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16 pages, 6655 KB

Open AccessArticle

Comparative Study on Model Applicability for Longitudinal Seismic Response of Shield Tunnels Under Design Earthquake Loading

by Ben Niu, Yayi Chen, Zhuo Cheng, Shengfeng Yang, Junyi Li and Yadong Li

Buildings 2026, 16(2), 417; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings16020417 (registering DOI) - 19 Jan 2026

Abstract

To investigate model applicability for the seismic analysis of shield tunnels in adverse geological sections, this study compares the beam–spring model (BSM) and mass–beam–spring model (MBSM). The Shantou Bay subsea shield tunnel, located in a Seismic Fortification Intensity Degree 8 region (PGA = [...] Read more.

To investigate model applicability for the seismic analysis of shield tunnels in adverse geological sections, this study compares the beam–spring model (BSM) and mass–beam–spring model (MBSM). The Shantou Bay subsea shield tunnel, located in a Seismic Fortification Intensity Degree 8 region (PGA = 0.15 g), is used as the case study. Based on the Response Displacement Method, numerical simulations were conducted via ABAQUS and Python (Version 2.7) scripts to evaluate dynamic responses under unidirectional and tri-directional ground motions. Results indicate that while both models capture longitudinal response patterns, significant amplitude differences exist. Specifically, by accounting for soil inertial effects and shear transfer, the MBSM yields peak relative displacements, joint openings, and internal forces at soft–hard rock interfaces that are approximately 60–130% higher than those of the BSM. Furthermore, tri-directional input significantly amplifies structural responses, exhibiting distinct abrupt changes at geological transition zones. These findings provide a vital reference for the seismic design of shield tunnels traversing complex geological conditions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Building Foundation Engineering and Underground Structures)

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15 pages, 1806 KB

Open AccessArticle

Inverse Associations of Acetic Acid Intake with Carbohydrate, Sugar, and Saturated Fat Intakes Among Japanese Adults Aged 20 to 69 Years

by Risako Yamamoto-Wada, Joto Yoshimoto, Yoshino Kodaira, Kanako Deguchi, Yuto Aoki, Mikiya Kishi and Katsumi Iizuka

Nutrients 2026, 18(2), 318; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu18020318 (registering DOI) - 19 Jan 2026

Abstract

Background: Acetic acid has been suggested to have health benefits. Our previous exploratory study linked acetic acid intake to higher protein and vitamin consumption, but relationships with age and sex remained unclear. Objective: This study examined associations between acetic acid intake, age, and [...] Read more.

Background: Acetic acid has been suggested to have health benefits. Our previous exploratory study linked acetic acid intake to higher protein and vitamin consumption, but relationships with age and sex remained unclear. Objective: This study examined associations between acetic acid intake, age, and sex, and explored nutrient correlates after adjusting for age, sex, and energy intake. Methods: Dietary data from 12,074 Japanese adults aged 20–69 years, collected via the Asken food-tracking app, were analyzed. Two-way ANOVA assessed effects of age, sex, and their interaction on acetic acid intake. Multiple linear regressions examined associations between acetic acid intake and nutrient intakes. Model 1 adjusted for age and sex; Model 2 additionally adjusted for total energy intake. Results: Participants included 3038 men (47.8 ± 11.9 y) and 9036 women (42.4 ± 11.8 y). Acetic acid intake was higher among men and older participants (sex: F = 11.0, p < 0.001; age: F = 9.1, p < 0.001). In Model 1, acetic acid intake correlated positively with most nutrients. After adjusting for energy (Model 2), negative associations were found with carbohydrates, sugars, starches, saturated fat, and butyric acid (all p < 0.05). Conclusions: Individuals with higher acetic acid intake tended to consume fewer carbohydrates and saturated fats, even at equivalent energy intake. These findings suggest that acetic acid-containing diets may reduce the intake of starches and saturated fatty acids, potentially contributing to obesity prevention. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Micronutrients and Human Health)

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19 pages, 384 KB

Open AccessArticle

The Multiresource Flexible Job-Shop Scheduling Problem with Early Resource Release

by Francisco Yuraszeck, Elizabeth Montero, Maximiliano Rojel and Nicolás Cuneo

Mathematics 2026, 14(2), 338; https://doi.org/10.3390/math14020338 (registering DOI) - 19 Jan 2026

Abstract

In this work, we study the multiresource flexible job-shop scheduling problem (MRFJSSP), which relaxes the standard “simultaneous occupation” policy described in the literature. This policy implies that a job operation starts only when all its assigned necessary resources are available and releases them [...] Read more.

In this work, we study the multiresource flexible job-shop scheduling problem (MRFJSSP), which relaxes the standard “simultaneous occupation” policy described in the literature. This policy implies that a job operation starts only when all its assigned necessary resources are available and releases them simultaneously. In contrast, our approach assumes that a job operation begins simultaneously across all assigned resources, although these resources may not be occupied for the same duration. This variant (which we will call “early resource release”) was first formally proposed in the scheduling literature more than twenty years ago, but to the best of our knowledge, it has not been empirically tested. Thus, to tackle this problem, we formulate a constraint programming (CP) model adopting a multi-mode resource-constrained project scheduling problem (MMRCPSP) representation. We tested our approach on 65 instances of the MRFJSSP where the precedence relationships between operations of a given job follow a linear order. We prove optimality in 44 instances with an average optimality gap of 9.37%. Additionally, we contributed eight new lower bounds for the same set of instances in the literature when considering the simultaneous occupation policy. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mathematical Methods and Operation Research in Planning, Scheduling and Supply Chain Operations Management)

20 pages, 1813 KB

Open AccessArticle

Single-Nucleotide Polymorphisms in Calpastatin (CAST) and Micro-Calpain (CAPN1) Genes Influencing Meat Tenderness in Crossbred Beef Cattle in Thailand

by Thanathip Thaloengsakdadech, Supawit Triwutanon, Preeda Lertwatcharasarakul, Nitipong Homwong and Theera Rukkwamsuk

Vet. Sci. 2026, 13(1), 99; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci13010099 (registering DOI) - 19 Jan 2026

Abstract

This study investigated single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) within the CAPN1 316, CAPN1 4751, and CAST 2959 markers using high-resolution melting (HRM) analysis to predict meat tenderness in crossbred beef cattle. Tenderness was assessed using the Warner–Bratzler shear force (WBSF) test, with results expressed in [...] Read more.

This study investigated single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) within the CAPN1 316, CAPN1 4751, and CAST 2959 markers using high-resolution melting (HRM) analysis to predict meat tenderness in crossbred beef cattle. Tenderness was assessed using the Warner–Bratzler shear force (WBSF) test, with results expressed in grams (g), representing the force required to shear muscle fibers. Significant differences in phenotypic data were observed among the genotypic groups. The finding showed that polymorphisms at CAPN1 316, CAPN1 4751, and CAST 2959 exert interactive effects on meat quality traits. Notably, the TT genotype at CAPN1 4751 increased the adjusted WBSF (aWBSF) by approximately 792 g, indicating that TT was an unfavorable variant for tenderness. These results support the use of marker-assisted selection strategies in which the TT genotype is managed to minimize its frequency while other relevant markers are concurrently monitored, thereby enhancing genetic progress in meat tenderness across commercial cattle populations. This study demonstrated that CAPN1 4751 could serve as an effective marker for genetic selection in crossbred beef cattle and confirmed the efficiency of HRM analysis as a molecular tool for SNP genotyping. In conclusion, the findings provided an alternative approach for SNP detection in livestock breeding programs and represented an important step toward improving meat quality, meeting consumer expectations, and supporting the long-term sustainability of Thailand’s beef industry. The results highlighted the polygenic nature of meat tenderness and emphasized the importance of integrating multiple SNP markers to accurately assess the genetic potential for meat quality traits in cattle. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Veterinary Physiology, Pharmacology, and Toxicology)

11 pages, 517 KB

Open AccessReview

Surgical and Non-Surgical Outcome of Asymptomatic Lumbosacral Lipomas in Children: A Systematic Review

by Nazar S. Annanepesov, Justina Phiri, Gennady E. Chmutin, Gerald Musa and Nicola Montemurro

Clin. Transl. Neurosci. 2026, 10(1), 3; https://doi.org/10.3390/ctn10010003 (registering DOI) - 19 Jan 2026

Abstract

Background: The management of asymptomatic lumbosacral lipomas remains controversial, with studies reporting both prophylactic surgery and conservative management. This review compares conservative and surgical treatment approaches for asymptomatic lumbosacral lipomas in children, analyzing outcomes, complications and secondary treatment. Methods: A systematic literature review [...] Read more.

Background: The management of asymptomatic lumbosacral lipomas remains controversial, with studies reporting both prophylactic surgery and conservative management. This review compares conservative and surgical treatment approaches for asymptomatic lumbosacral lipomas in children, analyzing outcomes, complications and secondary treatment. Methods: A systematic literature review was conducted using PubMed, Cochrane, and Web of Science databases. Data were extracted and analyzed based on demographic characteristics, lipoma classification, treatment modality, complications and secondary treatment. Results: A total of 22 retrospective studies comprising 1215 patients were included. The mean age was 1.87 years, with a 1.12:1 female-to-male ratio. Dorsal lipomas were the most common subtype (31.6%). At first, a total of 1017 (83.7%) patients underwent surgery, whereas 198 (16.3%) patients had conservative management. Total resection was achieved in 422 (41.9%) patients, whereas subtotal resection and partial resections were performed in 261 (25.9%) and in 334 (33.29%) patients, respectively. Neurological worsening occurred in 17.2% of patients treated conservatively at first diagnosis, with urological dysfunction being the most common symptoms reported (15.2%), followed by neurological deficit to the lower limbs (12.6). Conservative management following prior surgical intervention was performed in 2.6% of cases. A favorable outcome was observed in 88.7% of patients following surgical resection and in 81.8% of patients who were not treated surgically. Conclusion: While surgical intervention is associated with operative risk, it provides a lower risk of long-term neurological deterioration compared to conservative management. The decision to operate should be individualized, considering patient age, anatomical complexity and based on risk of progression. Full article

23 pages, 1292 KB

Open AccessArticle

Dysregulation of miRNAs in Sicilian Patients with Autism Spectrum Disorder

by Michele Salemi, Francesca A. Schillaci, Maria Grazia Salluzzo, Giuseppe Lanza, Mariagrazia Figura, Donatella Greco, Pietro Schinocca, Giovanna Marchese, Angela Cordella, Raffaele Ferri and Corrado Romano

Biomedicines 2026, 14(1), 217; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines14010217 (registering DOI) - 19 Jan 2026

Abstract

Background: Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a highly prevalent neurodevelopmental condition influenced by both genetic and non-genetic factors, although the underlying pathomechanisms remain unclear. We systematically analyzed microRNA (miRNA) expression and associated functional pathways in ASD to evaluate their potential as prenatal/postnatal, diagnostic, [...] Read more.

Background: Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a highly prevalent neurodevelopmental condition influenced by both genetic and non-genetic factors, although the underlying pathomechanisms remain unclear. We systematically analyzed microRNA (miRNA) expression and associated functional pathways in ASD to evaluate their potential as prenatal/postnatal, diagnostic, and prognostic biomarkers. Methods: Peripheral blood mononuclear cells from 12 Sicilian patients with ASD (eight with normal cognitive function) and 15 healthy controls were analyzed using small RNA sequencing. Differential expression analysis was performed with DESeq2 (|fold change| ≥ 1.5; adjusted p ≤ 0.05). Functional enrichment and network analyses were conducted using Ingenuity Pathway Analysis, focusing on Diseases and Biofunctions. Results: 998 miRNAs were differentially expressed in ASD, 424 upregulated and 553 downregulated. Enriched pathways were primarily associated with psychological and neurological disorders. Network analysis highlighted three principal interaction clusters related to inflammation, cell survival and mechanotransduction, synaptic plasticity, and neuronal excitability. Four miRNAs (miR-296-3p, miR-27a, miR-146a-5p, and miR-29b-3p) emerged as key regulatory candidates. Conclusions: The marked divergence in miRNA expression between ASD and controls suggests distinct regulatory patterns, thus reinforcing the central involvement of inflammatory, autoimmune, and infectious mechanisms in ASD, mediated by miRNAs regulating S100 family genes, neuronal migration, and synaptic communication. However, rather than defining a predictive biomarker panel, this study identified candidate miRNAs and regulatory networks that may be relevant to ASD pathophysiology. As such, further validation in appropriately powered cohorts with predictive modeling frameworks are warranted before any biomarker or diagnostic implications can be inferred. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Molecular Genetics and Genetic Diseases)

31 pages, 898 KB

Open AccessArticle

Lived Experiences of Older Adults Before and After Riding Autonomous Shuttles

by Seung Woo Hwangbo, Sherrilene Classen and Sandra Winter

Automation 2026, 7(1), 21; https://doi.org/10.3390/automation7010021 (registering DOI) - 19 Jan 2026

Abstract

As the population ages, autonomous shuttles (AS) present a potential solution for older adults’ mobility needs. However, acceptance—often assessed through hypothetical scenarios rather than lived experience—remains a significant barrier. This study aimed to explore older adults’ perceptions of AS through pre- and post-exposure, [...] Read more.

As the population ages, autonomous shuttles (AS) present a potential solution for older adults’ mobility needs. However, acceptance—often assessed through hypothetical scenarios rather than lived experience—remains a significant barrier. This study aimed to explore older adults’ perceptions of AS through pre- and post-exposure, and to examine how these experiences shape their AS acceptance within the Diffusion of Innovations (DOI) framework. Using existing qualitative data from pre- and post-exposure focus groups, with 32 older adults across Florida, we used hybrid thematic analysis, grounded in DOI theory. The results revealed that the technology’s ease of use, as experienced when riding the AS (Trialability), reduced initial concerns related to Complexity. While participants acknowledged the Relative Advantage of AS in enhancing their mobility and safety, their acceptance was conditional upon addressing the AS’s slow speed and abrupt braking. Acceptance was also contingent upon Compatibility with personal lifestyles and the establishment of clear AS Regulations, to build trust. The findings indicate that for older adults, AS acceptance is a dynamic process where direct exposure is essential for overcoming initial concerns. However, widespread adoption will ultimately be influenced by AS performance, seamless integration of AS into their daily lives, and a robust regulatory framework. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Ergonomic Design and Intelligent Control for Next-Generation Elder Care Robots)

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20 pages, 8176 KB

Open AccessArticle

Manganese–Iron-Supported Biomass-Derived Carbon Catalyst for Efficient Hydrazine Oxidation

by Karina Vjūnova, Huma Amber, Dijana Šimkūnaitė, Zenius Mockus, Aleksandrs Volperts, Ance Plavniece, Galina Dobele, Aivars Zhurinsh, Loreta Tamašauskaitė-Tamašiūnaitė and Eugenijus Norkus

Molecules 2026, 31(2), 354; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules31020354 (registering DOI) - 19 Jan 2026

Abstract

This study presents a straightforward strategy for producing novel, effective and inexpensive functional non-noble metal-supported carbon materials made from abundant natural biomass. These materials offer a cost-effective alternative to noble metals for the oxidation of hydrazine (HzOR) and demonstrate the potential for widespread [...] Read more.

This study presents a straightforward strategy for producing novel, effective and inexpensive functional non-noble metal-supported carbon materials made from abundant natural biomass. These materials offer a cost-effective alternative to noble metals for the oxidation of hydrazine (HzOR) and demonstrate the potential for widespread adoption of green, energy-saving hydrazine-based technologies in energy applications. Highly efficient and cost-effective iron (Fe) and manganese–iron (MnFe)-supported nitrogen-doped carbon (N–C) materials were developed using hydrothermal synthesis. Meanwhile, the N–C material was obtained from biomass—birch-wood chips—using hydrothermal carbonisation (HTC), followed by activation and nitrogen doping of the resulting hydrochar. The morphology, structure, and composition of the MnFe, MnFe/N–C, and Fe/N–C catalysts were determined using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS). The activity of the catalysts for HzOR in an alkaline medium was evaluated using cyclic voltammetry (CV). Depositing MnFe particles onto N–C was shown to significantly enhance electrocatalytic activity for HzOR compared to the Fe/N–C catalyst and especially to the MnFe particles catalyst in terms of highly developed porous structure, which offers the largest surface area, lowest onset potential, and highest current density response, resulting in the strongest catalytic activity. These results suggest that the MnFe/N–C catalyst could be a highly promising anode material for HzOR in direct hydrazine fuel cells (DHFCs). Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Carbon-Based Electrochemical Materials for Energy Storage, 2nd Edition)

26 pages, 4301 KB

Open AccessArticle

Evaluating the Therapeutic Potential of MRT68921 and Afatinib in Three-Dimensional Models of Epithelial Ovarian Cancer

by Tiffany P. A. Johnston, Jack D. Webb, Matthew J. Borrelli, Emily J. Tomas, Áine C. Pucchio, Yudith Ramos Valdés and Trevor G. Shepherd

Cancers 2026, 18(2), 307; https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers18020307 (registering DOI) - 19 Jan 2026

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) is often diagnosed at advanced stages, with metastasis driven by spheroid dissemination within the peritoneal cavity. We previously demonstrated that autophagy supports spheroid cell survival and suggest that it contributes to chemoresistance. Unc-51-like autophagy activating kinase 1 (ULK1), [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) is often diagnosed at advanced stages, with metastasis driven by spheroid dissemination within the peritoneal cavity. We previously demonstrated that autophagy supports spheroid cell survival and suggest that it contributes to chemoresistance. Unc-51-like autophagy activating kinase 1 (ULK1), a key regulator of autophagy, has emerged as a promising therapeutic target. Here, we evaluated the effects of ULK1 inhibition via MRT68921, alone and in combination with afatinib—a tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) known to induce pro-survival autophagy—in EOC. Methods: High-grade serous (HGSOC) and ovarian clear cell carcinoma (OCCC) cell lines were cultured under adherent and spheroid conditions. Immunoblotting confirmed on-target effects and modulation of autophagy. Autophagic flux was assessed using mCherry-eGFP-LC3 reporter assays. We assessed 96 dose combinations of MRT68921 and afatinib using drug combination matrices, with synergy evaluated via Synergy Finder. Promising combinations were evaluated across multiple EOC spheroid models and patient ascites-derived organoids. Results: MRT68921 inhibited ULK1 activity and reduced autophagic flux in a context-dependent manner while afatinib alone induced autophagy. Their combination produced synergistic effects at select concentrations, impairing spheroid reattachment and viability. However, MRT68921 alone significantly reduced viability across multiple EOC models, including patient ascites-derived organoids. Conclusions: This study is the first to evaluate the combined effects of MRT68921 and afatinib in epithelial ovarian cancer. Our findings demonstrate that ULK1 inhibition via MRT68921 consistently reduces cell viability across multiple ovarian cancer models, supporting ULK1 as a promising therapeutic target. In contrast, combination with afatinib produced limited and context-dependent effects, indicating that further investigation is needed to identify optimal combination strategies for ULK1-targeted therapies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Ovarian Cancer Research and Treatment: 2nd Edition)

18 pages, 1440 KB

Open AccessArticle

Effects of Bike Trails on Roe Deer and Wild Boar Habitat Use in Forested Landscapes

by Ondřej Mikulka, Petr Pyszko, Jiří Kamler, Jakub Drimaj, Radim Plhal and Miloslav Homolka

Sustainability 2026, 18(2), 1030; https://doi.org/10.3390/su18021030 (registering DOI) - 19 Jan 2026

Abstract

Outdoor recreational activities, particularly cycling and mountain biking, are rapidly expanding in forested landscapes, raising concerns about their effects on wildlife. Although bike trails are increasingly common, their ecological impacts on large mammals remain insufficiently studied. We investigated how bike trail use influences [...] Read more.

Outdoor recreational activities, particularly cycling and mountain biking, are rapidly expanding in forested landscapes, raising concerns about their effects on wildlife. Although bike trails are increasingly common, their ecological impacts on large mammals remain insufficiently studied. We investigated how bike trail use influences the abundance and spatial behaviour of roe deer (Capreolus capreolus) and wild boar (Sus scrofa) in three contrasting forest environments in the Czech Republic. We surveyed roe deer raking and bedding sites and wild boar rooting along 734 transects positioned perpendicular to bike trails, monitored cyclist activity using automated counters, and recorded habitat characteristics. Generalized linear mixed models were used to evaluate the effects of trail proximity, cycling intensity, and vegetation structure. Cycling intensity did not influence overall species abundance; however, roe deer consistently avoided resting close to trails, leading to a measurable loss of potential resting habitat. Roe deer raking decreased with higher cycling intensity at the most remote site, while wild boar rooting was driven primarily by vegetation structure. These findings demonstrate that even low-intensity recreation can alter wildlife behaviour. We recommend maintaining unmanaged buffer zones along trails to provide refuge and reduce disturbance. Our results offer guidance for sustainable trail planning in forest ecosystems. Our conclusions are based on sign surveys collected during one growing season and quantify spatial responses up to 100 m from trails; diel activity, detectability, and seasonal variation were not directly assessed. Full article

27 pages, 19079 KB

Open AccessArticle

Numerical Simulation Study on Cuttings Transport Behavior in Enlarged Wellbores Using the CFD-DEM Coupled Method

by Yusha Fan, Yuan Lin, Peiwen Lin, Xinghui Tan and Qizhong Tian

Appl. Sci. 2026, 16(2), 1018; https://doi.org/10.3390/app16021018 (registering DOI) - 19 Jan 2026

Abstract

As global energy demand rises, developing unconventional oil and gas resources has become a strategic priority, with horizontal well technology playing a key role. However, wellbore instability during drilling often leads to irregular geometries, such as enlargement or elliptical deformation, causing issues like [...] Read more.

As global energy demand rises, developing unconventional oil and gas resources has become a strategic priority, with horizontal well technology playing a key role. However, wellbore instability during drilling often leads to irregular geometries, such as enlargement or elliptical deformation, causing issues like increased friction and stuck-pipe incidents. Most studies rely on idealized, regular wellbore models, leaving a gap in understanding cuttings transport in irregular wellbore conditions. To address this limitation, this study employs a coupled CFD-DEM approach to investigate cuttings transport in enlarged wellbores by modeling the two-way interactions between drilling fluid and cuttings. The study analyzes the impact of various factors, including drilling-fluid flow rate, drill pipe rotational speed, rheological parameters, wellbore enlargement ratio, and ellipticity, on wellbore cleaning efficiency. The result indicates that increasing the flow rate in conventional wellbores reduces cuttings volume by 75%, while in wellbores with a 0.7 enlargement ratio, the same flow rate only reduces it by 37.8%, highlighting the limitations of geometric complexity. In conventional wellbores, increasing drill pipe rotation reduces cuttings volume by 42.6%, but in enlarged wellbores, only a 13% reduction is observed, indicating that rotation alone is insufficient in large wellbores. Optimizing drilling fluid rheology, such as by increasing the consistency coefficient from 0.3 to 1.2, reduces cuttings volume by 58.78%, while increasing the flow behavior index from 0.4 to 0.7 results in a 38.17% reduction. Although higher enlargement ratios worsen cuttings deposition, a moderate increase in ellipticity improves annular velocity and enhances transport efficiency. This study offers valuable insights for optimizing drilling parameters in irregular wellbores. Full article

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25 pages, 20841 KB

Open AccessArticle

Spatio-Temporal Dynamics and Driving Mechanism of Ecosystem Services Under Ecological Restoration in the Kubuqi Desert, Northern China

by Chunliang Lv, Yangyang Liu, Xu Zhang, Jinfeng Wang, Yongning Hu and Yang Cao

Land 2026, 15(1), 182; https://doi.org/10.3390/land15010182 (registering DOI) - 19 Jan 2026

Abstract

Desertification is an ever-growing global ecological and environmental problem. With the implementation of various ecological restoration initiatives, vegetation cover in many desert regions has increased substantially. Consequently, it is essential to understand the dynamics of ecosystem services (ESs) in desert ecosystems to better [...] Read more.

Desertification is an ever-growing global ecological and environmental problem. With the implementation of various ecological restoration initiatives, vegetation cover in many desert regions has increased substantially. Consequently, it is essential to understand the dynamics of ecosystem services (ESs) in desert ecosystems to better inform environmental management. This study integrates the InVEST model, RWEQ model, Spearman correlation analysis, trade-off and synergy coefficient method, and the Partial Least Squares Path Model (PLS-PM) to systematically assess the spatio-temporal dynamics and underlying driving mechanisms of five key ESs in the Kubuqi (KBQ) Desert, northern China. Specifically, the application of PLS-PM enables the identification of latent pathways, indirect effects, and multi-step causal relationships, which traditional correlation-based methods fail to capture. The results show that the KBQ Desert underwent substantial land use changes from 2000 to 2020: sandy land decreased by 2697.83 km², grassland increased by 1864.15 km², and cropland and urban land expanded by 519.15 km² and 257.74 km², respectively. ESs exhibited divergent trajectories. habitat quality (HQ), carbon sequestration (CS), soil conservation (SC), and water yield (WY) all showed overall increases, with WY and SC increasing particularly strongly, whereas Sand-fixation service (G) displayed a fluctuating trend. Over the past two decades, HQ–CS, HQ–G, and CS–G have shown moderately strong synergies, while CS–WY has exhibited a pronounced trade-off, and SC–G and SC–CS have displayed relatively weaker trade-offs. The spatial distribution results of trade-off and synergy relationships show that the KBQ Desert is dominated by a synergy relationship, and the main synergy relationship combinations are CS–HQ, CS–SC, and HQ–SC. The correlation coefficients between other ES pairs are generally low. Additionally, this study identifies key pathways through the PLS-PM method, such as PRE → NDVI → ES and LU → NDVI → ES, revealing the complex interactions between precipitation (PRE), land use (LU), and vegetation dynamics. The findings show that land use (LU) consistently exerts a strong negative impact on CS, while PRE and NDVI have a significant positive effect on WY. These pathways deepen our understanding of how climate and anthropogenic factors affect ESs, particularly the influence of temperature (TEMP) on evapotranspiration (ETP), which in turn affects WY. Additionally, the impact of NDVI on wind–sand fixation (G) and SC varies over time, with vegetation dynamics playing a particularly enhanced role in 2010 and 2015. These findings highlight the impact of ecological restoration and land management on regional ESs changes. A comprehensive understanding of the interactions between climate factors, LU, and vegetation dynamics will help in developing more effective intervention strategies. Full article

18 pages, 4356 KB

Open AccessArticle

Loading-Controlled Photoactivity in TiO₂@BiVO₄ Heterostructures

by Małgorzata Knapik, Wojciech Zając, Agnieszka Wojteczko and Anita Trenczek-Zając

Molecules 2026, 31(2), 353; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules31020353 (registering DOI) - 19 Jan 2026

Abstract

In this study, we have investigated heterostructural TiO₂/BiVO₄ anodes to determine the effect of the amount and form of BiVO₄ nanoparticles on TiO₂ on the response of photoanodes under UV and visible illumination. BiVO₄ nanopowders were prepared [...] Read more.

In this study, we have investigated heterostructural TiO₂/BiVO₄ anodes to determine the effect of the amount and form of BiVO₄ nanoparticles on TiO₂ on the response of photoanodes under UV and visible illumination. BiVO₄ nanopowders were prepared and annealed at temperatures ranging from 200 to 500 °C. Structural and optical characterization indicates that as the annealing temperature is increased, a phase transition from a weakly ordered to a dominant monoclinic BiVO₄ phase is observed, which is accompanied by an increase in visible light absorption. Subsequently, the most crystalline powder was utilized to deposit BiVO₄ on nanostructured TiO₂ either as a compact overlayer (drop-casting) or as a progressively grown nanoparticle (TiO₂@S series) in the successive ionic layer adsorption and reaction process (SILAR). Photoelectrochemical measurements were performed, revealing a morphology-dependent photocurrent response under UV and visible illumination. A further increase in the number of cycles systematically increases the photocurrent in the visible light range while limiting the response to UV radiation. The TiO₂@d photoanode demonstrates the highest relative activity within the visible range; however, it also generates the lowest absolute photocurrent, indicating the presence of significant transport and recombination losses within the thick BiVO₄ layer. The results demonstrate that the presence of BiVO₄ nanoparticles on TiO₂ exerts a substantial influence on the separation of charge between semiconductors and the synergistic utilization of photons from the UV and visible ranges. This research yielded a proposed scheme of mutual band arrangement and charge carrier transfer mechanism in TiO₂@BiVO₄ heterostructures. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Research on Heterogeneous Catalysis—2nd Edition)

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15 pages, 835 KB

Open AccessArticle

Development and Internal Validation of a Bailout Risk Score in PCI with Drug-Coated Balloons

by Luigi Alberto Iossa, Marco Ferrone, Luigi Salemme, Elena Laganà, Armando Pucciarelli, Michele Franzese, Giuseppe Ciliberti, Sebastiano Verdoliva, Giulia Sgherzi, Grigore Popusoi, Angelo Cioppa, Tullio Tesorio and Giuseppe Di Gioia

J. Clin. Med. 2026, 15(2), 813; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm15020813 (registering DOI) - 19 Jan 2026

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Bail-out stenting remains a procedural challenge for percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) performed with drug-coated balloons (DCBs). No dedicated bedside tool is currently available to predict this event. We aimed to develop and internally validate a bedside Bail-Out Risk Score. Methods: [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Bail-out stenting remains a procedural challenge for percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) performed with drug-coated balloons (DCBs). No dedicated bedside tool is currently available to predict this event. We aimed to develop and internally validate a bedside Bail-Out Risk Score. Methods: We analyzed patients treated with DCBs between 2021 and 2025. Predictors of bailout stenting were identified through univariate analysis, and variables with p < 0.10 were entered into a multivariable logistic regression model. Regression coefficients were then transformed into integer points using the Sullivan method. Model performance was evaluated by AUC-ROC, calibration, and bootstrap internal validation (B = 1000). Results: A total of 352 patients (399 de novo lesions) were treated with DCB-only PCI. Bail-out stenting occurred in 14.5% of lesions (58/399). Independent predictors of bail-out stenting were prior CABG (OR 4.29, p = 0.002), proximal lesion location (OR 2.99, p = 0.003), and diffuse disease (OR 2.18, p = 0.018). Prior PCI (OR 0.44, p = 0.009) and lipid-lowering therapy (OR 0.42, p = 0.029) were protective, while LAD involvement showed a non-significant trend (OR 1.57, p = 0.137). The model demonstrated moderate discrimination (AUC = 0.734; optimism-corrected AUC = 0.704) and excellent calibration (intercept = 0.000, slope = 1.000). The final score (range –4 to +8) stratified lesions into low (≤–1), intermediate (0–3), and high (≥3) risk groups, with progressively higher predicted probabilities (≤9%, 13–37%, and ≥49%). Conclusions: The Bail-Out Risk Score provides a practical and reliable bedside tool to estimate procedural risk during stentless PCI. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Cardiology)

20 pages, 3974 KB

Open AccessSystematic Review

Improving Energy Efficiency of Mosque Buildings Through Retrofitting: A Review of Strategies Utilized in the Hot Climates

by Abubakar Idakwo Yaro, Omar S. Asfour and Osama Mohsen

Eng 2026, 7(1), 52; https://doi.org/10.3390/eng7010052 (registering DOI) - 19 Jan 2026

Abstract

Mosque buildings have symbolic significance, which makes them ideal candidates for implementing energy-efficient building design strategies. Mosques located in hot climates face several challenges in achieving thermal comfort while meeting energy efficiency requirements due to their distinct architectural features and intermittent occupancy patterns. [...] Read more.

Mosque buildings have symbolic significance, which makes them ideal candidates for implementing energy-efficient building design strategies. Mosques located in hot climates face several challenges in achieving thermal comfort while meeting energy efficiency requirements due to their distinct architectural features and intermittent occupancy patterns. Addressing these challenges requires integrating innovative energy-efficient retrofit strategies that cater to the characteristics of existing contemporary mosque buildings. Thus, this study provides a review of these approaches, considering both passive and active strategies. Passive strategies include thermal insulation, glazing upgrades, and shading improvements, while active ones include Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning (HVAC) zoning and smart control, lighting upgrades, and the integration of photovoltaic panels. The findings highlight the potential of combining both passive and active retrofitting measures to achieve substantial energy performance improvements while addressing the thermal comfort needs of mosque buildings in hot climates. However, more research is needed on smart control systems and advanced building materials to further enhance energy performance in mosque buildings. By adopting these strategies, mosques can serve as models of energy-efficient design, promoting sustainability and resilience in their communities. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Chemical, Civil and Environmental Engineering)

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24 pages, 16264 KB

Open AccessArticle

Effect of Post-Printing Methods on the Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Ti6Al4V Titanium Alloy Samples Fabricated Using Laser Powder Bed Fusion

by Krzysztof Żaba, Stanislav Rusz, Alicja Haslik-Sopata, Łukasz Kuczek, Ilona Różycka, Maciej Balcerzak and Tomasz Trzepieciński

Materials 2026, 19(2), 401; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma19020401 (registering DOI) - 19 Jan 2026

Abstract

Laser powder bead fusion (LPBF) allows for the fabrication of highly accurate components from metal powders, which is difficult to achieve using traditional methods. LPBF-produced components can be characterized by their porosity and unfavorable microstructure, making further processing difficult. Therefore, appropriate post-printing methods [...] Read more.

Laser powder bead fusion (LPBF) allows for the fabrication of highly accurate components from metal powders, which is difficult to achieve using traditional methods. LPBF-produced components can be characterized by their porosity and unfavorable microstructure, making further processing difficult. Therefore, appropriate post-printing methods are crucial, as they reduce porosity, reduce residual stresses, and stabilize the microstructure. The aim of this paper was to determine the effect of post-printing methods on the microhardness and microstructure of Ti6Al4V titanium alloy samples fabricated using the LPBF process in different orientations. Hot isostatic pressing (HIP) at various temperatures (910 °C, 1150 °C, 1250 °C), annealing at 1020 °C, and twist channel angular pressing using a 90° channel ending with a helical exit were considered postprocessing methods for LPBF-produced samples. Printing orientation significantly determined the effectiveness of HIP and the heat treatment processes. Higher microhardness was observed on the cross-section oriented perpendicular to the 3D printing direction. Annealing under appropriately selected conditions favors the precipitation of fine particles of the α phase in the β phase, leading to a strengthening effect by precipitation. Based on the microhardness measurements, clear differences were observed in the mean values, statistical ranges, and result distributions depending on the printing plane, HIP process parameters, and the use of an additional heat treatment. The HIP process leads to a more pronounced homogenization of microstructure and defect reduction, with the morphology of the microstructure and microhardness distribution dependent on the HIP process temperature. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Welding, Joining, and Additive Manufacturing of Metals and Alloys (Third Edition))

30 pages, 40775 KB

Open AccessArticle

Dynamic Hygrothermal Analysis for Retrofitting Opaque Envelopes in Humid Climates: From Simulations to Guidelines

by Antonio Cristaudo, Francesco Nicoletti, Cristina Carpino and Roberto Bruno

Buildings 2026, 16(2), 419; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings16020419 (registering DOI) - 19 Jan 2026

Abstract

This paper introduces the dynamic hygrothermal performances of existing walls in humid climates using the EN ISO 15026 procedure. Water content, mould formation and freezing risk were investigated considering rock wool (RW) and expanded polystyrene (EPS) allocated at different points of two typologies [...] Read more.

This paper introduces the dynamic hygrothermal performances of existing walls in humid climates using the EN ISO 15026 procedure. Water content, mould formation and freezing risk were investigated considering rock wool (RW) and expanded polystyrene (EPS) allocated at different points of two typologies of existing walls requiring renovation. Results show that RW is recommended for insulation on the external side, whereas EPS is more suitable for the internal side. A freezing risk occurs in massive walls insulated internally with RW in severe winter climates. Mould formation appears in the initial phases on the renovated side, driven by the built-in humidity of the new layers. Wall thermal transmittance shows large fluctuations, especially in lightweight structures renovated with EPS, reaching an increase of over 22% at the beginning of the heating period, driven by EPS water content peaks of 1.9 kg/m² in cold climates when installed on the external side, achieved in a stabilized regime and independently from the wall’s technical solution. Outcomes confirm transient hygrothermal analysis as the recommended approach to evaluate the component behaviour over a long-term projection, facilitating sizing in the design phase and ensuring compliance with regulations for retrofitted elements. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advancements in Energy Efficiency and Life-Cycle Assessment of Phase Change Materials for Thermal Energy Storage Applications)

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24 pages, 29766 KB

Open AccessArticle

Agricultural Irrigation Water Requirement Prediction in Arid Regions Based on the Integration of the AquaCrop-OS Model and Deep Learning: A Case Study of the Qarqan River Basin, China

by Fan Gao, Hairui Li, Bing He, Kun Liu, Jiacheng Zhang, Qiang Liu, Ying Li and Lu Wang

Agronomy 2026, 16(2), 236; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy16020236 (registering DOI) - 19 Jan 2026

Abstract

Water scarcity and ecological degradation driven by the expansion of irrigated agriculture in arid regions urgently necessitate a rigorous assessment of the combined impacts of climate change and crop-structure adjustments on irrigation water requirements (IWR). Taking the Qarqan River Basin as a case [...] Read more.

Water scarcity and ecological degradation driven by the expansion of irrigated agriculture in arid regions urgently necessitate a rigorous assessment of the combined impacts of climate change and crop-structure adjustments on irrigation water requirements (IWR). Taking the Qarqan River Basin as a case study, this study establishes an integrated framework that incorporates remote sensing (Landsat/MODIS), the AquaCrop-OS crop model, and a CNN-LSTM deep learning architecture to simulate historical IWR (2000–2024) and project future trajectories under CMIP6 climate scenarios. The results indicate that: (1) from 2000 to 2024, fruit tree area expanded from 120.3 to 320.3 km², cotton stabilized at approximately 165.3 km² after peaking at 187.9 km² in 2014, wheat recovered to 113.1 km², and maize varied between 23.7 and 85.0 km², indicating that fruit trees have become the dominant crop type. (2) Over the same period, total basin-wide IWR increased by 91% (3.7 × 10⁸ to 7.1 × 10⁸ m³), with fruit trees accounting for 44–68% of this growth. Logarithmic mean Divisia index (LMDI) decomposition further shows that meteorological factors and human activities jointly drove the increase in IWR, with cultivated-area expansion and cropping-structure change contributing most, while improvements in agricultural water-use efficiency partially offset the rise. (3) Projections for 2025–2100 suggest stronger structural dominance of fruit trees and cotton; the growing share of water-intensive cash crops may further elevate irrigation pressure. Under SSP5-8.5, a 30% reduction in fruit tree area in the late century could save 4.3% of irrigation water (0.33 × 10⁸ m³). Overall, this study provides dynamic projections and decision support for adaptive regulation of agricultural water resources in arid regions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Precision and Digital Agriculture)

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23 pages, 5560 KB

Open AccessArticle

Natural Protective Mechanisms of Cucumis callosus Leaves in Escherichia Species-Induced Urinary Tract Infection: An Integrated In Silico and In Vivo Study

by Meenal Sahu, Tripti Paliwal, Radhika Joshi, Arya Kuhu Vishwapriya, Namita Misra, Smita Jain, Gautam Singhvi, Gulshan Kumar, Devesh U. Kapoor, Dipjyoti Chakraborty and Swapnil Sharma

Pathogens 2026, 15(1), 111; https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens15010111 (registering DOI) - 19 Jan 2026

Abstract

Leaves of Cucumis callosus, traditionally employed in Ayurvedic medicine for the treatment of urinary disorders, were investigated in depth for their therapeutic potential against bacterially induced urinary tract infection (UTI) for the first time. The present work is the first to explore [...] Read more.

Leaves of Cucumis callosus, traditionally employed in Ayurvedic medicine for the treatment of urinary disorders, were investigated in depth for their therapeutic potential against bacterially induced urinary tract infection (UTI) for the first time. The present work is the first to explore the antibacterial activity of C. callosus leaf fractions with an integrative in silico, in vitro, and in vivo approach. Through bioassay-guided fractionation, the chloroform fraction (F1) was identified as the most active, exhibiting potent activity against Uropathogenic Escherichia spp. species. Liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (LC-MS) analysis of F1 revealed the presence of bioactive compounds, including stigmasterol, 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline, lactose, hydroxy(mesityl)acetic acid, and 2,4-di-tert-butylphenol. Molecular docking studies validated the strong binding affinities of these compounds for bacterial resistance enzymes, including AmpC β-lactamase and carbapenemases, thereby providing plausible mechanisms of antimicrobial action. In vivo studies carried out on female rats infected with Escherichia spp. species revealed a dose-dependent reduction in bacterial load, with a significant decrease in urinary tract inflammation upon F1 administration. Histopathological evaluation confirmed the protective effect, with reduced epithelial damage and inflammation in bladder tissues. These findings indicate significant antibacterial and tissue-protective effects of the C. callosus leaf fraction F1, supporting its ethnomedicinal use and establishing it as a promising phytotherapeutic agent for the treatment of urinary tract infections. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Current Progress on Bacterial Antimicrobial Resistance)

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23 pages, 483 KB

Open AccessArticle

Redefining Agency: A Capability-Driven Research Agenda for Generative AI in Education

by Toshinori Saito

Educ. Sci. 2026, 16(1), 155; https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci16010155 (registering DOI) - 19 Jan 2026

Abstract

(1) Aim: This paper aims to develop a research agenda grounded in the Capability Approach to address the “quality of use” gap emerging from the proliferation of generative AI (GenAI) in education. (2) Method: We conducted a deductive thematic analysis of 21 recent [...] Read more.

(1) Aim: This paper aims to develop a research agenda grounded in the Capability Approach to address the “quality of use” gap emerging from the proliferation of generative AI (GenAI) in education. (2) Method: We conducted a deductive thematic analysis of 21 recent academic papers (2023–2025) using the Capability-Driven Digital Education Framework (CDDEF) to synthesise emerging discourse on digital empowerment. (3) Findings: The thematic synthesis reveals three cross-cutting themes: the ambiguous impact of AI on human capabilities (scaffold vs. crutch), the shift in educational inequality from access to quality and justice, and the necessity of redefining human agency in partnership with AI. (4) Implications: The resulting agenda provides a roadmap for researchers and policymakers to ensure GenAI functions as a scaffold for expanding substantive freedoms rather than exacerbating digital divides. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Supporting Learner Engagement in Technology-Rich Environments)

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53 pages, 8694 KB

Open AccessReview

Lipopeptide Engineering: From Natural Origins to Rational Design Against Antimicrobial Resistance

by Shi-Yu Xie, Fang-Jing He, Ying-Ying Yang, Yan-Fei Tao and Xu Wang

Antibiotics 2026, 15(1), 100; https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics15010100 (registering DOI) - 19 Jan 2026

Abstract

Lipopeptides (LPs) have evolved from naturally occurring compounds to key therapeutic agents against multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacterial infections. However, their expanding clinical use has triggered emerging resistance mechanisms, posing serious challenges to anti-infective therapy. This systematic review outlines the development of LP resistance and [...] Read more.

Lipopeptides (LPs) have evolved from naturally occurring compounds to key therapeutic agents against multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacterial infections. However, their expanding clinical use has triggered emerging resistance mechanisms, posing serious challenges to anti-infective therapy. This systematic review outlines the development of LP resistance and highlights innovative strategies to counteract it. To overcome these evolving barriers, the field has transitioned from traditional empirical optimization to multidimensional rational design. Moving beyond conventional structure–activity relationship (SAR)-guided chemical synthesis, current approaches integrate diverse innovative methodologies. Based on these advances, this review provides the first systematic summary of contemporary strategies for developing novel LPs, offering new perspectives and methodological support to combat resistant bacterial infections and accelerate the development of next-generation LP-based therapeutics. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Antimicrobial Peptides)

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14 pages, 311 KB

Open AccessArticle

Sustainability in Swine Fattening Farming Systems in Italy: Looking Beyond Greenhouse Gas Emissions with the Ecological Footprint

by Angelo Martella, Elisa Biagetti, Michele Grigolini and Silvio Franco

Sustainability 2026, 18(2), 1029; https://doi.org/10.3390/su18021029 (registering DOI) - 19 Jan 2026

Abstract

The study addresses the assessment of environmental sustainability in agriculture, noting that the existing scientific literature has predominantly focused on negative environmental impacts, particularly greenhouse gas emissions from the livestock sector. It argues that a comprehensive evaluation of farming systems should go beyond [...] Read more.

The study addresses the assessment of environmental sustainability in agriculture, noting that the existing scientific literature has predominantly focused on negative environmental impacts, particularly greenhouse gas emissions from the livestock sector. It argues that a comprehensive evaluation of farming systems should go beyond impact-based metrics and instead compare the demand and supply of natural capital, using appropriate methodologies such as the ecological footprint (EF). Accordingly, the objective of the study is to analyze the environmental sustainability of fattening pig farming systems in Italy by applying the EF to compare a virtuous case-study farm (located in Umbria, 72.4 ha of utilized agricultural area, and 1960 pigs per year) with a representative sample of ninety-four specialized pig-fattening farms drawn from the Italian FADN 2023 database. The results show the following marked differences between the two systems: the case study exhibits a positive ecological balance (EB = +50.1 gha; IEP = +0.69 gha/ha), while the FADN sample displays, on average, a negative ecological balance (EB = −167.6 gha) and a strongly negative sustainability index (IEP = −3.84 gha/ha). These findings indicate that, in a sector characterized by generalized environmental unsustainability, the preservation of natural capital can be achieved not only through low-impact technical solutions, but also by addressing structural factors (e.g., livestock density per unit area and the presence of non-productive land uses). Overall, the study demonstrates that sustainability assessment requires explicitly comparing natural capital demand and supply, rather than merely quantifying emissions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Sustainable Agriculture)

20 pages, 1726 KB

Open AccessReview

CILP2: From ECM Component to a Pleiotropic Modulator in Metabolic Dysfunction, Cancer, and Beyond

by Zheqiong Tan, Suotian Liu and Zhongxin Lu

Biomolecules 2026, 16(1), 167; https://doi.org/10.3390/biom16010167 (registering DOI) - 19 Jan 2026

Abstract

Initially characterized as a component of the extracellular matrix (ECM) in cartilage, cartilage intermediate layer protein 2 (CILP2) is now recognized as a pleiotropic secretory protein with far-reaching roles in physiology and disease. This review synthesizes evidence establishing CILP2 as a key modulator [...] Read more.

Initially characterized as a component of the extracellular matrix (ECM) in cartilage, cartilage intermediate layer protein 2 (CILP2) is now recognized as a pleiotropic secretory protein with far-reaching roles in physiology and disease. This review synthesizes evidence establishing CILP2 as a key modulator at the nexus of metabolic dysfunction, cancer, and other pathologies. Genomic studies have firmly established the NCAN-CILP2 locus as a hotspot for genetic variants influencing dyslipidemia and cardiovascular risk. Functionally, CILP2 is upregulated by metabolic stress, including high glucose and oxidatively modified LDL (oxLDL), and actively contributes to pathologies such as dyslipidemia, diabetes, and sarcopenia by impairing glucose metabolism and mitochondrial function. Its role extends to fibrosis and neurodevelopment, promoting hypertrophic scar formation and neurogenesis through interactions with ATP citrate lyase (ACLY) and Wnt3a, respectively. More recently, CILP2 has emerged as an oncoprotein, overexpressed in multiple cancers, including pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma and colorectal cancer. It drives tumor proliferation and metastasis and correlates with tumor microenvironment remodeling through mechanisms involving Akt/EMT signaling and immune infiltration. The dysregulation of CILP2 in patient serum and its correlation with disease severity and poor prognosis highlight it as a promising biomarker and a compelling therapeutic target across a spectrum of human diseases. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Biomacromolecules: Proteins, Nucleic Acids and Carbohydrates)

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63 pages, 4804 KB

Open AccessReview

Cellular Allies Against Glioblastoma: Therapeutic Potential of Macrophages and Mesenchymal Stromal Cells

by Bruno Agustín Cesca, Kali Pellicer San Martin and Luis Exequiel Ibarra

Pharmaceutics 2026, 18(1), 124; https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics18010124 (registering DOI) - 19 Jan 2026

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Glioblastoma (GBM) remains the most aggressive primary brain tumor in adults, with limited therapeutic options and poor prognosis despite maximal surgery, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy. The complex and immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment, pronounced intratumoral heterogeneity, and the presence of the blood–brain barrier (BBB) [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Glioblastoma (GBM) remains the most aggressive primary brain tumor in adults, with limited therapeutic options and poor prognosis despite maximal surgery, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy. The complex and immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment, pronounced intratumoral heterogeneity, and the presence of the blood–brain barrier (BBB) severely restrict the efficacy of conventional and emerging therapies. In this context, cell-based strategies leveraging macrophages, mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs), and their derivatives have gained attention as “cellular allies” capable of modulating the GBM microenvironment and acting as targeted delivery platforms. Methods: This review systematically analyzes preclinical and early clinical literature on macrophage- and MSC-based therapeutic strategies in GBM, including engineered cells, extracellular vesicles (EVs), membrane-coated nanoparticles, and hybrid biomimetic systems. Studies were selected based on relevance to GBM biology, delivery across or bypass of the BBB, microenvironmental modulation, and translational potential. Evidence from in vitro models, orthotopic and syngeneic in vivo models, and available clinical trials was critically evaluated, with emphasis on efficacy endpoints, biodistribution, safety, and manufacturing considerations. Results: The reviewed evidence demonstrates that macrophages and MSCs can function as active therapeutic agents or delivery vehicles, enabling localized oncolysis, immune reprogramming, stromal and vascular remodeling, and enhanced delivery of viral, genetic, and nanotherapeutic payloads. EVs and membrane-based biomimetic platforms further extend these capabilities while reducing cellular risks. However, therapeutic efficacy is highly context-dependent, influenced by tumor heterogeneity, BBB integrity, delivery route, and microenvironmental dynamics. Clinical translation remains limited, with most approaches at preclinical or early-phase clinical stages. Conclusions: Cell-based and cell-derived platforms represent a promising but still evolving therapeutic paradigm for GBM. Their successful translation will require rigorous biomarker-driven patient selection, improved models that capture invasive GBM biology, scalable GMP-compliant manufacturing, and rational combination strategies to overcome adaptive resistance mechanisms. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Where Are We Now and Where Is Cell Therapy Headed? (2nd Edition))

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23 pages, 6724 KB

Open AccessArticle

Contribution from Subducted Continental Materials to Ultrapotassic Lamprophyre Dykes Associated with Gold Mineralization in the Baiyun Area, Liaodong Peninsula, NE China

by Chenggui Lin, Jingwen Mao, Zhicheng Lv, Xin Chen, Tingjie Yan, Zhizhong Cheng, Zhenshan Pang and Jianling Xue

Minerals 2026, 16(1), 96; https://doi.org/10.3390/min16010096 (registering DOI) - 19 Jan 2026

Abstract

Ultrapotassic lamprophyre dykes are spatially closely related to gold deposits in collision tectonic belts. However, the potential implication of these lamprophyre dykes to gold deposits remains poorly constrained. Abundant ultrapotassic lamprophyre dykes in the Baiyun gold deposit of Liaodong Peninsula, NE China, are [...] Read more.

Ultrapotassic lamprophyre dykes are spatially closely related to gold deposits in collision tectonic belts. However, the potential implication of these lamprophyre dykes to gold deposits remains poorly constrained. Abundant ultrapotassic lamprophyre dykes in the Baiyun gold deposit of Liaodong Peninsula, NE China, are closely associated with Au orebodies. This presents an excellent opportunity to investigate the genesis and tectonic significance of these dykes, as well as their potential connection to gold mineralization. Here, based on LA-ICPMS zircon U-Pb age, petrogeochemistry, and Sr-Nd-Hf isotopic composition characteristics, we studied the ultrapotassic lamprophyre dykes in the Baiyun gold deposit. Zircon U-Pb dating of lamprophyre dykes is 225.7 ± 1.3 Ma, which is consistent with the previous auriferous pyrite Re-Os data results within error, indicating that the lamprophyre dykes and gold deposits formed simultaneously in the Late Triassic, which coincided with the exhumation of the deeply subducted South Chin Block (SCB). The lamprophyre dykes belong to the shoshonitic series (K₂O + Na₂O = 6.39–7.57 wt.%, K₂O/Na₂O = 3.99–8.74) and are enriched with magnesium (MgO = 5.33–6.40 wt.%, Mg^# = 58–65.%), barium (Ba = 2225–3046 ppm), and strontium (Sr = 792–927 ppm), and their (⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr)_i isotopic composition ranges from 0.712514 to 0.714831, ε_Nd(t) ranges from −15.4 to −14.1, and zircon ε_Hf(t) values range from −14.3 to −12.5. These correspond to Paleoproterozoic model ages between 2.1 and 2.3 Ga, which are comparable to the ultra-high-pressure metamorphic rocks with the SCB nature found in the Dabie–Sulu orogenic belt. The results demonstrate that the overlying lithospheric mantle was possibly metasomatized by subducted SCB-derived melts before magma generation under the North China Block (NCB) in the Late Triassic. The lamprophyre dykes with high Nb/U and Th/Yb values, enriched Ba, Sr, REE, Na₂O + K₂O, K₂O/Na₂O, and the LOI demonstrate that the metasomatic agents were hydrous, high-pressure melts. These melts likely resulted from the partial melting of subducted continental crust, which is attributed to phengite breakdown in the subduction continental channel. The silica-rich melts migrate from the plate into the sub-continental lithospheric mantle (SCLM) and form potassic- and volatile-enriched metasomatized SCLM. Subsequently, the partial melting of metasomatized SCLM due to the decompression and thinning may be the main mechanism to generate the syn-exhumation ultrapotassic magma in a post-collision setting. This study suggests that the SCLM, metasomatized by melts derived from continental crust, plays a key role in generating volatile-rich hydrous SCLM during the continental subduction and collision stage. In contrast, during the post-collision stage, as tectonic forces transition from compressional to extensional, the abundant volatiles and ultrapotassic magma produced from the partially melted and metasomatized lithospheric mantle may significantly contribute to the transportation, enrichment, and precipitation of gold through magmatic-hydrothermal processes, facilitating the formation of gold deposits. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Mineral Geochemistry and Geochronology)

12 pages, 390 KB

Open AccessPerspective

Beyond Amyloid: Targeting Co-Aggregating Proteins and Targeted Degradation Strategies in Alzheimer’s Disease

by Martina Monaco, Alessandra Pinto and Massimo Grilli

Biomedicines 2026, 14(1), 216; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines14010216 (registering DOI) - 19 Jan 2026

Abstract

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) involves a constellation of molecular processes that extend well beyond amyloid-β (Aβ) accumulation. Recent anti-amyloid antibodies provide limited clinical benefits, highlighting the need for additional strategies due to their modest efficacy and safety concerns. Increasing proteomic evidence reveals that proteins [...] Read more.

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) involves a constellation of molecular processes that extend well beyond amyloid-β (Aβ) accumulation. Recent anti-amyloid antibodies provide limited clinical benefits, highlighting the need for additional strategies due to their modest efficacy and safety concerns. Increasing proteomic evidence reveals that proteins such as midkine (MDK), pleiotrophin (PTN) and clusterin (CLU) accumulate within amyloid plaques and may shape disease progression, although their precise contributions—protective, pathogenic, or both—remain unknown. In this Perspective, we examine how emerging targeted protein degradation (TPD) technologies, including Proteolysis-Targeting Chimeras (PROTACs), Lysosome-Targeting Chimeras (LYTACs) and molecular glues (MGs), could provide a means to selectively eliminate these co-aggregating proteins. We also discuss advances in degrader design, artificial intelligence (AI)-assisted screening, and strategies aimed at enhancing Central Nervous System (CNS) delivery. We finally outline how integrating TPD modalities with antibody-based and multi-target therapeutic approaches may promote more effective, systems-level interventions for AD. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Neurobiology and Clinical Neuroscience)

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