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21 pages, 5067 KB

Open AccessArticle

Rectal Microbiomes and Serum Metabolomics Reveal Changes in Serum Antioxidant Status and Immune Responses of Dezhou Donkeys in Late Gestation to Parturition

by Fang Hui, Yanli Zhao, Zaccheaus Pazamilala Akonyani, Yongmei Guo, Xiaoyu Guo, Qingyue Zhang, Fanzhu Meng, Li Li, Binlin Shi and Sumei Yan

Antioxidants 2025, 14(10), 1253; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox14101253 (registering DOI) - 18 Oct 2025

Abstract

Parturition is a critical event in the reproductive cycle of dairy animals, accompanied by multiple physiological changes in sex hormones, metabolism, antioxidant capacity, and immune function. However, the changes in the rectal microbiota and metabolic products of Jennies from late gestation to parturition [...] Read more.

Parturition is a critical event in the reproductive cycle of dairy animals, accompanied by multiple physiological changes in sex hormones, metabolism, antioxidant capacity, and immune function. However, the changes in the rectal microbiota and metabolic products of Jennies from late gestation to parturition affect serum antioxidant capacity and anti-inflammatory responses, but it is still unclear. The present study aimed to investigate the serum antioxidant capacity and anti-inflammatory responses of Dezhou donkeys from late gestation to parturition by analyzing rectal microbiomes and serum metabolomics. Nine pregnant multiparous Dezhou Jennies, aged 6.0 ± 0.1 years, with a body weight of 292 ± 33 kg, an average parity number of 2.7 ± 0.1, and similar expected dates of confinement (35 ± 4 days), were selected for this study. The study investigates the changes in antioxidant capacity and inflammatory responses, as well as the alterations in rectal microbiota structure and serum metabolites, in Jennies at 35 days prepartum (B1), 7 days prepartum (B2), and at 0 h postpartum (B3). The results showed that from groups B1 to B2, serum activity of GSH-Px, IL-10, and GLU concentrations were decreased significantly. In contrast, the concentrations of MDA, IgG, LF, IL-1β, IL-2, IL-6, TNF-α, and ROS increased significantly. From groups B2 to B3, serum activities of GSH-Px, CAT, SOD, and T-AOC, as well as the concentrations of MDA, IgG, IL-2, AST, ALP, and BHBA, were significantly increased, whereas the concentrations of IL-4, IL-10, and CRE decreased considerably. Therefore, from 35 days prepartum to parturition, Jennies experienced a gradually intensifying oxidative stress and inflammatory states, with the inflammatory response being the most severe at parturition, and with enhanced antioxidant capacity corresponding to increased oxidative damage. Microbiome analysis revealed that the group B1 significantly increased the relative abundance of Prevotella and Fibrobacteres. Group B2 significantly increased the relative abundance of Prevotellaceae_UCG-001, Streptococcus, and Acetitomaculum. Group B3 showed a significant upregulation of the relative abundance of Norank_f__F082, Lachnospiraceae_UCG-009, and Prevotellaceae_UCG-004. At the same time, metabolomics analysis revealed that, compared with group B1, group B3 may alleviate inflammation and enhance the body’s antioxidant function by upregulating the tryptophan and arginine metabolic pathways and enriching the differential metabolites (L-tryptophan, L-kynurenine, 3-Indoleacetonitrile, N-acetylglutamic acid). Concurrently, the elevation of these differential metabolites may be associated with the relative abundance of the beneficial bacterium Lachnospiraceae_UCG-009. However, the increase in LysoPC, a fatty acid oxidation product in glycerophospholipid metabolism, as well as the correlation between the sucrose content in the galactose metabolic pathway and the abundance of Paracoccus, indicates the reason why the Jennies are in a state of oxidative stress. Furthermore, group B1 may enhance the serum anti-inflammatory response in Jennies during late gestation by increasing the levels of estrogen in the steroid hormone biosynthesis metabolic pathway. These results could provide useful information for improving the health levels at the specific physiological stages and processes in Dezhou donkeys. Full article

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34 pages, 4311 KB

Open AccessArticle

Impact of Pollution on Physico-Chemical Parameters and Diatom Communities Diversity in the Main Tributaries of the Arieș River, Romania

by Mirel Glevitzky, Mihai Teopent Corcheş and Doriana Maria Popa

Environments 2025, 12(10), 389; https://doi.org/10.3390/environments12100389 (registering DOI) - 18 Oct 2025

Abstract

Human activities in the Apuseni Mountains region, Romania, especially in the Roșia Montană mining area, have significantly impacted water quality in the Arieș River tributaries. This study assessed the main physico-chemical and salinity parameters, along with the contents of trace elements (As, Cd, [...] Read more.

Human activities in the Apuseni Mountains region, Romania, especially in the Roșia Montană mining area, have significantly impacted water quality in the Arieș River tributaries. This study assessed the main physico-chemical and salinity parameters, along with the contents of trace elements (As, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, and Ni) dissolved in water, as well as in the Abrud, Ștefanca, Valea Seșii, and Sârtaș rivers, the main tributaries of the Arieș River. Maximum concentrations of trace elements were observed in Valea Seșii (e.g., Zn up to 716 µg/L, Fe up to 562 µg/L), while Abrud and Sartăș showed moderate contamination. Diatom analysis revealed a high prevalence of Achnanthidium minutissimum and Planothidium lanceolatum, with teratological forms of A. minutissimum being the most frequent, indicating stress from pollutants. Saprobic index values ranged from 1.21 to 1.91, reflecting water quality from good to moderately impacted. The integration of chemical and biological data highlights the cumulative effects of mining and agricultural activities, demonstrating the utility of combined monitoring for effective freshwater management. Our results showed that numerous diatom taxa are currently present in samples collected from various watercourses within the Aries River basin, reflecting both the biological diversity and the variable influence of environmental factors on aquatic communities. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Behavior and Remediation of Emerging Contaminants in Water Environments)

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27 pages, 1628 KB

Open AccessReview

Advances in Biostimulant Applications for Grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.): Physiological, Agronomic, and Quality Impacts

by Sara Elizabeth Verdugo-Gaxiola, Laura Diaz-Rubio, Myriam Tatiana Montaño-Soto, Liliana del Rocío Castro-López, Guillermo Castillo and Iván Córdova-Guerrero

Horticulturae 2025, 11(10), 1261; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae11101261 (registering DOI) - 18 Oct 2025

Abstract

This manuscript reviews the advances in the application of biostimulants in grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.), emphasizing their physiological, agronomic, and quality impacts within a broader agricultural and scientific context. It highlights the evolution of biostimulant research and the theoretical frameworks that support [...] Read more.

This manuscript reviews the advances in the application of biostimulants in grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.), emphasizing their physiological, agronomic, and quality impacts within a broader agricultural and scientific context. It highlights the evolution of biostimulant research and the theoretical frameworks that support their use, underscoring their growing relevance in sustainable viticulture as a response to environmental challenges and consumer demands for healthier production practices. By analyzing recent findings, the text outlines how biostimulants influence plant physiology, improve agronomic performance, and enhance fruit and wine quality, while also stressing the need for deeper understanding of their mechanisms of action and greater standardization in their application. The discussion suggests that advancing this field requires not only scientific attention but also an integrative vision that links innovation, sustainability, and practical implementation. Ultimately, the manuscript contributes to a more comprehensive appreciation of the role of biostimulants in viticulture, offering insights to guide future research and strategies for grapevine management and quality improvement. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Grapevine Responses to Abiotic and Biotic Stresses)

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28 pages, 1477 KB

Open AccessReview

Human Testicular Tissue Digestion, Testicular Cell Selection, and Downstream Characterization for Reproductive Purposes: A Scoping Review

by Sven De Windt, Neguine Nekounazar Azad and Christine Wyns

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025, 26(20), 10150; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms262010150 (registering DOI) - 18 Oct 2025

Abstract

Fertility preservation and restoration using cryo-banked prepubertal testicular tissue is a pivotal part of the childhood hematological cancer care pathway. Estimations indicate that one in 900–1400 young adults is a childhood cancer survivor, underlying the urge to develop fertility restoration protocols as some [...] Read more.

Fertility preservation and restoration using cryo-banked prepubertal testicular tissue is a pivotal part of the childhood hematological cancer care pathway. Estimations indicate that one in 900–1400 young adults is a childhood cancer survivor, underlying the urge to develop fertility restoration protocols as some of the patients have reached the age to father their own genetic child. While it has been reported that 39% of patients present cancer cells in their testes, no efficient decontamination technique has been identified to circumvent cancer reintroduction after autologous testicular cell transplantation. Obtaining single-cell suspensions and selecting only testicular cells might be an option. In this review, mechanical dissociation/enzymatic digestion protocols applied to human testicular tissue, as well as selection and enrichment strategies, and their outcome will be presented and discussed. While the literature revealed a plethora of mechanical dissociation/enzymatic digestion protocols, testicular tissue characteristics are often missing, precluding the comparison of protocols and their outcomes. Downstream selection and enrichment strategies showed promising results with flow cytometry reaching fractions with the highest purity. Future studies should focus on investigating digestion outcomes to elucidate potential influences on both the cell type-specific viability and the cell-to-cell interactions necessary for cell proliferation and differentiation of selected or enriched testicular cell types. Such research outputs will then also be crucial for further progress in in vitro spermatogenesis from testicular cell suspensions as another option for patients that banked testicular tissue at the time of a hematological cancer. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Biochemistry)

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17 pages, 1601 KB

Open AccessArticle

Research on the Mechanical and Microstructure Characteristics of Cemented Paste Backfill in Deep In Situ Environments

by Yin Chen, Zepeng Yan, Guoqiang Wang, Lijie Guo, Yunwei Zhang, Yue Zhao and Chong Jia

Minerals 2025, 15(10), 1087; https://doi.org/10.3390/min15101087 (registering DOI) - 18 Oct 2025

Abstract

Backfilling mining methods control the surrounding pressure and ground subsidence by backfilling goaf and managing the ground pressure, providing a safety guarantee for mining in complex environments and serving as a key means of achieving the deep mining of metal minerals. However, in [...] Read more.

Backfilling mining methods control the surrounding pressure and ground subsidence by backfilling goaf and managing the ground pressure, providing a safety guarantee for mining in complex environments and serving as a key means of achieving the deep mining of metal minerals. However, in the design of backfill strength, material mix ratios are determined under indoor standard constant temperature and humidity conditions, which differ significantly from the in situ curing environment. Strength measurements obtained from field samples are notably higher than those from indoor test specimens. To address this issue, this study designed a curing device simulating the in situ thermal-hydraulic multi-field environment of the mining site and tested the strength and porosity of the backfill under different curing temperatures, curing pressures, and pore water pressures. The results indicate that curing pressure and pore water pressure significantly altered the pore structure of the specimens. Specifically, when the curing pressure increased to 750 kPa, the maximum pore diameter decreased from 3110.52 nm to approximately 2055 nm, accompanied by a continuous reduction in porosity. Pore water pressure exhibited a positive linear correlation with specimen porosity, which increased continuously as the pore water pressure rose. With increasing curing temperature, the strength of the backfilled specimens first increased and then decreased, reaching a maximum at 45 °C. As the curing pressure increased, the strength of the backfilled specimens rose, but the rate of increase gradually slowed. With increasing pore water pressure, the strength of the backfilled specimens showed a gradual decreasing trend. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Mine Backfilling Technology and Materials, 2nd Edition)

21 pages, 2080 KB

Open AccessArticle

Assessment of the Plant Growth-Promoting Potential of Three Pseudomonas and Pantoea Isolates to Promote Pepper Growth

by Ayman F. Omar, Adil H. A. Abdelmageed, Ahmad Al-Turki, Ahmed M. Aggag, Medhat Rehan and Noha M. Abdelhameid

Agronomy 2025, 15(10), 2419; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy15102419 (registering DOI) - 18 Oct 2025

Abstract

Plant growth-promoting bacteria (PGPB) have a wide range of applications in agriculture and environmental management. They act as biostimulants and biofertilizers to enhance crop quality and yields in a more sustainable way. The present research aimed at isolating three active strains from the [...] Read more.

Plant growth-promoting bacteria (PGPB) have a wide range of applications in agriculture and environmental management. They act as biostimulants and biofertilizers to enhance crop quality and yields in a more sustainable way. The present research aimed at isolating three active strains from the arid rhizosphere soil to act as biofertilizer. The plant growth-promoting features were evaluated in vitro and their implementation on pepper growth and yield were assessed and measured. Regarding IAA and ammonia production, the three designated isolates (P21, P22-1 and P58) showed patterns of high IAA production, producing 154.47 µg/mL, 155.03 µg/mL, and 188.65 µg/mL, respectively. Furthermore, considerable amounts of ammonia were detected in the supernatant of peptone water medium after 72 h of growth. Isolate P21 produced the maximum amount and generated 17.38 μmol/mL, whereas both P22-1 and P58 displayed lower amounts (15.47 and 15.92, respectively), without significant differences. P-solubilization efficacy calculated 18.7% (isolate P21), 64% (isolate P22-2), and 54% (isolate P58) when compared with un-inoculated medium. The molecular identification by 16S rRNA displayed that the three isolates belonged to Pseudomonas alkylphenolica strain P21 (PX257452), Pantoea agglomerans strain P22-1 (PX257453), and Pantoea brenneri strain P58 (PX257454). Applying the selected strains with sweet pepper in the presence of rock phosphate (RP) was assessed under greenhouse conditions. Three treatments (adding bacterial suspension at 0, 10 and 20 days after transplanting) from P21, P22-1, and P58 strains revealed that P21(3), P21(2), P22-1(3), and P58(3) treatments are considered the most promising treatments related to plant height, root length, leaf area, number of leaves per plant, leaf P-uptake, and stem P-uptake in addition to total plant P-uptake. In addition, the PCA biplot showed that MSP (mono-super phosphate), P22-1(3), and P58(3) are closely associated with high phosphorus uptake, indicating their effectiveness in enhancing phosphorus absorption by solubilizing insoluble forms. Eventually, PGPB will help the environment by improving soil fertility and structure, decreasing the need for toxic chemical fertilizers, and improving ecosystem health overall. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Organic Amendments to Low-Fertility Soils: Current Status and Future Prospects)

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19 pages, 1603 KB

Open AccessArticle

BiLSTM-LN-SA: A Novel Integrated Model with Self-Attention for Multi-Sensor Fire Detection

by Zhaofeng He, Yu Si, Liyuan Yang, Nuo Xu, Xinglong Zhang, Mingming Wang and Xiaoyun Sun

Sensors 2025, 25(20), 6451; https://doi.org/10.3390/s25206451 (registering DOI) - 18 Oct 2025

Abstract

Multi-sensor fire detection technology has been widely adopted in practical applications; however, existing methods still suffer from high false alarm rates and inadequate adaptability in complex environments due to their limited capacity to capture deep time-series dependencies in sensor data. To enhance robustness [...] Read more.

Multi-sensor fire detection technology has been widely adopted in practical applications; however, existing methods still suffer from high false alarm rates and inadequate adaptability in complex environments due to their limited capacity to capture deep time-series dependencies in sensor data. To enhance robustness and accuracy, this paper proposes a novel model named BiLSTM-LN-SA, which integrates a Bidirectional Long Short-Term Memory (BiLSTM) network with Layer Normalization (LN) and a Self-Attention (SA) mechanism. The BiLSTM module extracts intricate time-series features and long-term dependencies. The incorporation of Layer Normalization mitigates feature distribution shifts across different environments, thereby improving the model’s adaptability to cross-scenario data and its generalization capability. Simultaneously, the Self-Attention mechanism dynamically recalibrates the importance of features at different time steps, adaptively enhancing fire-critical information and enabling deeper, process-aware feature fusion. Extensive evaluation on a real-world dataset demonstrates the superiority of the BiLSTM-LN-SA model, which achieves a test accuracy of 98.38%, an F1-score of 0.98, and an AUC of 0.99, significantly outperforming existing methods including EIF-LSTM, rTPNN, and MLP. Notably, the model also maintains low false positive and false negative rates of 1.50% and 1.85%, respectively. Ablation studies further elucidate the complementary roles of each component: the self-attention mechanism is pivotal for dynamic feature weighting, while layer normalization is key to stabilizing the learning process. This validated design confirms the model’s strong generalization capability and practical reliability across varied environmental scenarios. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Sensor Networks)

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16 pages, 2135 KB

Open AccessArticle

Biodegradable PVA–Alginate Bio-Based Polymers Incorporating Cardanol-Based Polyols for Antibacterial Applications

by Da Hae Lee, Hee Ju Ahn, Jaekyoung Lee and Hee Chul Woo

Polymers 2025, 17(20), 2792; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym17202792 (registering DOI) - 18 Oct 2025

Abstract

The extensive use of petroleum-based plastics has caused serious environmental concerns; thus, the need for biodegradable alternatives is essential. Here, we present eco-friendly bio-based polymers prepared by crosslinking poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) and alginate (ALG) with glutaraldehyde, while incorporating cardanol-derived polyols (PCD) to add [...] Read more.

The extensive use of petroleum-based plastics has caused serious environmental concerns; thus, the need for biodegradable alternatives is essential. Here, we present eco-friendly bio-based polymers prepared by crosslinking poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) and alginate (ALG) with glutaraldehyde, while incorporating cardanol-derived polyols (PCD) to add antibacterial functionality. The synthesized bio-based polymers were characterized by FT-IR, XRD, and TGA. FT-IR confirmed sufficient crosslinking between PVA and ALG, whereas XRD revealed a minor decrease in crystallinity. Thermogravimetric analysis showed enhanced thermal stability with increasing ALG contents, as the residual mass increased from 8 wt% (PVA only) to 19–31% (PVA:ALG = 80:20–60:40). Swelling behavior was strongly governed by ALG, with higher ratios promoting water uptake up to 130%, whereas PCD reduced swelling due to increased hydrophobicity. Antibacterial assays indicated complete inactivation of Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus within 10–60 min depending on the polymer composition. These results demonstrate that tuning the PVA:ALG ratio and PCD content allows precise control of physicochemical properties. Overall, the developed PVA–ALG/PCD bio-based polymers represent a versatile and sustainable platform for eco-friendly packaging, biomedical, and water treatment applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Environmentally Friendly Polymeric Materials and Their Applications, 2nd Edition)

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25 pages, 6042 KB

Open AccessArticle

Design and Development of an Efficiently Harvesting Buoy-Type Wave Energy Converter

by Ganesh Korwar, Timotei István Erdei, Nitin Satpute, Atul P Kulkarni and Attila Szántó

Appl. Sci. 2025, 15(20), 11185; https://doi.org/10.3390/app152011185 (registering DOI) - 18 Oct 2025

Abstract

This paper presents an innovative approach to efficiently harvesting energy from ocean waves through a buoy-type Wave Energy Converter (WEC). The proposed methodology integrates a buoy, a Mechanical Motion Rectifier (MMR), a Motion Rectifier (MR), an Energy Storage Element (ESE), and an electric [...] Read more.

This paper presents an innovative approach to efficiently harvesting energy from ocean waves through a buoy-type Wave Energy Converter (WEC). The proposed methodology integrates a buoy, a Mechanical Motion Rectifier (MMR), a Motion Rectifier (MR), an Energy Storage Element (ESE), and an electric generator. A MATLAB-2023 model has been employed to assess the electrical power generated under varying wave heights and frequencies. Experimental data and numerical simulations reveal that the prototype Wave Energy Harvester (WEH) achieved a peak voltage of 6.7 V, peak power of 3.6 W, and an average power output of 8.5 mW, with an overall efficiency of 47.2% for the device’s actual size. Additionally, a theoretical analysis has been conducted to investigate the impact of incorporating additional buoys on the electrical power output. Full article

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18 pages, 4984 KB

Open AccessArticle

Hybrid RSM–ANN Modeling for Optimization of Electrocoagulation Using Aluminum Electrodes (Al–Al) for Hospital Wastewater Treatment

by Khanit Matra, Yanika Lerkmahalikit, Sirilak Prasertkulsak, Amnuaychai Kongdee, Raweeporn Pomthong, Suchira Thongson and Suthida Theepharaksapan

Water 2025, 17(20), 3003; https://doi.org/10.3390/w17203003 (registering DOI) - 18 Oct 2025

Abstract

Electrocoagulation (EC) employing aluminum–aluminum (Al–Al) electrodes was investigated for hospital wastewater treatment, targeting the removal of turbidity, soluble chemical oxygen demand (sCOD), and total dissolved solids (TDS). A hybrid modeling framework integrating response surface methodology (RSM) and artificial neural networks (ANN) was developed [...] Read more.

Electrocoagulation (EC) employing aluminum–aluminum (Al–Al) electrodes was investigated for hospital wastewater treatment, targeting the removal of turbidity, soluble chemical oxygen demand (sCOD), and total dissolved solids (TDS). A hybrid modeling framework integrating response surface methodology (RSM) and artificial neural networks (ANN) was developed to enhance predictive reliability and identify energy-efficient operating conditions. A Box–Behnken design with 15 experimental runs evaluated the effects of pH, current density, and electrolysis time. Multi-response optimization determined the overall optimal conditions at pH 7.0, current density 20 mA/cm², and electrolysis time 75 min, achieving 94.5% turbidity, 69.8% sCOD, and 19.1% TDS removal with a low energy consumption of 0.34 kWh/m³. The hybrid RSM–ANN model exhibited high predictive accuracy (R² > 97%), outperforming standalone RSM models, with ANN more effectively capturing nonlinear relationships, particularly for TDS. The results confirm that EC with Al–Al electrodes represent a technically promising and energy-efficient approach for decentralized hospital wastewater treatment, and that the hybrid modeling framework provides a reliable optimization and prediction tool to support process scale-up and sustainable water reuse. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Treatment Technologies for Emerging Contaminants in Wastewater)

23 pages, 2464 KB

Open AccessReview

Electrochemical and Redox Strategies for the Synthesis of Catecholamine- and Dihydroxynaphthalene-Based Materials: A Comparative Review

by Chloé Laporte and Vincent Ball

Electrochem 2025, 6(4), 36; https://doi.org/10.3390/electrochem6040036 (registering DOI) - 18 Oct 2025

Abstract

Melanins are multifunctional biopolymers with unique properties, ranging from UV and radiation protection to antioxidant activity and metal chelation, making them highly attractive for biomedical applications. Despite extensive research, the mechanisms underlying melanin formation remain only partially understood, and access to these biopolymers [...] Read more.

Melanins are multifunctional biopolymers with unique properties, ranging from UV and radiation protection to antioxidant activity and metal chelation, making them highly attractive for biomedical applications. Despite extensive research, the mechanisms underlying melanin formation remain only partially understood, and access to these biopolymers therefore relies on suitable molecular precursors. While most studies have focused on catecholamine-derived eumelanins such as 3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (L-DOPA) and dihydroxyindole (DHI), nitrogen-free precursors such as 1,8-dihydroxynaphthalene (1,8-DHN) are emerging as promising routes to allomelanins. To date, however, these two precursor classes have largely been investigated separately, limiting a broader understanding of structure–function relationships. This review aims to compare electrochemical and redox-based pathways to catecholamine- and DHN-derived materials, emphasizing both their common principles and distinctive features. By bridging these parallel research streams, we propose a methodological framework for guiding future research on melanin-inspired materials and bioelectrochemical technologies. Full article

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15 pages, 7207 KB

Open AccessArticle

Time-Varying Characteristics of CH₄ Displacement–Replacement Effect in Coal Seams During CO₂-Enhanced Coalbed Methane Recovery

by Jianchi Hao, Shuangming Wang, Hu Wen, Zegong Liu and Xuezhao Zheng

Energies 2025, 18(20), 5507; https://doi.org/10.3390/en18205507 (registering DOI) - 18 Oct 2025

Abstract

Carbon dioxide (CO₂)-enhanced coalbed methane recovery involves a complex process of mixed-gas adsorption, desorption, and diffusion–transport. The literature suggests that an appropriate range of CO₂ injection pressure and an optimal injection time window are critical for coal seams with varying [...] Read more.

Carbon dioxide (CO₂)-enhanced coalbed methane recovery involves a complex process of mixed-gas adsorption, desorption, and diffusion–transport. The literature suggests that an appropriate range of CO₂ injection pressure and an optimal injection time window are critical for coal seams with varying reservoir conditions. That is, higher pressure and longer injection periods do not necessarily lead to better displacement performance. Therefore, in this study, experimental research was conducted on the time-varying characteristics of the displacement–replacement effect of CO₂-enhanced methane (CH₄) extraction from coal seams, and the following results were obtained. (1) The process of displacement–replacement of CH₄ by CO₂ in coal seams can be divided into five stages: a stage of spontaneous CH₄ desorption caused by partial-pressure effects, a replacement-dominated stage, a stage where replacement and displacement act jointly, a displacement-dominated stage, and a stabilization stage. (2) For all three coal samples (anthracite, coking coal, and long-flame coal), cumulative CH₄ desorption increases with increasing CO₂ injection pressure below 5 MPa and finally stabilizes. However, when CO₂ injection pressure exceeds 5 MPa, the effect weakens, possibly due to the dynamic changes in CO₂ partial pressure. (3) The displacement–replacement ratio decreases with increasing CH₄ equilibrium pressure. Additionally, the larger the difference between the CO₂ injection pressure and the CH₄ equilibrium pressure, the better the displacement–replacement effect. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section B3: Carbon Emission and Utilization)

16 pages, 8480 KB

Open AccessReview

The Radiologists’ Guide to Spinal Separation Surgery: What Does the Surgeon Want to Know?

by Mohsin Khan, Labeeba Haq, Sai Niharika Gavvala, Petr Rehousek, Simon Hughes and Rajesh Botchu

Diseases 2025, 13(10), 348; https://doi.org/10.3390/diseases13100348 (registering DOI) - 18 Oct 2025

Abstract

Spinal tumours are an uncommon but significant cause of pain, fractures, instability, and cord compression, leading to poor quality of life and mortality. Separation surgery is a rapidly advancing technique that has seen increased utilisation in the field of spinal oncology surgery. Separation [...] Read more.

Spinal tumours are an uncommon but significant cause of pain, fractures, instability, and cord compression, leading to poor quality of life and mortality. Separation surgery is a rapidly advancing technique that has seen increased utilisation in the field of spinal oncology surgery. Separation surgery can be described as a resection technique that decompresses the spinal cord whilst creating an ablative target for high-dose stereotactic radiotherapy to achieve durable local control while minimising the risk of radiation myelopathy. This has facilitated the delivery of stereotactic radiotherapy, as well as created potential for use in managing primary bone tumours of the spine. From a radiology standpoint, optimal outcomes depend on meticulous preoperative characterisation of tumour volume and stability (e.g., ESCC grade and SINS), clear communication of anatomic constraints relevant to approach and fixation, and systematic postoperative surveillance to distinguish expected postoperative appearances from early recurrence or complications. We present our radiological experience and report recommendations while evaluating spinal oncology separation surgery. Full article

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21 pages, 1112 KB

Open AccessReview

Novel Molecular Insights and Evolution of Less Toxic Therapeutic Strategies in Burkitt Lymphoma

by Coen J. Lap and Kieron Dunleavy

Cancers 2025, 17(20), 3372; https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers17203372 (registering DOI) - 18 Oct 2025

Abstract

Burkitt lymphoma (BL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell lymphoma that is characterized by rapid tumor proliferation and frequent extra-nodal involvement. While prompt diagnosis and initiation of highly intensive chemotherapy results in cure rates over 90% in children and adolescents, outcomes in adults are [...] Read more.

Burkitt lymphoma (BL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell lymphoma that is characterized by rapid tumor proliferation and frequent extra-nodal involvement. While prompt diagnosis and initiation of highly intensive chemotherapy results in cure rates over 90% in children and adolescents, outcomes in adults are more modest, as comorbidities and advancing age may compromise treatment tolerability. In recent years, intermediate-intensity regimens have been developed for BL. These are highly effective in patients of all ages and associated with significantly less treatment-related toxicity compared to traditional high-dose chemotherapy. This was demonstrated in a recent randomized study of dose-intensive R-CODOX-M/R-IVAC compared to the reduced-intensity DA-EPOCH-R regimen, which was associated with equivalent outcomes but with significantly fewer side effects. Regardless of the chemotherapy platform, CNS involvement at baseline predicts a significantly inferior outcome, and the development of an optimal approach for these patients is an area of unmet need in BL therapeutics. Patients with relapsed or refractory disease following frontline therapy have very short survival times, as currently available salvage options are largely ineffective. In this regard, novel agents such as anti-CD19 CAR-T cells and bi-specific antibodies are under development in BL. It is hoped that progress in novel drug development, alongside improved understanding of BL biology, to further elucidate its genetic and epigenetic vulnerabilities, will lead to improved outcomes for patients in the future. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Burkitt Lymphoma: From Pathogenesis to Current Treatments)

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21 pages, 1284 KB

Open AccessArticle

Peer Effects of Bank Digital Transformation Through Shareholder Networks

by Liang He, Shengming Zhu, Mengmeng Zhang and Xiaolin Dong

Systems 2025, 13(10), 918; https://doi.org/10.3390/systems13100918 (registering DOI) - 18 Oct 2025

Abstract

This study examines the peer effects of bank digital transformation facilitated by shareholder networks and explores the underlying mechanisms. A time-varying network is constructed based on common shareholder connections among banks, and a corresponding measure is developed to quantify peer effects in digital [...] Read more.

This study examines the peer effects of bank digital transformation facilitated by shareholder networks and explores the underlying mechanisms. A time-varying network is constructed based on common shareholder connections among banks, and a corresponding measure is developed to quantify peer effects in digital transformation. Using the Peking University digital transformation index together with ownership and financial data from CSMAR, an empirical analysis is performed on a panel of 114 Chinese commercial banks from 2010 to 2021 to evaluate these effects. Fixed-effects estimations indicate that bank digital transformation is significantly affected by peer effects transmitted through common shareholder connections, with a one-unit increase in peers’ digitalization index associated with a 0.151-unit rise in the focal bank’s index. These findings remain robust and economically meaningful across alternative specifications, including system GMM, IV/2SLS designs, and different ownership thresholds. Further analyses indicate that the peer effects operate through mechanisms such as intensified competition, enhanced information sharing, and pooled resources. However, such peer influence also exacerbates disparities in digital progress across the industry, reflecting a Matthew Effect in which leading banks consolidate their advantages. Heterogeneity analysis reveals that the peer effects are more pronounced among banks with larger workforces, more diversified operations, and higher ownership concentration. The findings of this study provide insights into how financial institutions can leverage technological innovations through network-based channels, offering practical implications for promoting industry-wide transformation in the digital economy era. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Systems Practice in Social Science)

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20 pages, 3760 KB

Open AccessArticle

Dietary Exposure to 2,2′,4,4′-Tetrabromodiphenyl Ether (BDE-47) Causes Inflammation in the Liver of Common Carp (Cyprinus carpio) and Affects Lipid Metabolism by Interfering with Steroid Hormone Biosynthesis Pathways

by Shuhuang Chen, Nian Han, Yujie Huang, Huimin Sun, Youlian Liu, Defang Chen, Zhiqiong Li and Xin Zhang

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025, 26(20), 10152; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms262010152 (registering DOI) - 18 Oct 2025

Abstract

2,2′,4,4′-tetrabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-47) is a common environmental contaminant and widely detected in aquatic surroundings, while only a few reports exist on the hazard mechanism in economic aquatic animals. It has been shown that 40 and 4000 ng/g of BDE-47 dietary exposure over 42 [...] Read more.

2,2′,4,4′-tetrabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-47) is a common environmental contaminant and widely detected in aquatic surroundings, while only a few reports exist on the hazard mechanism in economic aquatic animals. It has been shown that 40 and 4000 ng/g of BDE-47 dietary exposure over 42 days significantly increased the levels of blood triglycerides, glucose, and liver glycogen in carp (Cyprinus carpio). Tissue observations showed that BDE-47 resulted in vacuolation, atrophy, and fat deposition in hepatocytes. Combined metabolomic and transcriptomic analyses revealed that BDE-47 affected the inflammatory response and the biosynthesis of steroid hormones. This was further confirmed by gene expression related to inflammatory factors (il-10, tnf-α, il-1β, and tgf-β1), lipid metabolism (acc, fas, srebp, rxr, atgl, hsl, and lpl), and the steroid hormone biosynthetic pathway (11bhsd, hsd3b, and star). Thus, BDE-47 affects liver inflammatory response and lipid deposition through steroid hormone biosynthesis in carp. This helps us to understand how BDE-47 dietary exposure impacts inflammation and lipid metabolism in fish, which affects the health of aquaculture and has potential risks to human health. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Research on the Physiology and Toxicology of Aquatic Animals)

19 pages, 3205 KB

Open AccessArticle

Physics-Aware Informer: A Hybrid Framework for Accurate Pavement IRI Prediction in Diverse Climates

by Xintao Cao, Zhiping Zeng and Fan Yi

Infrastructures 2025, 10(10), 278; https://doi.org/10.3390/infrastructures10100278 (registering DOI) - 18 Oct 2025

Abstract

Accurate prediction of the International Roughness Index (IRI) is critical for road safety and maintenance decisions. In this study, we propose a novel Physics-Aware Informer (PA-Informer) model that integrates the efficiency of the Informer structure with physics constraints derived from partial differential equations [...] Read more.

Accurate prediction of the International Roughness Index (IRI) is critical for road safety and maintenance decisions. In this study, we propose a novel Physics-Aware Informer (PA-Informer) model that integrates the efficiency of the Informer structure with physics constraints derived from partial differential equations (PDEs). The model addresses two key challenges: (1) performance degradation in short-sequence scenarios, and (2) the lack of physics constraints in conventional data-driven models. By embedding residual PDEs to link IRI with influencing factors such as temperature, precipitation, and joint displacement, and introducing a dynamic weighting strategy for balancing data-driven and physics-informed losses, the PA-Informer achieves robust and accurate predictions. Experimental results, based on data from four climatic regions in China, demonstrate its superior performance. The model achieves a Mean Squared Error (MSE) of 0.0165 and R² of 0.962 with an input window length of 30 weeks, and an MSE of 0.0152 and R² with an input window length of 120 weeks. Its accuracy is superior to that of other models, and the stability of the model when the input window length changes is far better than that of other models. Sensitivity analysis highlights joint displacement and internal stress as the most influential features, with stable sensitivity coefficients (S_p ≈ 0.89 and S_p ≈ 0.81). These findings validate the PA-Informer as a reliable and scalable tool for predicting pavement performance under diverse conditions, offering significant improvements over other IRI prediction models. Full article

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14 pages, 1928 KB

Open AccessArticle

Prevalence of Rotavirus in Diarrheic Piglets on RVA-Vaccinated and Non-Vaccinated Farms

by Weronika Rybkowska, Aleksandra Woźniak, Nicole Bakkegård Goecke, Lars Erik Larsen, Piotr Cybulski and Tomasz Stadejek

Pathogens 2025, 14(10), 1055; https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens14101055 (registering DOI) - 18 Oct 2025

Abstract

Rotaviruses (RVs) are an important cause of piglet diarrhea. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of rotavirus A, B, and C (RVA, RVB and RVC) in two RVA-vaccinated (VAC) and four non-vaccinated (NON-VAC) farms, and the impact of RVA vaccination on production [...] Read more.

Rotaviruses (RVs) are an important cause of piglet diarrhea. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of rotavirus A, B, and C (RVA, RVB and RVC) in two RVA-vaccinated (VAC) and four non-vaccinated (NON-VAC) farms, and the impact of RVA vaccination on production parameters. Additionally, RVs prevalence in consecutive weekly groups from one vaccinated and one non-vaccinated farm was assessed. Diarrheic feces or ileum content were screened for RVs using real-time RT-PCR. In VAC, no RVA or RVB was detected, while RVC was found in all the samples (15/15). In NON-VAC, RVA, RVB, and RVC were detected in 10.5%, 13.2%, and 52.6% of samples, respectively. RVC was the most prevalent species in longitudinal study, while RVA was found in single samples. RVB was detected in one sample from the vaccinated farm, and in four out of five groups from the non-vaccinated farm. The pre-wean mortality and weaning weight were lower in the vaccinated than in the non-vaccinated farm. Low RVA prevalence and no noticeable improvement in weaning outcomes suggest vaccination was probably unjustified. Our study emphasizes the importance of comprehensive screening before and after vaccination and highlights the importance of including RVB and RVC in diagnostics of neonatal diarrhea. Full article

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14 pages, 1374 KB

Open AccessArticle

Microwave-Induced Inhibition of Germination in Portulaca oleracea L. Seeds

by Nicola D’Ambrosio, Francesca Di Sio, Alessio Esposito, Francesca Lodato, Rita Massa, Gaetano Chirico and Fulvio Schettino

Agronomy 2025, 15(10), 2418; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy15102418 (registering DOI) - 18 Oct 2025

Abstract

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of 2.45 GHz microwave application in inhibiting the germination of Portulaca oleracea seeds. Four different soil substrate types were used to establish whether their different properties and composition might influence the microwave heating [...] Read more.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of 2.45 GHz microwave application in inhibiting the germination of Portulaca oleracea seeds. Four different soil substrate types were used to establish whether their different properties and composition might influence the microwave heating and inhibition of the seed germination process. Our results show the efficacy of the treatments and suggest the fundamental importance of defining specific microwave treatment protocols to be applied to the affected soil substrate. In this study, we report complete inhibition of germination of P. oleracea seeds in four exposed soil substrates and propose that microwave application could be integrated into an agricultural management system to control a weed such as P. oleracea, which is widespread in many areas of the world. The microwave treatment may represent an ecological and innovative solution that contributes to reducing the dependence on chemical herbicides and promotes greater agricultural sustainability. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Weed Management and Herbicide Efficacy Based on Future Climates)

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32 pages, 9494 KB

Open AccessArticle

Mineral Prospectivity Maps for Critical Metals in the Clean Energy Transition: Examples for Hydrothermal Copper and Nickel Systems in the Carajás Province

by Luiz Fernandes Dutra, Lena Virgínia Soares Monteiro, Marco Antonio Couto, Jr. and Cleyton de Carneiro Carneiro

Minerals 2025, 15(10), 1086; https://doi.org/10.3390/min15101086 (registering DOI) - 18 Oct 2025

Abstract

Machine learning algorithms are essential tools for developing Mineral Prospectivity Models (MPMs), enabling a data-driven approach to mineral exploration. This study integrated airborne geophysical, topographic, and geological data with a mineral system framework to build MPMs for iron oxide–copper–gold (IOCG) and hydrothermal nickel [...] Read more.

Machine learning algorithms are essential tools for developing Mineral Prospectivity Models (MPMs), enabling a data-driven approach to mineral exploration. This study integrated airborne geophysical, topographic, and geological data with a mineral system framework to build MPMs for iron oxide–copper–gold (IOCG) and hydrothermal nickel deposits in the Southern Copper Belt of the Carajás Province, Brazil. Seven machine learning algorithms were tested using stratified 10-fold cross-validation: Logistic Regression, k-Nearest Neighbors, AdaBoost, Support Vector Machine (SVM), Random Forest, XGBoost, and Multilayer Perceptron. SVM delivered the highest classification accuracy and robustness, highlighting new mineralized zones while minimizing false positives and negatives, and accounting for geological complexity. SHapley Additive ExPlanations (SHAP) analysis revealed that structural controls (e.g., faults, shear zones, and geochronological contacts) exert a stronger influence on mineralization patterns than lithological factors. The resulting prospectivity maps identified geologically distinct zones of IOCG and hydrothermal nickel mineralization, with high-probability closely aligned with major structural corridors oriented E–W, NE–SW, and NW–SE. Results also suggest an indirect association with volcanic units, Orosirian A1-type granites and Neoarchean A2-type granites. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Global Mineral Resource Exploration Using Multi-Sensor Satellite Data and Machine Learning Algorithms)

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16 pages, 875 KB

Open AccessArticle

Pharmacist Review of Medicines Following Ambulance-Attended Falls—A Multi-Methods Evaluation of a Quality Improvement Initiative

by William Mulrooney, Caitlin Wilson, Richard Pilbery, Ruth Fisher, Sarah Whiterod, Heather Smith, Emily Turner, Heather Edmonds, Peter Webster, Graham Prestwich, Fiona Bell and Rebecca McLaren

Emerg. Care Med. 2025, 2(4), 49; https://doi.org/10.3390/ecm2040049 (registering DOI) - 18 Oct 2025

Abstract

Background: Falls in older adults are a leading cause of morbidity, particularly when compounded by polypharmacy. There is mixed evidence of the efficacy of medicine reviews, but there is little work exploring this in the ambulance setting. A new referral pathway enabling ambulance [...] Read more.

Background: Falls in older adults are a leading cause of morbidity, particularly when compounded by polypharmacy. There is mixed evidence of the efficacy of medicine reviews, but there is little work exploring this in the ambulance setting. A new referral pathway enabling ambulance staff to connect patients to primary care pharmacists aimed to address this. This study explored staff and patient experiences with the pathway and its potential to improve medication safety after a fall. Methods: A mixed-method service evaluation was conducted to assess the implementation and impact of this pathway. Routine data from an ambulance trust and pharmacist proformas were used to address objectives relating to referral rates, clinical appropriateness, and fall recurrence. Patient and staff stakeholder perspectives were gathered through two cross-sectional surveys designed to explore emotional, behavioral, and practical responses to the intervention. Quantitative data were analyzed descriptively and using ordinal logistic regression where appropriate. Free-text responses were analyzed thematically. Results: Between May 2019 and March 2020, referrals were initiated for 775 older adults after ambulance attendance for a fall, with pharmacists completing medicine reviews on 340 patients. Survey data revealed improvements in patients’ emotional responses to their medicines. Ambulance clinicians identified patient disclosure, stockpiling, and the presence of expired medicines as key indicators of poor medicines management and valued the ability to refer patients. Conclusions: Overall, referral to the pathway demonstrates a marginal improvement in recontact rates in the short-term but does not necessarily represent an improvement in overall patient safety. The cost of such an intervention and patient expectations need further exploration to prove efficacy and patient satisfaction. Full article

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20 pages, 9250 KB

Open AccessArticle

Deep Learning-Based Multi-Source Precipitation Forecasting in Arid Regions Using Different Optimizations: A Case Study from Konya, Turkey

by Vahdettin Demir

Forecasting 2025, 7(4), 60; https://doi.org/10.3390/forecast7040060 (registering DOI) - 18 Oct 2025

Abstract

Accurate precipitation forecasting plays a crucial role in sustainable water resource management, especially in arid regions like Konya, one of Turkey’s driest areas. Reliable forecasts support effective water budgeting, agricultural planning, and climate adaptation efforts in the region. This study investigates the performance [...] Read more.

Accurate precipitation forecasting plays a crucial role in sustainable water resource management, especially in arid regions like Konya, one of Turkey’s driest areas. Reliable forecasts support effective water budgeting, agricultural planning, and climate adaptation efforts in the region. This study investigates the performance of different deep learning training algorithms in forecasting monthly precipitation using Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) networks, a method tailored for time-series prediction. A comprehensive dataset comprising 39 years (1984–2022) of precipitation records was utilized, obtained from the Turkish State Meteorological Service (MGM) as ground-based observations and from NASA’s POWER database as remote sensing data, and was split into 80% for training and 20% for testing. A comparative analysis of three widely used optimization algorithms, Adaptive Moment Estimation (ADAM), Root Mean Square Propagation (RMSProp), and Stochastic Gradient Descent with Momentum (SGDM), revealed that ADAM consistently outperformed the others in forecasting accuracy. Model performance was evaluated with statistical metrics, and the LSTM-ADAM combination achieved the best results. In the final phase, cross-validation was applied using MGM and NASA data sources in a crosswise manner to test model generalizability and data source independence. The best performance was observed when the model was trained with MGM data and tested with NASA data, achieving a remarkably low RMSE of 3.62 mm, MAE of 2.93 mm, R² of 0.9966, and NSE of 0.9686. When trained with NASA data and tested with MGM data, the model still demonstrated strong performance, with an RMSE of 4.48 mm, MAE of 3.22 mm, R² of 0.9921, and NSE of 0.9678. These results demonstrate that satellite and ground-based data can be used interchangeably under suitable conditions, while also confirming the superiority of the ADAM optimizer in LSTM-based precipitation forecasting. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Environmental Forecasting)

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26 pages, 12130 KB

Open AccessArticle

Robocasting as an Additive Manufacturing Method for Oxide Ceramics: A Study of Mechanical Properties and Microstructure

by Szymon Przybyła, Maciej Kwiatkowski, Michał Kwiatkowski and Marek Hebda

Materials 2025, 18(20), 4775; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma18204775 (registering DOI) - 18 Oct 2025

Abstract

Additive manufacturing methods can constitute a valuable alternative to conventional production techniques for components used in the heavy industry, particularly in foundry applications. This innovative manufacturing approach enables an expanded product portfolio as well as higher precision and geometrical complexity of ceramic components. [...] Read more.

Additive manufacturing methods can constitute a valuable alternative to conventional production techniques for components used in the heavy industry, particularly in foundry applications. This innovative manufacturing approach enables an expanded product portfolio as well as higher precision and geometrical complexity of ceramic components. One additive technology applicable to ceramic processing is robocasting, classified within the direct ink writing (DIW) family. In this method, a semi-fluid ceramic paste is extruded to build the part layer by layer; the shaped green body is subsequently fired (sintered) to attain its final functional properties. This study presents the results of materials characterization of printed ceramic filters, encompassing phase composition analysis, density measurements, three-point bending strength testing, hardness, and microstructural examination. The investigations demonstrated that the oxide ceramic Al₂O₃ processed by the modern robocasting method exhibits mechanical performance at a comparably high level relative to classical manufacturing routes (slip casting, ceramic injection molding, dry pressing). Moreover, the porosity results indicate that 3D printing technology enables lower post-sintering porosity. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Materials Processing (4th Edition))

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14 pages, 2263 KB

Open AccessArticle

Structure–Function Insights into Frog Skin Peptides Reveal Potent Inhibition of West Nile Virus Entry

by Carla Zannella, Annalisa Chianese, Rosa Giugliano, Valeria Stefanizzi, Alessandra Monti, Nunzianna Doti, Emilia Palazzotto, Floriana Bonura, Giovanni M. Giammanco, Antonio Mastino, Simona De Grazia, Francesca Marino-Merlo, Massimiliano Galdiero and Anna De Filippis

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025, 26(20), 10148; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms262010148 (registering DOI) - 18 Oct 2025

Abstract

Background. Over the past five decades, the emergence and re-emergence of multiple flaviviruses have triggered significant global outbreaks, posing serious threats to public health. Among them, West Nile virus (WNV) is a major cause of mosquito-borne illness, typically presenting as an acute systemic [...] Read more.

Background. Over the past five decades, the emergence and re-emergence of multiple flaviviruses have triggered significant global outbreaks, posing serious threats to public health. Among them, West Nile virus (WNV) is a major cause of mosquito-borne illness, typically presenting as an acute systemic febrile disease and, in some cases, progressing to the central nervous system involvement. No specific antiviral therapies or effective vaccines are available for WNV infections. In this context, antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) with antiviral properties—known as antiviral peptides (AVPs)—have gained attention as potential therapeutic agents due to their ability to interfere with various stages of the viral life cycle. Methods. Two frog-derived melittin-like peptides, AR-23 and RV-23, were synthesized and purified, and their hemolytic activity was assessed on human erythrocytes. Antiviral activity against WNV was evaluated in Vero cells using cytopathic effect reduction assays and real-time PCR quantification of viral RNA. Time-of-addition experiments were conducted to explore the stage of viral inhibition. In silico molecular docking studies were performed to examine interactions between the peptides and the viral E glycoprotein. Results. Both peptides displayed strong antiviral effects during the early phases of infection, likely through direct interaction with viral particles and disruption of virus–host interactions. Conclusions. Compared with melittin, AR-23 and RV-23 showed greater efficacy and lower cytotoxicity, highlighting their potential as promising therapeutic candidates for flavivirus infections. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antimicrobial and Antiviral Peptides: 2nd Edition)

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17 pages, 2606 KB

Open AccessReview

Plasmid Genomic Dynamics and One Health: Drivers of Antibiotic Resistance and Pathogenicity

by Célia P. F. Domingues, João S. Rebelo, Francisco Dionisio and Teresa Nogueira

Pathogens 2025, 14(10), 1054; https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens14101054 (registering DOI) - 18 Oct 2025

Abstract

Seen through a One Health perspective, plasmids act as global links, connecting human, animal, and environmental microbiomes while broadening the ecological scope of resistance and virulence. By combining knowledge about plasmid classification, mobility, resistance, virulence, and data sources, this review emphasizes their key [...] Read more.

Seen through a One Health perspective, plasmids act as global links, connecting human, animal, and environmental microbiomes while broadening the ecological scope of resistance and virulence. By combining knowledge about plasmid classification, mobility, resistance, virulence, and data sources, this review emphasizes their key role as drivers of bacterial evolution and worldwide health risks. Recognizing plasmids as connectors across microbiomes highlights both the urgency and opportunity to address plasmid-mediated resistance with integrated strategies. Current plasmid databases, such as NCBI RefSeq, PLSDB, IMG/PR, and PlasmidScope, have already greatly advanced our understanding of these connections, and they are likely to profoundly alter how we see plasmid biology and One Health relationships. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bacterial Pathogenesis and Antibiotic Resistance)

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27 pages, 14312 KB

Open AccessArticle

Identification of Non-Photosynthetic Vegetation Fractional Cover via Spectral Data Constrained Unmixing Algorithm Optimization

by Xueting Han, Chengyi Zhao, Menghao Ji and Jianting Zhu

Remote Sens. 2025, 17(20), 3480; https://doi.org/10.3390/rs17203480 (registering DOI) - 18 Oct 2025

Abstract

Non-photosynthetic vegetation fractional cover (f_NPV) is a key indicator of vegetation decline and ecological health. Traditional inversion models assume identical spectral signatures for the same vegetation cover class across entire study areas. Spectral variations occur among regions due to divergent [...] Read more.

Non-photosynthetic vegetation fractional cover (f_NPV) is a key indicator of vegetation decline and ecological health. Traditional inversion models assume identical spectral signatures for the same vegetation cover class across entire study areas. Spectral variations occur among regions due to divergent soil properties and vegetation types. To address this limitation, extensive ground sampling was conducted; ground observation data from multiple regions were utilized to establish localized spectral libraries, thereby enhancing spectral variability representation within the study area while concurrently optimizing vegetation indices across different sensor systems. The results reveal that, within the optimized spectral mixture analysis model, the coefficient of determination (R²) for f_NPV using the NPV soil separation index (NSSI) for Sentinel sensor is 0.6258, and that of f_PV using the modified soil adjusted vegetation index (MSAVI) is 0.8055. The MSAVI-NSSI achieved an R² of 0.7825 for f_NPV and 0.8725 for photosynthetic vegetation fractional cover (f_PV). Optimized vegetation indices also yielded favorable validation results. Landsat’s theoretical predictions improved by 0.1725, with validated results up by 0.1635. MODIS showed improvements of 0.1365 and 0.1923, respectively. This enhancement significantly improves the accuracy of NPV fractional cover identification, providing critical insights for vegetation ecological health assessment in arid and semi-arid regions under global warming. Furthermore, by optimizing the spectral constraint weights in remote sensing images, a solution is provided for the long-term monitoring of vegetation health status. Full article

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27 pages, 6466 KB

Open AccessArticle

Four New Pinnularia Ehrenberg Species (Bacillariophyta) from Urban Freshwater Streams in South Korea

by Yuyao Li, Weihan Wang, Byeong-Hun Han, Su-Ok Hwang and Baik-Ho Kim

Plants 2025, 14(20), 3206; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14203206 (registering DOI) - 18 Oct 2025

Abstract

This study reports the discovery of four novel Pinnularia species—P. latocentra sp. nov., P. rhombocentra sp. nov., P. seouloflexuosa sp. nov., and P. paristriata sp. nov.—from urban freshwater streams in South Korea. Species delimitation was achieved using a polyphasic approach that integrated [...] Read more.

This study reports the discovery of four novel Pinnularia species—P. latocentra sp. nov., P. rhombocentra sp. nov., P. seouloflexuosa sp. nov., and P. paristriata sp. nov.—from urban freshwater streams in South Korea. Species delimitation was achieved using a polyphasic approach that integrated light and scanning electron microscopy, ecological profiling, and molecular evidence from SSU rRNA and rbcL sequences. Each taxon was confirmed as morphologically and genetically distinct from its closest congeners. Our findings broaden the recognized diversity of Pinnularia in East Asia and demonstrate that urban streams, often regarded as degraded habitats, can harbor hidden diatom diversity and ecological complexity. By clarifying diagnostic traits, validating type material in a recognized repository, and aligning molecular and morphological evidence, this study contributes to a more robust taxonomy of Pinnularia. These results also highlight the importance of polyphasic taxonomy and the strategic inclusion of urban habitats in diatomological surveys and biodiversity assessments. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Plant Taxonomy, Phylogeny, and Evolution)

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