Advancing Open Science
Supporting academic communities
since 1996
 
Search for Articles:
Title / Keyword
Author / Affiliation / Email
Journal
Article Type
 
 
Advanced Search
 
Section
Special Issue
Volume
Issue
Number
Page
 

Recent Articles  

28 pages, 7472 KB  
Article
Face Privacy Protection Method for Autonomous Sensors Based on Hierarchical Format-Preserving Encryption
by Haojie Ji, Long Jin, Junjie Zhang, Te Hu, Chongshi Xin and Yuchi Yao
Sensors 2025, 25(23), 7369; https://doi.org/10.3390/s25237369 (registering DOI) - 3 Dec 2025
Abstract
Advanced sensors in connected automated vehicles (CAVs) increasingly collect facial biometric information for environmental perception, posing serious privacy leakage risks. However, existing privacy protection methods for automotive data primarily focus on strict security mechanisms and fail to fully balance data usability. This paper [...] Read more.
Advanced sensors in connected automated vehicles (CAVs) increasingly collect facial biometric information for environmental perception, posing serious privacy leakage risks. However, existing privacy protection methods for automotive data primarily focus on strict security mechanisms and fail to fully balance data usability. This paper presents a hierarchical format-preserving encryption (H-FPE) method for face privacy protection in autonomous sensors. The proposed method constructs a privacy-preserving framework for face detection based on YOLOv11 by employing a region-specific encryption strategy where the encryption strength is tailored to the importance of different facial regions. The encryption algorithm employs SM4-based Feistel structures with pseudo-random functions to ensure RGB value constraints while maintaining image format integrity. Experimental evaluation results in diverse scenarios demonstrate that the proposed privacy encryption method achieves superior privacy protection performance. In terms of encryption strength, the method achieves entropy efficiency exceeding 98%, with an average entropy increase of 0.77 bits, representing an improvement of approximately 9.4% over the traditional thumbnail-preserving encryption (TPE) method. Considering the usability of downstream tasks, the proposed method preserves pedestrian detection performance, with F1-scores exceeding 97% in selected scenarios, demonstrating a 0.5% difference compared to TPE while providing substantially stronger privacy protection. The H-FPE method effectively balances privacy protection and functional usability, offering a robust solution for facial data protection in autonomous sensor applications while preserving essential detection capabilities. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sensing Technology in Connected and Automated Vehicles (CAV))
►▼ Show Figures

Figure 1

21 pages, 1840 KB  
Article
The Role of Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells in the Immune Contexture of TP53-Mutated High-Grade Serous Ovarian Cancer
by Katharina Steger, Heidelinde Fiegl, Katja Rungger, Katharina Leitner, Irina Tsibulak, Barin Feroz, Christoph Ebner, Christian Marth, Hubert Hackl and Alain Gustave Zeimet
Cancers 2025, 17(23), 3877; https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers17233877 (registering DOI) - 3 Dec 2025
Abstract
Background/Objectives: This study aimed to characterize dendritic cell (DC) heterogeneity, immune associations, and prognostic relevance across three TP53-mutated tumor entities—high-grade serous ovarian cancer (HGSOC), triple-negative breast cancer, and endometrial cancer—focusing on plasmacytoid DCs (pDCs) in HGSOC. Methods: RNA-sequencing and clinical [...] Read more.
Background/Objectives: This study aimed to characterize dendritic cell (DC) heterogeneity, immune associations, and prognostic relevance across three TP53-mutated tumor entities—high-grade serous ovarian cancer (HGSOC), triple-negative breast cancer, and endometrial cancer—focusing on plasmacytoid DCs (pDCs) in HGSOC. Methods: RNA-sequencing and clinical data of 603 patients from The Cancer Genome Atlas were analyzed. DC subset abundance was assessed for cDC progenitor, conventional DC type 1 (cDC1), conventional DC type 2 (cDC2), plasmacytoid DC (pDC), and mature DC by marker gene signatures. Differences in DC scores across tumors were analyzed using Kruskal–Wallis. Survival analyses were performed using Kaplan–Meier and Cox regression. Spearman’s correlation was used to determine associations between parameters. Results: HGSOC showed the lowest pDC abundance, yet high pDC scores were independently associated with shorter PFS (HR = 1.55, 95% CI: 1.05–2.27; p = 0.027), representing the only DC-subset-related prognostic signal observed across tumor types. pDCs correlated positively with neutrophils and negatively with monocytes, and pDCs, cDC2s, and cDC progenitors correlated inversely with TMB. No consistent link was found between pDC and TP53 mutation classes. However, tumors harboring specific TP53 mutations within established hotspot regions exhibited significantly lower pDC levels (p = 0.015). Conclusions: Our findings reveal distinct DC infiltration patterns and highlight the immunological vulnerability of TP53-mutated HGSOC. pDCs appear to exert a tumor-promoting, immune-evasive role, suggesting that DC function depends on their programming and tumor context. Selective targeting of DC subsets may offer novel therapeutic opportunities in TP53-mutated, low-TMB cancers. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Cancer Immunotherapy as Part of Precision Clinical Medicine)
19 pages, 890 KB  
Article
Cydonia oblonga Mill. (Quince) Peel as a Functional Food Ingredient in Gluten-Free Sorghum Muffins: Effects on Nutritional, Technological, and Sensory Properties
by Dilek Demirbuker Kavak, Bilge Akdeniz and Betül Aslan Yılmaz
Processes 2025, 13(12), 3915; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr13123915 - 3 Dec 2025
Abstract
The technological limitations of gluten-free flours, including weak structure and low elasticity, negatively impact the sensory quality and consumer acceptance of the final product. Incorporating quince peel, a source of fiber and bioactive compounds, may enhance the nutritional and textural profile while improving [...] Read more.
The technological limitations of gluten-free flours, including weak structure and low elasticity, negatively impact the sensory quality and consumer acceptance of the final product. Incorporating quince peel, a source of fiber and bioactive compounds, may enhance the nutritional and textural profile while improving key sensory attributes such as flavor and mouthfeel. This study aimed to valorize quince peel powder (QP), a fruit-processing by-product, by incorporating it (0%, 6%, 12%, 18%) into gluten-free sorghum muffins to enhance their nutritional profile and assess its impact on their technological and sensory properties. Phenolic characterization revealed that QP was rich in phenolics (337.1 μg/g), predominantly chlorogenic acid (54.5%). The 18% QP formulation increased the dietary fiber content by 80.8% and improved antioxidant activity by 23.3% relative to the control muffins. Image processing analysis of the crumb structure showed that QP created a uniform texture while moderately reducing air cell volume. Texture profile analysis revealed that increasing QP levels resulted in higher hardness and lower springiness. Quantitative descriptive analysis combined with multivariate analysis indicated that the 6–12% QP formulations were the most acceptable in terms of key sensory attributes. These results demonstrate the successful valorization of quince peel as a functional ingredient in sorghum muffins, enhancing nutritional and textural properties while maintaining structural integrity. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Advances in Food Processing and Functional Food)
►▼ Show Figures

Graphical abstract

14 pages, 1442 KB  
Article
Starch–Citric Acid Adhesive: Preparation and Performance Study Catalyzed by p-Toluenesulfonic Acid
by Jiankun Liang, De Li, Zhongyou Luo, Yuqi Yang, Tong Meng, Chuchu Chen, Huali Li, Ningyuan Zuo, Qiuli Li, Hui Yang and Zhigang Wu
Polymers 2025, 17(23), 3224; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym17233224 - 3 Dec 2025
Abstract
This study investigates the application effects of p-toluenesulfonic acid (p-TsOH) as an efficient catalyst in the esterification reaction of starch–citric acid adhesives, aiming to successfully prepare plywood with good water resistance through lower hot-pressing temperatures. By precisely controlling the addition ratio of pTSA [...] Read more.
This study investigates the application effects of p-toluenesulfonic acid (p-TsOH) as an efficient catalyst in the esterification reaction of starch–citric acid adhesives, aiming to successfully prepare plywood with good water resistance through lower hot-pressing temperatures. By precisely controlling the addition ratio of pTSA (0–10%), the multifaceted impacts on the adhesive’s curing behavior, bonding strength, water resistance, thermal stability, and microstructure were analyzed. The results demonstrate that pTSA substantially catalyzes the esterification crosslinking reaction between starch and citric acid. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) analysis reveals a significant reduction in the reaction peak temperature from 197.7 °C to 154.3 °C, which effectively lowers the hot-pressing temperature and provides more energy-efficient processing conditions for plywood production. When pTSA addition is within the range of 6–8%, the adhesive exhibits superior bonding performance and water resistance. Moreover, thermal stability is significantly enhanced and the microstructure becomes denser, collectively improving the overall performance of the plywood. This study not only provides a solid theoretical basis for the development of high-performance, environmentally friendly, starch-based wood adhesives but also offers strong technical support for the practical application of related technologies expected to promote the green and sustainable development of the wood adhesive industry. Full article
27 pages, 1405 KB  
Article
An Exploratory Study of the Acute Effects of Football Heading on Postural Control and Corticospinal Inhibition
by Daniel J. Epifano, Jon Wheat, Ben Heller, Alan J. Pearce and Kane Middleton
Appl. Sci. 2025, 15(23), 12814; https://doi.org/10.3390/app152312814 - 3 Dec 2025
Abstract
Repetitive non-concussive head impacts (NCHIs) may contribute to long-term neurodegenerative conditions. However, objective, multimodal methods for monitoring acute changes in brain health biomarkers following NCHIs remain underdeveloped. In this exploratory study, we examined the effects of ten kicking and ten heading trials related [...] Read more.
Repetitive non-concussive head impacts (NCHIs) may contribute to long-term neurodegenerative conditions. However, objective, multimodal methods for monitoring acute changes in brain health biomarkers following NCHIs remain underdeveloped. In this exploratory study, we examined the effects of ten kicking and ten heading trials related to association football on linear and nonlinear measures of postural control and corticospinal inhibition. Postural control was assessed via force platform analysis in dual-stance and single-leg protocols, and corticospinal inhibition was measured using transcranial magnetic stimulation with electromyography. Large effects of condition were found for anteroposterior postural complexity (CI-AP), anteroposterior sway amplitude, mediolateral centre of pressure shift and cortical silent period (η2 > 0.14). Pairwise comparisons revealed large post-heading effects, particularly in CI-AP, which decreased significantly relative to baseline (dz = 0.71, p = 0.018) and showed a moderate negative effect relative to post-kicking testing (dz = 0.53, p = 0.069). These findings suggest a possible reduction in postural control adaptability following exposure to ten NCHIs, consistent with patterns observed in mild traumatic brain injury. Whilst confirmatory research with larger samples is warranted, nonlinear measures of postural control complexity demonstrate promise as a sensitive biomarker for detecting acute NCHI-related changes. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Human Performance and Health in Sport and Exercise—2nd Edition)
21 pages, 3341 KB  
Article
Facile Synthesis of Cellulose Whisker from Cotton Linter as Filler for the Polymer Electrolyte Membrane (PEM) of Fuel Cells
by Ronaldo P. Parreño, Jr., Reynaldo A. Badua, Jr., Jowin L. Rama and Apollo Victor O. Bawagan
J. Compos. Sci. 2025, 9(12), 670; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs9120670 (registering DOI) - 3 Dec 2025
Abstract
Hybrid membranes are promising alternatives for various applications, combining a continuous polymer phase with a dispersed filler phase to achieve synergistic functional benefits. The ideal fillers should possess well-defined structures and unique properties for multi-functionality, as well as being sourced from renewable, biodegradable [...] Read more.
Hybrid membranes are promising alternatives for various applications, combining a continuous polymer phase with a dispersed filler phase to achieve synergistic functional benefits. The ideal fillers should possess well-defined structures and unique properties for multi-functionality, as well as being sourced from renewable, biodegradable materials for sustainability purposes. This study explored the potential of using cellulose-based renewable materials as fillers for hybrid polymer electrolyte membranes (PEMs) in fuel cells. Cellulose whiskers (CWs), known for their high crystallinity and elastic modulus, were effectively synthesized via optimized sequential alkali treatment and acid hydrolysis. Subsequent functionalization with citric acid was performed to enhance their reinforcing properties and overall performance. Initial characterization using ATR-FTIR and XRD confirmed the CWs’ structural composition, high crystallinity, and the presence of reactive groups (sulfate and hydroxyl). The functionalization process introduced new carbonyl groups (C=O), which was verified by ATR-FTIR, while maintaining high hydrophilicity. Morphological analysis revealed that the crosslinked CWs created a denser and more compact microstructure within the membrane, leading to a significant enhancement in mechanical strength. The modifications to the cellulose whiskers not only improved structural integrity but also boosted the membrane’s ion exchange capacity (IEC) and proton conductivity compared to membranes with unmodified CWs. Initial experiments demonstrated CWs’ compatibility as a filler in a polysulfone (PSU) matrix, forming hybrid membranes suitable for fuel cell applications. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Polymer Composites)
►▼ Show Figures

Graphical abstract

24 pages, 6385 KB  
Article
Senotherapeutic Potential of Araliadiol in Senescent Human Dermal Fibroblasts: An In Vitro Study Using Three Senescence Models
by Seokmuk Park, Seyeol Baek, Hee-Jae Shin, Jeong Yi Hwang, Dae Sung Yoo, Dae Bang Seo and Seunghee Bae
Pharmaceutics 2025, 17(12), 1560; https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics17121560 - 3 Dec 2025
Abstract
Background/Objectives: With the rapid aging of the global population, the interest in therapies for age-related diseases has increased substantially. The skin is particularly important, as aging-related changes are visible and negatively impact quality of life. Therefore, the identification of senotherapeutic candidates that [...] Read more.
Background/Objectives: With the rapid aging of the global population, the interest in therapies for age-related diseases has increased substantially. The skin is particularly important, as aging-related changes are visible and negatively impact quality of life. Therefore, the identification of senotherapeutic candidates that are effective against skin aging is of considerable importance. Given the cost and reproducibility limitations of existing senescence models, this study established three dermal fibroblast senescence models induced by etoposide, hydrogen peroxide, and ultraviolet A, representing intrinsic and extrinsic aging. Furthermore, considering the adverse effects of current photoaging treatments, such as tretinoin and methoxsalen, we investigated the senotherapeutic potential of araliadiol, a plant-derived compound, in these models. Methods: Senescence induction and validation were assessed using trypan blue-based cell counting, senescence-associated β-galactosidase (SA-β-gal) staining, and adenosine triphosphate content assays. The senotherapeutic potential of araliadiol was further evaluated using quantitative reverse transcriptase–polymerase chain reaction, Western blotting, immunofluorescence staining, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Results: Compared with non-senescent fibroblasts, senescent cells exhibited increased SA-β-gal positivity, elevated intracellular reactive oxygen species levels, and upregulated p16 and p21 expression. The senolytic agent ABT-737 selectively induced apoptosis in senescent fibroblasts but not in non-senescent fibroblasts, validating the models. Araliadiol showed no senolytic activity but demonstrated potential senomorphic effects, including reduced expression of senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP) genes (IL1β, IL6, IL8, CCL2, and CXCL1) and NF-κB p65 phosphorylation, suppression of MMP-1 (up to 2.35-fold reduction) and MMP-3 (up to 30.53-fold reduction) expression and AP-1 activation, and increased extracellular procollagen type I content (up to 18.35% increase). Conclusions: Araliadiol exerted senomorphic—but not senolytic—effects across three validated dermal fibroblast senescence models, supporting its potential as a natural topical therapeutic agent for mitigating skin aging. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bioactive Phytochemicals from Medicinal Plants: Formulation and Therapeutic Potential)
►▼ Show Figures

Graphical abstract

54 pages, 2635 KB  
Review
Traditional Uses, Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, and Toxicology of Belamcanda chinensis: A Review
by Tieqiang Zong, Mingxia Li, Zhengyu Hu, Long Jin, Yanan Liu, Yuanqi Duan, Jinfeng Sun, Wei Zhou and Gao Li
Plants 2025, 14(23), 3688; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14233688 - 3 Dec 2025
Abstract
The Belamcanda chinensis (L.) Redouté is a perennial herb belong to the genus Belamcanda, primarily found in China, but with additional distribution in North Korea, South Korea, Japan, and India. The rhizomes of B. chinensis have a long history of use as [...] Read more.
The Belamcanda chinensis (L.) Redouté is a perennial herb belong to the genus Belamcanda, primarily found in China, but with additional distribution in North Korea, South Korea, Japan, and India. The rhizomes of B. chinensis have a long history of use as a traditional herbal medicine in China, one that is recognized for its effects in clearing heat, in detoxifying and eliminating phlegm, and in soothing the throat. In this review, we conducted a comprehensive search across several databases, both Chinese and international, using the primary keyword Belamcanda chinensis paired with a relevant research area (e.g., chemical composition, pharmacology). The databases included Sci-Finder, ScienceDirect, PubMed, China National Knowledge Infrastructure, Wiley, Springer Baidu Scholar and Research Gate, as well as domestic materia medica. We illustrated the chemical structures using ChemBioDraw Ultra 22.0 software. There are more than 10 proprietary Chinese medicines already on the market that consist of or originate from B. chinensis. More than 200 natural products have been isolated and identified from B. chinensis, including iridal-type triterpenoids, flavonoids, phenolics, quinones, sesquiterpenes, and polysaccharides. Modern pharmacological studies indicate that both crude extracts and monomeric compounds exhibit anti-inflammatory, anti-tumor, antioxidant, neuroprotective and anti-diabetic activities, with potential regulatory pathways. Additionally, B. chinensis demonstrates toxicity to fish, mollusks and arthropods. Clinical studies have shown that formulas containing B. chinensis as the main ingredient have a good therapeutic effect on respiratory diseases. In summary, B. chinensis presents promising prospects for application in medicine, functional food, cosmetics and agriculture. Therefore, we have reviewed the chemical composition, pharmacological activities (both in vivo and in vitro), structure–activity relationships, toxicity and clinical application of B. chinensis over the past 40 years, aiming to provide a theoretical basis for the subsequent comprehensive utilization of the plants. Full article
15 pages, 915 KB  
Article
Relationship Between Nutritional Status and Systemic Immune–Inflammation Indices Across BMI Categories
by Hafize Uzun, Aysen Kutan Fenercioglu, Abdulhalim Senyigit and Gunay Can
Nutrients 2025, 17(23), 3799; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17233799 - 3 Dec 2025
Abstract
Background: This study aimed to determine the relationship between nutritional status and systemic inflammation using four validated nutrition indices—Hemoglobin, Albumin, Lymphocyte, and Platelet (HALP) score, Prognostic Nutritional Index (PNI), Controlling Nutritional Status (CONUT) score, and Nutritional Risk Index (NRI)—and three immune–inflammation biomarkers—Systemic Immune–Inflammation [...] Read more.
Background: This study aimed to determine the relationship between nutritional status and systemic inflammation using four validated nutrition indices—Hemoglobin, Albumin, Lymphocyte, and Platelet (HALP) score, Prognostic Nutritional Index (PNI), Controlling Nutritional Status (CONUT) score, and Nutritional Risk Index (NRI)—and three immune–inflammation biomarkers—Systemic Immune–Inflammation Index (SII), neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), and platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio (PLR)—in healthy adults with varying body mass index (BMI) levels. Methods: This retrospective study included 290 clinically healthy adults aged 18–60 years, categorized by BMI. Individuals with chronic diseases, medication use, or morbid obesity (BMI ≥ 40 kg/m2) were excluded. Nutrition scores (HALP, PNI, NRI, CONUT) and systemic immune–inflammation indices (SII, NLR, PLR) were calculated from laboratory data. For the comparisons of SII, PLR, NLR, PNI, HALP, NRI, and CONUT values between groups, age was adjusted for, and an ANCOVA test was performed. Results: Among the systemic immune–inflammation indices, SII and NLR were significantly higher in both the overweight and obesity groups. The CONUT score, a negative indicator of nutritional status, demonstrated positive correlations with SII, NLR, and PLR in the overweight group, and with PLR in the obesity group. Although PNI showed significant inverse correlations with SII, PLR, and NLR in both groups, the mean PNI values remained above 50, indicating overall normal nutritional status in the study population. HALP was inversely correlated with SII, PLR, and NLR in both groups. Conclusions: The HALP score appears to be the most reliable marker, as it reflects the inverse relationship between nutritional status and systemic immune–inflammation indices. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Hot Topics in Nutrition and Obesity)
►▼ Show Figures

Figure 1

16 pages, 2327 KB  
Article
Development of a Prototype Hybrid Mixed Reality and Haptic Task Trainer for Temporomandibular Joint Dislocation
by Nathan Lucien Vieira, Wei Ming Ng, Soyoung Lim, Jinsoo Rhu, Jaemyung Ahn, Jong Chul Kim, Meong Hi Son and Won Chul Cha
Appl. Sci. 2025, 15(23), 12816; https://doi.org/10.3390/app152312816 - 3 Dec 2025
Abstract
This study introduces a novel mixed reality (MR) TMJ dislocation teaching program developed using HoloLens 2 and collaboration with interdisciplinary teams. The program offers an immersive learning experience, enabling individuals to visualize and interact with detailed 3D temporomandibular joint (TMJ) models and practice [...] Read more.
This study introduces a novel mixed reality (MR) TMJ dislocation teaching program developed using HoloLens 2 and collaboration with interdisciplinary teams. The program offers an immersive learning experience, enabling individuals to visualize and interact with detailed 3D temporomandibular joint (TMJ) models and practice different reduction techniques repeatedly. Real-time feedback, combining the visual holographic overlay with mechanical resistance in the physical model, supports the learning process. The 3D-printed skull model provided haptic feedback, strengthened the positive response given by the MR model, and reinforced muscle memory. Despite some challenges related to the learning curve and cost, the program shows promise for practicing uncommon, high-anxiety clinical procedures in medical education. Future research directions include comparisons with traditional teaching methods, evaluating long-term skill retention, and exploring MR applications in other clinical procedures. Overall, this project demonstrates the potential of MR technology to advance medical education and skill acquisition. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Applied Biosciences and Bioengineering)
26 pages, 1982 KB  
Article
Cultivar-Specific Responses of Camelina (Camelina sativa (L.) Crantz) Sprouts and Microgreens to UV-B Radiation: Effects on Germination, Growth, Biochemical Traits, and Stress-Related Parameters
by Marco Santin, Clarissa Clemente, Giampiero Vinci, Incoronata Galasso, Ida Melania Brambilla, Luciana Gabriella Angelini, Annamaria Ranieri, Antonella Castagna and Silvia Tavarini
Horticulturae 2025, 11(12), 1464; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae11121464 - 3 Dec 2025
Abstract
In recent years, sprouts and microgreens from Brassicaceae species have been increasingly recognized for their nutritional value and bioactive compounds. Camelina sativa (L.) Crantz has emerged as a promising candidate for functional food production due to its exceptional chemical composition. This study evaluated [...] Read more.
In recent years, sprouts and microgreens from Brassicaceae species have been increasingly recognized for their nutritional value and bioactive compounds. Camelina sativa (L.) Crantz has emerged as a promising candidate for functional food production due to its exceptional chemical composition. This study evaluated the effects of pre-harvest UV-B radiation on the growth, biochemical traits, and stress-related responses in sprouts and microgreens from three camelina cultivars (‘Alan’, ‘Calena’, and ‘Pearl’). UV-B exposure moderately reduced germination, growth and productivity, but it strongly enhanced the phenolics, flavonoids and antioxidant capacity in sprouts. These increases in protective secondary metabolites reflect metabolic reprogramming triggered by such treatment. UV-B exposure in fact determined a reallocation of metabolic resources from primary growth toward accumulation of defensive compounds, including increased proline accumulation and enhanced non-enzymatic antioxidant systems. This adaptive response was effective in managing UV-B-induced oxidative stress in the next growth stage, as demonstrated by the reduced lipid peroxidation markers in microgreens. In microgreens, UV-B similarly stimulated secondary metabolite accumulation while reducing biomass productivity, with antioxidant systems effectively managing oxidative stress over the extended 14-day growth period. The cultivar-specific responses revealed genetic variation in stress responsiveness, with ‘Pearl’ showing slight superior secondary metabolite accumulation. Overall, controlled UV-B irradiation enhances health-promoting compounds through metabolic reallocation toward protective compound accumulation, demonstrating its potential as an eco-friendly strategy to improve the functional quality of camelina sprouts and microgreens. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Production and Cultivation of Microgreens)
►▼ Show Figures

Figure 1

14 pages, 871 KB  
Article
Predicting Shunt-Dependency After Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage: A Multicenter Validation Study
by Maryam Said, Christoph Wipplinger, Andrea Cattaneo, Tamara M. Wipplinger, Ekkehard Kunze, Patrick Dömer, Simeon Helgers, Ramazan Jabbarli and Johannes Woitzik
J. Clin. Med. 2025, 14(23), 8585; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm14238585 (registering DOI) - 3 Dec 2025
Abstract
Background: The clinical utility of risk scores predicting shunt dependency after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (aSAH) remains limited due to scarce validation data. This multicenter pooled analysis aimed to assess the predictive accuracy of existing post-aSAH shunt risk scores. Methods: Consecutive aSAH [...] Read more.
Background: The clinical utility of risk scores predicting shunt dependency after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (aSAH) remains limited due to scarce validation data. This multicenter pooled analysis aimed to assess the predictive accuracy of existing post-aSAH shunt risk scores. Methods: Consecutive aSAH cases treated at two German university hospitals from January 2010 to July 2023 were pooled into a validation cohort. Total scores for the CHESS, CHESS-Huckman, and SDASH risk models were calculated, and their diagnostic performance was compared using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis. Results: A total of 813 patients were included, of whom 215 (26.4%) required ventriculoperitoneal shunt placement within a median time of 29 days post-aSAH. All three risk scores were significantly associated with shunt dependency. ROC analysis showed that the CHESS-Huckman score had the highest predictive accuracy (AUC: 0.792, 95% CI: 0.761–0.824), followed by the SDASH (AUC: 0.782, 95% CI: 0.750–0.814) and CHESS (AUC: 0.780, 95% CI: 0.748–0.812) scores. Pairwise comparisons of AUCs were not statistically significant. All three scores showed good overall calibration, with CHESS–Huckman performing best, as confirmed by calibration intercepts and slopes, Brier scores, and decile-based analysis. Higher CHESS–Huckman scores correlated with earlier shunt placement, whereas delayed shunting (>30 days after aSAH) was most common in patients with moderate CHESS–Huckman scores (7–8 points), occurring in 47.4% of cases compared to 41.4% and 33.3% in patients scoring 0–6 and 9–10 points, respectively. Conclusions: This multicenter analysis validated existing risk scores for predicting shunt dependency after aSAH, with the CHESS–Huckman score demonstrating the nominally highest diagnostic accuracy. Integrating these risk scores into clinical practice could enhance early identification of patients requiring shunting, potentially reducing external ventricular drain weaning time, shortening hospital stays, and lowering the risk of cerebrospinal fluid infections. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Brain Injury)
►▼ Show Figures

Figure 1

21 pages, 958 KB  
Article
Music Festivals as Social Venues: Method Triangulation for Approaching the Impact of Self-Organised Rural Cultural Events
by Milena Kriegsmann-Rabe, Cathleen Müller and Ellen Junger
Arts 2025, 14(6), 164; https://doi.org/10.3390/arts14060164 - 3 Dec 2025
Abstract
The SIKUL research project examines the case of a self-organised music festival, which is understood as a social innovation in the field of arts and culture, in order to answer the following question: What effects do social innovations in arts and culture have [...] Read more.
The SIKUL research project examines the case of a self-organised music festival, which is understood as a social innovation in the field of arts and culture, in order to answer the following question: What effects do social innovations in arts and culture have on the members of the public involved in rural areas? How do they impact the region? To this end, a triangulation of methods has been used in conjunction with seven expert interviews that were analysed using focused interview analysis as well as a multimodal image analysis of the festival’s social media presence supplemented by a descriptive study of the festival’s cooperation, pictured on social media. The festival is a free space for the organisers. It promotes self-expression and learning. For decades and across several generations, a community of care has existed that extends beyond the festival experience into everyday life. Thus, the festival is a self-organised social space. Involvement in the festival allows participants to express and mutually reinforce their connection to the region. The festival primarily cooperates with regional stakeholders within a 10-km radius and is thus a creative driver in the region. Social innovations in arts and culture play a significant role in local cohesion and identity-building in rural regions. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Art and Visual Culture—Social, Cultural and Environmental Impacts)
►▼ Show Figures

Figure 1

20 pages, 1264 KB  
Article
Impact of Climate Change on the Presence of Ochratoxin A in Red and White Greek Commercial Wines
by Dimitrios Evangelos Miliordos, Lamprini Roussi, Stamatina Kallithraka, Efstathios Z. Panagou and Pantelis I. Natskoulis
Foods 2025, 14(23), 4157; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods14234157 - 3 Dec 2025
Abstract
Wine samples (72) of different types (white, rose and red), dry, originating from different regions of Greece (Northern Greece, Central Greece, Peloponnese, Aegean Islands, and Crete), were analyzed for Ochratoxin A (OTA) presence. Wine samples, originating from Greek (Assyrtiko and Xinomavro) and international [...] Read more.
Wine samples (72) of different types (white, rose and red), dry, originating from different regions of Greece (Northern Greece, Central Greece, Peloponnese, Aegean Islands, and Crete), were analyzed for Ochratoxin A (OTA) presence. Wine samples, originating from Greek (Assyrtiko and Xinomavro) and international (Syrah and Sauvignon blanc) noble grapevine varieties vintaged from 2020 to 2023, were analyzed using a modified QuEChERS extraction protocol followed by HPLC with a fluorescence detector to detect and quantify OTA. Moreover, conventional oenological parameters were measured according to OIV official methods, and climatic conditions of the regions of concern were retrieved. Interestingly, in general, OTA contaminated wines showed low concentrations (<2.0 μg/L). The highest concentrations of OTA were detected in Sauvignon blanc (7.5 μg/L) regarding the white wines and Xinomavro (2.07 μg/L) regarding the red ones. In addition, the highest OTA concentrations were recorded in wines produced in areas either with high mean annual temperatures, like Viotia (24.16 °C) for white and Larissa (23.9 °C) for red wines, or with high rainfall between May and September (Larissa 69.76 mm) for white wines. Consequently, it was observed that concentrations of OTA in wine are relatively higher in the warmer regions of Greece compared to the cooler areas. The effect of climate change on vines and mycotoxin presence in wine needs urgent consideration by well-constructed modelling studies and efficient interpretation of existing data. The evaluation of OTA presence in grape products originating from various cultivars and regions is imperative not only for providing crucial data to predict its fate under climate change, but also to ascertain the potential risk of human exposure to this chemical compound. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Risk Assessment of Emerging Foodborne Microbial Hazards and Contaminants)
►▼ Show Figures

Figure 1

23 pages, 5900 KB  
Article
A Transformer-Based Low-Light Enhancement Algorithm for Rock Bolt Detection in Low-Light Underground Mine Environments
by Wenzhen Yan, Fuming Qu, Yingzhen Wang, Jiajun Xu, Jiapan Li and Lingyu Zhao
Processes 2025, 13(12), 3914; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr13123914 - 3 Dec 2025
Abstract
Underground roadway support is a critical component for ensuring safety in mining operations. In recent years, with the rapid advancement of intelligent technologies, computer vision-based automatic rock bolt detection methods have emerged as a promising alternative to traditional manual inspection. However, the underground [...] Read more.
Underground roadway support is a critical component for ensuring safety in mining operations. In recent years, with the rapid advancement of intelligent technologies, computer vision-based automatic rock bolt detection methods have emerged as a promising alternative to traditional manual inspection. However, the underground mining environment inherently suffers from severely insufficient lighting. Images captured on-site often exhibit problems such as low overall brightness, blurred local details, and severe color distortion. To address the problem, this study proposed a novel low-light image enhancement algorithm, PromptHDR. Based on Transformer architecture, the algorithm effectively suppresses color distortion caused by non-uniform illumination through a Lighting Extraction Module, while simultaneously introducing a Prompt block incorporating a Mamba mechanism to enhance the model’s contextual understanding of the roadway scene and its ability to preserve rock bolt details. Quantitative results demonstrate that the PromptHDR algorithm achieves Peak Signal-to-Noise Ratio (PSNR) and Structural Similarity (SSIM) index scores of 24.19 dB and 0.839, respectively. Furthermore, the enhanced images exhibit more natural visual appearance, adequate brightness recovery, and well-preserved detailed information, establishing a reliable visual foundation for the accurate identification of rock bolts. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable and Advanced Technologies for Mining Engineering)
►▼ Show Figures

Figure 1

26 pages, 6495 KB  
Article
Shaping Multi-Dimensional Traffic Features for Covert Communication in QUIC Streaming
by Dongfang Zhang, Dongxu Liu, Jianan Huang, Lei Guan and Xiaotian Yin
Mathematics 2025, 13(23), 3879; https://doi.org/10.3390/math13233879 - 3 Dec 2025
Abstract
Network covert channels embed secret data into legitimate traffic, but existing methods struggle to balance undetectability, robustness, and throughput. Application-independent channels at lower protocol layers are easily normalized or disrupted by network noise, while application-dependent streaming schemes rely on handcrafted traffic manipulations that [...] Read more.
Network covert channels embed secret data into legitimate traffic, but existing methods struggle to balance undetectability, robustness, and throughput. Application-independent channels at lower protocol layers are easily normalized or disrupted by network noise, while application-dependent streaming schemes rely on handcrafted traffic manipulations that fail to preserve the spatio-temporal dynamics of real encrypted flows and thus remain detectable by modern machine learning (ML)-based classifiers. Meanwhile, with the rapid adoption of HTTP/3, Quick UDP Internet Connections (QUIC) has become the dominant transport for streaming services, offering stable long-lived flows with rich spatio-temporal structure that create new opportunities for constructing resilient covert channels. In this paper, a QUIC streaming-based Covert Channel framework, QuicCC-SMD, is proposed that dynamically Shapes Multi-Dimensional traffic features to identify and exploit redundancy spaces for secret data embedding. QuicCC-SMD models the statistical and temporal dependencies of QUIC flows via Markov chain-based state representations and employs convex optimization to derive an optimal deformation matrix that maps source traffic to legitimate target distributions. Guided by this matrix, a packet-level modulation performs through packet padding, insertion, and delay operations under a periodic online optimization strategy. Evaluations on a real-world HTTP/3 over QUIC (HTTP/3-QUIC) dataset containing 18,000 samples across four video resolutions demonstrate that QuicCC-SMD achieves an average F1 score of 56% at a 1.5% embedding rate, improving detection resistance by at least 7% compared with three representative baselines. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mathematical and Artificial Intelligence Applications in Network Information Security and Network Traffic Processing)
►▼ Show Figures

Figure 1

15 pages, 2027 KB  
Article
The Influence of Chemical Structure on the Electronic Structure of Propylene Oxide
by David G. Matalon, Kate L. Nixon and Darryl B. Jones
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025, 26(23), 11729; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms262311729 - 3 Dec 2025
Abstract
Propylene oxide is the first and only chiral molecule to have been observed in the interstellar medium. Given the mechanisms for forming chiral species, which are important for astrobiology in understanding the origins of life, we report here an experimental and theoretical investigation [...] Read more.
Propylene oxide is the first and only chiral molecule to have been observed in the interstellar medium. Given the mechanisms for forming chiral species, which are important for astrobiology in understanding the origins of life, we report here an experimental and theoretical investigation into the electronic structure of propylene oxide and its evolution from the methylation and epoxidation of ethene. Here, electron momentum spectroscopy is used as an orbital-imaging technique to probe experimental orbital momentum distributions. These are directly compared with theoretical orbital momentum distributions calculated at the equilibrium geometry, and those calculated by considering the vibrational motion of the propylene oxide target. This allows us to identify which molecular orbitals are sensitive to specific vibrational normal modes, thereby facilitating understanding and controlling chemical reactivity. By extending our investigation to include intermediate species along the evolution of ethene through methylation and epoxidation, we can develop an understanding of how the orbital electronic structure evolves through this series of important chemicals. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Physical Chemistry and Chemical Physics)
►▼ Show Figures

Figure 1

32 pages, 5154 KB  
Article
Optimizing Urban Land-Use Through Deep Reinforcement Learning: A Case Study in Hangzhou for Reducing Carbon Emissions
by Jie Shen, Fanghao Zheng, Tianyi Chen, Wu Deng, Anthony Bellotti, Fiseha Berhanu Tesema and Elena Lucchi
Land 2025, 14(12), 2368; https://doi.org/10.3390/land14122368 - 3 Dec 2025
Abstract
Urban land-use optimization plays a vital role in mitigating the escalating carbon emissions of rapidly growing cities. This study employs advanced computational intelligence to address urban carbon reduction through optimized spatial configurations. A Deep Reinforcement Learning (DRL) framework is proposed that integrates Points [...] Read more.
Urban land-use optimization plays a vital role in mitigating the escalating carbon emissions of rapidly growing cities. This study employs advanced computational intelligence to address urban carbon reduction through optimized spatial configurations. A Deep Reinforcement Learning (DRL) framework is proposed that integrates Points of Interest (POI), Areas of Interest (AOI), and Transportation System Data (TSD) to generate fine-grained carbon emission maps guiding land-use adjustments. In the case study of Hangzhou, China, results show that a carefully designed reward function enables the DRL agent to selectively optimize land-use structures, prioritizing the centralization of residential, dining, and commercial areas to form high-density, mixed-use urban clusters. This spatial reorganization leads to notable reductions in carbon emissions and improvements in resource-use efficiency. The proposed DRL-based framework provides a scientific basis for policy development toward sustainable land-use and urban density optimization. By merging advanced AI techniques with urban planning, this research contributes to the creation of low-carbon, resilient, and environmentally sustainable cities capable of addressing global climate challenges. The optimized DRL agent achieved carbon emission reductions of up to 15% compared to baseline configurations in the Hangzhou case study. Spatial concentration analysis revealed a 23% increase in residential area clustering and 31% increase in commercial zone centralization over 400 training episodes. The PPO-based model demonstrated superior performance compared to genetic algorithm and linear regression baselines, with lower policy loss (converging to <0.01) and critic loss (converging to <0.005) after early stopping at 400 episodes. However, this study is limited by its deterministic environment model, geographic specificity to Hangzhou, and exclusive focus on carbon reduction without incorporating socioeconomic constraints. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Energy and Landscape: Consensus, Uncertainties and Challenges)
15 pages, 380 KB  
Article
Determining the Use and Reasons for Non-De-Escalation of Empiric Carbapenem Therapy in a Private Hospital in South Africa
by Petro de Klerk, Lindi A. Zikalala-Mabope and Phumzile P. Skosana
Antibiotics 2025, 14(12), 1220; https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics14121220 - 3 Dec 2025
Abstract
Background: Due to the rising incidence of ESBL infections, the use of carbapenems has increased over recent decades. Carbapenems are part of the group of last-resort antimicrobials and are used widely as empirical therapy, which is contributing to the growing rate of antimicrobial [...] Read more.
Background: Due to the rising incidence of ESBL infections, the use of carbapenems has increased over recent decades. Carbapenems are part of the group of last-resort antimicrobials and are used widely as empirical therapy, which is contributing to the growing rate of antimicrobial resistance (AMR). De-escalation has been proven to be a successful tool in antimicrobial stewardship programmes (ASPs) in minimising the occurrence of AMR and decreasing the use of antimicrobials. The purpose of the study was to find the reasons why prescribers do not de-escalate from empiric carbapenem therapy. Methods: This retrospective quantitative study was conducted in a private hospital in South Africa. The infection markers and cultures of these patients were considered. Results: De-escalation was practiced in 17% of the patients. Empiric carbapenem therapy was started in 11.2% of patients and the most prescribed carbapenem was ertapenem (62.4%). Cultures were available in 71.1% of the study population. De-escalation was not performed in 83% of patients, mostly since their infection markers decreased with carbapenem therapy (45.9%) or because of culture unavailability (28.9%). Conclusion: The study came to the conclusion that prescribers do not want to de-escalate once their patients are improving on current treatment or if there are no cultures available. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antibiotic Surveillance and Rational Use in Special Populations: Enhancing Stewardship for Vulnerable Groups)
19 pages, 796 KB  
Article
Application of Spruce Bark Biochar Minimizes Nitrogen and Carbon Leaching from an Eastern Newfoundland Podzolic Soil
by Riad O. Eissa, Lordwin Jeyakumar, David B. McKenzie and Jianghua Wu
Plants 2025, 14(23), 3687; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14233687 - 3 Dec 2025
Abstract
Biochar has broad applications in agriculture, where its incorporation into soils is recognized as an effective strategy for improving soil quality, enhancing remediation, sequestering carbon, and mitigating climate change. Although the application of nitrogen fertilizers can enhance nitrogen leaching, integrating biochar may improve [...] Read more.
Biochar has broad applications in agriculture, where its incorporation into soils is recognized as an effective strategy for improving soil quality, enhancing remediation, sequestering carbon, and mitigating climate change. Although the application of nitrogen fertilizers can enhance nitrogen leaching, integrating biochar may improve nutrient retention and reduce associated losses. However, the effects of biochar on nitrogen and carbon leaching in specific soil types remain unclear. This study investigated the impact of spruce bark biochar (SB550) on the leaching of total nitrogen (TN), nitrate (NO3−), ammonium (NH4+), and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) in agricultural soils of eastern Newfoundland. A greenhouse experiment was conducted with Festulolium forage grown in a soil–biochar mixture at five biochar rates (0, 2, 5, 8, and 10% v/v), with and without nitrogen fertilizer (0 and 60 kg N ha−1). The results showed that SB550 biochar significantly reduced nutrient and carbon losses (p < 0.001). At the 10% biochar rate, leaching of NO3−, NH4+, TN, and DOC decreased by 48.6%, 80.4%, 60.0%, and 74.3%, respectively, compared with the control. These findings confirm that the addition of biochar is an effective amendment for minimizing nitrogen and DOC leaching, offering a promising strategy for sustainable nutrient management and environmental protection in this soil type. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biochar–Soil–Plant Interactions)
6 pages, 261 KB  
Editorial
New Insights into Earthen Site Conservation: Methods, Techniques, Management, and Key Case Studies
by Yile Chen and Liang Zheng
Coatings 2025, 15(12), 1419; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings15121419 - 3 Dec 2025
Abstract
Earthen sites are ancient remains constructed using soil as the core building material [...] Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Insights into Earthen Site Conservation: Methods, Techniques, Management, and Key Case Studies)
19 pages, 503 KB  
Article
Metaheuristic Approaches to Enhance Voice-Based Gender Identification Using Machine Learning Methods
by Şahin Yıldırım and Mehmet Safa Bingöl
Appl. Sci. 2025, 15(23), 12815; https://doi.org/10.3390/app152312815 - 3 Dec 2025
Abstract
Nowadays, classification of a person’s gender by analyzing characteristics of their voice is generally called voice-based identification. This paper presents an investigation on systematic research of metaheuristic optimization algorithms regarding machine learning methods to predict voice-based gender identification performance. Furthermore, four types of [...] Read more.
Nowadays, classification of a person’s gender by analyzing characteristics of their voice is generally called voice-based identification. This paper presents an investigation on systematic research of metaheuristic optimization algorithms regarding machine learning methods to predict voice-based gender identification performance. Furthermore, four types of machine learning methods—Support Vector Machine (SVM), Random Forest (RF), K-Nearest Neighbor (KNN), and Artificial Neural Network (ANN)—are employed to predict voice-based gender identification. On the other hand, initially, the dataset is preprocessed using raw data and normalized with z-score and min–max normalization methods. Second, six different hyperparameter optimization approaches, including four metaheuristic optimization algorithms (Artificial Bee Colony (ABC), Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO), Grey Wolf Optimizer (GWO), and Artificial Fish Swarm Algorithm (AFSA)), along with random search and Tree-structured Parzen Estimator (TPE), are used to optimize the hyperparameters of the machine learning methods. A rigorous 5 × 10-fold cross-validation strategy is implemented to ensure robust model evaluation and minimize overfitting. A comprehensive evaluation was conducted using 72 different model combinations, assessed through accuracy, precision, recall, and F1-score metrics. The statistical significance of performance differences among models was assessed through a paired t-test and ANOVA for multiple group comparisons. In addition, external validation was performed by introducing noise into the dataset to assess model robustness under real-world noisy conditions. The results proved that metaheuristic optimization significantly outperforms traditional manual hyperparameter tuning approaches. Therefore, the optimal model, combining min–max normalization with RF optimized via the PSO algorithm, achieved an accuracy of 98.68% and an F1-score of 0.9869, representing competitive performance relative to the existing literature. This study demonstrated valuable insights into metaheuristic optimization for voice-based gender identification and presented a deployable model for forensic science, biometric security, and human–computer interaction. The results revealed that metaheuristic optimization algorithms demonstrated superior performance compared to traditional hyperparameter tuning methods and significantly improved the accuracy of voice-based gender identification systems. Full article
20 pages, 3023 KB  
Article
Efficient and Interpretable ECG Abnormality Detection via a Lightweight DSCR-BiGRU-Attention Network with Demographic Fusion
by Kan Luo, Longying Huang, Haixin He, Yu Chen, Lu You, Siluo Chen, Jian Chen and Chengyu Liu
Mathematics 2025, 13(23), 3882; https://doi.org/10.3390/math13233882 - 3 Dec 2025
Abstract
Deep learning has advanced automated electrocardiogram (ECG) interpretation, yet many models are computationally expensive, opaque, and overlook demographic factors. We propose DBA-ASFNet, a lightweight network that combines depthwise-separable convolutional residual blocks with a BiGRU and an attention mechanism to extract rich spatiotemporal features [...] Read more.
Deep learning has advanced automated electrocardiogram (ECG) interpretation, yet many models are computationally expensive, opaque, and overlook demographic factors. We propose DBA-ASFNet, a lightweight network that combines depthwise-separable convolutional residual blocks with a BiGRU and an attention mechanism to extract rich spatiotemporal features from 12-lead ECGs while maintaining low computational requirements. The Age-and-Sex Fusion (ASF) module integrates demographic information without enlarging the model, enabling personalized predictions. On the PTB-XL and CPSC2018 datasets, DBA-ASFNet achieves competitive multi-label performance with only ~0.03 million parameters and ~6.43 MFLOPs per inference. Real-time testing on a Raspberry Pi 5 achieved an average inference latency of ~2 ms, supporting deployment on resource-limited devices. Shapley additive explanations (SHAP) analysis shows that the model focuses on clinically meaningful ECG patterns and appropriately incorporates demographic factors, enhancing transparency. These results suggest that DBA-ASFNet is suited for accurate, efficient, and interpretable ECG analysis. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Artificial Intelligence Models and Its Applications, 2nd Edition)
17 pages, 302 KB  
Review
Adapted Exercise and Adapted Sport as Rights of Health Citizenship in Italy: A Legal–Policy Rationale and Framework for Inclusion in the Livelli Essenziali di Assistenza (LEA) and the Role of the Chinesiologo
by Gianpiero Greco and Francesco Fischetti
Societies 2025, 15(12), 339; https://doi.org/10.3390/soc15120339 - 3 Dec 2025
Abstract
Background: Adapted exercise and adapted sport are proven, low-cost interventions for chronic disease prevention, management, and social inclusion. However, in Italy, neither is explicitly included in the Livelli Essenziali di Assistenza (LEA; nationally guaranteed essential healthcare services), creating unequal access, fragmented governance, and [...] Read more.
Background: Adapted exercise and adapted sport are proven, low-cost interventions for chronic disease prevention, management, and social inclusion. However, in Italy, neither is explicitly included in the Livelli Essenziali di Assistenza (LEA; nationally guaranteed essential healthcare services), creating unequal access, fragmented governance, and unstable funding. Provision remains largely dependent on regional schemes such as Palestre della Salute and Attività Fisica Adattata (AFA). Methods: We conducted a narrative review integrating evidence from international guidelines, systematic reviews, and key Italian legislative reforms (Legislative Decrees n. 36/2021, 163/2022, 120/2023). We also examined policy frameworks from Germany, Sweden, and Norway to identify transferable components that could support the development of a nationally guaranteed, rights-based system for adapted exercise and adapted sport. Results: Consistent evidence shows that adapted exercise improves functional capacity, quality of life, and clinical outcomes while reducing hospitalizations and healthcare expenditures. Adapted sport further enhances psychosocial well-being, inclusion, and participation among people with disabilities. Based on this evidence, we outline a legal-policy framework for LEA integration that places the chinesiologo at the center of multidisciplinary health teams, defines national standards for assessment, individualized programming, and monitoring, and introduces accreditation mechanisms for facilities and professionals. A blended financing approach is proposed, combining National Health Service (SSN) coverage with income-adjusted co-payments and targeted public–private partnerships. Conclusions: Explicit LEA inclusion of adapted exercise and adapted sport would translate scientific evidence into enforceable rights of health citizenship and ensure uniform national provision, in line with constitutional principles affirmed by the Italian Court. Such reform would strengthen prevention and chronic-disease management and institutionalize the role of the chinesiologo within the SSN through nationally standardized yet regionally adaptable delivery models. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Interdisciplinary Social Research in Economics, Environment, Education, and Philosophy)
20 pages, 2178 KB  
Article
Layout Design of the Propulsion Shafting System for a Ship with Multiple Strut Bearings
by Jimin Lee and Yanggon Kim
J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2025, 13(12), 2301; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse13122301 - 3 Dec 2025
Abstract
This study presents an optimal bearing arrangement for the propulsion shafting system of ships equipped with multiple strut bearings, ensuring both structural stability and cost-effectiveness under shallow-draft conditions where the propeller must remain fully submerged. To this end, the shafting flexibility, alignment characteristics, [...] Read more.
This study presents an optimal bearing arrangement for the propulsion shafting system of ships equipped with multiple strut bearings, ensuring both structural stability and cost-effectiveness under shallow-draft conditions where the propeller must remain fully submerged. To this end, the shafting flexibility, alignment characteristics, and critical whirling speed were analyzed for various bearing arrangements. The analysis results show that removing the stern tube bearing and supporting the shaft using only the Y-type and I-type strut bearings, with the bearing span adjusted so that the L/d ratio remains within 15 to 18, minimizes the reaction influence number, shaft bending moments, and variations in bearing loads. At this configuration, the first natural frequency corresponding to the propeller blade order is also more than 30 percent higher than the service speed, thereby avoiding resonance caused by transverse vibration. Accordingly, this study confirms that adjusting the layout of strut bearings can simultaneously enhance both the structural reliability and dynamic stability of the propulsion shafting system. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Design and Innovation for Sustainable Maritime Transport Systems)
►▼ Show Figures

Figure 1

24 pages, 4831 KB  
Article
Ultimate Bearing Capacity of Vertically Uniform Loaded Strip Foundations near Slopes Considering Heterogeneity, Anisotropy, and Intermediate Principal Stress Effects
by Qing Yan, Yuhao Wang, Tian Su, Zengzeng Zhang and Shanshan Sun
Buildings 2025, 15(23), 4386; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15234386 - 3 Dec 2025
Abstract
Accurate prediction of the bearing capacity of foundations near slopes remains challenging when soils exhibit heterogeneity and anisotropy. Although numerical simulations can account for these effects with high precision, they are computationally demanding and provide limited physical insight. Analytical solutions that can explicitly [...] Read more.
Accurate prediction of the bearing capacity of foundations near slopes remains challenging when soils exhibit heterogeneity and anisotropy. Although numerical simulations can account for these effects with high precision, they are computationally demanding and provide limited physical insight. Analytical solutions that can explicitly incorporate spatial variability, directional dependence, and the influence of intermediate principal stress are still lacking. This study addresses this gap by developing an analytical solution for the ultimate bearing capacity of strip foundations near slopes based on the Unified Strength Theory (UST). The method assumes a uniformly distributed surface load and a single-sided failure mode, while introducing heterogeneity and anisotropy coefficients to represent the depth dependent and directional variation of cohesion. Validation against published theoretical, numerical, and experimental results demonstrates strong agreement, with a maximum deviation of 6.2%. Parametric sensitivity analysis indicates that increasing the heterogeneity coefficient from 0 to 1 enhances bearing capacity by 67.9–83.4%, while increasing the anisotropy coefficient from 0.6 to 1.4 reduces it by 20.8–22.3% for different base roughness. Neglecting the intermediate principal stress results in a 64.5–67.9% underestimation of the ultimate bearing capacity with different anisotropy coefficients and base roughness. The proposed analytical model based on the UST provides improved quantitative accuracy and theoretical generality, enabling safer and more economical design of foundations near slopes under heterogeneous and anisotropic soil conditions. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Building Structures)
►▼ Show Figures

Figure 1

More Articles...

Open Access Journals

► Browse by Indexing ► Browse by Subject ► Selected Journals
Explore All Journals...

Highly Accessed Articles

Latest Books

More Books and Reprints...

News

2 December 2025
MDPI INSIGHTS: The CEO's Letter #29 - Environmental Medicine, MDPI in the News, SPF 2025, I3S 2025, Cancers
28 November 2025
MDPI’s 2024 Best PhD Thesis Awards—Winners Announced
25 November 2025
MDPI Editors Named Highly Cited Researchers in 2025
More News & Announcements...

Blog Posts

More From Our Blog...

Topics

More Topics...
loading...

Selected Special Issues

Selected Collections

Back to TopTop