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19 pages, 5187 KB

Open AccessArticle

Genome-Wide Association Studies of Growth and Carcass Traits in Charolais Cattle Based on High-Coverage Whole-Genome Resequencing

by Feng Zhang, Chengmei Wang, Aishao Shangguan, Xiaojun Suo, Mengjie Chen, Hu Tao, Fan Jiang, Tian Xu, Nian Zhang, Zaidong Hua, Jin Chai and Qi Xiong

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025, 26(23), 11411; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms262311411 (registering DOI) - 25 Nov 2025

Abstract

Growth and carcass traits are key economic traits in beef cattle production, and identifying their associated genetic markers is crucial for improving breeding efficiency. Charolais cattle, as a superior beef breed, exhibit excellent performance in growth rate and meat production. The aim of [...] Read more.

Growth and carcass traits are key economic traits in beef cattle production, and identifying their associated genetic markers is crucial for improving breeding efficiency. Charolais cattle, as a superior beef breed, exhibit excellent performance in growth rate and meat production. The aim of this study was to utilize the preferred high-coverage whole-genome resequencing (hcWGS) as a replacement for single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) chips to identify significant SNPs and candidate genes associated with growth (body weight, body height, cross height, body length, and chest measurement across different growth stages) and carcass traits (live backfat thickness and eye muscle area at 18 months) in 240 Charolais cattle, thereby providing guidance for beef cattle breeding. Through hcWGS (approximately 13× coverage) and quality control, 4,088,633 SNPs were identified and subsequently used for genetic analyses. Through FarmCPU-based genome-wide association studies, 196 potentially significant SNPs associated with growth traits and 29 SNPs with carcass traits were identified. Annotation analyses revealed 353 candidate genes (such as RBM33, KCTD17, PTHLH, RAC2, CHD6, TRDN, WBP1L, TLL2, CH25H, and ST13) linked to growth traits and 26 candidate genes linked to carcass traits (such as CHST11, LRRK2, RIOK2, and INTS10). Additionally, three SNPs (g.8674692C>G, g.54418624G>T, and g.71085551G>A) were validated via polymerase chain reaction–restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP), enabling efficient marker-assisted selection. Furthermore, eight SNPs in the Acyl-CoA oxidase 1 (ACOX1) gene were found to be associated with growth and backfat thickness traits. These findings provide valuable preliminary insights into the genetic mechanisms underlying growth and carcass traits in Charolais cattle, facilitating genome-assisted breeding. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Advances in Molecular Genetics and Breeding of Cattle, Sheep, and Goats)

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22 pages, 4316 KB

Open AccessArticle

LisseMars: A Lightweight Semantic Segmentation Model for Mars Helicopter

by Boyu Lin, Fei Wang, Qingeng Li, Bo Zheng, Meibao Yao, Xueming Xiao, Yifan Qi, Hutao Cui and Xiangyu Huang

Aerospace 2025, 12(12), 1049; https://doi.org/10.3390/aerospace12121049 - 25 Nov 2025

Abstract

With the continuous deepening of Mars exploration missions, the Mars helicopter has become a key platform for acquiring high-resolution near-ground imagery. However, accurate semantic segmentation of the Martian surface remains challenging due to complex terrain morphology, sandstorm interference, and the limited onboard computational [...] Read more.

With the continuous deepening of Mars exploration missions, the Mars helicopter has become a key platform for acquiring high-resolution near-ground imagery. However, accurate semantic segmentation of the Martian surface remains challenging due to complex terrain morphology, sandstorm interference, and the limited onboard computational resources that restrict real-time processing. Existing models either introduce high computational overhead unsuitable for deployment on Mars aerial platforms or fail to jointly capture fine-grained local texture and global contextual structure information. To address these limitations, we propose LisseMars, a lightweight semantic segmentation network designed for efficient onboard perception. The model integrates a Window Movable Attention (WMA) module for enhanced global context extraction and a multi-convolutional feedforward module (CFFN) to strengthen local detail representation. A Dynamic Polygon Convolution (DPC) module is further introduced to improve segmentation performance on geometrically heterogeneous objects, while a Group Fusion Module (GFM) enables effective multi-scale semantic integration. Extensive experiments are conducted on both real Tianwen-1 Mars helicopter imagery and synthetic datasets. The results show that our method achieved a mean IoU of 78.56% with only 0.12 MB of model parameters, validating the effectiveness of the proposed framework. The real-time performance of proposed method on edge device deployment further demonstrate potential application for real Mars airborne missions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Astronautics & Space Science)

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20 pages, 3615 KB

Open AccessArticle

Heavy Metal Pollution and Health Risk Assessment in Black Soil Region of Inner Mongolia Province, China

by Lin Xu, Zijie Gao, Jie Jiang and Guoxin Sun

Agronomy 2025, 15(12), 2717; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy15122717 - 25 Nov 2025

Abstract

In order to investigate the current status of soil heavy metal pollution, ecological risk, and risk sources in the black soil area of the Eastern Inner Mongolia Province, topsoil (0–20 cm) samples from farmland in the black soil area (N = 163) were [...] Read more.

In order to investigate the current status of soil heavy metal pollution, ecological risk, and risk sources in the black soil area of the Eastern Inner Mongolia Province, topsoil (0–20 cm) samples from farmland in the black soil area (N = 163) were collected to determine the contents of seven heavy metals. The levels of soil heavy metal pollution and ecological risk in the study area were evaluated by combining the geo-accumulation index, potential ecological risk index, and static environmental carrying capacity; the positive matrix factorization (PMF) model was used to identify the pollution sources and contributions of heavy metals in the soil and analyze the risk levels to adults and children. The soil was predominantly weakly acidic, with mean values of Cr, Ni, Cu, As, Cd, Pb, and Zn of 61.77, 26.77, 17.07, 12.11, 0.08, 12.61, and 85.71 mg·kg⁻¹. The mean concentrations of heavy metals exceeded the background values, except for Pb, the mean concentration of which was lower than the soil background. Ni concentrations of 6.21% at the sampling sites exceeded the risk screening value for agricultural soils. The geo-accumulation index showed that Cr (55.15%) and As (54.00%) were mainly mild pollutants; the static environmental carrying capacity indicated that the soils were slightly polluted by Ni, As, and Zn; and the potential ecological risk indices of Cd, Ni, and As were at moderate levels. The PMF model analyzed three pollution sources: mixed agricultural practice–transportation sources (39.46%), mineral-related activity sources (27.01%), and pesticide–fertilizer agricultural practices (33.53%). The human health risk assessment indicated that 46.58% of sampling sites posed a carcinogenic risk to children, with Ni as the main carcinogenic element. In conclusion, the potential contamination of As, Cd, Ni, Cr, and Zn in the Eastern Inner Mongolia farmland black soil area should be further studied. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Agroecology Innovation: Achieving System Resilience)

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13 pages, 1917 KB

Open AccessArticle

Occupational Ergonomic Risks Among Women in Underground Coal Mining, South Africa

by Ouma S. Mokwena, Joyce Shirinde and Thabiso J. Morodi

Safety 2025, 11(4), 116; https://doi.org/10.3390/safety11040116 - 25 Nov 2025

Abstract

Although women have participated in mining activities across the world for centuries, the industry continues to be perceived as predominantly male-oriented. This perception persists largely due to the male-dominated workforce and the physically demanding nature of mining operations. This paper examines the ergonomic [...] Read more.

Although women have participated in mining activities across the world for centuries, the industry continues to be perceived as predominantly male-oriented. This perception persists largely due to the male-dominated workforce and the physically demanding nature of mining operations. This paper examines the ergonomic impacts of mining machinery on female mineworkers. The study was conducted in three underground coal mining operations located in Mpumalanga, South Africa, using a quantitative research approach. To evaluate the ergonomic demands placed on women working underground, the researchers employed the Rapid Entire Body Assessment (REBA) in combination with direct observation techniques. The findings revealed that female mineworkers experience considerable challenges when performing tasks requiring significant physical strength and endurance. The observed female mineworker recorded a final REBA score of seven, indicating a medium-risk level. Ergonomic challenges in underground coal mining are further intensified for female mineworkers due to the absence of gender-specific considerations in equipment design, task allocation, and the overall working environment. Although the risk classification was moderate, the results underscore the need for further investigation and the timely implementation of corrective measures. Addressing these issues will require the integration of inclusive ergonomic principles that account for gender diversity within the mining workforce. Full article

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11 pages, 2357 KB

Open AccessArticle

Visual Servo-Based Real-Time Eye Tracking by Delta Robot

by Maria Muzamil Memon, Aarif Hussain, Abdulrhman Mohammed, Ali Manthar, Songjing Li and Weiyang Lin

Appl. Sci. 2025, 15(23), 12521; https://doi.org/10.3390/app152312521 - 25 Nov 2025

Abstract

This work presents and validates an eye-tracking-based visual system for driving the delta robot. A delta robot is tracked by image processing based on vision servo control. The vision servo program is developed in C++ to perform image processing-based object detection. For image [...] Read more.

This work presents and validates an eye-tracking-based visual system for driving the delta robot. A delta robot is tracked by image processing based on vision servo control. The vision servo program is developed in C++ to perform image processing-based object detection. For image processing, Haar classifier-based methods are used. Finally, image processing and motion controller movements are integrated into one system to perform the visual servo-based motion of the end effector of the delta robot. Experiments are performed to validate the proposed method from the perspective of image processing. Moreover, this paper validates the kinematic analysis, which is vital for obtaining 3D information on the end-effector of the delta robot. The presented model can be implemented in eye clinics to facilitate ophthalmologists by replacing manual eye-checking equipment with automatic, unattended, computerized eye checkups. Full article

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23 pages, 5372 KB

Open AccessArticle

Correcting Atmospheric Temperature and Vapor Density Profiles of Ground-Based Microwave Radiometer in Diverse Skies by Regression Model and Artificial Neural Network Methods

by Guirong Xu, Yonglan Tang, Aning Gou, Yiqin Wang, Weifa Yang and Jing Yan

Remote Sens. 2025, 17(23), 3819; https://doi.org/10.3390/rs17233819 - 25 Nov 2025

Abstract

A ground-based microwave radiometer (MWR) can retrieve temperature and vapor density profiles with a temporal resolution at the minute level, which is significant for studying atmospheric thermodynamic stratification and its evolution. Improving MWR retrieval accuracy is crucial for MWR application research. Based on [...] Read more.

A ground-based microwave radiometer (MWR) can retrieve temperature and vapor density profiles with a temporal resolution at the minute level, which is significant for studying atmospheric thermodynamic stratification and its evolution. Improving MWR retrieval accuracy is crucial for MWR application research. Based on 9-year observations of MWR and radiosonde in Wuhan, China, this study adopts regression model and artificial neural network (ANN) methods to correct MWR temperature and vapor density deviations against radiosondes in diverse skies. Due to the impacts of solar heating and raindrops, MWR temperature presents a cold bias from radiosondes in clear and cloudy skies, but a warm bias in rainy skies, while the MWR vapor density is generally wetter than radiosondes, especially in rainy skies. The validation results show that both regression and ANN models can reduce the biases of MWR temperature and vapor density against radiosondes to around zero in diverse skies, and the MWR vapor density RMSE in rainy skies shows a marked decrease. After correcting using the regression model, the RMSE of MWR temperature (vapor density) declines by 14% (7%), 7% (4%), and 12% (29%) in clear, cloudy, and rainy skies, respectively, and the correction effect of the ANN model is slightly better than the regression model, with corresponding decreases of 19% (8%), 10% (8%), and 12% (30%), respectively. However, the consistency of MWR retrievals with radiosondes is rarely improved after the corrections of regression and ANN models. These results indicate that the regression and ANN models have a reasonable ability to correct MWR retrieval deviation in diverse skies, and there is remaining room for further improvement in MWR retrieval accuracy. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Microwave Remote Sensing for Earth Observation (EO))

17 pages, 5411 KB

Open AccessArticle

Synergistic Effects of Hybrid Basalt Fibers on the Durability of Recycled Aggregate Concrete Under Freeze–Thaw and Chloride Conditions

by Qiao Sun, Zehui Ye, Renjie Cai and Dongwei Li

Appl. Sci. 2025, 15(23), 12520; https://doi.org/10.3390/app152312520 - 25 Nov 2025

Abstract

To address the poor resistance of recycled aggregate concrete (RAC) to chloride ion penetration and freeze–thaw deterioration in cold coastal regions, this study introduces basalt fibers (BFs) as a reinforcement to improve its durability and structural integrity. Rapid freeze–thaw and electric flux tests, [...] Read more.

To address the poor resistance of recycled aggregate concrete (RAC) to chloride ion penetration and freeze–thaw deterioration in cold coastal regions, this study introduces basalt fibers (BFs) as a reinforcement to improve its durability and structural integrity. Rapid freeze–thaw and electric flux tests, combined with scanning electron microscopy (SEM), were employed to systematically evaluate the effects of fiber volume fraction and length configuration on the frost resistance and chloride impermeability of basalt fiber-reinforced RAC (BFRAC). The experimental results demonstrated that the incorporation of basalt fibers markedly enhanced the coupled durability of RAC, with the mixture containing 0.15% fiber volume and a balanced hybrid of short (12 mm) and long (18 mm) fibers achieving the most favorable performance. This mixture effectively reduced mass loss and strength degradation under repeated freeze–thaw cycles while substantially lowering chloride ion penetration compared with plain RAC. Microstructural observations revealed that the hybrid fiber system formed a multi-scale three-dimensional network, in which short fibers restrained microcrack initiation and long fibers bridged macrocracks, jointly refining the pore structure and improving the interfacial bonding between recycled aggregates and the cement matrix. This synergistic mechanism enhanced matrix compactness and obstructed chloride transport, leading to a more stable and durable composite. The findings not only establish an optimal basalt fiber design for improving RAC durability but also elucidate the fundamental mechanism underlying hybrid fiber synergy. These insights provide valuable theoretical guidance and practical strategies for developing sustainable, high-performance concrete suitable for long-term service in cold-region coastal infrastructures. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Civil Engineering)

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20 pages, 1023 KB

Open AccessArticle

Integrating Indigenous Financial Frameworks in Zimbabwean Banks: A Decolonial Economics’ Approach to Sustainable Finance

by Gilbert Tepetepe and Lawrence Ogechukwu Obokoh

Economies 2025, 13(12), 343; https://doi.org/10.3390/economies13120343 - 25 Nov 2025

Abstract

This study explores, from decolonial economics perspective, how nineteen Zimbabwean banks engage with both Euro-American and indigenous knowledge systems in their sustainable finance practices. Despite growing global interest in sustainability, limited research has examined the relevance of these models within Zimbabwe’s socio-economic context. [...] Read more.

This study explores, from decolonial economics perspective, how nineteen Zimbabwean banks engage with both Euro-American and indigenous knowledge systems in their sustainable finance practices. Despite growing global interest in sustainability, limited research has examined the relevance of these models within Zimbabwe’s socio-economic context. Addressing this gap, the study employs transformative sequential mixed methods, incorporating 289 structured questionnaires, 30 focus group discussions, and 45 archival documents. Data were subjected to descriptive statistics, narrative analysis, Marxist immanent critique, and decolonial theory. Findings reveal that Zimbabwean banks predominantly adopt Euro-American sustainability frameworks such as the UN Sustainable Development Goals, Paris Accords and accounting standards. However, these frameworks often misalign with local realities, obscuring sustainability colonialism, promoting exclusion of indigenous knowledge, reinforcing Global North dominance, and perpetuating weak sustainability theory. This results in superficial compliance that conceals extractive investments and carbon-intensive practices. Moreover, these models deepen subordinated financialization, commodification, elite capture, resource expropriation, and socio-environmental inequalities. The study calls for a paradigm shift, either rejecting Euro-American models in favor of indigenous approaches or adopting a hybrid model that integrates indigenous knowledge. Such a shift would promote strong sustainability, pluralism, and decolonized institutional frameworks to foster financial inclusion, community resilience, and ecological regeneration in Zimbabwe. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Economic Development)

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28 pages, 1726 KB

Open AccessArticle

Energy Efficiency Optimization in Heterogeneous 5G Networks Using DUDe

by Chrysostomos-Athanasios Katsigiannis, Konstantinos Tsachrelias, Vasileios Kokkinos, Apostolos Gkamas, Christos Bouras and Philippos Pouyioutas

Electronics 2025, 14(23), 4641; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics14234641 - 25 Nov 2025

Abstract

To meet the escalating data demands of 5G and beyond networks, densified Heterogeneous Networks (HetNets) provide a promising solution, deploying small base stations for improved spectral and energy efficiency. However, HetNets pose challenges, particularly in user association. This journal introduces the Downlink/Uplink Decoupling [...] Read more.

To meet the escalating data demands of 5G and beyond networks, densified Heterogeneous Networks (HetNets) provide a promising solution, deploying small base stations for improved spectral and energy efficiency. However, HetNets pose challenges, particularly in user association. This journal introduces the Downlink/Uplink Decoupling (DUDe) approach, which enhances uplink performance in HetNets by allowing different access points for uplink and downlink associations. We assess DUDe’s energy efficiency through extensive simulations across various scenarios, demonstrating substantial energy savings compared to centralized 5G systems. Our findings underscore the importance of energy-efficient design for reducing network operational costs and carbon footprint in 5G networks. In addition to energy efficiency gains, DUDe also offers improved resource allocation and network flexibility, making it a valuable solution for evolving wireless communication ecosystems. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feature Papers in Networks: 2025–2026 Edition)

32 pages, 3549 KB

Open AccessArticle

BeamSecure-AI: AI-Driven Beam-Level Attack Detection in mmWave RAN

by Faris Alsulami

Electronics 2025, 14(23), 4642; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics14234642 - 25 Nov 2025

Abstract

Millimeter-wave radio access networks have a high level of security risks due to the vulnerability of having security threats at the beam level as hackers can exploit this by breaking network integrity and user privacy. This paper proposes BeamSecure-AI, an artificial intelligence-based framework [...] Read more.

Millimeter-wave radio access networks have a high level of security risks due to the vulnerability of having security threats at the beam level as hackers can exploit this by breaking network integrity and user privacy. This paper proposes BeamSecure-AI, an artificial intelligence-based framework that allows locating beam-level attacks and overcoming them in mmWave RAN networks in real-time. The proposed system combines deep reinforcement learning and explainable AI modules to enable it to dynamically detect threats and be transparent about the operations of the decision-making processes. We mathematically formulate the dynamic beam alignment patterns covering the multi-dimensional feature extraction through space, time, and spectral space. Experimental results validate the effectiveness of the proposed method across a range of attack scenarios, where significantly higher improvement in detection rates (96.7%) and response latency of 42.5 ms, with false-positive rates below ≤2.3%, are observed as compared to other methods. The framework can detect complex attacks such as beam stealing, jamming, and spoofing while maintaining low false-positive rates and consistent performance across urban, suburban, and rural deployment scenarios. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Secure Networking: Advances in Network Attack Detection and Protocol Security)

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19 pages, 5251 KB

Open AccessArticle

Influence of Cross-Sectional Curve Equation on Flow Field Evolution and Particle Separation in the Spiral Concentrator of the First Turn

by Shuling Gao, Chunyu Liu, Xiaohong Zhou, Xintong Zhang, Qian Wang and Cong Han

Separations 2025, 12(12), 327; https://doi.org/10.3390/separations12120327 - 25 Nov 2025

Abstract

The flow field evolution in the first turn of the spiral concentrator is decisive for the separation efficiency of solid particles. A laboratory-scale Φ300 mm spiral concentrator was employed as the study subject. The fluid phase was simulated using the RNG k-ε (Renormalization [...] Read more.

The flow field evolution in the first turn of the spiral concentrator is decisive for the separation efficiency of solid particles. A laboratory-scale Φ300 mm spiral concentrator was employed as the study subject. The fluid phase was simulated using the RNG k-ε (Renormalization Group) turbulence model and the VOF (Volume of Fluid) multiphase model, while the particles were calculated with an Eulerian multi-fluid VOF model that incorporates the Bagnold effect. The influence of the cross-sectional curve equation on the evolution of flow field parameters in the first turn and on the separation behavior of hematite and quartz particles was systematically investigated. The results indicated that the evolution characteristics of fluid parameters, such as the depth of flow film, the tangential velocity of surface flow, the velocity of secondary circulation, and radial flux, were similar. All parameters were observed to undergo an initial decrease or increase, eventually stabilizing as the longitudinal travel progressed. A negative correlation was identified between the index of the cross-sectional curve equation and both the depth of flow film and the tangential velocity of surface flow in the inner half of the trough, whereas an inverse relationship was noted in the outer half. With an increase in the index of the cross-sectional curve equation, the outward circulation velocity in the initial stage and its radial flux in the outer zone were enhanced, while the fluctuations in the evolution of local fluid parameters were suppressed, with more active fluid radial migration observed at the indices of the cross-sectional curve equation of 2.5 and 3. As the flow field evolved, axial separation between hematite and quartz particles was progressively achieved by gravity due to their density difference. In the middle and inner-outer zones, the migration directions of hematite and quartz were observed to become opposite in the later stage of evolution, while the difference in their migration magnitudes was also found to be widened. With an increase in the index of the cross-sectional curve equation, the disparity in the axial separation and movement between hematite and quartz was enhanced, albeit with a diminishing rate of increase. The maximum separation efficiency between hematite and quartz particles was significantly improved with increased longitudinal travel, reaching over 60% by the end of the first turn; higher indices were determined to be more favorable for achieving this performance. Based on the previous research, the variation in separation indices in the third turn was investigated under both independent adjustment of the index of the cross-sectional curve equation and its combined adjustment with the downward bevel angle. Relatively high and stable separation performance was achieved with the indices of the cross-sectional curve equation of 2.5 and 3, where a maximum separation efficiency of 82.02% was obtained, thereby validating the high efficiency and suitability of the selected spiral concentrator profile. This research elucidated the decisive role of the flow field evolution through the first turn in particle separation behavior from the perspective of quantitative description of hydrodynamic parameters, providing beneficial references for the cross-sectional structure design of spirals and the prediction of the separation index of specific feed. Full article

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18 pages, 545 KB

Open AccessReview

Robotic Pancreaticoduodenectomy: Current Evidence and Future Perspectives

by Silvio Caringi, Antonella Delvecchio, Annachiara Casella, Cataldo De Palma, Valentina Ferraro, Rosalinda Filippo, Matteo Stasi, Nunzio Tralli, Tommaso Maria Manzia, Riccardo Memeo and Michele Tedeschi

J. Clin. Med. 2025, 14(23), 8372; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm14238372 - 25 Nov 2025

Abstract

Background: Robotic pancreaticoduodenectomy (RPD) is a less invasive alternative to open pancreaticoduodenectomy (OPD) with the potential for perioperative advantage. Concerns remain regarding its technical difficulty, cost, and oncologic adequacy. Methods: Review of PubMed, MEDLINE, Scopus, and Embase databases was conducted (January [...] Read more.

Background: Robotic pancreaticoduodenectomy (RPD) is a less invasive alternative to open pancreaticoduodenectomy (OPD) with the potential for perioperative advantage. Concerns remain regarding its technical difficulty, cost, and oncologic adequacy. Methods: Review of PubMed, MEDLINE, Scopus, and Embase databases was conducted (January 2000–October 2025), focusing on systematic reviews, meta-analyses, and significant comparative studies of RPD. Outcomes assessed were perioperative outcomes, oncologic sufficiency, learning curve, model training, cost-effectiveness, and future developments. Results: Several studies report comparable R0 rates and lymph node yield between RPD and OPD, with reduced blood loss, shorter postoperative hospital stay, and faster recovery in high-volume centers. Morbidity (35–50%) and 90-day mortality (<2%) are similar to open or laparoscopic surgery. Competence is usually achieved after 40–60 cases, while optimal outcomes are achieved after 80–100 procedures. Structured mentorship and simulation training improve safety and reproducibility. Novel technologies such as augmented reality, intraoperative fluorescence, and artificial intelligence-based navigation may also enhance accuracy and shorten the learning curve. Conclusions: RPD appears to be a safe and effective minimally invasive option in carefully selected patients if done in specialized, high-volume centers. Future studies need to resolve long-term oncologic results, cost-effectiveness, and the role of next-generation robotic systems. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue State of the Art in Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary (HPB) Surgery)

11 pages, 885 KB

Open AccessArticle

High Prevalence and Clinical Associations of Vitamin D Deficiency in Inflammatory Bowel Disease: Evidence from a Tertiary Center Cohort

by Theodora Kafentzi, Ploutarchos Pastras, Ioanna Aggeletopoulou, Efthymios P. Tsounis, Georgios Geramoutsos, Nikitas Kimiskidis, Maria Bali, Konstantinos Thomopoulos, Georgia Diamantopoulou, Georgios Theocharis and Christos Triantos

Nutrients 2025, 17(23), 3698; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17233698 - 25 Nov 2025

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Vitamin D in its active form, 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D₃ [1,25(OH)₂D₃], plays a critical role in immune regulation, gut barrier function, and systemic inflammation. Its deficiency is frequent in Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD), but the clinical implications remain uncertain. [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Vitamin D in its active form, 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D₃ [1,25(OH)₂D₃], plays a critical role in immune regulation, gut barrier function, and systemic inflammation. Its deficiency is frequent in Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD), but the clinical implications remain uncertain. The aim of the study is to assess the prevalence of vitamin D deficiency in a well-characterized IBD cohort in Western Greece, and explore its associations with clinical features, laboratory biomarkers, and treatment intensity. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, 184 consecutive, well-characterized IBD outpatients followed at a tertiary referral center in Western Greece underwent clinical evaluation and laboratory testing between January 2023 and December 2024. Vitamin D is determined by measuring 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D], which reflects the body’s vitamin D stores due to its longer half-life compared with the biologically active form. Deficiency was defined as serum 25(OH)D < 20 ng/mL. Associations with disease type, clinical and laboratory biomarkers, severity indices, and treatment were analyzed using multivariate logistic regression. Results: Vitamin D deficiency was identified in 67 patients (36.4%). Although unrelated to disease type, hospitalization, surgery, or disease activity indices, deficiency correlated with systemic inflammation, nutrition/metabolic markers, and treatment intensity. More specifically, vitamin D-deficient patients exhibited higher platelet counts (p = 0.005) and erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) (p = 0.014), lower hemoglobin (p = 0.005), albumin (p = 0.011), and serum glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase (SGOT) (p = 0.009) levels and more frequent use of biologic therapy (p = 0.009). In multivariate analysis, vitamin D deficiency remained independently associated with biologic therapy (aOR = 0.374; 95% CI: 0.148–0.946), platelet count (aOR = 0.996, 95% CI: 0.992–0.999), and SGOT (aOR = 1.05, 95% CI: 1.00–1.10), indicating consistent links between vitamin D deficiency and treatment intensity, systemic inflammation, and nutritional or metabolic status. Conclusions: Vitamin D deficiency is common among IBD patients and independently associates with systemic inflammation, metabolic impairment, and intensified treatment requirement, supporting its potential role as a marker of disease burden. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Vitamins and Human Health: 3rd Edition)

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33 pages, 1571 KB

Open AccessReview

CAR Therapies: Ex Vivo and In Vivo Potential of Exosomes and Biomimetic Nanoparticles

by Ekaterina Tkachenko, Natalia Ponomareva, Konstantin Evmenov, Artyom Kachanov, Sergey Brezgin, Anastasiya Kostyusheva, Vladimir Chulanov, Elena Volchkova, Alexander Lukashev, Dmitry Kostyushev and Peter Timashev

Cancers 2025, 17(23), 3766; https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers17233766 - 25 Nov 2025

Abstract

Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) therapy represents a promising modality for treating cancer and autoimmune diseases, employing genetically engineered immune cells. Despite remarkable clinical outcomes, its broad implementation is constrained by significant challenges, including toxicity, limited specificity, and complexities associated with genetic material delivery. [...] Read more.

Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) therapy represents a promising modality for treating cancer and autoimmune diseases, employing genetically engineered immune cells. Despite remarkable clinical outcomes, its broad implementation is constrained by significant challenges, including toxicity, limited specificity, and complexities associated with genetic material delivery. Biological nanoparticles, such as exosomes, virus-like particles, and biomimetic nanostructures, possess unique properties that can address these limitations. These nanoplatforms enable targeted delivery of genetic constructs, mitigate the risk of cytokine release syndrome, modulate CAR cell activity, and can function as biosensors. Furthermore, they facilitate non-viral, in vivo CAR cell engineering, streamlining the process compared to conventional ex vivo methods. The advancement of in vivo strategies underscores the critical need to overcome toxicity hurdles inherent to current CAR-T platforms. In this context, exosomes and biomimetic nanoparticles offer considerable potential due to their innate biocompatibility, programmability, and versatile cargo capacity for payloads like mRNA and circular RNA. This review comprehensively outlines contemporary genetic platforms for CAR expression and examines the opportunities presented by biological delivery vehicles. It focuses on recent achievements and revisits fundamental CAR principles through the lens of emerging technologies aimed at confronting persistent challenges in the field. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Cancer Immunology and Immunotherapy)

31 pages, 2113 KB

Open AccessArticle

A Squirrel’s Guide to the Olive Galaxy: Tree-Level Determinants of Den-Site Selection in the Persian Squirrel within Traditional Mediterranean Olive Groves

by Yiannis G. Zevgolis, Efstratios Kamatsos, Apostolos Christopoulos, Christina Valeta, Eleni Rekouti, Christos Xagoraris, George P. Mitsainas, Petros Lymberakis, Dionisios Youlatos and Panayiotis G. Dimitrakopoulos

Biology 2025, 14(12), 1676; https://doi.org/10.3390/biology14121676 - 25 Nov 2025

Abstract

Traditional centennial olive groves represent ecologically valuable agroecosystems that support both biodiversity and cultural heritage across Mediterranean landscapes. On Lesvos Island, Greece, which marks the westernmost limit of the Persian squirrel (Sciurus anomalus) distribution, these centennial olive trees serve as essential [...] Read more.

Traditional centennial olive groves represent ecologically valuable agroecosystems that support both biodiversity and cultural heritage across Mediterranean landscapes. On Lesvos Island, Greece, which marks the westernmost limit of the Persian squirrel (Sciurus anomalus) distribution, these centennial olive trees serve as essential nesting resources for this regionally Vulnerable species. However, the tree-level mechanisms determining den-site suitability remain insufficiently understood. We examined 288 centennial olive trees, including 36 with confirmed dens, integrating structural, physiological, and thermal metrics to identify the attributes influencing den occupancy. Our results showed that squirrels consistently selected older and taller olives with broad crowns and high photosynthetic activity, indicating a preference for vigorous, architecturally complex trees that provide stable microclimatic conditions. Infrared thermography revealed that occupied trees exhibited lower trunk temperature asymmetries and stronger thermal buffering capacity, highlighting the role of microclimatic stability in den-site selection. Overall, our findings show that den-site selection in S. anomalus is shaped by the interplay of structural maturity, physiological performance, and thermal coherence. By linking tree function to den-site suitability, our work advances a mechanistic understanding of microhabitat selection and emphasizes the importance of centennial olive trees as biophysical refugia within traditional Mediterranean agroecosystems. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Young Researchers in Ecology)

13 pages, 5197 KB

Open AccessArticle

Large-Scale Production of Silver Nanoplates via Ultrasonic-Assisted Continuous-Flow Synthesis

by Xiangting Hu, Yixuan Yao, Fuqiang Yan, Jiahao Pan and Zhenda Lu

Nanomaterials 2025, 15(23), 1770; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15231770 - 25 Nov 2025

Abstract

Silver nanoplates hold significant promise for advanced electronic materials, especially in low-temperature conductive silver pastes crucial for next-generation solar cells. However, their widespread practical application, like many nanomaterials, is currently limited by insufficient production capacity and inconsistent quality inherent in conventional batch synthesis [...] Read more.

Silver nanoplates hold significant promise for advanced electronic materials, especially in low-temperature conductive silver pastes crucial for next-generation solar cells. However, their widespread practical application, like many nanomaterials, is currently limited by insufficient production capacity and inconsistent quality inherent in conventional batch synthesis methods. To overcome these critical challenges, we developed a novel ultrasound-assisted continuous-flow synthesis method for the scalable and high-yield production of silver nanoplates. This innovative approach effectively addresses common issues such as nanoparticle deposition and pipeline clogging by leveraging ultrasonic cavitation for enhanced mixing and stable flow. Through systematic optimization of synthetic parameters-including temperature, flow rate, and seed concentration-our continuous-flow reactor achieved mass production of pure silver nanoplates at a rate of 3.8 g/h. This scaled-up system is capable of producing hundreds of grams per day. The as-prepared nanoplates demonstrate excellent electrical performance, highlighting the method’s potential for industrial-scale manufacturing and significantly advancing the development of high-efficiency electronic devices. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Nanofabrication and Nanomanufacturing)

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22 pages, 14004 KB

Open AccessArticle

Bifurcation and Firing Behavior Analysis of the Tabu Learning Neuron with FPGA Implementation

by Hongyan Sun, Yujie Chen and Fuhong Min

Electronics 2025, 14(23), 4639; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics14234639 - 25 Nov 2025

Abstract

Neuronal firing behaviors are fundamental to brain information processing, and their abnormalities are closely associated with neurological disorders. This study conducts a comprehensive bifurcation and firing-behavior analysis of an improved Tabu Learning neuron model using a semi-analytical discrete implicit mapping framework. First, a [...] Read more.

Neuronal firing behaviors are fundamental to brain information processing, and their abnormalities are closely associated with neurological disorders. This study conducts a comprehensive bifurcation and firing-behavior analysis of an improved Tabu Learning neuron model using a semi-analytical discrete implicit mapping framework. First, a discrete implicit mapping is constructed for the Tabu Learning neuron, enabling high-precision localization of stable and unstable periodic orbits within chaotic regimes and overcoming the limitations of conventional time-domain integration. Second, an eigenvalue-centered analysis is used to classify bifurcation types and stability, summarized in explicit bifurcation tables that reveal self-similar offset bifurcation routes, coexisting periodic and chaotic attractors, and chaotic bubbling firing patterns. Third, the proposed neuron model and its discrete mapping are implemented on an FPGA platform, where hardware experiments faithfully reproduce the analytically predicted stable and unstable motions, thereby tightly linking theoretical analysis and digital neuromorphic hardware. Overall, this work establishes a unified analytical–numerical–hardware framework for exploring complex neuronal dynamics and provides a potential basis for neuromodulation strategies and neuromorphic computing system design. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Circuit and Signal Processing)

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18 pages, 2728 KB

Open AccessArticle

Regulation of the Homeostasis of Early Embryo Development in Dairy Cows by Targeted Editing of the PRLR Gene-Mediated Activation of the Anti-Heat Stress Pathway

by Xin Cheng, Daqing Wang, Xingyu Zhang, Lu Li, Yiyi Liu, Guifang Cao and Yong Zhang

Cells 2025, 14(23), 1856; https://doi.org/10.3390/cells14231856 - 25 Nov 2025

Abstract

The intensification of global climate warming exacerbates the issue of heat stress in dairy cows, making the SLICK mutation in the prolactin receptor (PRLR) gene a critical target for enhancing heat tolerance in these animals. This study aims to investigate the [...] Read more.

The intensification of global climate warming exacerbates the issue of heat stress in dairy cows, making the SLICK mutation in the prolactin receptor (PRLR) gene a critical target for enhancing heat tolerance in these animals. This study aims to investigate the effects of CRISPR/Cas9-mediated editing of the PRLR gene on the biological characteristics of bovine fibroblasts and early embryonic development following somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT). Using the CRISPR/Cas9 system, we targeted and edited a 20 bp–150 bp region within exon nine of the PRLR gene. After conducting off-target predictions and activity screenings, we identified optimal guide RNA (sgRNA) sequences and established stable transgenic cell lines. Transcriptome sequencing was performed on edited cells to identify key genes and validate their expression profiles. Edited cells were utilized as donor cells for SCNT, during which we assessed oocyte levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS), glutathione (GSH), and mitochondrial function to analyze embryonic developmental performance. We constructed a cellular stress resistance network aimed at mitigating damage transmission while maintaining embryonic developmental homeostasis. This research provides technical support and theoretical reference for genetic editing breeding programs aimed at improving heat tolerance in dairy cattle. Full article

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32 pages, 1023 KB

Open AccessReview

A Four-Dimensional Analysis of Explainable AI in Energy Forecasting: A Domain-Specific Systematic Review

by Vahid Arabzadeh and Raphael Frank

Mach. Learn. Knowl. Extr. 2025, 7(4), 153; https://doi.org/10.3390/make7040153 - 25 Nov 2025

Abstract

Despite the growing use of Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI) in energy time-series forecasting, a systematic evaluation of explanation quality remains limited. This systematic review analyzes 50 peer-reviewed studies (2020–2025) applying XAI to load, price, or renewable generation forecasting. Using a PRISMA-inspired protocol, we [...] Read more.

Despite the growing use of Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI) in energy time-series forecasting, a systematic evaluation of explanation quality remains limited. This systematic review analyzes 50 peer-reviewed studies (2020–2025) applying XAI to load, price, or renewable generation forecasting. Using a PRISMA-inspired protocol, we introduce a dual-axis taxonomy and a four-factor framework covering global transparency, local fidelity, user relevance, and operational viability to structure our qualitative synthesis. Our analysis reveals that XAI application is not uniform but follows three distinct, domain-specific paradigms: a user-centric approach in load forecasting, a risk management approach in price forecasting, and a physics-informed approach in generation forecasting. Post hoc methods, particularly SHAP, dominate the literature (62% of studies), while rigorous testing of explanation robustness and the reporting of computational overhead (23% of studies) remain critical gaps. We identify key research directions, including the need for standardized robustness testing and human-centered design, and provide actionable guidelines for practitioners. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI): 3rd Edition)

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23 pages, 6676 KB

Open AccessReview

Stimulus-Responsive Afterglow Carbon Dots from Internal Mechanism to Potential Application

by Chongye Xia, Xingyu Gu, Xingwang Zhu, Yunfei Sun, Qijun Li and Jing Tan

Nanomaterials 2025, 15(23), 1769; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15231769 - 25 Nov 2025

Abstract

Stimulus-responsive afterglow materials refer to a class of substances whose afterglow characteristics alter under external stimuli, showing considerable potential for advanced applications in anti-counterfeiting, optoelectronic displays, chemical sensing, and bioimaging. Carbon dots (CDs), as an emerging category of afterglow materials, have garnered significant [...] Read more.

Stimulus-responsive afterglow materials refer to a class of substances whose afterglow characteristics alter under external stimuli, showing considerable potential for advanced applications in anti-counterfeiting, optoelectronic displays, chemical sensing, and bioimaging. Carbon dots (CDs), as an emerging category of afterglow materials, have garnered significant attention due to their stable photophysical and chemical properties, low toxicity, and tunable luminescent energy bands. In recent years, significant progress has been made in the development of stimulus-responsive afterglow CDs, underscoring the need for a systematic summary of this rapidly advancing field. This review summarizes recent advances in CD-based afterglow, encompassing luminescence mechanisms and synthesis strategies. A particular focus is placed on the types of stimulus-responsive afterglow behaviors in CDs, their influence on afterglow performance, and the underlying response mechanisms. The potential applications of these stimulus-responsive afterglow CDs in sensing and information encryption are also discussed in detail. Finally, current challenges and future prospects are outlined, aiming to guide the rational design and development of next-generation stimulus-responsive afterglow CDs. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section 2D and Carbon Nanomaterials)

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20 pages, 2232 KB

Open AccessArticle

Newly Discovered Fungal Species from Black Pepper Marketed in Brazil: Penicillium pipericola sp. nov. and Syncephalastrum brasiliense sp. nov.

by Vinicius Sanches Rosa, Adriana R. P. da Silva, Paola Ferrari, Daniela B. B. Trivella, Mariana C. de Souza, Lara Durães Sette, Rafael de Felício, Beatriz T. Iamanaka, Marta H. Taniwaki and Josué J. Silva

Microorganisms 2025, 13(12), 2691; https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms13122691 - 25 Nov 2025

Abstract

Black pepper (Piper nigrum L.) has historically been among the most consumed spices globally. Brazil is one of the world’s largest producers and exporters, and is the largest in the Western Hemisphere. This study describes two new fungal species associated with black [...] Read more.

Black pepper (Piper nigrum L.) has historically been among the most consumed spices globally. Brazil is one of the world’s largest producers and exporters, and is the largest in the Western Hemisphere. This study describes two new fungal species associated with black pepper commercialized in Brazil. The first, Penicillium pipericola sp. nov., belongs to the subgenus Penicillium, section Paradoxa, series Atramentosa. The second, Syncephalastrum brasiliense sp. nov., belongs to the order Mucorales, family Syncephalastraceae. The taxonomic classification of these species was supported by a pluralistic approach, based on multilocus phylogenetic analyses, morphological analyses, and metabolomics. Furthermore, the metabolomic analysis revealed considerable biosynthetic versatility of the new species under different cultivation conditions, producing metabolites with therapeutic and biotechnological potential. The identification of these species increases the understanding of fungal diversity in the black pepper production chain and may have important implications for the microbiological quality of the product, for the understanding of ecological interactions within the agroecosystem and for potential industrial applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fungal Diversity and Bioactive Potential: From Taxonomy to Therapeutic Applications)

19 pages, 2020 KB

Open AccessArticle

Research on Crosstalk Calculation Methods of Installed Cables

by Yuxi Ren, Jin Tian, Yaoxing Jia, Jingqi Zuo, Xianwen Xie, Yanhui Liu, Zihe Xu and Peng Zhang

Electronics 2025, 14(23), 4640; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics14234640 - 25 Nov 2025

Abstract

Interconnect cables serve as critical components in electronic systems responsible for energy and signal transmission. Their electromagnetic compatibility directly impacts the reliable operation of the system. As internal cable layouts become increasingly complex and compact, crosstalk issues between cables have become more pronounced. [...] Read more.

Interconnect cables serve as critical components in electronic systems responsible for energy and signal transmission. Their electromagnetic compatibility directly impacts the reliable operation of the system. As internal cable layouts become increasingly complex and compact, crosstalk issues between cables have become more pronounced. In this paper, we investigate the crosstalk characteristics of complex assembled cables, proposing a transmission line coupling calculation method that accounts for the influence of cable insulation layers. We specifically address the challenges of computationally complex coupling analysis and insufficiently in-depth crosstalk characteristic analysis in real-world interconnect cable systems. First, we investigate crosstalk calculation methods for assembled interconnect cables. We analyze and extract typical branch, parallel, and vertical structural features present in assembled cables, establishing an electromagnetic coupling model for complex assembled interconnect cables. Based on multi-conductor transmission line theory and incorporating the weak coupling assumption, the direct coupling from interference sources and their reflected waves to sensitive ports, along with the four types of interference propagation paths corresponding to reflected coupling, are decomposed and identified. Building upon this, a transmission line equation accounting for insulation layer effects is proposed. Finally, the crosstalk values calculated using the proposed method are compared with experimentally measured values and those obtained from CST simulations. The comparison results indicate that under ideal transmission line conditions, the crosstalk values obtained from the three methods show minimal deviation, validating the proposed algorithm. Full article

21 pages, 1033 KB

Open AccessReview

A Novel Protocol for Feasibility and Safety in Early Discharge with ACS

by Karim Jamhour-Chelh

J. Clin. Med. 2025, 14(23), 8373; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm14238373 - 25 Nov 2025

Abstract

Acute coronary syndrome is the primary reason for admission to cardiology services and involves significant resource consumption. Currently, low-risk patients are recommended for discharge within the first 48–72 h, enabling early initiation of cardiac rehabilitation with proper follow-up. This is crucial not only [...] Read more.

Acute coronary syndrome is the primary reason for admission to cardiology services and involves significant resource consumption. Currently, low-risk patients are recommended for discharge within the first 48–72 h, enabling early initiation of cardiac rehabilitation with proper follow-up. This is crucial not only as an efficiency marker but also because current evidence has shown it to be a safe and feasible strategy. Thus, this work aims to provide a comprehensive review of the current evidence on early discharge in acute coronary syndrome and propose a new, intuitive, objective, and easy-to-use tool: the LATE2ACS protocol. This is a narrative, hypothesis-generating review; LATE2ACS is presented as a preliminary, exploratory checklist rather than a definitive or implementable score. Its added value lies in operationalizing post-PCI early discharge decision-making across ACS as a pragmatic bedside checklist that complements, rather than replaces, prognostic scores such as TIMI, GRACE, Zwolle, and CADILLAC. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Acute Coronary Syndromes: From Diagnosis to Treatment)

23 pages, 4070 KB

Open AccessArticle

Few-Shot Fault Diagnosis of Rolling Bearings Using Generative Adversarial Networks and Convolutional Block Attention Mechanisms

by Yong Chen, Xiangrun Pu, Guangxin Li, Yunhui Bai and Lijie Hao

Lubricants 2025, 13(12), 515; https://doi.org/10.3390/lubricants13120515 - 25 Nov 2025

Abstract

In modern industrial systems, diagnosing faults in the rolling bearings of high-speed rotating machinery remains a considerable challenge due to the scarcity of reliable fault samples and the inherent complexity of the diagnostic task. To address these limitations, this study proposes an intelligent [...] Read more.

In modern industrial systems, diagnosing faults in the rolling bearings of high-speed rotating machinery remains a considerable challenge due to the scarcity of reliable fault samples and the inherent complexity of the diagnostic task. To address these limitations, this study proposes an intelligent fault diagnosis method that integrates a generative adversarial network (GAN) with a convolutional block attention mechanism (CBAM). First, after systematically evaluating several loss functions, a GAN based on the Wasserstein distance loss function was adopted to generate high-quality synthetic vibration samples, effectively augmenting the training dataset. Subsequently, a convolutional block attention mechanism-based convolutional neural network (CBAM-CNN) was developed. By adaptively emphasizing salient features through channel and spatial attention modules, the CBAM-CNN improves feature extraction and recognition performance under limited-sample conditions. To validate the proposed method, an experimental platform for a two-speed automatic mechanical transmission (2AMT) of an electric vehicle was developed, and diagnostic experiments were conducted on high-speed rolling bearings. The results indicate that, under extremely severe conditions, CBAM-CNN achieves a diagnostic accuracy of 96.64% for rolling element pitting defects using only 10% of authentic samples. For composite faults, the model maintains an average accuracy above 97%, demonstrating strong generalization capability. These findings provide solid theoretical support and practical engineering guidance for rolling bearing fault diagnosis under few-shot conditions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Tribological Characteristics of Bearing System, 3rd Edition)

21 pages, 7102 KB

Open AccessArticle

Bulk Tea Shoot Detection and Profiling Method for Tea Plucking Machines Using an RGB-D Camera

by Yuyang Cai, Xurui Li, Wenyu Yi and Guangshuai Liu

Sensors 2025, 25(23), 7204; https://doi.org/10.3390/s25237204 - 25 Nov 2025

Abstract

Due to the shortage of rural labor and an increasingly aging population, promoting the mechanized plucking of bulk tea and improving plucking efficiency have become urgent problems for tea plantations. Previous bulk tea plucking machines have not fully adapted to tea plantations in [...] Read more.

Due to the shortage of rural labor and an increasingly aging population, promoting the mechanized plucking of bulk tea and improving plucking efficiency have become urgent problems for tea plantations. Previous bulk tea plucking machines have not fully adapted to tea plantations in hilly areas, necessitating enhancements in the performance of cutter profiling. In this paper, we present an automatic cutter profiling method based on an RGB-D camera, which utilizes the depth information of bulk tea shoots to tackle the issues mentioned above. Specifically, we use improved super-green features and the Otsu method to detect and segment the shoots from the RGB images of the tea canopy taken from different lighting conditions. Furthermore, the cutting pose based on the depth value of the tea shoots can be generated as a basis for cutter profiling. Lastly, the profiling task is completed by the upper computer controlling motors to adjust the cutter pose. Field tests were conducted in the tea plantation to verify the proposed profiling method’s effectiveness. The average bud and leaf integrity rate, leakage rate, loss rate, tea making rate, and qualified rate were 81.2%, 0.91%, 0.66%, and 90.4%, respectively. The results show that the developed algorithm can improve cutting pose calculation accuracy and that the harvested bulk tea shoots meet the requirements of machine plucking quality standards and the subsequent processing process. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Smart Agriculture)

14 pages, 4719 KB

Open AccessArticle

Functional Analysis of the Role Played by the MiHSP90 Gene Family in the Shell Thickness of Macadamia Nuts (Macadamia integrifolia)

by Xiuju Huan, Qiujin Tan, Xiuhua Tang, Chunheng Zhou, Xiaozhou Yang, Yuanrong Wei, Haisheng Chen, Wenlin Wang and Lifeng Wang

Forests 2025, 16(12), 1775; https://doi.org/10.3390/f16121775 - 25 Nov 2025

Abstract

Macadamia integrifolia is a vital cash crop. The shells of its nuts serve multiple purposes in both agricultural practices and waste management initiatives. In this research, transcriptome analysis was carried out on three macadamia nut varieties with significantly different shell thicknesses, namely ‘A38’, [...] Read more.

Macadamia integrifolia is a vital cash crop. The shells of its nuts serve multiple purposes in both agricultural practices and waste management initiatives. In this research, transcriptome analysis was carried out on three macadamia nut varieties with significantly different shell thicknesses, namely ‘A38’, ‘Guire No.1’ (‘GR1’), and HAES842 (‘842’), at the same stage of maturity. The results revealed remarkable differences in their gene expression profiles. A total of 4311 novel genes were identified, among which 1631 were functionally annotated. Analyses using Gene Ontology (GO), Clusters of Orthologous Groups (COGs), and the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) indicated that the main categories of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were associated with plant–pathogen interactions. Additionally, 10 members of the heat shock protein 90 (MiHSP90) family were identified and classified into subgroups A, B, and C by comparing them with the HSP90 gene family members of Arabidopsis and rice. Among these, the MiHSP90.1, MiHSP90.2, and MiHSP90.9 proteins were differentially highly expressed in the three macadamia nut varieties. These findings provide fundamental insights into the regulatory mechanisms underlying shell formation in macadamia nuts. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Genetics and Molecular Biology)

21 pages, 1788 KB

Open AccessArticle

Experimental and Numerical Replication of Thermal Conditions in High-Pressure Die-Casting Process

by Abdelfatah M. Teamah, Ahmed M. Teamah, Mohamed S. Hamed and Sumanth Shankar

Processes 2025, 13(12), 3815; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr13123815 - 25 Nov 2025

Abstract

Acquiring reliable thermal data during the high-pressure die-casting (HPDC) process remains a significant challenge due to its complexity and rapidly evolving thermal environment. In industrial settings, the influence of process parameters is typically evaluated after solidification by examining the final casting quality, as [...] Read more.

Acquiring reliable thermal data during the high-pressure die-casting (HPDC) process remains a significant challenge due to its complexity and rapidly evolving thermal environment. In industrial settings, the influence of process parameters is typically evaluated after solidification by examining the final casting quality, as direct temperature measurements within the die during operation are difficult to obtain. Additionally, most casting simulation tools lack accurate correlations for the interfacial heat transfer coefficient (IHTC) as a function of process parameters. To address this limitation, a laboratory-scale hot chamber die-casting (HCDC) apparatus was developed to replicate the fluid flow and the thermal conditions of industrial HPDC operation while enabling direct thermal measurements inside the die cavity using embedded thermocouples. The molten metal temperature was estimated using the lumped capacitance method, and the IHTC was determined through a custom inverse heat conduction algorithm incorporating an adaptive forward time-stepping scheme. This algorithm was validated by solving the forward heat conduction problem using the ANSYS 2025 R1 Transient Thermal solver. The experimentally obtained IHTC values showed good agreement with those measured during industrial HPDC trials, with a maximum deviation of about 14% in the peak value, while the full width at half maximum (FWHM) differed by less than 12%. These results confirm that the developed HCDC setup can reliably reproduce industrial thermal conditions and generate high-quality thermal data that can be used in numerical casting simulations. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Multi-Phase Flow and Heat Transfer Processes in Thermal Engineering and Technology)

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