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12 pages, 1455 KB

Open AccessArticle

Comprehensive Molecular Diagnostic Tests in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer: Frequency of ALK, ROS1, RET, and Other Gene Fusions/Rearrangements in a Romanian Cohort

by Ester-Andreea Cohn (Vizitiu), Ecaterina Tataru and Ortansa Csutak

Cancers 2025, 17(22), 3673; https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers17223673 (registering DOI) - 17 Nov 2025

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Lung cancer remains among the most frequently diagnosed malignancies in Romania, with a high mortality rate. Beyond EGFR mutations, clinically relevant genetic alterations in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) include fusions involving ALK, ROS1, RET, and NTRK1/2/3. [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Lung cancer remains among the most frequently diagnosed malignancies in Romania, with a high mortality rate. Beyond EGFR mutations, clinically relevant genetic alterations in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) include fusions involving ALK, ROS1, RET, and NTRK1/2/3. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of these mutations in a Romanian cohort and evaluate their associations with clinicopathological features. Methods: DNA and RNA were simultaneously extracted from formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissue sections using the Genexus Purification System (ThermoFisher Scientific). Concentrations were quantified fluorometrically, and gene fusions were analyzed with Ion Torrent NGS (Ion GeneStudio S5) with the Oncomine Focus Assay (ThermoFisher Scientific). Library preparation was automated with the Ion Chef System, and data interpretation was conducted using Ion Reporter. Results: Among 721 newly diagnosed NSCLC patients, 28 (3.88%) harbored gene fusions. Adenocarcinoma prevailed among fusion-positive cases (85.7%). The subgroup included 15 males and 13 females, with a mean age of 63.25 years (range 43–83). ALK fusions were most frequent (1.66% of the cohort; 42.86% of positives), predominantly EML4::ALK. ROS1 fusions were detected in five patients (0.7%), most frequently CD74::ROS1. RET fusions occurred in 1.11%. Rare fusions included one ETV6::NTRK3, one PTPRZ1::MET, and one FGFR3::TACC3 co-occurring with EGFR L858R. Conclusions: Gene fusions were present in a minority of NSCLC cases, with ALK, ROS1, and RET being the most clinically relevant. These alterations were mutually exclusive with common drivers such as EGFR or KRAS. Detection of rare fusions highlights the therapeutic potential of comprehensive NGS profiling in Romanian NSCLC patients. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Clinical Pathology of Lung Cancer (2nd Edition))

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16 pages, 529 KB

Open AccessProject Report

Youth Engagement in School Mental Health Teaming: Structure, Processes, and Outcomes of a Youth Leadership Academy to Promote Emotional Well-Being in Schools

by Tiffany S. Beason, Zahra Ladhani, Perrin Robinson, Kathryn M. Trainor, Jenna E. Russo, Jessica Bernstein and Jill H. Bohnenkamp

Behav. Sci. 2025, 15(11), 1563; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs15111563 (registering DOI) - 17 Nov 2025

Abstract

Background: It is essential that leaders in education and behavioral health partner with youth to build Comprehensive School Mental Health (CSMH) systems. One mechanism to elevate youth perspectives in CSMH system building is by engaging youth as members of CSMH teams. Method: The [...] Read more.

Background: It is essential that leaders in education and behavioral health partner with youth to build Comprehensive School Mental Health (CSMH) systems. One mechanism to elevate youth perspectives in CSMH system building is by engaging youth as members of CSMH teams. Method: The current study describes the structure, process and impact of a school-based Youth Leadership Academy (YLA) that integrated youth leaders into CSMH teams with state, district, and school leaders. The YLA offered student leaders opportunities to (1) receive training and mentorship to enhance their capacities to serve as leaders on CSMH teams, (2) provide input on CSMH priorities and (3) set MTSS goals to advance emotional well-being in schools. This study summarizes youth-driven multi-tiered systems of support (MTSS) goals and action plans by youth participants and the impact of youth participation in the YLA on indicators of positive youth development. Results: Youth most often contributed to planning and/or implementation of Tier 1-Universal Mental Health supports related to mental health literacy and school climate. Pre-post surveys revealed YLA participation was associated with statistically significant increases in youth reports of core social and emotional learning skills, positive identity, and contribution. Conclusions: Schools can replicate the YLA structure to enhance MTSS and foster youth leader skill development. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue School-Based Mental Health Systems: Psychological Care for Children and Youth)

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13 pages, 577 KB

Open AccessArticle

Maternal and Fetal SERPINA3 Polymorphisms and Risk of Preeclampsia: A Dyad and Triad Based Case-Control Study

by Hsi-Hsuan Yang, Claire Baldauf, Trevor A. Pickering, Håkon K. Gjessing, Sue Ann Ingles and Melissa Lee Wilson

Curr. Issues Mol. Biol. 2025, 47(11), 952; https://doi.org/10.3390/cimb47110952 (registering DOI) - 17 Nov 2025

Abstract

Serine protease inhibitor A3 (SERPINA3), also called α-1-antichymotrypsin, is a serine protease involved in placental dysfunction. This study examines SERPINA3 polymorphisms and haplotypes for associations with maternal hypertensive disorders of pregnancy (HDPs) and preeclampsia with severe features (sPE) or Hemolysis, Elevated Liver Enzymes, [...] Read more.

Serine protease inhibitor A3 (SERPINA3), also called α-1-antichymotrypsin, is a serine protease involved in placental dysfunction. This study examines SERPINA3 polymorphisms and haplotypes for associations with maternal hypertensive disorders of pregnancy (HDPs) and preeclampsia with severe features (sPE) or Hemolysis, Elevated Liver Enzymes, and Low Platelet (HELLP) syndrome in mother–baby dyads (HDP) and mother–father–baby triads (sPE/HELLP). This retrospective case–control study examined two patient cohorts, HDPs and severe PE/HELLP syndrome. The HDP population included cases (n = 142) and controls (n = 168) of mother–baby dyads recruited from a large, urban, safety-net hospital in Los Angeles. The sPE/HELLP syndrome population included cases (n = 189) and controls (n = 28) of mother–father–baby triads recruited through HELLP syndrome research websites. Cases were verified by medical chart abstraction when possible. Two SERPINA3 SNPs, rs4934 and rs1884082, were genotyped from saliva samples, mouthwash, or buccal swabs. The Haplin package in R was used to perform genetic association analyses. No evidence of increased risk related to individual SERPINA3 SNPs or haplotypes for the developing HDPs or sPE/HELLP was found in individual nor combined cohorts. In the HDP cohort, the g-a haplotype (relative to T-G haplotype) was borderline significant for increased risk of HDPs when carried by the child (double dose: RR = 1.58, 95% CI: (1.00, 2.52), p = 0.05). We observed significant parent-of-origin (PoO) effects in the combined cohort: specifically, an increased risk of HDPs/sPE/HELLP if the mother carries a double copy for both rs4934 (RR = 3.03, 95% CI (1.50, 6.09), p < 0.01) and rs1884082 (RR = 2.38, 95% CI (1.22, 4.71), p = 0.01). A reduced risk of HDPs/sPE/HELLP was observed for rs4934 (RR = 0.54, 95% CI (0.31, 0.98), p = 0.04) and rs1884082 (RR = 0.52, 95% CI (0.30, 0.91), p = 0.02) with child carriage of the maternally inherited allele. In contrast, child carriage of a paternally inherited copy of the variant allele for rs4934 increased risk of HDPs/sPE/HELLP (RR = 1.54, 95% CI (1.09, 2.20), p = 0.02). There was no evidence that SERPINA3 gene polymorphisms and haplotypes were associated with risk of HDPs or sPE/HELLP. However, significant PoO effects were observed in the combined cohort analysis, with child carriage of rs4934 that is maternally inherited decreasing HDPs/sPE/HELLP risk while a paternally inherited copy increases risk, suggesting a role for maternal–fetal genomic incompatibility. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Molecular Research on Hypertensive Disorders of Pregnancy (HDPs))

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25 pages, 3465 KB

Open AccessArticle

Effects of Bacteroides fragilis and Enterococcus faecium Administration as Probiotic Candidates: Impact on Growth Performance, Organ Indices, and Gut Microbiota Balance in Mice

by Mohamed Osman Abdalrahem Essa, Cheng Cheng, Liang Chen, Geng-Yu Chi, Layla Ahmed Mohammed Abdelhadi, Huda Ahmed Hassan, Saniya Yaqoob, Saber Y. Adam, Hosameldeen Mohamed Husien, Ahmed A. Saleh and Darong Cheng

Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(11), 1093; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12111093 (registering DOI) - 17 Nov 2025

Abstract

This research was conducted to evaluate the safety and effects of two probiotic candidate strains, Enterococcus faecium (E. faecium) and B. fragilis (BF), which were isolated from healthy sheep, on various factors such as intestinal structure, growth performance, organ [...] Read more.

This research was conducted to evaluate the safety and effects of two probiotic candidate strains, Enterococcus faecium (E. faecium) and B. fragilis (BF), which were isolated from healthy sheep, on various factors such as intestinal structure, growth performance, organ indices, and gut microbiota in female C57BL/6J mice. A total of fifty mice were categorized into five groups: BF108, BF109, EF108, EF109, and a control group. The results indicated that mice in the EF108 and BF109 groups experienced a significant increase in body weight by day 28 compared to the control group (p < 0.05). Additionally, the liver index in the BF108 and EF108 groups was significantly lower (p < 0.05) than that of the control group. The length of the colon was also significantly greater (p < 0.05) in the EF109 and BF109 groups relative to the control group. According to the linear discriminant analysis effect size (LEfSe), the presence of probiotics led to an increased relative abundance of Pediococcus acidilactici in the EF109 and BF109 groups, while Lactiplantibacillus plantarum was the most prevalent strain in the EF108 and BF108 groups. Finally, Spearman correlation analysis demonstrated a positive association between Bacillota and Bacteroidota as well as Verrucomicrobiota. Additionally, Bacteroidota displayed positive relationships with Verrucomicrobiota and Planctomycetota, while showing a negative correlation with Actinomycetota and Gemmatimonadota, supporting its potential use as next-generation probiotics. In summary, our results indicate probiotics may have a role in promoting intestinal health by enhancing intestinal shape and histological characteristics. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Intestinal Homeostasis and Its Regulatory Role in Animal Growth and Development)

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28 pages, 1053 KB

Open AccessArticle

Optimal Boundary-Flux Control of a Sharp Moving Interface in the Classical Two-Phase Stefan Problem

by Khalid Ali Alanezy and Jihad Souissi

Axioms 2025, 14(11), 840; https://doi.org/10.3390/axioms14110840 (registering DOI) - 17 Nov 2025

Abstract

In this paper, we study the optimal boundary control of solidification governed by the classical two-phase Stefan problem with a sharp moving interface. The main objective is to formulate an optimal control problem for interface motion using boundary heat-flux control. The control acts [...] Read more.

In this paper, we study the optimal boundary control of solidification governed by the classical two-phase Stefan problem with a sharp moving interface. The main objective is to formulate an optimal control problem for interface motion using boundary heat-flux control. The control acts as a Neumann heat flux on a designated boundary segment and steers the interface through the Stefan condition. Using an enthalpy formulation, we prove well-posedness under boundary control and establish Lipschitz continuity of the control-to-state map and continuous dependence on the initial data. We then derive first-order necessary optimality conditions using a Lagrangian approach and propose a practical algorithm that couples a semismooth Newton method with Sequential Quadratic Programming (SQP) to compute the optimal boundary flux. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nonlinear Analysis and Boundary Value Problems)

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20 pages, 1170 KB

Open AccessReview

Dietary Management of Eosinophilic Esophagitis in the Era of Molecular Diagnostics: The Role and Limitations of Component-Resolved Diagnostics—A Narrative Review

by Adam Wawrzeńczyk, Katarzyna Napiórkowska-Baran, Maciej Szota, Paweł Treichel, Justyna Durślewicz and Zbigniew Bartuzi

Nutrients 2025, 17(22), 3588; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17223588 (registering DOI) - 17 Nov 2025

Abstract

Eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE) is a chronic, immune-mediated disorder characterized by eosinophilic infiltration of the esophageal epithelium, primarily driven by exposure to food and aeroallergens. Although dietary elimination remains the cornerstone of therapy, the identification of specific food triggers still largely relies on empiric [...] Read more.

Eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE) is a chronic, immune-mediated disorder characterized by eosinophilic infiltration of the esophageal epithelium, primarily driven by exposure to food and aeroallergens. Although dietary elimination remains the cornerstone of therapy, the identification of specific food triggers still largely relies on empiric methods. This narrative review explores the diagnostic and therapeutic role of component-resolved diagnostics (CRD) and other molecular tools in the personalized management of EoE. Across observational and cohort studies, CRD has shown improved sensitivity in detecting clinically relevant allergen sensitizations compared with conventional tests, allowing for more precise dietary guidance and, in some cases, reducing unnecessary food exclusions. However, remission rates achieved through CRD-guided diets remain comparable or slightly lower than those obtained with empiric elimination, highlighting the need for validation in prospective, controlled studies. Recent advances in omics-based diagnostics, including gene expression profiling and proteomic biomarkers, further underscore the potential of integrating molecular and immunologic endotyping into clinical practice. Overall, current evidence supports CRD as a promising adjunctive tool that enhances the precision of allergen identification but is not yet ready to replace empiric dietary strategies. Future research should focus on validating standardized CRD-guided algorithms, integrating omics-derived biomarkers, and developing non-invasive diagnostic platforms. Incorporating dietitian-led nutritional assessment and biomarker monitoring into CRD- and omics-informed care pathways may help prevent nutrient deficiencies, improve adherence, and translate molecular precision into safer, patient-centered dietary management. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Nutrition and Dietetics in Gastroenterology)

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22 pages, 1301 KB

Open AccessArticle

Borylated 5-Membered Ring Iminosugars: Synthesis and Biological Evaluation for Glycosidase Inhibition and Anticancer Properties for Application in Boron Neutron Capture Therapy (BNCT)—Part 2

by Kate Prichard, Kosuke Yoshimura, Suzuka Yamamoto, Atsumi Taguchi, Barbara Bartholomew, Jayne Gilbert, Jennette Sakoff, Robert Nash, Atsushi Kato and Michela Simone

Pharmaceuticals 2025, 18(11), 1739; https://doi.org/10.3390/ph18111739 (registering DOI) - 17 Nov 2025

Abstract

Background: The synthesis and biological investigation of pyrrolidine (L-gulo) iminosugars bearing an organic boron pharmacophore in ortho and meta positions of an N-benzyl group is reported. This paper completes the structure–activity relationship data for this novel family of boron-bearing iminosugars. [...] Read more.

Background: The synthesis and biological investigation of pyrrolidine (L-gulo) iminosugars bearing an organic boron pharmacophore in ortho and meta positions of an N-benzyl group is reported. This paper completes the structure–activity relationship data for this novel family of boron-bearing iminosugars. These can establish reversible intramolecular interactions via dative bonding from nucleophilic amino acid side chains to the empty p-orbital of the boron atom. Methods: Inhibitory activities against two panels of glycosidases and cancer cell lines were investigated to ascertain structure–activity relationship profiles for these novel iminosugar drug leads. Results: These iminosugars display selective, moderate-to-weak inhibitions (IC₅₀s = 116–617 μM) of β-D-galactosidase (bovine liver), and indications of inhibition of β-D-glucosidases (almond, bovine liver) (IC₅₀s = 633 and 710 μM) and α-D-glucosidases (rice, yeast, rat intestinal maltase) (IC₅₀s = 106–784 μM). The boronic acid group emerges as a useful pharmacophore for management of lysosomal storage disorders via the chaperone-mediated therapy approach. The cancer assays revealed that the A2780 ovarian carcinoma cell line is selectively inhibited by all compounds screened and the MIA-Pa-Ca2 pancreatic carcinoma cell line is selectively inhibited by most compounds. Growth inhibition and GI₅₀ values were most potent for the meta 7 side-product. Conclusions: Beyond the cancer cell line inhibition and dose-response capabilities, the real therapeutic potential of these borylated drugs lies in their switch on/switch off activation under boron neutron capture therapy (BNCT) radiotherapeutic conditions, thus providing an important area of application for borylated monosaccharides. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Boron-Containing Compounds: Identification, Synthesis, Biological Actions and Pharmacology)

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18 pages, 11099 KB

Open AccessArticle

Synergistic Co-Inoculation of Bacillus velezensis and Pseudomonas helmanticensis Enhances Corn Straw Degradation via Microbial Community Restructuring and Saprotroph Dominance

by Shihao Wang, Chang Su, Siqi Yang, Shuai Wang, Xingtong Jiang, Hongli He, Jianfeng Liu and Yunqing Cheng

Microorganisms 2025, 13(11), 2612; https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms13112612 (registering DOI) - 17 Nov 2025

Abstract

This study evaluated the potential of individual and co-inoculation with Bacillus velezensis (Bv) and Pseudomonas helmanticensis (Ph) as microbial decomposers for corn straw. The co-inoculation (BP) treatment demonstrated the highest total mass loss for cellulose, hemicellulose, and total straw, significantly outperforming the single-strain [...] Read more.

This study evaluated the potential of individual and co-inoculation with Bacillus velezensis (Bv) and Pseudomonas helmanticensis (Ph) as microbial decomposers for corn straw. The co-inoculation (BP) treatment demonstrated the highest total mass loss for cellulose, hemicellulose, and total straw, significantly outperforming the single-strain treatments (Bv and Ph) and the non-inoculated control (CK). All inoculated treatments consistently enhanced degradation over time and lowered pH compared to CK. High-throughput sequencing revealed that inoculation dramatically reshaped the soil microbial community. All treatments reduced microbial ASVs and bacterial alpha diversity (ACE, Chao1, Shannon), with the most pronounced effect observed for Bv. Beta diversity analysis showed distinct, treatment-specific clustering. Critically, FUNGuild analysis indicated a significant functional shift, with all inoculants increasing saprotroph abundance and decreasing pathotrophs. The BP consortium exhibited a synergistic effect, driving saprotroph dominance to >96%. These results demonstrate that the synergistic co-inoculation enhances straw decomposition by restructuring the microbial community towards functional dominance of saprotrophs. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Environmental Microbiology)

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20 pages, 482 KB

Open AccessArticle

Training Load, Mileage, and Perceived Exertion as a Predictive Model of Injury and Illness in Women’s Soccer

by Corbit Franks, Andrew Yockey, Nicholas Bosley, Tyler Myers, Kaitlyn Armstrong, Melinda Valliant and Chip Wade

Sports 2025, 13(11), 411; https://doi.org/10.3390/sports13110411 (registering DOI) - 17 Nov 2025

Abstract

This study examined the relationship between training load, mileage, and session rating of perceived exertion (s-RPE) as predictors of injury and illness in Division I women’s soccer players. Twenty-four athletes were monitored over a 13-week season including 69 athlete exposures (49 training sessions [...] Read more.

This study examined the relationship between training load, mileage, and session rating of perceived exertion (s-RPE) as predictors of injury and illness in Division I women’s soccer players. Twenty-four athletes were monitored over a 13-week season including 69 athlete exposures (49 training sessions and 20 matches). Internal and external load were measured during each athlete exposure. Player injury and illness status were documented daily by medical staff and categorized as healthy, medical attention, or time-loss. Associations between athlete exposures and injury/illness status were analyzed using a mixed-effects ordinal logistic regression model with player ID as a random intercept. A total of 1560 athlete observations were included. Higher daily mileage was associated with increased odds of injury or illness (OR = 1.67, 95% CI: 1.19–2.34). Training load was associated with reduced odds of injury or illness, with each unit increase lowering the odds by 42% (OR = 0.58, 95% CI: 0.41–0.83). Session-RPE was not significantly associated with injury or illness (OR = 0.96, 95% CI: 0.65–1.42). These findings indicate that accumulated mileage elevates injury and illness risk, while structured increases in training load enhance athlete resilience, and reduce injury and illness risk. Monitoring both internal and external workload provides performance staff with a practical approach to optimize training stress, augment recovery, and prepare athletes for the demands of competition in women’s soccer. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Cutting-Edge Research on Physical Fitness Profile in Soccer Players: 2nd Edition)

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15 pages, 822 KB

Open AccessArticle

The Edmonton Obesity Staging System for Pediatrics (EOSS-P) in Mexican Children and Adolescents Living with Obesity: Beyond BMI Obesity Classes

by Isabel Omaña-Guzmán, Roberto Carlos Rodríguez Quintero, Arturo Ruíz-Arroyo, Edith Prado Díaz, Juan Carlos López-Alvarenga, Ana María Hernández López, Zendy Fuentes Corona, Karina Aguilar Cuarto, Karen Pedraza Escudero, Alejandra Ruíz Barranco, Erendira Villanueva-Ortega and Nayely Garibay-Nieto

Children 2025, 12(11), 1556; https://doi.org/10.3390/children12111556 (registering DOI) - 17 Nov 2025

Abstract

Background/Objectives: The Edmonton Obesity Staging System (EOSS) was developed to stage the obesity in adult populations. Subsequently, this staging system was designed for pediatric populations (EOSS-P). This study aimed to describe obesity severity using EOSS-P and correlate it with BMI classes in Mexican [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: The Edmonton Obesity Staging System (EOSS) was developed to stage the obesity in adult populations. Subsequently, this staging system was designed for pediatric populations (EOSS-P). This study aimed to describe obesity severity using EOSS-P and correlate it with BMI classes in Mexican children and adolescents living with obesity. Methods: This is a cross-sectional analysis carried out with data from school-age children and adolescents living with obesity who were referred to the Pediatric Obesity Clinic at the Child Welfare Unit at the General Hospital of Mexico “Dr. Eduardo Liceaga”. Obesity was staged using the EOSS-P. To evaluate the association between obesity classes and each EOSS-P domain, as well as overall EOSS-P staging, we performed Bayesian ordered logistic regression models. Results: A total of 118 participants were included; 43.2% were female and 56.8% were male. Based on the overall EOSS-P staging, 56.8% of participants were classified as stage 3, while none were categorized as stage 0. Obesity class II-III was associated with higher odds for the mechanical (OR = 2.5), metabolic (OR = 1.9), and social (OR = 1.6) domains. Conclusions: Pediatric obesity assessment should extend beyond BMI to include the evaluation of metabolic, mechanical, and psychological domains, identifying health complications and barriers that may impact treatment effectiveness and adherence. The EOSS-P is a valuable tool for staging pediatric obesity based on these domains and can guide personalized clinical decision-making. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Childhood Obesity: Prevention, Intervention and Treatment)

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17 pages, 3411 KB

Open AccessArticle

Enhancing Stability of Cu/ZnO Catalysts in the CO₂ Hydrogenation to Methanol by the Addition of MoO₃ and ReO₃ Promoters

by Jose Soriano Rodríguez, José Manuel López Nieto, Enrique Rodriguez-Castellón, Antonia Infantes, Daviel Gómez and Patricia Concepción

Nanomaterials 2025, 15(22), 1730; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15221730 (registering DOI) - 17 Nov 2025

Abstract

The catalytic hydrogenation of CO₂ to methanol represents a promising route for carbon recycling and hydrogen storage. However, the stability of current catalysts remains one of the main technological challenges. In this work, we investigate the promotional effect of MoO₃ and [...] Read more.

The catalytic hydrogenation of CO₂ to methanol represents a promising route for carbon recycling and hydrogen storage. However, the stability of current catalysts remains one of the main technological challenges. In this work, we investigate the promotional effect of MoO₃ and ReO₃ on Cu/ZnO-based catalysts with metal loadings ranging from 0.06 to 3.5 wt%. Spectroscopic (XPS and in situ Raman) and kinetic studies reveal that the incorporation of ultra-low promoter amounts (0.06 wt%) enhances methanol productivity, whereas higher concentrations lead to partial blocking of the active copper sites. Rhenium promotes the stabilization of Cu⁺ species, while molybdenum establishes strong Cu-Mo interactions that modify the reducibility and surface composition of the catalyst. Remarkably, long-term stability tests (80 h, 240 °C, 20 bar and CO₂/H₂ = 3) demonstrate that Mo-promoted catalysts exhibit superior durability, reducing the deactivation constants by up to 82% compared to the un-promoted Cu/ZnO sample. This enhanced stability is attributed to the higher Cu-MoO₃ interaction, enhanced Cu dispersion and high water affinity of Mo species, which trap water as Mo-OH bonds, preventing copper sintering under reaction conditions. These findings highlight the dual role of Re and Mo in tuning both activity and stability, emphasizing the crucial influence of Mo on the long-term performance of Cu-based catalysts for CO₂ to methanol conversion. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Understanding of Metal-Based Catalysts)

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23 pages, 5780 KB

Open AccessArticle

Sediment Deposition Impacts on Fish Migration in Vertical Slot Fishways

by Zihao Ning, Jie Chen, Changbo Jiang, Yihan Liao, Tianshun Ding, Yulin Chen, Bin Deng and Wenkang Meng

Fishes 2025, 10(11), 590; https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes10110590 (registering DOI) - 17 Nov 2025

Abstract

Vertical slot fishways represent critical ecological migration facilitation structures and have been globally implemented to restore fish passage. However, most studies to date focus primarily on fishway hydraulics and fish behavior, with limited investigation into sediment deposition effects that may compromise functionality. To [...] Read more.

Vertical slot fishways represent critical ecological migration facilitation structures and have been globally implemented to restore fish passage. However, most studies to date focus primarily on fishway hydraulics and fish behavior, with limited investigation into sediment deposition effects that may compromise functionality. To address this gap, we integrated physical modeling and numerical simulations to systematically analyze sediment deposition in a vertical slot fishway and its impacts on common carp upstream migration. Results indicate that sediment deposition raised fish vertical swimming positions by an average of 5.0 cm, thereby reducing pool activity space by 5.2–20.2%, altering flow patterns, and disrupting carp bottom-migration behavior. Consequently, carp exhibited increased exploratory behavior and directional uncertainty. Moreover, sediment-induced vertical vortices elevated fish energy consumption, decreasing upstream migration success from 89% to 48%. Multiple linear regression confirmed that average sediment deposition height significantly affects both migration rate and vertical swimming positions, whereas mean deposition slope demonstrates negligible influence. This study elucidates the multifaceted impacts of sediment deposition on fishway efficacy, providing a scientific basis for optimizing designs to enhance migration success and long-term functionality. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Biology and Ecology)

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17 pages, 409 KB

Open AccessArticle

The East Asian Transmission of the Chuanlao Song (川老頌) of the Diamond Sūtra: Centering on Versions from Premodern Korea and Edo Japan

by Mingjia Li

Religions 2025, 16(11), 1456; https://doi.org/10.3390/rel16111456 (registering DOI) - 17 Nov 2025

Abstract

The Chuanlao Song, composed by the Southern Song Chan monk Daochuan 道川 (1104–1163, Southern Song), represents a hybrid form of exegetical lecture text from the Diamond Sūtra (金剛經). Neither a standard commentary (zhu 註) nor a ritual manual (keyi 科儀), [...] Read more.

The Chuanlao Song, composed by the Southern Song Chan monk Daochuan 道川 (1104–1163, Southern Song), represents a hybrid form of exegetical lecture text from the Diamond Sūtra (金剛經). Neither a standard commentary (zhu 註) nor a ritual manual (keyi 科儀), it fuses rhetorical features of Chan sermons with versified praise, often associated with chanting. From the twelfth century onward, the Chuanlao Song circulated across China, Korea, and Japan, yet its textual identity has long been obscured. In particular, the Zokuzōkyō (續藏經) recension misclassified it as a commentary, resulting in interpretive confusions that have persisted into modern scholarship. This study reconsiders the Chuanlao Song within broader contextual frameworks of textual form, ritual practice, and editorial strategy. While grounded in philological analysis, three regional trajectories are highlighted: the Chuanlao Song’s preservation in China as an appended text within collective annotations; its transformation in Korea through royal patronage and the multiplication of textual forms; and its reinterpretation in Edo-period Japan as an object of sectarian commentary. By tracing these transregional movements, this study argues that the Chuanlao Song offers a valuable case study of how Buddhist texts were circulated and adapted across East Asia, shedding light on the intra-Chinese domestication and, beyond China, regional vernacularization and recontextualization. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Microcosm Holds Mountains and Seas: The Sinicization of Buddhism in ‘Multi-Layered Contextualization’ from Local to Global History)

28 pages, 7297 KB

Open AccessArticle

Tailored Cage Shapes on Lubricant Migration and Friction Behaviours in Both Ball-Cage and EHL Contacts

by Kecheng Zhou, Xuyang Jin, Xinming Li, Qinghua Bai, Xiongrong Huang, Hao Jiang, Guohui Zhang, Feng Guo, Chenglong Liu and Jinjie Li

Lubricants 2025, 13(11), 501; https://doi.org/10.3390/lubricants13110501 (registering DOI) - 17 Nov 2025

Abstract

The cage shape plays a critical role in controlling lubricant distribution and replenishment and enhancing lubrication performance within rolling bearings. This study investigates the effect of four tailored cage shapes on lubricant migration and frictional characteristics at both Ball-Cage (B-C) and Ball-Disc (B-D) [...] Read more.

The cage shape plays a critical role in controlling lubricant distribution and replenishment and enhancing lubrication performance within rolling bearings. This study investigates the effect of four tailored cage shapes on lubricant migration and frictional characteristics at both Ball-Cage (B-C) and Ball-Disc (B-D) contacts. Utilizing a bearing cage friction and lubrication test rig (BCFL), adapted from an optical elastohydrodynamic lubrication (EHL) apparatus, the variation in grease films and friction forces was examined under varying entrainment speeds, grease properties, and grease quantities. Cage-induced lubricant redistribution on the ball surface, replenishment at the B-D contact, and the formation mechanism of thicker film thickness were recognized. The influence of cage design for four distinct shapes on mechanisms enhancing grease lubrication efficiency and friction reduction was examined. The findings provide critical insights for designing next-generation self-aligning cage structures with improved lubrication performance and reduced friction force. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Lubricated Bearings, 2nd Edition)

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23 pages, 4027 KB

Open AccessArticle

GeoShapley-Based Explainable GeoAI for Sustainable Community Satisfaction Assessment: Evidence from Chengdu, China

by Wennan Zhang, Li Zhang, Jinyi Li, Sui Guo, Qixuan Hu and Rui Zhou

Sustainability 2025, 17(22), 10261; https://doi.org/10.3390/su172210261 (registering DOI) - 17 Nov 2025

Abstract

Understanding the spatial drivers of community satisfaction is crucial for achieving inclusive and sustainable urban development. However, traditional spatial regression models often assume linearity and fail to capture complex, spatially heterogeneous relationships. This study integrates a GeoShapley-based explainable GeoAI framework with the XGBoost [...] Read more.

Understanding the spatial drivers of community satisfaction is crucial for achieving inclusive and sustainable urban development. However, traditional spatial regression models often assume linearity and fail to capture complex, spatially heterogeneous relationships. This study integrates a GeoShapley-based explainable GeoAI framework with the XGBoost algorithm to identify and quantify spatially varying factors influencing community satisfaction in Chengdu, China. By incorporating geographic coordinates as explicit spatial features, the GeoShapley method decomposes model outputs into intrinsic spatial effects and feature-specific interaction effects, enabling the interpretation of how and where each factor matters. Results show significant spatial clustering (Moran’s I = 0.60, p < 0.01) and a distinct south–north gradient in satisfaction. Built environment indicators—including building coverage ratio (BCR), walkability index (WI), and distance to green space (DGS)—exhibit nonlinear relationships and clear thresholds (e.g., BCR > 0.15, DGS > 590 m). Social vitality (Weibo check-ins) emerges as a key local differentiator, while education and healthcare accessibility remain spatially uniform. These findings reveal a dual structure of public service homogenization and spatial-quality heterogeneity, highlighting the need for place-specific, precision-oriented community renewal. The proposed GeoXAI framework provides a transferable pathway for integrating explainable AI into spatial sustainability research and urban governance. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Sustainable Urban and Rural Development)

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10 pages, 2176 KB

Open AccessArticle

Trace Gas Monitoring by Hollow-Core Anti-Resonant Fiber-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy with Sub-ppm Sensitivity

by Xuran Zhu, Hanwen Yu, Xiao Wang, Yanzong Meng, Huixin Liu, Hongsong Lian and Qingwen Lian

Photonics 2025, 12(11), 1133; https://doi.org/10.3390/photonics12111133 (registering DOI) - 17 Nov 2025

Abstract

The demand for accurate and sensitive trace gas detection in environmental monitoring and industrial diagnostics has driven the development of compact, high-performance Raman-based sensing systems. In this study, a hollow-core anti-resonant fiber (HC-ARF)-enhanced Raman spectroscopy system was developed to improve detection sensitivity. A [...] Read more.

The demand for accurate and sensitive trace gas detection in environmental monitoring and industrial diagnostics has driven the development of compact, high-performance Raman-based sensing systems. In this study, a hollow-core anti-resonant fiber (HC-ARF)-enhanced Raman spectroscopy system was developed to improve detection sensitivity. A double-lens signal collection module coupled with a small-core multimode fiber (MMF) was designed to improve Raman signal collection efficiency while mitigating background interference. Together with the CCD row-selective integration strategy, this configuration effectively minimized spatially nonuniform noise and enhanced the overall signal-to-noise ratio of the system. The system performance was systematically evaluated under varying integration times, demonstrating linearity, repeatability, and long-term stability. Under optimized conditions, sub-ppm detection limits were achieved for CO₂ isotopic species (¹²CO₂: 5.13 ppm, ¹³CO₂: 0.82 ppm) and multiple hydrocarbons including CH₄ (2.5 ppm), C₂H₂ (2.7 ppm), C₂H₄ (2.84 ppm), and C₂H₆ (0.57 ppm). These results confirm the performance of the proposed configuration for multi-component gas detection. Overall, this work provides an effective strategy for noise suppression in HC-ARF-based fiber-enhanced Raman systems and demonstrates their potential for real-time, high-precision environmental and industrial gas analysis. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Optical Fiber Sensors for Harsh Environment Applications)

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17 pages, 2183 KB

Open AccessArticle

CVD Mortality Disparities with Risk Factor Associations Across U.S. Counties

by David H. An

Healthcare 2025, 13(22), 2937; https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare13222937 (registering DOI) - 17 Nov 2025

Abstract

Introduction: Cardiovascular disease (CVD) remains a primary cause of mortality worldwide, with persistent geographic disparities driven by a complex interplay of risk factors. Continual updates of localized variations in CVD mortality are essential to develop targeted interventions for optimizing disease and healthcare management. [...] Read more.

Introduction: Cardiovascular disease (CVD) remains a primary cause of mortality worldwide, with persistent geographic disparities driven by a complex interplay of risk factors. Continual updates of localized variations in CVD mortality are essential to develop targeted interventions for optimizing disease and healthcare management. Methods: This study investigated associations between CVD mortality and a comprehensive set of biological, environmental, behavioral, and socioeconomic factors across all U.S. counties, employing correlation, geospatial visualization, stepwise multiple regression, and machine learning models to evaluate the importance of risk associations. Results: Significant disparities in CVD mortality trend were observed across race, age, sex, and region, with elevated rates among older adults, men, and Blacks, particularly in southeastern states exhibiting severe social vulnerability. Correlation analysis identified disease management (e.g., COPD, hypertension, medication non-adherence), environmental factors (PM2.5), lifestyle behaviors (e.g., smoking, sleep duration), and socioeconomic status (e.g., poverty, single-parent households, education) as important contributors to CVD mortality. Conversely, higher household income, physical activity, and cardiac rehabilitation participation were strong protectors. Multiple regression explained 66.9% variance in CVD mortality, recognizing PM2.5, smoking, and medication non-adherence as top associated factors. Random Forest models underscored COPD’s predictive dominance, followed by medication non-adherence, smoking, and sleep duration. Conclusions: The findings highlight the geospatial connection of risk factors to CVD mortality disparities across U.S. counties. They emphasize the critical importance of data-driven strategies targeting air quality, tobacco control, social inequities, and chronic disease management to mitigate CVD burden and promote health equity. Full article

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10 pages, 428 KB

Open AccessArticle

Efficacy of Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangiopancreatography and Frey Procedure in the Treatment of Pediatric Pancreatic Duct Stones: A Single-Center Retrospective Cohort Study

by Zhenyu Xie, Yifan Deng, Chengkun Luo, Yun Peng, Yang Chen and Jiulin Song

Children 2025, 12(11), 1555; https://doi.org/10.3390/children12111555 (registering DOI) - 17 Nov 2025

Abstract

Objective: To compare the efficacy of endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) and the Frey procedure in the treatment of pediatric pancreatic duct stones (PDS). Methods: A retrospective analysis was conducted on 65 pediatric patients treated for pancreatic duct stones in the Department of Pediatric [...] Read more.

Objective: To compare the efficacy of endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) and the Frey procedure in the treatment of pediatric pancreatic duct stones (PDS). Methods: A retrospective analysis was conducted on 65 pediatric patients treated for pancreatic duct stones in the Department of Pediatric Surgery, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, between February 2018 and May 2025. Demographic data, perioperative clinical parameters, postoperative recovery, and complications were collected. The efficacy and complications of ERCP and the Frey procedure were evaluated. Results: Of the 65 patients, 37 (56.92%) were male and 28 (43.08%) were female, with a median surgical age of 14 (11, 16) years. 32 patients (49.23%) underwent ERCP, and 33 patients (50.77%) underwent the Frey procedure. Significant differences were observed between the two groups in the degree of main pancreatic duct dilation (6.45 vs. 9.11, p < 0.001), postoperative stone recurrence (13 vs. 3, p = 0.003), and number of reinterventions (3.98 vs. 1.27, p < 0.001). The 5-year intervention-free survival rate was 57.75% in the ERCP group and 88.86% in the Frey group, with a statistically significant difference between groups (p = 0.024). Conclusions: Both ERCP and the Frey procedure are effective for pediatric PDS. ERCP is preferred for patients with mild ductal dilation and first-onset stones. However, for those with significant ductal dilation or recurrent stones with suboptimal ERCP outcomes, the Frey procedure is recommended. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances and Controversies in Paediatric Gastrointestinal and Hepatobiliary Surgery: Update)

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18 pages, 5248 KB

Open AccessArticle

Injectable Hyaluronic Acid and Amino Acids Complex for Pediatric Hard-to-Heal Wounds: A Prospective Case Series and Therapeutic Protocol

by Guido Ciprandi, Biagio Nicolosi, Gabriele Storti, Simone F. Marino, Carlotta Scarpa and Franco Bassetto

Children 2025, 12(11), 1554; https://doi.org/10.3390/children12111554 (registering DOI) - 17 Nov 2025

Abstract

Background: Pediatric hard-to-heal wounds are rare but clinically demanding due to skin immaturity, comorbidities, and infection risk. Methods: This prospective case series evaluated the feasibility, safety, and clinical outcomes of an injectable hyaluronic acid-amino acid complex administered to fifteen children and adolescents (aged [...] Read more.

Background: Pediatric hard-to-heal wounds are rare but clinically demanding due to skin immaturity, comorbidities, and infection risk. Methods: This prospective case series evaluated the feasibility, safety, and clinical outcomes of an injectable hyaluronic acid-amino acid complex administered to fifteen children and adolescents (aged 4–16 years) with chronic hard-to-heal wounds, treated between November 2022 and August 2025 within a standardized wound-hygiene protocol. The primary outcome was time to complete re-epithelialization; secondary outcomes included pain, tolerability, and safety. Results: Complete healing was achieved in most patients within a few weeks of treatment. The injectable therapy was well tolerated, with minimal discomfort and no serious adverse events observed. Conclusions: The injectable hyaluronic acid-amino acid complex appears to be a safe, feasible, and potentially effective therapy for pediatric hard-to-heal wounds. These preliminary findings support its integration into multidisciplinary wound-care strategies, although controlled multicenter studies are warranted to confirm efficacy and define optimal protocols. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Diagnosis and Management of Injuries, Fractures, and Complications in Children)

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31 pages, 4670 KB

Open AccessReview

Single-Atom Catalysts for Electrochemical Nitrate Reduction to Ammonia: Rational Design, Mechanistic Insights, and System Perspectives

by Shupeng Yin and Yinglong Wang

Catalysts 2025, 15(11), 1084; https://doi.org/10.3390/catal15111084 (registering DOI) - 17 Nov 2025

Abstract

Ammonia serves as a critical industrial feedstock and a potential carbon-free energy carrier. However, its conventional synthesis method (the Haber–Bosch process) suffers from high energy consumption and substantial carbon emissions. The electrochemical nitrate reduction reaction (eNO₃RR) has emerged as a promising [...] Read more.

Ammonia serves as a critical industrial feedstock and a potential carbon-free energy carrier. However, its conventional synthesis method (the Haber–Bosch process) suffers from high energy consumption and substantial carbon emissions. The electrochemical nitrate reduction reaction (eNO₃RR) has emerged as a promising alternative pathway, capable of converting nitrate pollutants in water into high-value ammonia under mild conditions, enabling green synthesis while offering dual benefits of environmental remediation and energy conversion. Single-atom catalysts (SACs), with their maximal atom utilization efficiency, well-defined active sites, and highly tunable electronic structures, have demonstrated exceptional catalytic performance and selectivity in eNO₃RR. This review systematically summarizes recent advances of SACs in eNO₃RR, with a focus on reaction mechanisms, advanced in situ characterization techniques, theoretical calculation, and the catalytic behavior and structure–activity relationships of various non-noble metal centers (e.g., Cu, Fe, Co). Key strategies for enhancing SACs performance are elaborated, alongside an analysis of microenvironmental influences such as electrolyte composition, pH, and potential. Finally, we outlines current challenges in material design, dynamic active site identification, and the industrial application of SACs, and propose future research directions aimed at facilitating the practical implementation of eNO₃RR technology and contributing to the establishment of a sustainable ammonia economy. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Catalytic Materials)

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20 pages, 2447 KB

Open AccessArticle

Viromic Insights into Gut RNA Virus Diversity Among Three Corvid Species

by Yonggang Dong, Sitong Fan, Lilin Zhu, Kirill Sharshov and Wen Wang

Viruses 2025, 17(11), 1508; https://doi.org/10.3390/v17111508 (registering DOI) - 17 Nov 2025

Abstract

As viromics advances, the diversity and ecological significance of RNA viruses in global ecosystems are gaining growing recognition. Nevertheless, studies on RNA viruses in wildlife, especially non-model avian species, are still relatively scarce. This study employed viral metagenomics to systematically characterize the gut [...] Read more.

As viromics advances, the diversity and ecological significance of RNA viruses in global ecosystems are gaining growing recognition. Nevertheless, studies on RNA viruses in wildlife, especially non-model avian species, are still relatively scarce. This study employed viral metagenomics to systematically characterize the gut RNA viromes of three widely distributed corvid species on the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau: the Red-billed chough (Pyrrhocorax pyrrhocorax), Daurian jackdaw (Coloeus dauuricus), and Rook (Corvus frugilegus). These three corvid species are closely associated with human-inhabited areas on the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau and display distinctive scavenging behaviors that may lower their exposure to environmental pathogens while concurrently elevating their risk of viral infection, rendering them key targets for viral surveillance and research into zoonotic disease transmission. The analysis annotated viral communities into 4 phyla and 8 classes, with Pisuviricota and Kitrinoviricota emerging as the predominant phyla in all samples. Alpha diversity analysis indicated no significant differences among groups, while beta diversity showed significant compositional differences. KEGG annotation revealed that enriched functional pathways were mainly concentrated in “Global and overview maps”, “Drug resistance: antimicrobial”, and “Biosynthesis of other secondary metabolites”. Furthermore, four antibiotic resistance genes and 13 putative virulence factor genes were identified. Phylogenetic analysis further indicated that several identified viruses have the potential for cross-species transmission, underscoring the pivotal role of wild birds in viral ecosystems and disease spread. This study uncovered multi-faceted features of the gut RNA viromes in the three crow species, spanning structural, functional, and evolutionary dimensions. These results offer novel perspectives on the viromes of wild corvids and their potential contributions to viral emergence and dissemination in the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau ecosystem. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Viral Surveillance, Transmission, Pathogenesis, and Vaccine Development in Domestic Animals and Wildlife)

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15 pages, 3529 KB

Open AccessArticle

Vegetable Oil as a Carbon Resource and Growth Elicitor for the Liquid Fermentation of Poria cocos

by Biaobiao Luo, Rudan Wei, Linghui Meng, Nokwanda P. Makunga and Xuebo Hu

J. Fungi 2025, 11(11), 815; https://doi.org/10.3390/jof11110815 (registering DOI) - 17 Nov 2025

Abstract

Vegetable oil is a carbon-rich resource applied in liquid fermentation for compounds of interest. In this study, olive oil demonstrated the best effect on improving the liquid fermentation of a medicinal fungus Poria cocos (Schw.) Wolf compared to rapeseed, coix seed, palm, peanut, [...] Read more.

Vegetable oil is a carbon-rich resource applied in liquid fermentation for compounds of interest. In this study, olive oil demonstrated the best effect on improving the liquid fermentation of a medicinal fungus Poria cocos (Schw.) Wolf compared to rapeseed, coix seed, palm, peanut, and soybean oils. When 2% (v/v) olive oil was initially added to the medium, biomass reached a maximum value of 11.7 g L⁻¹, presenting a 3.1-fold enhancement compared to the blank control. Due to the stronger basal metabolism, the total triterpenoid yields also exhibited a significant improvement of ~3.4-fold, reaching 0.68 g L⁻¹. Spectrophotometry, along with fluorescence and chemiluminescence probe assays, demonstrated that olive oil affected the fungus membrane fluidity and level of reactive oxygen species and nitrogen oxide in mycelium cells. Transcriptome analysis confirmed that olive oil was used as a carbon resource and elicitor that affected mycelia growth, which simultaneously produced some slight effects on metabolic processes, including fatty acid degradation, TCA cycle, and glycolysis/gluconeogenesis. Our study represents an attractive strategy for the industrial fermentation of filamentous fungi. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Medicinal Fungi and Natural Products: From Resources to Utilization)

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28 pages, 876 KB

Open AccessArticle

Comparative Econometric Analysis of Renewable Energy Policies in Smart Cities: A Case Study of Singapore and the UAE

by Mohamad Zreik and Yijuan Jiao

Appl. Sci. 2025, 15(22), 12168; https://doi.org/10.3390/app152212168 (registering DOI) - 17 Nov 2025

Abstract

This paper presents an econometric analysis to evaluate the economic, environmental, and social impacts of adopting renewable energy in the Smart cities of Singapore and the United Arab Emirates (UAE). Both countries have already invested heavily in clean energy and innovative urban projects, [...] Read more.

This paper presents an econometric analysis to evaluate the economic, environmental, and social impacts of adopting renewable energy in the Smart cities of Singapore and the United Arab Emirates (UAE). Both countries have already invested heavily in clean energy and innovative urban projects, but they take different directions due to specific political, economic, and environmental factors. This study utilizes data spanning the period from 2000 to 2025 to estimate the effects of government policies, infrastructure investments, and technological advancements in renewable energy on economic growth, employment, energy use, and carbon emissions in these cities. The analysis employs panel data regression models and difference-in-differences (DiD) methods. This study finds that renewable energy investments in Singapore lead to a 0.32% increase in gross domestic product (GDP) growth and a 0.25% increase in employment in green sectors. In the UAE, investments in solar energy have led to a 0.29% increase in GDP growth; however, energy efficiency remains a significant challenge. The incorporation of public-private partnerships (PPPs) is shown to significantly enhance socio-economic outcomes, with a 12% increase in economic development and renewable sector jobs post-policy intervention. This study’s findings suggest that both Singapore and the UAE can benefit from strengthening public-private partnerships and focusing on innovative technological integration. For the UAE, expanding efforts in energy efficiency alongside scaling up solar infrastructure is essential. At the same time, Singapore can further optimize its existing renewable energy capacities through offshore wind energy and regional cooperation. This paper presents practical policy proposals to enhance the effectiveness of renewable energy policies in smart cities, specifically by maximizing the partnership between the state and the business sector, increasing investment in renewable energy infrastructure, and developing new technologies in energy storage and grid control. Future research could investigate the long-term socio-economic impacts of renewable energy policies on urban inequality, public health, and the global applicability of these findings to cities with diverse political and economic contexts. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Renewable Energy in Smart Cities)

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11 pages, 1712 KB

Open AccessArticle

Evaluation of Reaction Time and Hand–Eye Coordination in Schoolchildren Using Wearable Sensor-Based Systems: A Study with Neural Trainer Devices

by José Alfredo Sulla-Torres, Nadia Yunorvi Chavez-Salas, María Fernanda Valverde-Riveros, Diego Alonso Iquira-Becerra, Karina Rosas-Paredes and Marco Antonio Cossio-Bolaños

Sensors 2025, 25(22), 7006; https://doi.org/10.3390/s25227006 (registering DOI) - 17 Nov 2025

Abstract

Reaction time and hand–eye coordination are critical neuromotor skills in school-aged children, influencing academic, cognitive, and motor development. The objective of this study was to evaluate schoolchildren’s performance on reaction time tests using Neural Trainer device sensors and wearable technology, establishing baseline metrics [...] Read more.

Reaction time and hand–eye coordination are critical neuromotor skills in school-aged children, influencing academic, cognitive, and motor development. The objective of this study was to evaluate schoolchildren’s performance on reaction time tests using Neural Trainer device sensors and wearable technology, establishing baseline metrics and identifying lateral performance asymmetries. Fifty-nine schoolchildren performed six sensor-based motor tests involving bimanual and unimanual interaction: P1 (10 timed repetitions, bimanual), P2 (10 timed repetitions, left hand), P3 (10 timed repetitions, right hand), P4 (hits, bimanual), P5 (hits, left hand), and P6 (hits, right hand). Neural Trainer devices with four light nodes were used for activity monitoring. Data was analyzed using statistical methods to assess time, accuracy, and variability. The results showed that the average times were P1 = 8.69 ± 1.44 s, P2 = 8.90 ± 1.30 s, and P3 = 8.83 ± 1.29 s. The average successes were P4 = 22.90 ± 3.10, P5 = 22.00 ± 3.40, and P6 = 24.42 ± 2.72 hits. Significant differences were found between hands in successes (p < 0.001) but not in times (p = 0.716). The ANOVA for the hit trials revealed significant differences between conditions, F(2, 174) = 9.30, p < 0.001. The conclusions indicate that sensor-based systems such as the Neural Trainer device demonstrated the potential to provide objective and consistent measurements of reaction time in schoolchildren; however, further studies comparing its performance with established clinical assessment tools are necessary to confirm its validity and diagnostic accuracy. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sensing Technology and Wearables for Physical Activity)

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19 pages, 8136 KB

Open AccessArticle

Long-Term Nitrogen Addition Promotes Microbial Mineralization of Organic Phosphorus Supporting Phosphorus Uptake in Spring Wheat

by Huaqiang Li, Peng Qi, Xiaodong Yin, Xiaojiao Wang, Run Gan, Jianglong Xue, Yangzi Han, Meixia Lu, Guopeng Liang and Hailiang Li

Agronomy 2025, 15(11), 2632; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy15112632 (registering DOI) - 17 Nov 2025

Abstract

The mechanism of microbial-mediated mineralization of organic phosphorus (P) under nitrogen (N) addition in farmland soil is still unclear. To determine the effects of N addition on the composition, structure, and P transformation function of microbial community and soil P fractions in croplands, [...] Read more.

The mechanism of microbial-mediated mineralization of organic phosphorus (P) under nitrogen (N) addition in farmland soil is still unclear. To determine the effects of N addition on the composition, structure, and P transformation function of microbial community and soil P fractions in croplands, we conducted a field experiment on the Central Gansu Loess Plateau in 2017. The current study analyzed a subset of 12 plots from the 48-plot factorial experiment, comprising four levels of N addition in the absence of P fertilization. The treatment included control (0 kg N ha⁻¹ year⁻¹, N0), low N (75 kg N ha⁻¹ year⁻¹, N75), medium N (115 kg N ha⁻¹ year⁻¹, N115), and high N (190 kg N ha⁻¹ year⁻¹, N190). We determined soil P fractions and microbial properties in the 0–20 cm depth from 2019 to 2023. We found that N fertilization significantly enhanced the mineralization of soil organic P, primarily by altering microbial community structure and increasing the abundance of key taxa (e.g., RB41 and Filobasidium), which in turn boosted the activities of alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and phytase (PHY). The most pronounced stimulations in microbial biomass carbon (MBC) and ALP activity were observed under the N115 treatment. Concurrently, N addition led to substantial reductions in labile inorganic and organic P pools; for instance, the content of Ca₂-P decreased most markedly under N190, by 42.82% in 2023, while labile organic P forms (LOP, MLOP, MROP) also declined significantly. Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) confirmed that N addition influenced P availability through direct pathways and indirect pathways mediated by shifts in microbial community structure, ALP, and PHY. In conclusion, our study has identified the N115 treatment (115 kg N ha⁻¹ year⁻¹) as the optimal level for promoting microbial-mediated organic P mineralization. To maintain soil productivity in the rain-fed agricultural systems of the Loess Plateau, we recommend applying a moderate amount of N fertilizer at this optimal rate, along with strategic P supplementation. This approach can effectively mitigate soil P deficiency and enhance the availability of P. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Soil and Plant Nutrition)

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15 pages, 1009 KB

Open AccessArticle

A Bicorp—Who I Was: How Many Head Phylacteries (Tefillin Shel Rosh) Should Conjoined Twins Wear?

by Sergey Dolgopolski

Religions 2025, 16(11), 1455; https://doi.org/10.3390/rel16111455 (registering DOI) - 17 Nov 2025

Abstract

The paper renegotiates two regnant and interconnected modern assumptions, a reduction of forgetting to memory loss, and insistence on a self-remembering individual as the social atom, from which one builds molar and molecular social structures. In the article, a critical conceptual retrieval of [...] Read more.

The paper renegotiates two regnant and interconnected modern assumptions, a reduction of forgetting to memory loss, and insistence on a self-remembering individual as the social atom, from which one builds molar and molecular social structures. In the article, a critical conceptual retrieval of the notion of bicorp extends beyond the doctrinal frameworks of rabbinic and patristic traditions to afford a heuristic scope in which to access the significance and limitations of a modern individual as an atom of the society. The main result is a detection of the central rather than marginal role of bicorp in creating legally imputable and responsible individuals in society. This result is accompanied by a connected detection of the long-term reversal, in which memory, including the memory the individual has of oneself, becomes primary and forgetting plays a deceptively secondary role of a memory loss in society. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Rabbinic Thought between Philosophy and Literature)

12 pages, 1965 KB

Open AccessArticle

Development and Application of Tetra/Penta-Nucleotide SSR Markers for Paternal Identification in the Tea Plant (Camellia sinensis)

by Yingqi Liu, Kailing Chang, Yaning Zhu, Dandan Tang, Wei Chen, Qian Tang and Liqiang Tan

Plants 2025, 14(22), 3500; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14223500 (registering DOI) - 17 Nov 2025

Abstract

In this study, twenty-seven novel SSR markers derived from tetranucleotide or pentanucleotide repeat sequences were developed for tea plants (Camellia sinensis). These markers, along with three previously reported pentanucleotide SSR markers, were assessed for their polymorphisms and capabilities for parental analysis. [...] Read more.

In this study, twenty-seven novel SSR markers derived from tetranucleotide or pentanucleotide repeat sequences were developed for tea plants (Camellia sinensis). These markers, along with three previously reported pentanucleotide SSR markers, were assessed for their polymorphisms and capabilities for parental analysis. Analysis of 48 tea cultivars revealed 142 alleles with an average polymorphic information content (PIC) of 0.44, confirming the high polymorphism of these markers. Meanwhile, the capability of these markers for paternal identification in tea plants was also validated. Theoretical calculations yielded a cumulative exclusion probability (CPE) over 99.9999%. In the analyses of real samples using the exclusion method, among eight samples with confirmed parent–offspring relationships, both pair- and trio-mismatch counts were ≤1, whereas non-paternal samples exhibited average pair- and trio-mismatches of 5.13 and 7.96, respectively. When assessed by the combined parentage index (CPI), all trio-CPI values for confirmed parents–offspring exceeded 10⁴ (average: 1.18 × 10⁷), while the average trio-CPI for combinations with correct maternal but incorrect paternal parents remained below 10⁻². Finally, using this set of markers, we successfully identified 41 offspring derived from reciprocal crosses with open pollination between ‘Fuding Dabaicha’ and ‘Chuancha Erhao’. Their trio-mismatches with the parent pair were ≤1, while trio-CPI exceeded 10⁴, meeting the established criteria for parentage relationships. Full article

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