Advancing Open Science

Against the backdrop of China’s “dual carbon” targets, the energy transition is accelerating. However, the expansion of onshore renewables is often constrained by land scarcity. Offshore areas thus present a promising alternative. In this study, high-resolution wind field data from 1995 to 2024 were generated using the WRF model driven by ERA5 reanalysis, enabling a 30-year spatiotemporal assessment of offshore wind power density (at 160 m hub height) and photovoltaic potential (PVP) across China’s four major seas—the Bohai Sea, Yellow Sea, East China Sea, and South China Sea. The results show clear spatial and seasonal patterns: solar PV potential decreases from south to north, with the South China Sea exhibiting the highest and most stable annual average PVP (16–18%) and summer peaks exceeding 25%. Wind energy resources are spatially heterogeneous; the East China Sea and Taiwan Strait are identified as the richest zones, where wind power density frequently reaches 800–1800 W/m² during autumn and winter. Importantly, a pronounced seasonal complementarity is observed: wind peaks in autumn/winter while solar peaks in spring/summer at representative coastal sites. This study provides, for the first time, a long-term, integrated assessment of both offshore wind and solar resources over all four Chinese seas, offering quantitative data and a scientific basis for differentiated marine energy planning, optimized siting, and the design of wind–solar hybrid systems.

Background and Objectives: Brain metastases frequently evolve over time in multiple waves, especially in patients with prolonged survival. Despite repeated imaging and targeted therapies, lesion-level continuity is fragmented in clinical practice, as follow-up is typically limited to pairwise MRI comparisons. The aim of the study is to assess the ability of routine narrative MRI follow-up reports to preserve longitudinal lesion identity and to reconstruct a coherent trajectory of disease evolution. Materials and Methods: We conducted a single-center, retrospective, observational study of all brain MRI examinations performed between June 2024 and June 2025 (n = 731 scans, 616 patients). All imaging reviews and longitudinal lesion tracking were performed by one board-certified neuroradiologist. Adult patients with confirmed brain metastases and at least three MRI examinations (including external studies) were included. We assessed the concordance of routine narrative MRI follow-up reports against a longitudinal review of all available MRIs and treatment timelines, which served as the reference standard. Lesion identity was considered preserved when reports explicitly recognized and linked lesions across time points, and lost when identity was omitted or ambiguous in at least one report. Results: The final cohort comprised 73 patients (477 tracked lesions). More than half of monitored lesions disappeared (42.9%) or evolved into post-treatment sequelae (9.9%), and were omitted from narrative reports, limiting retrospective recognition without prior imaging. The ability of routine reports to preserve lesion identity declined as cases became more complex. Concordance was higher in uniform evolution patterns (≈60%) but dropped to 18.2% in mixed evolution. A similar decline was seen with sequential metastatic waves, defined as new metastases appearing at distinct time points: 65.2% (1 wave), 46.7% (2 waves), 18.2% (3 waves), and complete loss of continuity when >3 waves occurred. Conclusions: Routine narrative MRI follow-up reports generally provide adequate information in simple cases with uniform lesion behavior, but tend to lose critical details as disease trajectories become more complex, particularly in heterogeneous or multi-wave disease. Even when individual lesions are identified across examinations, documentation remains fragmented and reflects only a snapshot of the disease course rather than an integrated longitudinal perspective. These findings highlight a critical vulnerability in current follow-up practices. Improving lesion-level continuity, potentially through AI-assisted tools, may enhance the accuracy, consistency, and clinical utility of MRI surveillance in patients with brain metastases.

This study investigated the effects of different additives on the fermentation quality and bacterial community of silage prepared from Giant Juncao grass (Cenchrus fungigraminus) grown in saline–alkali soil. Four treatments were compared: a control group (CK), wheat bran (WB), fermented Juncao grass juice (FJGJ), and a combined wheat bran + fermented Juncao grass juice treatment (WB + FJGJ). Dynamic changes in physicochemical characteristics—including dry matter (DM), pH, lactic acid (LA), acetic acid (AA), propionic acid (PA), and total volatile fatty acids (TVFA)—were monitored together with shifts in bacterial community structure. Quantitative results showed that FJGJ and WB + FJGJ significantly improved fermentation performance. Compared with the control, the WB + FJGJ treatment reduced the final pH to 3.61 (p < 0.05) and increased lactic acid concentration to 48 g/kg DM. Concentrations of acetic acid and TVFA were also higher in additive-treated silages than in the control. Redundancy analysis indicated that pH and lactic acid were the main environmental factors associated with changes in bacterial community composition, whereas ether extract and acetic acid showed weaker but detectable effects. Bacterial community profiling revealed that genera such as Secundilactobacillus and Lacticaseibacillus dominated in the additive-treated groups, and that the additives significantly altered microbial community structure compared with the control. Overall, the combined application of wheat bran and fermented Juncao grass juice improved the fermentation quality of Giant Juncao grass silage grown on saline–alkali soil and promoted a bacterial community dominated by beneficial lactic acid–producing taxa.

With the acceleration of industrialization, the problems of water resource pollution and shortage caused by oil spills and industrial wastewater discharge have become increasingly severe, posing a major threat to ecological sustainable development. Therefore, efficient oil–water separation technology has become a key breakthrough to alleviate this crisis. In this study, Janus membranes with asymmetric wettability were prepared by layer-by-layer electrospinning. The influence of the thickness ratio between the hydrophobic layer and the hydrophilic layer on the mechanical properties, separation flux, and oil–water mixture efficiency of the Janus membranes was examined, and an optimized membrane configuration was determined: the optimal thickness ratio between hydrophobic and hydrophilic layers was 4:6. Under these conditions, the fracture stress of the fiber membranes reached 99% MPa, the fracture strain was 55.63 ± 4.77%, the separation flux values were 1888.22 and 1042.66 L m⁻² h⁻¹ for the oil–water mixture and water-in-oil emulsion, respectively, with the separation efficiencies all exceeding 99%. After 50 cycles of separation for two different oil-in-water emulsions, the separation flux and separation efficiency of the optimal sample remained relatively stable, demonstrating strong practicability. In general, the Janus fiber membranes met the expected requirements, laying a good foundation for future applications in oil–water separation, floating oil collection in water, and other fields.

Background/Objectives: Emotional dysregulation (ED) is emerging as a major contributor to functional impairment in Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD). Although effective behavioral interventions exist, pharmacological treatments remain constrained by side effects and variable tolerability. Given their neurobiological roles that include neurotransmission, inflammation, and neuroplasticity, vitamin D and omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) have been identified as promising candidates for modulating emotional and behavioral dysregulation. This systematic review aimed to evaluate the efficacy of combined vitamin D and omega-3 supplementation in improving emotional and behavioral regulation in individuals with ASD. Methods: This review was conducted in accordance with PRISMA guidelines. Included studies were English peer-reviewed studies involving participants with ASD that assessed combined vitamin D and omega-3 suppleupplementation with outcomes related to emotional or behavioral dysregulation. The search was restricted to 2015–2025 to ensure inclusion of recent, methodologically consistent studies and to minimize heterogeneity in diagnostic criteria and supplementation protocols. Results: Of 649 records initially screened, 3 studies met inclusion criteria: one randomized controlled trial, one observational study, and one case report, involving participants ranging from early childhood to young adulthood. Across studies, combined supplementation was associated with improvements in irritability, hyperactivity, agitation, and self-injurious behaviors. These clinical effects were accompanied by specific biochemical changes, including reductions in the AA/EPA ratio, increases in serum 25(OH)D and omega-3 indices, and decreased urinary levels of HVA and VMA. Conclusions: This review indicates that co-supplementation with vitamin D and omega-3 fatty acids may exert preliminary beneficial effects on emotional and behavioral dysregulation in individuals with ASD, potentially through anti-inflammatory and neuroregulatory mechanisms. However, the available evidence remains limited due to a small number of studies, their modest sample size, and methodological heterogeneity. Further, biomarker-driven randomized studies are needed to confirm efficacy and delineate optimal dosing strategies for application in clinics.

Background: Post-exercise recovery involves coordinated metabolic restoration and redox rebalancing. Although dietary polyphenols have been proposed to facilitate recovery, the metabolic mechanisms underlying their effects—particularly during the recovery phase—remain insufficiently characterized. This study aimed to investigate how polyphenol supplementation modulates post-exercise metabolic recovery using an integrative metabolomics approach. Methods: We conducted a secondary analysis of publicly available longitudinal human LC–MS metabolomics datasets from exercise intervention studies with polyphenol supplementation. Datasets were obtained from the NIH Metabolomics Workbench and MetaboLights repositories; study-level metadata were used as provided by the original investigators. Global metabolic trajectories were assessed using principal component analysis (PCA) and orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA). Targeted analyses focused on purine degradation intermediates and redox-related metabolites. Correlation-based network and pathway enrichment analyses were applied to characterize recovery-phase metabolic reorganization. Results: Exercise induced a pronounced global metabolic perturbation in both placebo and polyphenol groups. During recovery, polyphenol supplementation was associated with a partial reversion of the metabolome toward the pre-exercise state, whereas placebo samples remained metabolically displaced. Discriminant metabolite analyses identified purine degradation intermediates and oxidative stress-related lipid species as key contributors to group separation during recovery. Polyphenol supplementation attenuated recovery-phase accumulation of hypoxanthine, xanthine, and uric acid and was associated with a sustained suppression of the uric acid-to-hypoxanthine ratio. Network analyses revealed weakened correlations between purine metabolites and oxidative stress markers, along with reduced network centrality of stress-responsive metabolic hubs. Conclusions: These findings indicate that polyphenol supplementation is associated with accelerated metabolic normalization during post-exercise recovery, potentially through modulation of purine-associated oxidative pathways and system-level metabolic network reorganization.

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a major metabolic disorder characterized by hepatic lipid accumulation, oxidative stress, and disturbance of lysosomal degradation. Central to these processes is glutathione (GSH), a key antioxidant regulating redox balance and cellular homeostasis. This study aimed to evaluate the therapeutic potential of two dietary antioxidants—astaxanthin and Garcinia indica (kokum)—in modulating hepatic redox status, lysosomal function, and metabolic gene expression in a murine model of diet-induced NAFLD. A total of 120 male Swiss Webster mice were allocated into control and steatotic groups, followed by a 90-day supplementation period with astaxanthin, kokum, or their combination. Liver tissue was collected post-supplementation for biochemical, antioxidant, and qRT-PCR analyses. Outcomes included lysosomal enzymes activities, superoxide dismutase (SOD), GSH, vitamin C, total polyphenols, DPPH radical-scavenging activity, and total antioxidant capacity (TAC). NAFLD induced marked oxidative stress, lysosomal overactivation, and alteration of antioxidant-related gene expression. Combined supplementation restored GSH, enhanced TAC, reduced lysosomal stress markers, and significantly upregulated nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nfe2l2) while downregulating fatty acid synthase (FASN) and partially rescuing lipoprotein lipase (LpL). Correlation analyses revealed strong associations between antioxidant capacity, lysosomal function, and transcriptional regulation, supporting the therapeutic relevance of combined antioxidant therapy for concurrent redox and lysosomal dysregulation in NAFLD. These findings underscore the therapeutic potential of targeting redox and cellular degradation pathways with antioxidant-based interventions to re-establish hepatic metabolic balance in NAFLD and related disorders.

The use of virtual reality (VR) has made significant advancements, and now it is widely used across a range of applications. However, consumers’ capacity to fully enjoy VR experiences continues to be limited by a chronic problem known as cybersickness (CS). This study explores the feasibility of mitigating CS through geometric scene simplification combined with electroencephalography (EEG)-based monitoring. According to the sensory conflict theory, this issue is caused by the discrepancy between the visually induced self-motion (VIMS) through immersive displays and the real motion the vestibular system detects. While prior mitigation strategies have largely relied on hardware modifications or visual field restrictions, this paper introduces a novel framework that integrates geometric scene simplification with EEG-based neurophysiological activity to reduce VIMS during VR immersion. The proposed framework combines EEG neurophysiology, allowing us to monitor users’ brainwave activity and cognitive states during virtual immersion experience. The empirical evidence from our investigation shows a correlation between CS manifestation and neural activation in the parietal and temporal lobes. As an experiment with 15 subjects, statistical differences were significantly different with $P= 0.001$ and large effect size $\eta 2=0.28$, while preliminary trends suggest lower neural activation during simplified scenes. Notably, a decrease in neural activation corresponding to reduced optic flow (OF) suggests that VR environment simplification may help attenuate CS symptoms, providing preliminary support for the proposed strategy.