Chiang, Baskaran Stephen Inbaraj, Wen-Jhen Chen and Bing-Huei Chen

Pharmaceuticals 2026, 19(2), 284; https://doi.org/10.3390/ph19020284 (registering DOI) - 7 Feb 2026

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Taiwan cinnamon leaves have been reported to be effective in improving chronic diseases. Herein, cinnamon leaf extract (CLE) and nanoemulsion (CLEN) were prepared to explore their effects in improving sexual dysfunction in rats. Methods: Following extraction with 80% ethanol and analysis by [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Taiwan cinnamon leaves have been reported to be effective in improving chronic diseases. Herein, cinnamon leaf extract (CLE) and nanoemulsion (CLEN) were prepared to explore their effects in improving sexual dysfunction in rats. Methods: Following extraction with 80% ethanol and analysis by UPLC-MS/MS, CLEN was prepared using an optimal ratio of soybean oil, lecithin, Tween 80, deionized water, and CLE. A total of 48 male rats and 48 female rats were used, with the former being induced with erectile dysfunction, followed by treatment with CLEN or CLE at two doses (100 mg/kg and 50 mg/kg) for 4 weeks. After conducting the penile reflex test, male rats were paired with female rats for measurement of sexual behavior and ICP/MAP. Following sacrifice, α-SMA, nNOS, and β-III tubulin expression areas were measured by histochemical analyses; SMC/collagen ratio by Masson’s trichrome staining; and NO, cGMP, and PDE5 levels by ELISA kits. Results: CLEN was more effective than CLE in increasing intromission frequency, decreasing intromission and ejaculation latency, and recovering erectile response for improving copulatory and ejaculatory performances. A higher maximum ICP/MAP ratio was shown for CLEN through elevation of neurovascular function and erectile capacity. Additionally, CLEN efficiently reduced fibrosis, enhanced neuronal marker expression, and increased the SMC/collagen ratio, leading to penile tissue protection and neural regeneration. Both treatments showed elevated levels of NO and cGMP with a reduction in PDE5, probably through modulation of the NO-cGMP signaling pathway. Conclusions: CLEN was more effective than CLE in restoring erectile function in rats. Some more clinical trials are needed to verify this finding. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Plant-Based Extracts and the Therapeutic Potential of Bioactive Compounds, 2nd Edition)

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19 pages, 1214 KB

Open AccessArticle

Corrosion-Induced Stress Concentration Characteristics Study of Steel Strands in Bridge Cables Under Tension-Bending Coupling Loads

by Shaoling Ding, Xiyang Peng, Jian Xu, Dehao Ding, Huahuai Sun and Shunyao Cai

Materials 2026, 19(4), 646; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma19040646 (registering DOI) - 7 Feb 2026

Abstract

Steel strand cables, particularly in their anchorage zones, are simultaneously exposed to corrosive environments and subjected to tensile-bending coupling loads. Field observations of bridge cable failures indicate that they are primarily governed by the stress concentration characteristics of internally corroded steel strands under [...] Read more.

Steel strand cables, particularly in their anchorage zones, are simultaneously exposed to corrosive environments and subjected to tensile-bending coupling loads. Field observations of bridge cable failures indicate that they are primarily governed by the stress concentration characteristics of internally corroded steel strands under this complex stress state. Consequently, it is critical to investigate the corrosion-induced stress concentration characteristics of steel strands in bridge cables under realistic tension and bending coupling loads. An accelerated salt spray corrosion test was designed and conducted on steel strands in bridge cables. The mass loss rates of steel strands were analyzed to quantify varying degrees of corrosion. The morphological characteristics of corrosion pits on steel strands at different corrosion levels were observed and analyzed using a three-dimensional laser scanner. Based on the scanned data, the probability density functions for pit depth were fitted for each corrosion condition. Subsequently, a refined numerical methodology was developed to model corroded steel strands under tension-bending coupling loads. This methodology was utilized to perform a parametric study investigating the stress concentration characteristics at corrosion pits with different spatial dimensions of steel strands. The research results indicate that the mass loss rate of the steel strands increases nonlinearly with increasing corrosion duration. The depth of corrosion pits on the steel strands follows a Gaussian distribution across all investigated corrosion levels. The stress concentration factor of the corroded steel strands exhibits a significant linear correlation with the corrosion pit geometry. Specifically, the stress concentration factor decreases linearly with increasing corrosion pit length, but increases linearly with both corrosion pit width and depth. Quantitatively, a 0.1 mm increase in corrosion pit length, width, and depth results in decreases in the stress concentration factor by 0.062, increases by 0.036, and increases by 0.062, respectively. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fracture Mechanics and Corrosion Fatigue)

22 pages, 15998 KB

Open AccessArticle

Seismic Performance of Corroded Precast Concrete Bridge Piers with Grouted Sleeve Connections Retrofitted by Ultra-High-Performance Concrete Shells

by Long Ma, Xiangtong Wu, Hao Tian and Wenting Yuan

Buildings 2026, 16(4), 694; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings16040694 (registering DOI) - 7 Feb 2026

Abstract

Grouted sleeve connections (GSCs) are widely used in precast concrete (PC) bridge piers due to their convenience in construction and reliable structural performance. Corrosion-induced damage significantly compromises the seismic integrity of PC bridge piers with GSCs, making effective rehabilitation urgent. However, there is [...] Read more.

Grouted sleeve connections (GSCs) are widely used in precast concrete (PC) bridge piers due to their convenience in construction and reliable structural performance. Corrosion-induced damage significantly compromises the seismic integrity of PC bridge piers with GSCs, making effective rehabilitation urgent. However, there is a scarcity of research addressing this specific retrofit need. To bridge this gap, this work systematically investigates the efficacy of ultra-high-performance concrete (UHPC) encasement in retrofitting the quasi-static seismic resilience of corroded GSC piers. Numerical analyses were conducted using OpenSEES, in which the GSCs were equivalently modeled by determining their yield strength and cross-sectional area. Three corrosion ratios of the GSCs (20%, 40%, and 60%) were considered. The effects of UHPC compressive strength (100 MPa, 120 MPa, 150 MPa) and different retrofit heights on the quasi-static seismic performance of the bridge piers were systematically investigated. The results reveal that corrosion of the GSCs markedly compromises the quasi-static seismic behavior of PC bridge piers, notably reducing both the bearing capacity and energy dissipation capacity. Retrofitting with UHPC shells effectively enhances the yield force, peak force, yield stiffness, and energy dissipation capacity of the piers. These improvements become more substantial with higher UHPC strength and greater retrofit height. Overall, the results underscore the significant detrimental effect of sleeve corrosion on quasi-static seismic performance and confirm UHPC retrofitting as a viable and effective mitigation approach. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Building Structures)

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21 pages, 2110 KB

Open AccessSystematic Review

Totally Endoscopic Approach for Aortic Valve Replacement: A Systematic Review and Single-Arm Meta-Analysis

by Florin Anghel, Mircea Ioan Alexandru Bistriceanu, Cristian Valentin Toma, Cosmin Gabriel Ursu, Andrei Dăneț, Andreea Dana Carolin Blindaru, Maria-Alis Popescu, Maria-Andrada Păun, Vlad-Ionuț Pârsan, Teodora Cornelia Mărgineanu, Daria Ileana Cristea, Cristiana Flavia Cristea, Alexia-Maria Ceaușu, Roxana Andreea Boboruță, Victoria-Nicoleta Alexandra Udrea, Darie Ioan Andreescu and Cătălin-Constantin Badiu

Medicina 2026, 62(2), 339; https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina62020339 (registering DOI) - 7 Feb 2026

Abstract

Background and Objectives: Totally endoscopic aortic valve replacement (TE-AVR) is a minimally invasive technique offering potential benefits of reduced surgical trauma and faster recovery compared with median sternotomy or other minimally invasive access. While isolated aortic valve replacement (AVR) is well established [...] Read more.

Background and Objectives: Totally endoscopic aortic valve replacement (TE-AVR) is a minimally invasive technique offering potential benefits of reduced surgical trauma and faster recovery compared with median sternotomy or other minimally invasive access. While isolated aortic valve replacement (AVR) is well established through conventional and minimally invasive access, large-scale evidence for the totally endoscopic approach remains limited. This meta-analysis aimed to systematically assess the safety and feasibility of TE-AVR by aggregating perioperative outcomes, including mortality, stroke, conversion, bleeding, paravalvular leak (PVL), and atrial fibrillation (AF). Materials and Methods: A systematic search of PubMed, Embase, and the Cochrane Library was performed, following PRISMA 2020 guidelines. Observational studies and randomized controlled trials reporting outcomes of totally endoscopic or thoracoscopic AVR were eligible. After independent screening and selection, data were analyzed using a single-arm proportion model. Leave-one-out sensitivity analyses were performed to evaluate the influence of individual studies. The protocol was registered in PROSPERO (CRD42024610128). Results: A total of 11 studies comprising 1135 patients were included. The pooled perioperative mortality was 0.00% (95% CI 0.00–0.23; I² = 0.0%), indicating highly consistent results across cohorts. The stroke incidence was 0.69% (95% CI 0.00–2.07; I² = 42.7%), confirming the low cerebrovascular risk of this approach. Conversion to sternotomy occurred in 0.00% of cases (95% CI 0.00–0.17; I² = 0.0%), with no statistical heterogeneity observed. Reintervention for bleeding occurred in 1.75% (95% CI 0.34–3.85; I² = 43.4%), while PVL was reported in 1.24% (95% CI 0.00–4.22; I² = 64.0%). AF incidence was 10.54% (95% CI 3.79–19.70; I² = 90.5%), with substantial between-study heterogeneity, likely related to non-standardized definitions of new-onset AF and variability in postoperative rhythm monitoring and reporting across studies. Conclusions: TE-AVR is a safe and feasible technique associated with very low perioperative mortality, bleeding, and stroke rates, as well as low PVL incidence. The absent conversion rate in our pooled analysis highlights the technical reliability of the procedure. Variability in AF reporting underscores the need for future randomized studies with harmonized definitions. Overall, TE-AVR offers a promising minimally invasive alternative for aortic valve replacement, with potential advantages in recovery (pooled ICU stay 1.86 days), hospital stay (pooled 7.98 days), and aesthetic outcomes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Minimally Invasive Strategies and New Techniques in Cardiovascular Surgery)

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27 pages, 2046 KB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

2^QGRU: Power-of-Two Quantization for Efficient FPGA-Based Gated Recurrent Unit Architectures

by Miguel Molina Fernandez, Shao Jie Hu Chen, Javier Mendez Gomez, Diego P. Morales Santos, Manuel Pegalajar Cuellar and Marisa Lopez-Vallejo

Electronics 2026, 15(4), 722; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics15040722 (registering DOI) - 7 Feb 2026

Abstract

This paper proposes a power-of-two-based quantization technique aimed at improving the hardware efficiency of artificial neural networks (ANNs) implemented on field-programmable gate arrays (FPGAs). The effectiveness of the proposed approach is validated using gated recurrent unit (GRU) models. The resulting architecture, referred to [...] Read more.

This paper proposes a power-of-two-based quantization technique aimed at improving the hardware efficiency of artificial neural networks (ANNs) implemented on field-programmable gate arrays (FPGAs). The effectiveness of the proposed approach is validated using gated recurrent unit (GRU) models. The resulting architecture, referred to as

2^{Q} G R U

, exploits parallelism, optimized operation scheduling, and fine-grained data bit-width management to achieve efficient hardware realization. Compared with state-of-the-art FPGA implementations based on sparsity compression,

2^{Q} G R U

demonstrates superior performance in terms of resource utilization and power consumption, while eliminating the need for dedicated DSP blocks. Furthermore, area and power efficiency can be further improved by trading latency for reduced hardware cost through an integrated implementation reduction strategy, enabling deployment on highly resource-constrained devices. Finally, the

2^{Q} G R U

model is integrated into an automated ANN framework, allowing the proposed quantization and hardware optimization techniques to be readily extended to other ANN models and FPGA-based deployments. Full article

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11 pages, 2062 KB

Open AccessArticle

Separation of Heavy Rare Earth Elements from Calcium and Light Rare Earth Elements Using Estonian Phosphorite Ore Raw Material

by Kairit Laksberg, Liis Vitsut, Silvester Jürjo, Ove Oll and Enn Lust

Minerals 2026, 16(2), 183; https://doi.org/10.3390/min16020183 (registering DOI) - 7 Feb 2026

Abstract

Separation of heavy rare earth elements from calcium and light rare earth elements extracted from Estonian phosphorite ore by acid leaching and subsequent liquid extraction has been conducted and analyzed. For initial leaching, nitric acid, hydrochloric acid, and orthophosphoric acid with different concentrations [...] Read more.

Separation of heavy rare earth elements from calcium and light rare earth elements extracted from Estonian phosphorite ore by acid leaching and subsequent liquid extraction has been conducted and analyzed. For initial leaching, nitric acid, hydrochloric acid, and orthophosphoric acid with different concentrations have been utilized. For the final separation of heavy rare earth elements, a liquid extraction with bis(2-ethylhexyl) phosphate (D2EHPA) or 2-ethylhexyl hydrogen-2-ethylhexyl phosphonate (P507) at different acidic concentrations has been applied. After leaching and extraction, all samples were characterized using the inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry method (ICP-MS/MS). Optimal conditions for both extracting agents have been established. All rare earth elements + Y have been recovered in acid leaching, and heavy rare earth elements (elements Gd-Lu) have been selectively recovered by D2EHPA with 5 M nitric acid leaching and by P507 with 1 M nitric acid leaching. The presence of Sc has not been detected in Estonian phosphorite ore. Full article

(This article belongs to the Collection Advanced Extraction and Recovery of Rare Earth Elements)

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16 pages, 609 KB

Open AccessReview

The Role of Zinc in Pediatric Respiratory Infections: Evidence from Clinical Trials and Real-World Studies

by Giulio Dinardo, Cristiana Indolfi, Angela Klain, Carolina Grella, Maria Angela Tosca, Michele Miraglia del Giudice and Giorgio Ciprandi

Nutrients 2026, 18(4), 557; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu18040557 (registering DOI) - 7 Feb 2026

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Zinc is an essential trace element involved in multiple aspects of immune function, including epithelial barrier integrity, innate and adaptive immune responses, regulation of inflammation and oxidative stress. Zinc deficiency has been associated with increased susceptibility to infections, particularly in the pediatric [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Zinc is an essential trace element involved in multiple aspects of immune function, including epithelial barrier integrity, innate and adaptive immune responses, regulation of inflammation and oxidative stress. Zinc deficiency has been associated with increased susceptibility to infections, particularly in the pediatric population. This narrative review aims to summarize and discuss current evidence on the role of zinc in the prevention and management of pediatric respiratory infections. Methods: A comprehensive literature review was conducted including randomized controlled trials, real-world studies, and international guidelines published in recent years. Both zinc monotherapy and multicomponent dietary supplements containing zinc were considered. Results: Evidence consistently supports a preventive role of zinc supplementation in reducing the incidence and burden of respiratory infections, particularly in children with recurrent disease and in zinc-deficient populations. Zinc-containing multicomponent supplements demonstrated significant reductions in infection frequency and duration, alongside improved patient and parent-reported outcomes, with a favorable safety profile. In contrast, data on zinc as an adjunctive treatment during acute infections, especially severe pneumonia, are less consistent, with limited impact on major clinical outcomes. The effectiveness of zinc appears to be influenced by treatment duration, baseline nutritional status, and formulation. Conclusions: In conclusion, zinc may represent a valuable component of preventive immune-nutritional strategies for pediatric respiratory infections, especially when administered as part of multicomponent formulations and over prolonged periods. While its role in acute disease management remains uncertain, optimizing zinc status may contribute to reducing infection recurrence and overall disease burden. Further well-designed trials are warranted to clarify optimal dosing, timing, and target populations. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Relationship Between Nutrition and Allergy and Immunity in Children)

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17 pages, 364 KB

Open AccessArticle

Barriers to Sustainable Procurement in Dutch Higher Education Institutions

by Mirjam Kibbeling, Cees J. Gelderman, Wendy Broers, Alex De Vries, Joris Van Heeringen and Karin van IJsselmuide

Sustainability 2026, 18(4), 1722; https://doi.org/10.3390/su18041722 (registering DOI) - 7 Feb 2026

Abstract

Higher Education Institutions (HEIs) are increasingly recognized as strategic contributors to a sustainable society. Although sustainable procurement is widely acknowledged as a key mechanism for advancing sustainability goals, many HEIs encounter persistent barriers to its effective implementation. Within the academic research, sustainable procurement [...] Read more.

Higher Education Institutions (HEIs) are increasingly recognized as strategic contributors to a sustainable society. Although sustainable procurement is widely acknowledged as a key mechanism for advancing sustainability goals, many HEIs encounter persistent barriers to its effective implementation. Within the academic research, sustainable procurement in HEIs is a largely overlooked topic. This study explores an often neglected perspective: the experiences of staff-level employees involved in procurement processes. Through focus group research conducted among staff members at five universities of applied sciences in the Netherlands, we identified barriers at the organizational and functional levels. Findings underscore the critical importance of (other) top management priorities, financial considerations and the lack of clear goals and guidelines for implementing sustainable procurement. Focus group participants identified the invisibility of sustainable procurement’s impact as a key challenge in generating buy-in and enthusiasm among colleagues. This invisibility is closely linked to difficulties in measurement and to inadequate monitoring systems. In addition, contract and supplier management appear to be blind spots within HEIs. Staff-level employees feel that they could greatly benefit from the experiences of peers in other institutions. The results of this study highlight untapped potential for advancement in both professional practice and academic research. Full article

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