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15 pages, 26587 KB

Open AccessArticle

Effects of a Natural Polyherbal Extract on Alleviating Scopolamine-Induced Memory Deficits in C57BL/6 Mice via Enhancing Cholinergic Function

by Hyeokjin Kwon, Min Ho Kwon, Myeongguk Jeong, Yeeun Kim, Hae-Gyung Yoon, Yeongdon Ju, Kyung-Yae Hyun and Go-Eun Choi

Curr. Issues Mol. Biol. 2025, 47(10), 817; https://doi.org/10.3390/cimb47100817 - 2 Oct 2025

Abstract

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a progressive neurological condition with limited effective pharmaceutical treatments, often accompanied by side effects. This has increased interest in plant-based alternatives. This study examined the cognitive effects of a Natural Polyherbal Extract (NPX) on scopolamine-induced memory deficits in mice. [...] Read more.

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a progressive neurological condition with limited effective pharmaceutical treatments, often accompanied by side effects. This has increased interest in plant-based alternatives. This study examined the cognitive effects of a Natural Polyherbal Extract (NPX) on scopolamine-induced memory deficits in mice. Male C57BL/6 mice (10 weeks old, n = 36) were divided into four groups: control (saline), scopolamine (1 mg/kg, i.p.), tacrine (10 mg/kg, oral), and NPX (1000 mg/kg, oral). NPX and tacrine were administered daily by oral gavage for two weeks. Cognitive function was assessed weekly using the Y-maze task. Brain tissues were collected for biochemical analysis, including AChE activity and immunohistochemical detection of neurodegeneration-related markers. Results: Mice treated with NPX demonstrated improved spontaneous alternation behavior compared to the scopolamine group. NPX also significantly reduced acetylcholinesterase activity. Immunohistochemistry revealed decreased expression of amyloid-beta (Aβ) and caspase-3, with enhanced choline acetyltransferase levels. These outcomes were comparable to those observed in the tacrine-treated group. Conclusions: NPX alleviated scopolamine-induced memory impairment through enhancement of cholinergic signaling and mitigation of neurodegenerative markers. The findings suggest that NPX may serve as a promising plant-derived candidate for managing memory-related disorders, including AD. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Bioinformatics and Molecular Research on Alzheimer’s Disease)

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20 pages, 2995 KB

Open AccessArticle

Investigating the Preferences for Hospital Landscape Design: Results of a Pilot Study from Poland

by Monika Trojanowska, Joanna Matuszewska and Maciej Brosz

Architecture 2025, 5(4), 91; https://doi.org/10.3390/architecture5040091 - 2 Oct 2025

Abstract

One of the sometimes-neglected fields is the landscape design of hospital premises. This study focuses on the perception and preferences of responders regarding hospital site design. The objective was to determine if people are aware of the benefits of restorative contact with nature [...] Read more.

One of the sometimes-neglected fields is the landscape design of hospital premises. This study focuses on the perception and preferences of responders regarding hospital site design. The objective was to determine if people are aware of the benefits of restorative contact with nature and if there were preferences for any specific landscape type. The online questionnaire with color figures was distributed using emails and social media from 4th May to 2nd August 2024. Some 110 respondents returned the questionnaire. Most of the respondents were women under 25. Most respondents declared that the surroundings of the healthcare building influence the health and well-being of patients (96%) and health personnel (86%). The results confirmed the awareness of the importance of contact with nature (89%). Moreover, this study demonstrated a preference for calm garden compositions, stimulating physical and mental recovery with trees, flowers, and water features, as well as stabilized paths and sheltered sitting places. The results confirm previous studies and demonstrate the importance of landscape architecture design of hospital premises for the well-being of patients. The findings may influence urban landscape planning and the design of hospital sites. Full article

21 pages, 469 KB

Open AccessArticle

Development and Content Validation of a Person-Centered Care Instrument for Healthcare Providers

by Krishan Soriano, Sora Nakatani, Kaito Onishi, Hirokazu Ito, Youko Nakano, Yoshiyuki Takashima, Yueren Zhao, Allan Paulo Blaquera, Ryuichi Tanioka, Feni Betriana, Gil Platon Soriano, Yuko Yasahura, Kyoko Osaka, Matsuko Kataoka, Misao Miyagawa, Masashi Akaike, Minoru Irahara and Tetsuya Tanioka

Nurs. Rep. 2025, 15(10), 355; https://doi.org/10.3390/nursrep15100355 - 2 Oct 2025

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Despite the increasing recognition of person-centered care (PCC), existing evaluation tools often have profession-specific limitations, lacking broad applicability across interdisciplinary contexts. This study aimed to develop and validate the Person-Centered Care Instrument (PCCI), designed to assess the competence of healthcare providers [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Despite the increasing recognition of person-centered care (PCC), existing evaluation tools often have profession-specific limitations, lacking broad applicability across interdisciplinary contexts. This study aimed to develop and validate the Person-Centered Care Instrument (PCCI), designed to assess the competence of healthcare providers from diverse professions. Methods: Using a two-round modified Delphi technique, ten experts validated an initial pool of 63 items. The process assessed both face validity (overall appropriateness) and content validity using a 9-point Likert scale and the Item-level Content Validity Index (I-CVI). Items with a median rating of 6 or higher and an I-CVI of ≥0.70 were retained. Results: The final PCCI consists of 37 items, with a scale-level content validity index of 0.65. Three items achieved universal agreement among the experts (I-CVI = 1.0). For the final 37-item PCCI, the Scale-level Content Validity Index (S-CVI) was 0.65, and the index based on universal agreement was 0.22. Conclusions: The developed PCCI demonstrated good face and content validity, making it a valid and broadly applicable tool for assessing competence in delivering PCC. This instrument can support quality improvement initiatives and help promote a culture of empathy and respect in healthcare. Full article

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18 pages, 1628 KB

Open AccessPatent Summary

Manual Resin Gear Drive for Fine Adjustment of Schlieren Optical Elements

by Emilia Georgiana Prisăcariu and Iulian Vlăducă

Inventions 2025, 10(5), 89; https://doi.org/10.3390/inventions10050089 - 2 Oct 2025

Abstract

High-precision angular positioning mechanisms are essential across diverse scientific and industrial applications, from optical instrumentation to automated mechanical systems. Conventional bronze–steel gear reduction units, while reliable, are often heavy, costly, and unsuitable for chemically aggressive or vacuum environments, limiting their use in advanced [...] Read more.

High-precision angular positioning mechanisms are essential across diverse scientific and industrial applications, from optical instrumentation to automated mechanical systems. Conventional bronze–steel gear reduction units, while reliable, are often heavy, costly, and unsuitable for chemically aggressive or vacuum environments, limiting their use in advanced research setups. This work introduces a novel 1:360 gear reduction system manufactured by resin-based additive manufacturing, designed to overcome these limitations. The compact worm–gear assembly translates a single crank rotation into a precise one-degree indicator displacement, enabling fine and repeatable angular control. A primary application is the alignment of parabolic mirrors in schlieren systems, where accurate tilt adjustment is critical to correct optical alignment; however, the design is broadly adaptable to other precision positioning tasks in laboratory and industrial contexts. Compared with conventional assemblies, the resin-based reducer offers reduced weight, chemical and vacuum compatibility, and lower production cost. Its three-stage reduction design further enhances load-bearing capacity, achieving approximately double the theoretical torque transfer of equivalent commercial systems. These features establish the device as a robust, scalable, and automation-ready solution for high-accuracy angular adjustment, contributing both to specialized optical research and general-purpose precision engineering. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Inventions and Innovation in Advanced Manufacturing)

20 pages, 703 KB

Open AccessArticle

Fast Trace Detection of Chlorpyrifos Vapors Using a Handheld Ion Mobility Spectrometer Operated near Ambient Temperature

by Victor Bocoș-Bințințan, Ancuța-Maria Dodea, Tomáš Rozsypal, Adrian Pătruț, Gheorghe Roșian, Aurel-Vasile Martiniuc, Alin-Gabriel Moraru, Simina Vasc and Maria-Paula Bocoș-Bințințan

Toxics 2025, 13(10), 843; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics13100843 - 2 Oct 2025

Abstract

Chlorpyrifos CPF (O,O-diethyl O-(3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridyl) phosphorothioate), known also as Chlorpyrifos-ethyl, is one of the most utilized organophosphorus pesticides worldwide. Additionally, CPF could be used as a chemical warfare agent surrogate. Although its acute toxicity is not high, it is responsible for both a large [...] Read more.

Chlorpyrifos CPF (O,O-diethyl O-(3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridyl) phosphorothioate), known also as Chlorpyrifos-ethyl, is one of the most utilized organophosphorus pesticides worldwide. Additionally, CPF could be used as a chemical warfare agent surrogate. Although its acute toxicity is not high, it is responsible for both a large number of intoxications and chronic, delayed neurological effects. In this work, it is reported for the first time the qualitative and quantitative response produced by CPF vapors, using a pocket-held Time-of-Flight Ion Mobility Spectrometer (ToF IMS) with a non-radioactive ionization source and ammonia doping, model LCD-3.2E (Smiths Detection Ltd.), operated near ambient temperature (below 30 °C). Spectra of CPF in positive ion mode included two distinct product ion peaks; thus, identification of CPF vapors by IMS relies on these peaks—the monomer M·NH₄⁺ with reduced ion mobility K₀ = ca. 1.76 cm²V⁻¹s⁻¹ and the dimer M₂·NH₄⁺ with K₀ = ca. 1.47 cm²V⁻¹s⁻¹ (where M may be assignable to CPF molecule)—and positive reactant ions (Pos RIP) have K₀ = ca. 2.25 cm²V⁻¹s⁻¹. Excellent sensitivity, with a limit of detection LOD of 0.72 ppb_v (10.5 μg m⁻³) and a limit of quantification LOQ of 2.41 ppb_v (35.1 μg m⁻³), has been noticed; linear response was up to 100 ppb_v, while saturation occurs over ca. 1000 ppb_v (14.6 mg m⁻³). Our results demonstrate that this method provides a robust tool for both off-site and on-site detecting and quantifying CPF vapors at trace levels, which has strong implications for either industrial hygiene or forensic investigations concerning the pesticide Chlorpyrifos, as well as for monitoring of environmental contamination by organophosphorus pesticides. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Agrochemicals and Food Toxicology)

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13 pages, 2617 KB

Open AccessArticle

Kilowatt-Level EUV Regenerative Amplifier Free-Electron Laser Enabled by Transverse Gradient Undulator in a Storage Ring

by Changchao He, Nanshun Huang, Tao Liu, Changliang Li, Bo Liu and Haixiao Deng

Photonics 2025, 12(10), 983; https://doi.org/10.3390/photonics12100983 - 2 Oct 2025

Abstract

High-average-power extreme ultraviolet (EUV) sources are essential for large-scale nanoscale chip manufacturing, yet commercially available laser-produced plasma sources face challenges in scaling to the kilowatt level. We propose a novel scheme that combines the high repetition rate of a diffraction-limited storage ring with [...] Read more.

High-average-power extreme ultraviolet (EUV) sources are essential for large-scale nanoscale chip manufacturing, yet commercially available laser-produced plasma sources face challenges in scaling to the kilowatt level. We propose a novel scheme that combines the high repetition rate of a diffraction-limited storage ring with a regenerative amplifier free-electron laser (RAFEL) employing a transverse gradient undulator (TGU). By introducing dispersion in the storage ring, electrons of different energies are directed into corresponding magnetic field strengths of the TGU, thereby satisfying the resonance condition under a large energy spread and increasing the FEL gain. Simulations show that at equilibrium, the average EUV power exceeds 1 kW, with an output pulse energy reaching ∼2.86

μ

J, while the energy spread stabilizes at ∼0.45%. These results demonstrate the feasibility of ring-based RAFEL with TGU as a promising route toward kilowatt-level EUV sources. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Next-Generation X-Ray Optical Technologies and Applications)

19 pages, 1382 KB

Open AccessArticle

Public Health Screening for Cardiometabolic Risk: Lessons from Advanced Glycation End-Products and ABC Target Achievement in Dalmatian Adults with Type 2 Diabetes

by Josipa Radić, Marijana Vučković, Hana Đogaš, Anders Ødeverp, Marina Grubić and Mislav Radić

Biomedicines 2025, 13(10), 2418; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines13102418 - 2 Oct 2025

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Cardiometabolic risk remains a major challenge in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (DMT2). This study aimed to evaluate cardiovascular (CV) risk stratification using advanced glycation end-products (AGEs) measured via skin autofluorescence (SAF) and to assess the achievement of evidence-based ABC targets [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Cardiometabolic risk remains a major challenge in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (DMT2). This study aimed to evaluate cardiovascular (CV) risk stratification using advanced glycation end-products (AGEs) measured via skin autofluorescence (SAF) and to assess the achievement of evidence-based ABC targets (HbA1c, blood pressure, low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol) in adults with DMT2 in Dalmatia. Methods: In this single-center cross-sectional study, 251 adults with DMT2 were stratified by CV risk based on SAF measured AGE levels. Clinical, biochemical, and anthropometric data were collected, including ABC goal attainment and medication use. Statistical analyses compared groups and explored predictors of ABC target achievement using regression models adjusted for clinical factors. Results: Only 17.5% of participants achieved all three ABC goals, indicating suboptimal cardiometabolic control. Those with elevated CV risk had higher hip circumference and lower diastolic blood pressure. Use of sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors was positively associated with ABC goal achievement in patients with prior CV or cerebrovascular events, while higher body mass index was negatively associated. SAF measured AGE levels correlated with cardiometabolic risk but showed no significant differences across LDL cholesterol or other traditional markers. Conclusions: SAF AGE measurement shows potential for CV risk stratification in DMT2 beyond traditional factors. The low rate of ABC goal attainment highlights the need for intensified individualized management incorporating novel biomarkers and therapeutics like SGLT2 inhibitors. Further prospective studies are needed to validate these findings and improve prevention of cardiovascular complications in DMT2. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Diabetes: Comorbidities, Therapeutics and Insights (3rd Edition))

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28 pages, 4604 KB

Open AccessReview

Invisible Pursuit: A Scoping Review of Global Policy for Continuity of Care of Vulnerable Infants Under 6 Months and Their Mothers in Low- and Middle-Income Countries

by Marie McGrath, Hedwig Deconinck, Stephanie V. Wrottesley, Marko Kerac and Tracey Smythe

Children 2025, 12(10), 1328; https://doi.org/10.3390/children12101328 - 2 Oct 2025

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Worldwide, millions of infants under 6 months are at increased risk of poor growth and development, illness, and death. We investigated the coherence of global policy characteristics, vulnerability, and continuity of care, which guides the care of vulnerable infants under 6 months [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Worldwide, millions of infants under 6 months are at increased risk of poor growth and development, illness, and death. We investigated the coherence of global policy characteristics, vulnerability, and continuity of care, which guides the care of vulnerable infants under 6 months and their mothers. Methods: We conducted a scoping review according to PRISMA-ScR guidance. We included English publications with no time limit, applicable to low- and middle-income countries, sourced through Google Scholar, contacts, WHO and UNICEF databases, global networks, and agency websites. The search was conducted from August 2023 to February 2024. We identified 34 documents for review. We categorised policies into guidelines, namely, WHO evidence-based recommendations and multi-source guidance documents with implementation details. We consolidated 49 vulnerability descriptors into 28 vulnerability factors and four sub-groups. We did not assess policy quality. Results: We found rich but fragmented global policy guidance. Multiple terminologies create superficial differences and mask important ones. Growth appraisal was mostly limited to nutrition-oriented guidance and was lacking in health-centric documents. Continuity of care lacked scope and depth. WHO policies are out of sync with each other and the latest evidence on mortality risk markers. WHO procedures need to accommodate non-UN documents to leverage existing guidance potential. A living policy system to manage evidence-to-policy processes and policy interactions is needed. The WHO-INTEGRATE evidence for decision frameworks could help country-led adaptations, system-sensitive global support, and WHO methodological development. Conclusions: There are immediate opportunities for interdisciplinary policy cooperation. Action is urgently needed to secure coherent evidence-based policies for equitable and effective care. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Global Pediatric Health)

23 pages, 3188 KB

Open AccessArticle

Antiviral Activity of Origanum vulgare ssp. hirtum Essential Oil-Loaded Polymeric Micelles

by Neli Vilhelmova-Ilieva, Ivan Iliev, Katya Kamenova, Georgy Grancharov, Krasimir Rusanov, Ivan Atanassov and Petar D. Petrov

Biomedicines 2025, 13(10), 2417; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines13102417 - 2 Oct 2025

Abstract

Background: Encapsulating essential oils in polymer-based nanocarriers can improve their stability, solubility, and bioavailability, while maintaining the biological activity of the oil’s active ingredients. In this contribution, we investigated the antiviral activity of Oregano Essential Oil (OEO) in its pure form and [...] Read more.

Background: Encapsulating essential oils in polymer-based nanocarriers can improve their stability, solubility, and bioavailability, while maintaining the biological activity of the oil’s active ingredients. In this contribution, we investigated the antiviral activity of Oregano Essential Oil (OEO) in its pure form and encapsulated into nanosized polymeric micelles, based on a poly(ethylene oxide)-block-poly(ε-caprolactone) diblock copolymer. Methods: The effect of encapsulation was evaluated using three structurally different viruses: herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) (DNA—enveloped virus), human coronavirus (HCoV OC-43) (RNA—enveloped virus), and feline calicivirus (FCV) (RNA—naked virus). The effect on the viral replicative cycle was determined using the cytopathic effect inhibition (CPE) test. Inhibition of the viral adsorption step, virucidal activity, and protective effect on healthy cells were assessed using the final dilution method and were determined as Δlg compared to the untreated viral control. Results: In both studied forms (pure and nanoformulated), OEO had no significant effect on viral replication. In the remaining antiviral experiments, the oil embedded into nanocarriers showed a slightly stronger effect than the pure oil. When the oil was directly applied to extracellular virions, viral titers were significantly reduced for all three viruses, with the effect being strongest for HSV-1 and FCV (Δlg = 3.5). A distinct effect was also observed on the viral adsorption stage, with the effect being most significant for HSV-1 (Δlg = 3.0). Conclusions: Pretreatment of healthy cells with the nanoformulated OEO significantly protected them from viral infection, with the greatest reduction in viral titer for HCoV OC-43. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in Targeted Drug Delivery Systems)

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20 pages, 3033 KB

Open AccessReview

Particle-Laden Two-Phase Boundary Layer: A Review

by Aleksey Yu. Varaksin and Sergei V. Ryzhkov

Aerospace 2025, 12(10), 894; https://doi.org/10.3390/aerospace12100894 - 2 Oct 2025

Abstract

The presence of solid particles (or droplets) in a flow leads to a significant increase in heat fluxes, the occurrence of chemical reactions, and erosive surface wear of various aircraft moving in the dusty (or rainy) atmosphere of Earth or Mars. A review [...] Read more.

The presence of solid particles (or droplets) in a flow leads to a significant increase in heat fluxes, the occurrence of chemical reactions, and erosive surface wear of various aircraft moving in the dusty (or rainy) atmosphere of Earth or Mars. A review of computational, theoretical, and experimental work devoted to the study of the characteristics of the boundary layers (BL) of gas with solid particles was performed. The features of particle motion in laminar and turbulent boundary layers, as well as their inverse effect on gas flow, are considered. Available studies on the stability of the laminar boundary layer and the effect of particles on the laminar–turbulent transition are analyzed. At the end of the review, conclusions are drawn, and priorities for future research are discussed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fluid Flow Mechanics (4th Edition))

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19 pages, 658 KB

Open AccessArticle

A Fast Midcourse Trajectory Optimization Method for Interceptors Based on the Bézier Curve

by Jingqi Li, Gang Zhang and Liang Cui

Aerospace 2025, 12(10), 893; https://doi.org/10.3390/aerospace12100893 - 2 Oct 2025

Abstract

This paper proposes a fast midcourse trajectory optimization method by using the Bézier curve as a transcription scheme to represent the interceptor trajectories. First, the trajectory optimization problem is established with the constraints during midcourse guidance and the performance index of the terminal [...] Read more.

This paper proposes a fast midcourse trajectory optimization method by using the Bézier curve as a transcription scheme to represent the interceptor trajectories. First, the trajectory optimization problem is established with the constraints during midcourse guidance and the performance index of the terminal velocity. Then, the interceptor position coordinates are represented using Bézier functions, which directly satisfy the boundary constraints. Other state and control variables are also expressed as Bézier functions. Finally, the original trajectory optimization problem is transformed into optimizing the Bézier parameters, which can be obtained by sequential quadratic programming. Numerical examples verify the rapidity of the proposed method when compared with various traditional numerical optimization methods. In addition, the result of the proposed method can be used as a fast solution satisfying all the boundary and path constraints, and it can also be used as an initial guess for further optimizations. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Spacecraft Trajectory Design)

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26 pages, 10389 KB

Open AccessArticle

Study on the Aeroelastic Characteristics of a Large-Span Joined-Wing Solar-Powered UAV

by Xinyu Tong, Xiaoping Zhu, Zhou Zhou, Junlei Sun, Jian Zhang and Qiang Wang

Aerospace 2025, 12(10), 892; https://doi.org/10.3390/aerospace12100892 - 2 Oct 2025

Abstract

When a joined-wing configuration is applied to the design of solar-powered UAVs, the increasing span amplifies aeroelastic effects, while structure complexity poses greater challenges to computational effectiveness during the conceptual design phase. This paper focuses on a large-span joined-wing solar-powered UAV (LJS-UAV) engineering [...] Read more.

When a joined-wing configuration is applied to the design of solar-powered UAVs, the increasing span amplifies aeroelastic effects, while structure complexity poses greater challenges to computational effectiveness during the conceptual design phase. This paper focuses on a large-span joined-wing solar-powered UAV (LJS-UAV) engineering prototype. The structural finite element model of the whole system is constructed by developing the ‘Simplified beam-shell model’ (SBSM) and verified by a structural mode test. A numerical simulation approach is employed to comprehensively analyse and summarise the aeroelastic characteristics of the LJS-UAV from the perspectives of static aeroelasticity, flutter, and gust response. The mode test identified 30 global modes with natural frequencies below 10 Hz, indicating that the LJS-UAV possesses an exceptionally flexible structure and exhibits highly complex aeroelastic characteristics. The simulation results reveal that the structural elasticity induces significant variations in aerodynamic forces, moments, and derivatives during flight, which cannot be neglected. The longitudinal trim strategies can considerably influence the aeroelastic boundary of the LJS-UAV. Utilising the front-wing control surfaces for trim is beneficial in improving structural performance and expanding the flight envelope. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Aeronautics)

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16 pages, 544 KB

Open AccessReview

Companion Crops as Catalysts for Sustainable Cover Cropping in Vineyards—A Critical Review and Research Agenda

by Mehdi Sharifi and Zahra Zolfaghari

Plants 2025, 14(19), 3056; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14193056 - 2 Oct 2025

Abstract

Vineyard cover crops deliver well-documented ecosystem services, yet consistent establishment, especially of perennial grasses and legumes, remains a primary barrier to adoption. This review reframes “companion (nurse) cropping” not as a new crop class but as a acilitative establishment strategy within the broader [...] Read more.

Vineyard cover crops deliver well-documented ecosystem services, yet consistent establishment, especially of perennial grasses and legumes, remains a primary barrier to adoption. This review reframes “companion (nurse) cropping” not as a new crop class but as a acilitative establishment strategy within the broader cover-/service-crop literature. We (i) position our contribution relative to recent syntheses, (ii) synthesize evidence on companion crops practices that reduce cover cropping early failure risk, and (iii) propose a testable research agenda. A focused scoping review of peer-reviewed and extension literature indexed in Web of Science and Google Scholar was conducted using search terms encompassing cover/service crops and nurse/companion/facilitation in viticulture systems. Across climates, fast-establishing cereals (Avena sativa, Hordeum vulgare, Secale cereale, × Triticosecale Wittmack) and short-cycle legumes (Vicia sativa, Pisum sativum, Trifolium incarnatum) can reliably “nurse” slower perennials and legumes by providing early groundcover, weeds control, and microclimate buffering when sown at reduced rates (≈25–50% of monoculture) and terminated on time to limit vine competition. Evidence gaps persist for in-row applications, water-use penalties under drought, and long-term effects on yield and grape composition. Companion cropping is argued to be a design principle in vineyard cover-crop programs rather than a separate category. A decision framework and research agenda are presented to quantify establishment reliability, resource trade-offs, and wine-relevant outcomes, and it is recommended that future decision tools make the companion-phase logic explicit to de-risk adoption and align with regional guidelines. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Crop Physiology and Crop Production)

25 pages, 4779 KB

Open AccessArticle

Decoding Salinity Tolerance in Salicornia europaea L.: Image-Based Oxidative Phenotyping and Histochemical Mapping of Pectin and Lignin

by Susana Dianey Gallegos Cerda, Aleksandra Orzło, José Jorge Chanona Pérez, Josué David Hernández Varela, Agnieszka Piernik and Stefany Cárdenas Pérez

Plants 2025, 14(19), 3055; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14193055 - 2 Oct 2025

Abstract

Halophytes such as Salicornia europaea rely on biochemical and structural mechanisms to survive in saline environments. This study aimed to evaluate oxidative stress and structural defense responses in four inland populations—Poland (Inowrocław, Ciechocinek), Germany (Salzgraben-Salzdahlum, Salz), and Soltauquelle (Soltq)—subjected to 0, 200, 400, [...] Read more.

Halophytes such as Salicornia europaea rely on biochemical and structural mechanisms to survive in saline environments. This study aimed to evaluate oxidative stress and structural defense responses in four inland populations—Poland (Inowrocław, Ciechocinek), Germany (Salzgraben-Salzdahlum, Salz), and Soltauquelle (Soltq)—subjected to 0, 200, 400, and 1000 mM NaCl, using non-destructive, image-based approaches. Lipid peroxidation was assessed via malondialdehyde (MDA) detected with Schiff’s reagent, and hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) accumulation was visualized with 3,3′-diaminobenzidine (DAB). Roots and shoots were analyzed through colour image analysis and quantified using a computer vision system (CVS). MDA accumulation revealed population-specific differences, with Salz tending to exhibit lower peroxidation, characterized by lower L* ≈ 42–43 and higher b* ≈ 37–18 in shoots at 200–400 mM, which may reflect a potentially more effective salt-management strategy. Although H₂O₂ responses deviated from a direct salinity-dependent trend, particularly in the tolerant Salz and Soltq populations, both approaches effectively tracked population-specific adaptation, with German populations displaying detectable basal H₂O₂ levels, consistent with its multifunctional signalling role in salt management and growth regulation. Structural defences were further explored through histochemical mapping and image analysis of pectin and lignin distribution, which revealed population-specific patterns consistent with cell wall remodelling under stress. Non-destructive, image-based methods proved effective for detecting oxidative and structural responses in halophytes. Such a non-destructive, cost-efficient, and reproducible approach can accelerate the identification of salt-tolerant ecotypes for saline agriculture and reinforce S. europaea as a model species for elucidating salt-tolerance mechanisms. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Abiotic Stress Responses in Plants—Second Edition)

22 pages, 26488 KB

Open AccessArticle

Lightweight Deep Learning Approaches on Edge Devices for Fetal Movement Monitoring

by Atcharawan Rattanasak, Talit Jumphoo, Kasidit Kokkhunthod, Wongsathon Pathonsuwan, Rattikan Nualsri, Sittinon Thanonklang, Pattama Tongdee, Porntip Nimkuntod, Monthippa Uthansakul and Peerapong Uthansakul

Biosensors 2025, 15(10), 662; https://doi.org/10.3390/bios15100662 - 2 Oct 2025

Abstract

Fetal movement monitoring (FMM) is crucial for assessing fetal well-being, traditionally relying on clinical assessments or maternal perception, each with inherent limitations. This study presents a novel lightweight deep learning framework for real-time FMM on edge devices. Data were collected from 120 participants [...] Read more.

Fetal movement monitoring (FMM) is crucial for assessing fetal well-being, traditionally relying on clinical assessments or maternal perception, each with inherent limitations. This study presents a novel lightweight deep learning framework for real-time FMM on edge devices. Data were collected from 120 participants using a wearable device equipped with an inertial measurement unit, which captured both accelerometer and gyroscope data, coupled with a rigorous two-stage labeling protocol integrating maternal perception and ultrasound validation. We addressed class imbalance using virtual-rotation-based augmentation and adaptive clustering-based undersampling. The data were transformed into spectrograms using the Short-Time Fourier Transform, serving as input for deep learning models. To ensure model efficiency suitable for resource-constrained microcontrollers, we employed knowledge distillation, transferring knowledge from larger, high-performing teacher models to compact student architectures. Post-training integer quantization further optimized the models, reducing the memory footprint by 74.8%. The final optimized model achieved a sensitivity (SEN) of 90.05%, a precision (PRE) of 87.29%, and an F1-score (F1) of 88.64%. Practical energy assessments showed continuous operation capability for approximately 25 h on a single battery charge. Our approach offers a practical framework adaptable to other medical monitoring tasks on edge devices, paving the way for improved prenatal care, especially in resource-limited settings. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Wearable Biosensors)

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25 pages, 3874 KB

Open AccessArticle

Evaluation of Water Resources Carrying Capacity and Analysis of Influencing Factors in China’s Major Grain-Producing Areas Based on Machine Learning

by Kun Cheng, Xingyang Zhang and Nan Sun

Agriculture 2025, 15(19), 2074; https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture15192074 - 2 Oct 2025

Abstract

Evaluating regional water resource carrying capacity (WRCC) helps alleviate regional water supply–demand conflicts. This study constructed a 17-indicator system for evaluating WRCC in Major Grain-Producing Areas (MGPAs) based on the “production–living–ecology” functional perspective. It employed a combined Entropy Weight–Root Mean Square Deviation–CRITIC weighting [...] Read more.

Evaluating regional water resource carrying capacity (WRCC) helps alleviate regional water supply–demand conflicts. This study constructed a 17-indicator system for evaluating WRCC in Major Grain-Producing Areas (MGPAs) based on the “production–living–ecology” functional perspective. It employed a combined Entropy Weight–Root Mean Square Deviation–CRITIC weighting approach with a BP neural network model to conduct a comprehensive assessment of WRCC across 13 MGPAs from 2004 to 2023. The results demonstrated the following: (1) Both MGPAs and the national level exhibit a “ecology dominance–living secondary–production weakness” pattern in functional weighting. (2) WRCC in MGPAs is characterized by agricultural production dominance, basic domestic needs as the core, and localized ecological protection as the focus—significantly differing from the national pattern of industrial-driven, economically interconnected, and trans-regional ecological concerns. (3) Spatiotemporally, WRCC levels across the 13 provinces have consistently increased, with a spatial distribution characterized by “higher in the north, lower in the south.” These findings reveal that water resource management in MGPAs requires strategies distinct from national approaches, emphasizing agricultural water conservation and efficiency alongside localized ecological protection. This provides precise policy tools and scientific decision support for implementing water-based production quotas and coordinating food security with water resource security in these regions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Artificial Intelligence and Digital Agriculture)

18 pages, 2018 KB

Open AccessSystematic Review

Correlation Between Catheter Ablation Timing and the Duration of Atrial Fibrillation History on Arrhythmia Recurrence in Patients with Paroxysmal Atrial Fibrillation: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

by Obaida Makdah, Feras Al Krayem, Cosmin Gabriel Ursu, Mohamad Hussam Sahloul, Oana Gheorghe-Fronea, Radu Vătãsescu, Dan L. Musat and Ștefan Bogdan

J. Clin. Med. 2025, 14(19), 6995; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm14196995 - 2 Oct 2025

Abstract

Background: Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common sustained arrhythmia. AF catheter ablation (CA) is superior to antiarrhythmic drugs (AAD) therapy in maintaining sinus rhythm. However, not much is known regarding the optimal timing of the ablation. Methods: A comprehensive literature search [...] Read more.

Background: Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common sustained arrhythmia. AF catheter ablation (CA) is superior to antiarrhythmic drugs (AAD) therapy in maintaining sinus rhythm. However, not much is known regarding the optimal timing of the ablation. Methods: A comprehensive literature search was conducted using PubMed, Embase, and Scopus, focusing on studies published from 2013 until 2022 and including both observational studies and randomized controlled trials (RCTs) with patients undergoing ablation for symptomatic paroxysmal or persistent AF using radiofrequency, cryoablation, or both approaches, studies that reported diagnosis-to-ablation time (DAT), a follow-up period, AF recurrence, or AF burden. Studies that included a surgical ablation, a hybrid ablation approach, or an ablation for arrhythmias other than AF were excluded. Left atrial diameter and ejection fraction (EF) were assessed. Results: Ten studies were selected out of 1387 identified records. After a follow-up period of one year, the early ablation subgroup had a lower mean AF recurrence rate (29.8%) compared to that of the delayed ablation subgroup (39.5%). The median AF recurrence rate was in the radiofrequency ablation group (44.5%), in the cryoablation group (27.3%). In studies that included paroxysmal AF patients exclusively, the AF recurrence rate was directly proportional to the DAT. Conclusions: Our results suggest that DAT correlates with a recurrence rate at one year following AF CA, and that the shorter the DAT the better the outcome, particularly in paroxysmal AF population. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Cardiology)

31 pages, 6677 KB

Open AccessArticle

Design and Experimental Process of Vertical Roller Potato–Stem Separation Device

by Hanhao Wang, Yaoming Li and Kuizhou Ji

Appl. Sci. 2025, 15(19), 10683; https://doi.org/10.3390/app151910683 - 2 Oct 2025

Abstract

In order to solve the problem encountered by traditional potato–stem separation devices, that is, they cannot meet the requirements when installed in small-scale harvesters, a new type of vertical differential roller potato–stem separation device was developed. The device features a compact structure and [...] Read more.

In order to solve the problem encountered by traditional potato–stem separation devices, that is, they cannot meet the requirements when installed in small-scale harvesters, a new type of vertical differential roller potato–stem separation device was developed. The device features a compact structure and simultaneously possesses both separating and conveying functions. Through the analysis of the separation force between potato and stem, the structure and parameters of the separation device were determined. The simulation and the field test of the potato–stem separation process were carried out with the vertical differential roller speed, the vertical differential roller gap width and the conveyor chain speed as the influencing factors. The simulation test analysed the influence law of different working parameters on the performance of potato–stem separation. The field test revealed the order of the effects of various factors on the impurity rate and skin-breaking rate, concluding that the optimal combination of operational parameters was a vertical differential roller rotational speed of 6 s⁻¹, a vertical differential roller gap width of 7 mm, and a conveyor chain speed of 1.4 m·s⁻¹. This experiment fills the research gap in the study of potato–stem separation devices suitable for small-scale potato harvesters and promotes the development of compact potato harvesters. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue State-of-the-Art Agricultural Science and Technology in China)

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16 pages, 5526 KB

Open AccessArticle

Biocompatibility of Biomedical Materials: Reliability of Cell Viability Tests in the Context of Retinal Prostheses

by Anna Cieślik and Joanna Raczkowska

Appl. Sci. 2025, 15(19), 10684; https://doi.org/10.3390/app151910684 - 2 Oct 2025

Abstract

The biocompatibility of materials used in biomedical applications, especially those in direct contact with human tissue, is crucial to ensuring their safety. Ensuring material biocompatibility requires a wide range of in vitro and in vivo tests, with in vitro tests using cell culture [...] Read more.

The biocompatibility of materials used in biomedical applications, especially those in direct contact with human tissue, is crucial to ensuring their safety. Ensuring material biocompatibility requires a wide range of in vitro and in vivo tests, with in vitro tests using cell culture systems being the first step in biomaterial characterization. Among the commonly used methods for assessing cell viability are colorimetric tests, such as MTT and LDH assays. While these assays provide valuable information about cell viability, their results can be affected by biochemical substances. This study focused on evaluating the reliability of MTT and LDH assays in nicotinamide-supplemented medium, which optimized culture conditions for the differentiation of ARPE-19 cells. The results were compared with a live/dead viability test based on fluorescence staining, providing insight into the effectiveness of different cell viability assessment methods in this specific context. This research is important in developing biomaterials for retinal prostheses, where maintaining high biocompatibility is essential for successful implantation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Synthesis, Application, and Biological Evaluation of Inorganic and Organic Compounds)

14 pages, 4934 KB

Open AccessArticle

Thermal Regulation and Moisture Accumulation in Embankments with Insulation–Waterproof Geotextile in Seasonal Frost Regions

by Kun Zhang, Doudou Jin, Ze Zhang, Yuncheng Mao and Guoyu Li

Appl. Sci. 2025, 15(19), 10681; https://doi.org/10.3390/app151910681 - 2 Oct 2025

Abstract

As an effective engineering countermeasure against frost heave damage in seasonally frozen regions, thermal insulation boards (TIBs) were employed in embankments. This study established a test section featuring a thermal insulation–waterproof geotextile embankment in Dingxi, Gansu Province. Temperature and water content at various [...] Read more.

As an effective engineering countermeasure against frost heave damage in seasonally frozen regions, thermal insulation boards (TIBs) were employed in embankments. This study established a test section featuring a thermal insulation–waterproof geotextile embankment in Dingxi, Gansu Province. Temperature and water content at various positions and depths within both the thermal insulation embankment (TIE) and an ordinary embankment (OE) were monitored and compared to analyze the effectiveness of the TIB. Following the installation of the insulation layer, the temperature distribution within the embankment became more uniform. The TIB effectively impeded downward heat transfer (cold energy influx) during the winter and upward heat transfer (heat energy flux) during the warm season. However, the water content within the TIE was observed to be higher than that in the OE, with water accumulation notably occurring at the embankment toe. While the TIB successfully mitigated slope damage and superficial soil frost heave, the waterproof geotextile concurrently induced moisture accumulation at the embankment toe. Consequently, implementing complementary drainage measures is essential. In seasonally frozen areas characterized by dry weather and relatively high winter temperatures, the potential damage caused by concentrated rainfall events to embankments requires particular attention. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Civil Engineering)

18 pages, 521 KB

Open AccessArticle

Improving Confidence and Self-Esteem Among Socioeconomically Disadvantaged Children: A Social Emotional Learning Intervention in Rural China

by Jiameng Li, Lin Zhu and Therese Hesketh

Behav. Sci. 2025, 15(10), 1352; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs15101352 - 2 Oct 2025

Abstract

Background: Children in underdeveloped rural areas of China often face socioeconomic disadvantages, which are associated with low confidence and self-esteem. While SEL programs have shown benefits internationally, evidence from Mainland China is limited. This study examined whether a school-based SEL intervention could improve [...] Read more.

Background: Children in underdeveloped rural areas of China often face socioeconomic disadvantages, which are associated with low confidence and self-esteem. While SEL programs have shown benefits internationally, evidence from Mainland China is limited. This study examined whether a school-based SEL intervention could improve confidence and self-esteem among children in economically disadvantaged rural areas. Methods: The intervention was a quasi-experimental study conducted in a rural, underdeveloped region of central China. It involved 16 weekly sessions, each lasting 90 min. A total of 230 children aged 8–12 years participated in the intervention school, while 325 children from another school served as the control group. The study used a mixed-methods design, including a quantitative survey administered at baseline, post-intervention, and a 5-month follow-up, as well as qualitative interviews with 83 children, nine caregivers, and eight teachers following the intervention. A linear mixed-effects model was employed to evaluate the effectiveness of the intervention, while interview data were analyzed using an inductive thematic approach. Results: The findings suggested (1) children from lower socioeconomic backgrounds consistently reported lower levels of self-esteem and self-efficacy across all three assessment points. (2) There was a short-term intervention effect on self-esteem, with greater improvements among children from poorer families. (3) The increase in children’s confidence meant they were more able to express themselves and mix with others. (4) Children’s improvements were not sustained up to a 5-month follow-up. Conclusions: The program may be effective in improving children’s confidence and self-esteem in underdeveloped rural areas of China. Such a program may contribute not only to educational outcomes but also to broader efforts aimed at social mobility and poverty reduction. Full article

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17 pages, 863 KB

Open AccessArticle

Longitudinal Evaluation of Humoral and Cellular Immunity After BNT162b2 COVID-19 Vaccination: Influence of Booster Type, Infection and Chronic Health Conditions

by Chiara Orlandi, Ilaria Conti, Davide Torre, Simone Barocci, Mauro Magnani, Giuseppe Stefanetti and Anna Casabianca

Vaccines 2025, 13(10), 1031; https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines13101031 - 2 Oct 2025

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Understanding the durability of immunity induced by mRNA COVID-19 vaccines, especially in individuals with chronic health conditions, remains essential for guiding booster strategies. We conducted a longitudinal study to evaluate humoral and cellular immune responses up to 21 months after a primary [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Understanding the durability of immunity induced by mRNA COVID-19 vaccines, especially in individuals with chronic health conditions, remains essential for guiding booster strategies. We conducted a longitudinal study to evaluate humoral and cellular immune responses up to 21 months after a primary two-dose BNT162b2 vaccination followed by a booster, either homologous (BNT162b2) or heterologous (mRNA-1273). Methods: Twenty-eight adults, mostly with chronic conditions, were assessed at approximately 9, 12 and 21 months post-primary vaccination. Serum anti-trimeric Spike IgG levels were quantified, and peripheral blood mononuclear cells were analyzed at 21 months for Spike-specific memory B-cell and T-cell responses by flow cytometry. Results: Participants were stratified by booster type, prior SARS-CoV-2 infection and health status. Anti-Spike IgG persisted in all participants but declined over time. The heterologous mRNA-1273 booster induced higher antibody titers at 9 months, while the homologous BNT162b2 booster led to more sustained antibody levels and higher frequencies of Spike-specific memory B cells at 21 months. Prior infection significantly enhanced antibody titers, particularly in homologous booster recipients. Surprisingly, individuals with chronic health conditions exhibited equal or higher antibody levels compared to healthy participants at all time points. At 21 months, robust Spike-specific class-switched memory B cells and polyfunctional CD4⁺ and CD8⁺ T-cell responses were detected. Conclusions: These findings demonstrate that BNT162b2 vaccination elicits durable, multi-layered immunity lasting nearly two years, even in individuals with chronic conditions, and support the use of both homologous and heterologous mRNA boosters to sustain protection in diverse populations. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue 3rd Edition: Safety and Autoimmune Response to SARS-CoV-2 Vaccination)

20 pages, 1207 KB

Open AccessArticle

Effects of Dietary Supplementation with Eucalyptus Essential Oil and Soy Isoflavones on the Growth Performance, Intestinal Health and Meat Quality of Weaned Meat Rabbits

by Chaowu Fu, Rao Li, Zhengpu Wei, Yurong Yang, Yan Zhang and Yibao Jiang

Animals 2025, 15(19), 2890; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15192890 - 2 Oct 2025

Abstract

This study investigated the effects of individual and combined supplementation of eucalyptus essential oil (EEO) and soy isoflavones (SI) on the growth performance, intestinal health and meat quality of weaned meat rabbits. A total of 120 Ira female rabbits were stratified by body [...] Read more.

This study investigated the effects of individual and combined supplementation of eucalyptus essential oil (EEO) and soy isoflavones (SI) on the growth performance, intestinal health and meat quality of weaned meat rabbits. A total of 120 Ira female rabbits were stratified by body weight (BW) and randomly allocated into four treatment groups. The rabbits were fed for 35 days using (a) basal diet (Control), (b) basal diet + 150 mg/kg EEO, (c) basal diet + 25 mg/kg SI, or (d) basal diet + 150 mg/kg EEO + 25 mg/kg SI. The results showed that supplementing EEO and SI in the diet had a synergistic effect on production performance by increasing BW and average daily gain and reducing the feed intake/gain ratio. The EEO + SI group exhibited the most pronounced improvement in growth performance. Compared with the Control group, individual or combined supplementation significantly increased both semi-clean slaughter and total eviscerated slaughter rates, and showed a synergistic effect when supplemented together. The antioxidant capacity of the rabbits was enhanced, with the EEO + SI group showing the largest improvement. Serum biochemical analysis revealed that the combined treatment improved hepatic and cardiovascular functions. Additionally, we observed that the combined addition of EEO and SI has a synergistic effect on increasing the height of intestinal villi and the villus height/crypt depth ratio. Moreover, EEO and SI synergistically improved meat quality by elevating pH value, water-holding capacity, tenderness, and fat proportion. Notably, supplementation of EEO and SI in the diet regulated the composition of the intestinal microbiota, demonstrating increased relative abundance of beneficial Bacteroides and Lachnospiraceae_NK4A136_group. In conclusion, the combination of EEO and SI outperformed individual supplements in promoting growth and intestinal barrier function, potentially through enhancing antioxidant activity, attenuating oxidative stress, protecting the hepatic/cardiovascular systems, and improving intestinal morphology and microbial composition, thereby collectively enhancing growth performance, slaughter traits, and meat quality. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Effects of Feed Additives on the Health and Performance of Monogastric Animals)

10 pages, 708 KB

Open AccessCommunication

Strain-Dependent Lactic Acid Fermentation of Capsosiphon fulvescens Hydrolysate by Lactobacillus spp.

by Hyeongjin Hwang

Microorganisms 2025, 13(10), 2295; https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms13102295 - 2 Oct 2025

Abstract

Seaweeds are promising third-generation biomass for biobased chemicals, yet their use for lactic acid (LA) production remains underexplored. We evaluated LA production from the dilute-acid hydrolysate of the aquacultured green alga Capsosiphon fulvescens (C.Agardh) Setchell & N.L. Gardner. The dried biomass contained 53.4% [...] Read more.

Seaweeds are promising third-generation biomass for biobased chemicals, yet their use for lactic acid (LA) production remains underexplored. We evaluated LA production from the dilute-acid hydrolysate of the aquacultured green alga Capsosiphon fulvescens (C.Agardh) Setchell & N.L. Gardner. The dried biomass contained 53.4% carbohydrate (dry-weight basis). HPLC showed a monosaccharide profile enriched in L-rhamnose and D-xylose, with lower levels of D-mannose, D-glucose, D-glucuronolactone, and D-glucuronic acid. Batch fermentations with three Lactobacillus strains revealed clear strain-dependent kinetics and carbon partitioning. Maximum LA titers/yields (time at maximum) were 2.0 g L⁻¹/0.49 g g⁻¹ at 9 h for L. rhamnosus, 2.3 g L⁻¹/0.30 g g⁻¹ at 36 h for L. casei, and 2.8 g L⁻¹/0.23 g g⁻¹ at 48 h for L. brevis; L. rhamnosus achieved the highest yield on sugars consumed, whereas L. brevis reached the highest titer by utilizing a broader sugar spectrum, notably xylose; L. casei showed intermediate performance with limited xylose use. Co-products included acetic and succinic acids (major) and trace 1,2-propanediol and acetaldehyde, consistent with flux through Embden–Meyerhof–Parnas versus phosphoketolase pathways. These results demonstrate that C. fulvescens hydrolysate is a viable marine feedstock for LA production and highlight practical levers—expanding pentose/uronic-acid catabolism in high-yield strains and tuning pretreatment severity—to further improve both yield and titer. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Applications of Biotechnology in Food and Agriculture)

25 pages, 9513 KB

Open AccessArticle

Negotiating Safety and Belonging: Children’s Experiences of Independent Mobility and Autonomy in Low-Income High-Density Neighborhoods

by Lee Ning, Noor Hashimah Hashim Lim and Mastura Adam

Soc. Sci. 2025, 14(10), 587; https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci14100587 - 2 Oct 2025

Abstract

Children’s neighborhood mobility has been widely examined through either independent movement or psychological autonomy, yet few studies consider how these dimensions intersect in the lived realities of low-income, high-density environments. This study explores how neighborhood conditions simultaneously constrain and enable children’s experiences of [...] Read more.

Children’s neighborhood mobility has been widely examined through either independent movement or psychological autonomy, yet few studies consider how these dimensions intersect in the lived realities of low-income, high-density environments. This study explores how neighborhood conditions simultaneously constrain and enable children’s experiences of mobility and autonomy, focusing on People’s Housing Project (PPR) estates in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. Using a qualitative, child-centered approach, data were collected through child-led walks and mental mapping with 23 children aged 7–12. The child-led walks revealed everyday hazards that restricted children’s freedom of movement and heightened concerns for safety. Conversely, the mental maps highlighted intangible but significant attachments that fostered a sense of belonging, pride, and autonomy despite material deprivation. Together, these findings illustrate that children’s well-being depends not only on opportunities for independent mobility but also on affective and symbolic dimensions of autonomy embedded in their neighborhood environments. The study concludes that planning and housing policies must move beyond efficiency and density to address children’s rights to safe, supportive, and meaningful spaces that nurture both freedom of movement and autonomy in everyday life. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Childhood and Youth Studies)

14 pages, 1552 KB

Open AccessArticle

Antifungal Activity of 8-Hydroxyquinoline Derivatives Against Candida auris, Candida haemulonii, Cryptococcus neoformans, and Cryptococcus gattii Complex

by Maria Eduarda Krummenauer, Matheus da Silva Camargo, Caroline de Bem Gentz, Marcela Silva Lopes, Letícia Feliciani da Luz, Danielle da Silva Trentin, Belisa Ávila Rodrigues, Karine Rigon Zimmer, Saulo Fernandes de Andrade and Marilene Henning Vainstein

Pathogens 2025, 14(10), 999; https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens14100999 - 2 Oct 2025

Abstract

Invasive fungal infections and the emergence of antifungal resistance pose significant challenges to public health. This study evaluates the antifungal activity of two 8-hydroxyquinoline derivatives, PH265 and PH276, against Cryptococcus spp., Candida auris, and Candida haemulonii. Using the EUCAST protocol, both [...] Read more.

Invasive fungal infections and the emergence of antifungal resistance pose significant challenges to public health. This study evaluates the antifungal activity of two 8-hydroxyquinoline derivatives, PH265 and PH276, against Cryptococcus spp., Candida auris, and Candida haemulonii. Using the EUCAST protocol, both compounds demonstrated broad-spectrum antifungal activity, with MICs ranging from 0.5 to 8 μg/mL. PH276 exhibited synergistic effects with fluconazole and caspofungin against C. haemulonii (FIC ≤ 0.5). The derivatives inhibited C. neoformans biofilm formation at higher concentrations and modulated polysaccharide capsule formation in Cryptococcus spp. In vivo toxicity assays in Tenebrio molitor, Galleria mellonella, and Caenorhabditis elegans revealed no significant adverse effects, with survival rates comparable to controls. These findings highlight PH265 and PH276 as promising antifungal agents with biofilm-disrupting properties, capsule-modulating effects, and low toxicity, supporting their potential for therapeutic development. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Emerging Fungal Pathogens and Polymicrobial Infections: Antimicrobial Tolerance, Resistance Mechanisms, and Innovative Therapeutic Approaches)

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20 pages, 2459 KB

Open AccessReview

The Immunoregulatory Mechanisms of Human Cytomegalovirus from Primary Infection to Reactivation

by Xiaodan Liu, Chang Liu and Ting Zhang

Pathogens 2025, 14(10), 998; https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens14100998 - 2 Oct 2025

Abstract

Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) establishes lifelong latency following primary infection, residing within myeloid progenitor cells and monocytes. To achieve this, the virus employs multiple immune evasion strategies. It suppresses innate immune signaling by inhibiting Toll-like receptor and cGAS-STING pathways. In addition, the virus suppresses [...] Read more.

Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) establishes lifelong latency following primary infection, residing within myeloid progenitor cells and monocytes. To achieve this, the virus employs multiple immune evasion strategies. It suppresses innate immune signaling by inhibiting Toll-like receptor and cGAS-STING pathways. In addition, the virus suppresses major histocompatibility complex (MHC)-dependent antigen presentation to evade T cell recognition. As the downregulation of MHC molecules may trigger NK cell activation, the virus compensates for this by expressing proteins such as UL40 and IL-10, which engage inhibitory NK cell receptors and block activating signals, thereby suppressing NK cell immune surveillance. Viral proteins like UL36 and UL37 block host cell apoptosis and necroptosis, allowing HCMV to persist undetected and avoid clearance. In settings of profound immunosuppression, such as after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HSCT) or solid organ transplantation, slow immune reconstitution creates a window for viral reactivation. Likewise, immunosenescence and chronic low-grade inflammation during aging increases the risk of reactivation. Once reactivated, HCMV triggers programmed cell death, releasing viral PAMPs (pathogen-associated molecular patterns) and host-derived DAMPs (damage-associated molecular patterns). This release fuels a potent inflammatory response, promoting further viral reactivation and exacerbating tissue damage, creating a vicious cycle. This cycle of inflammation and reactivation contributes to both transplant-related complications and the decline of antiviral immunity in the elderly. Therefore, understanding the immune regulatory mechanisms that govern the switch from latency to reactivation is critical, especially within the unique immune landscapes of transplantation and aging. Elucidating these pathways is essential for developing strategies to prevent and treat HCMV-related disease in these high-risk populations. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Pathogen–Host Interactions: Death, Defense, and Disease)

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