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19 pages, 364 KB

Open AccessReview

Analysis of Panels of Chemical Biomarkers in the Honeybee in Hemolymph and Fat Body in Response to Physiological and Environmental Factors

by Maciej Sylwester Bryś

Metabolites 2025, 15(11), 743; https://doi.org/10.3390/metabo15110743 (registering DOI) - 16 Nov 2025

Abstract

This review synthesizes current knowledge on chemical biomarker panels in the honeybee in a tissue-specific and factor-oriented framework. We show that these panels undergo predictable shifts under endogenous factors (age, caste) and environmental stressors, including mites, bacteria, fungi, viruses, pesticides, antibiotics, adulterated wax, [...] Read more.

This review synthesizes current knowledge on chemical biomarker panels in the honeybee in a tissue-specific and factor-oriented framework. We show that these panels undergo predictable shifts under endogenous factors (age, caste) and environmental stressors, including mites, bacteria, fungi, viruses, pesticides, antibiotics, adulterated wax, nutritional deficits, and monodiets. These changes are particularly evident in the hemolymph and fat body and are assessed via markers of energy metabolism, enzymatic activities, oxidative stress, and lipid homeostasis. Because insects lack established clinical reference intervals, emphasis is placed on general trends and tissue interrelationships. Moreover, in the honeybee, patterns can at times be inverted relative to vertebrates for example, for enzymatic activities marker, where increased activity may indicate a beneficial effect on the organism. Research in bee ecophysiology is gaining prominence and aligns with contemporary understandings of global challenges. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Food Metabolomics)

13 pages, 2511 KB

Open AccessArticle

Transcranial Random Noise Stimulation over the Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex in Patients with Parkinson’s Disease and Mild Cognitive Impairment: A Pilot Study

by Davide Mazzara, Angelo Torrente, Paolo Alonge, Roberta Baschi, Marina Campione, Vincenzo Di Stefano, Giuseppe La Bianca, Filippo Brighina and Roberto Monastero

Brain Sci. 2025, 15(11), 1232; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci15111232 (registering DOI) - 16 Nov 2025

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Mild cognitive impairment (MCI) is common in Parkinson’s disease (PD) and often precedes dementia. Non-invasive brain stimulation (NIBS) techniques such as transcranial random noise stimulation (tRNS) targeting dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) may offer additional benefits for cognitive and motor functions in PD-MCI [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Mild cognitive impairment (MCI) is common in Parkinson’s disease (PD) and often precedes dementia. Non-invasive brain stimulation (NIBS) techniques such as transcranial random noise stimulation (tRNS) targeting dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) may offer additional benefits for cognitive and motor functions in PD-MCI patients. Methods: Using a randomized, double-blind, cross-over study, participants with PD-MCI completed two stimulation sessions (real vs. sham) 7 days apart. Cognitive and motor outcomes (MoCA, FAB, FAS, MDS-UPDRS motor) were assessed pre- and post-stimulation; stimulation was administered “online” during executive training. Scores before and after the sessions have been compared, as well as their variations between the two groups. Results: Ten subjects were in the study. Patients undergoing real tRNS showed improvements in global cognition and executive functioning compared to those undergoing sham stimulation, as demonstrated by significant increase in MoCA and FAB scores. In contrast, the motor examination showed no significant differences. Conclusions: This preliminary study showed that a single session of DLPFC-tRNS stimulation produced domain-specific cognitive benefits in PD-MCI patients. Studies with multiple stimulation sessions and larger samples are needed to confirm the effect of this non-pharmacological therapeutic option in PD-MCI. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Noninvasive Neuromodulation Applications in Research and Clinics)

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11 pages, 678 KB

Open AccessBrief Report

Phrenic Nerve Conduction Reference Values in Healthy Adults: An Exploratory Cross-Sectional Study in a Mexican Population

by Francisco Javier González-López, Josefina Hernández-Cervantes, Sol Ramírez-Ochoa, Gabino Cervantes-Guevara, Guillermo A. Cervantes-Cardona, Francisco Javier Hernández-Mora, Berenice Vicente-Hernández, Alejandro González-Ojeda, Clotilde Fuentes-Orozco, Janet Cristina Vázquez-Beltrán and Enrique Cervantes-Pérez

Clin. Pract. 2025, 15(11), 209; https://doi.org/10.3390/clinpract15110209 (registering DOI) - 16 Nov 2025

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Phrenic nerve conduction (PNC) studies are essential for evaluating respiratory dysfunction and neuromuscular disorders. Despite international reference data, no normative values exist for the Mexican population. This study aimed to establish reference values for PNC latency and amplitude in healthy Mexican adults. [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Phrenic nerve conduction (PNC) studies are essential for evaluating respiratory dysfunction and neuromuscular disorders. Despite international reference data, no normative values exist for the Mexican population. This study aimed to establish reference values for PNC latency and amplitude in healthy Mexican adults. Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional study between June 2022 and February 2023 including healthy adults (>18 years). Bilateral PNC studies were performed using surface electrodes and a 4-channel stimulation device. Latency and amplitude were recorded, and demographic and anthropometric data were collected. Results: Fifty subjects (22 women, 44%; 28 men, 56%) were enrolled. Mean latency was 6.10 ms (SD ± 1.48), and mean amplitude was 0.60 mV (SD ± 0.20). Significant differences were observed in left phrenic nerve latency between women and men (median 5.83 vs. 6.37 ms, p=0.0348) and in amplitude between left and right phrenic nerves (0.55 vs. 0.65 mV, p=0.0036). No significant correlations were found between latency and age or between amplitude and thoracic perimeter; however, the correlation coefficient suggests a positive relationship for both that should be confirmed in future studies with a larger sample size. Conclusions: This is the first report of PNC normative values in Mexican adults. Findings are consistent with international data and provide locally relevant reference values. Larger multicenter studies are warranted to validate and expand these results. Full article

26 pages, 2185 KB

Open AccessArticle

Genome-Wide Identification and Expression Analysis of the PEPC Gene Family in Zanthoxylum armatum Reveals Potential Roles in Environmental Adaptation

by Ruxin Xu, Huamin Liu, Chongyu Liu, Maoqin Xia, Dalan Feng, Yongxing Zhu, Chong Sun, Xia Liu, Mi Kuang, Xia Gong, Zheng Chen, Shanrong Li and Zexiong Chen

Biology 2025, 14(11), 1605; https://doi.org/10.3390/biology14111605 (registering DOI) - 16 Nov 2025

Abstract

Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (PEPC) is a crucial enzyme in plant photosynthesis and stress responses, yet its gene family remained uncharacterized in Zanthoxylum armatum. This study presents the first genome-wide identification and comprehensive analysis of the PEPC gene family in Z. armatum. A [...] Read more.

Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (PEPC) is a crucial enzyme in plant photosynthesis and stress responses, yet its gene family remained uncharacterized in Zanthoxylum armatum. This study presents the first genome-wide identification and comprehensive analysis of the PEPC gene family in Z. armatum. A total of 12 ZaPEPC genes were identified and classified into plant-type (PTPC) and bacterial-type (BTPC) subfamilies based on phylogenetic analysis. These genes exhibited conserved protein domains but distinct gene structures, with evidence of gene duplication events contributing to family expansion. Promoter analysis revealed an abundance of stress- and hormone-responsive cis-elements, particularly those related to light, abscisic acid (ABA), and methyl jasmonate (MeJA). Expression profiling demonstrated that ZaPEPC genes display environment-specific expression patterns, with ZaPEPC7 and ZaPEPC11 showing significantly higher expression in high-altitude, high-light environments (Yunnan) compared to other regions (Shandong and Chongqing). Co-expression network analysis further indicated interactions between specific ZaPEPCs and stress-related transcription factors. These findings systematically reveal the molecular characteristics and potential roles of the ZaPEPC gene family in environmental adaptation, providing valuable genetic resources and a theoretical foundation for improving stress tolerance and photosynthetic efficiency in Z. armatum through molecular breeding. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Genetics and Genomics)

14 pages, 647 KB

Open AccessArticle

Impact of Body Mass Index on Clinical Outcomes in Myocardial Infarction Patients Undergoing Coronary Stenting with Dual Antiplatelet Therapy

by Réka Aliz Lukács, Dániel Tornyos, András Jánosi and András Komócsi

Biomedicines 2025, 13(11), 2792; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines13112792 (registering DOI) - 16 Nov 2025

Abstract

Background: Dual antiplatelet therapy (DAPT), combining aspirin with a P2Y12 receptor inhibitor (P2Y12i), remains central to the management of acute myocardial infarction (MI), especially in patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). However, the pharmacodynamic response to antiplatelet therapy may vary with body [...] Read more.

Background: Dual antiplatelet therapy (DAPT), combining aspirin with a P2Y12 receptor inhibitor (P2Y12i), remains central to the management of acute myocardial infarction (MI), especially in patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). However, the pharmacodynamic response to antiplatelet therapy may vary with body composition. This study investigates the association between body mass index (BMI) and clinical outcomes in MI patients treated with PCI and DAPT. Methods: This retrospective cohort study analyzed data from 52,119 MI patients treated with coronary stenting from 2014 to 2021, sourced from the Hungarian Myocardial Infarction Registry. Patients were stratified into clopidogrel-based (n = 44,480) and potent P2Y12i-based (prasugrel or ticagrelor; n = 7639) DAPT cohorts. Clinical outcomes—including 12-month mortality and ischemic events—were assessed across BMI categories. Kaplan–Meier analysis and LASSO Cox regression identified predictors of mortality, while decision curve analysis (DCA) evaluated the net clinical benefit of potent P2Y12i across BMI strata. Results: Univariate and multivariate Cox regression analyses identified BMI and potent P2Y12i treatment as significant predictors of 365-day mortality, with higher BMI associated with lower observed rates of mortality, major adverse cardiovascular events (MACEs), and stroke. However, higher BMI was also associated with an increased risk of repeat revascularization and PCI. This study found that the protective effect of potent P2Y12i treatment was consistent across different BMI categories. Conclusions: In patients with MI undergoing PCI, elevated BMI was paradoxically associated with more favorable short-term outcomes, including reduced mortality. Potent P2Y12i therapy demonstrated a consistent benefit across BMI categories, supporting its broad application irrespective of body mass. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Exploring Acute Coronary Syndrome: Insights from Basic and Clinical Research)

14 pages, 1502 KB

Open AccessArticle

Effects of Temperature and Precipitation at Large Spatial Scales on Genetic Diversity, Genetic Structure, and Potential Distribution of Agropyron michnoi

by Zhuo Zhang, Ruyan Song, Tingting Yang and Chan Zhou

Diversity 2025, 17(11), 798; https://doi.org/10.3390/d17110798 (registering DOI) - 16 Nov 2025

Abstract

The genetic diversity and the genetic structure of widely distributed species are meaningful to explore plant adaptation mechanisms to the environment. This study investigated the effects of climatic factors on the genetic diversity and structure of Agropyron michnoi, and modeled its large-scale [...] Read more.

The genetic diversity and the genetic structure of widely distributed species are meaningful to explore plant adaptation mechanisms to the environment. This study investigated the effects of climatic factors on the genetic diversity and structure of Agropyron michnoi, and modeled its large-scale potential distribution shifts. A. michnoi was studied under different temperature and precipitation gradients on grassland of Inner Mongolia and North China using rbcL and trnL-F sequences. The results showed that the genetic diversity of A. michnoi was low and significantly influenced by precipitation. AMOVA results showed that genetic variation in A. michnoi occurred mainly within the population, accounting for 70.57%. Both Mantel test and partial Mantel test support a significant IBE pattern. STRUCTURE and UPGMA analyses divided the populations into two clusters. Population 10 was closely related to one cluster. The haplotype network shows only one cluster H1, and all other haplotypes have evolved from H1, which is likely the ancestral haplotype. A. michnoi, as a widely distributed species. Originating from a primitive haplotype. Large scale precipitation caused genetic differentiation into two genetic branches. The MaxEnt model predicts that A. michnoi’s distribution has expanded since the Last Glacial Maximum and will shift to higher elevations in the future due to climate change. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Plant Diversity)

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15 pages, 1063 KB

Open AccessArticle

Effects of Decabromodiphenyl Ether (BDE209) Exposure on Toxicity and Oxidative Stress of Beas-2B Cells

by Yanan Zhang, Ziyu Xiao, Pu Mao, Fengrui Yang, Yingdi Ma, Bensen Xian, Mingming Fu and Guiying Li

Toxics 2025, 13(11), 987; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics13110987 (registering DOI) - 16 Nov 2025

Abstract

Decabromodiphenyl ether (BDE209) has been widely used because of its excellent flame-retardant properties and ability. On the one hand, many studies have shown that the presence of BDE209 can potentially threaten human health and the environment. The production and processing of products containing [...] Read more.

Decabromodiphenyl ether (BDE209) has been widely used because of its excellent flame-retardant properties and ability. On the one hand, many studies have shown that the presence of BDE209 can potentially threaten human health and the environment. The production and processing of products containing BDE209 is prohibited except for special applications in China. On the other hand, the study of BDE209 on respiratory cells is not yet fully understood. Consequently, this study aims to investigate the mechanisms of toxic damage and oxidative stress induced by BDE209 exposure in lung epithelial Beas-2B cells. The proliferation of Beas-2B cells under BDE209 exposure was first analyzed by using a real-time label-free cell analyzer (RTCA). Then the cells’ morphological changes were observed using laser confocal microscopy. Subsequently, the effects of BDE209 exposure alone, combined exposure to N-acetylcysteine (NAC) and BDE209, on reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels and antioxidant defense-related factors in Beas-2B cells were analyzed separately. The results show that BDE209 exposure induces the proliferation of Beas-2B cells with a dose-dependent increase in inhibition. Microscopic observation of Beas-2B cells reveals significant damage and death. The levels of ROS are significantly increased (p < 0.01), the contents of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and malondialdehyde (MDA) are increased, the contents of catalase (CAT) are decreased, and the activities of glutathione peroxidase (GPX) are first decreased and then increased. However, under the co-exposure of NAC and BDE209, ROS levels are significantly reduced (p < 0.01), MDA contents decrease, and SOD activities increase. In summary, BDE209 exposure leads to inhibition of Beas-2B cell proliferation, cellular morphology damage, increased ROS levels, and disturbances in antioxidant defense-related factors. The cells showed toxic damage and oxidative stress. In contrast, NAC can suppress ROS levels, enhance SOD activity, and inhibit GPX activity, thereby alleviating BDE209-induced cellular damage. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Emerging Contaminants)

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27 pages, 62277 KB

Open AccessArticle

Near-Field Target Detection with Range–Angle-Coupled Matching Based on Distributed MIMO Radar

by Quanrun Cheng, Yuhong Zhang, Cao Zeng, Zhigang Zhou, Guisheng Liao and Haihong Tao

Sensors 2025, 25(22), 7003; https://doi.org/10.3390/s25227003 (registering DOI) - 16 Nov 2025

Abstract

With respect to distributed MIMO radar systems, conventional far-field detection methods fail under near-field conditions due to significant wavefront curvature, which inevitably results in target energy loss and erroneous parameter estimation. To solve this problem, we propose a near-field target detection framework based [...] Read more.

With respect to distributed MIMO radar systems, conventional far-field detection methods fail under near-field conditions due to significant wavefront curvature, which inevitably results in target energy loss and erroneous parameter estimation. To solve this problem, we propose a near-field target detection framework based on range–angle-coupled matching in this study. Firstly, we design the linear frequency modulation by frequency division (FD-LFM) signal. In addition to offering favorable orthogonality and Doppler tolerance, the transmitter of distributed MIMO radar employs a wide beamwidth to mitigate the low scanning efficiency associated with beam positioning in distributed phased array (PA) radar systems. Secondly, we develop a three-dimensional grid-based echo model for near-field targets in range–azimuth–elevation domain. Specifically, we conceive a coherent pulse integration method via multi-dimensional matching, which enables precise delay alignment and echo accumulation across all transmit–receive pairs for accurate near-field target detection. Thirdly, we propose a parallelization scheme for distributed MIMO radar near-field processing. Our proposal not only compensates effectively for spherical wave propagation effects but also achieves real-time processing through GPU acceleration. Finally, our proposed method’s feasibility of high resolution and effectiveness of near-field detection have been verified by field experimental simulation and actual measurement processing results. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Communications)

28 pages, 3053 KB

Open AccessArticle

The Impact of Vibrations and Transport Systems on Human Comfort and Health: A Perspective on the Development of Sustainable City Buses

by Artūras Kilikevičius, Tautvydas Pravilonis, Jonas Matijošius, Edgar Sokolovskij, Kristina Kilikevičienė and Darius Vainorius

Sustainability 2025, 17(22), 10258; https://doi.org/10.3390/su172210258 (registering DOI) - 16 Nov 2025

Abstract

The objective of advancing sustainable public transportation extends beyond merely reducing pollution; it also aims to enhance the comfort and well-being of both passengers and drivers. This research investigates the influence of the dynamic characteristics of diesel and electric city buses on human [...] Read more.

The objective of advancing sustainable public transportation extends beyond merely reducing pollution; it also aims to enhance the comfort and well-being of both passengers and drivers. This research investigates the influence of the dynamic characteristics of diesel and electric city buses on human comfort, focusing specifically on vibration analysis. Vibrations have a significant impact on the durability of vehicle structures, passenger safety, and drivers’ working conditions, and long-term exposure can have negative health consequences. Based on experimental measurements and mathematical modeling, a dynamic model of a city bus was created, allowing us to assess the damping properties of suspension elements and the effect of load on vibrations. The findings of the study indicate that the judicious implementation of structural solutions and technological measures enhances the reliability of the transport system while simultaneously fostering the advancement of more sustainable and safer public transport options. The acquired data hold significance for both the development of new electric buses and the refurbishment of existing vehicles, aiming to integrate energy efficiency, comfort, and sustainable mobility. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable and Smart Transportation Systems)

25 pages, 2168 KB

Open AccessArticle

Chemical Modification of Thermomyces lanuginosus Lipase and Myceliophthora thermophila Laccase Using Dihydrazides: Biochemical Characterization and In Silico Studies

by Juan S. Pardo-Tamayo, Maria Camila Muñoz-Vega, Oscar L. Alférez, Evelyn L. Guerrero-Tobar, Chonny Herrera-Acevedo, Ericsson Coy-Barrera and César A. Godoy

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025, 26(22), 11094; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms262211094 (registering DOI) - 16 Nov 2025

Abstract

Chemical modification is a valuable strategy for tuning enzyme functionality by introducing new reactive groups without disrupting the overall fold. Conventional amination using ethylenediamine (EDA) is effective, but the resulting modified proteins show limited reactivity for conjugation at neutral pH, and the modifier [...] Read more.

Chemical modification is a valuable strategy for tuning enzyme functionality by introducing new reactive groups without disrupting the overall fold. Conventional amination using ethylenediamine (EDA) is effective, but the resulting modified proteins show limited reactivity for conjugation at neutral pH, and the modifier itself poses safety concerns due to its volatility and corrosive nature. Dihydrazides, in contrast, offer a safer and more versatile alternative: they operate through the same carboxyl-activation mechanism while enabling systematic investigation of chain-length effects. In this study, Thermomyces lanuginosus lipase (TLL) and Myceliophthora thermophila laccase (MTL) were modified using dihydrazides with different alkyl chain lengths (carbonyl (CZ), oxalyl (OX), succinyl (SC), and adipic (AA)), and compared to EDA-modified and unmodified enzymes to evaluate their effects on catalytic performance. Hydrazide-modified variants exhibited enhanced catalytic performance, reaching up to 2.5-fold (TLL-CZ) and 4.2-fold (MTL-AA and MTL-OX) higher efficiencies than unmodified and EDA-modified enzymes. Notably, AA provided the most consistent improvement across both enzymes (1.3-fold in TLL and the best in MTL). Molecular dynamics and docking analyses supported these findings, linking increased flexibility (higher RoG and RMSF) with higher k_cat, and changes in substrate binding with lower k_m. Overall, hydrazide-based modification broadens the spectrum of enzyme variants attainable through amination, while offering safer procedures, thus representing an alternative that overcomes the limitations of using EDA as a conventional aminating agent. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Research on Enzymes in Biocatalysis)

30 pages, 2794 KB

Open AccessReview

An Update on Novel Pharmacotherapies for the Treatment of Neuroendocrine Tumors

by Khalil Choucair, Roupen Odabashian, Sushmita Nanja Reddy, Asfar Sohail Azmi and Muhammad Wasif Saif

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025, 26(22), 11095; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms262211095 (registering DOI) - 16 Nov 2025

Abstract

Neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) are heterogeneous neoplasms with different molecular characteristics and prognosis. Although slow-growing, NETs are often diagnosed at an advanced stage. The treatment choice depends on primary site, extent, grade, growth rate, somatostatin receptor status, functional status, performance status, and comorbidities. Precise [...] Read more.

Neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) are heterogeneous neoplasms with different molecular characteristics and prognosis. Although slow-growing, NETs are often diagnosed at an advanced stage. The treatment choice depends on primary site, extent, grade, growth rate, somatostatin receptor status, functional status, performance status, and comorbidities. Precise knowledge of the biological and molecular features of NETs has led to the development of novel therapies. Therapeutic options include somatostatin analogs, multi-targeted tyrosine kinase inhibitors (e.g., sunitinib), or mammalian targets of rapamycin (mTOR) inhibitors (e.g., everolimus), telotristat ethyl, chemotherapy, and peptide-receptor radionuclide therapy. Pivotal studies that led to approval, treatment-related adverse events, and safety concerns, as demonstrated in clinical trials and real-world clinical practice. Questions, such as the optimal timing, selection, and sequence of therapies, and biomarkers that predict response to the novel agents in an individual patient, remain to be answered. We propose a stepwise approach for the management of advanced Gastro-entero-pancreatic (GEP)-NETs that utilizes a multidisciplinary team of experts. Biomarkers may assist in both the diagnosis and post-treatment follow-up in patients with GEP-NETs. The next decade of research on GEP-NETs is promising and should provide new insights into the molecular underpinnings of this disease, therapy selection, and the sequencing of the available therapies, along with the potential role of AL in NET pharmacotherapy. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Molecular Insights into Pancreatic Diseases)

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22 pages, 1020 KB

Open AccessArticle

Performance of Mineral and Plant-Derived Dusts Against the Cabbage Stink Bug (Eurydema ventralis Kolenati) on Brassica Leaves: Mortality and Feeding Injury

by Luka Batistič and Stanislav Trdan

Horticulturae 2025, 11(11), 1384; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae11111384 (registering DOI) - 16 Nov 2025

Abstract

Eurydema ventralis has recently intensified in Brassica production in Central and Southeastern Europe, increasing the need for alternatives to conventional insecticides. This laboratory study evaluated five locally sourced inert and plant-derived dusts on the mortality and feeding damage of E. ventralis adults and [...] Read more.

Eurydema ventralis has recently intensified in Brassica production in Central and Southeastern Europe, increasing the need for alternatives to conventional insecticides. This laboratory study evaluated five locally sourced inert and plant-derived dusts on the mortality and feeding damage of E. ventralis adults and nymphs. The tested materials were diatomaceous earth, zeolite, quartz sand, wood ash of Norway spruce and Ailanthus altissima leaf dust, compared with an untreated control and a lambda-cyhalothrin control. Mortality and feeding damage were recorded over seven days. The insecticide caused complete mortality in both developmental stages. Diatomaceous earth exhibited the highest efficacy among inert dusts, i.e., 78.3% mortality in adults and 55.2% in nymphs, and a feeding damage index of 3.5. Zeolite and wood ash caused moderate mortality (30.4 and 26.1% in adults; 37.9 and 24.1% in nymphs) and feeding indices of 4.5 and 4.5. A. altissima leaf dust caused low mortality (≤14.5%) but reduced feeding damage (3.7), indicating a deterrent or antifeedant effect. Quartz sand showed negligible efficacy. Diatomaceous earth appears most suitable for integration into sustainable Brassica protection, and A. altissima leaf dust may act as a complementary deterrent, though optimized composition and persistence should be further investigated. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Pest and Disease Management in Horticultural Crops: Challenges, Strategies, and Solutions)

18 pages, 44807 KB

Open AccessArticle

Lactobacillus plantarum 17-5 Alleviates Escherichia coli Mastitis by Inhibiting the cGAS-STING Pathway

by Jia-Ze Han, Meng-Meng Li, Xiao-Wen Yu, Rui-Ning Zhang, Qian Zou, Jun-Chi Deng, Fa-Jian Zhao, Han-Qing Li, Ke Li and Zhen-Gui Yan

Animals 2025, 15(22), 3305; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15223305 (registering DOI) - 16 Nov 2025

Abstract

Escherichia coli (E. coli) is a major etiological agent of clinical bovine mastitis. This study evaluated the therapeutic potential of Lactobacillus plantarum 17-5 (LP) against E. coli-induced mastitis via clinical, animal, and cellular models. In a trial with mastitic [...] Read more.

Escherichia coli (E. coli) is a major etiological agent of clinical bovine mastitis. This study evaluated the therapeutic potential of Lactobacillus plantarum 17-5 (LP) against E. coli-induced mastitis via clinical, animal, and cellular models. In a trial with mastitic dairy cows, dietary LP significantly reduced systemic inflammatory markers (IL-6, IL-1β, TNF-α) by 2–3-fold (p < 0.05) and milk somatic cell count by 7-fold (p < 0.05). 16S rRNA sequencing revealed these improvements were associated with substantial gut microbiota restructuring, suggesting a link between gut microbial balance and mammary health via the gut–mammary axis. In a murine model, LP mitigated mammary inflammatory injury (histopathology) and restored tight junction integrity while reducing apoptosis (western blot, p < 0.05). In bovine mammary epithelial cells (BMECs), LP suppressed the cGAS-STING pathway, inhibiting NF-κB P65 phosphorylation and downstream pro-inflammatory cytokine production (p < 0.05). Collectively, LP alleviates E. coli-associated mastitis by modulating gut microbiota through the gut–mammary axis and directly inhibiting the cGAS-STING/NF-κB axis, supported by multi-model evidence. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Veterinary Clinical Studies)

22 pages, 2493 KB

Open AccessArticle

Chemical Profiling and Geographic Differentiation of Ugandan Propolis by GC-MS Through Chemometric Modelling

by Ivan Kahwa, Leonard Kaysser, Rapheal Wangalwa, Susan Billig, Jonans Tusiimire and Claudia Wiesner

Molecules 2025, 30(22), 4435; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules30224435 (registering DOI) - 16 Nov 2025

Abstract

Propolis is a resinous substance collected by honeybees, and its long-known bioactivity urged research on its exact composition on active ingredients. It was suggested that chemical composition reflects the botanical sources and environmental conditions of its origin; however, information on differences related to [...] Read more.

Propolis is a resinous substance collected by honeybees, and its long-known bioactivity urged research on its exact composition on active ingredients. It was suggested that chemical composition reflects the botanical sources and environmental conditions of its origin; however, information on differences related to geographical origin is still incomplete. Therefore, this study aimed to characterise the volatile and semi-volatile chemical constituents of Ugandan propolis from nine agro-ecological zones using headspace gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (HS-GC-MS) and derivatisation-based GC-MS, coupled with multivariate statistical analysis. In total, 213 volatile and 169 non-volatile compounds were tentatively identified, including monoterpenes (α-pinene), sesquiterpenes (α-copaene), triterpenoids (β-amyrin acetate), diterpene resin acids (abietic acid), phenolic acids (caffeic acid), alkylresorcinols (bilobol) and many others. Multivariate chemometric modelling using partial least-squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA), orthogonal PLS-DA (oPLS-DA) showed strong geographic discrimination of samples (Q² > 0.90) for several district comparisons. Heatmap clustering and variable importance in projection (VIP) analysis identified chemical markers. Notably, oPLS-DA revealed excellent discrimination between Nakasongola and Bushenyi, and between Adjumani and Bushenyi, in both volatile and non-volatile datasets. The findings provide the first comprehensive chemical profiling of Ugandan propolis, demonstrating the utility of combined GC-MS approaches and multivariate analysis for regional differentiation. This work lays the groundwork for standardising propolis preparations and establishing appropriate quality control in pharmacological applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Exclusive Feature Papers in Analytical Chemistry)

30 pages, 957 KB

Open AccessArticle

Addressing Aircraft Maintenance Delays Using a DMAIC-FMEA Framework: Insights from a Commercial Aviation Case Study

by Khaled Aljaly, Faouzi Masmoudi, Awad M. Aljuaid and Wafik Hachicha

Appl. Sci. 2025, 15(22), 12164; https://doi.org/10.3390/app152212164 (registering DOI) - 16 Nov 2025

Abstract

Aircraft maintenance delays (AMD) remain a significant challenge in commercial aviation, adversely affecting operational efficiency, flight punctuality, and passenger satisfaction. Despite advancements in maintenance strategies, recurring disruptions continue to generate financial losses and reputational risks. This study proposes an integrated five-step framework that [...] Read more.

Aircraft maintenance delays (AMD) remain a significant challenge in commercial aviation, adversely affecting operational efficiency, flight punctuality, and passenger satisfaction. Despite advancements in maintenance strategies, recurring disruptions continue to generate financial losses and reputational risks. This study proposes an integrated five-step framework that combines failure mode and effects analysis (FMEA) with the Define–Measure–Analysis–Improve–Control (DMAIC) methodology to systematically address and reduce AMD. The framework involves the definition of problems, the identification of contributing factors and failure modes, the assessment of risk and root cause analysis, the mitigation of risk, and continuous monitoring. The main contribution of this study lies in the integration of FMEA and DMAIC into a unified data-driven system that proactively reduces maintenance delays, offering a novel approach to continuous process improvement in aviation operations. Its practical applicability is demonstrated through a case study of the AFRIQIYAH Airways Airbus A320 fleet, which represents the majority of the airline’s operations. High-risk landing gear failure modes were identified, evaluated and addressed through targeted improvement projects, including predictive maintenance, supplier diversification, inventory optimization, and improved quality assurance for critical spare parts. Implementing these initiatives is expected to reduce the overall Risk Priority Number (RPN) by approximately 59%, highlighting the effectiveness and potential to minimize AMD. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Aerospace Science and Engineering)

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10 pages, 936 KB

Open AccessArticle

Responses of the Corylus avellana Colonized by the Tuber Melanosporum Mycorrhiza to Short-Term Rhizosphere Disturbance

by Akale Assamere Habtemariam, Péter Cseh, Mihály Csizmár, Ferenc Fodor and Zoltán Bratek

Appl. Microbiol. 2025, 5(4), 133; https://doi.org/10.3390/applmicrobiol5040133 (registering DOI) - 16 Nov 2025

Abstract

We hypothesized that Tuber melanosporum colonization enhances growth and photosynthetic performance in Corylus avellana seedlings. Forty-eight seedlings were assessed for root colonization (stereomicroscopy, ITS sequencing) and photosynthetic traits (Li-6800F) under short-term disturbed and undisturbed rhizosphere conditions. Mycorrhizal colonization was found in 97.9% of [...] Read more.

We hypothesized that Tuber melanosporum colonization enhances growth and photosynthetic performance in Corylus avellana seedlings. Forty-eight seedlings were assessed for root colonization (stereomicroscopy, ITS sequencing) and photosynthetic traits (Li-6800F) under short-term disturbed and undisturbed rhizosphere conditions. Mycorrhizal colonization was found in 97.9% of seedlings (47/48). The mean colonization was 33.1% (SD = 16.1), 16.7% of seedlings showed more than 50% colonization per seedling, and 65.0% showed more than 30% colonization per seedling. Colonization declined with root depth and correlated with seedling length (r = 0.371, p = 0.01). In disturbed roots, longer root length predicted higher Gsw (r = 0.60), PhiCO₂ (r = 0.77), and PhiPSII (r = 0.70), while collar diameter negatively affected transpiration (r = −0.60). In undisturbed roots, collar-proximal colonization improved PhiPSII (r = 0.69, p = 0.02). Undisturbed seedlings showed ~2× higher CO₂ assimilation, stomatal conductance, quantum yield, and transpiration. These findings confirm that T. melanosporum enhances seedling physiology, especially under undisturbed conditions. Full article

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16 pages, 1401 KB

Open AccessReview

Electric and Hybrid Vehicle Fires—Metal Emission Hazard

by Anna Rabajczyk, Justyna Gniazdowska, Maria Zielecka, Damian Bąk, Anna Dziechciarz, Wojciech Klapsa and Magdalena N. Rabajczyk

Appl. Sci. 2025, 15(22), 12165; https://doi.org/10.3390/app152212165 (registering DOI) - 16 Nov 2025

Abstract

Metals have a crucial impact on the environment and the economy. They constitute macro- and microelements essential for the proper functioning of living organisms. On the other hand, their excess can pose a life-threatening risk. Of particular economic importance are metals such as [...] Read more.

Metals have a crucial impact on the environment and the economy. They constitute macro- and microelements essential for the proper functioning of living organisms. On the other hand, their excess can pose a life-threatening risk. Of particular economic importance are metals such as Co, Ni, Mn, Ti, Al, Cd, Fe, and Li, which are used, among other things, to build batteries in electric and hybrid cars. In the event of a cell fire, significant amounts of metals are rapidly released into the environment. The magnitude of emissions depends on the type of chemistry used in the battery and the type of extinguishing agent used to extinguish the fire. It should be noted that the available literature only provides information on the total amount or concentration of a given metal in the analyzed samples. However, there is no information on the speciation of metals, including their macro and nano forms, which is crucial for determining the toxicity and biological and chemical activity of a given element. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Materials for Lithium-Ion Batteries: Properties, Structures and Developments)

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24 pages, 3308 KB

Open AccessArticle

Benefits of Steroid Injections into Paraspinous Muscles After Spinal Surgery in a Rat Paraspinal Muscle Retraction Model

by Meei-Ling Sheu, Liang-Yi Pan, Jason Sheehan, De-Wei Lai, Yu-Cheng Chou, Liang-Yu Pan, Chien-Chia Wang, Ying Ju Chen, Hong-Lin Su, Hsi-Kai Tsou and Hung-Chuan Pan

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025, 26(22), 11093; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms262211093 (registering DOI) - 16 Nov 2025

Abstract

Open posterior lumbar surgery involves detaching paraspinal muscles from the spine to decompress neural tissues and to place instruments. While this operation improves the quality of life, it often has adverse effects on skeletal muscles like inflammation, degeneration, and fibrosis. Corticosteroids are well [...] Read more.

Open posterior lumbar surgery involves detaching paraspinal muscles from the spine to decompress neural tissues and to place instruments. While this operation improves the quality of life, it often has adverse effects on skeletal muscles like inflammation, degeneration, and fibrosis. Corticosteroids are well known for their anti-inflammatory function. In this study, we assessed the protective effects of intramuscular injection of corticosteroid on injured paraspinal muscles following surgery on the spine. C2C12 cells were co-exposed to hypoxia and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) to simulate ischemia and inflammatory response after muscle retraction to assess the effect of steroid. In vivo experiment, animals first underwent paraspinous muscle splitting with retractors to induce muscle injury, and later were assessed for neurobehavior, electrophysiology, and protein level related to inflammatory or regeneration following intramuscular (IM) steroid injection. Steroid rescued reduced cell viability caused by hypoxia + LPS, and attenuated induced protein expression of iNOS, COX2, Bad, and Bax. In neurobehavioral assessments (CatWalk, Ethovision, Von Frey test, and open field locomotor), retraction of paraspinous muscles worsened behaviors that were improved by IM steroid injections. The electrophysiology study showed that IM steroid injection lessened the muscle denervation caused by retraction. Similarly, IM steroid injections also attenuated dorsal root ganglion antigenicity of CGRP, Iba-1, and CD68 induced by muscle retraction. Muscle retraction downregulated AChR, desmin, PSD 95, and GAP 43, whereas IM steroid injection attenuated the adverse effects. The restoration of muscle morphology and decreased fibrosis were also facilitated by IM dexamethasone. IM steroid injection appears to protect against retraction damage in paraspinous muscle following spinal surgery. IM steroid paraspinous muscle injection may provide beneficial effects in spinal operations. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Molecular Biology)

30 pages, 6600 KB

Open AccessArticle

Mineralogical and Geochemical Characteristics of the Fe-Ti Mineralized Mafic-Ultramafic Intrusions at Wajilitag, Tarim Basin, China: With Special Emphasis on the Role of Apatite

by Weicheng Wang, Zhigang Kong, Maohong Chen, Jinmao Yin, Maihemuti Maimaiti and Donghui Liu

Minerals 2025, 15(11), 1208; https://doi.org/10.3390/min15111208 (registering DOI) - 16 Nov 2025

Abstract

The Early Permian Tarim Large Igneous Province is a prominent magmatic-metallogenic province in China, hosting significant Fe-Ti mineralized mafic-ultramafic intrusions. Among them, the Wajilitag Fe-Ti oxide deposit stands out, which is hosted by olivine pyroxenite, clinopyroxenite, and gabbro. In the present study, we [...] Read more.

The Early Permian Tarim Large Igneous Province is a prominent magmatic-metallogenic province in China, hosting significant Fe-Ti mineralized mafic-ultramafic intrusions. Among them, the Wajilitag Fe-Ti oxide deposit stands out, which is hosted by olivine pyroxenite, clinopyroxenite, and gabbro. In the present study, we have examined the mineralogical and geochemical characteristics of apatite to elucidate a deeper understanding of the magmatic evolutionary processes and source characteristics of the mafic-ultramafic intrusions in the Wajilitag area. Petrographic analysis revealed three distinct types of apatite: (1) an inclusion phase within pyroxene and plagioclase, (2) an intergranular phase associated with Fe-Ti oxides, and (3) a late-stage phase found in association with biotite and/or amphibole. Geochemical analysis showed that the inclusion and intergranular apatites exhibited high fluoride (F) and low chlorine (Cl) concentrations, while the late-stage apatite displayed the reverse. A negative correlation between F and Cl was observed, suggesting different formation conditions for each apatite type. The high F/Cl ratios (>3) and enrichment of light rare earth elements (LREEs/HREEs = 12.8–29.5) in the apatite, in conjunction with Sr/Th-La/Sm diagrams, indicated that the parent magma originated from an enriched mantle source, influenced by ancient subduction-related fluids. Furthermore, low sulfur content (0.01%–0.16%) in apatite, along with estimated melt sulfur concentrations (19–54 ppm), points to a low sulfur fugacity environment. These findings collectively suggest that the Wajilitag deposit formed from magma derived from partial melting of an enriched mantle, followed by extensive magmatic differentiation, crystallization of Fe-Ti oxides, and low sulfur fugacity conditions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mineralization and Metallogeny of Iron Deposits)

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22 pages, 968 KB

Open AccessArticle

A Simplified Methodology for Solvent Screening in Selective Extraction of Lipids from Microalgae Based on Hansen Solubility Parameters

by Costas Tsioptsias, Stefania Mitis, Alexandra Rentzela, Kalitsa Alvanou, Dimitra Kelesi, Christos Manolis, Anastasia Stergiou, Sotirios D. Kalamaras and Petros Samaras

Molecules 2025, 30(22), 4428; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules30224428 (registering DOI) - 16 Nov 2025

Abstract

Microalgae are considered a potential source of fatty acid esters that are suitable for biodiesel production. However, a principal bottleneck in lipids extraction is related to the selection of appropriate solvents in order to obtain an efficient process. In this work, a simple [...] Read more.

Microalgae are considered a potential source of fatty acid esters that are suitable for biodiesel production. However, a principal bottleneck in lipids extraction is related to the selection of appropriate solvents in order to obtain an efficient process. In this work, a simple methodology based on Hansen Solubility Parameters (HSP) was developed, aiming to solvent screening towards selective extraction of lipid compounds: main parameters that were considered for an optimum solvent included the partitioning of free fatty acids and other non-desired solutes, e.g., pigments and phospholipids, as well as the minimum water dissolution. The method takes into account the affinity of a candidate solvent with desired and non-desired solutes along with their relative differences. A large number of solvents (>5000) were scanned by this method for their capacity to selectively extract fatty acid esters from microalgae biomass, and hexane proved to be among the optimum solvents. This prediction was supported by the Snyder’s polarity index as well as ab initio quantum mechanical Density Functional Theory (DFT) calculations of the Gibbs free energy of solvation and partition coefficients. Moreover, model validation carried out by liquid–liquid extraction of algal liquor with hexane and other solvents, and measurement of lipids allocation using paper chromatography and spectroscopy. Low lipids yield was observed, while the extract was enriched in fatty acid esters. A critical discussion is provided regarding the low yield ratios and potential implications due to overestimation of lipids content in microalgae. Full article

32 pages, 23108 KB

Open AccessArticle

Reconstruction of SMAP Soil Moisture Data Based on Residual Autoencoder Network with Convolutional Feature Extraction

by Yaojie Liu, Haoyu Fan, Yan Jin and Shaonan Zhu

Remote Sens. 2025, 17(22), 3729; https://doi.org/10.3390/rs17223729 (registering DOI) - 16 Nov 2025

Abstract

Satellite-based surface soil moisture (SSM) products often contain spatial gaps and reduced reliability due to variations in vegetation cover and type, complex surface conditions such as heterogeneous topography and soil texture, or inherent limitations of satellite microwave sensors. This study presents a residual [...] Read more.

Satellite-based surface soil moisture (SSM) products often contain spatial gaps and reduced reliability due to variations in vegetation cover and type, complex surface conditions such as heterogeneous topography and soil texture, or inherent limitations of satellite microwave sensors. This study presents a residual autoencoder model named TsSMNet, which combines multi-source remote sensing inputs with statistical features derived from SSM time series, including central tendency, dispersion and variability, extremes and distribution, temporal dynamics, magnitude and energy, and count-based features, to reconstruct gap-free SSM estimates. The model incorporates one-dimensional convolutional layers to efficiently capture local continuity patterns within the flattened SSM representations while reducing parameter complexity. TsSMNet was used to generate seamless 9 km SSM data over China from 2016 to 2022, based on the SMAP product, and was evaluated using in situ observations from six networks in the International Soil Moisture Network. The results show that TsSMNet outperforms AutoResNet, Transformer, Random Forest and XGBoost models, reducing the root mean square error (RMSE) by an average of 17.1 percent and achieving a mean RMSE of 0.09 cm³/cm³. Feature importance analysis highlights the strong contribution of temporal predictors to model accuracy. Compared to its variant without time-series features, TsSMNet provides better spatial representation, improved consistency with in situ temporal observations, and enhanced evaluation metrics. The reconstructed product offers improved spatial coverage and continuity relative to the original SMAP data, supporting broader applications in regional-scale hydrological analysis and large-scale climate, ecological, and agricultural studies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Remote Sensing for Natural Resources and Environmental Management of Arid and Semi-Arid Regions)

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19 pages, 622 KB

Open AccessArticle

Sustainable Mortar for Non-Structural Applications Using Alkali Bypass Dust

by Riyadh Alturki

Sustainability 2025, 17(22), 10257; https://doi.org/10.3390/su172210257 (registering DOI) - 16 Nov 2025

Abstract

This study investigates the potential of alkali bypass dust (ABD) as a supplementary material to partially replace cement in paste and mortar formulations. The selection of ABD is motivated by the dual objectives of utilizing an industrial waste product to promote sustainable construction [...] Read more.

This study investigates the potential of alkali bypass dust (ABD) as a supplementary material to partially replace cement in paste and mortar formulations. The selection of ABD is motivated by the dual objectives of utilizing an industrial waste product to promote sustainable construction and reducing the carbon footprint associated with cement production. The chemical and mineralogical composition of ABD was characterized using X-ray fluorescence (XRF) and X-ray diffraction (XRD), revealing a composition similar to Portland cement but with a notably lower CaO content (44.32%) and the presence of calcite, portlandite, quartz, and free lime. The incorporation of ABD as a cement replacement significantly influenced the fresh and hardened properties of the mixtures. In paste mixtures, results demonstrated a proportional increase in water demand and setting times with higher ABD content, attributed to its lower reactivity and higher water absorption. Mechanical properties were adversely affected; compressive and flexure strengths in paste mixtures decreased substantially, with a 40% reduction observed at just 10% replacement. This was corroborated by a decrease in density, an increase in water absorption, and a significant drop in ultrasonic pulse velocity (UPV), indicating a more porous and less dense microstructure. In mortar mixtures, a 30% cement replacement with ABD yielded compressive and flexure strengths that remained within acceptable ranges for plastering and masonry applications, despite a reduction in workability. The findings suggest that while high-volume ABD replacement negatively impacts performance, a 30% replacement level presents a viable, sustainable alternative for specific non-structural applications, contingent upon further durability assessments. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Sustainable Materials)

23 pages, 510 KB

Open AccessArticle

Rice Yield Forecasting in Northeast China with a Dual-Factor ARIMA Model Incorporating SPEI1-Sep. and Sown Area

by Song Nie and Zhi-Qiang Jiang

Forecasting 2025, 7(4), 67; https://doi.org/10.3390/forecast7040067 (registering DOI) - 16 Nov 2025

Abstract

Amid escalating global climate change and geopolitical tensions threatening food supply chains, the three provinces of Northeast China, which serve as a major grain production base, play a crucial role in ensuring national food security. However, the region is experiencing more frequent extreme [...] Read more.

Amid escalating global climate change and geopolitical tensions threatening food supply chains, the three provinces of Northeast China, which serve as a major grain production base, play a crucial role in ensuring national food security. However, the region is experiencing more frequent extreme climatic events and increasing limitations on arable land. This necessitates an evaluation of the combined effects of climate conditions and sown area on rice (Oryza sativa L.) yields. Utilizing provincial panel data from 1990 to 2022, this study conducts baseline panel regression analyses at both the national and Northeast China levels. The results consistently identify the value of the standardized precipitation evapotranspiration index (SPEI) on September as a key climatic factor exerting a significant negative effect on rice total yield, whereas the rice sown area is a robust positive determinant. Based on these findings, we develop a dual-factor analytical framework that incorporates both climatic conditions and rice sown area, utilizing SPEI1-Sep. to identify critical growth stages of rice, with the aim of providing a more comprehensive understanding of their combined effects on yield. To further support predictive accuracy, the comparative performance assessments of the Extreme Gradient Boosting (XGBoost), random forest (RF), and Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average (ARIMA) models are conducted. The results show that the ARIMA model outperforms others in forecasting. Forecasts for 2023–2027 indicate slow yield growth in Jilin Province, with a 1.5% annual increase. Heilongjiang shows minor fluctuations, stabilizing between 24.97 and 25.56 million tons. Liaoning’s yield remains stable, projected between 5.13 and 5.20 million tons. These trends suggest limited overall yield expansion, highlighting the need for region-specific policies and resource management to ensure China’s grain security. This study clarifies the interplay between climate and sown area, demonstrates the relative forecasting advantage of ARIMA in this setting, and provides evidence to support managing yield variability and optimizing agricultural policy in Northeast China, with implications for long-term national food security. Full article

13 pages, 1047 KB

Open AccessArticle

Inactivation of Respiratory Syncytial Virus by Ozone Generated via Dielectric Barrier Discharge Technology with Decrease in Intact Viral Surface Protein

by Akikazu Sakudo, Ryoya Moriyama and Masanori Nieda

Microorganisms 2025, 13(11), 2611; https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms13112611 (registering DOI) - 16 Nov 2025

Abstract

Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a major cause of severe respiratory infections, particularly in infants and young children. Although disinfection methods using alcohol and detergents are effective, their application in pediatric environments poses safety concerns. Ozone (O₃) has been employed for [...] Read more.

Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a major cause of severe respiratory infections, particularly in infants and young children. Although disinfection methods using alcohol and detergents are effective, their application in pediatric environments poses safety concerns. Ozone (O₃) has been employed for water treatment, food preservation, and air purification, but its efficacy against RSV has not been well studied. Here, we investigated the inactivation of RSV using a dielectric barrier discharge (DBD)-based ozone generator (SFG1210). The RSV A2 strain was spotted on glass coverslips and exposed to low-concentration ozone (0.5 ppm) for 1 h under controlled temperature (24.6~27.2 °C) and relative humidity (71.9~75.1%) conditions. Subsequent infectivity assays combined with immunochromatography showed that ozone exposure significantly reduced RSV infectivity. Specifically, viral titration assay of median tissue culture infectious dose (TCID₅₀) showed that RSV titers were reduced by more than 6 logs. In addition, biochemical analyses showed significant reductions in intact RSV genomic RNA and F protein levels after ozone treatment, suggesting that ozone inactivates RSV by damaging both the viral genome and surface proteins. These findings demonstrate the potential applicability of the SFG1210 ozone generator as an effective tool for surface disinfection of RSV, providing a safe, non-contact, and practical approach for infection control in healthcare and childcare settings. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Public Health Microbiology)

18 pages, 4266 KB

Open AccessArticle

Biodegradable Film Mulching Increases Soil Respiration: A Two-Year Field Comparison with Polyethylene Film Mulching in a Semi-Arid Region of Northern China

by Xiaowei Liu, Dejun Wang, Mahepali Bazhabaike, Mingdong Zhou and Tao Yin

Agronomy 2025, 15(11), 2631; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy15112631 (registering DOI) - 16 Nov 2025

Abstract

Biodegradable film mulching is increasingly used to replace polyethylene in agriculture, but effects on soil respiration (SR) and components remain unclear, especially during degradation. This study investigated biodegradable mulching’s regulation of SR, root-derived respiration (RDR), and non-root-derived respiration (NRDR) under varying phases. A [...] Read more.

Biodegradable film mulching is increasingly used to replace polyethylene in agriculture, but effects on soil respiration (SR) and components remain unclear, especially during degradation. This study investigated biodegradable mulching’s regulation of SR, root-derived respiration (RDR), and non-root-derived respiration (NRDR) under varying phases. A two-year field experiment was conducted in a rainfed maize system in northern China, comparing conventional tillage with biodegradable film mulching (BM), conventional tillage with polyethylene film mulching (PM), and conventional tillage without mulching (CT). Continuous measurements of soil CO₂ concentration (SCC), temperature, water content, and respiration components were used to assess dynamic responses. Results showed that BM enhanced SR and shifted peak timing, with the SR peaking at 106 days after sowing (DAS) under BM, 91.8 DAS under PM, and 91.2 DAS under CT, mainly through a more sustained RDR (BM peak at 103 DAS with a broader peak and greater cumulative RDR than PM and CT). As the biodegradable plastic film degraded, NRDR was higher during the degradation phase, consistent with a priming-like response. These phase-dependent effects suggest that BM first facilitates root growth then serves as a microbial substrate. Moreover, elevated SCC was positively associated with both RDR and NRDR, indicating that CO₂ may function as a regulatory signal rather than a passive byproduct of respiration. These findings reveal distinct temporal mechanisms by which BM influences soil carbon fluxes and offer mechanistic insights into the sustainable application of biodegradable film mulching. Future research should evaluate long-term effects on microbial community composition, soil carbon balance, and potential trade-offs with crop productivity and environmental risks. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Microplastics in Farmland and Their Impact on Soil)

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18 pages, 3512 KB

Open AccessArticle

Investigation of Blast Resistance Performance in Reinforced Concrete Slabs Using CONWEP-ALE Coupling Algorithm

by Chengrui Wang, Kai Zhang, Wei Liu and Peng Li

Appl. Sci. 2025, 15(22), 12162; https://doi.org/10.3390/app152212162 (registering DOI) - 16 Nov 2025

Abstract

The Conventional Weapons Effects Program (CONWEP) algorithm often lacks sufficient accuracy in predicting blast responses of reinforced concrete (RC) slabs, while the Arbitrary Lagrangian–Eulerian (ALE) algorithm demands prohibitively high computational resources. To enhance the engineering applicability of blast resistance assessments for RC slabs, [...] Read more.

The Conventional Weapons Effects Program (CONWEP) algorithm often lacks sufficient accuracy in predicting blast responses of reinforced concrete (RC) slabs, while the Arbitrary Lagrangian–Eulerian (ALE) algorithm demands prohibitively high computational resources. To enhance the engineering applicability of blast resistance assessments for RC slabs, this study proposed a novel CONWEP-ALE coupling algorithm. Utilizing validated blast tests on RC slabs, a representative finite element model was established using LS-DYNA. The performance differences between the CONWEP, ALE, and CONWEP-ALE coupling algorithms were systematically compared under three distinct blast scenarios. Key response characteristics, including incident overpressure, structural deformation, and computational time, were analyzed to evaluate the predictive capabilities of each algorithm for RC slab dynamic response. The results demonstrated that the CONWEP-ALE coupling algorithm achieved the lowest average error (23.23%) in predicting incident overpressure among the three algorithms. Both the ALE and CONWEP-ALE coupling algorithms demonstrate superior accuracy over the CONWEP algorithm in predicting the displacement. Crucially, computational time was reduced by approximately 50% using the CONWEP-ALE algorithm for the specific blast scenarios. Thus, the CONWEP-ALE coupling algorithm provides an effective and efficient approach for analyzing the dynamic response and failure modes of blast-loaded RC slabs. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Civil Engineering)

22 pages, 1957 KB

Open AccessArticle

GWO-Optimized Ensemble Learning for Interpretable and Accurate Prediction of Student Academic Performance in Smart Learning Environments

by Mohammed Husayn, Oluwatayomi Rereloluwa Adegboye and Ahmad Alzubi

Appl. Sci. 2025, 15(22), 12163; https://doi.org/10.3390/app152212163 (registering DOI) - 16 Nov 2025

Abstract

Accurate and interpretable prediction of student academic performance is a cornerstone of data-driven educational support systems, enabling timely interventions, personalized learning pathways, and equitable resource allocation. While ensemble machine learning models such as Random Forest, Extra Trees, and CatBoost have shown promise in [...] Read more.

Accurate and interpretable prediction of student academic performance is a cornerstone of data-driven educational support systems, enabling timely interventions, personalized learning pathways, and equitable resource allocation. While ensemble machine learning models such as Random Forest, Extra Trees, and CatBoost have shown promise in educational data mining, their predictive power and generalizability are often limited by suboptimal weighting schemes and sensitivity to hyperparameter configurations. To address this, we propose a Grey Wolf Optimizer (GWO)-guided ensemble framework that dynamically optimizes each base regressor’s contribution to minimize prediction error while preserving model transparency. Evaluated on a real-world student performance dataset, the proposed approach achieves a coefficient of determination (R²) of 0.93, significantly outperforming individual and conventional ensemble baselines. Furthermore, we integrate SHAP (SHapley Additive exPlanations) to provide educator-friendly interpretability, revealing that daily study hours, study effectiveness, lifestyle score, and screen time are the most influential predictors of exam outcomes. By bridging an optimized machine learning model with educational analytics, this work delivers a robust, transparent, and high-performing AI solution tailored for intelligent tutoring systems, early-warning platforms, and adaptive learning environments. The methodology exemplifies how nature-inspired optimization can enhance not only accuracy but also actionable insight for stakeholders in smart education ecosystems. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Artificial Intelligence Technologies for Education: Advancements, Challenges, and Impacts, 2nd Edition)

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