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17 pages, 1292 KB

Open AccessArticle

Chemical Composition and Brine Shrimp Toxicity of Twigs Essential Oil from Azorean Cryptomeria japonica (Thunb. ex L.f.) D. Don

by Alexandre Janeiro, Ana Lima, Filipe Arruda, Tanner Wortham, Tânia Rodrigues, José Baptista and Elisabete Lima

Sustainability 2025, 17(20), 9118; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17209118 (registering DOI) - 14 Oct 2025

Abstract

The growing worldwide demand for essential oils (EOs) brings new opportunities for Azorean Cryptomeria japonica aerial parts waste valorization. Therefore, the phytochemical and bioactivity investigation of EOs from different Azorean C. japonica tissues, such as twigs (Az–CJT), remains imperative to add more value [...] Read more.

The growing worldwide demand for essential oils (EOs) brings new opportunities for Azorean Cryptomeria japonica aerial parts waste valorization. Therefore, the phytochemical and bioactivity investigation of EOs from different Azorean C. japonica tissues, such as twigs (Az–CJT), remains imperative to add more value to C. japonica’s EO industry, alongside the contribution to the local sustainable circular bioeconomy. This study provides, for the first time, GC–MS analysis and brine shrimp toxicity of the EO hydrodistilled from Az–CJT and aims to compare these parameters with those determined for a commercial Azorean C. japonica (branches and foliage) EO obtained through steam distillation. The main Az–CJT EO components were α-eudesmol (19.53%), phyllocladene (14.80%), elemol (12.43%), nezukol (11.34%), and γ-eudesmol (5.32%), while α-pinene (28.62%), sabinene (24.30%), phyllocladene (5.10%), β-myrcene (5.09%), and limonene (4.93%) dominated in the commercial EO. Thus, Az–CJT EO exhibited the highest sesquiterpenoids (43.52%), diterpenes (20.85%), and diterpenoids (13.21%) content, while the commercial EO was dominated by monoterpenes (74.61%). The Az–CJT EO displayed significantly higher toxicity than the commercial EO, with mortality rates of 87.7% and 16.9%, respectively, at 100 µg/mL. This result is likely related to the substantially higher terpenoid content of Az–CJT EO (61.20% vs. 9.44%), largely attributed to the sesquiterpenoid fraction. Due to its distinct chemical profile, Az–CJT EO may have differential commercial applications, warranting further investigation into its bioactive value and safe use. In conclusion, this study adds knowledge on the potentialities of C. japonica aerial parts’ EOs from the Azorean region. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Waste and Recycling)

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22 pages, 2281 KB

Open AccessSystematic Review

Incidence Rate and Determinants of Recurrent Cholesteatoma Following Surgical Management: A Systematic Review, Subgroup, and Meta-Regression Analysis

by Saqr Massoud, Raed Farhat, Uday Abd Elhadi, Rifat Awawde, Shlomo Merchavy and Alaa Safia

Biomedicines 2025, 13(10), 2506; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines13102506 (registering DOI) - 14 Oct 2025

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Cholesteatoma is a destructive middle ear pathology that can cause chronic infection, ossicular erosion, and hearing loss. While surgical excision is the standard treatment, recurrence remains a major clinical challenge, and comprehensive data on long-term outcomes are limited. This meta-analysis evaluated cholesteatoma [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Cholesteatoma is a destructive middle ear pathology that can cause chronic infection, ossicular erosion, and hearing loss. While surgical excision is the standard treatment, recurrence remains a major clinical challenge, and comprehensive data on long-term outcomes are limited. This meta-analysis evaluated cholesteatoma recurrence rates following surgery, identified clinical and surgical predictors of recurrence, and assessed trends across follow-up durations, techniques, and patient demographics. Methods: We searched PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, CENTRAL, and Google Scholar for relevant studies (CRD42024550351). Studies reporting postoperative recurrence were included. Data on demographics, surgical approach, cholesteatoma type, and outcomes were extracted. Risk of bias was assessed using the Newcastle–Ottawa Scale. Pooled recurrence rates were calculated using random-effects models, and subgroup and meta-regression analyses were performed to identify predictors. Results: Eighty-four studies comprising 12,819 patients were included. The cholesteatoma recurrence rate showed geographic variability. Recurrence was higher in children (13%) than adults (10%), and in acquired (12%) versus congenital (7%) cholesteatoma. Advanced-stage disease, left-sided lesions, and revision surgeries increased recurrence risk. Canal wall down had lower recurrence (7%) than canal wall up techniques (16%). Adjuncts such as mastoid obliteration, ossicular reconstruction, and planned second-look surgeries reduced recurrence. Cumulative recurrence reached 39% at 15 years and 33% at 25 years. Meta-regression identified age, staged procedures, and second-look surgeries as independent predictors. Conclusions: Cholesteatoma recurrence is influenced by age, surgical approach, and disease severity. CWD procedures and comprehensive surgical planning reduce recurrence risk. Long-term follow-up and standardized outcome definitions are essential to improve monitoring and disease control. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Cancer Biology and Oncology)

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13 pages, 725 KB

Open AccessArticle

Spherical Equivalent Percentile Curves in a Portuguese School-Aged Population

by María Ibeth Peñaloza-Barbosa, Clara Martinez-Perez, Cristina Andreu-Vázquez, Miguel Ángel Sánchez-Tena and Cristina Alvarez-Peregrina

J. Clin. Med. 2025, 14(20), 7262; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm14207262 (registering DOI) - 14 Oct 2025

Abstract

Bacground/Objectives: This study aimed to develop age- and sex-specific spherical equivalent (SE) percentile curves and estimate the prevalence of refractive errors (REs) in Portuguese schoolchildren aged 6–17 years. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in three schools in [...] Read more.

Bacground/Objectives: This study aimed to develop age- and sex-specific spherical equivalent (SE) percentile curves and estimate the prevalence of refractive errors (REs) in Portuguese schoolchildren aged 6–17 years. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in three schools in Lisbon, including 2205 children (mean age = 9.3 ± 2.6 years; 49.3% boys). Vision was assessed using non-cycloplegic static retinoscopy (chosen due to feasibility in school settings) and visual acuity tests. SE percentile curves (P5–P95) were generated by age and sex. SE values and RE distribution (hyperopia, emmetropia, and myopia) were compared across four age groups (6–8, 9–11, 12–14, and 15–17 years). Results: SE values decreased significantly with age (p < 0.001). Median SE ranged from +0.50 D (6–8 years) to 0.00 D (15–17 years), with no sex differences. Hyperopia predominated in younger children (60.6% at 6–8 years), whereas myopia increased in older ages (32.2% at 15–17 years). Conclusions: This study presents the first SE percentile curves for Portuguese schoolchildren, providing a practical, age-specific reference for vision screening. The progressive shift from hyperopia to myopia highlights the importance of early detection and monitoring to prevent visual impairment. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Innovations in Personalized Therapy and Clinical Outcomes for Myopia and Ocular Disorders)

39 pages, 1199 KB

Open AccessReview

Marine-Derived Steroids for Cancer Treatment: Search for Potential Selective Glucocorticoid Receptor Agonists/Modulators (SEGRAMs)

by Ekaterina M. Zhidkova, Ekaterina D. Savina, Ekaterina A. Yurchenko and Ekaterina A. Lesovaya

Mar. Drugs 2025, 23(10), 399; https://doi.org/10.3390/md23100399 (registering DOI) - 14 Oct 2025

Abstract

Steroids, particularly glucocorticoids, are essential components of cancer treatment for both hematological malignancies and solid tumors. The adverse effects of standard steroid-based drugs have forced drug discovery research to develop chemotherapeutics with a more selective mechanism of action and an improved therapeutic index. [...] Read more.

Steroids, particularly glucocorticoids, are essential components of cancer treatment for both hematological malignancies and solid tumors. The adverse effects of standard steroid-based drugs have forced drug discovery research to develop chemotherapeutics with a more selective mechanism of action and an improved therapeutic index. Steroids of natural origin and their analogs are a significant source of novel molecules with a wide spectrum of biological activities. In this review, we aimed to analyze marine-derived steroids and their anti-cancer activity. Moreover, we specifically discussed molecules with not only anti-cancer but also anti-inflammatory activities that could potentially mimic the effects of glucocorticoids. We hypothesized that several of the reviewed compounds could exhibit affinity to the glucocorticoid receptor, and possess the properties of selective glucocorticoid receptor agonists/modulators with increased therapeutic activity and decreased side effects. The review is based on the literature available in the PubMed, Cochrane, and ClinicalTrials.gov databases and covers the period from 1986 to 2025. The keywords used were “steroids”, “cancer”, and “marine-derived steroids”. The second iteration of the literature search included the keywords “selective glucocorticoid receptor agonists”, “marine-derived”, and “cancer”. In silico calculations of several marine-derived compounds were performed to support the hypothesis based on the literature data. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Marine Natural Products as Anticancer Agents, 5th Edition)

17 pages, 1685 KB

Open AccessArticle

Sensitivity Factors of Thermally Regenerative Electrochemical Cycle Systems Using Fuel Cell’s Waste Heat

by Ákos Bereczky and Emese Lévai

Energies 2025, 18(20), 5422; https://doi.org/10.3390/en18205422 (registering DOI) - 14 Oct 2025

Abstract

Recovering waste heat is widely seen as an effective way to improve energy efficiency. Because of its potential to lower both energy costs and greenhouse gas emissions, it has been used for many years in industries with high energy demand. While several technologies [...] Read more.

Recovering waste heat is widely seen as an effective way to improve energy efficiency. Because of its potential to lower both energy costs and greenhouse gas emissions, it has been used for many years in industries with high energy demand. While several technologies are already available for this purpose, most of them require relatively high temperatures to achieve high performance. One approach that can make use of lower temperature heat sources is the thermally regenerative electrochemical cycle (TREC). Systems based on this principle can be a cost-effective option for capturing heat from sources such as fuel cells, although their efficiency depends on several factors. This study applies parameter sensitivity analysis to support more efficient system design. The results show that chemical properties, especially the thermal coefficients of redox pairs, have the strongest effect on performance. Geometric aspects, particularly the size of the active membrane area, also play an important role. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Hydrogen Energy IV)

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20 pages, 1170 KB

Open AccessArticle

Software Development Projects as a Way for Multidisciplinary Soft and Future Skills Education

by Krzysztof Podlaski, Michal Beczkowski, Katharina Simbeck, Katrin Dziergwa, Derek O’Reilly, Shane Dowdall, Joao Monteiro, Catarina Oliveira Lucas, Johanna Hautamaki, Heikki Ahonen, Hiram Bollaert, Philippe Possemiers and Zofia Stawska

Educ. Sci. 2025, 15(10), 1371; https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci15101371 (registering DOI) - 14 Oct 2025

Abstract

The modern job market demands soft and future skills from both technical and non-technical professionals. It is often challenging to teach these competencies in a traditional academic setting. This paper presents an effective approach for developing these skills through a short, intensive, joint [...] Read more.

The modern job market demands soft and future skills from both technical and non-technical professionals. It is often challenging to teach these competencies in a traditional academic setting. This paper presents an effective approach for developing these skills through a short, intensive, joint project. While our case study is an Erasmus+ program, the methodology can be applied within various frameworks. We use problem-based and active learning, along with group work, to teach. The approach also emphasizes diversity by arranging multidisciplinary student groups to work on software development tasks. In our project, less than half of the participants had a computer science background, demonstrating that these tasks are engaging for non-technical students. The multicultural and international environment of the project is crucial in a global working environment, and its brief, intense nature helps simulate real-world stressful situations. This methodology provides a practical way to prepare students for the demands of the modern workplace. The results confirmed the effectiveness of the project in developing certain key skills, though not all competencies showed a measurable increase during the event’s short duration. Full article

(This article belongs to the Collection Trends and Challenges in Higher Education)

15 pages, 1442 KB

Open AccessArticle

AI-Enabled Cultural Experiences: A Comparison of Narrative Creation Across Different AI Models

by Angeliki Antoniou, Anastasios Theodoropoulos, Artemis Chaleplioglou, Elina Roinioti, Panagiotis Dafiotis, George Lepouras, Paraskevi Chalari, Gaja Gujt, Irene Lamprou and Catarina Sousa

Electronics 2025, 14(20), 4043; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics14204043 (registering DOI) - 14 Oct 2025

Abstract

The recent rapid developments in the field of artificial intelligence (AI) indicate that it is an extremely dynamic field that is constantly evolving and penetrating all levels of human activity. The cultural sector therefore cannot remain unaffected. In this paper, we explore how [...] Read more.

The recent rapid developments in the field of artificial intelligence (AI) indicate that it is an extremely dynamic field that is constantly evolving and penetrating all levels of human activity. The cultural sector therefore cannot remain unaffected. In this paper, we explore how artificial intelligence can collaborate with museum and cultural heritage professionals to create optimal cultural experiences for visitors, as a starting point for student training on AI tools. Starting with a search for appropriate large language models, students tested various tools to determine the most suitable tool for cultural content management. They then connected common elements found across different cultural spaces to construct specific and emotional narratives. The students also explored ways in which artificial intelligence tools can go beyond the creation of narratives and create entire virtual worlds for use in CAVE environments. Thus, the present work studies a wide spectrum of possible uses of AI in the cultural domain, spanning from the creation of engaging narratives to the creation of engaging virtual worlds, with the goal of introducing students to the challenges and potential of generative AI. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Electronics and Computer Science for Cultural Heritage: Advancements, Preservation, and Applications, 2nd Edition)

11 pages, 3026 KB

Open AccessCommunication

Design and Fabrication of Thermopile Infrared Detector Based on Carbon Black Nanoparticle Absorption Layer

by Cheng Lei, Zhenyu Zhang, Boyou Shao, Xiangyang Ren, Tengteng Li, Fengchao Li and Ting Liang

Photonics 2025, 12(10), 1016; https://doi.org/10.3390/photonics12101016 (registering DOI) - 14 Oct 2025

Abstract

This study demonstrates a high-performance thermopile infrared detector that incorporates a carbon black nanoparticle (CBNP) absorption layer. To overcome the limitations associated with conventional infrared-absorbing materials—including high cost, complex fabrication, and constrained spectral response—a highly porous CBNP thin-film absorption layer was deposited onto [...] Read more.

This study demonstrates a high-performance thermopile infrared detector that incorporates a carbon black nanoparticle (CBNP) absorption layer. To overcome the limitations associated with conventional infrared-absorbing materials—including high cost, complex fabrication, and constrained spectral response—a highly porous CBNP thin-film absorption layer was deposited onto the thermopile sensing area using inkjet printing. Combined with an optimized microcavity design, this approach significantly enhances the photothermal conversion efficiency of the device. Experimental results indicate that the detector equipped with the CBNP absorption layer achieves a responsivity of 47.9 V/W and a detectivity of 1.14 × 10⁸ cm·Hz¹/²·W⁻¹. These values represent improvements of 34.55% in responsivity and 34.28% in detectivity, respectively, compared to a reference device without the CBNP layer. This work provides a promising strategy for the development of low-cost yet high-performance infrared detectors. Full article

35 pages, 3967 KB

Open AccessArticle

A Dynamic Surrogate-Assisted Hybrid Breeding Algorithm for High-Dimensional Imbalanced Feature Selection

by Yujun Ma, Binjing Liao and Zhiwei Ye

Symmetry 2025, 17(10), 1735; https://doi.org/10.3390/sym17101735 (registering DOI) - 14 Oct 2025

Abstract

With the growing complexity of high-dimensional imbalanced datasets in critical fields such as medical diagnosis and bioinformatics, feature selection has become essential to reduce computational costs, alleviate model bias, and improve classification performance. DS-IHBO, a dynamic surrogate-assisted feature selection algorithm integrating relevance-based redundant [...] Read more.

With the growing complexity of high-dimensional imbalanced datasets in critical fields such as medical diagnosis and bioinformatics, feature selection has become essential to reduce computational costs, alleviate model bias, and improve classification performance. DS-IHBO, a dynamic surrogate-assisted feature selection algorithm integrating relevance-based redundant feature filtering and an improved hybrid breeding algorithm, is presented in this paper. Departing from traditional surrogate-assisted approaches that use static approximations, DS-IHBO employs a dynamic surrogate switching mechanism capable of adapting to diverse data distributions and imbalance ratios through multiple surrogate units built via clustering. It enhances the hybrid breeding algorithm with asymmetric stratified population initialization, adaptive differential operators, and t-distribution mutation strategies to strengthen its global exploration and convergence accuracy. Tests on 12 real-world imbalanced datasets (4–98% imbalance) show that DS-IHBO achieves a 3.48% improvement in accuracy, a 4.80% improvement in F1 score, and an 83.85% reduction in computational time compared with leading methods. These results demonstrate its effectiveness for high-dimensional imbalanced feature selection and strong potential for real-world applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Computer)

20 pages, 2842 KB

Open AccessArticle

Comparative Regenerative Efficacy of PRP Combined with Chondrocytes or Mesenchymal Stem Cells for Intervertebral Disc Regeneration in a Rabbit Model

by Pedro M. Reyes-Fernandez, Viktor J. Romero-Díaz, Jaime García Juárez, José F. Vílchez-Cavazos, Carlos A. Acosta-Olivo, Víctor M. Peña-Martínez and Jorge Lara-Arias

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025, 26(20), 10007; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms262010007 (registering DOI) - 14 Oct 2025

Abstract

Intervertebral disc degeneration is a leading cause of chronic back pain, with existing treatments focusing on symptom management rather than true tissue repair. Cellular therapies—such as platelet-rich plasma (PRP), autologous chondrocytes, and mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs)—have emerged as promising strategies for disc regeneration. [...] Read more.

Intervertebral disc degeneration is a leading cause of chronic back pain, with existing treatments focusing on symptom management rather than true tissue repair. Cellular therapies—such as platelet-rich plasma (PRP), autologous chondrocytes, and mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs)—have emerged as promising strategies for disc regeneration. In this study, fifteen New Zealand white rabbits underwent fluoroscopy-guided needle puncture of the L4-L5 discs and were allocated to receive PRP alone, PRP-chondrocytes, or PRP-MSCs eight weeks later, while the L3-L4 disc served as a healthy internal control. At 16 weeks post-injury, histological scoring revealed significant improvements in annular integrity, cellularity, and matrix composition in all treated groups compared with untreated lesions, with the greatest gains observed in the PRP-chondrocytes arm, intermediate effects with PRP-MSCs, and more modest changes with PRP alone. Complementary RT-qPCR analysis of COL2A1 and COL10A1 expression confirmed a shift toward a more regenerative phenotype, marked by enhanced COL2A1 and reduced COL10A1 levels, which was most pronounced in the PRP-chondrocytes arm. Despite these advances, none of the interventions fully restored the healthy disc architecture, underscoring the complexity of disc repair. These findings support the potential of combining PRP with chondrocytes or MSCs for intervertebral disc regeneration and demonstrate the need for further optimization of cell doses, PRP formulations, and delivery protocols before clinical translation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine: In Vitro and In Vivo Studies—2nd Edition)

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20 pages, 2905 KB

Open AccessArticle

LiCl@C-BMZIF Porous Composites: Synthesis, Structural Characterization, and the Effects of Carbonization Temperature and Salt Loading on Thermochemical Energy Storage

by Fuyao Zhang, Wenjing Wei, Quanrong Fang and Xianfeng Fan

Crystals 2025, 15(10), 889; https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst15100889 (registering DOI) - 14 Oct 2025

Abstract

To address the imbalance in energy supply and demand across different regions and seasons, the thermochemical conversion process was selected to efficiently utilize surplus energy. In the search for suitable novel materials, this study developed a porous matrix “in-salt” composite using a carbonized [...] Read more.

To address the imbalance in energy supply and demand across different regions and seasons, the thermochemical conversion process was selected to efficiently utilize surplus energy. In the search for suitable novel materials, this study developed a porous matrix “in-salt” composite using a carbonized metal-organic framework as the carrier and LiCl as the primary reactant. When exposed to water vapor, the innovative material enabled both adsorption and desorption of water vapor, leading to the release and storage of thermal energy, thereby achieving effective energy storage. Using Zn(NO₃)₂·6H₂O and Co(NO₃)₂·6H₂O as metal ion sources and 2-methylimidazole as the ligand, bimetallic zeolitic imidazolate frameworks (BMZIFs) were fabricated via the liquid-phase precipitation method. The composite specimen prepared at a carbonization temperature of 1000 °C with a 20% LiCl mass concentration exhibited the most promising thermal storage performance, achieving the highest capacity, with a final water loss of 53.56% and a stable water adsorption capacity of about 0.831 g·g⁻¹. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Materials for Energy Applications)

18 pages, 2000 KB

Open AccessArticle

The Effect of Ozone on the Behavior of Systemic and Non-Systemic Pesticides in Cereal Grains

by Izabela Hrynko

Molecules 2025, 30(20), 4087; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules30204087 (registering DOI) - 14 Oct 2025

Abstract

Cereal grains make up a significant part of both human and animal diets; therefore, they should meet pesticide residue standards and be characterized by the lowest possible concentrations of these residues. Known for its strong oxidizing properties, ozone is gaining popularity as a [...] Read more.

Cereal grains make up a significant part of both human and animal diets; therefore, they should meet pesticide residue standards and be characterized by the lowest possible concentrations of these residues. Known for its strong oxidizing properties, ozone is gaining popularity as a natural agent for eliminating chemical contaminants at the stages of production, processing, and storage of raw materials of plant origin. The present study is the first to assess the effect of ozonation on the behavior of 12 (seven systemic and five non-systemic) compounds. The procedure was conducted in two time variants (30 and 60 min) for three cereal types: barley, wheat, and rye. Treatment efficiency was confirmed through instrumental determination conducted using the LC–MS/MS technique based on the QuEChERS protocol. The level of systemic compounds was reduced by 37–82%, and of non-systemic ones by approximately 72–95%. The reduction in difenoconazole amounted to only 39%, whereas the highest decrease of 95% was recorded for deltamethrin. The rate of pesticide degradation occurred in the following sequence: rye > wheat > barley. The results show that ozonation of cereal grains may successfully support assurance of food and feed safety. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Chemical Analysis of Pollutant in the Environment)

13 pages, 1154 KB

Open AccessArticle

Catalytic Activity of Rhenium(I) Tricarbonyl Complexes Containing Polypyridine and Phosphorus–Nitrogen Ligands in the Hydrogen Transfer of Acetophenone

by César Zúñiga, Mauricio Fuentealba, Elizabeth Olave, Diego P. Oyarzún, Andrés Aracena, Mauricio Yañez-S, Plinio Cantero-López and Pedro A. Aguirre

Inorganics 2025, 13(10), 338; https://doi.org/10.3390/inorganics13100338 (registering DOI) - 14 Oct 2025

Abstract

This work reports the synthesis and characterization of a novel rhenium(I) complex incorporating a phosphorus–nitrogen (P,N) ligand. The compound crystallizes in a distorted octahedral geometry, as confirmed by single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis. The complexes were evaluated as catalysts in the transfer hydrogenation of [...] Read more.

This work reports the synthesis and characterization of a novel rhenium(I) complex incorporating a phosphorus–nitrogen (P,N) ligand. The compound crystallizes in a distorted octahedral geometry, as confirmed by single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis. The complexes were evaluated as catalysts in the transfer hydrogenation of acetophenone using 2-propanol as the hydrogen source. Comparative studies with other rhenium(I) complexes bearing polypyridine ligands revealed high catalytic performance, achieving conversions between 68% and 99%. These results highlight the promising potential of P,N-ligand rhenium complexes in homogeneous transfer hydrogenation catalysis. The optimal reaction time was found to be 4 h for the complexes studied, with only the fac-[Re(CO)₃(PN)Cl] complex showing improved conversion upon extending the reaction time to 7 h, likely due to the donor effects provided by the P,N-ligand. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Synthesis, Characterization and Application of Novel Coordination and Organometallic Complexes)

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13 pages, 1274 KB

Open AccessArticle

A High-Accuracy Normalization Unit Using Multi-Bit Random Variables

by Yubin Zhu, Kaining Han and Jianhao Hu

Electronics 2025, 14(20), 4042; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics14204042 (registering DOI) - 14 Oct 2025

Abstract

Stochastic computing (SC) has the characteristics of low complexity and is expected to solve the bottleneck problem of conventional binary computing. Stochastic normalization units are widely used in stochastic decoding and stochastic signal detection, and have achieved hardware efficiency far exceeding conventional methods. [...] Read more.

Stochastic computing (SC) has the characteristics of low complexity and is expected to solve the bottleneck problem of conventional binary computing. Stochastic normalization units are widely used in stochastic decoding and stochastic signal detection, and have achieved hardware efficiency far exceeding conventional methods. However, they also have problems such as 1-bit representation and low calculation accuracy, calculation overflow, and fluctuation in the sum of normalized probabilities, which lead to prolonged processing latency and degraded hardware efficiency. Thus, this paper proposes a novel stochastic normalization unit using multi-bit random variables. Benefiting from the high representation accuracy of multi-bit random variables, the accuracy of the proposed unit is greatly improved. Meanwhile, the proposed unit completely solves the problems of calculation overflow and fluctuation in the sum of normalized probabilities. Simulation results show that the proposed 3-bit unit achieves a fourfold improvement in convergence speed and 2 times higher hardware efficiency compared to the state-of-the-art stochastic normalization unit. Finally, we verify that the proposed 3-bit unit demonstrates a 75% improvement in hardware efficiency for stochastic sparse-code multiple-access (SCMA) detection. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Stochastic Computing and Its Application)

12 pages, 2024 KB

Open AccessCase Report

Delayed Diagnosis of Acute Appendicitis in the Third Trimester of Pregnancy: Diagnostic Pitfalls, Multisurgical Management, and a Prolonged Postoperative Course—A Multidisciplinary Case Report

by Gabija Didžiokaitė, Aida Kuznecovaitė, Audrius Šileikis and Virginija Paliulytė

Diagnostics 2025, 15(20), 2593; https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics15202593 (registering DOI) - 14 Oct 2025

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Acute appendicitis is the most common non-obstetric surgical emergency during pregnancy. Diagnosing appendicitis in the third trimester remains especially challenging due to physiological changes that obscure clinical presentation and limit the utility of imaging modalities. These challenges can lead to diagnostic delays, [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Acute appendicitis is the most common non-obstetric surgical emergency during pregnancy. Diagnosing appendicitis in the third trimester remains especially challenging due to physiological changes that obscure clinical presentation and limit the utility of imaging modalities. These challenges can lead to diagnostic delays, increasing the risk of severe complications for both mother and fetus. Case presentation: We present a complex case of a 36-year-old pregnant woman at 29 + 4 weeks of gestation who developed acute appendicitis with an atypical clinical course. Her initial symptoms were nonspecific and misattributed to gastrointestinal discomfort related to pregnancy. Her condition progressively worsened, leading to an emergency laparoscopic appendectomy. Intraoperative findings confirmed a perforated, necrotic appendix. Postoperatively, she experienced multiple complications, including ileus, wound dehiscence, and complete eventration of the abdominal wall. These required two additional laparotomies and the application of vacuum-assisted closure (VAC) therapy for effective wound management. Despite the severity of maternal complications and the risk of preterm delivery, a multidisciplinary team provided coordinated care. The patient was delivered vaginally at 34 + 4 weeks using vacuum assistance. The neonate, who developed sepsis, was treated in the neonatal intensive care unit and discharged after 24 days. Both mother and child ultimately recovered. Conclusions: This case highlights the diagnostic complexity of appendicitis in late pregnancy and the potential for severe postoperative complications. Prompt surgical intervention, high clinical suspicion, and a multidisciplinary approach are crucial. Moreover, this report adds to the limited literature on the use of VAC therapy for abdominal eventration in pregnancy, demonstrating its feasibility and safety in selected cases. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Diagnosis and Management of Contemporary Issues in Maternal-Fetal Medicine)

38 pages, 7710 KB

Open AccessArticle

Machine Learning-Assisted Synergistic Optimization of 3D Printing Parameters for Enhanced Mechanical Properties of PLA/Boron Nitride Nanocomposites

by Sundarasetty Harishbabu, Nashmi H. Alrasheedi, Borhen Louhichi, P. S. Rama Sreekanth and Santosh Kumar Sahu

Machines 2025, 13(10), 949; https://doi.org/10.3390/machines13100949 (registering DOI) - 14 Oct 2025

Abstract

Additive manufacturing via fused deposition modeling (FDM) offers a versatile method for fabricating complex polymer parts; however, enhancing their mechanical properties remains a significant challenge, particularly for biopolymers such as polylactic acid (PLA). PLA is widely used in 3D printing due to its [...] Read more.

Additive manufacturing via fused deposition modeling (FDM) offers a versatile method for fabricating complex polymer parts; however, enhancing their mechanical properties remains a significant challenge, particularly for biopolymers such as polylactic acid (PLA). PLA is widely used in 3D printing due to its biodegradability and ease of processing, but its relatively low mechanical strength and impact resistance limit its broader applications. This study explores the reinforcement of PLA with boron nitride nanoplatelets (BNNPs) to improve its mechanical properties. This study also aims to optimize key FDM process parameters, such as reinforcement content, nozzle temperature, printing speed, layer thickness, and sample orientation, using a Taguchi L27 design. Results show that the addition of 0.04 wt.% BNNP significantly improves the mechanical properties of PLA, enhancing tensile strength by 44.2%, Young’s modulus by 45.5%, and impact strength by over 500% compared to pure PLA. Statistical analysis (ANOVA) reveals that printing speed and nozzle temperature are the primary factors affecting tensile strength and Young’s modulus, while impact strength is primarily influenced by nozzle temperature and reinforcement content. Machine learning models, such as CatBoost and Gaussian process regression, predict mechanical properties with high accuracy (R² > 0.98), providing valuable insights for tailoring PLA/BNNP composites and optimizing FDM process parameters. This integrated approach presents a promising path for developing high-performance, sustainable nanocomposites for advanced additive manufacturing applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Manufacturing Processes and Technologies: Trends and Innovations)

20 pages, 4960 KB

Open AccessReview

Neuroimaging Biomarkers in Alzheimer’s Disease

by Shailendra Mohan Tripathi, Porimita Chutia and Alison D. Murray

J. Dement. Alzheimer's Dis. 2025, 2(4), 37; https://doi.org/10.3390/jdad2040037 - 14 Oct 2025

Abstract

Alzheimer’s disease accounts for approximately 50% to 80% of all causes of dementia. Co-existence of AD with other diseases causing dementia poses a diagnostic challenge, as we are still far from diagnosing AD accurately in order to manage it appropriately. Neuroimaging techniques, not [...] Read more.

Alzheimer’s disease accounts for approximately 50% to 80% of all causes of dementia. Co-existence of AD with other diseases causing dementia poses a diagnostic challenge, as we are still far from diagnosing AD accurately in order to manage it appropriately. Neuroimaging techniques, not only help diagnose AD but also consistently feature in diagnostic and research criteria for AD as biomarkers. Molecular biomarkers including positron emission tomography (PET) and single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT), and structural biomarkers including magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), have been used in various therapeutic and prognostic studies in AD. This review highlights the recent advances in neuroimaging biomarkers, including molecular biomarkers (PET and SPECT tracers) and structural biomarkers (MRI), for AD. For the purpose of this review, molecular biomarkers have been further subcategorized into non-specific radiotracers (FDG-PET and blood flow SPECT) and specific amyloid- and tau-related radiotracers. The aim of this review is to discuss the recent advances and evidence of molecular and structural biomarkers of AD. Full article

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16 pages, 372 KB

Open AccessReview

Polymicrobial Infections: A Comprehensive Review on Current Context, Diagnostic Bottlenecks and Future Directions

by Amit Patnaik, Titirsha Kayal and Soumya Basu

Acta Microbiol. Hell. 2025, 70(4), 39; https://doi.org/10.3390/amh70040039 - 14 Oct 2025

Abstract

Worldwide, polymicrobial infections (PMIs) account for an estimated 20–50% of severe clinical infection cases, with biofilm-associated and device-related infections reaching 60–80% in hospitalized patients. This review discusses the clinical burden of major infections in which PMIs are almost inevitable, such as diabetic foot [...] Read more.

Worldwide, polymicrobial infections (PMIs) account for an estimated 20–50% of severe clinical infection cases, with biofilm-associated and device-related infections reaching 60–80% in hospitalized patients. This review discusses the clinical burden of major infections in which PMIs are almost inevitable, such as diabetic foot infections, intra-abdominal infections, pneumonia, and biofilm-associated device infections. Globally, the PMI landscape is diverse; however, the Indian subcontinent is a PMI hotspot where high comorbidities, endemic antimicrobial resistance, and underdeveloped diagnostic capacity elevate the risks of poor outcomes. Existing diagnostic like culture-based methods, PCR panels, sequencing, and biomarker-based assays are constrained by sensitivity, turnaround times (TATs), and high costs. Vulnerable populations, particularly neonates, the elderly, immunocompromised patients, and socioeconomically marginalized groups, show case-fatality rates 2-fold higher than monomicrobial infections in similar settings. Emerging diagnostic solutions include CRISPR-based multiplex assays, artificial intelligence-based metagenomic platforms, and sensitive biosensors with point-of-care applicability. These technologies show potential in reducing the TAT (<2h) with high accuracy (>95%). However, their translation to real-world settings depends critically on affordability, integration into healthcare pathways, and supportive policy. This will provide equitable diagnostic access, particularly in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). Full article

8 pages, 203 KB

Open AccessArticle

Views About and from International Medical Graduates’ General Practitioner Training in the United Kingdom

by Dorottya Cserző

Int. Med. Educ. 2025, 4(4), 40; https://doi.org/10.3390/ime4040040 - 14 Oct 2025

Abstract

International medical graduates (IMGs) make up a significant proportion of general practitioners (GPs) in high-income countries such as the United Kingdom (UK), the United States of America (USA), Australia, and Canada. This paper compares views about IMGs with their own views in relation [...] Read more.

International medical graduates (IMGs) make up a significant proportion of general practitioners (GPs) in high-income countries such as the United Kingdom (UK), the United States of America (USA), Australia, and Canada. This paper compares views about IMGs with their own views in relation to the timing of GP placements in GP specialty training programs in the UK. It presents an inductive thematic analysis of focus groups with GP specialty trainers and trainees (149 participants across 32 focus groups), examining opinions about the ideal timing of GP placements. Trainers and home graduates argued that for home graduates, the ideal sequence depends on the trainee’s previous experience. They also suggested that IMGs should start in a hospital placement to develop familiarity with the healthcare system. In contrast, most IMGs expressed a preference for starting in a GP placement, so that they can gain an understanding of the requirements of their specialty as early as possible. There is a contrast between what IMGs said about themselves and the views shared by trainers and home graduates. This highlights the need to involve IMGs in the design of support programs targeted towards them. Recommendations include tailoring training to account for individual career paths and providing training about the healthcare system before the start of the first placement. This could improve the efficiency of GP training programs at a time of extreme pressure on healthcare systems and training providers. Full article

46 pages, 1945 KB

Open AccessReview

Multivalent Metal-Ion Batteries: Unlocking the Future of Post-Lithium Energy Storage

by Balaraman Vedhanarayanan, Jagadesh Nagaraj, Kishorekumar Arjunan and K. C. Seetha Lakshmi

Nanoenergy Adv. 2025, 5(4), 13; https://doi.org/10.3390/nanoenergyadv5040013 - 14 Oct 2025

Abstract

The increasing demand for sustainable and high-performance energy storage underscores the limitations of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs), notably in terms of finite resources, safety issues, and rising costs. Multivalent metal-ion batteries (MMIBs)—employing Zn²⁺, Mg²⁺, Ca²⁺, and Al³⁺ [...] Read more.

The increasing demand for sustainable and high-performance energy storage underscores the limitations of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs), notably in terms of finite resources, safety issues, and rising costs. Multivalent metal-ion batteries (MMIBs)—employing Zn²⁺, Mg²⁺, Ca²⁺, and Al³⁺ ions—represent promising alternatives, as their multivalent charge carriers facilitate higher energy densities and greater electron transfer per ion. The widespread availability, lower cost, and favorable safety profiles of these metals further enhance MMIB suitability for large-scale deployment. However, MMIBs encounter significant obstacles, including slow ion diffusion, strong Coulombic interactions, electrolyte instability, and challenging interfacial compatibility. This review provides a systematic overview of recent advancements in MMIB research. Key developments are discussed for each system: electrode synthesis and flexible architectures for zinc-ion batteries; anode and cathode innovation alongside electrolyte optimization for magnesium-ion systems; improvements in anode engineering and solvation strategies for calcium-ion batteries; and progress in electrolyte formulation and cathode design for aluminum-ion batteries. The review concludes by identifying persistent challenges and future directions, with particular attention to material innovation, electrolyte chemistry, interfacial engineering, and the adoption of data-driven approaches, thereby informing the advancement of next-generation MMIB technologies. Full article

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14 pages, 428 KB

Open AccessArticle

Latent Profiles Based on Combined Risk Factors for Cognitive Decline in European Older Adults: A Retrospective Study Based on the SHARE HCAP Project

by Johnnatas Mikael Lopes, Paola Bertuccio, Riccardo Vecchio, Giacomo Pietro Vigezzi, Lorenzo Blandi and Anna Odone

Neurol. Int. 2025, 17(10), 172; https://doi.org/10.3390/neurolint17100172 - 14 Oct 2025

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Cognitive decline is common in ageing, ranging from mild to severe manifestations. Although several modifiable risk factors have been identified, they are typically examined individually. This study aimed to identify latent profiles based on combinations of dementia risk factors and to [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Cognitive decline is common in ageing, ranging from mild to severe manifestations. Although several modifiable risk factors have been identified, they are typically examined individually. This study aimed to identify latent profiles based on combinations of dementia risk factors and to quantify the associations with cognitive impairment in a European population of older adults. Methods: Based on the SHARE HCAP project, we conducted a retrospective longitudinal study by linking individual data from wave 6 (2015) and wave 9 (2021–2022). The sample included 2685 individuals aged 50+. The study outcome was cognitive status, assessed using standardised neurological tests and questionnaire and categorised as normal cognition, mild cognitive impairment (MCI), or severe cognitive impairment (SCI). The exposures included clinical, psychosocial, and lifestyle variables. Latent Class Analysis (LCA) was applied to identify distinct profiles, and multinomial logistic regression models were carried out to estimate associations between latent profiles and cognitive status, expressed as odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CI). Results: The study sample included 2326 participants, of whom 25.1% with MCI and 9.4% with SCI. Through LCA, we identified four profiles: Low-risk, Combined Cluster, Inactive Behaviour, and Cardiometabolic Risk. Compared with the Low-risk profile, the odds of MCI were significantly higher for Combined Cluster profile (OR = 3.11; 95% CI: 2.38–4.06) and CR (OR = 1.44; 95% CI: 1.07–1.93). For SCI, elevated odds were observed for Combined Cluster (OR = 7.30; 95% CI: 4.47–11.92), Cardiometabolic Risk (OR = 2.31; 95% CI: 1.31–4.05), and Inactive Behaviour (OR = 1.87; 95% CI: 1.01–3.48). Conclusions: Four latent profiles were identified, each showing distinct associations with MCI and SCI. The Combined Cluster—characterised by poor mental health, limited physical activity, and hypertension—showed the highest odds of cognitive impairment. Public health strategies should prioritise integrated actions against these risk factors. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Aging Neuroscience)

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19 pages, 413 KB

Open AccessArticle

Preliminary Findings from a Mindfulness-Based Intervention in Patients with Psychogenic Non-Epileptic Seizures

by Rebecca Ciacchini, Ciro Conversano, Graziella Orrù, Chiara Pizzanelli, Claudia Scarpitta, Francesco Turco, Enrica Bonanni, Annachiara Bressan, Thomas Reali and Angelo Gemignani

Neurol. Int. 2025, 17(10), 171; https://doi.org/10.3390/neurolint17100171 - 14 Oct 2025

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Psychogenic non-epileptic seizures (PNES) are seizure-like episodes not caused by abnormal brain activity, often linked to emotional dysregulation, dissociation, and altered interoceptive awareness. Standardized treatments are limited. This study aimed to explore the feasibility and preliminary psychological effects of a group-based [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Psychogenic non-epileptic seizures (PNES) are seizure-like episodes not caused by abnormal brain activity, often linked to emotional dysregulation, dissociation, and altered interoceptive awareness. Standardized treatments are limited. This study aimed to explore the feasibility and preliminary psychological effects of a group-based mindfulness-based intervention (MBI) in individuals with PNES. Methods: This single-arm, pre–post pilot study (no control group) enrolled fifteen participants in two cycles of an 8-week MBI delivered either in-person or online. Twelve participants completed pre/post self-report assessments of depression (BDI-II), anxiety (STAI-Y1), perceived stress (PSS-10), sleep quality (PSQI), dissociation (DES-II), meteoropathy (METEO-Q), mindfulness (FFMQ), and interoceptive awareness (MAIA). Results: The intervention was well tolerated (dropout rate: 20%). Trend-level, non-significant improvements emerged for depressive symptoms (p = 0.092, r = 0.564) and sleep quality (p = 0.078, r = 0.591). A significant reduction was observed in the FFMQ Describing subscale (p = 0.045, r = 0.697). No significant changes were found in anxiety, perceived stress, or interoceptive awareness, although certain MAIA subscales indicated small, non-significant increases. Conclusions: Despite the limited sample size and absence of a control group, these preliminary findings support the feasibility and acceptability of MBIs for PNES, warranting further controlled investigations. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Movement Disorders and Neurodegenerative Diseases)

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12 pages, 610 KB

Open AccessArticle

HIV-1 Subtype Diversity in Morocco: Signals of Change and Implications for National Surveillance

by Maryam Ahmina, Hicham El Annaz, Nada Lamrak, Ahmed Reggad, Mohamed Rida Tagajdid, Rachid Abi, Mohamed Elqatni, Abdelilah Laraqui, Safae Elkochri, Elarbi Bouaiti, Youssef Aadi, Bouchra El Mchichi, Nadia Touil, Khalid Ennibi and Idriss Lahlou Amine

Infect. Dis. Rep. 2025, 17(5), 128; https://doi.org/10.3390/idr17050128 - 14 Oct 2025

Abstract

Background: Limited molecular surveillance continues to constrain Morocco’s HIV response, leaving subtype dynamics largely underreported. Once characterized by a predominance of subtype B, the Moroccan epidemic now appears to reflect shifting patterns shaped by regional and international connectivity. This study aimed to investigate [...] Read more.

Background: Limited molecular surveillance continues to constrain Morocco’s HIV response, leaving subtype dynamics largely underreported. Once characterized by a predominance of subtype B, the Moroccan epidemic now appears to reflect shifting patterns shaped by regional and international connectivity. This study aimed to investigate HIV-1 molecular diversity, monitor circulating HIV-1 genetic variants, and inter-gene recombination in a cohort of people living with HIV in Morocco. Methods: We conducted an analysis of individuals diagnosed with HIV-1 infection or receiving follow-up care. Demographic and clinical data were extracted. Genotypic testing was performed on the protease/reverse transcriptase (PR/RT) and integrase (IN) regions of the pol gene using the HIV-1 Genotyping Kit with Integrase. Subtypes were assigned via Stanford HIVdb and HIV Blast, and phylogenetic relationships were analyzed using MEGA 12. Results: Of the 73 individuals enrolled, 64 were successfully sequenced. The median age was 43 years (IQR 35–51.3), with over half aged 25–44, and 85.9% were male. Heterosexual transmission was the main route (87.5%), and 59.4% were ART-naïve. Non-B subtypes predominated (87.5%), led by CRF02_AG (73.4%), followed by B (12.5%), C (7.8%), and A3 (3.1%). The cohort showed significant genetic diversity, including multiple CRFs such as CRF45_cpx (1.6%), CRF01_AE (1.6%), B/CRF02_AG (7.8%), G/CRF02_AG (3.1%), C/CRF02_AG (1.6%), CRF02_AG/CRF45_cpx (1.6%) and CRF02_AG/CRF22_01A1 (1.6%). Conclusions: This study provides updated insight into HIV-1 diversity in Morocco, showing a predominance of non-B subtypes, particularly CRF02_AG, and signals of increasing heterogeneity compared with reports from more than a decade ago that described subtype B predominance. These findings suggest a viral transition shaped in part by regional connectivity and highlight a gap in Morocco’s HIV strategy, underscoring the need to implement nationwide molecular surveillance to inform future HIV control efforts. Full article

11 pages, 207 KB

Open AccessArticle

Haemoglobinopathies: Integrated Biochemical and Molecular Diagnosis in 5243 Patients

by Domenico Dell’Edera, Brunilde Persia, Francesco La Rocca and Carmela Centoducati

Hemato 2025, 6(4), 36; https://doi.org/10.3390/hemato6040036 - 14 Oct 2025

Abstract

Background: Haemoglobinopathies are among the most common monogenic disorders worldwide. Early identification of asymptomatic carriers through reliable screening and molecular diagnostics is crucial for prevention programmes, especially in high-prevalence regions such as Southern Italy. Methods: A total of 5243 individuals were analysed between [...] Read more.

Background: Haemoglobinopathies are among the most common monogenic disorders worldwide. Early identification of asymptomatic carriers through reliable screening and molecular diagnostics is crucial for prevention programmes, especially in high-prevalence regions such as Southern Italy. Methods: A total of 5243 individuals were analysed between 2013 and 2024 using both biochemical and genetic parameters. First-level screening included full blood count, iron status, and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) for haemoglobin variant quantification. Molecular analyses were performed using next-generation sequencing (NGS) for the HBA1, HBA2, and HBB genes. Results: We identified 267 individuals (11.2%) as carriers of α-thalassaemia and 473 individuals (16.7%) as carriers of β-thalassaemia. Among them, 5 were compound heterozygotes and 3 homozygous for the α-3.7 deletion. A rare case of HbG Philadelphia in association with a triplicated α-gene was also observed. The most common β-globin mutations included c.118C>T (β⁰39, 44%), IVS-I-110 (17.7%), IVS-I-6 (12.7%), and IVS-I-1 (12.3%). Among α-globin mutations, the most prevalent were -α³^.⁷ (48%), α2 IVS1 -5nt (15.4%), -20.5 Kb (14.2%), and triplicated α (11%). In total, 18.7% of individuals were found to carry either α- or β-thalassaemia traits. Conclusion: Our findings highlight the limitations of traditional diagnostic methods—such as the osmotic fragility test—and the importance of integrating haematological, biochemical, and molecular data to accurately identify thalassaemia carriers. The variability of genotype–phenotype correlations, especially in the context of immigration and genetic diversity, underscores the need for comprehensive molecular analysis. We propose a three-step diagnostic algorithm combining first-level screening, iron status assessment, and NGS-based sequencing for inconclusive cases. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Non Neoplastic Blood Disorders)

22 pages, 10788 KB

Open AccessArticle

UHF RFID-Based Vehicle Navigation on Straight Unpaved Road Reinforced with Geocell

by Gabriela Maria Castro Gonzalez, Takayuki Kawaguchi, Dai Nakamura, Kenji Kurokawa and Takeshi Kawamura

Future Transp. 2025, 5(4), 143; https://doi.org/10.3390/futuretransp5040143 - 14 Oct 2025

Abstract

Visibility on roads can be poor during winters owing to snowstorms and other factors. Optical devices, including Light Detection and Ranging devices, are ineffective under whiteout conditions. Moreover, buildings, trees, and other obstacles reduce the accuracy of the Global Positioning System. Therefore, we [...] Read more.

Visibility on roads can be poor during winters owing to snowstorms and other factors. Optical devices, including Light Detection and Ranging devices, are ineffective under whiteout conditions. Moreover, buildings, trees, and other obstacles reduce the accuracy of the Global Positioning System. Therefore, we investigate vehicle navigation using an Ultrahigh Frequency Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) system. This study extends a previously developed RFID-based navigation system for paved roads to unpaved roads. Unpaved roads, particularly those in mountainous or forested areas, can become unstable because of weather conditions and present unique challenges regarding the stability of RFID tags. We use geocells to provide road stability and maintain the RFID tags at the ideal position and attitude. We insert RFID tags into polyvinyl chloride pipe holders and attach them to geocells. We also use the vehicle heading angle from the inertial navigation system (INS). In some areas, the INS is disturbed and shows incorrect direction. We utilize the RFID tag reading history to improve vehicle positioning accuracy by compensating for errors in the INS. Applying this correction reduces the average deviation from the lane center. Driving experiments are conducted on a straight unpaved road, and good results are obtained. These results validate the robustness of the proposed vehicle navigation system, which combines an RFID system with a geocell, providing insights into its successful implementation on unpaved roads. Full article

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29 pages, 387 KB

Open AccessReview

Psychosocial Adjustment During Adolescence: The Role of Individual Differences

by Ainzara Favini, Carolina Lunetti, Maria Carla Tommaselli and Tiziana Quarto

Encyclopedia 2025, 5(4), 166; https://doi.org/10.3390/encyclopedia5040166 - 14 Oct 2025

Abstract

Adolescence, one of the most crucial developmental phases in life, was previously commonly considered a vulnerable period, characterized especially by risk factors that can lead to a variety of internalizing or externalizing problems. The present work goes beyond the classical view of adolescence [...] Read more.

Adolescence, one of the most crucial developmental phases in life, was previously commonly considered a vulnerable period, characterized especially by risk factors that can lead to a variety of internalizing or externalizing problems. The present work goes beyond the classical view of adolescence as a vulnerable stage by supporting a more recent conceptualization of adolescence as a “window of opportunities”, driven by the interplay and influences between individual and environmental factors. The authors considered individual differences related to temperament and personality to account for individual factors, and school, family, and peer support as social factors. Moreover, the authors specified the contexts in which individual differences are particularly relevant for youths’ adjustment and psychological well-being, considering the main adaptive and maladaptive facets that adolescent development can assume. Lastly, the authors also considered the main intervention approaches to prevent risks and foster positive development in youths over time, especially accounting for social and environmental resources accessible to adolescents. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Social Sciences)

16 pages, 1045 KB

Open AccessArticle

Microfluidic Isolation of Aptamers for Intracellular Measurement of Radio-Responsive Proteins

by Xin Meng, Leah Nemzow, Yaru Han, Kechun Wen, Sally A. Amundson, Helen C. Turner and Qiao Lin

Radiation 2025, 5(4), 30; https://doi.org/10.3390/radiation5040030 - 14 Oct 2025

Abstract

In large-scale radiological events, there is a need to triage affected individuals based on their biological absorbed dose. Biodosimetry measures biological responses in relation to the received dose. Radiation-responsive protein biomarkers in peripheral blood lymphocytes, especially intracellular proteins, have been validated for biodosimetry [...] Read more.

In large-scale radiological events, there is a need to triage affected individuals based on their biological absorbed dose. Biodosimetry measures biological responses in relation to the received dose. Radiation-responsive protein biomarkers in peripheral blood lymphocytes, especially intracellular proteins, have been validated for biodosimetry with immunochemical-based measurement methods. However, these antibody-based assays can suffer from stability and batch-to-batch variations. Aptamers are single-stranded oligonucleotide alternatives to antibodies that are stable and much smaller in size, making them ideal probes for intracellular targets. However, few aptamers have been developed against intracellular targets, and these efforts are especially hampered due to the time-consuming nature of the conventional aptamer selection method. An efficient method for isolating aptamers against intracellular radiation-responsive proteins is not available yet. Herein, we used a microfluidic aptamer isolation method to develop an aptamer against the intracellular radiation biomarker BAX in blood lymphocytes. The isolated aptamer has a dissociation constant of 6.95 nM against human BAX protein and a bright detail similarity score of 1.9 when colocalizing with anti-BAX aptamer intracellularly. The in situ labeling of the intracellular BAX protein also shows the aptamer can be used to differentiate 2.5 Gy or 3 Gy of radiation in ex vivo human and in vivo mouse peripheral blood samples exposed to X-rays. In conclusion, this proof-of-concept study indicates that the microfluidic-enabled aptamer isolation method could be used for the development of a panel of targeted intracellular proteins for radiation biodosimetry applications. Full article

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