MDPI - Publisher of Open Access Journals

21 pages, 3624 KB

Open AccessArticle

Phenolic Composition and Antioxidant Capacity of Pistachio Seed Coats at Different Tree Ages Under Saline Irrigation Conditions

by Takudzwa Chirenje, Rebecca Chavez, Sandhya Rijal, Irvin Arroyo, Gary S. Bañuelos and Monika Sommerhalter

Agronomy 2025, 15(12), 2816; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy15122816 (registering DOI) - 7 Dec 2025

Abstract

Sustaining irrigated agriculture under drought conditions with alternative water sources such as saline groundwater requires understanding their effects on salt-tolerant crops like pistachio. During recent California droughts, pistachio trees planted in 2002, 2009, and 2011 were irrigated with high-saline water containing traces of [...] Read more.

Sustaining irrigated agriculture under drought conditions with alternative water sources such as saline groundwater requires understanding their effects on salt-tolerant crops like pistachio. During recent California droughts, pistachio trees planted in 2002, 2009, and 2011 were irrigated with high-saline water containing traces of boron (B) and selenium (Se). In 2018, irrigation was divided so that half of the trees received low-saline water, while the others continued under high-saline irrigation. Three years later, nuts were harvested to evaluate how irrigation quality affected seed coats, the main storage site of phenolic antioxidants. Sixty seed coat extracts from both irrigation treatments were analyzed for antioxidant capacity (ABTS, DPPH, FRAP and Folin–Ciocalteu assays). Nuts from the oldest trees (planted in 2002) had the highest antioxidant capacity. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) identified gallic acid and nine flavonoids. Catechin, procyanidin B1, cyanidin-3-O-galactoside, and eriodictyol were most abundant in the oldest trees. Irrigation salinity significantly affected gallic acid, quercetin, and isoquercetin, with higher concentrations detected in seed coats from trees receiving continued high-saline irrigation. These compound-specific shifts, together with strong age-dependent patterns, provide insight into how long-term salinity exposure influences phenolic composition in pistachio seed coats. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Impact of Irrigation or Drainage on Soil Environment and Crop Growth)

16 pages, 3305 KB

Open AccessArticle

Effects of SDS Surfactant on Oxygen Transfer in a Fine-Bubble Diffuser Aeration Column

by Oscar Prades-Mateu, Guillem Monrós-Andreu, Salvador Torró, Raúl Martínez-Cuenca and Sergio Chiva

Water 2025, 17(24), 3473; https://doi.org/10.3390/w17243473 (registering DOI) - 7 Dec 2025

Abstract

Aeration is one of the most energy-intensive operations in wastewater treatment plants, with its efficiency strongly affected by the presence of surfactants. This study investigates the impact of Sodium Dodecyl Sulphate (SDS) on oxygen mass transfer using a commercial fine-bubble diffuser. Oxygen transfer [...] Read more.

Aeration is one of the most energy-intensive operations in wastewater treatment plants, with its efficiency strongly affected by the presence of surfactants. This study investigates the impact of Sodium Dodecyl Sulphate (SDS) on oxygen mass transfer using a commercial fine-bubble diffuser. Oxygen transfer experiments were performed under varying air flow rates and SDS concentrations. Key parameters, including the volumetric mass transfer coefficient (

k_{L} a

), gas holdup, bubble size, and interfacial area, were experimentally measured and analysed. SDS reduces the average bubble diameter by up to 50%; above 4 mg/L, further increases in concentration do not change the bubble size. Gas holdup increases by approximately 2% per mg L⁻¹ of SDS, and a new empirical correlation was proposed to predict gas holdup as a function of air flow rate and surfactant concentration, achieving an R² of 0.97 with deviations below 10%. Despite the increase in interfacial area, SDS strongly suppresses interfacial turbulence, reducing the liquid-side mass transfer coefficient (

k_{L}

) by up to 70%, which ultimately leads to a significant loss of overall oxygen transfer efficiency. The Sardeing model, originally developed for single bubbles, successfully predicted

k_{L}

within ±15% of the experimental values, demonstrating its potential as a practical tool for estimating oxygen transfer in aeration systems. These findings highlight the substantial impact of surfactants on fine-bubble aeration performance and underscore the need to account for their effects in the design and operation of industrial aeration systems. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Eco-Engineered Solutions for Industrial Wastewater)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

25 pages, 10243 KB

Open AccessReview

Microneedle Mediated Gas Delivery for Rapid Separation, Enhanced Drug Penetration, and Combined Therapy

by Ziyang Zheng, Ting Zhou, Hongluo Li, Jade Jillian Xian Lan Zeng, Yanping Fu, Chao Lu, Tingting Peng, Chuanbin Wu and Guilan Quan

Pharmaceutics 2025, 17(12), 1576; https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics17121576 (registering DOI) - 7 Dec 2025

Abstract

In recent years, microneedles (MNs) have emerged as a novel transdermal drug delivery technology, offering advantages such as avoidance of the first-pass effect, pain-free and minimally invasive administration, and convenient application. However, conventional MNs still face challenges, including slow detachment of MN tips [...] Read more.

In recent years, microneedles (MNs) have emerged as a novel transdermal drug delivery technology, offering advantages such as avoidance of the first-pass effect, pain-free and minimally invasive administration, and convenient application. However, conventional MNs still face challenges, including slow detachment of MN tips from the base substrate and limited transdermal efficiency. This review systematically summarizes recent advances in MNs-mediated gas delivery for rapid separation, enhanced drug penetration, and combined therapy. The discussion encompasses the benefits and limitations of MNs and recent developments in MN-facilitated gas delivery to accelerate separation rate and improve delivery efficiency. By analyzing the therapeutic roles of various gases (e.g., H₂, O₂, NO, H₂S, CO, CO₂) and their synergistic potential when combined with MNs, this review also provides insights and references for the further application of gas-assisted MN systems for combined therapy in various disease treatments. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Research on Transdermal Drug Delivery)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

20 pages, 5824 KB

Open AccessArticle

Simulation of Low-Pressure Cold-Sprayed SiC Particles Penetration on the 3D-Printed Polymeric Part

by Xiongfei Zhan, Mohsen Barmouz and Bahman Azarhoushang

Appl. Sci. 2025, 15(24), 12907; https://doi.org/10.3390/app152412907 (registering DOI) - 7 Dec 2025

Abstract

This work investigates the penetration behavior of SiC particles into Digital Light Processing (DLP)-printed thermoset substrates under low-pressure cold-spray conditions, aiming to enhance surface hardness and wear resistance. A coupled simulation framework was established in which particle acceleration was obtained from CFD using [...] Read more.

This work investigates the penetration behavior of SiC particles into Digital Light Processing (DLP)-printed thermoset substrates under low-pressure cold-spray conditions, aiming to enhance surface hardness and wear resistance. A coupled simulation framework was established in which particle acceleration was obtained from CFD using ANSYS Fluent, and high-speed impact and embedding were modeled through ANSYS Explicit Dynamics. Two particle diameters (25 μm and 60 μm) were examined across inlet pressures from 2 to 5 bar to evaluate both the continuous influence of pressure and the two-level effect of particle size. Mesh convergence was achieved at a resolution of d_p/20, ensuring numerical stability and computational efficiency. The results showed a strong dependence of penetration depth on pressure and particle size: for 25 μm particles, penetration increased from 0.76 d_p at 2 bar to 1.53 d_p at 5 bar, while 60 μm particles exhibited deeper absolute embedding due to their significantly higher kinetic energy. Response-surface analysis further revealed nonlinear pressure effects and a predominantly linear size-dependent shift. Experimental validation at 3 bar confirmed a penetration depth of approximately 1 d_p, demonstrating good agreement between simulation and physical observation. Overall, the validated workflow provides quantitative insight into particle–substrate interaction in thermoset polymers and offers a practical basis for controlled particle embedding as a surface-strengthening strategy in additive manufacturing. Full article

► Show Figures

Figure 1

37 pages, 134145 KB

Open AccessArticle

Remote Sensing Inversion and Spatiotemporal Dynamics of Multi-Depth Soil Salinity in a Typical Arid Wetland: A Case Study of Ebinur Wetland Reserve, Xinjiang

by Jinjie Wang, Jinming Zhang and Zihan Zhang

Remote Sens. 2025, 17(24), 3958; https://doi.org/10.3390/rs17243958 (registering DOI) - 7 Dec 2025

Abstract

Soil salinization in arid regions threatens ecological security and sustainable agriculture. The Ebinur Lake wetland in Xinjiang, situated in an arid climate and subject to human disturbance, suffers from severe salt accumulation and ecological degradation. To overcome the lack of soil depth information [...] Read more.

Soil salinization in arid regions threatens ecological security and sustainable agriculture. The Ebinur Lake wetland in Xinjiang, situated in an arid climate and subject to human disturbance, suffers from severe salt accumulation and ecological degradation. To overcome the lack of soil depth information and limited spatiotemporal monitoring, this study integrates multi-year field samples and Landsat imagery (1996–2024) to construct a six-layer (0–100 cm) soil salinity inversion framework. Multi-source spectral features were optimized using the Random Frog Leaping Algorithm (RFLA), and models based on Convolutional Neural Network (CNN), Long Short-Term Memory Network (LSTM), and Random Forest (RF) were compared. The results (1) demonstrated that RFLA effectively identified high-contribution features, enhancing efficiency and reducing redundancy; (2) showed that CNN outperformed LSTM and RF in capturing spatial salinity, with R² values of 0.75, 0.59, 0.63, 0.69, 0.57, and 0.56 for the six layers; and (3) revealed salinity migration: surface enrichment, mid-layer buffering, and deep-layer accumulation. In oases, surface salinity declined while deep layers accumulated; in deserts, surface salinity increased. The proposed framework enhances the accuracy of multi-depth salinity retrieval and provides technical support for salinization monitoring, irrigation management, ecological assessment, and control of land degradation in arid regions. Full article

► Show Figures

Figure 1

16 pages, 7066 KB

Open AccessArticle

Preliminary Study of Geochemical, Mineralogical and Magnetic Susceptibility Properties of Flotation Tailings from the Pb-Zn-Cu-Ag Rudnik Mine, Serbia

by Stefan Petrović, Nenad Nikolić, Jovica Stojanović, Vesna Cvetkov, Vladimir Simić, Jovana Malbašić, Ljiljana Obrenović and Dragana Životić

Minerals 2025, 15(12), 1287; https://doi.org/10.3390/min15121287 (registering DOI) - 7 Dec 2025

Abstract

Samples of flotation tailings generated during the exploitation and processing of Zn–Pb–Cu–Ag ore from the Rudnik mine (Serbia) were investigated for their mineralogical, geochemical, and magnetic susceptibility properties. The flotation tailings consist of a complex mineral assemblage, including silicates, carbonates, sulfides, phosphates, sulfates, [...] Read more.

Samples of flotation tailings generated during the exploitation and processing of Zn–Pb–Cu–Ag ore from the Rudnik mine (Serbia) were investigated for their mineralogical, geochemical, and magnetic susceptibility properties. The flotation tailings consist of a complex mineral assemblage, including silicates, carbonates, sulfides, phosphates, sulfates, oxides, hydroxides, and native elements. Quartz, calcite, and orthoclase dominate the coarse fraction (>400 µm), accompanied by epidote, Ca-garnet, and Ca-clinopyroxene. Sulfide minerals are concentrated in finer fractions (<400 µm), with pyrite and arsenopyrite being the most abundant, followed by pyrrhotite, sphalerite, galena, and chalcopyrite. These sulfides occur as dispersed grains within a silicate–carbonate matrix. Post-depositional oxidative alteration is moderately developed, with pyrite replaced by hematite, galena by cerussite, and chalcopyrite by malachite. Geochemical analyses reveal that SiO₂ (avg. 38.98 wt%), Fe₂O₃ (avg. 23.68 wt%), Al₂O₃ (avg. 8.95 wt%), CaO (avg. 9.03 wt%) and MgO (avg. 1.50 wt%) dominate the composition. Economically significant metals include Zn (avg. 0.47 wt%), Pb (avg. 0.20 wt%), Cu (avg. 0.11 wt%), Ag (max. 19 µg/g), and Bi (max. 130 µg/g). Mass magnetic susceptibility shows a strong correlation with S (r = 0.92), Co (r = 0.90), and Bi (r = 0.87); moderate correlation with Fe₂O₃, Al₂O₃, and As; and negative correlation with Mn, TiO₂, Zn, and Pb. The ferromagnetic phase most likely originates from pyrrhotite, as well as hematite formed during pyrite alteration and goethite. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Waste Valorization: Recycling and Recovery of Critical and Strategic Metals)

17 pages, 4247 KB

Open AccessArticle

Chlorogenic Acid Protects Intestinal Barrier via Enhancing Antioxidative Capacity and Altering Intestinal Microbiota in Heat-Stressed Meat Rabbits

by Jiali Chen, Rongmei Ji, Fuchang Li and Lei Liu

Agriculture 2025, 15(24), 2540; https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture15242540 (registering DOI) - 7 Dec 2025

Abstract

The effects of chlorogenic acid (CGA) on intestinal histomorphology, barrier integrity, antioxidant parameters, and gut microbiota in heat-stressed rabbits were assessed in this study. One hundred and twenty weaned New Zealand rabbits were assigned to three groups: control (CON) at 25 ± 1 [...] Read more.

The effects of chlorogenic acid (CGA) on intestinal histomorphology, barrier integrity, antioxidant parameters, and gut microbiota in heat-stressed rabbits were assessed in this study. One hundred and twenty weaned New Zealand rabbits were assigned to three groups: control (CON) at 25 ± 1 °C, heat stress (HS) at 35 ± 1 °C, and HS with CGA supplementation (HS + CGA) at 35 ± 1 °C. Rabbits in the CON and HS groups were fed a basic diet, while those in the HS + CGA group receive the basic diet added with 800 mg/kg CGA. HS induced intestinal oxidative stress, impaired intestinal morphology and barrier function, and altered the gut microbiota. CGA supplementation mitigated HS-induced increases in serum diamine oxidase and D-lactate levels, and intestinal malondialdehyde content (p < 0.05), and countered HS-induced reductions in intestinal superoxide dismutase activity, villus height/crypt depth ratio, and claudin-1 and ZO-1 mRNA expressions (p < 0.05). In addition, HS decreased the abundances of Akkermansia and uncultured_bacterium_g__Akkermansia and increased the Firmicutes/Bacteroidota ratio and uncultured_bacterium_g__unclassified_o_Clostridia_UCG-014 abundance as well as the abundance of bacterial functions related to animal_parasites_or_symbionts and human_pathogens_all. HS-induced gut microbiota dysbiosis was significantly restored by CGA supplementation. The findings indicated that dietary 800 mg/kg CGA supplementation effectively safeguarded intestinal health in rabbits under high temperatures. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Use of Medicinal Plants and Their Derivatives in Animal Production and Health)

23 pages, 17406 KB

Open AccessArticle

SAMViTrack: A Search-Region Adaptive Mamba-ViT Tracker for Real-Time UAV Tracking

by Xiaoyu Guo, Yian Li, Hao Zhang, Xucheng Wang, Dan Zeng, Feixiang He and Shuiwang Li

Sensors 2025, 25(24), 7454; https://doi.org/10.3390/s25247454 (registering DOI) - 7 Dec 2025

Abstract

Achieving fast and robust object tracking is critical for real-time Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) applications, where targets often move unpredictably and environmental conditions can rapidly change. In this paper, we propose the Search-Region Adaptive Mamba-ViT Tracker (SAMViTrack), a novel framework that combines the [...] Read more.

Achieving fast and robust object tracking is critical for real-time Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) applications, where targets often move unpredictably and environmental conditions can rapidly change. In this paper, we propose the Search-Region Adaptive Mamba-ViT Tracker (SAMViTrack), a novel framework that combines the efficiency of Mamba attention with the powerful feature extraction capabilities of Vision Transformer (ViT). Our tracker dynamically adjusts the search region based on the target’s motion and environmental context, ensuring precise tracking even under challenging conditions such as occlusions, fast motion, and scale variations. By integrating an adaptive search mechanism, our SAMViTrack significantly reduces computational overhead without compromising accuracy, making it suitable for real-time deployment on UAVs with limited onboard resources. Extensive experiments on benchmark datasets demonstrate that our method outperforms both traditional and modern trackers, achieving superior accuracy and robustness with improved efficiency. The proposed tracker sets a new baseline, especially by combining Mamba and ViT, for UAV tracking by offering a balance between speed, accuracy, and adaptability in dynamic environments. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Navigation and Positioning)

23 pages, 16913 KB

Open AccessArticle

Evolution Characteristics and Development Mechanism of Rural Settlement Spatial Form Under the Guidance of Chinese Policies—A Case Study of Central Village in Huotong Town, Fujian Province

by Jia Li, Manfei Ye, Minghui Xue, Lin Geng and Fengzeng Lin

Buildings 2025, 15(24), 4424; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15244424 (registering DOI) - 7 Dec 2025

Abstract

Against the backdrop of global rural decline and China’s Rural Revitalization Strategy (2017–2050), this study examines the spatial form evolution and development mechanism of Central Village in Huotong Town, Ningde. To achieve this, it employs field surveys, spatial mapping, and hierarchical element analysis [...] Read more.

Against the backdrop of global rural decline and China’s Rural Revitalization Strategy (2017–2050), this study examines the spatial form evolution and development mechanism of Central Village in Huotong Town, Ningde. To achieve this, it employs field surveys, spatial mapping, and hierarchical element analysis to analyze the village’s scale, architectural texture, street interfaces, and landscape nodes. Results show three evolutionary stages: pre-2017 traffic-guided disorderly expansion, 2017–2020 policy-driven orderly planning, and post-2020 stock optimization, forming an “oval radial” structure constrained by the southern hills and Huotong River. The spatial structure shifted from a “kinship-based agglomeration” to a multi-center model, yet contradictions like historical texture damage and excessive street commercialization emerged. Its development is driven by four linked factors: policy, the market, socio-culture issues, and nature. This study offers references for similar rural settlements’ spatial planning and sustainability. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Renewal Design and Challenge of Urban and Rural Livable Environments in the Age of Population Shrinkage)

15 pages, 1808 KB

Open AccessArticle

Recovery of Lithium and Cobalt from Spent Lithium-Ion Batteries Using a Deep Eutectic Solvent Based on Choline Chloride and Oxalic Acid (Oxaline)

by Jessica M. Guamán-Gualancañay, Carlos F. Aragón-Tobar, Katherine Moreno, José-Luis Palacios and Diana Endara

Molecules 2025, 30(24), 4690; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules30244690 (registering DOI) - 7 Dec 2025

Abstract

The growing consumption of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) in electronic devices and electric vehicles has led to a significant increase in waste containing valuable metals such as lithium and cobalt. Recovering these metals is essential to reducing dependence on primary sources and minimizing environmental [...] Read more.

The growing consumption of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) in electronic devices and electric vehicles has led to a significant increase in waste containing valuable metals such as lithium and cobalt. Recovering these metals is essential to reducing dependence on primary sources and minimizing environmental impact. In this study, the leaching of the cathode active material from discarded LIBs was evaluated using oxaline, a deep eutectic solvent (DES) composed of oxalic acid and choline chloride in a 1:1 molar ratio. The process began with the collection, discharge, washing, drying, and dismantling of the LIBs, followed by the separation of their components. Subsequently, the cathode active material was characterized, revealing a primary composition of cobalt (54.5%) and lithium (6.5%), with the presence of LiCoO₂ confirmed by XRD analysis. Leaching experiments were conducted to evaluate the effects of temperature, time, and solid percentage, demonstrating that oxaline is effective for the selective leaching of lithium and cobalt. Under optimal conditions (90 °C, 1–2 wt.% cathode active material, 400 rpm), lithium underwent complete dissolution within the first hour, while cobalt achieved complete leaching by 4 h. Both metals were recovered as oxalates and separated based on differences in solubility. Oxaline proves to be an efficient and environmentally friendly alternative for the selective recovery of lithium and cobalt from LIB waste, supporting a circular economy in the management of critical metals. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Horizons in Deep Eutectic Solvents (DESs): Synthesis, Characterization and Applications)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

22 pages, 2631 KB

Open AccessArticle

Prediction of Postprandial Blood Glucose Variability Using Machine Learning in Frequent Insulin Injection Therapy with a Simplified Carbohydrate Counting Model

by Hiroyuki Tominaga, Masahide Hamaguchi, Youji Hamaguchi, Ren Yashiki, Aki Yamaguchi, Tadaharu Arai, Masahiro Yamazaki, Noriyuki Kitagawa, Yoshitaka Hashimoto, Hiroshi Okada and Michiaki Fukui

Nutrients 2025, 17(24), 3832; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17243832 (registering DOI) - 7 Dec 2025

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Postprandial glucose variability is a key challenge in diabetes management for patients receiving multiple daily insulin injections (MDI). This study evaluated transformer-based machine-learning models for predicting post-prandial glucose peaks and nadirs using pre-meal glucose, insulin dose, and nutritional input. Methods: In this [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Postprandial glucose variability is a key challenge in diabetes management for patients receiving multiple daily insulin injections (MDI). This study evaluated transformer-based machine-learning models for predicting post-prandial glucose peaks and nadirs using pre-meal glucose, insulin dose, and nutritional input. Methods: In this observational study, 58 adults with diabetes provided dietary records, insulin logs, and continuous glucose monitoring data. After preprocessing and participant-level splitting (64:16:20), model-ready datasets comprised 6155/1449/1805 (train/validation/test) meal events for the Full-Nutrition model and 6299/1484/1849 for the Carbohydrate and Available-Carbohydrate models. We evaluated three transformer-based models and assessed performance using MAE, R², and the Clarke error grid. Results: The Full Nutrition Model achieved MAEs of 32.2 mg/dL (peak) and 21.8 mg/dL (nadir) with R² values of 0.58 for both. Carbohydrate-based models showed similar accuracy. Most predictions fell within Clarke error grid Zones A and B. Conclusions: Transformer-based machine-learning models can accurately predict postprandial glucose variability in MDI-treated patients. Carbohydrate-only inputs performed comparably to full-nutrient data, supporting the feasibility of simplified dietary inputs in clinical applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Enhancing Dietary Assessments and Nutritional Monitoring Through Digital Health Monitoring and Intervention)

17 pages, 6231 KB

Open AccessArticle

Circular Economy Pathways for Pharmaceutical Packaging Waste in Wood-Based Panels—A Preliminary Study

by Alexandrina Kostadinova-Slaveva, Ekaterina Todorova, Viktor Savov and Savina Brankova

J. Compos. Sci. 2025, 9(12), 679; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs9120679 (registering DOI) - 7 Dec 2025

Abstract

This preliminary study investigates a direct, non-delaminated route to valorize multilayer pharmaceutical sachet offcuts (comprising paper/plastic/aluminum) as partial substitutes for wood fiber in wood-based panels. Milled offcuts were incorporated at 10, 20, and 30 wt% (control: wood only). Laboratory mats were hot-pressed at [...] Read more.

This preliminary study investigates a direct, non-delaminated route to valorize multilayer pharmaceutical sachet offcuts (comprising paper/plastic/aluminum) as partial substitutes for wood fiber in wood-based panels. Milled offcuts were incorporated at 10, 20, and 30 wt% (control: wood only). Laboratory mats were hot-pressed at 170 °C for 9 min under a staged pressure regime. Sampling and three-point bending were performed according to EN 326-1 and EN 310, respectively, with the density held essentially constant by controlling the mat mass and press stops. Bending stiffness (MOE) was maintained at 10–20 wt% (within experimental uncertainty of the reference), while 30 wt% showed a consistent downward trend (approximately 10%). Bending strength (MOR) peaked at 10 wt% (approximately 8% higher than the reference), then declined at 20% and 30%. Representative stress–strain curves corroborated these outcomes, indicating auxiliary bonding and crack-bridging effects at low waste loadings. Hygroscopic performance improved monotonically: 24 h water absorption and thickness swelling decreased progressively with increasing substitution, attributable to the hydrophobic polymer layers and aluminum fragments interrupting capillary pathways. Process observations identified opportunities to improve press-cycle efficiency at higher waste contents, and the dispersed foil imparted a subtle decorative sheen. Overall, the results establish the technical feasibility and a practical utilization window of approximately 10–20 wt% for furniture-grade applications. Limitations include the laboratory scale, a single resin/press schedule, and the absence of internal bond, density profile, emissions, and long-term durability tests—topics prioritized for future work (including TGA/DSC, EN 317 extensions, and scale-up). Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Composites Applications)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

25 pages, 974 KB

Open AccessArticle

Biomarkers and Mechanisms of Male Infertility: Evaluation of Antioxidant Enzymes and Arachidonic Acid Derivatives in Seminal Plasma from Fertile and Infertile Men

by Kamil Rodak, Izabela Kokot, Ricardo Faundez, Iwona Gilowska and Ewa Maria Kratz

Antioxidants 2025, 14(12), 1470; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox14121470 (registering DOI) - 7 Dec 2025

Abstract

Male infertility accounts for approximately 50% of reproductive failures, yet its diagnosis and understanding of underlying mechanisms remain limited. The present observational case–control study aimed to examine seminal plasma concentrations of prostaglandin E₂ (PGE₂), 6-keto-prostaglandin F_1α (6-keto-PGF_1α), [...] Read more.

Male infertility accounts for approximately 50% of reproductive failures, yet its diagnosis and understanding of underlying mechanisms remain limited. The present observational case–control study aimed to examine seminal plasma concentrations of prostaglandin E₂ (PGE₂), 6-keto-prostaglandin F_1α (6-keto-PGF_1α), F₂-isoprostane, superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD₁), glutathione peroxidase 1 (GPX₁), nitric oxide synthase 1 (NOS₁), and their ratios, in fertile (n = 22, aged 24–45) and infertile (n = 250, aged 21–47) men, including analyses across specific infertile subgroups, using ELISA assays. Overall, no significant differences were observed between fertile and infertile men. However, subgroup analyses revealed notable differences: PGE₂ levels were elevated in asthenozoospermic compared to normozoospermic infertile men (14.23 µg/mL vs. 3.52 µg/mL, p = 0.030), 6-keto-PGF_1α levels were higher in teratozoospermic compared to azoospermic individuals (184.97 ng/mL vs. 102.49 ng/mL, p = 0.040), and the PGE₂/6-keto-PGF_1α ratio showed the greatest intergroup variability. Correlation analyses indicated associations between antioxidant enzymes, prostaglandins and standard semen parameters. These findings provide novel insights into seminal plasma biochemistry and highlight specific parameters and mechanisms that may contribute to functional impairments in infertile men. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Janus Face of Oxidative Stress in Normal and Pathological Conditions)

17 pages, 1657 KB

Open AccessArticle

Microbial Community Analysis and Environmental Association in Cave 6 of the Yungang Grottoes

by Shangxiao Qiao, Zeao Wang, Runping Zhang, Yu Wang, Cen Wang, Guoming Gao and Jiao Pan

Microorganisms 2025, 13(12), 2788; https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms13122788 (registering DOI) - 7 Dec 2025

Abstract

The Yungang Grottoes, a World Heritage Site, face biodeterioration risks. This study analyzed microbial communities in five microenvironments within Cave 6 using high-throughput sequencing (16S/18S rRNA). Communities showed high microenvironment specificity. Ascomycota and Proteobacteria dominated fungi and bacteria, respectively. Areas near the lighting [...] Read more.

The Yungang Grottoes, a World Heritage Site, face biodeterioration risks. This study analyzed microbial communities in five microenvironments within Cave 6 using high-throughput sequencing (16S/18S rRNA). Communities showed high microenvironment specificity. Ascomycota and Proteobacteria dominated fungi and bacteria, respectively. Areas near the lighting window, with high external interaction, showed the highest diversity, while red pigment areas, likely under heavy metal stress, had the lowest diversity. Human-associated microbes (e.g., Escherichia-Shigella, Malassezia) indicated anthropogenic pollution on statue surfaces. Core microbiome and functional prediction (PICRUSt2) suggested high biodegradation risk in dust accumulation and inter-statue areas, enriched with organic-degrading and acid-producing taxa (e.g., Rubrobacter, Cladosporium). Microbial distribution and function were driven by openness, substrate, and human impact. This study identifies key risk zones and informs targeted conservation strategies for the Yungang Grottoes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Environmental Microbiology)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

28 pages, 6548 KB

Open AccessArticle

How Land-Use Planning Deeply Affects the Spatial Distribution of Composite Soundscapes

by Li-Yi Feng, Fangbing Hu, Bin-Yan Liu, Dan-Yin Zhang, Lian-Huan Guo, Shanshan Yu and Xin-Chen Hong

Sustainability 2025, 17(24), 10948; https://doi.org/10.3390/su172410948 (registering DOI) - 7 Dec 2025

Abstract

Urban noise pollution poses a significant obstacle to sustainable development by compromising public health and well-being. Within this context, the soundscape emerges as a critical component in creating healthier and more livable cities. To further investigate the relationship between urban land-use planning characteristics [...] Read more.

Urban noise pollution poses a significant obstacle to sustainable development by compromising public health and well-being. Within this context, the soundscape emerges as a critical component in creating healthier and more livable cities. To further investigate the relationship between urban land-use planning characteristics and soundscape distribution, this study examines the spatial distribution of urban soundscapes and urban spatial functions. It explores the influence of urban land-use types on both the acoustic environment and soundscape perception and evaluation, aiming to better understand the influencing factors and dynamics of composite soundscapes in urban environments. The results show that (a) acoustic environment characteristics and soundscape perception evaluations are influenced by urban land-use function, exhibit a spatial aggregation effect, and are affected by the surrounding environment. (b) The key acoustic indices affecting the perception and evaluation of urban soundscapes are the equivalent continuous A-weighted sound pressure level (L_Aeq), the background sound level (L₉₀), the difference between C-weighted and A-weighted levels (L_C–L_A), and loudness. People perceive quiet environments more positively and report strong discomfort in noisy environments. (c) Urban land-use planning significantly impacts the urban soundscape, with significant differences observed in both the acoustic environment and soundscape perception evaluations across different land-use types. This study deepens the understanding of the acoustic environment and demonstrates that soundscape-oriented land-use planning can function as an effective tool for fostering inclusive, healthy, and socially sustainable communities. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Biophilic Cities and Communities: Human-Environment Interaction and Sustainable Governance)

19 pages, 2054 KB

Open AccessArticle

Synergistic Dust Removal Mechanisms in a Wet String Grid: Insights from Eulerian–Lagrangian Simulations of Turbulent Gas–Droplet–Particle Flow

by Hua Guo, Jinchen Yang, Wushen Qi and Nan He

Coatings 2025, 15(12), 1440; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings15121440 (registering DOI) - 7 Dec 2025

Abstract

This study proposes a model for a wet string grid dust removal system based on gas–droplet–particle turbulent Eulerian–Lagrangian simulation, providing in-depth insights into the dust removal mechanism of droplet groups and its impact on dust collection efficiency. Through numerical simulations and theoretical derivation, [...] Read more.

This study proposes a model for a wet string grid dust removal system based on gas–droplet–particle turbulent Eulerian–Lagrangian simulation, providing in-depth insights into the dust removal mechanism of droplet groups and its impact on dust collection efficiency. Through numerical simulations and theoretical derivation, we systematically introduce the mathematical expression of the droplet group dust removal efficiency and validate its applicability in wet string grid dust removal processes. The study reveals that the dust removal efficiency of the wet string grid system is influenced by multiple factors, including airflow velocity, droplet distribution, and the interaction between droplets and dust particles. By adjusting spray volume, wind speed, and the geometric parameters of the water mist zone, the dust removal process was optimized. The results show that increasing the wind speed enhances dust removal efficiency, but excessive wind speed reduces the dust capture efficiency of droplets. Additionally, based on simulation results of the flow field, the study identifies key factors influencing the dust removal efficiency of droplet groups and provides valuable insights for optimizing wet string grid dust removal systems in practical engineering. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Surface Chemistry in Science and Industry)

16 pages, 3395 KB

Open AccessArticle

Domain Adaptation of ECG Signals Using a Fuzzy Energy–Frequency Spectrogram Network

by Tae-Wan Kim and Keun-Chang Kwak

Appl. Sci. 2025, 15(24), 12909; https://doi.org/10.3390/app152412909 (registering DOI) - 7 Dec 2025

Abstract

Deep learning has shown strong performance in ECG domain adaptation; however, its decision-making process remains opaque, particularly when operating on input spectrograms. Traditional fuzzy inference offers interpretability but is structurally limited to tabular or multi-channel data, making it difficult to apply directly to [...] Read more.

Deep learning has shown strong performance in ECG domain adaptation; however, its decision-making process remains opaque, particularly when operating on input spectrograms. Traditional fuzzy inference offers interpretability but is structurally limited to tabular or multi-channel data, making it difficult to apply directly to single-channel two-dimensional spectrograms. To address this limitation, we propose the Fuzzy Energy–Frequency Spectrogram Network (FEFSN), a new fuzzy–deep learning hybrid framework that enables direct fuzzy rule generation in the spectrogram domain. In FEFSN, the Fuzzy Rule Image Generation Module (FRIGM) decomposes an STFT-transformed ECG spectrogram into multiple energy-based channels using an Energy–density Membership Function (EMF), and then applies a Frequency Membership Function (FMF) to produce AND and OR fuzzy rule images for each energy–frequency combination. The generated rule images are subsequently normalized, activated, and combined through learned weights to form a rule-based domain-adapted spectrogram, which is then processed by a CNN. To evaluate the proposed approach, we used the PhysioNet ECG-ID dataset and compared the performance of a standard CNN with and without the FRIGM under identical training conditions. The results show that FEFSN maintains or slightly improves adaptation performance compared to the baseline CNN, despite introducing only a small number of additional parameters. More importantly, FEFSN provides ante hoc interpretability, allowing direct visualization of which energy–frequency regions were emphasized or suppressed during adaptation—an ability that conventional post hoc methods such as Grad-CAM cannot offer. Overall, FEFSN demonstrates that fuzzy logic can be effectively integrated with deep learning to achieve both reliable performance and transparent, rule-based interpretability in ECG spectrogram domain adaptation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Evolutionary Computation in Biomedical Signal Processing)

23 pages, 4157 KB

Open AccessArticle

Projected Shifts in the Growing Season for Plum Orchards in Romania Under Future Climate Change

by Vasile Jitariu, Adrian Ursu, Lilian Niacsu and Pavel Ichim

Horticulturae 2025, 11(12), 1479; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae11121479 (registering DOI) - 7 Dec 2025

Abstract

Climate change strongly influences the phenology of temperate fruit species, yet its long-term effects on Romanian plum orchards (Prunus domestica L.) remain insufficiently quantified. This study analyzes projected changes in the start (SGS), end (EGS), and duration (GSL) of the growing season [...] Read more.

Climate change strongly influences the phenology of temperate fruit species, yet its long-term effects on Romanian plum orchards (Prunus domestica L.) remain insufficiently quantified. This study analyzes projected changes in the start (SGS), end (EGS), and duration (GSL) of the growing season under two emission scenarios (RCP 4.5 and RCP 8.5) throughout the 21st century. Using temperature-based phenological thresholds, SGS and EGS were modeled for six orchard clusters representing distinct regional and altitudinal conditions across Romania. Results reveal a consistent advancement of SGS and a marked extension of GSL, particularly under RCP 8.5, where the growing season may lengthen by up to 60 days compared with early-century conditions. Under RCP 4.5, changes are more moderate but directionally similar, indicating a robust climatic signal across all clusters. These findings highlight that earlier and longer vegetation periods may enhance fruit development potential but also increase risks associated with late spring frosts, heat stress, and pollination mismatches. Despite inherent model uncertainties, the convergence of trends suggests reliable projections that can support adaptive orchard management and long-term strategies for sustainable fruit production under a changing climate. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Orchard Management Under Climate Change: 2nd Edition)

20 pages, 1021 KB

Open AccessArticle

Scalar Field and Quintessence in Late-Time Cosmic Expansion

by Aroonkumar Beesham

Mathematics 2025, 13(24), 3917; https://doi.org/10.3390/math13243917 (registering DOI) - 7 Dec 2025

Abstract

The persistent Hubble tension—marked by a notable disparity between early- and late-universe determinations of the Hubble constant

H_{0}

—poses a serious challenge to the standard cosmological framework. Closely linked to this is the

H_{0} - r_{d}

tension, which stems from [...] Read more.

The persistent Hubble tension—marked by a notable disparity between early- and late-universe determinations of the Hubble constant

H_{0}

—poses a serious challenge to the standard cosmological framework. Closely linked to this is the

H_{0} - r_{d}

tension, which stems from the fact that BAO-based estimates of

H_{0}

are intrinsically dependent on the assumed value of the sound horizon at the drag epoch,

r_{d}

. In this study, we construct a scalar field dark energy model within the framework of a spatially flat Friedmann–Lemaitre–Robertson–Walker model to explore the dynamics of cosmic acceleration. To solve the field equations, we introduce a generalized extension of the standard Lambda Cold Dark Matter model that allows for deviations in the expansion history. Employing advanced Markov Chain Monte Carlo techniques, we constrain the model parameters using a comprehensive combination of observational data, including Baryon Acoustic Oscillations, Cosmic Chronometers, and Standard Candle datasets from Pantheon, Quasars, and Gamma-Ray Bursts (GRBs). Our analysis reveals a transition redshift from deceleration to acceleration at

z_{tr} = 0.69

and a present-day deceleration parameter value of

q_{0} = - 0.64

. The model supports a dynamical scalar field interpretation, with an equation of state parameter satisfying

- 1 < ω_{0}^{ϕ} < 0

, consistent with quintessence behavior, and signaling a deviation from the

Λ

. While the model aligns closely with the Lambda Cold Dark Matter scenario at lower redshifts (

z ≲ 0.65

), notable departures emerge at higher redshifts (

z ≳ 0.65

), offering a potential window into modified early-time cosmology. Furthermore, the evolution of key cosmographic quantities such as energy density

ρ^{ϕ}

, pressure

p^{ϕ}

, and the scalar field equation of state highlights the robustness of scalar field frameworks in describing dark energy phenomenology. Importantly, our results indicate a slightly higher value of the Hubble constant

H_{0}

for specific data combinations, suggesting that the model may provide a partial resolution of the current

H_{0}

tension. Full article

22 pages, 5661 KB

Open AccessSystematic Review

Do Demographic, Economic, and Quality-of-Life Indicators Have an Effect on the Prevalence of WMSDs Among African Nurses? A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

by Julien Jacquier-Bret and Philippe Gorce

Theor. Appl. Ergon. 2025, 1(2), 13; https://doi.org/10.3390/tae1020013 (registering DOI) - 7 Dec 2025

Abstract

Nurses in Africa are exposed to musculoskeletal disorders at work (WMSDs). They are multifactorial and may be related to demographic, economic, and quality-of-life factors. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of nurses’ age, experience, body mass index (BMI), and [...] Read more.

Nurses in Africa are exposed to musculoskeletal disorders at work (WMSDs). They are multifactorial and may be related to demographic, economic, and quality-of-life factors. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of nurses’ age, experience, body mass index (BMI), and macroscopic indices such as nurse-to-bed ratio, Human Development Index (HDI), and Gross Domestic Product (GDP) on the overall prevalence and prevalence by body area. A systematic review and a meta-analysis were conducted during September 2025. ScienceDirect, PubMed/Medline, Google Scholar, Science.gov, and Mendeley were scanned without a date limit. The article selection, review, critical appraisal, and data extraction were performed by two authors independently. Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) was used for reporting the search results. Among the 4305 identified records, 18 studies included for a total of 4266. The overall prevalence was pooled at 77.4%. Subgroup analyses demonstrated a decrease in WMSDs with age, and nurse-to-bed ratio, and an increase in lower limb WMSDs with experience, BMI, GDP, and HDI (for most of body areas). Future work could examine the effect of the nurse-to-bed ratio by considering the resources of a facility and conducting more in-depth analyses by subgroup. The development of ergonomic programs remains essential to the well-being at work of African nurses. Full article

► Show Figures

Figure 1

20 pages, 8999 KB

Open AccessArticle

Mean Annual Temperature, Soil Organic Matter and Phyllospheric Bacterial Diversity Shape Biomass of Dominant Species Along a Degradation Gradient in Alpine Steppes: A Case Study from the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau

by Kaifu Zheng, Xin Jin, Jingjing Li and Guangxin Lu

Microorganisms 2025, 13(12), 2787; https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms13122787 (registering DOI) - 7 Dec 2025

Abstract

The structure and function of alpine steppes are maintained largely by dominant species, which in turn determine the productivity and stability of plant communities. Nutrient acquisition and stress regulation may, to some extent, be mediated by phyllospheric microbiota at the interface of plants [...] Read more.

The structure and function of alpine steppes are maintained largely by dominant species, which in turn determine the productivity and stability of plant communities. Nutrient acquisition and stress regulation may, to some extent, be mediated by phyllospheric microbiota at the interface of plants with the atmosphere, and phyllospheric microbes are capable of amplifying and transmitting vegetation responses to degradation. Previous research has mainly addressed climate, soil, vegetation and soil microbiota or has assessed phyllosphere communities as a whole, thereby overlooking the specific responses of phyllospheric bacteria associated with the vegetation-dominant species Stipa purpurea along gradients of vegetation degradation in alpine steppes. In this study, we characterised vegetation degradation at the community level (from non-degraded to severely degraded grasslands) and quantified associated changes in the dominant species Stipa purpurea (cover, height and aboveground biomass) and its phyllospheric bacterial communities, in order to elucidate response patterns within the coupled system of host plants, phyllosphere microbiota, climate (mean annual temperature and precipitation) and soil physicochemical properties. Compared with non-degraded (ND) grasslands, degraded sites had a 22.6% lower mean annual temperature (MAT) and reductions in total nitrogen, nitrate nitrogen, organic matter (OM) and soil quality index (SQI) of 49.4%, 55.6%, 46.8% and 47.6%, respectively. Plant community cover and the aboveground biomass of dominant species declined significantly with increasing degradation. Along the vegetation-degradation gradient from non-degraded to severely degraded alpine steppes, microbial source-tracking analysis of the phyllosphere of the dominant species Stipa purpurea revealed a sharp decline in the contribution of phyllospheric bacterial sources. Estimated contributions from non-degraded sites to lightly, moderately and severely degraded sites were 95.68%, 62.21% and 6.89%, respectively, whereas contributions from lightly to moderately degraded and from moderately to severely degraded sites were 34.89% and 16.47%, respectively. Bacterial richness increased significantly, and β diversity diverged under severe degradation (PERMANOVA, F = 5.48, p < 0.01). From light to moderate degradation, biomass and relative cover of the dominant species decreased significantly, while the phyllosphere bacterial community appeared more strongly influenced by the host than by environmental deterioration; the community microbial turnover index (CMTB) and microbial resistance potential increased slightly but non-significantly (p > 0.05). Under severe degradation, worsening soil conditions and hydrothermal regimes exerted a stronger influence than the host, and CMTB and microbial resistance potential decreased by 6.5% and 34.1%, respectively (p < 0.05). Random-forest analysis indicated that climate, soil, phyllosphere diversity and microbial resistance jointly accounted for 42.1% of the variation in constructive-species biomass (R² = 0.42, p < 0.01), with the remaining variation likely driven by unmeasured biotic and abiotic factors. Soil contributed the most (21.73%), followed by phyllosphere diversity (9.87%) and climate (8.62%), whereas microbial resistance had a minor effect (1.86%). Specifically, soil organic matter (OM) was positively correlated with biomass, whereas richness, beta diversity and MAT were negatively correlated (p < 0.05). Taken together, our results suggest that under ongoing warming on the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau, management of alpine steppes should prioritise grasslands in the early stages of degradation. In these systems, higher soil organic matter is associated with greater phyllospheric microbial resistance potential and increased biomass of Stipa purpurea, which may help stabilise this dominant species and slow further vegetation degradation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Environmental Microbiology)

25 pages, 1151 KB

Open AccessReview

Mapping the Evidence on Care Home Decarbonisation: A Scoping Review Revealing Fragmented Progress and Key Implementation Gaps

by Tara Anderson, Stephanie Craig, Gary Mitchell and Daniel Hind

Sustainability 2025, 17(24), 10946; https://doi.org/10.3390/su172410946 (registering DOI) - 7 Dec 2025

Abstract

Care homes are an energy-intensive component of the health and social care sector, with high demands on heating, lighting, laundry, catering and medical technologies. This constant energy use makes care homes a notable contributor to global greenhouse gas emissions. Decarbonising care homes presents [...] Read more.

Care homes are an energy-intensive component of the health and social care sector, with high demands on heating, lighting, laundry, catering and medical technologies. This constant energy use makes care homes a notable contributor to global greenhouse gas emissions. Decarbonising care homes presents an opportunity to reduce emissions, operational costs, and deliver health co-benefits by improving air quality and thermal comfort. This scoping review mapped the international evidence on decarbonisation in care homes to inform sustainable practice and policy development. Guided by Joanna Briggs Institute methodology, seven databases (CINAHL, EMBASE, IEEE, MEDLINE, PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science) were searched. Eligible studies included care home facilities, residents or staff with data managed in Covidence and extracted using the “The Greenhouse Gas Protocol Corporate Standard Inventory Accounting”. A total of 22 studies met the inclusion criteria. The evidence was concentrated around Scope 2 emissions, through efforts to monitor and reduce electricity use, while Scope 1 (facility emissions) and Scope 3 (supply chain emissions) remain comparatively underexplored. Evidence was fragmented and revealed risk aversion and care quality concerns related to adopting low-carbon technologies, as well as a growing interest in digital technologies and sustainable food procurement. Care homes should be prioritised within net zero healthcare frameworks, with targeted research, policy guidance, and investment to support decarbonisation. Full article

17 pages, 1706 KB

Open AccessArticle

The Effect of Platelet-Rich Plasma on Reproductive Outcomes in Women with Repeated Embryo Transfer Failures: A Single-Center Prospective Interventional Clinical Study

by Ramilya K. Potapova, Madina E. Ospanova, Saniya A. Abdrakhmanova, Aizhan T. Makisheva, Nikolay A. Popkov, Kuralai H. Zhangaziyeva and Balzhan S. Bekmakhanova

Reprod. Med. 2025, 6(4), 42; https://doi.org/10.3390/reprodmed6040042 (registering DOI) - 7 Dec 2025

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Non-receptive endometrium is associated with recurrent implantation failure, which leads to a decrease in the frequency of pregnancy during IVF; therefore, new treatment methods such as the use of Platelet-Rich Plasma (PRP) are gaining popularity in the treatment of infertility in women [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Non-receptive endometrium is associated with recurrent implantation failure, which leads to a decrease in the frequency of pregnancy during IVF; therefore, new treatment methods such as the use of Platelet-Rich Plasma (PRP) are gaining popularity in the treatment of infertility in women with repeated unsuccessful IVF attempts. Methods: A total of 38 women were included in this study, with the main complaint being the inability to conceive or maintain pregnancy. Medical examination, laboratory tests, ultrasound of the pelvic organs and hysteroscopy were performed. After that, whole blood was taken to prepare an autologous PRP; then, the PRP was inserted into the uterine using an intrauterine catheter in the first phase of the menstrual cycle (1–7 procedures). The primary outcome of this study was an increase in endometrial thickness and improvement of the receptive endometrial layer. The secondary outcome was pregnancy rate. This was a single-center prospective interventional clinical study. Results: Statistical analysis of changes in endometrial thickness after PRP therapy showed that endometrial thickness indicators after treatment significantly exceeded the values before the intervention. This may be evidence of the effectiveness of PRP therapy for thin endometrium. When analyzing pregnancy status, it was noted that after receiving PRP, more than half (56% of cases) became pregnant and the majority of them successfully gave birth. Conclusions: Based on the results of our study, we can conclude that intrauterine injection of PRP may be a new therapeutic approach in the treatment of thin endometrium and associated infertility. The use of PRP demonstrated effectiveness in increasing the thickness of the endometrium, regardless of pregnancy, while the secondary indicator was the frequency of successful pregnancies among the participants. Full article

► Show Figures

Figure 1

15 pages, 13125 KB

Open AccessArticle

Can Aquatic Plant Turions Serve as a Source of Arabinogalactans? Immunohistochemical Detection of AGPs in Turion Cells

by Bartosz J. Płachno, Lubomír Adamec, Marcin Feldo, Piotr Stolarczyk and Małgorzata Kapusta

Molecules 2025, 30(24), 4689; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules30244689 (registering DOI) - 7 Dec 2025

Abstract

Turions (overwintering buds) as modified shoot apices constitute specialized vegetative structures that enable many aquatic vascular plants to withstand adverse environmental conditions such as low temperature, desiccation, or limited light availability. Turions serve as major storage sites for organic reserves, including sugars, proteins, [...] Read more.

Turions (overwintering buds) as modified shoot apices constitute specialized vegetative structures that enable many aquatic vascular plants to withstand adverse environmental conditions such as low temperature, desiccation, or limited light availability. Turions serve as major storage sites for organic reserves, including sugars, proteins, fatty acids, and polyamines. Owing to their high content of energy-rich and nutritionally valuable compounds, turions represent a potential renewable resource for applications in biofuel production, animal feed, and the food industry. We investigated whether arabinogalactan proteins (AGPs) occur in aquatic plant turions and localized these compounds within specific tissues or cell types. This work was designed to evaluate whether stress-resistant storage organs may constitute a practical reservoir of AGPs. Considering the central role of AGPs in plant responses to abiotic stress, we hypothesized that turions, which routinely encounter cold, anoxia, and intermittent dehydration, would exhibit particularly high AGP accumulation. Mature turions of aquatic species (Aldrovanda vesiculosa, Utricularia australis, U. intermedia, and Caldesia parnassifolia) were used. Immunofluorescent labeling with AGP-specific antibodies (JIM8, JIM13, JIM14, LM2, MAC207) and confocal laser scanning microscopy were employed. In Aldrovanda vesiculosa and Caldesia parnassifolia, AGP epitopes were abundantly presented in cytoplasmic compartments. AGP epitopes occurred in secretory structures in turions of all examined species (trichomes of Aldrovanda and Utricularia, secretory ducts of Caldesia). In analyzing turions of four different species, we identified Aldrovanda vesiculosa turions as the most promising potential source of AGPs, also noting their high reserve potential for use in animal feed or the food industry. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Research on Chemical Composition and Activity of Natural Products, 2nd Edition)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

19 pages, 1712 KB

Open AccessArticle

From Waste to Brand: Circular Bio-Innovation and Low-Carbon Product Development in Taiwan’s Enzyme Village

by Amit Kumar Sah, Yao-Ming Hong and Su Hwa Lin

Sustainability 2025, 17(24), 10947; https://doi.org/10.3390/su172410947 (registering DOI) - 7 Dec 2025

Abstract

This study explores a circular economy approach to agricultural waste transformation through an in-depth case study of Taiwan Enzyme Village Company. In response to global challenges related to food waste, resource inefficiency, and environmental degradation, the company has developed a low-energy fermentation system [...] Read more.

This study explores a circular economy approach to agricultural waste transformation through an in-depth case study of Taiwan Enzyme Village Company. In response to global challenges related to food waste, resource inefficiency, and environmental degradation, the company has developed a low-energy fermentation system that converts surplus fruits and vegetable residues into a range of value-added products, including enzyme liquids, organic fertilizers, seed paper, and biodegradable packaging. The research employs the BS 8001 Circular Economy Principles as an analytical framework to evaluate the company’s operational model, stakeholder engagement, and environmental contributions. Findings reveal a highly localized and replicable circular system that emphasizes low-carbon production, community collaboration, and innovative reuse of biological resources. The study contributes practical insights for small- and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) aiming to implement circular economy practices within the agricultural sector and highlights strategic pathways for sustainable rural development. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Pathways to Carbon Neutrality: Circular Economy and Sustainable Innovation for Green Industry)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

14 pages, 555 KB

Open AccessArticle

Association Between Nursing Education and Risk of Eating Behavior Disorders Among Undergraduate Students

by Edith Araceli Cano-Estrada, José Antonio Guerrero-Solano, Raúl Rodríguez-Moreno, Benjamín López-Nolasco, Sheila Adriana Mendoza-Mojica, Dulce Milagros Razo-Blanco-Hernández, Yaneth Citlalli Orbe-Orihuela, Juan Carlos Fernando Sánchez-Velázquez, Erick Ordoñez-Villordo and José Ángel Hernández-Mariano

Nurs. Rep. 2025, 15(12), 433; https://doi.org/10.3390/nursrep15120433 (registering DOI) - 7 Dec 2025

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Eating behavior disorders (EBDs) are a public health concern among undergraduate students. Evidence suggests that certain health-related academic environments may be associated with heightened psychological vulnerability. Hence, we aimed to evaluate the association between nursing education and the risk of EBDs [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Eating behavior disorders (EBDs) are a public health concern among undergraduate students. Evidence suggests that certain health-related academic environments may be associated with heightened psychological vulnerability. Hence, we aimed to evaluate the association between nursing education and the risk of EBDs and to assess whether self-esteem and anxiety mediate this relationship. Methods: A cross-sectional analytical study was conducted between July and August 2023 among 433 undergraduate students from two public universities in Hidalgo, Mexico. The sample included 209 nursing students and 224 peers from non-health-related programs. Self-esteem, anxiety, and EBD risk were assessed using the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale, Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale, and Eating Attitudes Test-26, respectively. Logistic regression and counterfactual mediation analyses were performed, adjusting for age, sex, family income, and year of study. Results: Nursing students showed higher odds of low self-esteem (aOR = 1.64; 95% CI: 1.06–2.53), anxiety (aOR = 2.06; 95% CI: 1.25–3.37), and EBDs risk (aOR = 2.37; 95% CI: 1.37–4.09) compared with non-health peers. Mediation analyses revealed significant indirect effects through self-esteem (aOR = 1.20; 95% CI: 1.03–1.38) and anxiety (aOR = 1.14; 95% CI: 1.01–1.29). Conclusions: Nursing education was independently associated with a higher risk of EBDs, with statistical mediation analyses indicating that differences in self-esteem and anxiety may help characterize this association. Self-esteem exerted a slightly stronger indirect effect, suggesting that negative self-evaluation may represent a more proximal psychological process rather than a causal determinant. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mental Health and Well-Being of Nursing Students: Challenges, Interventions, and Future Directions)

► Show Figures