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6 pages, 317 KB

Open AccessCommentary

Mpox Epidemics: A Call to Restore Humanity’s Lost Herd Immunity to Orthopoxviruses

by Misaki Wayengera, Henry Kyobe-Bosa, Winters Muttamba, Olushayo Oluseun Olu, Abdou Salam Gueye, Nicaise Ndembi, Neema Kamara, Morenike Oluwatoyin Folayan, Bruce Kirenga, Sitong Luo, Qingyu Li and Chikwe Ihekweazu

Viruses 2025, 17(9), 1257; https://doi.org/10.3390/v17091257 (registering DOI) - 18 Sep 2025

Abstract

Global efforts to eradicate smallpox—an Orthopoxvirus infection—began in the mid-20th century, with the last naturally occurring case reported in 1977. This was achieved through global solidarity efforts that expanded the smallpox eradication vaccination program. Approximately 50 years following the cessation of mass smallpox [...] Read more.

Global efforts to eradicate smallpox—an Orthopoxvirus infection—began in the mid-20th century, with the last naturally occurring case reported in 1977. This was achieved through global solidarity efforts that expanded the smallpox eradication vaccination program. Approximately 50 years following the cessation of mass smallpox vaccination and in the absence of access to a sustainable boosting program, the population immunologically naïve to Orthopoxviruses has increased significantly. With increasing global movements and travels, we argue that the emergence of two back-to-back yet distinct mpox epidemics in the 21st century is a sign of humanity’s lost herd immunity to Orthopoxviruses. This needs concerted efforts to restore. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mpox (Monkeypox): From Neglected Tropical Disease to Emerging Global Pathogen)

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22 pages, 20254 KB

Open AccessArticle

Numerical Study of Excavation Face Active Instability in Upward Shield Tunneling

by Yijie Li, Xiao Wang, Gang Wei, Zhiying Lin, Xinjiang Wei, Zihai Yan, Jiajia Yan and Xiang Shen

Buildings 2025, 15(18), 3371; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15183371 - 17 Sep 2025

Abstract

To study excavation face instability in upward shield tunneling, a 3D numerical model was established using ABAQUS software v2023 under different depth ratios (C/D = 1, 1.5, 2, 3, 4), with reference to the upward shield tunneling project of the [...] Read more.

To study excavation face instability in upward shield tunneling, a 3D numerical model was established using ABAQUS software v2023 under different depth ratios (C/D = 1, 1.5, 2, 3, 4), with reference to the upward shield tunneling project of the Midosuji Utility Tunnel Construction Project in Japan. The model simulated soil as an elastoplastic material governed by the Mohr–Coulomb criterion, with dimensions of 60 m × 60 m × 60 m and boundary constraints applied to soil surfaces. This study explores variations in the limit support pressure and soil failure zone during the instability process. Simulation results were validated through scaled model tests (1:50). The study findings reveal that (1) for varying depth ratios, the support pressure on the excavation face decreases as the depth ratio increases, with diminishing reductions at higher ratios. (2) At shallower depths (C/D < 3), the soil failure zone above the excavation face is nearly conic. At deeper depths (C/D ≥ 3), the failure zone resembles a “bullet head” shape. (3) At shallower depth ratios (C/D < 3), surface displacement shows slow-to-rapid transitions. At deeper depth ratios (C/D ≥ 3), surface displacement remains nearly constant. (4) Post-instability, stress concentration at the horizontal tunnel’s top opening causes segments to deform into an inverted V-shape. (5) Soil stress changes are categorized into three zones—stress release, soil wedging, and stress transfer—with each zone expanding as depth increases. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Building Structures)

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25 pages, 832 KB

Open AccessReview

The Role of Essential Oils in Sports Recovery and Performance

by Stanislava Ivanova, Zoya Dzhakova, Yana Gvozdeva, Gergana Petkova, Albena Ivanova and Elizabet Dzhambazova

Molecules 2025, 30(18), 3771; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules30183771 (registering DOI) - 17 Sep 2025

Abstract

Recent clinical studies and scientific literature increasingly support the use of essential oils (EOs) as adjuncts in enhancing sports performance and recovery. They have demonstrated potential in modulating mood, alleviating fatigue, facilitating muscle recovery, and contributing to the overall physiological and psychological well-being [...] Read more.

Recent clinical studies and scientific literature increasingly support the use of essential oils (EOs) as adjuncts in enhancing sports performance and recovery. They have demonstrated potential in modulating mood, alleviating fatigue, facilitating muscle recovery, and contributing to the overall physiological and psychological well-being of athletes. Specifically, EOs such as peppermint and eucalyptus exhibit analgesic and anti-inflammatory properties, making them beneficial for managing exercise-induced muscle soreness and discomfort. Conversely, oils like lavender are recognized for their anxiolytic and sedative effects, which may improve sleep quality and promote relaxation. But both are essential for effective post-exercise recovery. As such, their strategic application may represent a valuable, complementary approach within the broader context of sports medicine and athletic training. Although EOs have been used for centuries in traditional medicine of various cultures to support physical performance, scientific research in the field of sports medicine remains still limited. Preliminary findings suggest promising effects on fatigue reduction, sleep, sympathetic activity, and endurance improvement. However, results are inconsistent, with some studies even showing no significant differences compared to placebo. Further rigorous research is needed to establish the efficacy and mechanisms of EOs in athletic settings. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Phytochemistry, Human Health and Molecular Mechanisms)

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23 pages, 10889 KB

Open AccessArticle

Geological Structure Control on Pore Structure of Coal Reservoirs: A Case Study in Erdaoling Mining Area, Inner Mongolia, NW China

by Heng Li, Haitao Lin, Huimin Lv, Dongfang Yu, Weiwei Guo, Xuan Fang, Zhaoyang Duan and Anmin Wang

Energies 2025, 18(18), 4942; https://doi.org/10.3390/en18184942 - 17 Sep 2025

Abstract

The Erdaoling Mining area, located in Inner Mongolia, NW China, is recognized for its considerable potential in coalbed methane (CBM) exploration and development. However, the complex structures in this region have significant influences on coal reservoir characteristics, particularly pore structure features. This study [...] Read more.

The Erdaoling Mining area, located in Inner Mongolia, NW China, is recognized for its considerable potential in coalbed methane (CBM) exploration and development. However, the complex structures in this region have significant influences on coal reservoir characteristics, particularly pore structure features. This study focuses on the No. 2 coal seam of the Middle Jurassic Yan’an Formation. Three structural patterns were classified based on the existing structural characteristics of the study area. Coal samples of No. 2 coal seam were collected from different structural positions, and were subjected to low-temperature CO₂ adsorption (LTCO₂A), low-temperature N₂ adsorption/desorption (LTN₂A), low-field nuclear magnetic resonance (LF-NMR), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) experiments, so that the structural controlling effects on pore structure would be revealed. Quantitative analysis results indicate that in terms of asymmetric syncline, from the limb to the core, the total porosity and movable fluid porosity of the coal decreased by 1.47% and 0.31%, respectively, reaching their lowest values at the core. Meanwhile, the dominant pore type shifted from primarily one-end closed pores to “ink-bottle” pores, indicating increased pore complexity. In the fold-thrust structure, the micropore specific surface area, micropore volume, mesopore specific surface area, mesopore volume, and total porosity show clear correlations with variations in coal seam structure. These parameters all reach their maximum values in the fault-cut zone at the center of the syncline, measuring 268.26 m²/g, 0.082 cm³/g, 0.601 m²/g, 1.262 cm³/g, and 4.2%, respectively. Simple pore types, like gas pores and vesicular pores, were identified in the syncline limbs, while open pores, “ink-bottle” pores, and complex multiporous types were mainly developed at fault locations, indicating that faults significantly increase the complexity of coal reservoir pore types. For the broad and gentle syncline and small-scale reverse fault combination, porosity exhibits a decreasing trend from the syncline limbs toward the core. Specifically, the mesopore specific surface area and movable fluid porosity increased by 52.24% and 43.69%, respectively, though no significant effect on micropores was observed. The syncline core in this structural setting developed normal gas pore clusters and tissue pores, with no occurrence of highly complex or heterogeneous pore types, indicating that neither the broad gentle syncline nor the small-scale faulting significantly altered the pore morphology. Comparatively, the broad and gentle syncline and small-scale reverse fault combination was determined to exert the strongest modification on pore structures of coal reservoir, followed by the asymmetric syncline, while the broad syncline alone demonstrated minimal influence. Full article

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33 pages, 6098 KB

Open AccessArticle

Flexural Behavior of Beams Reinforced with FRP Bars: Test Database, Design Guideline Assessment, and Reliability Evaluation

by Hau Tran and Trung Nguyen-Thoi

Buildings 2025, 15(18), 3373; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15183373 - 17 Sep 2025

Abstract

The aims of this paper are to evaluate the current design procedures and to assess the reliability of FRP-reinforced concrete beams. Firstly, 299 FRP beams are collected to provide a useful source of data for other studies. The designs of these beams based [...] Read more.

The aims of this paper are to evaluate the current design procedures and to assess the reliability of FRP-reinforced concrete beams. Firstly, 299 FRP beams are collected to provide a useful source of data for other studies. The designs of these beams based on ACI 440.1R-15, CSA S806-02, and CEB-FIB are also summarized in detail. Secondly, a reliability analysis process considering the uncertainties of numerous variables of FRP-reinforced concrete beams is developed in Matlab R2024b. Based on this reliability analysis process, current prevalent design documents are rigorously assessed. Finally, the effect of numerous parameters on the reliability indices of FRP beams are investigated. The results of the study show that the developed procedure is highly reliable. Among three design documents, ACI 440.1R-15 can predict the ultimate moment of FRP-reinforced concrete beams better than others, as the mean and CoV of the model error are approximately 1.07 and 0.19, respectively. In addition, over 98% of beams designed by ACI 440.1R and CSA S806 meet the target reliability index. The design equations of CEB-FIB in the case of concrete crushing are less safe than those of ACI 440.1R and CSA S806. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Building Materials, and Repair & Renovation)

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35 pages, 2425 KB

Open AccessArticle

Shear Behavior of Large Keyed Dry Joints in Segmental Precast Bridges: Experiment, Numerical Modeling, and Capacity Prediction

by Yongjun Hou, Duo Liu, Di Qi, Song Liu, Tongwei Wang and Jiandong Zhang

Buildings 2025, 15(18), 3375; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15183375 - 17 Sep 2025

Abstract

The mechanical properties of the joint are a key factor influencing the overall structural performance of segmental precast beams. This study investigates the shear performance of large keyed dry joints in segmental precast beam specimens under six different conditions, including variations in the [...] Read more.

The mechanical properties of the joint are a key factor influencing the overall structural performance of segmental precast beams. This study investigates the shear performance of large keyed dry joints in segmental precast beam specimens under six different conditions, including variations in the base height of the key, depth-to-height ratio, number of keys, and prestressing reinforcement ratio, using direct shear tests and numerical simulations. The mechanical performance of the joints in segmental precast bridges under combined bending and shear forces is also studied using finite element analysis software. Additionally, a prediction model for the shear strength of the large keyed dry joints is established using machine learning methods. The results show that increasing the base height, depth-to-height ratio, and overall dimensions of the key can enhance the shear strength of dry joints. The depth-to-height ratio of the key not only affects the shear strength of the dry joint but also determines the failure mode of the joint. Furthermore, the shear bearing capacity and displacement stiffness of the keyed dry joint increase with the reinforcement ratio of the prestressing tendons. Compared to smaller keyed joints, larger keyed dry joints exhibit higher shear bearing capacity, smaller relative slip at failure, and a simpler casting process, making them more suitable for application in segmental precast bridges. The influence of bending moment on the shear bearing capacity of the joint section is limited, with the relative variation compared to the pure shear condition being less than 10%. The shear bearing capacity of the joint section in segmental precast bridges can be designed based on its direct shear performance. The developed interface shear strength prediction model effectively captures the nonlinear relationship between various parameters and shear strength, demonstrating strong adaptability and accuracy. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Technologies for Construction and Maintenance of Engineering Structures)

18 pages, 5667 KB

Open AccessArticle

Verification of Vision-Based Terrain-Referenced Navigation Using the Iterative Closest Point Algorithm Through Flight Testing

by Taeyun Kim, Seongho Nam, Hyungsub Lee and Juhyun Oh

Sensors 2025, 25(18), 5813; https://doi.org/10.3390/s25185813 (registering DOI) - 17 Sep 2025

Abstract

Terrain-referenced navigation (TRN) provides an alternative navigation method for environments with limited GPS availability. This paper proposes a vision-based TRN framework that employs stereo imagery and a rotation-invariant iterative closest point (ICP) algorithm to align reconstructed elevation maps with a terrain elevation database. [...] Read more.

Terrain-referenced navigation (TRN) provides an alternative navigation method for environments with limited GPS availability. This paper proposes a vision-based TRN framework that employs stereo imagery and a rotation-invariant iterative closest point (ICP) algorithm to align reconstructed elevation maps with a terrain elevation database. In contrast to conventional ICP, which is sensitive to camera intrinsic errors, the proposed approach improves robustness at high altitudes. Its feasibility and effectiveness are demonstrated through full-scale flight tests using a Cessna aircraft equipped with an IMU, camera, and barometric altimeter. The results show that the proposed method consistently enhances positioning accuracy and robustness compared with a filter-based approach, particularly under challenging high-altitude conditions where image resolution is reduced. The algorithm proved capable of maintaining reliable performance across varying flight altitudes, demonstrating its robustness under high-altitude conditions. This study establishes the novelty of integrating rotation-invariant ICP with vision-based TRN and provides real-world validation through actual flight testing. The findings offer valuable implications for future research and potential applications in unmanned aerial vehicles and long-range guided systems, where passive and GPS-independent navigation is critical for mission success. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Navigation and Positioning)

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19 pages, 2890 KB

Open AccessArticle

Optimizing the Microscopic Structure of MIL-68(Al) by Co-Doping for Pollutant Removal and Mechanism

by Wenju Peng, Wenjie Yang, Meng Wang, Lin Zhang, Xianxiang Liu and Yaoyao Zhang

Catalysts 2025, 15(9), 900; https://doi.org/10.3390/catal15090900 (registering DOI) - 17 Sep 2025

Abstract

Four different MIL-68(Al) catalysts were synthesized and characterized by XPS, SEM, TEM, XRD, DLS, Nitrogen adsorption removal, and other methods. An aluminum-based MOF (Metal Organic Framework) (MIL-68(Al))/graphite oxide (GO) composite with TiO₂ showed the largest BET specific area with best adsorption performance. [...] Read more.

Four different MIL-68(Al) catalysts were synthesized and characterized by XPS, SEM, TEM, XRD, DLS, Nitrogen adsorption removal, and other methods. An aluminum-based MOF (Metal Organic Framework) (MIL-68(Al))/graphite oxide (GO) composite with TiO₂ showed the largest BET specific area with best adsorption performance. Representation demonstrated that MIL-68(Al) and TiO₂ nanoparticles are uniformly dispersed on the surface of the GO lamellar, and a tight heterojunction structure is formed between them. The MIL-68(Al)/GO/TiO₂ exhibits good pore characteristics, structural morphology, and catalytic performance. Adsorption experiments of methyl orange can reach 99.7% with the effect of MIL-68(Al)/GO/TiO₂ in water for 20 min. Moreover, the pH range can be applied to 1–13 and a high concentration of 200 mg/L methyl orange solution also worked well. In addition, this kind of catalyst can also be used for rhodamine B, methylene blue, congo red, and tetracycline in 20 min with good adsorption. Meanwhile, simple filtration can quickly recover MIL-68(Al)/GO/TiO₂ and effectively reuse it. Free radical capture experiments showed a large number of •OH radicals during the adsorption of MO (Methyl Orange) solution by MIL-68(Al)/GO/TiO₂. Meanwhile, the electrostatic interaction, π-π packing and hydrogen bonding make MIL-68(Al)/GO/TiO₂ have a higher adsorption capacity for MO. Therefore, co-doping optimized the structure of MIL-68(Al), enhancing its stability in strong acids and bases while improving adsorption performance across a broader pH range than previously reported. This work addresses the instability of MIL-68(Al) under extreme conditions, demonstrating its significant potential for wastewater treatment applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue TiO₂ Photocatalysts: Design, Optimization and Application)

18 pages, 81615 KB

Open AccessArticle

Experiments of Network Literacy for Urban Designers: Bridging Information Design and Spatial Morphology

by Dario Rodighiero

Land 2025, 14(9), 1901; https://doi.org/10.3390/land14091901 (registering DOI) - 17 Sep 2025

Abstract

Urban morphology has long been studied through typologies, spatial configurations, and historical change, yet cities are not static artifacts but dynamic environments continually reshaped by people, infrastructures, and politics. This article brings Actor–Network Theory (ANT) into dialogue with Aldo Rossi’s notion of the [...] Read more.

Urban morphology has long been studied through typologies, spatial configurations, and historical change, yet cities are not static artifacts but dynamic environments continually reshaped by people, infrastructures, and politics. This article brings Actor–Network Theory (ANT) into dialogue with Aldo Rossi’s notion of the locus to rethink urban design as both enduring form and relational process. Building on Manuel Lima’s taxonomy, the study develops a methodological workflow that translates street networks into visualizations, pairing embeddings with topographic maps to highlight structural patterns. Applied to a comparative set of cities, the analysis distinguishes three broad morphological tendencies—archetypal, geometrical, and relational—each reflecting different logics of urban organization. The results show how scale and connectivity condition the interpretability of embeddings, revealing both alignments and divergences between cartographic and topological representations. Beyond empirical findings, the article frames network literacy as a meeting ground for design theory, science and technology studies, and information visualization. It concludes by proposing that advancing urban morphology today requires not only new computational tools but also sustained interdisciplinary collaboration across design, urban studies, and data science. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Urban Morphology: A Perspective from Space (Second Edition))

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18 pages, 1345 KB

Open AccessArticle

Comparative Dermoscopic Analysis of Melanoma In Situ Versus Thin Invasive Melanoma Considering BRAF Mutational Status

by Iulia Zboraș, Loredana Ungureanu, Simona Corina Șenilă, Orsolya Ildikó Gaál, Ștefana-Anamaria Gligor-Popa, Doinița Crișan, Sergiu Șușman, Ștefan Cristian Vesa and Rodica Cosgarea

J. Clin. Med. 2025, 14(18), 6554; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm14186554 (registering DOI) - 17 Sep 2025

Abstract

Background/Objectives: BRAF mutation is the most frequent somatic mutation in melanoma. The BRAF mutational status is crucial in selecting systemic therapy for advanced melanoma. Another important consideration is whether a melanoma is in situ or invasive. If this aspect could be known [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: BRAF mutation is the most frequent somatic mutation in melanoma. The BRAF mutational status is crucial in selecting systemic therapy for advanced melanoma. Another important consideration is whether a melanoma is in situ or invasive. If this aspect could be known before the first surgical intervention, the appropriate surgical margins could be chosen from the beginning and a second surgical step could be avoided. Could the dermoscopic image predict the BRAF mutational status? Could it also predict if a melanoma is in situ or invasive? Methods: This retrospective study included 50 patients with 52 melanomas. The mutational status of the BRAF gene was determined, and the dermoscopic images were analysed. Results: There were no statistically significant differences between the BRAF-mutant melanoma group and the BRAF wild-type melanoma group. However, there were statistically significant differences between the dermoscopic images of melanomas in situ and thin invasive melanomas (≤1 mm Breslow thickness). Irregular dots or globules (p = 0.008), a blue-white veil (p = 0.011), milky red areas (p = 0.008), dotted vessels (p = 0.04), and linear irregular vessels (p = 0.016) were all more frequently present in thin invasive melanomas compared to melanomas in situ. Conclusions: Dermoscopy could predict whether a melanoma is in situ or invasive, but it could not predict the mutational BRAF status in the present study. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Skin Diseases: From Diagnosis to Treatment)

14 pages, 403 KB

Open AccessArticle

A Comparative Study of the Effect of Commonly Used Pesticides on Cervical Contractions in Pregnant Cows, In Vitro

by Michal Hubert Wrobel

Toxics 2025, 13(9), 793; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics13090793 (registering DOI) - 17 Sep 2025

Abstract

Organochlorine insecticides (DDTs), organophosphate insecticides (malathion), carbamate insecticides (carbaryl and thiram), pyrethroid (cypermethrin and fenvalarate) insecticides, and herbicides (glyphosate and atrazine) were selected for this study because they disrupt cervical and myometrial function in the bovine oestrous cycle. However, their potential to affect [...] Read more.

Organochlorine insecticides (DDTs), organophosphate insecticides (malathion), carbamate insecticides (carbaryl and thiram), pyrethroid (cypermethrin and fenvalarate) insecticides, and herbicides (glyphosate and atrazine) were selected for this study because they disrupt cervical and myometrial function in the bovine oestrous cycle. However, their potential to affect reproductive success in cattle during pregnancy has not been directly confirmed. The aim of this study was to determine the effects of the investigated pesticides on cervical contractions in pregnant cows. Cervical strips from cows at 4–6 months of gestation were treated with the eight singular pesticides (used at non-toxic, environmental dose) or oestradiol (E2) under two different conditions (37.5 °C for 24 h and 4 °C for 48 h), which were applied to assess pesticide effects under both physiological and prolonged-exposure settings. The strength of the contractions was then measured. The findings of the study demonstrated that both the carbamates and glyphosate increased the force of cervical strip contractions to a greater extent than cypermethrin. In contrast, fenvalerate was observed to induce a state of cervical relaxation, analogous to the effects of E2, while DDT, malathion and atrazine exerted no effect on cervical motor function during the period of pregnancy under investigation. These preliminary findings indicate a potential impact of pesticides on cervical function during pregnancy, but should be interpreted with caution as they are based on isolated tissue at a single concentration. Further in vivo and dose–response studies are needed to confirm their biological and clinical relevance. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Endocrine-Disrupting Chemicals and Reproductive Toxicology)

29 pages, 6553 KB

Open AccessArticle

AI-Driven Morphological Classification of the Italian School Building Stock: Towards a Deep Energy Renovation Roadmap

by Giacomo Caccia, Matteo Cavaglià, Fulvio Re Cecconi, Andrea Giovanni Mainini, Marta Maria Sesana and Elisa Di Giuseppe

Energies 2025, 18(18), 4953; https://doi.org/10.3390/en18184953 (registering DOI) - 17 Sep 2025

Abstract

The Italian school building stock is largely outdated, with structural and technological inadequacies leading to low comfort and high energy consumption. Addressing this challenge requires large-scale renovation supported by an integrated, data-driven approach. This study conducted a nationwide analysis of over 40,000 school [...] Read more.

The Italian school building stock is largely outdated, with structural and technological inadequacies leading to low comfort and high energy consumption. Addressing this challenge requires large-scale renovation supported by an integrated, data-driven approach. This study conducted a nationwide analysis of over 40,000 school buildings. After incomplete or inconsistent records were filtered out, a refined subset was selected. Building forms were reconstructed by cross-referencing GIS data with multiple open data sources. Using supervised machine learning, the research identifies and classifies recurring morphological patterns to define a set of 3D school building archetypes. These archetypes are enriched with spatial configurations and physical characteristics aligned with national educational standards. The result is a macrotypological classification based on form, conceived as part of an operational tool to support policymakers, designers, and public administrations in selecting effective retrofit strategies. This contributes to the creation of large-scale national renovation strategies, as well as Renovation Roadmaps and Digital Building Logbooks in line with the Energy Performance of Buildings Directive (EPBD IV), specifically tailored to the Italian context. The novelty of this work lies in its unprecedented scale and the use of AI to enable fast, replicable assessments of retrofit potential, thereby supporting informed decisions in energy-efficient renovation planning. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section F5: Artificial Intelligence and Smart Energy)

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12 pages, 458 KB

Open AccessArticle

Evaluation of Clinical Outcome and Survival Under Application of Various Therapies at First Recurrence in Patients with Glioblastoma

by Marion Rapp, Hannah Fischer, Julia Steinmann, Michael Sabel and Franziska Staub-Bartelt

J. Clin. Med. 2025, 14(18), 6550; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm14186550 (registering DOI) - 17 Sep 2025

Abstract

Background: Glioblastoma (GBM) patients exhibit a median overall survival of 12–18 months post-diagnosis, with disease recurrence typically emerging within 6–9 months. Due to the absence of standardized therapeutic protocols at recurrence, management is highly individualized. This study comprehensively evaluates overall survival (OS) time [...] Read more.

Background: Glioblastoma (GBM) patients exhibit a median overall survival of 12–18 months post-diagnosis, with disease recurrence typically emerging within 6–9 months. Due to the absence of standardized therapeutic protocols at recurrence, management is highly individualized. This study comprehensively evaluates overall survival (OS) time to subsequent progression, and clinical status evolution following diverse interventions for first GBM recurrence. Methods: Data from 350 patients were retrospectively analyzed. The entire cohort was divided into the following four groups: (A) patients with no further therapy at recurrence, (B) combined re-radiation and chemotherapy with temozolomide with or without lomustine or other individual medication, (C) surgery without re-adjuvant treatment, and (D) surgery and at least one cycle of chemotherapy or re-radiation or a combination. Statistical analyses were performed using non-parametric tests. Additionally, various regression analyses were performed. Results: Patients receiving invasive therapeutic regimens with or without adjuvant re-therapy (groups C and D) demonstrated significantly prolonged OS (p < 0.001) alongside superior Karnofsky performance status (KPS) at both 3-month (p = 0.016) and 6-month (p < 0.001) intervals post-intervention. Multivariate analysis confirmed surgical resection, temozolomide (TMZ) chemotherapy, and radiotherapy as independent positive predictors of OS (respective p-values: <0.001, <0.001, and 0.048). Notably, surgical resection significantly improved clinical status (p < 0.001), whereas radiotherapy had a significant negative effect on clinical status (p = 0.016). Conclusions: Contrary to the prevailing hypothesis that survival extension through extensive therapy at recurrence necessitates compromised clinical status, our findings demonstrate that contemporary recurrence therapies—particularly multimodal approaches—simultaneously enhance both OS and functional outcomes in GBM patients. This paradigm challenges conventional expectations of therapeutic trade-offs at disease recurrence. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Oncology)

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21 pages, 1251 KB

Open AccessSystematic Review

Health Literacy and Interventions on Antibiotics Use and AMR in Younger Generations in High-Income Countries—A Systematic Review

by Katja Molan, Anamarija Zore and Nevenka Kregar Velikonja

Antibiotics 2025, 14(9), 940; https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics14090940 (registering DOI) - 17 Sep 2025

Abstract

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a growing threat to global health, accelerated by the widespread inappropriate use of antibiotics. Although educational initiatives have been launched worldwide, there is little evidence on how younger generations in high-income countries (HICs) understand and address AMR. Addressing the [...] Read more.

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a growing threat to global health, accelerated by the widespread inappropriate use of antibiotics. Although educational initiatives have been launched worldwide, there is little evidence on how younger generations in high-income countries (HICs) understand and address AMR. Addressing the AMR crisis requires proactive education of younger generations, including children, adolescents, and young adults, who will shape future healthcare practices. This review analyzes existing research on AMR literacy among these age groups in HICs, as knowledge gaps and risky behaviors persist even in HICs, despite their strong education and health infrastructures. The purpose of this review is to examine the knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors related to antibiotic use and antibiotic resistance in younger generations while identifying effective educational interventions. Methods: We performed a comprehensive literature search in PubMed until June 2025, followed by AI-assisted screening (Claude 4.0 Sonnet) and a manual review. The search strategy combined terms from the areas of health literacy, antibiotics, antibiotic resistance/AMR, and young populations. Studies in HICs that examined the younger generation’s knowledge about antibiotics and AMR, analyzed their attitudes or behavior toward them, or evaluated relevant educational interventions were included. Data were synthesized thematically across all included studies. Results: Nineteen studies from 11 HICs were included, including thirteen cross-sectional surveys and six educational intervention studies. The results showed that misconceptions about how antibiotics work are still very common. Several of those asked (22–80%) incorrectly stated that resistance develops in the human body and not in bacteria. Many (26–77%) mistakenly agreed with the statement that antibiotics treat viral infections. Concerning behaviors included high rates of self-medication, non-adherence to treatment, and unsafe storage practices. Several authors propose an amendment of curricula. Educational interventions, particularly gamification and peer education approaches, showed improvements in knowledge and sustained learning outcomes. Conclusions: Knowledge of AMR among young people in HICs is still inadequate, despite educational advantages. Most existing studies focus on college students, while children and adolescents, crucial groups for early prevention, are underrepresented. Targeted, age-appropriate education employing interactive methods represents an evidence-based strategy to improve antibiotic use behavior and support global AMR control efforts. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Knowledge, Attitudes and Practices of Antimicrobial Resistance and Stewardship in Primary Care Setting: From Understanding to Informing Interventions)

25 pages, 4066 KB

Open AccessArticle

Fertility-Based Nitrogen Management Strategies Combined with Straw Return Enhance Rice Yield and Soil Quality in Albic Soils

by Qiuju Wang, Xuanxuan Gao, Baoguang Wu, Jingyang Li, Xin Liu, Jiahe Zou and Qingying Meng

Agriculture 2025, 15(18), 1964; https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture15181964 (registering DOI) - 17 Sep 2025

Abstract

Low productivity in albic soils often results in excessive nitrogen input, while straw return further increases nitrogen accumulation through decomposition. To address this issue, a three-year field experiment was conducted in albic soils of high, medium, and low fertility. Two nitrogen management strategies [...] Read more.

Low productivity in albic soils often results in excessive nitrogen input, while straw return further increases nitrogen accumulation through decomposition. To address this issue, a three-year field experiment was conducted in albic soils of high, medium, and low fertility. Two nitrogen management strategies were assessed: nitrogen addition and reduction. Addition treatments included conventional nitrogen application rate alone (N), straw return (8250 kg ha⁻¹) with conventional nitrogen application rate (SN), and straw return with increased nitrogen (SN₊). Reduction treatments comprised SN and straw return with 10%, 20%, and 30% reduced nitrogen (SN_0.9, SN_0.8, and SN_0.7). Soil physical properties, nutrient content, and rice yield were evaluated. Results showed that SN_0.9 exhibited advantages in high-fertility albic soils, as it increased rice yield and improved some soil quality while reducing the nitrogen input by 10%. However, yield under SN_0.9 declined progressively over the three years, indicating limitations of long-term application. SN performed better than both N and SN₊ in medium- and low-fertility albic soils, offering better yield and soil quality improvements. However, nitrogen overaccumulation risk under continuous application should not be overlooked. These findings highlight that fertility-based nitrogen adjustment combined with straw return can simultaneously improve rice productivity and soil quality while reducing nitrogen input in albic soils. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Agricultural Soils)

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15 pages, 6499 KB

Open AccessArticle

The Effect of Interrupted Loading on the Lüder Phenomena in AISI 1524 Steel Alloy

by Mohamed Almatroushi, Salman Pervaiz and Wael A. Samad

Alloys 2025, 4(3), 19; https://doi.org/10.3390/alloys4030019 (registering DOI) - 17 Sep 2025

Abstract

Under specific temperature and strain rate conditions, certain materials, such as low-carbon steels and select magnesium and aluminum alloys, experience a localized deformation phenomenon known as the Lüders effect. This behavior manifests as a well-defined yield point, after which the stress–strain response transitions [...] Read more.

Under specific temperature and strain rate conditions, certain materials, such as low-carbon steels and select magnesium and aluminum alloys, experience a localized deformation phenomenon known as the Lüders effect. This behavior manifests as a well-defined yield point, after which the stress–strain response transitions into a plateau phase. Experimentally observed through full-field tests, the Lüders effect appears in the form of a band(s). This manuscript presents, for the first time, a systematic study of interrupted loading on the Lüders phenomenon in AISI 1524 hot-rolled steel, using uniaxial tensile testing combined with digital image correlation (DIC). While similar approaches have been applied to other alloys, no prior work has reported on AISI 1524 steel under unloading–reloading cycles during the Lüders plateau. Interruptions in loading involved unloading at 25%, 50%, and 75% of the total plateau region independently until stress approached zero, followed by reloading at the same rate until failure. Each unloading case was subjected to two tests, alongside two additional control tests where loading proceeded without interruption. Based on the findings of this study, it can be inferred that the Lüders phenomenon in AISI 1524 steel exhibits a decrease in strain intensity upon unloading, along with an extension of the Lüders plateau when interrupted loading occurs up to halfway through the plateau region. However, implementing an interrupted loading regime at three-quarters of the plateau had minimal to no discernible effect on the phenomenon. The majority of samples displayed two Lüders bands, a few exhibited either a single band or three bands, suggesting a complex relationship with material heterogeneity and specific impurities present in each sample. The novelty of this work lies in showing how controlled unloading–reloading cycles alter both the propagation and characteristics of Lüders bands in AISI 1524 steel. Full article

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25 pages, 2507 KB

Open AccessArticle

The Road to Tax Collection Digitalization: An Assessment of the Effectiveness of Digital Payment Systems in Nigeria and the Role of Macroeconomic Factors

by Cordelia Onyinyechi Omodero and Gbenga Ekundayo

Int. J. Financial Stud. 2025, 13(3), 178; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijfs13030178 (registering DOI) - 17 Sep 2025

Abstract

The global movement towards a cashless society has prompted the payment of tax obligations through digital platforms and sources. In this international race to ensure that transaction payments are not hindered by the lack of physical cash, Nigeria is also making progress. Therefore, [...] Read more.

The global movement towards a cashless society has prompted the payment of tax obligations through digital platforms and sources. In this international race to ensure that transaction payments are not hindered by the lack of physical cash, Nigeria is also making progress. Therefore, the focus of this study is to assess the implications of digital payment systems in enhancing the effectiveness of tax revenue collection in Nigeria. The analysis spans from the first quarter of 2009 to the fourth quarter of 2023, utilizing the Autoregressive Distributed Lag and Error Correction Model. The research uses the most active digital payment systems that have been in operation during the study period. These electronic payment types include digital cheques (CHQs), Automated Teller Machines (ATMs), Point-of-Sales (POSs), Mobile payment (MPY), and Web-based payment (WPY). These are the predictor variables, while the tax revenue collection (TXC) during this period is the dependent variable. The control variables include information and telecommunication technology penetration rate (ICTPR), inflation, and gross domestic product. The outcomes of this study reveal that, over the long term, a percentage change in CHQs, ATMs, MPY, and ICTPR is linked to a decline of 8.1%, 12.5%, 6.7%, and 22.4% in TXC, respectively. In contrast, WPY indicates a 7.2% positive increase in TXC while inflation exerts a positive increase of 46.7%. The Error Correction Model (ECM) suggests that the deviations from the long-term equilibrium in earlier years are being corrected at a rate of 3.9% in the current year. In the short term, it is noted that digital payment systems do not influence TXC. On the other hand, GDP maintains a significant negative influence on TXC, in both the long- and short-term. Given these results, the study recommends the establishment of a robust information and communication technology (ICT) infrastructure to enhance effective tax collection, even from rural areas and the informal sector. It is also important for the government to develop strategies that will bring the informal sector into the tax net. Full article

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31 pages, 1380 KB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Rhetorical Strategies Employed by Big Oil in the Context of IPCC Reports of Climate Change

by Andrew S. Mitchell and Subhes C. Bhattacharyya

World 2025, 6(3), 128; https://doi.org/10.3390/world6030128 - 17 Sep 2025

Abstract

Despite long-standing evidence linking fossil fuel combustion to greenhouse gas and climate change effects, and the growing advocacy for reductions and regulatory limits on their use, fossil fuel corporations remain hugely profitable and influential. In response to scientific evidence linking Big Oil’s corporate [...] Read more.

Despite long-standing evidence linking fossil fuel combustion to greenhouse gas and climate change effects, and the growing advocacy for reductions and regulatory limits on their use, fossil fuel corporations remain hugely profitable and influential. In response to scientific evidence linking Big Oil’s corporate activities directly to climate change impacts, tactics favoured by Big Tobacco to medical evidence linking smoking to cancer appear to have also been adopted by Big Oil in responding to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) findings. To examine some of these response strategies, a bespoke corpus was compiled from sustainability reports by a sample of three Big Oil corporations over a twenty-year period corresponding to the IPCC’s publication of the third through sixth Assessment Reports. This corpus is statistically and linguistically analyzed for representations and accounts by Big Oil for its activities and how, if at all, scientific evidence is addressed linking fossil fuel extraction and use to the findings of the IPCC. By highlighting corporate response strategies and preferred narrative accounts to the IPCC evidence, the aim is to equip policy- and decision-makers with key insights to develop more effective counter-narratives to facilitate scientific communications in this critical policy space. Full article

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28 pages, 5137 KB

Open AccessArticle

Landslide Susceptibility Assessment Using AHP, Frequency Ratio, and LSI Models: Understanding Topographical Controls in Hanang District, Tanzania

by Johanes Muhimbula, Neema Simon Sumari and Timo Balz

GeoHazards 2025, 6(3), 58; https://doi.org/10.3390/geohazards6030058 - 17 Sep 2025

Abstract

This study evaluates landslide susceptibility in Hanang District, Manyara Region, Tanzania, using three approaches: Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP), Frequency Ratio (FR), and Landslide Susceptibility Index. A total of 11 environmental and anthropogenic factors were analyzed, with 5879 landslide events identified from satellite imagery [...] Read more.

This study evaluates landslide susceptibility in Hanang District, Manyara Region, Tanzania, using three approaches: Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP), Frequency Ratio (FR), and Landslide Susceptibility Index. A total of 11 environmental and anthropogenic factors were analyzed, with 5879 landslide events identified from satellite imagery to create an inventory map for training and testing. Model performance was assessed using Area Under the Curve (AUC), Consistency Ratio, and Prediction Rate, while multicollinearity among factors was evaluated through Tolerance (TOL) and Variance Inflation Factor (VIF). Results indicate that the Analytic Hierarchy Process model outperformed Frequency Ratio and Landslide Susceptibility Index, achieving an Area Under the Curve of 0.88, demonstrating strong predictive capability. Slope, elevation, and geology were identified as the most influential factors. The susceptibility maps developed in this study aim to support policymakers and disaster management authorities in climate adaptation and risk reduction efforts, contributing to Sustainable Development Goal 13 (Climate Action). Limitations include reliance on remotely sensed data for landslide inventory, which may omit smaller events or introduce classification errors. Full article

32 pages, 5688 KB

Open AccessSystematic Review

Impact of Pancreatic Stump Wrapping with Mesh on Post-Operative Pancreatic Fistula in Patients Undergoing Distal/Left Pancreatectomy for Malignant or Benign Diseases: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

by Andrea Morini, Maurizio Zizzo, Magda Zanelli, Lorenzo Dell’Atti, Federica Mereu, Andrea Palicelli, Mario Giuffrida, Elena Orlandi and Massimiliano Fabozzi

Medicina 2025, 61(9), 1688; https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina61091688 - 17 Sep 2025

Abstract

Background and Objectives: Post-Operative Pancreatic Fistula (POPF) is reported among 13% to 64% of cases following a distal/left pancreatectomy (D/LP). Many efforts aim to prevent the onset of POPF or reduce its clinical impact. This meta-analysis sought to provide data by assessing [...] Read more.

Background and Objectives: Post-Operative Pancreatic Fistula (POPF) is reported among 13% to 64% of cases following a distal/left pancreatectomy (D/LP). Many efforts aim to prevent the onset of POPF or reduce its clinical impact. This meta-analysis sought to provide data by assessing POPF rates among patients undergoing D/LP for benign or malignant pancreatic diseases, with or without pancreatic stump mesh wrapping. Materials and Methods: We undertook a systematic review following the PRISMA guidelines, alongside the Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions. We evaluated the certainty in the evidence using the GRADE approach for the following key outcomes: overall POPF and clinically relevant POPF. PubMed/MEDLINE, Web of Science, and Scopus were employed to retrieve relevant papers. Pooled analysis was carried out employing RevMan Version 5.4.1. Results: Among the 8 comparative studies considered (1042 subjects: 430 Wrapping Mesh Group (WMG) versus 612 control group (CG)), seven were retrospective observational studies and one was a randomized controlled trial. Polyglycolic acid (PGA) mesh was used in 7 studies, except for one, who used a polyglactin mesh. Regarding the primary outcomes, meta-analysis showed lower rates of Overall POPF (Ov-POPF) (OR: 0.57, 95% CI: 0.37, 0.88; p = 0.01) and clinically relevant POPF (CR-POPF) (OR: 0.33, 95% CI: 0.21, 0.50; p < 0.00001) in the WMG. Moreover, the WMG also showed a decrease in Estimated Blood Loss (EBL) (MD: −43.11, 95%, CI: −63.20, −23.02, p < 0.0001), a shorter period with surgical drain (MD: −9.66, 95% CI: −17.99, −1.34, p = 0.02) and a decreased length of hospital stay (MD: −4.60, 95%, CI: −7.83, −1.36, p = 0.005). Conclusions: Our meta-analysis showed that wrapping the pancreatic stump with mesh is associated with lower rates of overall POPF and clinically relevant POPF, lower EBL, a shorter period with the surgical drain and reduced hospital stay duration. There is a need for high-quality methodological research to identify the risk factors for the onset of POPF and to evaluate and compare the results of various surgical approaches used to reduce its rate and associated morbidity. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery: Clinical Updates and Future Perspectives)

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22 pages, 1066 KB

Open AccessArticle

The Foundations of Culture and the Moments of Social Information

by James Scott Cardinal and Jennifer Ann Loughmiller-Cardinal

Heritage 2025, 8(9), 386; https://doi.org/10.3390/heritage8090386 - 17 Sep 2025

Abstract

Despite its foundational role in the social sciences, “culture” remains a persistently ambiguous concept. This is a perennial obstacle to communicating the broader value of our work to the public and policy-makers, and particularly in clarifying its relevance to contemporary challenges. Building on [...] Read more.

Despite its foundational role in the social sciences, “culture” remains a persistently ambiguous concept. This is a perennial obstacle to communicating the broader value of our work to the public and policy-makers, and particularly in clarifying its relevance to contemporary challenges. Building on our previous work, we propose a new framework defining culture as a system of adaptive information-processing. We re-frame culture not as a collection of beliefs or behaviors but as the structured organization of social information. We argue that culture consists of dynamic structural moments—norms as social information, normativity as allostatic convergence, and institutions as stabilizing homeostatic infrastructures. Integrating insights from statistical mechanics, information theory, and cultural evolution, we define culture as the unique configuration of moments across a population’s information landscape. This allows for both social change and cultural continuity by treating culture as a collective adaptation for the homeostatic convergence of lower-order allostatic information. Our model addresses the conceptual vagueness that has hindered empirical and theoretical progress across social sciences and heritage practice. In doing so, we offer a rigorous, scalable definition of culture as a multilevel, emergent, and adaptive system that can inform both sustainable policies and comparative research. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Archaeological Heritage)

34 pages, 33014 KB

Open AccessArticle

Surveying a Sacred Landscape: First Steps to a Holistic Documentation of Buddhist Architecture in Dolpo

by Carmen Elisabeth Auer

Heritage 2025, 8(9), 385; https://doi.org/10.3390/heritage8090385 - 17 Sep 2025

Abstract

Dolpo is a culturally Tibetan region in the inaccessible parts of the Himalayas, where Buddhist and Bon traditions coexist to this day. Due to their religious significance, the temples and monasteries of Dolpo reflect the historical connection to the religious centres of the [...] Read more.

Dolpo is a culturally Tibetan region in the inaccessible parts of the Himalayas, where Buddhist and Bon traditions coexist to this day. Due to their religious significance, the temples and monasteries of Dolpo reflect the historical connection to the religious centres of the Tibetan area. Accordingly, a holistic documentation of the preserved buildings can provide new insights for the development of typologies of Buddhist architecture in the Western Himalayas. To shed light on the mainly undocumented Buddhist architecture of this region, we launched our first research project in 2018. As a result, the architectural documentation of eighteen Buddhist sites in Dolpo is now available for the first time, based on the on-site assessment and survey during four field missions between 2018 and 2023. It provides an overview of the location, descriptions and references, photographs, sets of plans and 3D models of the surveyed buildings, enabling an inventory of the region’s cultural heritage to be initiated. The results enable us to establish a comprehensive typology of Buddhist architecture in Dolpo that allows for comparative analyses with buildings already documented in previous projects. Last but not least, the documentation provides the basis for much-needed restoration work. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic 3D Documentation of Natural and Cultural Heritage)

21 pages, 5307 KB

Open AccessArticle

High-Performance Cementitious Composites with Tensile Strain Capacity Up to 18%

by Zongcai Deng and Wenzhe Li

J. Compos. Sci. 2025, 9(9), 502; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs9090502 - 17 Sep 2025

Abstract

At present, the ductility of engineered cementitious composites (ECC) is not sufficient to achieve compatibility with steel, which limits the application of ECC in composite structures. To prepare ECC with ultra-high tensile strain, tensile tests on eighteen types of ECC with different mix [...] Read more.

At present, the ductility of engineered cementitious composites (ECC) is not sufficient to achieve compatibility with steel, which limits the application of ECC in composite structures. To prepare ECC with ultra-high tensile strain, tensile tests on eighteen types of ECC with different mix ratios were carried out. The effect of cementitious material composition, sand/binder ratio, and fiber hybridization on tensile properties was analyzed. Meanwhile, three types of ECC were developed and defined as ultra-high tensile property cementitious composites (UHTCC). UHTCC exhibits the characteristic of oversaturated cracking and obvious strain hardening during the tensile process. The tensile strain of UHTCC was up to 18.3% with an average tensile strength of 9.9 MPa. Meanwhile, UHTCC shows ultra-high flexural toughness and high compressive strength. In addition, the hybridization of PE fibers and macro-PP fibers has been proved to be beneficial to improve tensile strain capacity, with the cost of fibers decreased by 24.3%. To explore the causes of UHTCC’s ultra-high tensile strain, the state of the matrix and fibers after the tensile test was observed by scanning electron microscope. In addition, the cracking process of UHTCC was analyzed by comparing average crack spacing with the theoretical value. Further, a four-stage tensile constitutive model was proposed. And the new constitutive model has been verified to be applicable to three different types of UHTCC. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Progress in Hybrid Composites)

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18 pages, 949 KB

Open AccessArticle

Advanced Vehicle Electrical System Modelling for Software Solutions on Manufacturing Plants: Proposal and Applications

by Adrià Bosch Serra, Juan Francisco Blanes Noguera, Luis Ruiz Matallana, Carlos Álvarez Baldo and Joan Porcar Rodado

Appl. Syst. Innov. 2025, 8(5), 134; https://doi.org/10.3390/asi8050134 - 17 Sep 2025

Abstract

Mass customisation in the automotive industry has exploded the number of wiring harness variants that must be assembled, tested and repaired on the shop floor. Existing CAD or schematic formats are too heavy and too coarse-grained to drive in-line, per-VIN validation, while supplier [...] Read more.

Mass customisation in the automotive industry has exploded the number of wiring harness variants that must be assembled, tested and repaired on the shop floor. Existing CAD or schematic formats are too heavy and too coarse-grained to drive in-line, per-VIN validation, while supplier documentation is heterogeneous and often incomplete. This paper presents a pin-centric, two-tier graph model that converts raw harness tables into a machine-readable, wiring-aware digital twin suitable for real-time use in manufacturing plants. All physical and logical artefacts—pins, wires, connections, paths and circuits—are represented as nodes, and a dual-store persistence strategy separates attribute-rich JSON documents from a lightweight NetworkX property graph. The architecture supports dozens of vehicle models and engineering releases without duplicating data, and a decentralised validation pipeline enforces both object-level and contextual rules, reducing initial domain violations from eight to zero and eliminating fifty-two circuit errors in three iterations. The resulting platform graph is generated in 0.7 s and delivers 100% path-finding accuracy. Deployed at Ford’s Almussafes plant, the model already underpins launch-phase workload mitigation, interactive visualisation and early design error detection. Although currently implemented in Python 3.11 and lacking quantified production KPIs, the approach establishes a vendor-agnostic data standard and lays the groundwork for self-aware manufacturing: future work will embed real-time validators on the line, stream defect events back into the graph and couple the wiring layer with IoT frameworks for autonomous repair and optimisation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Information Systems)

18 pages, 813 KB

Open AccessArticle

Heart Rate Estimation Using FMCW Radar: A Two-Stage Method Evaluated for In-Vehicle Applications

by Jonas Brandstetter, Eva-Maria Knoch and Frank Gauterin

Biomimetics 2025, 10(9), 630; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomimetics10090630 - 17 Sep 2025

Abstract

Assessing the driver’s state in real time is a critical challenge in modern vehicle safety systems, as human factors account for the vast majority of traffic accidents. Heart rate (HR) is a key physiological indicator of the driver’s condition, yet contactless measurements in [...] Read more.

Assessing the driver’s state in real time is a critical challenge in modern vehicle safety systems, as human factors account for the vast majority of traffic accidents. Heart rate (HR) is a key physiological indicator of the driver’s condition, yet contactless measurements in dynamic in-vehicle environments remain difficult due to motion artifacts, vibrations, and varying operational conditions. This paper presents a novel two-stage method for HR estimation using a commercial 60 GHz frequency-modulated continuous wave (FMCW) radar sensor, specifically designed and validated for in-vehicle applications. In the first stage, coarse HR estimation is performed using the discrete wavelet transform (DWT) and autoregressive (AR) spectral analysis. The second stage refines the estimate using an inverse application of the relevance vector machine (RVM) approach, leveraging a narrowed frequency window derived from Stage 1. Final HR estimates are stabilized through sequential Kalman filtering (SKF) across time segments. The system was implemented using an Infineon BGT60TR13C radar module installed in the sun visor of a passenger vehicle. Extensive data collection was conducted during real-world driving across diverse traffic scenarios. The results demonstrate robust HR estimations with an accuracy comparable to that of commercial wearable devices, validated against a Polar H10 chest strap. This method offers several advantages over prior work, including short measurement windows (5 s), operation under varying lighting and clothing conditions, and validation in realistic driving environments. In this sense, the method contributes to the field of biomimetics by transferring the biological principles of continuous vital sign perception to technical sensorics in the automotive domain. Future work will explore the fusion of sensors with visual methods and potential extension to heart rate variability (HRV) estimations to enhance driver monitoring systems (DMSs) further. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Bioinspired Sensorics, Information Processing and Control)

19 pages, 1093 KB

Open AccessArticle

Improvement of Gel Properties of Nemipterus virgatus Myofibrillar Protein Emulsion Gels by Curdlan: Development and Application to Emulsified Surimi

by Zhiqin Wu, Yongyan Qu, Ouhongyi Li, Soottawat Benjakul and Aimei Zhou

Gels 2025, 11(9), 753; https://doi.org/10.3390/gels11090753 - 17 Sep 2025

Abstract

This study aims to improve the gel properties of Nemipterus virgatus myofibrillar protein (MP) emulsion gels by Curdlan (Cur) and investigate the effect of the emulsion gels on the quality of emulsified surimi gels. The effects of different concentrations of Cur on the [...] Read more.

This study aims to improve the gel properties of Nemipterus virgatus myofibrillar protein (MP) emulsion gels by Curdlan (Cur) and investigate the effect of the emulsion gels on the quality of emulsified surimi gels. The effects of different concentrations of Cur on the gel properties of MP emulsion gels were investigated. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) results indicated that intermolecular interactions between Cur and MP were primarily hydrogen bonds. Cur enhanced the adsorption capacity of MP at the oil/water interface, inducing the formation of a more uniform and dense composite network structure in Cur/MP emulsion gels. Adding 6% (w/v) of Cur significantly increased the hardness, gel strength, water-holding capacity (WHC) and rheological properties of the gel. In addition, microstructural images showed that MP formed a complex interpenetrating network with Cur, thus enhancing the gel network skeleton. Low-field NMR confirmed that the addition of Cur decreased water mobility in the emulsion gel system. Compared to the direct addition of oil, the application of Cur/MP emulsion gels to surimi significantly improved the texture, gel strength, and WHC of the surimi gel. These findings provide a reference for the development of myofibrillar protein emulsion gels and broaden their potential application in the food industry. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Food Gels: Fabrication, Characterization, and Application)

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