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40 pages, 2986 KB

Open AccessReview

Review of Operating Conditions, Diagnostic Methods, and Technical Condition Assessment to Improve Reliability and Develop a Maintenance Strategy for Electrical Equipment

by Alexander Nazarychev, Iliya Iliev, Daniel Manukian, Hristo Beloev, Konstantin Suslov and Ivan Beloev

Energies 2025, 18(21), 5832; https://doi.org/10.3390/en18215832 - 5 Nov 2025

Abstract

In the context of increasing demands for the reliability and efficiency of electrical complexes and systems, the problem of assessing and monitoring the technical condition (TC) of electrical equipment is becoming particularly relevant. This review is devoted to a comprehensive analysis of the [...] Read more.

In the context of increasing demands for the reliability and efficiency of electrical complexes and systems, the problem of assessing and monitoring the technical condition (TC) of electrical equipment is becoming particularly relevant. This review is devoted to a comprehensive analysis of the factors affecting the performance of electrical equipment and modern methods for diagnosing its TC. The review article examines in detail the impact of various operational factors, including climatic conditions (temperature fluctuations, humidity, contamination) and electrical equipment operating modes. Special attention is paid to modern methods of technical diagnostics, such as thermographic diagnostics, vibration diagnostics, and chromatographic analysis of dissolved gases, which make it possible to identify defects and predict failures at early stages of their development. A significant part of the review is devoted to modern approaches to predicting the durability indicators of electrical equipment using mathematical modeling and neural networks. The advantages of a condition-based maintenance (CBM) and repair strategy, based on assessing the actual TC of the equipment, are analyzed in detail and compared with the strategy of scheduled preventive maintenance. This review particularly emphasizes the importance of integrating digital technologies, including the internet of things (IoT), digital twins (DT), and intelligent diagnostic monitoring systems, to create effective systems for predicting and managing TC. The review demonstrates that a comprehensive consideration of the actual TC of electrical equipment and its operating conditions can significantly increase the reliability of power systems, optimize maintenance and repair costs, and extend the service life of electrical equipment under various intensities of impacting operational factors. Full article

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11 pages, 3044 KB

Open AccessArticle

Clinicopathological Characteristics and Survival Analysis of Primary Mesenteric Liposarcoma: A Retrospective Study

by Zeki Ogut, Adem Tuncer, Yasin Dalda, Harika Gozde Gozukara Bag and Mehmet Bugra Bozan

Medicina 2025, 61(11), 1984; https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina61111984 - 5 Nov 2025

Abstract

Background and Objectives: Primary mesenteric liposarcoma (LPS) is an exceptionally rare malignancy, with most literature data limited to isolated case reports or small series. This papers aims to evaluate the clinicopathological features, treatment outcomes, and prognostic factors in patients with mesenteric LPS. Materials [...] Read more.

Background and Objectives: Primary mesenteric liposarcoma (LPS) is an exceptionally rare malignancy, with most literature data limited to isolated case reports or small series. This papers aims to evaluate the clinicopathological features, treatment outcomes, and prognostic factors in patients with mesenteric LPS. Materials and Methods: Thirteen patients diagnosed with primary mesenteric LPS between 2010 and 2022 were retrospectively analyzed. Data included demographics, tumor location, histological subtype, surgical treatment, recurrence, and survival. Results: The median age was 56 years (range, 22–74), with a slight male predominance (53.8%). Most tumors arose from the small bowel (53.8%) and colonic (38.5%) mesenteries, with one involving the gastric mesentery. The predominant histological subtypes were myxoid (46.1%) and dedifferentiated (23.1%). R0 resection was achieved in 76.9% of patients. During a median follow-up of 55.2 months, nine patients (69.2%) developed recurrence. Mortality was higher in patients with dedifferentiated LPS (66.7%) than in those with myxoid LPS (40%). Five-year survival rate was 100% in patients without recurrence and 28.6% in those with recurrence (p = 0.112, not significant). Patients who received adjuvant chemoradiotherapy suggested longer survival (110.7 vs. 46.2 months; p = 0.620). Conclusions: This 12-year study highlights the aggressive nature of mesenteric LPS, particularly the dedifferentiated subtype which showed the poorest prognosis. Complete resection remains the primary treatment; however, it has high recurrence rates. To diminish the catastrophic poor results of the postoperative period, multidisciplinary treatment strategies become a keystone. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Surgery)

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22 pages, 3196 KB

Open AccessArticle

Effects of Printing Angle, Infill Density and Cryogenic Pre-Treatment on the Tensile and Flexural Properties of FFF-Printed PLA

by Jozef Jaroslav Fekiač, Lucia Kakošová, Michal Krbata, Marcel Kohutiar, Zbynek Studeny, Pavol Mikuš, Jindřich Viliš and Alena Breznická

J. Manuf. Mater. Process. 2025, 9(11), 365; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmmp9110365 - 5 Nov 2025

Abstract

Additive manufacturing of polymer materials, also known as 3D printing, is becoming a key technology for the production of functional parts with the ability to customize the structure and properties according to the application requirements. Polylactide (PLA) is one of the most commonly [...] Read more.

Additive manufacturing of polymer materials, also known as 3D printing, is becoming a key technology for the production of functional parts with the ability to customize the structure and properties according to the application requirements. Polylactide (PLA) is one of the most commonly used materials in this field due to its biodegradability, ease of processing, and adequate strength for lightweight functional components. An important factor that affects the resulting properties of parts is not only the filler structure and density but also the angle at which the material is deposited during the printing process. This article focuses on investigating the influence of the printing angle (0°, 30°, 60° and 90°) and the bulk density of the filler (20%, 40%, 60% and 80%) on the mechanical properties of PLA samples. Two series of samples were prepared—the first was subjected to direct mechanical tests, and the second series was first exposed to freezing conditions and then tested to evaluate the effect of freezing on the material behavior. The samples were tested for tensile strength according to ASTM D638 and for bending strength according to ASTM D790. The results showed that the highest values were achieved in tensile strength in the 60°/80% configuration with a strength of 39.27 MPa, which represents more than a twofold improvement over the weakest configuration (0°/20%–19.58 MPa). In the bending test, the best results were achieved by the 90°/80% sample with a strength of 58.89 MPa, approximately 18% higher than 0°/20%. Cryogenic treatment caused a deterioration of all monitored parameters, especially at low infill densities and at an angle of 0°, where the decrease in strength reached up to 10–13%. These results confirm that the combination of a higher printing angle and a higher infill density is key to optimizing the mechanical properties of PLA parts, while cryogenic treatment has a negative impact on their behavior. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Innovative and Sustainable Advances in Polymer Composites for Additive Manufacturing: Processing, Microstructure, Machining, and Mechanical Properties)

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10 pages, 475 KB

Open AccessSystematic Review

Glenohumeral Instability and Clinical Outcomes Following Proximal Humerus Resection and Megaprosthesis Implantation: A Systematic Review

by Luigi Cianni, Giacomo Capece, Luca Fiore, Andrea De Fazio, Sara Martellini, Giulio Maccauro and Maristella Francesca Saccomanno

J. Clin. Med. 2025, 14(21), 7850; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm14217850 (registering DOI) - 5 Nov 2025

Abstract

Background: Glenohumeral instability is one of the most frequent and clinically impactful complications following proximal humerus resection and reconstruction with a megaprosthesis, especially in patients treated for bone tumors or complex fractures. Its incidence, risk factors, and influence on functional recovery remain variably [...] Read more.

Background: Glenohumeral instability is one of the most frequent and clinically impactful complications following proximal humerus resection and reconstruction with a megaprosthesis, especially in patients treated for bone tumors or complex fractures. Its incidence, risk factors, and influence on functional recovery remain variably reported in the literature. Methods: A systematic review was conducted according to PRISMA guidelines, searching PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar up to April 2025. Studies reporting on postoperative instability, dislocation, functional outcomes (MSTS, DASH), and related complications were included. Two independent reviewers performed data extraction and quality assessment. A pooled analysis was performed using random-effects models. Results: A total of 17 studies including 387 patients were analyzed. The pooled incidence of glenohumeral instability was 32%, with a revision surgery rate of 10% due to instability. The most common reconstruction technique was modular megaprosthesis (47%), followed by allograft–prosthesis composites (APCs) and reverse total shoulder arthroplasty (RSA). Functional outcomes were reported in 12 studies using the Musculoskeletal Tumor Society (MSTS) score, with a weighted mean of 22.3 ± 3.8 (74.3% ± 12.7%). Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder, and Hand (DASH) scores, reported in 3 studies, showed worse outcomes in unstable shoulders (mean 61.4 ± 5.2 vs. 26.6 ± 4.1). Soft tissue reconstruction, particularly involving the rotator cuff and deltoid, significantly influenced postoperative stability and function. Conclusions: Glenohumeral instability after proximal humerus megaprosthesis is a common and disabling complication that adversely affects functional outcomes and revision rates. Optimizing soft tissue management and prosthetic design is essential to improve joint stability and long-term results. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Diagnosis and Treatment for Bone Tumor)

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30 pages, 1362 KB

Open AccessArticle

Stock Market Volatility Forecasting: Exploring the Power of Deep Learning

by Minh Vo

FinTech 2025, 4(4), 61; https://doi.org/10.3390/fintech4040061 - 5 Nov 2025

Abstract

This study provides a comprehensive evaluation of five deep learning (DL) architectures—TiDE, LSTM, DeepAR, TCN, and Transformer—against the extended Heterogeneous Autoregressive (HAR) model for stock market volatility forecasting. Utilizing 22.5 years of high-frequency data from the S&P 500, DJIA, and Nasdaq indices and [...] Read more.

This study provides a comprehensive evaluation of five deep learning (DL) architectures—TiDE, LSTM, DeepAR, TCN, and Transformer—against the extended Heterogeneous Autoregressive (HAR) model for stock market volatility forecasting. Utilizing 22.5 years of high-frequency data from the S&P 500, DJIA, and Nasdaq indices and incorporating key macroeconomic variables (DXY, VIX, US10Y, and US1M), we assess predictive accuracy across multiple horizons from one day to one month. Our analysis yields three main findings. First, when macroeconomic variables are included, DL models consistently and significantly outperform the HAR benchmark, with TiDE excelling in one-day-ahead predictions and DeepAR dominating longer horizons. Second, in the absence of these exogenous variables, the statistical advantage of DL models over HAR often disappears, highlighting HAR’s enduring relevance in feature-constrained settings. Third, among the DL architectures, DeepAR emerges as the most robust and versatile performer, especially when leveraging macroeconomic data. These results underscore the conditional power of deep learning and provide practical guidance on model selection for financial practitioners and researchers. Full article

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19 pages, 1440 KB

Open AccessArticle

Eye-Tracking Data in the Exploration of Students’ Engagement with Representations in Mathematics: Areas of Interest (AOIs) as Methodological and Conceptual Challenges

by Mahboubeh Nedaei, Roger Säljö, Shaista Kanwal and Simon Goodchild

J. Eye Mov. Res. 2025, 18(6), 65; https://doi.org/10.3390/jemr18060065 - 5 Nov 2025

Abstract

In mathematics, and in learning mathematics, representations (texts, formulae, and figures) play a vital role. Eye-tracking is a promising approach for studying how representations are attended to in the context of mathematics learning. The focus of the research reported here is on the [...] Read more.

In mathematics, and in learning mathematics, representations (texts, formulae, and figures) play a vital role. Eye-tracking is a promising approach for studying how representations are attended to in the context of mathematics learning. The focus of the research reported here is on the methodological and conceptual challenges that arise when analysing students’ engagement with different kinds of representations using such data. The study critically examines some of these issues through a case study of three engineering students engaging with an instructional document introducing double integrals. This study reports that not only the characteristics of different types of representations affect students’ engagement with areas of interests (AOIs), but also methodological decisions, such as how AOIs are defined, will be consequential for interpretations of that engagement. This shows that both technical parameters and the inherent nature of the representations themselves must be considered when defining AOIs and analysing students’ engagement with representations. The findings offer practical considerations for designing and analysing eye-tracking studies when students’ engagement with different representations is in focus. Full article

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13 pages, 568 KB

Open AccessReview

Microplastics in Lichen Thalli: A Photo or a Movie of Local Atmospheric Deposition?

by Roberto Bargagli and Emilia Rota

Microplastics 2025, 4(4), 85; https://doi.org/10.3390/microplastics4040085 - 5 Nov 2025

Abstract

Airborne microplastics (MPs) are a global issue, and there is an urgent need to prevent their spread in the environment. Sensitive and reliable methods are also needed to assess their deposition and effectively evaluate risk in terrestrial ecosystems. Current automated monitoring devices are [...] Read more.

Airborne microplastics (MPs) are a global issue, and there is an urgent need to prevent their spread in the environment. Sensitive and reliable methods are also needed to assess their deposition and effectively evaluate risk in terrestrial ecosystems. Current automated monitoring devices are expensive and do not enable large-scale mapping of MP deposition. As with other persistent atmospheric contaminants, developing accurate, cost-effective and easily applicable biomonitoring methods would therefore be highly beneficial. Cryptogams are among the most suitable biomonitors of airborne contaminants, and preliminary surveys show that epiphytic lichens accumulate higher concentrations of MPs in urban areas and near landfills than in control sites. However, the interaction between lichen thalli and MPs is weak and, as discussed in this review, the anthropogenic fibres and plastic fragments intercepted and retained by lichens probably do not reflect the levels in bulk atmospheric deposition. While emphasizing the need for studies evaluating the effectiveness of cryptogams in accumulating different types of airborne MPs under various meteorological conditions, this review also suggests directing future research efforts toward mosses, which seem to accumulate much higher concentrations of MPs than lichens in both active and passive biomonitoring surveys. Full article

14 pages, 712 KB

Open AccessArticle

Increased Intestinal Permeability and Articular Involvement in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Patients—A Mutually Exclusive Relationship?

by Cristian-Mihai Ilie, Cătălina-Anamaria Boromiz, Irina Anna-Maria Stoian, Laura Elena Gaman, Laura Groșeanu, Andra Rodica Bălănescu and Marilena Gîlcă

Curr. Issues Mol. Biol. 2025, 47(11), 922; https://doi.org/10.3390/cimb47110922 - 5 Nov 2025

Abstract

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a multisystemic autoimmune disorder characterized by complex interactions between the innate and adaptive immune systems, being potentially associated with an enhanced intestinal permeability. Zonulin represents a key protein in the modulation of intestinal permeability, being a gut leakage [...] Read more.

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a multisystemic autoimmune disorder characterized by complex interactions between the innate and adaptive immune systems, being potentially associated with an enhanced intestinal permeability. Zonulin represents a key protein in the modulation of intestinal permeability, being a gut leakage marker. The purpose of the present work was to evaluate the intestinal permeability, through serum zonulin levels, and to explore the relationships between zonulin, disease activity, and organ involvement in Caucasian SLE patients. The study had a cross-sectional design and included two groups of subjects: the SLE group (n = 41) and the control group (n = 29). Plasma zonulin level was measured using indirect ELISA. Despite the fact that Caucasian SLE patients exhibited higher plasma zonulin levels compared to the control group (7.566 ± 1.368 ng/mL vs. 2.306 ± 0.286 ng/mL, p < 0.01, Mann–Whitney-U-test), plasma zonulin levels did not correlate with disease activity measured by the Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Disease Activity Index (SLEDAI). SLE patients with clinical articular involvement had paradoxically lower plasma zonulin levels than those without this manifestation. The results support the hypothesis of a mutually exclusive inflammatory “signature” between intestinal mucosa and synovium. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Molecular Insights into Gut Biology: Stem Cells, Organoids, and Microbiota–Immune Interactions)

23 pages, 3564 KB

Open AccessArticle

Honokiol Inhibits Colorectal Cancer Cell Growth: Involvement of Hsp27 as a Molecular Target

by Youngbin Kim, Hyeon Du Jang, Da Hyeon An, Hyun Seo Lee, Hong-Gyum Kim and Sun Eun Choi

Curr. Issues Mol. Biol. 2025, 47(11), 921; https://doi.org/10.3390/cimb47110921 - 5 Nov 2025

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Honokiol (HK), a bioactive phenolic compound, exhibits significant anti-cancer properties. This study aimed to investigate the anti-cancer effects of HK in colorectal cancer (CRC) cells by focusing on its direct interaction with heat shock protein 27 (Hsp27) as a molecular target, and [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Honokiol (HK), a bioactive phenolic compound, exhibits significant anti-cancer properties. This study aimed to investigate the anti-cancer effects of HK in colorectal cancer (CRC) cells by focusing on its direct interaction with heat shock protein 27 (Hsp27) as a molecular target, and to elucidate the underlying mechanisms involved. Methods: HK was isolated via silica/ODS chromatography. Anchorage-independent growth of CRC cells was quantified using a soft agar assay with increasing HK concentrations. Apoptosis and cell cycle were analyzed by flow cytometry, and cell viability by MTS assay. Hsp27 binding to HK was validated by pull-down assay with HK-conjugated Sepharose 4B beads. Hsp27 knockdown was performed using lentiviral shRNA in CRC cells. Molecular docking of HK-Hsp27 interaction employed Schrödinger Suite 2016. Protein expressions, including chaperone and apoptotic proteins, were evaluated by Western blotting. Results: HK dose-dependently suppressed anchorage-independent growth of CRC cells and induced G₀/G₁ arrest. It triggered apoptosis through cytochrome c release, PARP cleavage, and Bcl-2 downregulation. HK directly bound to the α-crystallin domain of Hsp27 at Asn102 and His103 residues, confirmed by computational molecular docking and site-directed mutagenesis. Hsp27 knockdown in CRC cells dramatically reduced anchorage-independent growth. HK markedly decreased Hsp27 protein levels while having less effect on other heat shock proteins in CRC cells. Conclusions: HK exerts anti-cancer effects in CRC cells, associated with Hsp27 inhibition, resulting in suppressed cell growth and increased apoptosis. This interaction between HK and Hsp27 may support a mechanistic foundation supporting the potential utility of HK as a natural therapeutic agent for CRC. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Targeted Therapeutic Approaches in Cancer: Combining Natural Compounds and Conventional Drugs)

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3 pages, 149 KB

Open AccessEditorial

Editorial for Special Issue “New Insight: Enzymes as Targets for Drug Development in Current Issues in Molecular Biology”

by Sung-Kun Kim

Curr. Issues Mol. Biol. 2025, 47(11), 920; https://doi.org/10.3390/cimb47110920 - 5 Nov 2025

Abstract

We are pleased to introduce this Special Issue titled ‘New Insight: Enzymes as Targets for Drug Development in Current Issues in Molecular Biology,’ which highlights recent progress and updates in molecular and computational approaches to understanding disease mechanisms and discovering new therapeutics [...] [...] Read more.

We are pleased to introduce this Special Issue titled ‘New Insight: Enzymes as Targets for Drug Development in Current Issues in Molecular Biology,’ which highlights recent progress and updates in molecular and computational approaches to understanding disease mechanisms and discovering new therapeutics [...] Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Insight: Enzymes as Targets for Drug Development, 2nd Edition)

13 pages, 250 KB

Open AccessArticle

Molecular and Serological Tests for SARS-CoV-2 Detection in Indeterminate Serology: Can We Skip the Second Sample?

by Ivo N. Sirakov, Kalina Shishkova, Stoyan Shishkov and Ivailo Alexiev

Curr. Issues Mol. Biol. 2025, 47(11), 919; https://doi.org/10.3390/cimb47110919 - 5 Nov 2025

Abstract

Indeterminate serological results for SARS-CoV-2 antibodies create diagnostic uncertainty, requiring repeat testing after 14–21 days to establish seroconversion. This study evaluated whether direct viral detection methods could provide immediate diagnostic information in serum samples with indeterminate antibody results. We analyzed 163 serum samples [...] Read more.

Indeterminate serological results for SARS-CoV-2 antibodies create diagnostic uncertainty, requiring repeat testing after 14–21 days to establish seroconversion. This study evaluated whether direct viral detection methods could provide immediate diagnostic information in serum samples with indeterminate antibody results. We analyzed 163 serum samples from clinically healthy individuals collected during March–December 2020 in Bulgaria. Samples were categorized by screening ELISA (IgA/M/G) as positive (n = 69), negative (n = 47), or indeterminate (n = 47). All samples underwent quantitative IgG ELISA, rapid antibody tests, rapid antigen detection (viral nucleoprotein), and RT-nested PCR. Among samples with indeterminate antibody results, 27.7% (13/47; 95% CI: 15.6–42.6%) tested positive by rapid antigen detection and 12.8% (6/47; 95% CI: 4.8–25.7%) by RT-PCR. All PCR-positive samples were also antigen-positive (Cohen’s κ = 0.69). Viral detection rates showed a gradient: antibody-positive samples 30.4% (antigen) and 16.4% (PCR), indeterminate samples 27.7% and 12.8%, antibody-negative samples 10.6% and 4.3%, respectively. The algorithm we proposed and the diagnostic methods used enable the application of certain approaches to differentiate infected from uninfected clinically healthy people, in case of intermediate antibody results. Direct viral detection identified evidence of potential SARS-CoV-2 infection in more than one-quarter of sera with indeterminate antibody results. These findings suggest immediate viral detection testing may complement standard serological approaches, though clinical validation through longitudinal studies is essential before routine implementation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Molecular Medicine)

3 pages, 154 KB

Open AccessEditorial

Molecular Basis of Plant Stress Tolerance: Current Status and Future Perspectives

by Sajid Ali

Curr. Issues Mol. Biol. 2025, 47(11), 918; https://doi.org/10.3390/cimb47110918 - 5 Nov 2025

Abstract

I write this interim editorial to record my heartfelt appreciation to all participants and to express sincere gratitude to the authors, reviewers, and editorial staff of Current Issues in Molecular Biology, whose intellectual engagement and professional dedication have been pivotal to the [...] Read more.

I write this interim editorial to record my heartfelt appreciation to all participants and to express sincere gratitude to the authors, reviewers, and editorial staff of Current Issues in Molecular Biology, whose intellectual engagement and professional dedication have been pivotal to the success of my Special Issue “Molecular Mechanisms in Plant Stress Tolerance” [...] Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Molecular Mechanisms in Plant Stress Tolerance)

24 pages, 3130 KB

Open AccessArticle

Identification of Key Candidate Genes for Muscle Growth in Liaoning Black Pigs and Duroc Pigs via Longissimus Dorsi Muscle Transcriptome Analysis

by Zhanpeng Jia, Jiani Li, Fubo Qiao, Jiashuo Zhang, Xianjun Liu and Jing Chen

Curr. Issues Mol. Biol. 2025, 47(11), 917; https://doi.org/10.3390/cimb47110917 - 5 Nov 2025

Abstract

Pig growth is an economically important trait regulated by multiple genes and signaling pathways. To explore the molecular mechanisms underlying muscle growth, RNA sequencing was conducted to compare the transcriptomic profiles of the longissimus dorsi muscle between indigenous Liaoning Black pigs (CH) and [...] Read more.

Pig growth is an economically important trait regulated by multiple genes and signaling pathways. To explore the molecular mechanisms underlying muscle growth, RNA sequencing was conducted to compare the transcriptomic profiles of the longissimus dorsi muscle between indigenous Liaoning Black pigs (CH) and commercial Duroc pigs (HD). Muscle samples from six CH (three males and three females) and six HD (three males and three females) pigs were analyzed. Functional annotation, Gene Ontology (GO) and KEGG enrichment, and protein–protein interaction (PPI) analyses were performed. Sequencing yielded 12 high-quality datasets (Q20 > 97%, Q30 > 93%). Comparative analysis identified 5051 DEGs in females (CHF vs. HDF; 2310 upregulated and 2681 downregulated) and 9972 DEGs in males (CHM vs. HDM; 4984 upregulated and 4988 downregulated). GO terms were mainly enriched in organonitrogen compound and protein metabolic processes, while KEGG pathways were enriched in focal adhesion and insulin signaling. PPI analysis highlighted hub genes ITGB1, SRC, MYL2, PRKACA, and MAPK3. qPCR validation showed strong agreement with RNA-seq data. These findings provide valuable insights into the molecular basis of divergent muscle growth between pig breeds. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Biochemistry, Molecular and Cellular Biology)

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16 pages, 3115 KB

Open AccessArticle

A Multicenter Retrospective Study of Avelumab First-Line Maintenance and Subsequent Therapies for Locally Advanced and Metastatic Urothelial Carcinoma: Subgroup Analysis of First-Line Dose-Dense Methotrexate, Vinblastine, Doxorubicin, and Cisplatin, and Gemcitabine Plus Cisplatin in the Japan AVElumab MAintenance and Continuous Treatment Study (JAVEMACS)

by Masaomi Ikeda, Kiyohide Fujimoto, Noriyoshi Miura, Rikiya Taoka, Kiyoaki Nishihara, Daiki Ikarashi, Sei Naito, Fumitaka Shimizu, Atsuko Fujihara, Michihiro Shono, Tohru Nakagawa and Eiji Kikuchi

Curr. Oncol. 2025, 32(11), 618; https://doi.org/10.3390/curroncol32110618 - 5 Nov 2025

Abstract

Avelumab maintenance therapy is approved in Japan for patients with aUC without progression after PBC. This report presents subgroup analysis data from the JAVEMACS chart review of avelumab maintenance in patients who received 1L ddMVAC and GC. This retrospective study reviewed medical charts [...] Read more.

Avelumab maintenance therapy is approved in Japan for patients with aUC without progression after PBC. This report presents subgroup analysis data from the JAVEMACS chart review of avelumab maintenance in patients who received 1L ddMVAC and GC. This retrospective study reviewed medical charts of patients with aUC (February 2021–December 2023). Overall, 350 patients (ddMVAC, n = 32 and GC, n = 196) were included in the study. Baseline characteristics were balanced between the two PBC groups. Median duration from PBC start to avelumab start was 13.2 and 21.1 weeks; median overall survival (OS) was not reached (both groups), progression-free survival (PFS) was 12.0 and 7.4 months, and PFS2 was 27.6 and 21.3 months for the ddMVAC and GC groups, respectively. At data cutoff (June 2024), 25.0% of patients in the ddMVAC and 17.3% in the GC groups were ongoing avelumab treatment. Second-line treatments included EV (64.3% ddMVAC; 64.5% GC), pembrolizumab (21.4% ddMVAC; 8.3% GC), and PBC (14.3% ddMVAC and 21.5% GC). This real-world data from patients with aUC in Japan showed consistent OS patterns with avelumab maintenance across treatment subgroups vs. the overall population despite their inherent heterogeneity. Although patients were not resistant to PBC, 2L EV was more common than 2L PBC. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Genitourinary Oncology)

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28 pages, 2704 KB

Open AccessArticle

Distinguishing Constant and Variable Bias in Systematic Error: A New Error Model for Metrology and Clinical Laboratory Quality Control

by Atilla Barna Vandra and Ágota Drégelyi-Kiss

Metrology 2025, 5(4), 67; https://doi.org/10.3390/metrology5040067 - 5 Nov 2025

Abstract

This study presents a novel error model that distinguishes between constant and variable components of systematic error (bias) in measurement systems, particularly within clinical laboratory settings. Traditional approaches often conflict with these components, resulting in miscalculations of total error and measurement uncertainty. Through [...] Read more.

This study presents a novel error model that distinguishes between constant and variable components of systematic error (bias) in measurement systems, particularly within clinical laboratory settings. Traditional approaches often conflict with these components, resulting in miscalculations of total error and measurement uncertainty. Through mathematical deduction and computer simulations, the authors demonstrate that the standard deviation derived from long-term quality control (QC) data includes both random error and the variable bias component, challenging its use as a sole estimator of random error. The proposed model defines the constant component of systematic error (CCSE) as a correctable term, while the variable component (VCSE(t)) behaves as a time-dependent function that cannot be efficiently corrected. The study further reveals that long-term QC data are not normally distributed, contradicting prevailing assumptions in metrology. It advocates for revised definitions in the International Vocabulary of Metrology (VIM3), emphasizing the need to distinguish between bias types determined under different measurement conditions. By applying this refined model, laboratories can enhance decision-making accuracy and more accurately estimate measurement error and uncertainty. The findings have implications beyond clinical laboratories, suggesting a paradigm shift in how systematic error is conceptualized and managed across all domains of metrology. Full article

(This article belongs to the Collection Measurement Uncertainty)

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35 pages, 5745 KB

Open AccessSystematic Review

Integrating Reverse Engineering for Digital Model Reconstruction and Remanufacturing of Mechanical Components: A Systematic Review

by Binoy Debnath, Zahra Pourfarash, Bhairavsingh Ghorpade and Shivakumar Raman

Metrology 2025, 5(4), 66; https://doi.org/10.3390/metrology5040066 - 5 Nov 2025

Abstract

Reverse engineering (RE) is increasingly recognized as a vital methodology for reconstructing mechanical components, particularly in high-value sectors such as aerospace, transportation, and energy, where technical documentation is often missing or outdated. This study presents a systematic review that investigates the application, challenges, [...] Read more.

Reverse engineering (RE) is increasingly recognized as a vital methodology for reconstructing mechanical components, particularly in high-value sectors such as aerospace, transportation, and energy, where technical documentation is often missing or outdated. This study presents a systematic review that investigates the application, challenges, and future directions of RE in mechanical component reconstruction. Adopting the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) framework, 68 peer-reviewed studies were identified, screened, and synthesized. The review highlights RE applications in restoration, redesign, internal geometry modeling, and simulation-driven performance assessment, leveraging technologies such as 3D scanning, CAD modeling, and finite element analysis. However, persistent challenges remain across five domains: product complexity, tolerance and dimensional variations, scanning limitations, integration barriers, and human-material-process dependencies, which hinder automation, accuracy, and manufacturability. Future research opportunities include the automated conversion of point cloud data into editable boundary representation (B-rep) models and AI-driven approaches for feature recognition, geometry reconstruction, and the generation of simulation-ready models. Additionally, advancements in scanning techniques to capture hidden or internal features more effectively are crucial. Overall, this review provides a comprehensive synthesis of current practices and challenges while proposing pathways to advance RE in industrial applications, fostering greater automation, accuracy, and integration in digital manufacturing workflows. Full article

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13 pages, 4528 KB

Open AccessArticle

How Does Foot Arch Type Affect Gait Biomechanics in Patients with Plantar Fasciitis?

by Seongok Chae, Hyun Soo Kang, Hojik Lee, Yoo-Jin Jun, SeungMyung Choi, Young-Phil Yune and Hyung-Soon Park

Biomechanics 2025, 5(4), 92; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomechanics5040092 - 5 Nov 2025

Abstract

Plantar fasciitis (PFS) is a leading cause of heel pain, yet its clinical course varies widely. Although plantar fascia thickness (PFT) is often used as a pain marker, its prognostic value remains unclear. Objective: This study investigates whether foot arch morphology underlies [...] Read more.

Plantar fasciitis (PFS) is a leading cause of heel pain, yet its clinical course varies widely. Although plantar fascia thickness (PFT) is often used as a pain marker, its prognostic value remains unclear. Objective: This study investigates whether foot arch morphology underlies distinct biomechanical profiles in PFS patients, potentially explaining the variability in its presentation. Methods: The cross-sectional study included 30 patients with PFS and 10 healthy controls. PFS patients were classified by arch type (pes rectus, pes planus, pes cavus) using the Arch Height Index (AHI). Baseline comparisons between healthy controls and PFS subgroups assessed PFT, Foot Function Index (FFI), joint stiffness ratio, and gait parameters. Results: PFT differed across groups but was not significantly associated with FFI scores (p = 0.233). The pes cavus group exhibited a lower metatarsophalangeal (MTP) stiffness ratio compared with healthy (p < 0.05). Pes planus and pes rectus groups showed excessive pronation, and the pes cavus group showed limited ankle dorsiflexion, indicating distinct gait mechanisms (p < 0.05). Conclusions: Foot arch morphology influences gait biomechanics, stiffness, and PFT in individuals with PFS. Incorporating individual arch types into clinical decision-making may facilitate more personalized interventions and improve treatment outcomes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Gait and Posture Biomechanics)

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12 pages, 966 KB

Open AccessArticle

Measurement of Compression Forces During Spinal Fusion Surgery Utilizing the Proprioceptive Effect of Hand Muscle Memory

by Robin Heilmann, Stefan Schleifenbaum, Peter Melcher, Christoph-Eckhard Heyde and Nicolas Heinz von der Höh

Biomechanics 2025, 5(4), 91; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomechanics5040091 - 5 Nov 2025

Abstract

Background: In spinal fusion surgery, intersomatic compression force is currently applied subjectively by the operating surgeon, despite its critical role on implant stability and risk of subsidence. No standardized measurement or guideline exists to control or quantify the amount of force applied. [...] Read more.

Background: In spinal fusion surgery, intersomatic compression force is currently applied subjectively by the operating surgeon, despite its critical role on implant stability and risk of subsidence. No standardized measurement or guideline exists to control or quantify the amount of force applied. Methods: In a two-phase exploratory study, we evaluated whether proprioceptive muscle memory allows reliable reproduction of applied manual compression forces. In Phase 1, 30 participants applied force to a compression clamp equipped with a strain gauge, simulating spinal interbody compression on a 3D-printed vertebral model. They were then asked to reproduce this force using a hand dynamometer at defined time intervals. In Phase 2, intraoperative compression forces applied during spinal fusion procedures were retrospectively assessed by having the operating surgeon reproduce the force on a dynamometer. Results: Participants were able to reproduce their initial manual compression force within a 15% deviation, even 15 min after the initial application. In 116 clinical cases, an average compression force of 146.3 ± 18.5 N was recorded. No significant differences were observed across different spinal segments. Conclusions: These findings provide initial data toward defining a reproducible reference range for indirect intraoperative compression assessment. Standardization of applied force may help improve biomechanical outcomes and reduce complications such as implant migration, pseudarthrosis, or cage subsidence. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Neuromechanics)

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13 pages, 1244 KB

Open AccessArticle

Establishing Reference Metrics for Respiratory Exercises Through Wearable Sensors: A Comparative Study

by Federico Caramia, Emanuele D’Angelantonio, Leandro Lucangeli and Valentina Camomilla

Biomechanics 2025, 5(4), 90; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomechanics5040090 - 5 Nov 2025

Abstract

Background: Respiratory exercises play a key role in rehabilitation programs, especially for older adults and individuals with chronic pulmonary conditions. Despite growing interest in wearable sensors for home-based care, structured reference metrics to quantitatively characterize respiratory exercises are still limited. This study aimed [...] Read more.

Background: Respiratory exercises play a key role in rehabilitation programs, especially for older adults and individuals with chronic pulmonary conditions. Despite growing interest in wearable sensors for home-based care, structured reference metrics to quantitatively characterize respiratory exercises are still limited. This study aimed to provide a quantitative characterization of respiratory exercises and evaluate the level of agreement between a low-cost prototypical sensor and a commercial one. Methods: Eleven older adults (9 females; age = 72.6 ± 5.0 years; height = 1.66 ± 0.09 m; mass = 68 ± 10 kg) performed a structured respiratory exercises protocol. Algorithms were developed to identify respiratory cycles, their execution time, and parameters related to respiratory capacity, using accelerometer signals from the two wearable sensors placed on the rib cage. Results: The average respiratory cycle duration ranged from 2.8 to 4.3 s, with normalized inspiratory and expiratory peaks. Tidal volume variability was minimal, confirming consistency in breathing patterns across exercises. User comfort was high (mean VAS = 8.7). Sensor comparison confirmed strong agreement between the two sensors in detecting respiratory cycles, though some variability was observed in timing and tidal volume estimation. Conclusions: These findings suggest that even simple accelerometers can reliably capture key respiratory parameters, supporting the feasibility of using wearable sensors to monitor structured respiratory exercises performed in home-based settings. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Computational Modeling and AI Applications in Injury Biomechanics and Rehabilitation)

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14 pages, 1531 KB

Open AccessArticle

Balancing Feed Demand and Energy Supply: Technical Potential of Permanent Grassland Biomass in Poland

by Magdalena Borzęcka

Crops 2025, 5(6), 79; https://doi.org/10.3390/crops5060079 - 5 Nov 2025

Abstract

This study presents a comprehensive methodology for assessing the technical potential of hay biomass from permanent grasslands (TUZ) in Poland, aimed at evaluating its energy use possibilities. This research was based on detailed data from the Agency for Restructuring and Modernization of Agriculture [...] Read more.

This study presents a comprehensive methodology for assessing the technical potential of hay biomass from permanent grasslands (TUZ) in Poland, aimed at evaluating its energy use possibilities. This research was based on detailed data from the Agency for Restructuring and Modernization of Agriculture (ARiMR) and included both environmentally subsidized and non-subsidized parcels. Using statistical hay yield values adjusted for drought impacts through the Climatic Water Balance (KBW), a realistic estimation of technical hay potential was obtained. Results show a total theoretical hay potential of 15 million tonnes in 2024. The results indicate that the total theoretical hay potential in the country in 2024 amounted to 15 million tons, but its technical potential is reduced to almost zero. The methane productivity of this biomass could generate 3.5 Mt CH₄ (at STP) if most of it could not be used for animal feeding purposes. The findings highlight the underutilized energetic potential of grasslands and the critical role of land use policy in unlocking sustainable bioenergy resources. Research into the potential of biomass is important in view of supporting energy independence, sustainable use of agricultural resources and agroecological synergy by combining production, energy and environmental objectives. It should be remembered that biomass potential studies are subject to limitations resulting from the uncertainty of statistical data, variability of climatic and soil conditions and model assumptions, which may affect the accuracy and comparability of the obtained results. Full article

25 pages, 11153 KB

Open AccessArticle

Structure-Guided Identification of JAK2 Inhibitors: From Similarity to Stability and Specificity

by Muhammad Yasir, Jinyoung Park, Jongseon Choe, Jin-Hee Han, Eun-Taek Han, Won Sun Park and Wanjoo Chun

Future Pharmacol. 2025, 5(4), 66; https://doi.org/10.3390/futurepharmacol5040066 - 5 Nov 2025

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Janus kinase 2 (JAK2) is a pivotal signaling protein implicated in various hematological malignancies and inflammatory disorders, making it a compelling target for therapeutic intervention. Methods: In this study, we employed an integrative computational approach combining ligand-based screening, pharmacophore modeling, [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Janus kinase 2 (JAK2) is a pivotal signaling protein implicated in various hematological malignancies and inflammatory disorders, making it a compelling target for therapeutic intervention. Methods: In this study, we employed an integrative computational approach combining ligand-based screening, pharmacophore modeling, molecular docking, molecular dynamics (MD) simulations, and MM/PBSA free energy calculations to identify JAK2 inhibitors from the ChEMBL database. A comprehensive virtual screening of over 1,900,000 compounds was conducted using Tanimoto similarity and a validated pharmacophore model, resulting in the identification of 39 structurally promising candidates. Docking analyses prioritized compounds with favorable interaction energies, while MD simulations over 100 ns assessed the dynamic behavior and binding stability of top hits. Results: Four compounds, CHEMBL4169802, CHEMBL4162254, CHEMBL4286867, and CHEMBL2208033, exhibited consistently superior performance, forming stable hydrogen bonds, favorable RMSD profiles (≤0.5 nm), and strong binding interactions, including salt bridges. Notably, the binding free energies revealed ΔG values as low as −29.91 kcal/mol, surpassing that of the reference inhibitor, momelotinib (−24.17 kcal/mol). Conclusions: Among these, CHEMBL4169802 emerged as the most promising candidate due to its synergistic electrostatic and hydrophobic interactions. Collectively, our results highlight these compounds as probable, JAK2-selective inhibitors with strong potential for further biological validation and optimization. Full article

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16 pages, 686 KB

Open AccessArticle

“Everything Sounds Great on Paper”: Drivers of Housing Instability as Youth Transition out of Foster Care

by Sarah Carter Narendorf, Caitlyn Mytelka, Jody Gardner and Seonyeong Kim

Adolescents 2025, 5(4), 69; https://doi.org/10.3390/adolescents5040069 - 5 Nov 2025

Abstract

Transition-age youth exiting foster care (TAY) are at high risk for housing instability, with nearly half experiencing homelessness before age 26. Multi-level factors are associated with greater risk, including individual, social, and geographic contexts. This study explored experiences of TAY in a large [...] Read more.

Transition-age youth exiting foster care (TAY) are at high risk for housing instability, with nearly half experiencing homelessness before age 26. Multi-level factors are associated with greater risk, including individual, social, and geographic contexts. This study explored experiences of TAY in a large region of Texas to identify drivers of housing stability during the transition out of care. Youth aged 18–25 who were connected to the region’s foster care transition center were recruited to participate in a mixed-methods, semi-structured interview (n = 25). Youth were prompted to identify networks of up to 20 people who had provided support over the past year. Interview questions explored what happened when youth turned 18, including changes in their housing situations, and delved into relationships with the network members. An iterative coding process was used to create a matrix to examine housing transitions and social supports within and across cases, then identify themes and subthemes. Housing instability was common, with 13 of 25 participants reporting episodes of homelessness after turning 18. Abrupt transitions were driven by systemic factors related to placement settings, strict rules, and a lack of available housing options. Social network data illuminated the close link between housing and the social network, along with the importance of “housing-capable” adults who helped prevent homelessness. Findings call for the development of more youth-friendly housing options for TAY transitioning out of care and interventions that help to build enduring social supports. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Youth in Transition)

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29 pages, 753 KB

Open AccessArticle

A Coherent Electrodynamics Theory of Liquid Water

by Antonella De Ninno and Luca Gamberale

Liquids 2025, 5(4), 30; https://doi.org/10.3390/liquids5040030 - 5 Nov 2025

Abstract

This study presents a quantum electrodynamics (QED) framework that explains the anomalous behavior of liquid water. The theory posits that water consists of two coexisting phases: a coherent phase, in which molecules form phase-locked coherence domains (CDs), and an incoherent phase that behaves [...] Read more.

This study presents a quantum electrodynamics (QED) framework that explains the anomalous behavior of liquid water. The theory posits that water consists of two coexisting phases: a coherent phase, in which molecules form phase-locked coherence domains (CDs), and an incoherent phase that behaves like a dense van der Waals fluid. By solving polynomial-type equations, we derive key thermodynamic properties, including the minima in the isobaric heat capacity per particle (IHCP) and the isothermal compressibility, as well as the divergent behavior observed near 228 K. The theory also accounts for water’s high static dielectric constant. These results emerge from first-principles QED, integrating quantum coherence with macroscopic thermodynamics. The framework offers a unified explanation for water’s anomalies and has implications for biological systems, materials science, and fundamental physics. Future work will extend the theory to include phase transitions, solute interactions, and the freezing process. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Energy Transfer in Liquids)

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13 pages, 866 KB

Open AccessArticle

The Potential Effects of ACE Inhibitors on the Severity of Periodontal Disease-Related Attachment Loss: An Observational, Cross-Sectional Comparative Study

by Kathrine Cullinan, Monika Behrens, Kylie Del Solar, Kimberley Johnson, Andrea James, Brian James and Alan Nimmo

Oral 2025, 5(4), 88; https://doi.org/10.3390/oral5040088 - 5 Nov 2025

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors are commonly prescribed anti-hypertensive agents. However, one of their effects is reducing the breakdown of a number of pro-inflammatory mediators, including bradykinin and substance P. Given the role of inflammation in periodontal disease, the aim of this study [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors are commonly prescribed anti-hypertensive agents. However, one of their effects is reducing the breakdown of a number of pro-inflammatory mediators, including bradykinin and substance P. Given the role of inflammation in periodontal disease, the aim of this study was to see whether ACE inhibitors may have an influence on the severity of periodontal disease, as assessed by clinical attachment loss. Methods: A case–control retrospective study was undertaken through analysis of patient records from a specialist periodontic practice. Data regarding the loss of clinical attachment was collected from patients who were non-smokers and grouped according to patients prescribed ACE inhibitors, those taking other antihypertensive medication, and those taking no antihypertensive medication. Results: No statistically significant difference was observed between the three treatment groups in terms of mild to moderate loss of attachment (1–3 mm; 4–5 mm). However, a significantly higher incidence of severe attachment loss (>6 mm) was observed in patients prescribed ACE inhibitors, as compared to another antihypertensive or no antihypertensive medication. Conclusions: The incidence of severe loss of clinical attachment in this study was highest in those patients being prescribed ACE inhibitors. This effect would appear to be independent of the effects of the medication on blood pressure, since this was not observed with other antihypertensive medications, and hence may potentially relate to the known pro-inflammatory action of ACE inhibitors. Full article

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24 pages, 611 KB

Open AccessArticle

Analyzing SME Digitalization Requirements Through a Technology Radar Framework in Southeast Lower Saxony

by Björn Krüger, Armin Stein, Luis Gründker and Thomas Vietor

Digital 2025, 5(4), 60; https://doi.org/10.3390/digital5040060 - 5 Nov 2025

Abstract

This study investigates the specific requirements of small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) in Southeast Lower Saxony in the context of digital transformation, with a particular focus on aligning these needs with current technological offerings. Utilizing a Technology Radar framework as the methodological approach, [...] Read more.

This study investigates the specific requirements of small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) in Southeast Lower Saxony in the context of digital transformation, with a particular focus on aligning these needs with current technological offerings. Utilizing a Technology Radar framework as the methodological approach, the research aims to systematically match identified SME business demands with relevant technological developments, thereby offering a transparent representation of prevailing technology trends. The overarching objective is to support regional SMEs and associated institutions in navigating digitalization challenges by providing recommendations derived from the application of this methodology. To this end, the study outlines the theoretical foundations of digital transformation and explicates the operational principles of the Technology Radar. Subsequently, the digitalization needs of SMEs in key regional industries and contemporary technology trends are analyzed and categorized. These findings are integrated within the Technology Radar framework, facilitating a structured comparison between technological supply and SME organizational demand. The study concludes with a discussion of the results and presents practical implementation strategies to guide regional SME stakeholders in their digital transformation efforts. Full article

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15 pages, 10415 KB

Open AccessArticle

Genetic Identity of the Red-legged Partridge (Alectoris rufa, Phasianidae) from the Island of Madeira

by Monica Guerrini, Hans-Martin Berg, Sylke Frahnert, Manuel Biscoito and Filippo Barbanera

Birds 2025, 6(4), 59; https://doi.org/10.3390/birds6040059 - 5 Nov 2025

Abstract

The Red-legged Partridge (Alectoris rufa, Phasianidae) is a non-migrant gamebird endemic to southwestern Europe that was introduced into Mediterranean and Atlantic islands in historical times. This is the case for Madeira, Portugal, where a population morphologically assigned to A. r. hispanica [...] Read more.

The Red-legged Partridge (Alectoris rufa, Phasianidae) is a non-migrant gamebird endemic to southwestern Europe that was introduced into Mediterranean and Atlantic islands in historical times. This is the case for Madeira, Portugal, where a population morphologically assigned to A. r. hispanica has been present since the XV century. We assessed its genetic identity using 2248 (Cytochrome-b, Cyt-b + Control Region, CR) and 297 bp-long (CR) mitochondrial DNA sequences obtained from modern and archival (1900–1964, including Caccabis rufa maderensis syntypes) partridges, respectively. These sequences were compared against an already published dataset covering the entire Iberian A. rufa range. We found that all the haplotypes of modern birds from Madeira were private to this island. The putative subspecies was confirmed, and northern Portugal with northwestern Spain turned out to host the closest mainland populations. This result was in line with the origin of the first human settlers of Madeira from, among other historical provinces, Douro Litoral and Minho, the latter neighboring Galicia. Despite relatively recent A. rufa importations from continental Europe, we did not find any significant change over time in the haplotypic pattern of Madeiran partridges as well as any evidence for maternal introgression from species such as the congeneric Chukar Partridge (A. chukar). Studies relying on genome-wide markers and including the only captive-bred population of Madeira are needed to gain more comprehensive information for the management of the local A. rufa. Full article

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25 pages, 3703 KB

Open AccessArticle

Effect of Individual Selection Silvicultural Treatment on the Vertical Structure of a Pine-Oak Forest in Northern Mexico

by Joel Rascón-Solano, Samuel Alberto García-García, Rufino Sandoval-García, Eduardo Alanís-Rodríguez, Sandra Pérez-Álvarez, Patricia Uranga-Valencia, Oscar Aguirre-Calderón, Gerónimo Quiñonez-Barraza, Juan Abel Nájera-Luna, Benedicto Vargas-Larreta and Francisco Hernández

Ecologies 2025, 6(4), 74; https://doi.org/10.3390/ecologies6040074 - 5 Nov 2025

Abstract

Understanding the structural dynamics of temperate forests is essential for their sustainable management. This study assessed the vertical structure of a mixed temperate forest in the Sierra Madre Occidental, Mexico, under an individual selection cutting regime implemented in 2012 and 2022. Nine Permanent [...] Read more.

Understanding the structural dynamics of temperate forests is essential for their sustainable management. This study assessed the vertical structure of a mixed temperate forest in the Sierra Madre Occidental, Mexico, under an individual selection cutting regime implemented in 2012 and 2022. Nine Permanent Silvicultural Research Sites were established, and measurements were carried out in 2012, 2022, and 2023 to record tree species, height, and crown cover. The analyses describe dendrometric variables, structural verticality indices and the Pretzsch index; regression models were fitted and Kruskal–Wallis tests performed. The results revealed a multistratified forest: Pinus durangensis dominates the upper canopy, while broadleaved species concentrate in the lower layers, enriching the understorey. Following silvicultural interventions, structural reorganisation was evident, with an increase in emergent individuals in the canopy and stability in crown-cover frequencies. A slight increase in pine and oak cover was detected, together with the presence of new tree species characteristic of the region. Taken together, the findings indicate that planned individual-selection cutting can maintain the stand’s original vertical structure and the functionality of the mixed temperate forest in northern Mexico, providing an analytical approach applicable to other comparable forest regions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Conservation at the Crossroads: Forest Ecology, Wildlife Dynamics, and Emerging Challenges for Ecosystem Resilience)

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