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16 pages, 1786 KB

Open AccessArticle

Transgene-Free Editing of PPO2 in Elite Potato Cultivar YAGANA for Reduced Postharvest Browning

by Mariana Grbich, Marisol Muñoz, Gustavo E. Zúñiga, Gonzalo Valdovinos, Giovana Acha, Ricardo Vergara, Roxana Mora, Felipe Olivares, Blanca Olmedo and Humberto Prieto

Agronomy 2026, 16(2), 216; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy16020216 (registering DOI) - 15 Jan 2026

Abstract

Enzymatic browning, driven by polyphenol oxidase (PPO), remains a major postharvest challenge for potato (Solanum tuberosum L.), reducing product quality, shelf life, and consumer acceptance. To mitigate this trait in the elite tetraploid cultivar ‘Yagana-INIA’, we applied a geminivirus-derived CRISPR–Cas9 system to [...] Read more.

Enzymatic browning, driven by polyphenol oxidase (PPO), remains a major postharvest challenge for potato (Solanum tuberosum L.), reducing product quality, shelf life, and consumer acceptance. To mitigate this trait in the elite tetraploid cultivar ‘Yagana-INIA’, we applied a geminivirus-derived CRISPR–Cas9 system to edit the StPPO genes most highly expressed in tubers, StPPO1 and particularly StPPO2. A paired-gRNA strategy generated a double-cut deletion in StPPO1, while StPPO2 editing required a complementary single-gRNA screening workflow. High-resolution fragment analysis and sequencing identified three StPPO2-edited lines, including one that lacked GFP, Cas9, and Rep/RepA sequences, confirming a transgene-free editing outcome. Edited tubers exhibited visibly reduced browning relative to wild type, and biochemical assays showed decreased PPO activity consistent with targeted disruption of StPPO2. Amplicon sequencing verified monoallelic editing at the gRNA2 site in the non-transgenic line. These results demonstrate the utility of a replicon-based CRISPR system for achieving targeted, transgene-free edits in tetraploid potato and identify a non-GM StPPO2-edited line with improved postharvest quality under Chile’s regulatory framework. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Impacts of CRISPR–Cas in Evolving Agriculture and Plant Biotechnology)

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22 pages, 6124 KB

Open AccessArticle

High-Resolution Monitoring of Badland Erosion Dynamics: Spatiotemporal Changes and Topographic Controls via UAV Structure-from-Motion

by Yi-Chin Chen

Water 2026, 18(2), 234; https://doi.org/10.3390/w18020234 (registering DOI) - 15 Jan 2026

Abstract

Mudstone badlands are critical hotspots of erosion and sediment yield, and their rapid morphological changes serve as an ideal site for studying erosion processes. This study used high-resolution Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) photogrammetry to monitor erosion patterns on a mudstone badland platform in [...] Read more.

Mudstone badlands are critical hotspots of erosion and sediment yield, and their rapid morphological changes serve as an ideal site for studying erosion processes. This study used high-resolution Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) photogrammetry to monitor erosion patterns on a mudstone badland platform in southwestern Taiwan over a 22-month period. Five UAV surveys conducted between 2017 and 2018 were processed using Structure-from-Motion photogrammetry to generate time-series digital surface models (DSMs). Topographic changes were quantified using DSMs of Difference (DoD). The results reveal intense surface lowering, with a mean erosion depth of 34.2 cm, equivalent to an average erosion rate of 18.7 cm yr⁻¹. Erosion is governed by a synergistic regime in which diffuse rain splash acts as the dominant background process, accounting for approximately 53% of total erosion, while concentrated flow drives localized gully incision. Morphometric analysis shows that erosion depth increases nonlinearly with slope, consistent with threshold hillslope behavior, but exhibits little dependence on the contributing area. Plan and profile curvature further influence the spatial distribution of erosion, with enhanced erosion on both strongly concave and convex surfaces relative to near-linear slopes. The gully network also exhibits rapid channel adjustment, including downstream meander migration and associated lateral bank erosion. These findings highlight the complex interactions among hillslope processes, gully dynamics, and base-level controls that govern badland landscape evolution and have important implications for erosion modeling and watershed management in high-intensity rainfall environments. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Water Erosion and Sediment Transport)

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15 pages, 2987 KB

Open AccessArticle

Altered Plasma Endocannabinoids and Oxylipins in Adolescents with Major Depressive Disorders: A Case–Control Study

by Akash Chakravarty, Abinaya Sreetharan, Ester Osuna, Isabelle Herter-Aeberli, Isabelle Häberling, Jeannine Baumgartner, Gregor E. Berger and Martin Hersberger

Nutrients 2026, 18(2), 280; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu18020280 (registering DOI) - 15 Jan 2026

Abstract

Background: Pediatric Major Depressive Disorder (pMDD) is one of the leading causes of disability in adolescents. There is currently no single explanation that fully accounts for the cause of the disorder, but various factors, including dysregulation of the immune and stress responses, have [...] Read more.

Background: Pediatric Major Depressive Disorder (pMDD) is one of the leading causes of disability in adolescents. There is currently no single explanation that fully accounts for the cause of the disorder, but various factors, including dysregulation of the immune and stress responses, have been linked to its onset. Oxylipins and endocannabinoids, derived from metabolization of n-3 and n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), regulate inflammation and have been suggested to attenuate inflammation associated with depression. This study aims to understand whether adolescents with pMDD have altered baseline levels of oxylipins and endocannabinoids compared to healthy adolescents. Methods: In this case–control study, we measured 60 oxylipins and endocannabinoids in plasma from 82 adolescents with pMDD and their matching healthy controls. Results: A Principal Component Analysis revealed substantial variability within each group and only a moderate degree of separation between them. In a paired analysis, the lipid mediators of controls exhibited higher concentrations of n-6 PUFA-derived prostaglandins and thromboxanes (PGE2, PGD2, PGF2a and TXB2), n-3 PUFA-derived TxB3, and the endocannabinoids AEA, EPEA, and DHEA. In contrast, cases had higher concentrations of the n-6 PUFA-derived 6-keto-PGF1a and the n-3 PUFA-derived PGD3. In addition, we observed a higher percentage of oxylipins and endocannabinoids derived from DHA (5.65 ± 5.46% vs. 4.72 ± 4.94%) and AA (16.31 ± 11.10% vs. 12.76 ± 13.46%) in plasma from controls, in line with the higher DHA and AA levels observed in erythrocytes from controls compared to cases. Conclusions: Overall, our results show lower plasma levels of endocannabinoids and lower DHA- and AA-derived oxylipins in adolescents with pMDD, supporting their role in the pathophysiology of pMDD. To infer a causative role of the n-3 and n-6 PUFA-derived oxylipins and endocannabinoids in pMDD, an intervention study with n-3 PUFA supplementation and monitoring of oxylipins and endocannabinoids would be necessary. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Role of Omega-3 Fatty Acids in Depression: From Biological Mechanisms to Clinical Targets)

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26 pages, 5287 KB

Open AccessArticle

Discovery of New Quinazolinone and Benzimidazole Analogs as Tubulin Polymerization Inhibitors with Potent Anticancer Activities

by Boye Jiang, Juan Zhang, Kai Shao, Conghao Gai, Bing Xu, Yan Zou, Yan Song, Qingjie Zhao, Qingguo Meng and Xiaoyun Chai

Pharmaceuticals 2026, 19(1), 161; https://doi.org/10.3390/ph19010161 (registering DOI) - 15 Jan 2026

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Cancer persists as a leading concern in the current medical field, and current therapies are limited by toxicity, cost, and resistance. Targeted inhibition of tubulin polymerization is considered as a promising therapeutic strategy for cancer treatment. Methods: Thirty-one new tubulin polymerization [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Cancer persists as a leading concern in the current medical field, and current therapies are limited by toxicity, cost, and resistance. Targeted inhibition of tubulin polymerization is considered as a promising therapeutic strategy for cancer treatment. Methods: Thirty-one new tubulin polymerization inhibitors were designed via molecular hybridization techniques, and BLI technology was employed to quantitatively investigate their interactions with tubulin. Antiproliferative activities against MCF-7, MDA-MB-231, A549, and HeLa cell lines was evaluated using the CCK8 assay. Apoptosis induction and cell cycle arrest were analyzed by flow cytometry. The anti-tumor activity of compound B6 was validated in a mouse melanoma tumor model. Results: Compounds exhibited varying degrees of antiproliferative activity against four tumor cell lines. Among them, compound B6 was the most promising candidate and displayed strong broad-spectrum anticancer activity with an average IC₅₀ value of 2 μM. The mechanism studies revealed that compound B6 inhibited tubulin polymerization in vitro, disrupted cell microtubule networks, and arrested the cell cycle at G2/M phase. Furthermore, B6 displayed significant in vivo antitumor efficacy in a melanoma tumor model with tumor growth inhibition rates of 70.21% (50 mg/kg). Conclusions: This work shows that B6 is a promising lead compound deserving further investigation as a potential anticancer agent. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Medicinal Chemistry)

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20 pages, 3081 KB

Open AccessArticle

Fractional-Order Bioimpedance Modelling for Early Detection of Tissue Freezing in Cryogenic and Thermal Medical Applications

by Noelia Vaquero-Gallardo, Herminio Martínez-García and Oliver Millán-Blasco

Sensors 2026, 26(2), 603; https://doi.org/10.3390/s26020603 (registering DOI) - 15 Jan 2026

Abstract

Cryotherapy and radiofrequency (RF) treatments modulate tissue temperature to induce therapeutic effects; however, improper application can result in thermal injury. Traditional temperature-based monitoring methods rely on multiple thermal sensors whose accuracy strongly depends on their number and spatial positioning, often failing to detect [...] Read more.

Cryotherapy and radiofrequency (RF) treatments modulate tissue temperature to induce therapeutic effects; however, improper application can result in thermal injury. Traditional temperature-based monitoring methods rely on multiple thermal sensors whose accuracy strongly depends on their number and spatial positioning, often failing to detect early tissue crystallization. This study introduces a fractional order bioimpedance modelling framework for the early detection of tissue freezing during cryogenic and thermal medical treatments, with the feasibility and effectiveness of this approach having been reported in our prior publications. While bioimpedance spectroscopy itself is a well-est. The corresponablished technique in biomedical engineering, its novel application to predict and identify premature freezing events provides a new pathway for safe and efficient energy-based therapies. Fractional-order models derived from the Cole family accurately reproduce the complex electrical behavior of biological tissues using fewer parameters than classical integer-order models, thus reducing both hardware requirements and computational cost. Experimental impedance data from human abdominal, gluteal, and femoral regions were modelled to extract fractional parameters that serve as sensitive indicators of phase-transition onset. The results demonstrate that the proposed approach enables real-time identification of freezing-induced electrical transitions, offering a physiologically grounded alternative to conventional temperature-based monitoring. Furthermore, the fractional order bioimpedance method exhibits high reproducibility and selectivity, and its analytical figures of merit, including the limits of detection and quantification, support its use for reliable real-time tissue monitoring and early injury detection. Overall, the proposed fractional order bioimpedance framework enhances both safety and control precision in cryogenic and thermal medical applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feature Papers in Biosensors Section 2025)

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34 pages, 4497 KB

Open AccessReview

A Systemic Approach for Assessing the Design of Circular Urban Water Systems: Merging Hydrosocial Concepts with the Water–Energy–Food–Ecosystem Nexus

by Nicole Arnaud, Manuel Poch, Lucia Alexandra Popartan, Marta Verdaguer, Félix Carrasco and Bernhard Pucher

Water 2026, 18(2), 233; https://doi.org/10.3390/w18020233 (registering DOI) - 15 Jan 2026

Abstract

Urban Water Systems (UWS) are complex infrastructures that interact with energy, food, ecosystems and socio-political systems, and are under growing pressure from climate change and resource depletion. Planning circular interventions in this context requires system-level analysis to avoid fragmented, siloed decisions. This paper [...] Read more.

Urban Water Systems (UWS) are complex infrastructures that interact with energy, food, ecosystems and socio-political systems, and are under growing pressure from climate change and resource depletion. Planning circular interventions in this context requires system-level analysis to avoid fragmented, siloed decisions. This paper develops the Hydrosocial Resource Urban Nexus (HRUN) framework that integrates hydrosocial thinking with the Water–Energy–Food–Ecosystems (WEFE) nexus to guide UWS design. We conduct a structured literature review and analyse different configurations of circular interventions, mapping their synergies and trade-offs across socioeconomic and environmental functions of hydrosocial systems. The framework is operationalised through a typology of circular interventions based on their circularity purpose (water reuse, resource recovery and reuse, or water-cycle restoration) and management scale (from on-site to centralised), while greening degree (from grey to green infrastructure) and digitalisation (integration of sensors and control systems) are treated as transversal strategies that shape their operational profile. Building on this typology, we construct cause–effect matrices for each intervention type, linking recurring operational patterns to hydrosocial functionalities and revealing associated synergies and trade-offs. Overall, the study advances understanding of how circular interventions with different configurations can strengthen or weaken system resilience and sustainability outcomes. The framework provides a basis for integrated planning and for quantitative and participatory tools that can assess trade-offs and governance effects of different circular design choices, thereby supporting the transition to more resilient and just water systems. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Water Resource Management and Planning)

12 pages, 298 KB

Open AccessArticle

Epidemiological and Clinical Profile of Acute Stroke in Young Adults from a Tertiary Stroke Center in Abu Dhabi—A Retrospective Study

by Sunitha Bhagavathi Mysore, Sameeha Salim Al Mansoori, Shamma Majed Alhebsi, Noura Ismail Albloushi, Abrar Ali Alshehhi, Jahre Henryson Cuadra Lim, Muhammed Al Jarrah and Cathrine Tadyanemhandu

J. Clin. Med. 2026, 15(2), 727; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm15020727 (registering DOI) - 15 Jan 2026

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Within the last decade, there has been a 19% increase in stroke-related mortality among individuals aged 45–64. Understanding stroke characteristics is crucial, particularly in the younger age groups. This study describes the key demographics and clinical and anthropometric characteristics based on [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Within the last decade, there has been a 19% increase in stroke-related mortality among individuals aged 45–64. Understanding stroke characteristics is crucial, particularly in the younger age groups. This study describes the key demographics and clinical and anthropometric characteristics based on age categories in young adults admitted to the stroke unit in Abu Dhabi. Methods: This retrospective observational study had data between October 2024 and March 2025. Data were analyzed descriptively using SPSS, with a more detailed analysis conducted across two age-based groups. Results: A total of 51 patients were included, with the median age of 40 (IQR: 37–48) and 44 (86.3%) being males. The median hospital length of stay was 4 days (2–9 days). Most of the patients, 47 (92.2%), had ischemic stroke, with 24 (45.1%) presenting with right-side weakness, and bilateral weakness in 4 (7.8%). The median NIHSS score on admission was 4 (IQR 2–9). Prior to admission, 18 (35.3%) of the patients were known hypertensive, and 12 (23.5%) were diabetic. In terms of anthropometric measurements, the median waist-to-height ratio was 0.58 (0.5–0.69) and BMI was 25.7 (24.2–29.4), with 31 (60.8%) of the patients categorized as either obese or overweight. The statistical significance difference across the age groups was found in the gender distribution only (p = 0.034). Conclusions: In the UAE, more young men are experiencing Stroke due to lifestyle-related factors, many of which can be prevented. This growing trend calls for early screening, better prevention efforts, and tailored rehabilitation programs. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Epidemiology & Public Health)

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30 pages, 3291 KB

Open AccessArticle

AI-Based Demand Forecasting and Load Balancing for Optimising Energy Use in Healthcare Systems: A Real Case Study

by Isha Patel and Iman Rahimi

Systems 2026, 14(1), 94; https://doi.org/10.3390/systems14010094 (registering DOI) - 15 Jan 2026

Abstract

This paper addresses the critical need for efficient energy management in healthcare facilities, where fluctuating energy demands pose challenges to both operational reliability and sustainability objectives. Traditional energy management approaches often fall short in healthcare settings, resulting in inefficiencies and increased operational costs. [...] Read more.

This paper addresses the critical need for efficient energy management in healthcare facilities, where fluctuating energy demands pose challenges to both operational reliability and sustainability objectives. Traditional energy management approaches often fall short in healthcare settings, resulting in inefficiencies and increased operational costs. To address this gap, the paper explores AI-driven methods for demand forecasting and load balancing and proposes an integrated framework combining Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) networks, a genetic algorithm (GA), and SHAP (Shapley Additive Explanations), specifically tailored for healthcare energy management. While LSTM has been widely applied in time-series forecasting, its use for healthcare energy demand prediction remains relatively underexplored. In this study, LSTM is shown to significantly outperform conventional forecasting models, including ARIMA and Prophet, in capturing complex and non-linear demand patterns. Experimental results demonstrate that the LSTM model achieved a Mean Absolute Error (MAE) of 21.69, a Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) of 29.96, and an R² of approximately 0.98, compared to Prophet (MAE: 59.78, RMSE: 81.22, R² ≈ 0.86) and ARIMA (MAE: 87.73, RMSE: 125.22, R² ≈ 0.66), confirming its superior predictive performance. The genetic algorithm is employed both to support forecasting optimisation and to enhance load balancing strategies, enabling adaptive energy allocation under dynamic operating conditions. Furthermore, SHAP analysis is used to provide interpretable, within-model insights into feature contributions, improving transparency and trust in AI-driven energy decision-making. Overall, the proposed LSTM–GA–SHAP framework improves forecasting accuracy, supports efficient energy utilisation, and contributes to sustainability in healthcare environments. Future work will explore real-time deployment and further integration with reinforcement learning to enable continuous optimisation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Artificial Intelligence and Digital Systems Engineering)

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17 pages, 721 KB

Open AccessArticle

Specifying the Measures of the Time Delays in Gravitationally Lensed Quasar Q2237+0305 Images

by Elena Fedorova and Antonino Del Popolo

Symmetry 2026, 18(1), 162; https://doi.org/10.3390/sym18010162 (registering DOI) - 15 Jan 2026

Abstract

Time delays in the images of gravitationally lensed quasars play crucial role in understanding the geometry and physical context of the gravitational lens systems (GLS). In case of the short time delays on hourly/daily timescales, correlating the X-ray/gamma-ray data is the best way [...] Read more.

Time delays in the images of gravitationally lensed quasars play crucial role in understanding the geometry and physical context of the gravitational lens systems (GLS). In case of the short time delays on hourly/daily timescales, correlating the X-ray/gamma-ray data is the best way to determine them as the variability of quasars at these energies is usually faster than at lower ones. Here, we demonstrate the usage of our web tool for correlation function analysis, applying the cross-correlation (asymmetrical) function to the Chandra and auto-correlation (symmetrical) one to the XMM-Newton light curves of the images of the quasar in the famous GLS Q2237+0305 (“Huchra lens”/“Einstein Cross”). We also describe the way to distinguish between the GLS time delay and periodicity in light curves based on translational symmetry of cross-correlation function in case of periodicity of the signal. We have estimated the delays between the gravitationally lensed images and the timescales of (quasi)periodical flux variations of the quasar in the Einstein Cross. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Physics)

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19 pages, 1973 KB

Open AccessArticle

Continuous Smartphone Authentication via Multimodal Biometrics and Optimized Ensemble Learning

by Chia-Sheng Cheng, Ko-Chien Chang, Hsing-Chung Chen and Chao-Lung Chou

Mathematics 2026, 14(2), 311; https://doi.org/10.3390/math14020311 (registering DOI) - 15 Jan 2026

Abstract

The ubiquity of smartphones has transformed them into primary repositories of sensitive data; however, traditional one-time authentication mechanisms create a critical trust gap by failing to verify identity post-unlock. Our aim is to mitigate these vulnerabilities and align with the Zero Trust Architecture [...] Read more.

The ubiquity of smartphones has transformed them into primary repositories of sensitive data; however, traditional one-time authentication mechanisms create a critical trust gap by failing to verify identity post-unlock. Our aim is to mitigate these vulnerabilities and align with the Zero Trust Architecture (ZTA) framework and philosophy of “never trust, always verify,” as formally defined by the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) in Special Publication 800-207. This study introduces a robust continuous authentication (CA) framework leveraging multimodal behavioral biometrics. A dedicated application was developed to synchronously capture touch, sliding, and inertial sensor telemetry. For feature modeling, a heterogeneous deep learning pipeline was employed to capture modality-specific characteristics, utilizing Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) for sensor data, Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) networks for curvilinear sliding, and Gated Recurrent Units (GRUs) for discrete touch. To resolve performance degradation caused by class imbalance in Zero Trust environments, a Grid Search Optimization (GSO) strategy was applied to optimize a weighted voting ensemble, identifying the global optimum for decision thresholds and modality weights. Empirical validation on a dataset of 35,519 samples from 15 subjects demonstrates that the optimized ensemble achieves a peak accuracy of 99.23%. Sensor kinematics emerged as the primary biometric signature, followed by touch and sliding features. This framework enables high-precision, non-intrusive continuous verification, bridging the critical security gap in contemporary mobile architectures. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Emerging Applications of Artificial Intelligence Algorithms in Computer and Network Security)

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19 pages, 3019 KB

Open AccessArticle

Nucleolar Cdc14 Splitting Reflects Recombination Context and Meiotic Chromosome Dynamics

by Patricia Rodríguez-Jiménez, Paula Alonso-Ramos, Isabel Acosta, David Álvarez-Melo and Jesús A. Carballo

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2026, 27(2), 888; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms27020888 (registering DOI) - 15 Jan 2026

Abstract

Chromosome dynamics, recombination, and nucleolar organization intersect during meiotic prophase I, yet how the recombination context influences nucleolar architecture remains unclear. We analyzed the nucleolar pool of Cdc14 in Saccharomyces cerevisiae under matched prophase I gating and a uniform, frame-based operational definition of [...] Read more.

Chromosome dynamics, recombination, and nucleolar organization intersect during meiotic prophase I, yet how the recombination context influences nucleolar architecture remains unclear. We analyzed the nucleolar pool of Cdc14 in Saccharomyces cerevisiae under matched prophase I gating and a uniform, frame-based operational definition of transient two-focus episodes. In a prophase-arrest reference, Cdc14–mCherry formed a predominant single nucleolar focus with occasional, reversible two-focus episodes that Nop56–GFP placed within the nucleolar compartment (nucleolar splitting). Splitting rose sharply when interhomolog recombination was compromised and remained elevated when Spo11 catalytic activity was abolished, indicating that increased DSB formation is not required and pointing instead to the homolog engagement state as a key variable. Population checkpoint readouts did not map onto the phenotype: Hop1 phosphorylation differed strongly across genotypes, yet splitting remained high in recombination-defective and DSB-free contexts and low in the reference. Timing analyses showed that events concentrated early and declined in the reference, whereas recombination-defective and DSB-free backgrounds retained activity into later windows across thresholds. We propose that nucleolar splitting reflects a rheological response of the nucleolus to chromosome-scale forces that vary with homolog engagement, consistent with contributions from DSB-independent chromosome dynamics such as telomere clustering, telomere-led rapid prophase movements, and centromere coupling/pairing. Together, these data support the nucleolus as a mesoscale, mechanically sensitive readout of meiotic chromosome dynamics. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Molecular Biology)

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25 pages, 7226 KB

Open AccessArticle

New Architectural Forms in the Landscape as a Response to the Demand for Beauty in 21st-Century Tourism and Leisure

by Rafał Blazy, Hanna Hrehorowicz-Gaber, Alicja Hrehorowicz-Nowak, Wiktor Hładki and Jakub Knapek

Arts 2026, 15(1), 18; https://doi.org/10.3390/arts15010018 (registering DOI) - 15 Jan 2026

Abstract

The architecture of spas and recreational complexes is increasingly being analyzed not only through the prism of its formal diversity but also through its functional, technical, and esthetic responses to evolving societal expectations. This article descriptively examines the context of evolving user needs [...] Read more.

The architecture of spas and recreational complexes is increasingly being analyzed not only through the prism of its formal diversity but also through its functional, technical, and esthetic responses to evolving societal expectations. This article descriptively examines the context of evolving user needs and select examples representing new architectural forms integrated into the landscape, responding to the growing demand for beauty (understood subjectively), experiences, and emotional value in 21st-century tourism and recreation. The most diverse and characteristic examples were selected and described in order to maintain a broad context of analysis and illustrate contemporary changes as faithfully as possible. The descriptive approach enables a systematic and comprehensive representation of phenomena, identifying recurring patterns, spatial trends, and contextual relationships. Rather than being limited to numerical data, it provides a structured analytical framework that supports the objective documentation of architectural and urban processes. The aim of this study is to systematize selected design trends that reflect contemporary cultural aspirations and environmental concerns, and to illustrate the evolving relationship between architecture, nature, and users. The results indicate a consistent shift toward landscape-integrated, experiential, and esthetically driven architectural solutions, demonstrating that contemporary tourism facilities increasingly prioritize atmosphere, immersion in nature, and sensory engagement over traditional utilitarian design. This study concludes that beauty, understood as subjective esthetic experience, has become a key determinant in shaping new architectural forms, reinforcing the role of architecture as both a cultural expression and a tool for enhancing well-being in tourism and leisure environments. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Intersecting Dialogues: Contemporary Art and Architecture in the 21st Century)

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13 pages, 4033 KB

Open AccessArticle

A Low-Sidelobe Fully Metallic Ridge Gap Waveguide Antenna Array for W-Band Applications

by Huixia Jiang, Lili Sheng, Pengsheng Nie, Yu Feng, Jinfang Wen, Jianbo Ji and Weiping Cao

Sensors 2026, 26(2), 602; https://doi.org/10.3390/s26020602 (registering DOI) - 15 Jan 2026

Abstract

To address the critical demand for high-gain, low-sidelobe, and high-efficiency antennas in W-band arrays, this work presents a low-sidelobe all-metal array antenna based on ridge gap waveguide technology. The design employs a three-layer contactless metal structure, integrating a stepped-ridge feeding network with Taylor [...] Read more.

To address the critical demand for high-gain, low-sidelobe, and high-efficiency antennas in W-band arrays, this work presents a low-sidelobe all-metal array antenna based on ridge gap waveguide technology. The design employs a three-layer contactless metal structure, integrating a stepped-ridge feeding network with Taylor amplitude distribution and a higher-order mode resonant cavity. This integration enables efficient power distribution and low-loss transmission while eliminating the need for conventional welding or bonding processes. Measurement results indicate that the antenna exhibits a reflection coefficient below −10 dB across the 92.5–103.5 GHz. The in-band gain exceeds 25.8 dBi with less than 1 dB fluctuation, and the radiation efficiency surpasses 78%. Specifically, the sidelobe levels in both E- and H-planes remain below −17.5 dB, reaching under −19.5 dB at 94 GHz, while cross-polarization is better than −30 dB. The proposed antenna demonstrates high gain, low sidelobe, and high efficiency, showing promising potential for applications in millimeter-wave radar, imaging, and 6G communication systems. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Advanced Array Antenna Design and Signal Processing Techniques)

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15 pages, 4372 KB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Micromanufacturing Process of Complex 3D FeCo Core Microwindings for Magnetic Flux Modulation in Micromotors

by Efren Diez-Jimenez, Diego Lopez-Pascual, Gabriel Villalba-Alumbreros, Ignacio Valiente-Blanco, Miguel Fernandez-Munoz, Jesús del Olmo-Anguix, Oscar Manzano-Narro, Alexander Kanitz, Jan Hoppius and Jan Philipp

Micromachines 2026, 17(1), 115; https://doi.org/10.3390/mi17010115 (registering DOI) - 15 Jan 2026

Abstract

This work presents the design, fabrication, and characterization of a three-dimensional FeCo-based flux-modulator microwinding intended for integration into high-torque axial-flux Vernier micromotors. The proposed micromotor architecture modulates the stator magnetic flux using 12 magnetically isolated FeCo teeth interacting with an 11-pole permanent-magnet rotor. [...] Read more.

This work presents the design, fabrication, and characterization of a three-dimensional FeCo-based flux-modulator microwinding intended for integration into high-torque axial-flux Vernier micromotors. The proposed micromotor architecture modulates the stator magnetic flux using 12 magnetically isolated FeCo teeth interacting with an 11-pole permanent-magnet rotor. The design requires the manufacturing of complex three-dimensional micrometric parts, including three teeth and a cylindrical core. Such a complex design cannot be manufactured using conventional micromanufacturing lithography or 2D planar methods. The flux-modulator envelope dimensions are 250 μm outer diameter and 355 μm height. It is manufactured using a femtosecond laser-machining process that preserves factory-finished surfaces and minimizes heat-affected zones. In addition, this micrometric part has been wound using 20 μm diameter enamelled copper wire. A dedicated magnetic clamping fixture is developed to enable multilayer microwinding of the integrated core, producing a 17-turn inductor with a 60.6% fill factor—the highest reported for a manually wound ferromagnetic-core microcoil of this scale. Geometric and magnetic characterization validates the simulation model and demonstrates the field distribution inside the isolated core. The results establish a viable micromanufacturing workflow for complex 3D FeCo microwindings, supporting the development of next-generation high-performance MEMS micromotors. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section E：Engineering and Technology)

16 pages, 362 KB

Open AccessArticle

Mental Health, Mucosal Immunity, and HIV Susceptibility Following Sexual Violence: Evidence from the THRIVE Study

by Katherine M. Anderson, Eleanor Capozzi, Stephanie A. Meyers-Pantele, Maile Y. Karris, Fernando Cabezas Mejia, Ella Meyer, Melodie A. Nasr, Mimi Ghosh and Jamila K. Stockman

Viruses 2026, 18(1), 119; https://doi.org/10.3390/v18010119 (registering DOI) - 15 Jan 2026

Abstract

Sexual violence against women is a global issue with profound health consequences, including elevated HIV risk due to genital tract inflammation and injury. However, limited research has examined the influence of mental health on HIV-related immunity after violence. We analyzed longitudinal data from [...] Read more.

Sexual violence against women is a global issue with profound health consequences, including elevated HIV risk due to genital tract inflammation and injury. However, limited research has examined the influence of mental health on HIV-related immunity after violence. We analyzed longitudinal data from female survivors of past-month rape (N = 25) to explore associations between mental health (perceived stress, depression, post-traumatic stress disorder [PTSD], and resilience) and HIV-associated immune biomarkers in the female genital tract. In bivariate analyses, mental health improved over the three-month follow-up period. Immune biomarker levels remained largely stable, except for TNF-α and SLPI. At baseline, depression was significantly correlated with TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1β. In regression analyses, depression was associated with TNF-α (β = −0.133 to −0.152) and IL-6 (β = −0.171 to −0.207). PTSD was significantly associated with IL-1α (β = 0.576 to 1.681). Depression and resilience were negatively associated with percent HIV inhibition in adjusted models. These findings suggest that depression and PTSD are associated with genital tract inflammation following sexual violence, which may compromise mucosal immunity and enhance HIV risk. This highlights the importance of integrated mental health and immunological care for survivors and the need for further research into psychoneuroimmune pathways influencing HIV risk after trauma. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Viruses in the Reproductive Tract)

29 pages, 6574 KB

Open AccessArticle

Modeling Landslide Dam Breach Due to Overtopping and Seepage: Development and Model Evaluation

by Tianlong Zhao, Xiong Hu, Changjing Fu, Gangyong Song, Liucheng Su and Yuanyang Chu

Sustainability 2026, 18(2), 915; https://doi.org/10.3390/su18020915 (registering DOI) - 15 Jan 2026

Abstract

Landslide dams, typically composed of newly deposited, loose, and heterogeneous materials, are highly susceptible to failure induced by overtopping and seepage, particularly under extreme hydrological conditions. Accurate prediction of such breaching processes is essential for flood risk management and emergency response, yet existing [...] Read more.

Landslide dams, typically composed of newly deposited, loose, and heterogeneous materials, are highly susceptible to failure induced by overtopping and seepage, particularly under extreme hydrological conditions. Accurate prediction of such breaching processes is essential for flood risk management and emergency response, yet existing models generally consider only a single failure mechanism. This study develops a mathematical model to simulate landslide dam breaching under the coupled action of overtopping and seepage erosion. The model integrates surface erosion and internal erosion processes within a unified framework and employs a stable time-stepping numerical scheme. Application to three real-world landslide dam cases demonstrates that the model successfully reproduces key breaching characteristics across overtopping-only, seepage-only, and coupled erosion scenarios. The simulated breach hydrographs, reservoir water levels, and breach geometries show good agreement with field observations, with peak outflow and breach timing predicted with errors generally within approximately 5%. Sensitivity analysis further indicates that the model is robust to geometric uncertainties, as variations in breach outcomes remain smaller than the imposed parameter perturbations. These results confirm that explicitly accounting for the coupled interaction between overtopping and seepage significantly improves the representation of complex breaching processes. The proposed model therefore provides a reliable computational tool for analyzing landslide dam failures and supports more accurate hazard assessment under multi-mechanism erosion conditions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Hazards and Sustainability)

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19 pages, 2401 KB

Open AccessArticle

Better Late Than Never: Current Understanding of the Archaic Period in Central Belize

by W. James Stemp, Jaime J. Awe and Gabriel D. Wrobel

Heritage 2026, 9(1), 31; https://doi.org/10.3390/heritage9010031 (registering DOI) - 15 Jan 2026

Abstract

The Archaic period in the Maya lowlands of Mesoamerica emerged around 8000 BCE and likely lasted until about 1000 BCE; however, both the development and complex cultural adaptations representative of Archaic peoples present challenges for archaeologists. In central Belize, archaeological evidence for Archaic [...] Read more.

The Archaic period in the Maya lowlands of Mesoamerica emerged around 8000 BCE and likely lasted until about 1000 BCE; however, both the development and complex cultural adaptations representative of Archaic peoples present challenges for archaeologists. In central Belize, archaeological evidence for Archaic people is limited, especially when compared to northern and southern Belize. Nevertheless, our knowledge of Archaic lifestyles in this part of the world has substantially increased over the last twenty years or so. This paper reviews the current understanding of the Archaic period in central Belize based primarily on radiocarbon dates from stratigraphic excavations, diagnostic lithic artifacts, and both faunal and floral remains recovered from excavations, and compares these data to archaeological evidence from northern and southern Belize for regional contextualization and synthesis. Although some aspects of Archaic lifestyles in central Belize appear quite clear based on the available archaeological evidence, others remain elusive. More regional surveys to find sites and an increased number of excavations with datable stratigraphic contexts are needed to more accurately reconstruct the lives of the people who initially inhabited central Belize prior to the emergence of the first culturally recognizable Maya. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Archaeological Heritage)

20 pages, 8754 KB

Open AccessArticle

Landscape Pattern Evolution in the Source Region of the Chishui River

by Yanzhao Gong, Xiaotao Huang, Jiaojiao Li, Ju Zhao, Dianji Fu and Geping Luo

Sustainability 2026, 18(2), 914; https://doi.org/10.3390/su18020914 (registering DOI) - 15 Jan 2026

Abstract

Recognizing the evolution of landscape patterns in the Chishui River source region is essential for protecting ecosystems and sustainable growth in the Yangtze River Basin and other similar areas. However, knowledge of landscape pattern evolution within the primary channel zone remains insufficient. To [...] Read more.

Recognizing the evolution of landscape patterns in the Chishui River source region is essential for protecting ecosystems and sustainable growth in the Yangtze River Basin and other similar areas. However, knowledge of landscape pattern evolution within the primary channel zone remains insufficient. To address this gap, the current study used 2000–2020 land-use, geography, and socio-economic data, integrating landscape pattern indices, land-use transfer matrices, dynamic degree, the GeoDetector model, and the PLUS model. Results revealed that forest and cropland remained the prevailing land-use types throughout 2000–2020, comprising over 85% of the landscape. Grassland had the highest dynamic degree (1.58%), and landscape evolution during the study period was characterized by increased fragmentation, enhanced diversity, and stable dominance of major forms of land use. Anthropogenic influence on different landscape types followed the order: construction land > cropland > grassland > forest > water bodies. Land-use change in this region is a complex process governed by the interrelationships among various factors. Scenario-based predictions demonstrate pronounced variability in various land types. These findings provided a more comprehensive understanding of landscape patterns in karst river source regions, provided evidence-based support for regional planning, and offered guidance for ecological management of similar global river sources. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Global Hydrological Studies and Ecological Sustainability)

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15 pages, 1713 KB

Open AccessReview

Pulmonary Embolism in Antiphospholipid Syndrome (APS)—Where Are We and Where Are We Going?

by Mateusz Lucki, Bogna Grygiel-Górniak, Ewa Lucka, Maciej Lesiak and Aleksander Araszkiewicz

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2026, 27(2), 895; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms27020895 - 15 Jan 2026

Abstract

Pulmonary embolism (PE) is one of the most serious complications of antiphospholipid syndrome (APS), a systemic autoimmune disorder defined by thrombotic events and persistent antiphospholipid antibodies (aPLA). PE occurs in 11–20% of patients and may constitute the initial clinical manifestation. Young and middle-aged [...] Read more.

Pulmonary embolism (PE) is one of the most serious complications of antiphospholipid syndrome (APS), a systemic autoimmune disorder defined by thrombotic events and persistent antiphospholipid antibodies (aPLA). PE occurs in 11–20% of patients and may constitute the initial clinical manifestation. Young and middle-aged women are most frequently affected, and triple-positive aPLA profiles markedly increase the risk of recurrence and long-term morbidity, including chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension (CTEPH). This review article summarizes current evidence on the epidemiology, pathophysiology, diagnostic approach, and management of PE in APS. Key mechanisms include anti-β2-glycoprotein I-mediated endothelial and platelet activation, complement engagement, and neutrophil extracellular trap formation, resulting in immunothrombosis. Diagnostic pathways follow standard PE algorithms; however, chronically elevated D-dimer levels and lupus anticoagulant-related aPTT prolongation require careful interpretation and consideration. Long-term vitamin K antagonist therapy remains the standard of care, whereas direct oral anticoagulants are not recommended in high-risk APS. Future directions include improved risk stratification through detailed aPLA profiling and the use of emerging biomarkers, early screening for CTEPH, and the development of targeted therapies such as complement inhibition and anti-NETosis strategies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Molecular Mechanisms and Therapeutic Targets in Cardiovascular Health and Cardiotoxicity)

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13 pages, 3245 KB

Open AccessArticle

A Multi-Scale Anatomical Wood Identification Approach Applied to Traditional Japanese Chord Instruments

by Flavio Ruffinatto, Simonetta Capetta, Aurora Canepari and Alan Crivellaro

Forests 2026, 17(1), 122; https://doi.org/10.3390/f17010122 - 15 Jan 2026

Abstract

Accurate wood identification is fundamental to any study, conservation, or restoration activity involving cusltural heritage objects, including musical instruments. Here, we apply WoodScope, a structured, multi-scale and minimally invasive workflow for wood identification, to three traditional Japanese chord instruments, showing how a systematic [...] Read more.

Accurate wood identification is fundamental to any study, conservation, or restoration activity involving cusltural heritage objects, including musical instruments. Here, we apply WoodScope, a structured, multi-scale and minimally invasive workflow for wood identification, to three traditional Japanese chord instruments, showing how a systematic sequence of visual, macroscopic, and microscopic observations maximizes diagnostic accuracy while safeguarding object integrity. The results show that out of 39 wooden parts analysed, 38 were identified non-invasively. In one case, targeted micro-sampling was performed, based on macroscopic observation, to obtain additional information. Overall, our results confirm that most instrument components can be reliably identified at the genus level or, when diagnostic characters are insufficient, to broader anatomical groups, without the need for destructive sampling. Our study demonstrates the efficacy of the WoodScope approach to optimise wood identification outcomes while preserving the object’s integrity and confining micro-targeted sampling to instances where microscopic anatomical characters are indispensable for reliable taxonomic identification and cannot be evaluated non-invasively. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Wood Anatomy: From Species Identification to Ecological and Technological Insights)

14 pages, 488 KB

Open AccessArticle

Perfectionism Mediates the Relationship Between Parental Expectations and Adolescent Depressive Symptoms

by Tolulope S. Aworefa and Kathryn L. Fletcher

Behav. Sci. 2026, 16(1), 125; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs16010125 - 15 Jan 2026

Abstract

A significant body of research worldwide has examined how parents who set high expectations may increase adolescents’ risk of developing perfectionistic traits. However, studies exploring this relationship in the Global South are almost nonexistent. This study investigated how adolescents perceived parental expectations related [...] Read more.

A significant body of research worldwide has examined how parents who set high expectations may increase adolescents’ risk of developing perfectionistic traits. However, studies exploring this relationship in the Global South are almost nonexistent. This study investigated how adolescents perceived parental expectations related to perfectionism and depressive symptoms among Nigerian adolescents. Participants completed the Frost Multidimensional Perfectionism Scale (FMPS), the Living Up to Parental Expectation Scale—Academic (LPE), and Beck’s Depression Inventory. Parental academic expectations were positively associated with personal standards and concern over mistakes, but parental expectations were negatively associated with depressive symptoms. Further analysis revealed that personal standards fully mediated the negative relationship between parental academic expectations on adolescents’ depressive symptoms. In contrast, concern over mistakes partially mediated the relationship between parental academic expectations and depressive symptoms. In contrast to previous research, parental academic expectations were associated with fewer depressive symptoms among Nigerian adolescents through indirect relationships with perfectionistic traits. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Global Mental Health Trends)

16 pages, 687 KB

Open AccessSystematic Review

Neurorehabilitation-Based Movement Representation Techniques in the Management of Craniocervical and Orofacial Pain: A Systematic Review of Randomized Controlled Trials

by Alberto García-Alonso, Luis Polo-Ferrero, Ana Silvia Puente-González, Tamara Manso-Hierro, Marta Beatriz Carrera-Villegas and Roberto Méndez-Sánchez

Life 2026, 16(1), 145; https://doi.org/10.3390/life16010145 - 15 Jan 2026

Abstract

Background: Craniocervical pain and temporomandibular disorders (TMDs) are prevalent, interconnected conditions. While Movement Representation Techniques (MRTs) are cognitive interventions targeting central pain mechanisms, their specific efficacy here lacks synthesis. This study systematically analyzes the effectiveness of MRTs, such as motor imagery (MI) and [...] Read more.

Background: Craniocervical pain and temporomandibular disorders (TMDs) are prevalent, interconnected conditions. While Movement Representation Techniques (MRTs) are cognitive interventions targeting central pain mechanisms, their specific efficacy here lacks synthesis. This study systematically analyzes the effectiveness of MRTs, such as motor imagery (MI) and action observation (AO), on pain and function in individuals with craniocervical and orofacial pain. Methods: A systematic review of RCTs (PROSPERO: CRD420251155428) was conducted following PRISMA guidelines. Four databases were searched for studies applying MRTs (MI, AO, laterality discrimination) to adults with craniocervical or orofacial pain. Primary outcomes were pain and functionality. Methodological quality was assessed using the PEDro scale and Cochrane RoB 2 tool. Results: Eight RCTs (n = 362) were included. Methodological quality was high (PEDro scores 8–9). MRTs significantly increased Pressure Pain Threshold (PPT) in the masseter, trapezius, and cervical regions. Functional improvements included enhanced cervical range of motion and sensorimotor control. AO consistently demonstrated superior outcomes. However, results for orofacial variables were derived from asymptomatic subjects. Results for cervical muscle strength were inconsistent. Conclusions: MRTs, especially AO, show potential to reduce pain and improve function in craniocervical disorders. Evidence in symptomatic orofacial pain populations is non-existent. Protocol heterogeneity and limited research groups necessitate further high-quality, multicenter RCTs to establish robust clinical guidelines. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation: Trends and Applications—4th Edition)

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15 pages, 1410 KB

Open AccessArticle

Phomopsin-A and Quinolizidine Alkaloids Concentrations in Lupinus albus Seeds: Effect of Aqueous and Gaseous Ozone Application

by Francesco Buccioni, Chiara Rossi, Annalisa Serio, Sara Palmieri, Fabiola Eugelio and Antonello Paparella

Foods 2026, 15(2), 326; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods15020326 - 15 Jan 2026

Abstract

Recent studies on novel protein sources unveiled lupins as a promising substitute for meat consumption. However, lupin cultivation and processing include significant safety concerns, such as quinolizidine alkaloids (QAs) and the possible growth of toxigenic fungi as Diaporthe toxica, which produces the [...] Read more.

Recent studies on novel protein sources unveiled lupins as a promising substitute for meat consumption. However, lupin cultivation and processing include significant safety concerns, such as quinolizidine alkaloids (QAs) and the possible growth of toxigenic fungi as Diaporthe toxica, which produces the mycotoxin phomopsin-A (PHO-A). Therefore, this study aims to assess the influence of gaseous and aqueous ozone on lupin beans as environmentally sustainable methods for detoxifying QAs and PHO-A mycotoxins, thereby addressing both these safety challenges. Three distinct aqueous and gaseous ozone treatments (4, 6, and 8 h, at 7.00 ppm O₃ concentration) were applied on lupin seeds inoculated with D. toxica DSM 1894. A good effectiveness of aqueous O₃ in the reduction in PHO-A (about 20%) was demonstrated, independently of the treatment duration, along with the reduction in some QAs typically encountered in lupin. Additionally, a significant reduction in D. toxica count was observed after 4 h treatment with aqueous O₃. In contrast, results for gaseous O₃ treatments did not show any significant effectiveness on either PHO-A or QAs. Conversely, none of the treatments applied significantly affected lupin color. In conclusion, aqueous ozone treatment demonstrated significant potential for the reduction in PHO-A and QAs, and the insights acquired from this work may aid in mitigating the dangers associated with lupin intake. Nevertheless, additional research is required to cover current knowledge gaps. Specifically, toxicological assays on PHO-A degradation by-products or O₃ combination with other hurdles is required to enhance treatments and preserve lupins’ nutrients. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Food Microbiology)

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17 pages, 697 KB

Open AccessArticle

Experiences of Minibus Taxi Drivers in Transporting People with Disabilities in Rural Areas of South Africa

by Babra Duri

Disabilities 2026, 6(1), 9; https://doi.org/10.3390/disabilities6010009 - 15 Jan 2026

Abstract

Rural transport remains a critical factor of social inclusion in South Africa, particularly for people with disabilities who rely on public transport. This study explores the experiences of minibus taxi drivers in transporting passengers with disabilities in Mt Elias, a rural community in [...] Read more.

Rural transport remains a critical factor of social inclusion in South Africa, particularly for people with disabilities who rely on public transport. This study explores the experiences of minibus taxi drivers in transporting passengers with disabilities in Mt Elias, a rural community in the KwaZulu-Natal province. A qualitative research design was adopted, involving semi-structured interviews with 15 drivers operating between Dalton and Mt Elias route. Thematic analysis was conducted using ATLAS.ti to identify key patterns and relationships across the dataset. The four key themes that emerged from the dataset are: infrastructure and environmental challenges, accessibility and support for passengers, operational and economic constraints, and human interactions and attitudes. Findings reveal that drivers face multiple barriers, including poor road conditions, limited vehicle space, and a lack of formal training, yet many demonstrate empathy and commitment to assisting passengers with disabilities. The study highlights the need for targeted policy interventions to improve road infrastructure, provide disability awareness training for drivers, and redesign vehicles for accessibility. Promoting inclusive rural transport requires coordinated action among government spheres, taxi associations, and disability advocacy groups. This research contributes new insights into the lived realities of rural drivers and promotes the importance of inclusive mobility as a component of social justice. Full article

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19 pages, 4865 KB

Open AccessArticle

Targeting AKT via SC79 for Photoreceptor Preservation in Retinitis Pigmentosa Mouse Models

by Alicia A. Brunet, Kate Gilbert, Annie L. Miller, Rebekah E. James, Xin Ru Lim, Alan R. Harvey and Livia S. Carvalho

Biomedicines 2026, 14(1), 195; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines14010195 - 15 Jan 2026

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Retinitis pigmentosa is a degenerative retinal disease and a major cause of inherited blindness globally. The pro-survival kinase AKT is downregulated in degenerating photoreceptors in retinitis pigmentosa, and its activation has shown neuroprotective effects in retinitis pigmentosa and other neurodegenerative disorders. [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Retinitis pigmentosa is a degenerative retinal disease and a major cause of inherited blindness globally. The pro-survival kinase AKT is downregulated in degenerating photoreceptors in retinitis pigmentosa, and its activation has shown neuroprotective effects in retinitis pigmentosa and other neurodegenerative disorders. In this study, we evaluated the therapeutic potential of SC79, a pharmaceutical AKT activator, in two mouse models of retinitis pigmentosa, rd1.GFP and RhoP23H.GFP. Methods: SC79 was administered intravitreally at postnatal day 12 (P12) and analysis was conducted at P16. Results: SC79 at 10 µM was well tolerated in wildtype mice, with no reduction in retinal function or thickness. In rd1.GFP mice, SC79 partially preserved peripheral outer nuclear layer (ONL) thickness, improved rod photoreceptor-driven optomotor contrast sensitivity responses, and improved cone photoreceptor morphology. Immunohistochemistry of retinal sections indicated AKT-related protein expression changes in both sham and SC79-treated rd1.GFP retinas, with sham injections leading to decreases in this pathway and SC79 injections restoring this back to uninjected protein levels or higher, indicating the damage from intravitreal injections can induce AKT-related protein expression changes. In RhoP23H.GFP mice, changes to the visual response from the therapeutic effects of SC79 were not detectable. An increased dosage of SC79 at 100 µM was evaluated in wildtype mice and showed no major toxic effects, although it did not confer neuroprotective benefits in either disease model. Conclusions: These results demonstrate the potential therapeutic effect of AKT pathway modulation for preserving photoreceptors in recessive retinitis pigmentosa, with further optimisation of treatment delivery required. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Neurobiology and Clinical Neuroscience)

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24 pages, 4131 KB

Open AccessArticle

A Novel SRAM In-Memory Computing Accelerator Design Approach with R2R-Ladder for AI Sensors and Eddy Current Testing

by Kevin Becker, Martin Zimmerling, Matthias Landwehr, Dirk Koster, Hans-Georg Herrmann and Wolf-Joachim Fischer

AI Sens. 2026, 2(1), 2; https://doi.org/10.3390/aisens2010002 - 15 Jan 2026

Abstract

This work presents a 6T-SRAM-based in-memory computing (IMC) system fabricated in a 180 nm CMOS technology. A total of 128 integrated polysilicon R2R-DACs for fully analog wordline control and performance analysis are integrated into the system. The proposed architecture enables analog computation directly [...] Read more.

This work presents a 6T-SRAM-based in-memory computing (IMC) system fabricated in a 180 nm CMOS technology. A total of 128 integrated polysilicon R2R-DACs for fully analog wordline control and performance analysis are integrated into the system. The proposed architecture enables analog computation directly inside the memory array and introduces a compact 1-bit per-column comparator scheme for energy-efficient classification without requiring ADCs. A dedicated pull-down-dominant SRAM sizing and an analog activation scheme ensure stable analog discharge behavior and precise control of the computation through time-dependent bitline dynamics. The system integrates a complete sensor front-end, which allows real eddy current data to be classified directly on-chip. Measurements demonstrate a performance density of 3.2 TOPS/mm², a simulated energy efficiency of 45 TOPS/W at 50 MHz, and a measured efficiency of 3.4 TOPS/W at 5 MHz on silicon. The implemented online training mechanism further improves classification accuracy by adapting the SRAM cell states during operation. These results highlight the suitability of the presented IMC architecture for compact, low-power edge intelligence and sensor-driven machine learning applications. Full article

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