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Open AccessReview

Regulation of Food Supplements and Pharmacists’ Responsibility in Professional Practice: A Review

by Cristina Ioana Niculaș, Sonia Bianca Blaj, Marius Călin Cherecheș, Raul Miron, Daniela Cristina Valea and Daniela Lucia Muntean

Pharmacy 2026, 14(1), 25; https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmacy14010025 (registering DOI) - 3 Feb 2026

Abstract

(1) Background: Regulations governing food supplements vary considerably across countries, allowing products that are prohibited in one jurisdiction to be legally sold in another. Furthermore, online sales enable and facilitate this practice. Regarding pharmaceutical malpractice, the absence of a standardized European framework complicates [...] Read more.

(1) Background: Regulations governing food supplements vary considerably across countries, allowing products that are prohibited in one jurisdiction to be legally sold in another. Furthermore, online sales enable and facilitate this practice. Regarding pharmaceutical malpractice, the absence of a standardized European framework complicates the evaluation of pharmacist liability. As a result, the specific elements of the liability framework are defined by the national legislation of each Member State. The aim of our review is to map the global regulatory landscape of food supplements and to examine the pharmacist’s professional responsibilities, including instances of malpractice related to this area. (2) Methods: A literature review covering publications from January 2020 to December 2024 was performed using four databases: Scopus, PubMed, Embase, and Web of Science. The search retrieved 8243 records, of which 77 studies fulfilled the eligibility criteria. The extracted data were organized into five main themes: pharmacist responsibility and malpractice, food supplement regulation, consumer safety, health claims, and pharmacist knowledge. (3) Results: The literature reviewed indicated a relatively low number of malpractice cases within the pharmacy profession compared to other professions. A higher incidence of cases is observed among male pharmacists and those practicing in the private sector. Notably, no cases have been identified addressing pharmacists’ responsibilities in the dispensing of food supplements. In the context of food supplement regulation, the reviewed literature highlights a lack of standardized terminology and harmonized legislation across different jurisdictions. Therefore, products may be classified differently across jurisdictions. Another observed barrier is the considerable variation in market access requirements across countries. Regarding consumer safety, several irregularities have been observed. Substantial non-compliance in both product composition and labeling has been observed, reflecting insufficient quality control measures. Concerning health claims, significant regulatory non-compliance with European Union regulations has been documented. In addition, widespread misleading advertising practices have been observed. With respect to pharmacists’ knowledge, the reviewed literature identifies several professional challenges within pharmacy practice, particularly those concerning the dispensing of food supplements. (4) Conclusions: This research offers a comprehensive analysis of the literature published over the past five years concerning pharmaceutical malpractice cases, as well as an examination of food supplement regulation and the professional responsibilities of pharmacists. A recurring barrier identified is the absence of unified regulatory frameworks worldwide. This results in uncertainty concerning the pharmacist’s professional role and responsibilities. Full article

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17 pages, 1818 KB

Open AccessArticle

Targeting the c-Met/VEGFR Pathway to Boost Nab-Paclitaxel Efficacy in Gastric Cancer: Preclinical Insights

by Jennifer Huang, Quinn Kaurich, Md Sazzad Hassan, Urs von Holzen and Niranjan Awasthi

Cells 2026, 15(3), 285; https://doi.org/10.3390/cells15030285 (registering DOI) - 3 Feb 2026

Abstract

Combination chemotherapy regimens are commonly employed to treat advanced gastric adenocarcinoma (GAC), yet median survival remains less than one year. Nab-paclitaxel has demonstrated significant antitumor activity in preclinical GAC models. Overexpression of growth factors and their receptors is prevalent in GAC and [...] Read more.

Combination chemotherapy regimens are commonly employed to treat advanced gastric adenocarcinoma (GAC), yet median survival remains less than one year. Nab-paclitaxel has demonstrated significant antitumor activity in preclinical GAC models. Overexpression of growth factors and their receptors is prevalent in GAC and contributes to its pathophysiology, with aberrant activation of the HGF/c-Met pathway reported in up to 50% of patients. We hypothesized that merestinib, a small-molecule inhibitor of c-Met, Axl, and DDR1/2, would enhance the therapeutic response to nab-paclitaxel in GAC. In high c-Met–expressing MKN-45 peritoneal dissemination xenografts in female NOD/SCID mouse models, animal survival was 17 days in controls, 37 days with nab-paclitaxel (118% increase), 24 days with merestinib (41% increase), and 43 days with the combination (153% increase), demonstrating significantly enhanced survival compared with either monotherapy. In MKN-45 subcutaneous xenografts, tumor volumes in the control, nab-paclitaxel, merestinib, and combination groups were 503 mm³, 115 mm³, 91 mm³, and −9.7 mm³ (indicating tumor regression), respectively. In low c-Met-expressing SNU-1 xenografts, tumor volumes were 219 mm³, 105 mm³, 131 mm³, and 57 mm³, respectively. IHC analysis of tumor cell proliferation and microvessel density in MKN-45 tumors supported these findings. In vitro, nab-paclitaxel and merestinib each reduced cell proliferation in GAC-associated cells, with enhanced inhibitory effects when used in combination. In MKN-45 cells, merestinib increased the expression of pro-apoptotic proteins and decreased phosphorylation of c-Met, EGFR, IGF-1R, ERK, and AKT. These results indicate that combining merestinib with nab-paclitaxel may represent a promising therapeutic strategy to improve outcomes for patients with GAC. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Gastrointestinal Cancer: From Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms to Therapeutic Opportunities)

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14 pages, 599 KB

Open AccessReview

Single-Cell Transcriptomics and Computational Frameworks for Target Discovery in Cancer

by Martina Tarozzi, Nicolas Riccardo Derus, Stefano Polizzi, Claudia Sala and Gastone Castellani

Targets 2026, 4(1), 6; https://doi.org/10.3390/targets4010006 (registering DOI) - 3 Feb 2026

Abstract

Single-cell transcriptomics has redefined our understanding of cancer by exposing the complexity of tumor ecosystems and their therapeutic vulnerabilities. scRNA-seq studies have identified lineage hierarchies, immune evasion programs, and resistance-associated states across solid and liquid tumors, informing biomarker development and drug discovery. Advanced [...] Read more.

Single-cell transcriptomics has redefined our understanding of cancer by exposing the complexity of tumor ecosystems and their therapeutic vulnerabilities. scRNA-seq studies have identified lineage hierarchies, immune evasion programs, and resistance-associated states across solid and liquid tumors, informing biomarker development and drug discovery. Advanced computational frameworks integrate these data with longitudinal profiling, RNA velocity, and network diffusion to prioritize targets and predict therapeutic response. Emerging multi-omics approaches further expand the scope of precision oncology by linking genetic alterations, protein-level markers, and spatial context to functional states. This narrative review aims to synthesize current applications of single-cell transcriptomics for target discovery, highlight computational frameworks that translate high-dimensional data into actionable insights, and explore how multi-omics integration is shaping future directions. By bridging molecular complexity with target prioritization, these approaches hold promise for translating single-cell insights into clinically actionable biomarkers and therapeutic strategies for personalized cancer treatment and rational drug development. Full article

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15 pages, 2931 KB

Open AccessArticle

Tocotrienol Dominance in Celastraceae Family Species’ Seeds: Phylogenetic Patterns

by Danija Lazdiņa, Inga Mišina, Krists Dukurs and Paweł Górnaś

Appl. Sci. 2026, 16(3), 1521; https://doi.org/10.3390/app16031521 (registering DOI) - 3 Feb 2026

Abstract

Plants from the eudicot Celastraceae family are primarily cultivated for ornamental use due to their colourful autumn foliage, and, as such, their chemical composition is rarely investigated. In total, 125 samples from, altogether, 40 shrub, vine and tree species (Catha, Celastrus [...] Read more.

Plants from the eudicot Celastraceae family are primarily cultivated for ornamental use due to their colourful autumn foliage, and, as such, their chemical composition is rarely investigated. In total, 125 samples from, altogether, 40 shrub, vine and tree species (Catha, Celastrus, Euonymus, Gymnosporia, Maytenus, Parnassia, and Tripterygium) were investigated to confirm tocotrienol dominance in the family, which was observed in the initial screenings. The tocochromanol–tocopherol (T) and tocotrienol (T3) contents ranged from 3.04 to 66.22 mg 100 g⁻¹ dw. Almost all the samples were tocotrienol-dominated (50.1–98.5% of total tocochromanols), except for Parnassia. The two most prevalent compounds were γ-T3 and α-T3. Most Euonymus species’ seeds contained primarily α-T3 (16.2–86.0% of total tocochromanols) and tocopherol (up to 35.0%), while the other species had higher γ-T3 (36.0–87.2%) and tocopherol (up to 29.9%) contents, except the Parnassia samples, which contained primarily γ-T and δ-T. The highest total tocochromanol content was observed in E. scandens, but it was highly variable. The content of α-T3 was less variable than γ-T3 (coefficients of variation of 0.74 and 1.46, respectively). This study shows that tocotrienols are predominant in the Celastraceae family. A streamlined ethanolic extraction protocol was evaluated and deemed suitable for routine screening and, potentially, bioactive extraction. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Novel Extraction Methods and Applications)

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26 pages, 956 KB

Open AccessArticle

Exploring Olive Tourism in Greece: Unveiling the Profiles, Motives, and Expectations of Domestic Visitors

by Maria Kouri and Marios Kondakis

Sustainability 2026, 18(3), 1521; https://doi.org/10.3390/su18031521 (registering DOI) - 3 Feb 2026

Abstract

Although Greece is a leading olive oil producer, research on olive tourism (OT) remains limited, restricting the development of evidence-based policies and strategies. This study utilises primary data from 55 qualitative interviews conducted with OT visitors across Greece in 2023 to examine the [...] Read more.

Although Greece is a leading olive oil producer, research on olive tourism (OT) remains limited, restricting the development of evidence-based policies and strategies. This study utilises primary data from 55 qualitative interviews conducted with OT visitors across Greece in 2023 to examine the sociodemographic characteristics, visiting behaviours, motivations, and expectations of domestic OT participants. These visitors are primarily mature, highly educated individuals with medium to high income levels. Their main motivations include acquiring specialised knowledge, cultivating a personal interest in olive-related culture, and seeking connections with local and familial heritage. They prefer experiences that highlight the sociocultural and culinary aspects of olives and olive oil, especially those that facilitate the practical application of new knowledge. Interactivity, experimentation, social engagement, and outdoor activities are highly valued. Comparative analysis with OT studies from Spain, Portugal, and Italy reveals similarities in visitor demographics but also identifies notable differences in motivations and expectations. By addressing a significant research gap, these findings offer policymakers, tourism operators, and producers strategic guidance for OT development in Greece, as well as transferable insights useful to other olive-producing countries. The study also demonstrates the potential for well-designed OT initiatives to promote sustainable rural development, preserve cultural and environmental heritage, extend the tourism season, and strengthen local economies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Tourism, Culture, and Heritage)

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17 pages, 2507 KB

Open AccessArticle

Annurca Apple By-Products at Different Ripening Stages Inhibit AGE Formation and Protect Against AGE-Induced Cytotoxicity Through Antioxidant Activity

by Maria Liccardo, Pasquale Perrone, Shana Perrella, Ivana Sirangelo, Stefania D’Angelo and Clara Iannuzzi

Antioxidants 2026, 15(2), 200; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox15020200 (registering DOI) - 3 Feb 2026

Abstract

Annurca apple extract is gaining growing attention for its beneficial properties, particularly its outstanding antioxidant activity. Using a combination of biophysical, cell, and molecular biology techniques, this study investigates the sustainable valorization of Annurca apple by-products at different ripening stages and their role [...] Read more.

Annurca apple extract is gaining growing attention for its beneficial properties, particularly its outstanding antioxidant activity. Using a combination of biophysical, cell, and molecular biology techniques, this study investigates the sustainable valorization of Annurca apple by-products at different ripening stages and their role in the formation of advanced glycation end-products (AGEs), as well as in protection against AGE-related cytotoxicity. AGEs are a class of compounds formed by non-enzymatic reactions between reducing sugars and proteins, lipids, or nucleic acids. They can be produced endogenously or ingested through dietary sources and tobacco smoke. AGEs accumulate in nearly all mammalian tissues and are linked to various health issues, such as diabetes and its related complications, cardiovascular disease, and neurodegenerative disorders. Our data show that Annurca apple by-products at different ripening stages differentially counteract AGEs’ formation by inhibiting protein glycation and protect against AGE-induced cytotoxicity in endothelial cells. In particular, the extracts reduce AGE-induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, thereby inhibiting MAPK signaling pathways and caspase-3 activation. Moreover, ripening significantly enhances the concentration of bioactive compounds and the extent of cellular protection. This study highlights new beneficial properties of Annurca apple extracts and suggests that adopting nutritional interventions may support health and potentially reduce the risk of complications associated with AGE accumulation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antioxidant Compounds and Health Benefits of Mediterranean Functional Food)

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15 pages, 503 KB

Open AccessArticle

Smart Adaptive Reuse of Vacant Assets for Aging Societies: Integrating IoT-Based Care Systems with Spatial Reconfiguration

by Nahyang Byun and Zoosun Yoon

Buildings 2026, 16(3), 636; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings16030636 (registering DOI) - 3 Feb 2026

Abstract

South Korea faces a “twin crisis” of a super-aged society and urban vacancies, yet traditional adaptive reuse focusing on physical renovation fails to address the critical caregiver shortage. To resolve this, the study proposes a “Smart Adaptive Reuse Model” that fuses spatial reconfiguration [...] Read more.

South Korea faces a “twin crisis” of a super-aged society and urban vacancies, yet traditional adaptive reuse focusing on physical renovation fails to address the critical caregiver shortage. To resolve this, the study proposes a “Smart Adaptive Reuse Model” that fuses spatial reconfiguration with IoT-based care technologies. A comparative analysis of Japanese cases was conducted using two datasets: the “physical-centric phase” (dataset A, pre-2015), focused on hardware improvements, and the “tech-enabled phases” (dataset B, 2020–2024), which utilized digital transformation strategies. Results indicate that while early models struggled with the surveillance of blind spots in complex layouts, recent tech-integrated models successfully mitigated these issues and improved workforce efficiency through “data-driven layouts” without major structural changes. Consequently, this research suggests a “Hybrid Retrofit” framework strategy for Korea—minimizing physical intervention while maximizing digital monitoring—and recommends a regulatory sandbox for “Smart Care Infrastructure” to ensure operational sustainability. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Architectural Design, Urban Science, and Real Estate)

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15 pages, 4594 KB

Open AccessReview

Endoscopic Management of Malignancy-Related Gastrointestinal Bleeding: A Comprehensive Narrative Review

by Daniele Salvi, Maria Parmigiani, Cristiano Spada, Nicola Olivari, Stefania Piccirelli, Tommaso Schepis, Rossella Maresca, Silvia Pecere, Federico Barbaro and Paola Cesaro

Med. Sci. 2026, 14(1), 69; https://doi.org/10.3390/medsci14010069 (registering DOI) - 3 Feb 2026

Abstract

Malignancy-related gastrointestinal bleeding (GIB) remains a significant clinical challenge, contributing substantially to morbidity, mortality, and healthcare utilization in patients with cancer. Up to 10% of individuals with advanced malignancies develop GIB during their disease, and these episodes are frequently characterized by a high [...] Read more.

Malignancy-related gastrointestinal bleeding (GIB) remains a significant clinical challenge, contributing substantially to morbidity, mortality, and healthcare utilization in patients with cancer. Up to 10% of individuals with advanced malignancies develop GIB during their disease, and these episodes are frequently characterized by a high risk of rebleeding and poor long-term hemostatic control. Tumor-associated bleeding typically arises from friable, infiltrative, and highly vascular lesions that respond suboptimally to conventional endoscopic techniques such as thermal coagulation or mechanical clipping. These limitations underscore the need for improved diagnostic accuracy and more reliable therapeutic options. Recent advances in imaging modalities, including contrast-enhanced CT studies, have enhanced the ability to localize and characterize bleeding sources in complex oncologic cases. Parallel developments in endoscopic hemostasis—such as over-the-scope clips and contact-free coagulation devices—have expanded the therapeutic armamentarium for managing malignant bleeding. Clinically, topical hemostatic powders—particularly TC-325—represent a highly effective option for achieving rapid endoscopic hemostasis, supported by the strongest comparative evidence and the highest rates of immediate bleeding control among currently available technologies. In this review, we synthesize contemporary diagnostic approaches to GIB and place particular emphasis on the evolving and emerging therapeutic strategies for malignancy-related bleeding. We also highlight innovative technologies that are reshaping clinical practice and improving management options in this challenging clinical domain. Full article

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9 pages, 550 KB

Open AccessOpinion

Is Cannabidiol (CBD) a Non-Psychoactive Phytocannabinoid?

by Eliana Rodrigues

Psychoactives 2026, 5(1), 4; https://doi.org/10.3390/psychoactives5010004 (registering DOI) - 3 Feb 2026

Abstract

Interest in psychoactive substances, including psychedelics, is rapidly expanding in medical, academic, and other popular fields. Despite the classifications established within the psychopharmacological scientific community, certain plants, animals, and fungi, as well as the substances obtained from them, have been misclassified by both [...] Read more.

Interest in psychoactive substances, including psychedelics, is rapidly expanding in medical, academic, and other popular fields. Despite the classifications established within the psychopharmacological scientific community, certain plants, animals, and fungi, as well as the substances obtained from them, have been misclassified by both the media and academic circles. This opinion piece aims to present arguments to answer the following question: Is CBD a non-psychoactive phytocannabinoid? Hundreds of robust scientific studies published in recent years involving CBD have strengthened its clinical use in the treatment of seizures, anxiety, psychosis, schizophrenia, post-traumatic stress disorder, and addiction. As part of the arguments to answer the question posed, this text provides a historical overview of the classifications of psychoactive substances available to date, and offers reflections on these terminologies and a proposed classification of psychedelics. Full article

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26 pages, 619 KB

Open AccessArticle

Benchmarking LLM-as-a-Judge Models for 5W1H Extraction Evaluation

by José Cassola-Bacallao, José Morales-Donaire, Paula Hernández-Montoya and Brian Keith-Norambuena

Electronics 2026, 15(3), 659; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics15030659 (registering DOI) - 3 Feb 2026

Abstract

Evaluating 5W1H (Who, What, When, Where, Why, and How) information extraction systems remains challenging, as traditional information retrieval metrics like ROUGE and BLEU fail to capture semantic accuracy and narrative coherence. The LLM-as-a-Judge paradigm offers a promising alternative, yet systematic comparisons of judge [...] Read more.

Evaluating 5W1H (Who, What, When, Where, Why, and How) information extraction systems remains challenging, as traditional information retrieval metrics like ROUGE and BLEU fail to capture semantic accuracy and narrative coherence. The LLM-as-a-Judge paradigm offers a promising alternative, yet systematic comparisons of judge models for this task are lacking. This study benchmarks multiple large language models, including state-of-the-art models such as GPT, Claude, and Gemini as evaluators of 5W1H extractions from Spanish news articles. We assess judge performance across six quality criteria: Factual Accuracy, Completeness, Relevance and Conciseness, Clarity and Readability, Faithfulness to Source, and Overall Coherence. Our analysis examines inter-judge agreement, score distribution patterns, criterion-level variance, and the relationship between evaluation quality and computational cost. Using two Spanish-language corpora (BASSE and FLARES), we identify which criteria exhibit consistent cross-model agreement and which prove most sensitive to judge selection. The main contribution of this work is providing the first systematic benchmark of LLM-as-a-Judge models for 5W1H extraction evaluation in Spanish, validated against expert journalistic judgment. Results reveal that all evaluated models achieve alignment levels above 90% across all metrics. Specifically, Claude Sonnet 4.5 emerges as the most accurate evaluator with a Global Judgment Acceptance Rate (JAR) of 99.79%. Furthermore, meta-evaluation with human experts demonstrates a substantial inter-annotator agreement of

κ = 0.6739

. Finally, we provide recommendations for judge model selection based on task requirements and resource constraints, contributing practical guidance for researchers implementing LLM-based evaluation pipelines for information extraction tasks. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Multimodal Learning for Multimedia Content Analysis and Understanding)

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12 pages, 1413 KB

Open AccessArticle

The Effect of Silver Diamine Fluoride and Potassium Iodide on the Bond Strength of Self-Etch and Universal Adhesives on Sound Dentin

by Jurica Matijević, Ana Ivanišević, Bernard Janković, Irena Nujić Radin, Josipa Lerotić and Eva Klarić

Appl. Sci. 2026, 16(3), 1520; https://doi.org/10.3390/app16031520 (registering DOI) - 3 Feb 2026

Abstract

Silver diamine fluoride/potassium iodide (SDF/KI) Riva Star (SDI) is a tooth desensitizing and anti-caries agent that may be indicated for arresting caries before restoring the tooth in selective caries approach. The aim was to determine the effect of SDF/KI pretreatment on the bonding [...] Read more.

Silver diamine fluoride/potassium iodide (SDF/KI) Riva Star (SDI) is a tooth desensitizing and anti-caries agent that may be indicated for arresting caries before restoring the tooth in selective caries approach. The aim was to determine the effect of SDF/KI pretreatment on the bonding of SDR Plus Bulk-Fill Flowable (Dentsply) with Clearfil SE Bond 2 (Kuraray) and G-Premio Bond (GC) in self-etch mode on sound dentin. A total of 240 dentin samples were prepared and assigned to 12 groups based on SDF/KI pretreatment (with or without), adhesive type, and testing time (1, 3, and 6 months). The shear bond strength (SBS) was measured using an UltraTester. SBS data were analyzed using three-way factorial model (Adhesive × Pretreatment × Time) and Wald (F) tests, with α = 0.05. Fracture modes were analyzed using χ² and Fisher’s exact test, with α = 0.05. Clearfil performed significantly better than G-Premio at all time points (p < 0.001). Riva Star pretreatment significantly reduced SBS for both adhesives at all time points (p < 0.001). SBS reduction was significantly higher for Clearfil (p < 0.001). The effect of storage was not significant (p = 0.388). Fracture mode distribution differed significantly between adhesives (p < 0.001). Pretreatment × fracture interaction was significant for Clearfil (p = 0.0052). Mixed fractures in G-premio were rare. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Applied Physics General)

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22 pages, 6280 KB

Open AccessArticle

Numerical Simulation and Influencing Factor Analysis of Magnetic-Field Antennas and Electric-Field Antennas for Near-Bit Wireless Short-Range Transmission

by Wenjing Cao, Qingyun Di, Fei Tian, Jingyue Liu, Aosai Zhao, Dingjun Chang and Wenhao Zheng

Appl. Sci. 2026, 16(3), 1519; https://doi.org/10.3390/app16031519 (registering DOI) - 3 Feb 2026

Abstract

Wireless short-range transmission is essential for precise wellbore trajectory control and real-time formation evaluation. Its signal propagation characteristics are influenced by multiple factors, including antenna type, drill collar, mud, and formation resistivity. Most prior studies are based on Magnetic-field Antennas (MFA) and primarily [...] Read more.

Wireless short-range transmission is essential for precise wellbore trajectory control and real-time formation evaluation. Its signal propagation characteristics are influenced by multiple factors, including antenna type, drill collar, mud, and formation resistivity. Most prior studies are based on Magnetic-field Antennas (MFA) and primarily focus on the effects of formation resistivity variations, whereas the investigations on the influence of drill collars and mud resistivity are limited. In this study, a three-dimensional finite-element electromagnetic model of the “antenna–drill collar–mud–formation” system was developed to investigate wireless short-range transmission. The model was used to characterize and compare the electromagnetic field distributions of MFA and Electric-field Antennas (EFA) under in situ conditions. On this basis, a set of parametric sensitivity analyses on transmission performance was performed to quantify the effects of key factors, including drill-collar conductivity and mud resistivity. The results reveal fundamentally different electromagnetic field distributions for the two antenna types: (1) MFA is dominated by localized circumferential magnetic flux loops, whereas EFA transmits signals through axially extended eddy-current channels. (2) The drill collar exerts opposite effects on the two antennas, suppressing signal levels for MFA while significantly enhancing transmission for EFA, resulting in signal amplitudes that are

10^{3} - 10^{5}

times higher. (3) In addition, mud resistivity has little influence on MFA, whereas increasing mud resistivity leads to the pronounced attenuation of EFA signals. These findings provide a quantitative basis for antenna selection and performance optimization in wireless short-range transmission systems under different Logging-While-Drilling (LWD) conditions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Petrophysical Formation Evaluation and Well Logging in Energy Exploration Systems)

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17 pages, 1195 KB

Open AccessArticle

Tuning Wittig Stereoselectivity in Thienostilbene Synthesis via Optimized Reaction Conditions in Batch and Flow Systems

by Anabela Ljubić, Ana Jurinjak Tušek, Anita Šalić and Irena Škorić

Catalysts 2026, 16(2), 151; https://doi.org/10.3390/catal16020151 (registering DOI) - 3 Feb 2026

Abstract

This study investigates the influence of reaction conditions on the stereoselective Wittig synthesis of a thienostilbene analogue of trans-resveratrol. Reaction conditions were systematically varied across batch experiments and analysed using Spearman correlation, principal component analysis (PCA), and response surface methodology (RSM) to [...] Read more.

This study investigates the influence of reaction conditions on the stereoselective Wittig synthesis of a thienostilbene analogue of trans-resveratrol. Reaction conditions were systematically varied across batch experiments and analysed using Spearman correlation, principal component analysis (PCA), and response surface methodology (RSM) to identify key factors (base type and amount, solvent type and volume, system configuration, and reaction time) affecting conversion and the trans/cis ratio. The base type, solvent type, and system configuration had the strongest impact on stereoselectivity, while solvent volume proved effective in enhancing the trans-isomer. PCA revealed that cyclic ether solvents combined with medium-strong bases provide the best balance between conversion and selectivity. RSM predicted optimal conditions in a two-phase NaOH system via phase transfer catalysis (PTC) with increased organic solvent volume, which experimentally increased conversion from 35% to over 92% and raised the trans/cis ratio to 1.81. Transferring the optimized process to continuous flow dramatically reduced reaction time, achieving 67.5% conversion in 15 min while maintaining stereoselectivity. These results demonstrate how statistical optimization combined with flow processing can significantly accelerate the development of stereoselective Wittig reactions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Microflow (Bio)Catalysis—2nd Edition)

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15 pages, 2290 KB

Open AccessArticle

Artificial Light at Night Alters Photosynthetic Electron Transport in Two Deciduous Species

by Monika A. Czaja and Anna Kołton

Biology 2026, 15(3), 272; https://doi.org/10.3390/biology15030272 (registering DOI) - 3 Feb 2026

Abstract

Although light pollution is one of the fastest-growing environmental problems today, we still know little about its impact on specific organisms. Plants are the least understood group in this context. Although environmental observations may suggest some conclusions, we still need more specific experimental [...] Read more.

Although light pollution is one of the fastest-growing environmental problems today, we still know little about its impact on specific organisms. Plants are the least understood group in this context. Although environmental observations may suggest some conclusions, we still need more specific experimental data. The present study involved two deciduous species—common beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) and white dogwood (Cornus alba L.)—which, after being placed in growth room, were exposed to additional light at night. The effect of two different nighttime lighting combinations on leaf physiology was analyzed by measuring chlorophyll fluorescence. Nighttime lighting caused disruptions in electron transport, as evidenced by the reduced RE₀/ET₀, RE₀/ABS, and PI_total parameters. This result confirms the negative impact of light pollution on plant functioning and provides a basis for further, more in-depth research. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Plant Science)

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14 pages, 632 KB

Open AccessReview

Antimicrobial Peptides in Food Systems: Classification, Mechanism, and Industrial Application

by Sheetal Jha and Achyut Adhikari

Processes 2026, 14(3), 527; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr14030527 (registering DOI) - 3 Feb 2026

Abstract

Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are an emerging field with potential as preservatives, sanitizers, and coating agents to improve food safety and quality. These small, cationic, and amphipathic peptide molecules act through various mechanisms, including pore or channel formation, disruption of cellular membranes, inhibition of [...] Read more.

Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are an emerging field with potential as preservatives, sanitizers, and coating agents to improve food safety and quality. These small, cationic, and amphipathic peptide molecules act through various mechanisms, including pore or channel formation, disruption of cellular membranes, inhibition of cell wall biosynthesis, and interference with intracellular components and cell division. These cellular mechanisms enable the inhibition of foodborne pathogens such as Listeria monocytogenes and Salmonella spp., offering a promising strategy. Their variable properties, including biodegradability, hydrophobicity, heat stability, and biocompatibility, make them strong candidates as alternatives to chemical cleaners and conventional antimicrobial agents. Despite these advantages, the use of AMP in the food industry remains limited due to environmental factors such as pH variability, enzymatic, and proteolytic degradation. In some cases, complex food matrices also reduce peptide stability and efficacy. This review synthesizes current knowledge on AMPs’ mechanisms and structural diversity and highlights their potential in food safety systems. It explores advances in molecular design and encapsulation technologies and examines key barriers such as large-scale production. Finally, it presents a comprehensive perspective on how AMPs can transition from natural peptides to broad-spectrum agents to ensure food safety and reduce reliance on chemical agents. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Monitoring, Detection and Control of Food Contaminants)

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21 pages, 2915 KB

Open AccessArticle

Governing Low- and Zero-Emission Zones in the Global South: An ASIF-Based Framework for Rio de Janeiro

by Dalton Domingues de Carvalho Neto, Daniel Neves Schmitz Gonçalves, Gabriela Maciel Wagner, Anderson Costa Reis, Lino Guimarães Marujo and Marcio de Almeida D’Agosto

Urban Sci. 2026, 10(2), 93; https://doi.org/10.3390/urbansci10020093 (registering DOI) - 3 Feb 2026

Abstract

This study examines the role of Low and Zero Emission Zones (LEZ/ZEZ) as urban climate-governance instruments in Latin American cities, using Rio de Janeiro as a case study. The objective is to assess the feasibility and institutional readiness for implementing a LEZ/ZEZ in [...] Read more.

This study examines the role of Low and Zero Emission Zones (LEZ/ZEZ) as urban climate-governance instruments in Latin American cities, using Rio de Janeiro as a case study. The objective is to assess the feasibility and institutional readiness for implementing a LEZ/ZEZ in the city’s central area, taking into account its regulatory framework, urban context, and transport- and emissions-related conditions. The methodology adopts an exploratory, qualitative approach based on the ASIF (Activity-Structure-Intensity-Fuel) framework, combined with a systematic review of municipal legislation, climate action plans, emissions inventories, and international best practices. Rather than developing a mathematical or predictive model, the study organizes these policy and institutional elements into a structured decision-support framework and proposes a roadmap to guide phased implementation. The results show that Rio de Janeiro possesses a favorable legal and policy environment for LEZ/ZEZ deployment, particularly through its Climate Action Plan and the legally established District of Low Emissions, while also identifying constraints related to data availability, monitoring capacity, and inter-institutional coordination. The study concludes that the proposed framework provides a practical governance-oriented tool to support low-carbon urban transitions, whose operational effectiveness will depend on future quantitative data collection, transport-demand simulation, and stakeholder engagement to strengthen evidence-based decision-making. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Urban Built Environments: Form, Planning and Use)

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20 pages, 3266 KB

Open AccessArticle

Investigating the Shelf-Life Extension of Shrimp Surimi Using a Polysaccharide-Based Film from Alpinia oxyphylla

by Meng Wang, Zengshuo Huang, Feng Li, Yebao Chen, Fangfang Ban, Hua Yang, Siming Zhu and Junlin Wu

Foods 2026, 15(3), 530; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods15030530 (registering DOI) - 3 Feb 2026

Abstract

To investigate the effect of a polysaccharide-based composite film (ASC) composed of Alpinia oxyphylla polysaccharide (its molecular weight was approximately 4.07 kDa, and the monosaccharide composition was predominantly glucose and galacturonic acid), sodium alginate, and calcium chloride on the storage quality of shrimp [...] Read more.

To investigate the effect of a polysaccharide-based composite film (ASC) composed of Alpinia oxyphylla polysaccharide (its molecular weight was approximately 4.07 kDa, and the monosaccharide composition was predominantly glucose and galacturonic acid), sodium alginate, and calcium chloride on the storage quality of shrimp surimi, this study compared the preservation efficacy of the ASC film with that of treatments using chitosan, potassium sorbate, ascorbic acid, sodium alginate, Alpinia oxyphylla polysaccharide, and distilled water. Samples were stored at 4 °C for 12 days, and evaluations were conducted by measuring film structural characteristics and quality indicators of shrimp surimi. Results showed that the ASC groups (where Alpinia oxyphylla polysaccharide was added at 20%, 30%, and 40% of the sodium alginate mass, designated as ASC 20%, ASC 30%, and ASC 40%) significantly outperformed the control group across all quality indicators. The ASC 30% group demonstrated the best overall preservation performance, effectively delaying oxidative browning, protein degradation, lipid oxidation, and microbial growth in shrimp surimi. The ASC 40% group exhibited particularly strong antibacterial effects, while the ASC 20% group also showed stable preservation performance. The composite film combines the antioxidant and antibacterial activities of Alpinia oxyphylla polysaccharide with the barrier and moisture-retention properties of sodium alginate, forming a stable three-dimensional network structure through calcium chloride cross-linking. It is superior to single/individual chemical preservatives in terms of film-forming ability, functionality, and safety, providing a natural, effective, and environmentally friendly preservation approach for shrimp surimi and other aquatic products. It also offers a theoretical foundation and practical reference for the development of natural preservation technologies in the food industry. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Materials for Sustainable Food Packaging: Films, Coatings, Emulsions, and Gels)

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22 pages, 3705 KB

Open AccessArticle

External Characteristic Modeling and Cluster Aggregation Optimization for Integrated Energy Systems

by Zhenlan Dou, Chunyan Zhang, Yongli Wang, Huanran Dong, Zhenxiang Du, Bangpeng Xie, Chaoran Fu and Dexin Meng

Processes 2026, 14(3), 526; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr14030526 (registering DOI) - 3 Feb 2026

Abstract

With the advancement of the dual carbon goals and the rapid increase in the proportion of new energy installations, the power system faces multiple challenges including insufficient flexibility resources, intensified fluctuations in generation and load, and reduced operational safety. Integrated energy systems (IESs), [...] Read more.

With the advancement of the dual carbon goals and the rapid increase in the proportion of new energy installations, the power system faces multiple challenges including insufficient flexibility resources, intensified fluctuations in generation and load, and reduced operational safety. Integrated energy systems (IESs), serving as key platforms for integrating diverse energy sources and flexible resources, possess complex internal structures and limited individual regulation capabilities, making direct participation in grid dispatch and market interactions challenging. To achieve large-scale resource coordination and efficient utilization, this paper investigates external characteristic modeling and cluster aggregation optimization methods for IES, proposing a comprehensive technical framework spanning from individual external characteristic identification to cluster-level coordinated control. First, addressing the challenge of unified dispatch for heterogeneous resources within IES, this study proposes an external characteristic modeling method based on operational feasible region projection. It constructs models for the active power output boundary, marginal cost characteristics, and ramping rate of virtual power plants (VPPs), enabling quantitative representation of their overall regulation potential. Second, a cluster aggregation optimization model for integrated energy systems is established, incorporating regional autonomy. This model pursues multiple objectives: cost–benefit matching, maximizing renewable energy absorption rates, and minimizing peak external power purchases. The Gini coefficient and Shapley value method are introduced to ensure fairness and participation willingness among cluster members. Furthermore, an optimization mechanism incorporating key constraints such as cluster scale, grid interaction, and regulation complementarity is designed. The NSGA-II multi-objective genetic algorithm is employed to efficiently solve this high-dimensional nonlinear problem. Finally, simulation validation is conducted on a typical regional energy scenario based on the IEEE-57 node system. Results demonstrate that the proposed method achieves average daily cost savings of approximately 3955 CNY under the optimal aggregation scheme, reduces wind and solar curtailment rates to 5.38%, controls peak external power purchases within 2292 kW, and effectively incentivizes all entities to participate in coordinated regulation through a rational benefit distribution mechanism. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Energy Systems)

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14 pages, 3659 KB

Open AccessArticle

Co-Deactivation of Cu-SSZ-13 Catalyst by K₂SO₄ Solid-State Diffusion and Hydrothermal Aging

by Zixin Jiang, Xiaodong Wu, Yue Ma, Rui Ran, Changlong Zheng and Lun Hua

Catalysts 2026, 16(2), 150; https://doi.org/10.3390/catal16020150 (registering DOI) - 3 Feb 2026

Abstract

Cu-SSZ-13, the most widely used catalyst in diesel selective catalytic reduction (SCR) systems, often suffers severe deactivation, including hydrothermal aging and ash poisoning. In comparison with traditional impregnation in laboratory work, a more realistic solid-state diffusion method was employed to simulate K₂ [...] Read more.

Cu-SSZ-13, the most widely used catalyst in diesel selective catalytic reduction (SCR) systems, often suffers severe deactivation, including hydrothermal aging and ash poisoning. In comparison with traditional impregnation in laboratory work, a more realistic solid-state diffusion method was employed to simulate K₂SO₄ poisoning on a commercial Cu-SSZ-13 catalyst with high aluminum and copper contents. Hydrothermal aging at 650 °C alone induces severe framework dealumination and transformation of isolated Cu²⁺ ions to copper aluminate (CuAlO_x) species. K₂SO₄ poisoning alone is more prone to detached Cu²⁺ ions and aluminum terminal hydroxyl group to form CuSO₄ and Al₂(SO₄)₃. The presence of water vapor during K₂SO₄ poisoning dramatically reduces SCR activity by accelerating the ion-exchange between K⁺ and Cu²⁺ and zeolite dealumination. These synergistic effects promote extensive detachment of active Cu species, resulting in the formation of predominating inert sulfates, along with a small amount of CuO_x clusters. These findings are expected to provide a theoretical basis for designing catalysts with enhanced resistance to both hydrothermal aging and ash poisoning in diesel aftertreatment applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feature Papers in "Industrial Catalysis" Section, 2nd Edition)

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18 pages, 16757 KB

Open AccessArticle

Influence of HFCVD Parameters on Diamond Coatings and Process Investigation of Sapphire Wafer Lapping

by Wei Feng, Shuai Zhou and Xiaokang Sun

Materials 2026, 19(3), 584; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma19030584 (registering DOI) - 3 Feb 2026

Abstract

Aiming at the key problems of the material removal rate and surface integrity of existing tools in the lapping of sapphire hard and brittle crystals, an efficient lapping tool has been developed to explore a new process for HFVCD (hot filament chemical vapor [...] Read more.

Aiming at the key problems of the material removal rate and surface integrity of existing tools in the lapping of sapphire hard and brittle crystals, an efficient lapping tool has been developed to explore a new process for HFVCD (hot filament chemical vapor deposition) diamond tools to efficiently lap sapphire wafers. With the premise of ensuring the surface roughness of the wafer is Ra ≤ 0.5 μm, the material removal rate is increased to more than 1 μm/h. To explore a high-efficiency lapping process for sapphire wafers using HFCVD diamond tools. The influence of key preparation parameters on the surface characteristics of CVD (chemical vapor deposition) diamond films was systematically investigated. Three types of CVD diamond coating tools with distinct surface morphologies were fabricated. These tools were subsequently employed to conduct lapping experiments on sapphire wafers in order to evaluate their processing performance. The experimental results demonstrate that the gas pressure, methane concentration, and substrate temperature collectively influenced the surface morphology of the diamond coatings. The fabricated coatings exhibited well-defined grain boundaries and displayed pyramidal, prismatic and spherical features, corresponding to high-quality microcrystalline and nanocrystalline diamond layers. In the lapping experiments, the prismatic CVD diamond coating tool exhibited the highest material removal rate, reaching approximately 1.7 μm/min once stabilized. The spherical diamond coating tool produced the lowest surface roughness on the lapped sapphire wafers, with a value of about 0.35 μm. Surface morphology-controllable diamond tools were used for the lapping processing of the sapphire wafers. This achieved a good surface quality and high removal rate and provided new ideas for the precision machining of brittle hard materials in the plane or even in the curved surface. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Carbon Materials)

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25 pages, 641 KB

Open AccessArticle

Reimagining Value-Added Tax Reform Through Digital Rebates and Advanced Simulation for Inclusive Fiscal Policy

by Vinodh K. Natarajan, Jayendira P. Sankar and Lamin Jarju

J. Risk Financial Manag. 2026, 19(2), 111; https://doi.org/10.3390/jrfm19020111 (registering DOI) - 3 Feb 2026

Abstract

This paper examines the regressive nature of the value-added tax and proposes an integrated framework combining a uniform value-added tax rate with progressive, digitally administered rebates. The model was performed using household- and firm-level microsimulations with Monte Carlo methods. It demonstrates that equity [...] Read more.

This paper examines the regressive nature of the value-added tax and proposes an integrated framework combining a uniform value-added tax rate with progressive, digitally administered rebates. The model was performed using household- and firm-level microsimulations with Monte Carlo methods. It demonstrates that equity can be reached without revenue neutrality being undermined. Simulation results for a calibrated 2024–2025 economy show the proposed rebate structure reduces the effective tax burden on the lowest income quintile from 13.5% to 5.4% of income, delivering a net cash benefit of USD 786.88 and a welfare gain of 6.10%. The policy is projected to generate a robust average VAT revenue of USD 17.44 million, with a 97.8% probability of a positive fiscal impact, while reducing the poverty rate by 2.6% and lowering inequality (Gini coefficient of utility to 0.199). The outcomes present a welfare gain for the poor, a small firm-level effect, and a decrease in poverty and inequality. The results suggest a feasible policy route towards a more equitable tax system, thus promoting indirectly to the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), specifically SDG 8 (decent work and economic growth) and SDG 10 (reduced inequalities). Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Business and Entrepreneurship)

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16 pages, 416 KB

Open AccessArticle

An Adaptive IoT-Based ForecastingFramework for Structural and Environmental Risk Detection in Tailings Dams

by Raul Rabadán-Arroyo, Ester Simó, Francesc Aguiló-Gost, Francisco Hernández-Ramírez and Xavier Masip-Bruin

Electronics 2026, 15(3), 658; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics15030658 (registering DOI) - 3 Feb 2026

Abstract

Tailings dams represent one of the most environmentally sensitive infrastructures in the mining industry. To address the need for continuous and accurate monitoring, this paper presents an adaptive forecasting framework that combines Internet of Things (IoT) technologies with machine learning (ML) models to [...] Read more.

Tailings dams represent one of the most environmentally sensitive infrastructures in the mining industry. To address the need for continuous and accurate monitoring, this paper presents an adaptive forecasting framework that combines Internet of Things (IoT) technologies with machine learning (ML) models to detect early signs of structural and ecological risks. The proposed system architecture is modular and scalable and enables the automated training, selection, and deployment of predictive models for multivariate sensor data. Each sensor data flow is independently analyzed by using a configurable set of algorithms (including linear, convolutional, recurrent, and residual models). The framework is deployed via containers with a CI/CD pipeline and includes real-time visualization through Grafana dashboards. A use case involving tiltmeters and piezometers in an operational tailing dam shows the system’s high predictive accuracy, with mean relative errors below

4 %

across all variables (in fact, many of them have a mean relative error below

1 %

). These results highlight the potential of the proposed solution to improve structural and environmental safety in mining operations. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Empowering IoT with AI: AIoT for Smart and Autonomous Systems)

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21 pages, 2732 KB

Open AccessArticle

Effect of Plasma-Activated Water Pretreatment Combined with High-CO₂ Modified Atmosphere Packaging on the Quality and Microbial Profile of Half-Smooth Tongue Sole (Cynoglossus semilaevis) During Superchilling Storage

by Xiang Qiu, Jun Mei and Jing Xie

Foods 2026, 15(3), 529; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods15030529 (registering DOI) - 3 Feb 2026

Abstract

Half-smooth tongue sole has high nutritional value due to its delicious meat and high protein content. However, its high protein content makes it highly susceptible to spoilage caused by microbial action. This study utilized plasma-activated water to pretreat half-smooth tongue sole, which was [...] Read more.

Half-smooth tongue sole has high nutritional value due to its delicious meat and high protein content. However, its high protein content makes it highly susceptible to spoilage caused by microbial action. This study utilized plasma-activated water to pretreat half-smooth tongue sole, which was then subjected to various packaging methods: CK (air packaging), VP (vacuum packaging), MAP1 (75% CO₂/5% O₂/20% N₂), MAP2 (20% CO₂/5% O₂/75% N₂), and MAP3 (75% CO₂/10% O₂/15% N₂). The packaged samples were stored at −1 °C. Preservation efficacy was assessed by monitoring changes in microbial counts and physicochemical quality indicators throughout storage. The findings revealed a progressive increase in microbial counts, a deterioration in fish quality, and a darkening of color over extended storage periods. During superchilling storage, the increase in total volatile basic nitrogen (TVB-N) and K value was markedly reduced in the MAP1 group. Regarding protein stability, the MAP1 group exhibited a slower rise in carbonyl content as well as a slower reduction in total sulfhydryl content, further confirming its superior preservation effect. Moreover, this group demonstrated excellence in maintaining the secondary and tertiary structures of myofibrillar proteins, thereby minimizing the structural damage of fish during superchilling storage. In summary, based on observed microbial and protein changes, MAP1 (75% CO₂/5% O₂/20% N₂) was the most effective in preserving quality and extending shelf life. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Aquatic Food Preservation: Innovative Materials, Intelligent Monitoring and Mechanisms of Quality Deterioration)

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20 pages, 365 KB

Open AccessReview

Biomarkers of Coagulation Disorders—Where to from Here?

by Benjamin Reardon, Leonardo Pasalic and Emmanuel J. Favaloro

Biomolecules 2026, 16(2), 235; https://doi.org/10.3390/biom16020235 (registering DOI) - 3 Feb 2026

Abstract

Disorders of thrombosis and bleeding contribute to a significant morbidity and mortality burden worldwide. Correctly identifying contributing factors towards either thrombosis or bleeding carries implications for diagnosis, prognosis and management. Although there are established and commonly used biomarkers for both circumstances, the complexity [...] Read more.

Disorders of thrombosis and bleeding contribute to a significant morbidity and mortality burden worldwide. Correctly identifying contributing factors towards either thrombosis or bleeding carries implications for diagnosis, prognosis and management. Although there are established and commonly used biomarkers for both circumstances, the complexity of hemostasis contributes to the wide variability in assay methodology and information provided by each individual assay. There are several emerging biomarkers of thrombosis and hemostasis, which require further evaluation of their roles in diagnosis and management in specific patient populations. This narrative review summarizes established, emerging, and exploratory biomarkers of both thrombosis and bleeding disorders, outlining their biological roles, diagnostic utility, and limitations, with a particular focus on clinical relevance, assay methodology and future directions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Molecular Biomarkers)

16 pages, 9035 KB

Open AccessArticle

Changes in Ground Displacement Anticipated the 2021 Cumbre Vieja Eruption (La Palma, Spain)

by Emanuele Intrieri, Roberto Montalti and Javier Garcia Robles

Remote Sens. 2026, 18(3), 485; https://doi.org/10.3390/rs18030485 (registering DOI) - 3 Feb 2026

Abstract

In the last decades, satellite remote sensing has played a key role in Earth Observation, as an effective monitoring tool applied to geo-hazard identification and mitigation. In particular, the differential synthetic aperture radar interferometry technique provides incomparable information on ground movements related to [...] Read more.

In the last decades, satellite remote sensing has played a key role in Earth Observation, as an effective monitoring tool applied to geo-hazard identification and mitigation. In particular, the differential synthetic aperture radar interferometry technique provides incomparable information on ground movements related to volcanic unrest, co-eruptive deformation, and volcano flank motion. In this work, ground deformation data derived from Sentinel-1 satellites were analyzed over the Cumbre Vieja volcano, located in the southern part of La Palma Island, Canary archipelago. The volcano started to erupt on 19 September 2021, after a seismic swarm. The eruption buried hundreds of buildings and properties, causing severe economic losses. Analyzing the vertical ground displacement of the volcano in the year preceding the eruption, the results show that ground deformation can be considered a precursor of the eruption, which allows us to identify the phases of the magmatic ascent up to the opening of the eruptive vent. Interestingly, after a subsidence phase lasting 4 months, the ground displacement rate reverted and an uplift was observed, lasting 9 months, marking an uplift on the Cumbre Vieja volcano related to volcanic activity. This can be interpreted as the effect of the magma rising from the deeper chamber (15–25 km) to an intermediate stagnation zone (5 km) that provided a measurable anticipation of the eruption by 9 months. In the future, regular monitoring of Cumbre Vieja could adopt uplift detection as an indicator for shallow magma activity and as a possible eruption precursor. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Remote Sensing in Geology, Geomorphology and Hydrology)

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22 pages, 1821 KB

Open AccessReview

Boron Neutron Capture Therapy: A Technology-Driven Renaissance

by Dandan Zheng, Guang Han, Olga Dona Maria Lemus, Alexander Podgorsak, Matthew Webster, Fiona Li, Yuwei Zhou, Hyunuk Jung and Jihyung Yoon

Cancers 2026, 18(3), 498; https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers18030498 (registering DOI) - 3 Feb 2026

Abstract

Boron neutron capture therapy (BNCT) is experiencing a global resurgence driven by advances in boron pharmacology, accelerator-based neutron sources, and molecular imaging-guided theranostics. BNCT produces high linear energy transfer particles with micrometer-range energy deposition, enabling cell-selective irradiation confined to boron-enriched tumor cells in [...] Read more.

Boron neutron capture therapy (BNCT) is experiencing a global resurgence driven by advances in boron pharmacology, accelerator-based neutron sources, and molecular imaging-guided theranostics. BNCT produces high linear energy transfer particles with micrometer-range energy deposition, enabling cell-selective irradiation confined to boron-enriched tumor cells in a geometrically targeted region by the neutron beam. This mechanism offers the potential for exceptionally high therapeutic ratios, provided two core requirements are met: sufficient differential tumor uptake of ¹⁰B and a neutron beam with appropriate energy and penetration. After early clinical attempts in the mid-20th century were hindered by inadequate boron agents and reactor-based neutron beams, recent technological breakthroughs have made BNCT clinically viable. The development of hospital-compatible accelerator neutron sources, next-generation boron delivery systems (such as receptor-targeted compounds and nanoparticles), advanced theranostic approaches (such as ¹⁸F-BPA positron emission tomography and boron-sensitive magnetic resonance imaging), and AI-driven biodistribution modeling now support personalized treatment planning and patient selection. These innovations have catalyzed modern clinical implementation, exemplified by Japan’s regulatory approval of BNCT for recurrent head and neck cancer and the rapid expansion of clinical programs across Asia, Europe, and South America. Building on these foundations, BNCT has transitioned from a predominantly academic experimental modality into an increasingly commercialized and industrially supported therapeutic platform. The emergence of dedicated BNCT companies, international collaborations between accelerator manufacturers and hospitals, and pharmaceutical development pipelines for next-generation boron carriers has accelerated clinical translation. Moreover, BNCT now occupies a unique position among radiation modalities due to its hybrid nature, namely combining the biological targeting of radiopharmaceutical therapy with the external-beam controllability of radiotherapy, thereby offering new therapeutic opportunities where competitive approaches fall short. Emerging evidence suggests therapeutic promise in glioblastoma, recurrent head and neck cancers, melanoma, meningioma, lung cancer, sarcomas, and other difficult-to-treat malignancies. Looking ahead, continued innovation in compact neutron source engineering, boron nanocarriers, multimodal theranostics, microdosimetry-guided treatment planning, and combination strategies with systemic therapies such as immunotherapy will be essential for optimizing outcomes. Together, these converging developments position BNCT as a biologically targeted and potentially transformative modality in the era of precision oncology. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Approaches in Radiotherapy for Cancer)

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