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18 pages, 725 KB

Open AccessArticle

Impact of Different Grilling Temperatures on the Volatile Profile of Beef

by Fathi Morsli, Aidan P. Moloney, Frank J. Monahan, Peter G. Dunne, David T. Mannion, Iwona Skibinska and Kieran N. Kilcawley

Foods 2025, 14(24), 4239; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods14244239 (registering DOI) - 10 Dec 2025

Abstract

The volatile profiles of beef steaks (Longissimus lumborum) were analysed both raw and grilled to five different internal temperatures, 55 °C, 60 °C, 71 °C, 77 °C, and 85 °C, representing very-rare, rare, medium rare, well-done, and very well-done, respectively. Volatile [...] Read more.

The volatile profiles of beef steaks (Longissimus lumborum) were analysed both raw and grilled to five different internal temperatures, 55 °C, 60 °C, 71 °C, 77 °C, and 85 °C, representing very-rare, rare, medium rare, well-done, and very well-done, respectively. Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) were extracted using direct immersion high-capacity sorptive extraction (DI-HiSorb) and analysed by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS). A total of ninety-one VOCs were detected with forty-two significantly impacted by the degree of doneness, thirty of which had Variable in Projection score > 1. Principal Component Analysis produced three distinct clusters, (i) raw, (ii) very-rare, rare, and medium-rare, (iii) and well-done and very well-done. Direct immersion high-capacity sorptive extraction (DI-HiSorb) provided a comprehensive volatile profile of grilled beef steak across different degrees of doneness and revealed that the abundance of methyl esters. The main findings were that in relation to the degree of doneness methyl esters were significantly reduced, with both aldehydes and pyrazines increasing due to thermal lipid oxidation, Strecker degradation, and Maillard reaction, highlighting the significance of internal temperature on the volatile profile of steak during grilling. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Volatile Aroma Compounds—Food Sensory and Nutrition Attributes)

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17 pages, 9724 KB

Open AccessArticle

Novel Anti-Inflammatory Bioactive Peptide Derived from Yak Bone Collagen Alleviates the Skin Inflammation of Mice by Inhibiting the NF-κB Signaling Pathway and Modulating Skin Microbiota

by Zitao Guo, Tao Shi, Pengfei Xu, Zijun Wang, Bo Hu, Yu Xin, Zhongpeng Guo, Zhenghua Gu, Dake Dong and Liang Zhang

Foods 2025, 14(24), 4238; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods14244238 (registering DOI) - 10 Dec 2025

Abstract

Food-derived anti-inflammatory bioactive peptides have garnered significant attention due to their wide sources, easy absorption, and high biosafety. Our preliminary study identified a novel anti-inflammatory peptide GPAGPSGPAGKDGR (GR14) from yak bone collagen, which significantly alleviates lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammatory responses in HaCaT cells, demonstrating potential [...] Read more.

Food-derived anti-inflammatory bioactive peptides have garnered significant attention due to their wide sources, easy absorption, and high biosafety. Our preliminary study identified a novel anti-inflammatory peptide GPAGPSGPAGKDGR (GR14) from yak bone collagen, which significantly alleviates lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammatory responses in HaCaT cells, demonstrating potential applications in improving skin inflammation. The objective of this study is to validate the anti-inflammatory effects of GR14 at the skin level in living animals and elucidate its mechanism of action. In this study, a 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene (DNCB)-induced skin inflammation mouse model was established. Results indicated that the GR14 intervention significantly improved skin manifestations and serum inflammatory cytokine levels in model mice. Compared to the model group, the high-dose treatment group demonstrated 33.61%, 40.55%, 22.18%, and 31.25% reductions in interleukin-6, interleukin-1β, tumor necrosis factor-α, and nitric oxide levels, respectively. Western blotting confirmed that GR14 intervention significantly inhibited the phosphorylation levels of P65 and IκB in the NF-κB signaling pathway. Microbiota analysis revealed that GR14 intervention effectively restored the significant decreases in Staphylococcus and Mammaliicoccus abundances caused by DNCB stimulation, returning the skin microbiota structure to normal status. These findings suggested that GR14 alleviates skin inflammation in model mice, potentially through suppressing the NF-κB signaling pathway and reshaping the skin microbiota structure. This study would promote the application of GR14 as a bioactive ingredient in the fields of functional food and functional cosmetics. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bioactive Compounds in Foods: New and Novel Sources, Characterization, Strategies and Applications (Second Edition))

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22 pages, 14862 KB

Open AccessArticle

Apiin Promotes Healthy Aging in C. elegans Through Nutritional Activation of DAF-16/FOXO, Enhancing Fatty Acid Catabolism and Oxidative Stress Resistance

by Yimin Qian, Xuebin Ding, Xinping Guo, Nan Bian, Ying Chen, Shaoyu Han, Wu Song, Lin Wei and Shuang Jiang

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025, 26(24), 11888; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms262411888 (registering DOI) - 10 Dec 2025

Abstract

Apiin, a natural flavonoid sourced from parsley, demonstrates antioxidant properties; however, its specific anti-aging effects have yet to be investigated in Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans). This research utilized C. elegans models to examine the anti-aging effects of apiin and the underlying [...] Read more.

Apiin, a natural flavonoid sourced from parsley, demonstrates antioxidant properties; however, its specific anti-aging effects have yet to be investigated in Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans). This research utilized C. elegans models to examine the anti-aging effects of apiin and the underlying mechanisms. The findings indicated that 100 μg/mL apiin extended the mean lifespan of C. elegans by 26.70%. Furthermore, apiin improved age-related characteristics in C. elegans, such as reducing intestine lipofuscin accumulation and increasing head thrashes and body bends. Additionally, apiin significantly improved stress resistance under thermal, ultraviolet, and oxidative stress conditions. Transcriptomic analysis revealed that apiin induced the differential expression of genes related to fatty acid metabolism, lipid catabolism, and oxidoreductase activity in C. elegans. Metabolomic data further corroborated the modulation of fatty acid metabolic processes by apiin. Biochemical assays, including lipid staining, triglyceride quantification, and measurements of antioxidant enzyme activity, demonstrated a decrease in lipid content and an enhancement in antioxidant capacity in C. elegans treated with apiin. Moreover, apiin promoted the nuclear translocation of DAF-16 and upregulated key longevity-associated genes, including sod-3, hsp-12.6, mtl-1, and ech-9. These results indicate that apiin mitigates aging in C. elegans through mechanisms involving the activation of DAF-16 and the regulation of lipid metabolism and oxidative stress responses. Our findings underscore the potential of apiin as a natural therapeutic agent for aging and associated metabolic disorders. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Bioactives and Nutraceuticals)

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3 pages, 142 KB

Open AccessEditorial

Mechanism-Guided Materials and Structural Design for High-Performance Nanogenerators

by Ya Yang

Nanoenergy Adv. 2025, 5(4), 21; https://doi.org/10.3390/nanoenergyadv5040021 (registering DOI) - 10 Dec 2025

Abstract

The advancement of sensor systems that facilitate our daily lives relies on small, disposable batteries, which contribute to environmental pollution [...] Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Celebrating the 18th Anniversary of the Invention of the First Nanogenerators)

25 pages, 5230 KB

Open AccessArticle

Climate Change and Groundwater Sustainability in the Berrechid Aquifer (Morocco): Projections to 2050 Under Regulated Abstraction Scenario

by Adil Zerouali, Mohamed Jalal El Hamidi, Abdelkader Larabi, Mohamed Faouzi and Omar Chafik

Water 2025, 17(24), 3488; https://doi.org/10.3390/w17243488 (registering DOI) - 10 Dec 2025

Abstract

The Berrechid aquifer, located in the Berrechid region of Morocco, represents one of the main groundwater resources used for drinking water supply, irrigation, and industrial activities. It also plays a vital role in supporting domestic and agricultural needs. However, the aquifer faces major [...] Read more.

The Berrechid aquifer, located in the Berrechid region of Morocco, represents one of the main groundwater resources used for drinking water supply, irrigation, and industrial activities. It also plays a vital role in supporting domestic and agricultural needs. However, the aquifer faces major challenges, including overexploitation, water quality degradation, and seawater intrusion. This study examines the impacts of climate change on the Berrechid aquifer and evaluates the most appropriate groundwater-withdrawal management strategies to ensure sustainable use of the resource and maintain aquifer stability. To investigate this, we employed the Groundwater Modeling System (GMS) software to conduct both steady-state and transient simulations. Climate change impacts were incorporated through projections of natural recharge derived from climate models. Following calibration, the model provided projections of aquifer behavior up to 2050 under optimistic scenarios. The results offer valuable insights into the evolution of the Berrechid aquifer under climate change. They highlight the potential impacts on recharge rates and groundwater availability. Such information is crucial for guiding decision-making and developing sustainable strategies for managing this essential resource in the face of future climatic uncertainties. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advance in Groundwater in Arid Areas)

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35 pages, 3922 KB

Open AccessArticle

Performance Control and Synergistic Modification Mechanism of Phosphogypsum-Based Cementitious Materials

by Bin Xu, Aodong Gao, Yingxin Zhou, Yongwei Yang, Kaiji Lu and Penghui Cao

Buildings 2025, 15(24), 4451; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15244451 (registering DOI) - 10 Dec 2025

Abstract

This paper focuses on the resource utilization of phosphogypsum, a major industrial by-product from phosphate fertilizer production, in highway engineering materials, exploring its performance optimization and collaborative modification mechanisms. Phosphogypsum, primarily composed of CaSO₄·2H₂O, faces challenges such as acidity [...] Read more.

This paper focuses on the resource utilization of phosphogypsum, a major industrial by-product from phosphate fertilizer production, in highway engineering materials, exploring its performance optimization and collaborative modification mechanisms. Phosphogypsum, primarily composed of CaSO₄·2H₂O, faces challenges such as acidity (pH ≈ 3.56), poor water resistance, and strength limitations, which hinder its engineering application. This study investigates pretreatment methods (e.g., lime neutralization, physical grinding) and the synergistic effects of additives like metakaolin, steel slag, slag powder, and stone powder. The results show that adjusting phosphogypsum’s pH to 10 via lime neutralization significantly improves its mechanical properties, with its 28-day compressive strength increasing by 21%. The optimal dosage of cement as an alkaline activator is 4%, while steel slag performs best at 10%. Metakaolin (11% dosage) enhances the 28-day strength of 30% phosphogypsum-containing systems by 89–114% through pozzolanic reactions, forming a high-strength aluminosilicate network, enabling the preparation of C35 concrete with a 28-day strength of 44.5 MPa. Additionally, stone powder exhibits the most effective strength improvement, with the 56-day strength increasing by 12.5 MPa compared with the reference group. Economically, utilizing 30% phosphogypsum and 11% metakaolin reduces C35 concrete costs by 15–20%. This research provides theoretical and technical support for the large-scale application of phosphogypsum in highway engineering, addressing environmental and economic challenges. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Green Innovation and Performance Optimization of Road Materials)

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15 pages, 562 KB

Open AccessArticle

A Longitudinal Observational Study to Monitor the Outpatient–Caregiver Dyad in a Rehabilitation Hospital: Sociodemographic Characteristics and the Impact of Cognitive and Functional Impairment

by Daniela Mancini, Valeria Torlaschi, Marina Maffoni, Roberto Maestri, Pierluigi Chimento, Michelangelo Buonocore, Antonia Pierobon and Cira Fundarò

Brain Sci. 2025, 15(12), 1316; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci15121316 (registering DOI) - 10 Dec 2025

Abstract

Background and objectives: This study examines how sociodemographic, clinical, and psychological factors within the patient–caregiver dyad affect caregiver burden and health-related quality of life (HRQoL) in cognitive impairment. By comparing baseline data with a 1-year follow-up, the research aims to identify key predictors [...] Read more.

Background and objectives: This study examines how sociodemographic, clinical, and psychological factors within the patient–caregiver dyad affect caregiver burden and health-related quality of life (HRQoL) in cognitive impairment. By comparing baseline data with a 1-year follow-up, the research aims to identify key predictors of caregiver burden and well-being. Methods: A longitudinal observational study was conducted in an Italian rehabilitation hospital, recruiting 132 outpatients and their caregivers at baseline, categorized as (a) Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI, n = 33); (b) dementia (DEM, n = 58); (c) healthy subjects (No-CI, n = 41). One year after baseline assessment (T0), patients were contacted and invited for an in-person follow-up re-evaluation (T1). Most attrition was related to the COVID-19 pandemic. Statistical analyses included non-parametric tests for group comparisons and stepwise multiple linear regression to identify predictors of burden, adjusting for confounders (e.g., age, gender, education, employment, co-residence). Results: A total of 51 subjects (age: 80.0 ± 6.1) and 34 caregivers (age: 58.8 ± 15.9) were evaluated. Patients were balanced by gender (53% males); most were retired (96%), married (62.7%), and cared for by sons (47%) or wife–husband (47%). Caregivers (females: 85%) were married (68.3%) and active workers (46.4%). Over one year, 17 No-CI subjects developed MCI or DEM; 15 MCI patients progressed to DEM. Caregiver HRQoL negatively correlated with distress and burden in MCI and DEM groups. Patient cognitive status, functional abilities, neuropsychiatric symptoms, and gender predicted caregiver burden, emphasizing the interplay between clinical and demographic factors. Conclusions: It is essential to monitor psychosocial factors in both the patient and the caregiver to develop effective prevention and support strategies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dementia and Cognitive Decline in Aging)

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16 pages, 1536 KB

Open AccessArticle

Mortality Prediction from Patient’s First Day PAAC Radiograph in Internal Medicine Intensive Care Unit Using Artificial Intelligence Methods

by Orhan Gok, Türker Fedai Cavus, Ahmed Cihad Genc, Selcuk Yaylaci and Lacin Tatli Ayhan

Diagnostics 2025, 15(24), 3138; https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics15243138 (registering DOI) - 10 Dec 2025

Abstract

Introduction: This study aims to predict mortality using chest radiographs obtained on the first day of intensive care admission, thereby contributing to better planning of doctors’ treatment strategies and more efficient use of limited resources through early and accurate predictions. Methods: We retrospectively [...] Read more.

Introduction: This study aims to predict mortality using chest radiographs obtained on the first day of intensive care admission, thereby contributing to better planning of doctors’ treatment strategies and more efficient use of limited resources through early and accurate predictions. Methods: We retrospectively analyzed 510 ICU patients. After data augmentation, a total of 3019 chest radiographs were used for model training and validation, while an independent, non-augmented test set of 100 patients (100 images) was reserved for final evaluation. Seventy-four (74) radiomic features were extracted from the images and analyzed using machine learning algorithms. Model performances were evaluated using the area under the ROC curve (AUC), sensitivity, and specificity metrics. Results: A total of 3019 data samples were included in the study. Through feature selection methods, the initial 74 features were gradually reduced to 10. The Subspace KNN algorithm demonstrated the highest prediction accuracy, achieving AUC 0.88, sensitivity 0.80, and specificity 0.87. Conclusions: Machine learning algorithms such as Subspace KNN and features obtained from PAAC radiographs, such as GLCM Contrast, Kurtosis, Cobb angle, Haralick, Bilateral Infiltrates, Cardiomegaly, Skewness, Unilateral Effusion, Median Intensity, and Intensity Range, are promising tools for mortality prediction in patients hospitalized in the internal medicine intensive care unit. These tools can be integrated into clinical decision support systems to provide benefits in patient management. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue 3rd Edition: AI/ML-Based Medical Image Processing and Analysis)

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29 pages, 1626 KB

Open AccessReview

Emission of Hazardous Substances During Fires in Selected Facilities

by Anna Rabajczyk, Justyna Gniazdowska, Łukasz Bąk, Jacek Roguski, Piotr Stojek and Damian Bąk

Appl. Sci. 2025, 15(24), 12989; https://doi.org/10.3390/app152412989 (registering DOI) - 10 Dec 2025

Abstract

Fires are among the few processes that significantly impact the state and quality of the environment. Depending on the type and quantity of materials, products, or waste accumulated at a given location, various substances can be released into the environment during a fire. [...] Read more.

Fires are among the few processes that significantly impact the state and quality of the environment. Depending on the type and quantity of materials, products, or waste accumulated at a given location, various substances can be released into the environment during a fire. Knowledge of the potential hazards resulting from emission levels allows for appropriate action to be taken and protective measures to be implemented for those present at the scene. Therefore, this article analyzes the composition of emissions depending on the type of material involved in the fire, with particular emphasis on forest fires, substance dumps, and waste disposal sites. An analysis of the available literature revealed the presence of countless toxic organic and inorganic substances, including ultrafine particles and nanoparticles of metals, nonmetals and their compounds, and compounds with long-term toxic and mutagenic effects, such as benzene, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), formaldehyde, and 1,3-butadiene. The development of new materials influences the composition of gases and fumes released during fires; therefore, continuous quantitative and qualitative analysis, the development of appropriate analytical tools, and legal requirements are essential. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feature Review Papers in Environmental Chemistry and Sustainability)

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17 pages, 2675 KB

Open AccessArticle

Comparison of Ammonium, Potassium, and Phosphorus Leaching Rates Between Uncoated and Beeswax-Coated Fertilizers Under Water and Soil Conditions

by Zimeng Peng, Shuizhang Fei and Lingling Liu

Coatings 2025, 15(12), 1457; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings15121457 (registering DOI) - 10 Dec 2025

Abstract

Slow- or controlled-release fertilizers have been used widely to enhance fertilizer nutrient release efficiency and decrease nutrient pollution. To further evaluate the effectiveness of controlled-release fertilizers in water or soil, conventional NPK (16N-4P-8K) fertilizers were encapsulated with beeswax, and their effects on water, [...] Read more.

Slow- or controlled-release fertilizers have been used widely to enhance fertilizer nutrient release efficiency and decrease nutrient pollution. To further evaluate the effectiveness of controlled-release fertilizers in water or soil, conventional NPK (16N-4P-8K) fertilizers were encapsulated with beeswax, and their effects on water, soil, and morphological features (root-to-shoot ratio, shoot and root weight) of maize plants were analyzed and compared with uncoated fertilizer. The results indicated that beeswax-coated fertilizer reduced the NPK dissolution rate from 30% to 50% in water within 24 h. In soil conditions, the beeswax coating resulted in a slightly but insignificantly slower release of NPK over 4–6 days. No significant differences were observed between uncoated and beeswax-coated fertilizers in maize morphological features, likely due to the limited persistence of the beeswax-coating film in water and soil. Findings from this study suggest that beeswax coating exhibits strong hydrophobic properties in reducing NPK leaching in water, with the potential for further optimization. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Environmental Aspects in Colloid and Interface Science)

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23 pages, 2068 KB

Open AccessArticle

Assessing the Effectiveness of Some Defensive Assets in Global Stock Portfolios: Evidence from Daily Data (2021–2024)

by Marco Tronzano

J. Risk Financial Manag. 2025, 18(12), 704; https://doi.org/10.3390/jrfm18120704 (registering DOI) - 10 Dec 2025

Abstract

This paper analyzes the effectiveness of some defensive assets inside global stock portfolios by applying a standard VaR approach to daily data from 2021 to 2024. The 5Y US note is by far the best hedging instrument for single-hedged portfolios, while in multiple-hedged [...] Read more.

This paper analyzes the effectiveness of some defensive assets inside global stock portfolios by applying a standard VaR approach to daily data from 2021 to 2024. The 5Y US note is by far the best hedging instrument for single-hedged portfolios, while in multiple-hedged portfolios further VaR reductions are obtained including commodities, utilities, and real estate stocks. Bitcoin’s hedging performance is strongly negative, displaying an average VaR difference of more than two basis points with respect to the best-performing multiple-hedged portfolio in moderately defensive scenarios. This gap implies much higher maximum potential daily losses for Bitcoin’s single-hedged portfolios. Dynamic risk profiles of multiple-hedged portfolios display a smoother pattern than single-hedged portfolios, particularly during turbulent periods corresponding to the start of the Russia–Ukraine war, emphasizing the crucial benefits of higher asset diversification. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Long-Term Risk and Portfolio Optimization)

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27 pages, 1633 KB

Open AccessArticle

Pedagogical Design for Integrating Formal and Non-Formal Learning: Insights from a TLS-Based CPD Model in a Resource-Constrained Context

by Dana Assakayeva, Kuanyshbek Adanov, Rashit Belgibayev and Inessa Morkhova

Educ. Sci. 2025, 15(12), 1662; https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci15121662 (registering DOI) - 10 Dec 2025

Abstract

Few studies have examined how formal and non-formal learning contexts can be systematically combined within teacher professional development, particularly in low- and middle-income country (LMIC) settings where non-formal education remains underdeveloped. This study addresses this gap by presenting the development and implementation of [...] Read more.

Few studies have examined how formal and non-formal learning contexts can be systematically combined within teacher professional development, particularly in low- and middle-income country (LMIC) settings where non-formal education remains underdeveloped. This study addresses this gap by presenting the development and implementation of a Teacher–Lesson–School (TLS)-Based Personalized Teacher Professional Development model (PTPD-model) aimed at enhancing teachers’ functional and digital literacy as a prerequisite for fostering similar competencies among students. The novelty of the model lies in integrating formal subject-based instruction with non-formal school education (clubs, workshops, and project formats), positioning teachers not only as participants in formal Continuing Professional Development (CPD) courses but also as active agents of non-formal learning. The model draws upon international research frameworks, including the Programme for the International Assessment of Adult Competencies (PIAAC), the Teaching and Learning International Survey (TALIS), the Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA), the TLS approach, and the framework of Teacher Professional Development for Sustainable Development Goals (TPD for SDG). The study was conducted in 2023–2025 using a mixed, longitudinal, quasi-experimental design and a purposive sample (n= 80 teachers from 16 rural schools in Kazakhstan). A triangulated evaluation approach combined self-assessment and expert-based observations. The TLS-based PTPD model was implemented as a modular program with elements of coaching, personalization, and school-based projects. The findings demonstrate significant improvements in teachers’ digital and instructional competencies, lesson quality, and school-level engagement. This study provides one of the first systematic examinations of such integration in Central Asia, offering insights relevant to regional reforms, global education policy, and the achievement of Sustainable Development Goal 4.7 (SDG 4.7). Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Formal and Non-Formal Learning Contexts: Interdisciplinary Perspectives in Educational Sciences)

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18 pages, 6512 KB

Open AccessArticle

The Biological Product Agricultural Jiaosu Enhances Tomato Resistance to Botrytis cinerea

by Xue Lu, Nan Huang, Jing Ai, Lifang Fan, Lili Chen, Geng Meng and Jingna Liu

J. Fungi 2025, 11(12), 873; https://doi.org/10.3390/jof11120873 (registering DOI) - 10 Dec 2025

Abstract

Gray mold caused by Botrytis cinerea poses a major threat to tomato production worldwide. This study investigated the antifungal efficacy and defense-inducing potential of Agricultural Jiaosu (AJ), a fermented bioproduct derived from agricultural residues. In vitro, AJ exhibited strong inhibitory activity against B. [...] Read more.

Gray mold caused by Botrytis cinerea poses a major threat to tomato production worldwide. This study investigated the antifungal efficacy and defense-inducing potential of Agricultural Jiaosu (AJ), a fermented bioproduct derived from agricultural residues. In vitro, AJ exhibited strong inhibitory activity against B. cinerea (IC₅₀ = 3.9%), primarily through acidic metabolites (pH < 4.2) that disrupted fungal membranes and suppressed antioxidant enzymes, while later-stage inhibition was maintained by Acetobacter populations (6.7 × 10⁷ copies μL⁻¹) through competition for nutrients. In vivo, foliar application of 0.5% AJ significantly promoted tomato growth and enhanced resistance by stimulating antioxidant (SOD, CAT, POD) and defense-related (PAL, PPO) enzyme activities, reducing oxidative damage and lowering gray mold incidence by 55%. Collectively, AJ exerts a dual mode of action that combines direct pathogen suppression with activation of host systemic resistance. These results highlight AJ as a sustainable, residue-free biocontrol solution that offers an environmentally friendly alternative to chemical fungicides for effective management of gray mold in tomato cultivation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Fungi in Agriculture and Biotechnology)

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14 pages, 1031 KB

Open AccessArticle

Addressing Malnutrition Through Reducing the Cost of a Healthy Diet in Bangladesh

by Nazma Shaheen, Abira Nowar, Saiful Islam, Md. Hafizul Islam, Mohammad Monirul Hasan, Rudaba Khondker, Zoe Odette Barois and Just Dengerink

Foods 2025, 14(24), 4237; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods14244237 (registering DOI) - 10 Dec 2025

Abstract

Bangladesh has significantly reduced child undernutrition, yet micronutrient deficiencies and diet-related non-communicable diseases remain pressing challenges. While the afordability of healthy diets is recognized as a key determinant of nutrition outcomes, limited attention has been paid to the uncertainties that affect diet costs [...] Read more.

Bangladesh has significantly reduced child undernutrition, yet micronutrient deficiencies and diet-related non-communicable diseases remain pressing challenges. While the afordability of healthy diets is recognized as a key determinant of nutrition outcomes, limited attention has been paid to the uncertainties that affect diet costs and access over time. This paper addresses this gap by exploring the major drivers of uncertainty in the cost of healthy diets in Bangladesh and their implications for nutrition policy. This study emloyed foresight tools to explore future uncertainties affecting the cost and accessibility of healthy diets in Bangladesh. Key drivers of change, such as climate variability, market dynamics, income inequality, and dietary behavior, were identified through a structured expert workshop. Two critical uncertainties were selected using the 2 × 2 scenario planning method: food price volatility and changing dietary patterns. These formed the basis for four plausible future scenarios, each illustrating different trajectories for nutrition and food system outcomes. This foresight approach supports proactive, multisectoral policymaking by highlighting potential risks and opportunities for ensuring affordable, nutritious diets in a changing context. The resulting scenarios underscore the need for integrated, multisectoral strategies to build resilient food systems, improve the affordability of nutrient-rich foods, and promote dietary behavior change. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Food Nutrition)

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22 pages, 358 KB

Open AccessArticle

Understanding Tourists’ Perceptions of Animal Welfare, Governance, and Conservation: Evidence from the Panda Base

by David Fennell, Yulei Guo and Richard Butler

Animals 2025, 15(24), 3548; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15243548 (registering DOI) - 10 Dec 2025

Abstract

Wildlife viewing has long been a central feature of tourism. However, growing concerns over the welfare of animals involved have raised critical questions about human management and the use of wildlife. In response, scholars have developed frameworks to assess and guide the operations [...] Read more.

Wildlife viewing has long been a central feature of tourism. However, growing concerns over the welfare of animals involved have raised critical questions about human management and the use of wildlife. In response, scholars have developed frameworks to assess and guide the operations of animal-based attractions. This paper applies such a framework to the Chengdu Research Base of Giant Panda Breeding in China, empirically examining visitor perceptions of animal welfare management practices. Drawing on survey data from over 1000 visitors, the study finds that, overall, tourists hold positive evaluations of the Base’s governance, welfare, and conservation practices. However, these perceptions are influenced by factors such as prior exposure to panda-related social media and individual knowledge of animal welfare, highlighting the role of mediated experiences in shaping visitor judgments. The findings underscore the need for further research on ethical wildlife tourism practices and suggest that engaging and empowering tourists—through education, participatory evaluation, and digital platforms—can enhance both public awareness and the effectiveness of conservation and welfare initiatives. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Animal Ethics)

17 pages, 1770 KB

Open AccessArticle

Analysis of the First Flush Effect of Rainfall Runoff Pollution in Typical Livestock and Poultry Breeding Areas

by Jie Wang, Yan Wang, Chunhua Li and Chun Ye

Water 2025, 17(24), 3487; https://doi.org/10.3390/w17243487 (registering DOI) - 10 Dec 2025

Abstract

Livestock manure is currently one of the major sources of non-point source pollution. Reasonably determining the impact of rainfall runoff on free-range livestock areas and identifying the rainfall interception time for different pollutants are of great significance for managing watershed water environments. Using [...] Read more.

Livestock manure is currently one of the major sources of non-point source pollution. Reasonably determining the impact of rainfall runoff on free-range livestock areas and identifying the rainfall interception time for different pollutants are of great significance for managing watershed water environments. Using the Yongchuan District of Chongqing as a case study, the runoff water pollution scouring results (M(V) curve) of typical areas, including free-range livestock and poultry breeding areas and park impermeable road, were tested and analyzed by using an artificial rainfall simulation device under 45 and 90 mm/h, aiming to provide a reference for the efficient interception of main pollutants in different livestock and poultry breeding areas. The results of the M(V) curve analysis revealed the following: (1) Among the 15 pollutants in the livestock and poultry breeding area of the study area, the first flushing effect of total dissolved phosphorus and nitrite nitrogen was the most obvious. After 24 min of rainfall, the cumulative load of total dissolved phosphorus in this area accounted for 85.71% of the total load, while the cumulative load of nitrite nitrogen accounted for 83.41% of the total load at this time. (2) The first flush effect of pollutants at 45 mm/h is higher than that at 90 mm/h. At 45 mm/h, the first flush effect of pollutants is in the order of total dissolved phosphorus > nitrite nitrogen > total nitrogen > ammonia nitrogen > permanganate index, while at 90 mm/h, it is nitrite nitrogen > permanganate index > ammonia nitrogen > total dissolved phosphorus > total nitrogen. This phenomenon can be attributed to the distinct existence forms of pollutants in road runoff (dissolved and particulate phases), combined with the smaller raindrop diameter and steeper wash-off slope under 45 mm/h. (3) Distinct patterns in total pollution load and first flush effects were observed across different livestock and poultry breeding areas. The highest total pollutant load was recorded in the hen farm, whereas the most intensive first flush occurred in large-scale pig and goose farms. Furthermore, 52.68 to 82.63% of pollutants in Yongchuan District’s livestock and poultry breeding areas can be effectively intercepted by setting the initial rainfall interception time to within 18~24 min after rainfall runoff, as indicated by comparative analysis with relevant water quality standards. Research demonstrates significant first flush effects in livestock and poultry breeding areas of Yongchuan District, Chongqing. It is recommended to implement rainfall interception measures within 18~24 min after rainfall runoff. These findings provide valuable references for effective pollution control of rainfall runoff from impervious surfaces. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Water Quality and Contamination)

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14 pages, 2239 KB

Open AccessArticle

Energy-Efficient Path Planning for Snake Robots Using a Deep Reinforcement Learning-Enhanced A* Algorithm

by Yang Gu, Zelin Wang and Zhong Huang

Biomimetics 2025, 10(12), 826; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomimetics10120826 (registering DOI) - 10 Dec 2025

Abstract

Snake-like robots, characterized by their high flexibility and multi-joint structure, exhibit exceptional adaptability to complex terrains such as snowfields, jungles, deserts, and underwater environments. Their ability to navigate narrow spaces and circumvent obstacles makes them ideal for operations in confined or rugged environments. [...] Read more.

Snake-like robots, characterized by their high flexibility and multi-joint structure, exhibit exceptional adaptability to complex terrains such as snowfields, jungles, deserts, and underwater environments. Their ability to navigate narrow spaces and circumvent obstacles makes them ideal for operations in confined or rugged environments. However, efficient motion in such conditions requires not only mechanical flexibility but also effective path planning to ensure safety, energy efficiency, and overall task performance. Most existing path planning algorithms for snake-like robots focus primarily on finding the shortest path between the start and target positions while neglecting the optimization of energy consumption during real operations. To address this limitation, this study proposes an energy-efficient path planning method based on an improved A* algorithm enhanced with deep reinforcement learning: Dueling Double-Deep Q-Network (D3QN). An Energy Consumption Estimation Model (ECEM) is first developed to evaluate the energetic cost of snake robot motion in three-dimensional space. This model is then integrated into a new heuristic function to guide the A* search toward energy-optimal trajectories. Simulation experiments were conducted in a 3D environment to assess the performance of the proposed approach. The results demonstrate that the improved A* algorithm effectively reduces the energy consumption of the snake robot compared with conventional algorithms. Specifically, the proposed method achieves an energy consumption of 68.79 J, which is 3.39%, 27.26%, and 5.91% lower than that of the traditional A* algorithm (71.20 J), the bidirectional A* algorithm (94.61 J), and the weighted improved A* algorithm (73.11 J), respectively. These findings confirm that integrating deep reinforcement learning with an adaptive heuristic function significantly enhances both the energy efficiency and practical applicability of snake robot path planning in complex 3D environments. Full article

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27 pages, 59170 KB

Open AccessArticle

Effects of Vectorial Inflow on the Multi-Axis Aerodynamic Performance of a Small-Sized UAV Rotor

by Cong Liu, Yu Wang and Zhiqiang Wei

Aerospace 2025, 12(12), 1096; https://doi.org/10.3390/aerospace12121096 (registering DOI) - 10 Dec 2025

Abstract

Variations in flight trajectory and velocity during vertical takeoff, transition, and level flight cause substantial changes in the relative inflow vector of multi-rotor unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs). In urban environments, disturbances from complex wind fields further increase the uncertainty of inflow conditions. This [...] Read more.

Variations in flight trajectory and velocity during vertical takeoff, transition, and level flight cause substantial changes in the relative inflow vector of multi-rotor unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs). In urban environments, disturbances from complex wind fields further increase the uncertainty of inflow conditions. This study investigates the aerodynamic characteristics of a fixed-pitch small-sized UAV rotor under varying inflow angles, velocities, and rotational speeds using a subsonic return-flow wind tunnel. The experimental setup enables inflow angle control from −90° to +90° via a turntable. Results indicate that, without incoming flow, the axial thrust and torque coefficients remain nearly constant. With inflow, both coefficients become highly sensitive to velocity in the 2000–5000 rpm range, with deviations up to four times those under static conditions. The in-plane lateral force along the X-axis increases significantly with inflow velocity, reaching about half the axial force, while the Y-axis component is minor and negligible under symmetric configurations. Pitching and rolling moments increase rapidly once inflow velocity exceeds 8 m/s, surpassing the axial torque and exhibiting strong directional asymmetry around ±15° inflow angles. The results demonstrate coupled aerodynamic force and moment behavior of small rotors under complex inflow, providing experimental evidence for improved dynamic modeling, control design, and the energy optimization of UAVs operating in turbulent wind environments. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in UAVs: Design Methods, Performance Enhancement Techniques and Technologies)

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21 pages, 4445 KB

Open AccessArticle

The SCD5 Gene Modulates Adipogenic Differentiation via the WNT5B Signaling Pathway in Xinjiang Brown Cattle

by Yiran Wang, Wanping Ren, Wei Shao, Yuxin Zhou, Yili Liu, Junwei Cao, Fengju Wang, Jingdong Bi and Liang Yang

Animals 2025, 15(24), 3547; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15243547 (registering DOI) - 10 Dec 2025

Abstract

This study investigated the role of SCD5 in bovine preadipocyte proliferation and adipogenic differentiation. SCD5 overexpression suppressed proliferation, reducing the percentage of EdU-positive cells and overall cell viability (p < 0.05). It also downregulated proliferative factors CDK1 and CDK2 (p < [...] Read more.

This study investigated the role of SCD5 in bovine preadipocyte proliferation and adipogenic differentiation. SCD5 overexpression suppressed proliferation, reducing the percentage of EdU-positive cells and overall cell viability (p < 0.05). It also downregulated proliferative factors CDK1 and CDK2 (p < 0.05), and reduced lipid accumulation (p < 0.001) along with key adipogenic markers PPARγ, C/EBPα, and FABP4 (p < 0.01). Conversely, SCD5 knockdown promoted these processes. Mechanistically, SCD5 overexpression downregulated WNT5B (p < 0.05), while knockdown had the opposite effect. Silencing WNT5B significantly decreased β-catenin transcription (p < 0.05), total protein (p < 0.05), and phosphorylation (p < 0.001). In conclusion, our findings identify SCD5 as a novel negative regulator of bovine preadipocyte proliferation and differentiation, which exerts its function through the WNT5B/β-catenin signaling axis. This discovery elucidates previously uncharacterized regulatory mechanisms underlying adipogenesis in livestock species. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Cattle Genetics and Breeding)

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18 pages, 1582 KB

Open AccessArticle

A Machine Learning Model to Reframe the Concept of Shelf-Life in Bakery Products: PDO Sourdough as a Technological Preservation Model

by Andrea Marianelli, Cecilia Akotowaa Offei, Monica Macaluso, Nicola Mercanti, Bruno Casu and Angela Zinnai

Foods 2025, 14(24), 4236; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods14244236 (registering DOI) - 10 Dec 2025

Abstract

Traditional shelf-life (SL) determination in bakery products relies primarily on subjective sensory evaluation, limiting both predictive capability and technological transfer. This study aimed to develop an objective, data-driven framework by integrating statistical and Machine Learning (ML) methods to identify and quantify the core [...] Read more.

Traditional shelf-life (SL) determination in bakery products relies primarily on subjective sensory evaluation, limiting both predictive capability and technological transfer. This study aimed to develop an objective, data-driven framework by integrating statistical and Machine Learning (ML) methods to identify and quantify the core determinants of bread SL. Samples were produced under a 2 × 2 × 2 factorial design (Fermentation, Temperature, Packaging), with continuous monitoring of physicochemical and atmospheric parameters. Three-way ANOVA confirmed that Storage x Temperature (η² ÷ 0.41) and Modified Atmosphere Packaging (η² ÷ 0.36) were the dominant factors. The optimal synergy (4 °C + ATM) achieved a 100% Success Rate, extending SL to 54 days vs. 16 days under ambient conditions. For prediction, a Generalized Linear Model (GLM) was developed for binary classification and rigorously validated via 10-fold cross-validation. The GLM achieved an Overall Accuracy of 89% (AUC 92%), uniquely identifying pH and Total Titratable Acidity (TTA) as the most influential predictors. In conclusion, GLM provides a robust tool for objective SL prediction. The integrated ANOVA–GLM framework achieved a 3.3-fold SL extension and 92% predictive accuracy. The findings confirm that preservative effectiveness is not solely due to the process itself, but is mediated by the resulting chemical acidity, offering a scalable framework for Real-Time Quality Control (QC) in the food industry. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Next-Generation Preservation Processes for a Resilient Agri-Food Supply Chain)

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14 pages, 385 KB

Open AccessArticle

Use of Cangrelor in Türkiye: A Multicenter Real-Life Study

by Servet Altay, İlker Gül, Fatih Aytemiz, Metehan Kibar, Cuma Süleymaoğlu, Halil Fedai, Alp Burak Çatakoğlu, Şükrü Çetin, Selin Yöndem, Mehmet Vefik Yazıcıoğlu, Diyar Köprülü, Mustafa Çetin, Süleyman Sezai Yildiz, Beytullah Çakal, Çağrı Yayla and Selçuk Korkmaz

J. Clin. Med. 2025, 14(24), 8728; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm14248728 (registering DOI) - 10 Dec 2025

Abstract

Background/Objectives: The only intravenous P2Y12 inhibitor used in the management of acute and chronic coronary syndromes is cangrelor. Previous studies have demonstrated the efficacy of cangrelor. However, limited real-world data are available for cangrelor usage. This study aimed to investigate the use [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: The only intravenous P2Y12 inhibitor used in the management of acute and chronic coronary syndromes is cangrelor. Previous studies have demonstrated the efficacy of cangrelor. However, limited real-world data are available for cangrelor usage. This study aimed to investigate the use of cangrelor in large-volume percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) centers in Türkiye, and examine the indications, patient characteristics, bleeding, and ischemic events. The efficacy and safety of cangrelor in this high-risk group were evaluated. Methods: This study was conducted retrospectively in 14 high-volume centers in Türkiye with extensive cangrelor experience. Cangrelor indications, patient clinical characteristics, periprocedural and postprocedural treatments, in-hospital and follow-up bleeding, ischemic events, and mortality were analyzed. Results: This study recruited 411 patients (mean age: 63.8 ± 12.7 years; 76% male). The most common conditions in which cangrelor is used in Türkiye are cardiogenic shock, intubation and nausea/vomiting, where P2Y12 cannot be used adequately due to impaired oral intake. The incidence rate of any bleeding within 48 h was 6.4% (n = 26), with major bleeding accounting for 1.7% of all cases (n = 7). The bleeding rates were similar between patients aged <75 years and those aged ≥75 years (6.0% vs. 8.8%, p = 0.326), as well as between patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) and those without CKD (6.3% vs. 7.9%, p = 0.600). Conclusions: This is the first multicenter, large-cohort study to examine cangrelor use in Türkiye, providing real-world evidence for the efficacy and safety in high-risk patients with complex clinical features and lesion characteristics. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Cardiology)

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24 pages, 1958 KB

Open AccessArticle

Wearable Sensor–Based Telerehabilitation Versus Conventional Physiotherapy in Knee OA: Insights from the KneE-PAD Pilot Study

by Theodora Plavoukou, Panagiotis Kasnesis, Amalia Contiero Syropoulou, Georgios Papagiannis, Dimitrios Stasinopoulos and George Georgoudis

Appl. Sci. 2025, 15(24), 12988; https://doi.org/10.3390/app152412988 (registering DOI) - 10 Dec 2025

Abstract

Background: Knee osteoarthritis (OA) is a leading cause of disability globally. Conventional physiotherapy, while effective, faces barriers including accessibility and adherence. Telerehabilitation augmented by wearable sensor technology and AI-driven feedback offers a scalable alternative. Objective: This pilot randomized controlled trial compared the feasibility, [...] Read more.

Background: Knee osteoarthritis (OA) is a leading cause of disability globally. Conventional physiotherapy, while effective, faces barriers including accessibility and adherence. Telerehabilitation augmented by wearable sensor technology and AI-driven feedback offers a scalable alternative. Objective: This pilot randomized controlled trial compared the feasibility, safety, and preliminary clinical effectiveness of a sensor-based telerehabilitation protocol using the KneE-PAD patient monitoring approach which was also combined with an avatar-guided visual feedback add-on tool. Although this approach is capable of AI-driven postural error detection, this feature was not enabled during the current study, and feedback was provided solely through visual cues. Methods: Twenty adults with radiographically confirmed Kellgren–Lawrence grade 1 to 3 knee OA were randomized into two groups (Control/Intervention groups, n = 10 in each). The control group received in-person physiotherapy, while the intervention group engaged in remote rehabilitation supported by wearable sEMG and IMU sensors. The 8-week program included supervised and home-based sessions. Primary outcomes were WOMAC scores (Functionality/Pain), quadriceps strength, and sEMG-derived neuromuscular activation. Secondary outcomes included Timed Up and Go test (TUG), psychological measures (HADS, TSK), and self-efficacy measure (ASES). Analyses employed both parametric and non-parametric statistics including an effect size estimation. Results: Both groups demonstrated significant improvements in WOMAC total scores (Intervention: −11.8 points; Control: −6.4 points), exceeding the minimal clinically important difference (MCID) for knee OA. Strength and mobility also improved significantly in both groups, with the Intervention group showing superior gains in sEMG measures (RMS: p = 0.0077; Peak-to-Peak: p < 0.005), indicating enhanced neuromuscular adaptation. TUG performance improved more in the intervention group (–3.17 s vs. –2.57 s, p = 0.037). Psychological outcomes favored the control group, particularly in depression scores (HADS-D, t(18) = 2.37, p = 0.03). Adherence was high (94.8%), with zero attrition and no adverse events. Conclusions: The KneE-PAD monitoring approach offers a feasible and clinically effective alternative to conventional physiotherapy, enhancing neuromuscular outcomes through real-time sensor feedback. These findings support the viability of intelligent telerehabilitation for scalable OA care and inform the design of future large-scale trials. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Electrochemical Sensors and Biosensors: Design and Applications)

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13 pages, 288 KB

Open AccessReview

SIU-ICUD: Clinical Application of Liquid and Tissue-Based Biomarkers in Prostate Cancer

by Tamás Fazekas, Pawel Rajwa, Renu S. Eapen and Derya Tilki

Soc. Int. Urol. J. 2025, 6(6), 68; https://doi.org/10.3390/siuj6060068 (registering DOI) - 10 Dec 2025

Abstract

Several liquid-, and tissue-based markers are available to guide primary diagnosis-, active surveillance-, and treatment-related decision-making for patients with prostate cancer. Most of these tests can improve the balance of harms and benefits associated with early detection, and aid patient selection for treatment [...] Read more.

Several liquid-, and tissue-based markers are available to guide primary diagnosis-, active surveillance-, and treatment-related decision-making for patients with prostate cancer. Most of these tests can improve the balance of harms and benefits associated with early detection, and aid patient selection for treatment intensification. However, the costs of these tests can make their integration in routine clinical practice challenging. To date, prostate-specific antigen (PSA) is still one of the most well-known and widely utilized tumor markers worldwide, with a unique facility ranging from the diagnosis to the treatment-related follow-up of patients with prostate cancer. Future research efforts are needed to integrate biomarkers and novel imaging techniques, such as prostate magnetic resonance imaging, in the decision-making pathways. Despite the growing body of knowledge and evidence, considerable challenges remain in optimizing risk-stratification, improving patient selection and cost-efficacy in different prostate cancer (PCa)-related settings. Full article

18 pages, 5758 KB

Open AccessArticle

Integrated Proteogenomic Approach for Discovering Potential Biomarkers in Urothelial Carcinoma of the Bladder

by Pongsakorn Choochuen, Surasak Sangkhathat, Wararat Chiangjong, Worapat Attawettayanon, Kittinun Leetanaporn, Komwit Surachat, Panupong Sukpan, Wararak Kaewrattana, Ornsinee Senkhum, Natthapon Khongcharoen, Natakorn Nokchan, Nifahmee Hayiniloh, Dussadee Nuktong, Pasu Tansakul, Kant Buaban, Anas Binkasem and Virote Chalieopanyarwong

Biomedicines 2025, 13(12), 3020; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines13123020 (registering DOI) - 10 Dec 2025

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Urothelial carcinoma of the bladder (UCC) is a leading cause of cancer-related death globally. Given that urine is in direct contact with the tumor, it represents a highly valuable source for non-invasive molecular analysis. Methods: This study utilized liquid biopsies [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Urothelial carcinoma of the bladder (UCC) is a leading cause of cancer-related death globally. Given that urine is in direct contact with the tumor, it represents a highly valuable source for non-invasive molecular analysis. Methods: This study utilized liquid biopsies from 41 UCC patients and 27 non-cancerous hematuria controls to identify novel diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers via proteomic and transcriptomic analysis. Results: Urine proved to be a reliable source, yielding a mean tumor cell fraction of 0.605 (95% CI: 0.505–0.705). We identified 11 genes with concurrent alteration at both the urinary protein and mRNA levels. Notably, four upregulated markers, CYTB, C1QC, SBP1, and ANXA4, demonstrated strong diagnostic potential, with AUC values greater than 0.70. CYTB and ANXA4 were detectable even in early-stage UCC (stages Cis, I, and II). Furthermore, we identified two proteins, CATC and SPB10, that were markedly upregulated in recurrent UCC and correlated with poor overall survival, positioning them as potential prognostic markers for recurrence risk. Conclusions: This study confirms the utility of urine as a reliable medium for detecting UCC tumor cells, offering promising markers for both early-stage diagnosis and predicting NMIBC recurrence. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Urothelial Carcinoma: Role of Biomarkers in Diagnosis, Prognosis and Treatment (2nd Edition))

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29 pages, 5091 KB

Open AccessArticle

Multifunctional Bilayer Wound Dressing Composed of Immediate Release Layer of Ofloxacin and Sustained Release Layer of Bergamot Oil

by Mehar Un Nisa, Ikram Ullah Khan, Yousaf Kamal, Usra, Zunera Chaudhary, Ghulam Hussain, Muhammad Irfan, Syed Haroon Khalid, Sajid Asghar, Hafeez Ullah Khan, Safirah Maheen, Syed Adnan Ali Shah and Thierry F. Vandamme

Pharmaceutics 2025, 17(12), 1589; https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics17121589 (registering DOI) - 10 Dec 2025

Abstract

Background: Wound healing is a typical biological process that the human body accomplishes through well-defined stages. The complexity of the healing process continues to be a significant health challenge. Multifunctional polymeric bilayer wound dressings have emerged as a new treatment option, as [...] Read more.

Background: Wound healing is a typical biological process that the human body accomplishes through well-defined stages. The complexity of the healing process continues to be a significant health challenge. Multifunctional polymeric bilayer wound dressings have emerged as a new treatment option, as they resemble the bilayer structure of skin. Methods: Here, we developed a bilayer film with two distinct features, i.e., a primary sodium alginate (Na-Alg)-based sustained release layer incorporated with bergamot essential oil (BEO) and a secondary immediate release layer of hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose (HPMC) and hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC) loaded with the antibacterial drug ofloxacin (OFX). Using the double solvent casting technique. Results: The resultant bilayer films exhibited good folding endurance and swelling capability. The antibacterial potential was appraised by assessing their capability to hinder the growth of S. aureus (40 mm zone of inhibition) and E. coli (46 mm zone of inhibition). A DPPH assay confirmed the anti-oxidant ability of the incorporated essential oil. The outcomes of the X-ray diffraction and FTIR analysis support the even and complete dispersion of the oil and drug into the polymeric matrix without any unwanted interaction. The SEM results revealed a slightly microstructured surface view, while microporous structures were discovered in the cross-section due to the presence of the oil and drug. In the in vivo wound model, the developed bilayer films demonstrated a quicker rate of wound closure (98.5% in 12 days) and avoided wound infection. Histological studies verified that the created dressing enhanced the deposition of mature collagen and promoted epithelialization. Conclusions: As a result, the unique blend of anti-inflammatory and antibacterial properties in bilayer films can significantly offer fresh perspectives for developing sophisticated, multipurpose wound dressings to hasten the healing of cutaneous wounds. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Hydrogels-Based Drug Delivery System for Wound Healing)

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16 pages, 4019 KB

Open AccessArticle

Diel Versus Seasonal Butterfly Community Partitioning in a Hyperdiverse Tropical Rainforest

by Sebastián Mena, Janeth Rentería and María F. Checa

Insects 2025, 16(12), 1247; https://doi.org/10.3390/insects16121247 (registering DOI) - 10 Dec 2025

Abstract

Ecological theory suggests that interspecific interactions and environmental heterogeneity promote temporal niche partitioning, whereby species segregate their activity along diel and seasonal axes. For ectotherms, temperature is a critical niche dimension because heat availability regulates activity and phenology. Here, we used data from [...] Read more.

Ecological theory suggests that interspecific interactions and environmental heterogeneity promote temporal niche partitioning, whereby species segregate their activity along diel and seasonal axes. For ectotherms, temperature is a critical niche dimension because heat availability regulates activity and phenology. Here, we used data from a hyperdiverse rainforest in the Ecuadorian Amazon to compare community dynamics across two temporal scales and to test their relationship with temperature fluctuations. Butterflies were periodically sampled using Pollard walks in a permanent plot over eight field campaigns spanning two years. We compared environmental temperature fluctuations, diversity metrics, and niche-overlap estimates of community assemblages at both diel and seasonal scales. We recorded 1003 individuals representing 222 species. Temperature differences among seasons were comparable to those observed across times of day. Consistently, our analyses revealed distinct community assemblages across both diel and seasonal scales. Furthermore, butterfly activity tended to increase during warmer hours and in warmer seasons, yet overlap in activity within these timeframes was low at both the species and subfamily levels. These results highlight the contribution of both abiotic drivers and biotic interactions in structuring butterfly temporal abundance. More broadly, our study underscores the importance of explicitly considering temporal dimensions when examining tropical biodiversity. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Ecology, Diversity and Conservation of Butterflies)

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