MDPI - Publisher of Open Access Journals

24 pages, 4356 KB

Open AccessArticle

Benchmarking Overlapped Subarrays in Direct Radiating Arrays for GEO Broadband Satellite Communication Systems

by Margaux Pellet, Hervé Legay, George Goussetis, Joao Mota, Giovanni Toso and Piero Angeletti

Appl. Sci. 2025, 15(18), 10216; https://doi.org/10.3390/app151810216 (registering DOI) - 19 Sep 2025

Direct radiating arrays (DRAs) present favorable solutions for high-throughput flexible coverage in geostationary (GEO) broadband satellite missions. The ultimate constraint in these architectures is the high number of digitally controlled antenna ports, which renders fully digital architectures impractical for the immediate future. Instead, [...] Read more.

Direct radiating arrays (DRAs) present favorable solutions for high-throughput flexible coverage in geostationary (GEO) broadband satellite missions. The ultimate constraint in these architectures is the high number of digitally controlled antenna ports, which renders fully digital architectures impractical for the immediate future. Instead, hybrid analog–digital DRAs are being considered as a promising trade-off in terms of performance/flexibility and digital processing demands. These architectures commonly involve subarrays with analog beamforming, which form broad (regional) beams, which are then digitally beamformed at a second level to produce a multitude of narrow beams used for broadband connectivity. Due to the large size of the subarrays, these architectures are subject to undesired grating lobes that can lead to interference and reduce the gain of the main beam, thereby compromising overall performance. Partial mitigation of the grating lobes is attainable by subarray overlapping. This paper presents a comparative assessment of three different hybrid analog–digital DRA architectures in terms of the coverage characteristics and discusses their practical implementation. It is demonstrated that improved performance can be achieved by subarray overlapping with some additional analog hardware complexity but otherwise maintaining the number of digitally controlled antenna ports. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antennas for Next-Generation Electromagnetic Applications)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

20 pages, 1534 KB

Open AccessArticle

Changing Attitudes Towards Retirement and Ageing Through Flipped Classroom and Collaborative Learning: A Social Psychological Study with Psychology and Social Work Students

by María Natividad Elvira-Zorzo and Maria Teresa Vega Rodríguez

Soc. Sci. 2025, 14(9), 562; https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci14090562 (registering DOI) - 19 Sep 2025

Abstract

The phenomenon of population ageing indicates an overall improvement in health and quality of life. However, it also presents significant social challenges, particularly with regard to age discrimination and the negative stereotypes and attitudes towards older people known as ageism. Various studies have [...] Read more.

The phenomenon of population ageing indicates an overall improvement in health and quality of life. However, it also presents significant social challenges, particularly with regard to age discrimination and the negative stereotypes and attitudes towards older people known as ageism. Various studies have shown that these prejudices have a negative impact on the social integration and well-being of this group. This quasi-experimental pre-test–post-test study, which involved a non-equivalent comparison group, was carried out at the University of Salamanca with psychology and social work students. This study aimed to reduce negative stereotypes about old age and unfavourable attitudes towards retirement by implementing a three-phase educational programme. The programme incorporated flipped classroom methodology and intergenerational collaborative projects. Participants were divided into two groups: an intervention group responsible for designing intergenerational projects and a comparison group which did not participate in the intervention. The Negative Stereotypes towards Old Age Questionnaire (CENVE) and the Attitudes towards Retirement Scale (ARS) were administered before and after the programme. The results showed a significant decrease in negative stereotypes in the intervention group, with no changes observed in the comparison group. The impact varied according to academic discipline. Integrating active and intergenerational methodologies into educational contexts is proposed as a means of mitigating ageism, promoting inclusion, and fostering social justice. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Family Studies)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

6 pages, 2026 KB

Open AccessCase Report

MSSA Thoracic Mycotic Aneurysm Repaired with TEVAR: A Case Report

by Umabalan Thirupathy, Vikramaditya Samala Venkata and Viraj Panchal

Reports 2025, 8(3), 184; https://doi.org/10.3390/reports8030184 (registering DOI) - 19 Sep 2025

Abstract

Background and Clinical Significance: Mycotic aortic aneurysm is a rare but life-threatening vascular condition characterized by infection-induced dilation or pseudoaneurysm formation in the aorta. The condition carries a high risk of rupture and mortality, especially in individuals with underlying cardiovascular disease, who have [...] Read more.

Background and Clinical Significance: Mycotic aortic aneurysm is a rare but life-threatening vascular condition characterized by infection-induced dilation or pseudoaneurysm formation in the aorta. The condition carries a high risk of rupture and mortality, especially in individuals with underlying cardiovascular disease, who have undergone recent vascular procedures, or with immunocompromising comorbidities such as diabetes. Its diagnosis is challenging due to its non-specific symptoms and often requires a high index of suspicion, especially in patients presenting with persistent fever and negative initial imaging. Early recognition and intervention are critical, as delayed treatment significantly worsens outcomes. Case Presentation: A 68-year-old male with a history of coronary artery disease, recent stent placement, and hypertension presented with two days of fever, chills, rigors, and a mild nonproductive cough. The laboratory findings were only significant for leukocytosis. The initial chest X-ray and non-contrast CT scans were unremarkable. He was admitted for presumed pneumonia and started on intravenous antibiotics. Persistent fever prompted further investigation with contrast-enhanced CT, which revealed a distal-aortic-arch pseudoaneurysm and mild mediastinal stranding. Blood cultures grew methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA). Transthoracic echocardiogram was negative for endocarditis. The patient was transferred to a tertiary center, where repeat imaging confirmed a 1.5 cm pseudoaneurysm and a 4 mm penetrating atherosclerotic ulcer. After multidisciplinary assessment, he underwent thoracic endovascular aortic repair (TEVAR) and completed four weeks of intravenous cefazolin. Follow-up imaging showed successful aneurysm repair with no complications. Conclusions: Thoracic mycotic aneurysm is a rapidly fatal entity despite intervention. High clinical suspicion is necessary given its non-specific presentation. It is diagnosed most practically using CTA. In addition to antibiotics, TEVAR is gaining traction as a feasible and a safe alternative to open surgical repair (OSR). Full article

► Show Figures

Figure 1

14 pages, 1127 KB

Open AccessArticle

Dental Age Estimation from Panoramic Radiographs: A Comparison of Orthodontist and ChatGPT-4 Evaluations Using the London Atlas, Nolla, and Haavikko Methods

by Derya Dursun and Rumeysa Bilici Geçer

Diagnostics 2025, 15(18), 2389; https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics15182389 (registering DOI) - 19 Sep 2025

Abstract

Background: Dental age (DA) estimation, which is widely used in orthodontics, pediatric dentistry, and forensic dentistry, predicts chronological age (CA) by assessing tooth development and maturation. Most methods rely on radiographic evaluation of tooth mineralization and eruption stages to assess DA. With the [...] Read more.

Background: Dental age (DA) estimation, which is widely used in orthodontics, pediatric dentistry, and forensic dentistry, predicts chronological age (CA) by assessing tooth development and maturation. Most methods rely on radiographic evaluation of tooth mineralization and eruption stages to assess DA. With the increasing adoption of large language models (LLMs) in medical sciences, use of ChatGPT has extended to processing visual data. The aim of this study, therefore, was to evaluate the performance of ChatGPT-4 in estimating DA from panoramic radiographs using three conventional methods (Nolla, Haavikko, and London Atlas) and to compare its accuracy against both orthodontist assessments and CA. Methods: In this retrospective study, panoramic radiographs of 511 Turkish children aged 6–17 years were assessed. DA was estimated using the Nolla, Haavikko, and London Atlas methods by both orthodontists and ChatGPT-4. The DA–CA difference and mean absolute error (MAE) were calculated, and statistical comparisons were performed to assess accuracy and sex differences and reach an agreement between the evaluators, with significance set at p < 0.05. Results: The mean CA of the study population was 12.37 ± 2.95 years (boys: 12.39 ± 2.94; girls: 12.35 ± 2.96). Using the London Atlas method, the orthodontists overestimated CA with a DA–CA difference of 0.78 ± 1.26 years (p < 0.001), whereas ChatGPT-4 showed no significant DA–CA difference (0.03 ± 0.93; p = 0.399). Using the Nolla method, the orthodontist showed no significant DA–CA difference (0.03 ± 1.14; p = 0.606), but ChatGPT-4 underestimated CA with a DA–CA difference of −0.40 ± 1.96 years (p < 0.001). Using the Haavikko method, the evaluators underestimated CA (orthodontist: −0.88; ChatGPT-4: −1.18; p < 0.001). The lowest MAE for ChatGPT-4 was obtained when using the London Atlas method (0.59 ± 0.72), followed by Nolla (1.33 ± 1.28) and Haavikko (1.51 ± 1.41). For the orthodontists, the lowest MAE was achieved when using the Nolla method (0.86 ± 0.75). Agreement between the orthodontists and ChatGPT-4 was highest when using the London Atlas method (ICC = 0.944, r = 0.905). Conclusions: ChatGPT-4 showed the highest accuracy with the London Atlas method, with no significant difference from CA for either sex or the lowest prediction error. When using the Nolla and Haavikko methods, both ChatGPT-4 and the orthodontist tended to underestimate age, with higher errors. Overall, ChatGPT-4 performed best when using visually guided methods and was less accurate when using multi-stage scoring methods. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Medical Imaging and Theranostics)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

28 pages, 979 KB

Open AccessReview

Alveolar Epithelial Cell Dysfunction in Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome: Mechanistic Insights and Targeted Interventions

by Jing Wang and Jie Chao

Biomedicines 2025, 13(9), 2299; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines13092299 (registering DOI) - 19 Sep 2025

Abstract

Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is a life-threatening condition with high mortality. A central driver in its pathogenesis is alveolar epithelial cell (AEC) dysfunction, which leads to disruption of the epithelial barrier, impaired fluid clearance, and dysregulated inflammatory responses. This review summarizes the [...] Read more.

Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is a life-threatening condition with high mortality. A central driver in its pathogenesis is alveolar epithelial cell (AEC) dysfunction, which leads to disruption of the epithelial barrier, impaired fluid clearance, and dysregulated inflammatory responses. This review summarizes the key mechanisms underlying AEC injury, including programmed cell death (apoptosis, pyroptosis, necroptosis, ferroptosis), oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, epigenetic reprogramming (DNA methylation, histone modifications), metabolic rewiring (succinate accumulation), and spatiotemporal heterogeneity revealed by single-cell sequencing and spatial transcriptomics. Multicellular crosstalk involving epithelial–immune–endothelial networks and the gut-lung axis further shapes disease progression. Building on these mechanistic foundations, we evaluate emerging AEC-targeted interventions such as pharmacologic agents (antioxidants, anti-inflammatories), biologics (mesenchymal stem cells and engineered exosomes), and gene-based approaches (adeno-associated virus and CRISPR-Cas9 systems delivered via smart nanocarriers). Complementary strategies include microbiome modulation through probiotics, short-chain fatty acids, or fecal microbiota transplantation, and biomarker-guided precision medicine (e.g., sRAGE, exosomal miRNAs) to enable promise individualized regimens. We also discuss translational hurdles, including nanotoxicity, mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) heterogeneity, and gene-editing safety, and highlight future opportunities involving AI-driven multi-omics, lung-on-chip platforms, and epithelium-centered regenerative therapies. By integrating mechanistic insights with innovative therapeutic strategies, this review aims to outline a roadmap toward epithelium-targeted, precision-guided therapies for ARDS. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Cell Biology and Pathology)

28 pages, 1190 KB

Open AccessFeature PaperReview

Vascular Dementia: From Pathophysiology to Therapeutic Frontiers

by Han-Mo Yang

J. Clin. Med. 2025, 14(18), 6611; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm14186611 (registering DOI) - 19 Sep 2025

Abstract

Vascular dementia (VaD) represents the second-most common dementia type after Alzheimer’s disease since it results from complications of cerebrovascular disease. Mixed pathologies combining vascular and neurodegenerative processes are the rule rather than exception in elderly dementia patients. The condition known as VaD includes [...] Read more.

Vascular dementia (VaD) represents the second-most common dementia type after Alzheimer’s disease since it results from complications of cerebrovascular disease. Mixed pathologies combining vascular and neurodegenerative processes are the rule rather than exception in elderly dementia patients. The condition known as VaD includes various types of vascular damage that affect both large and small blood vessels in the brain which results in cerebral hypoperfusion, blood–brain barrier disruption, glymphatic dysfunction, and molecular cascades causing neuronal damage. The mechanisms of VaD include endothelial dysfunction, oxidative stress, chronic neuroinflammation, impaired glymphatic clearance, white matter demyelination, and synaptic failure. The disease susceptibility of individuals depends on genetic factors which include NOTCH3 mutations and vascular risk polymorphisms. The diagnostic field uses neuroimaging tools and fluid biomarkers such as neurofilament light chain, inflammatory markers, and Aβ/tau ratios for mixed pathology. The current practice of vascular risk management combines with new therapeutic approaches that use phosphodiesterase inhibitors for cerebral perfusion and NLRP3 inflammasome inhibitors for neuroinflammation, senolytics for cellular senescence, and remyelination agents for white matter repair. However, the majority of new treatment methods remain investigational with limited Phase III data. Future medical treatment development will depend on precision medicine approaches which use biomarker-guided treatment selection and combination strategies targeting multiple pathological mechanisms. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Neurovascular Diseases: Clinical Advances and Challenges)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

17 pages, 2794 KB

Open AccessArticle

Tissue Cytometry Assay with Nuclear Segmentation for Quantifying NETotic Cells in Neutrophils Stimulated by Spermatozoa in Veterinary Species

by Rodrigo Rivera-Concha, Marion León, Nikol Ponce Rojas, Aurora Prado-Sanhueza, Pamela Uribe, Anja Taubert, Carlos Hermosilla, Raúl Sánchez and Fabiola Zambrano

Animals 2025, 15(18), 2742; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15182742 (registering DOI) - 19 Sep 2025

Abstract

Upon activation, neutrophils perform three distinct functions: phagocytosis, degranulation of antimicrobial substances into the extracellular medium, and release of neutrophil extracellular traps. Determination of the nuclear area expansion of neutrophils activated to release neutrophil extracellular traps has become critical in demonstrating early neutrophil [...] Read more.

Upon activation, neutrophils perform three distinct functions: phagocytosis, degranulation of antimicrobial substances into the extracellular medium, and release of neutrophil extracellular traps. Determination of the nuclear area expansion of neutrophils activated to release neutrophil extracellular traps has become critical in demonstrating early neutrophil activation and has become standard. Here, we demonstrate an automated method for measuring nuclear area expansion in two different mammalian species: canine and bovine. For both species, neutrophils were isolated from peripheral blood and co-incubated with fresh spermatozoa for up to 120 min for canine neutrophil–spermatozoa and recently thawed cryopreserved spermatozoa up to 240 min for bovine neutrophil–spermatozoa. Fluorescence images were acquired using a TissueFAXS microscope and then analyzed using StrataQuest v.7.0 software. The images show the release of neutrophil extracellular traps upon activation with spermatozoa for both species, as evidenced by the co-localization of neutrophil elastase and DNA staining. Neutrophil nuclei were expanded as early as 15 min and were detected at up to 120 min in both species. Analysis by nuclei segmentation showed that the data sets generated for both species were reliable and consistent with previously published methods. The method was developed as an automated alternative for measuring the area expansion of neutrophil nuclei in different species. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Molecular Mechanisms, Immunological, and Physiological Aspects Impacting Animal Fertility)

15 pages, 1759 KB

Open AccessArticle

Effects of Alternative Food Sources and Different Substrates on the Mass Rearing of Amblyseius andersoni

by Angelos Bechtsoudis, Maria L. Pappas, Konstantinos Samaras and George D. Broufas

Plants 2025, 14(18), 2912; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14182912 - 19 Sep 2025

Abstract

The predatory mite Amblyseius andersoni Chant (Acari: Phytoseiidae) is a key biological control agent against spider mites and other pests. For its broad application, efficient and affordable mass-rearing systems are essential. This study evaluated the effects of rearing substrate, food type, and rearing [...] Read more.

The predatory mite Amblyseius andersoni Chant (Acari: Phytoseiidae) is a key biological control agent against spider mites and other pests. For its broad application, efficient and affordable mass-rearing systems are essential. This study evaluated the effects of rearing substrate, food type, and rearing history on the development, survival, reproduction, and predation efficiency of the predator. Mites were reared on leaf discs or Plexiglas plates and fed one of five diets, including various plant pollens and the stored product mite Carpoglyphus lactis (L.) (Acari: Carpoglyphidae). Additionally, it was assessed whether rearing five generations on cattail pollen supplemented with the natural prey (Tetranychus urticae Koch (Acari: Tetranychidae) or frozen C. lactis influenced later predators’ performance. The substrate type did not affect development or survival contrary to the food source, with mites fed on cattail pollen or C. lactis developing faster and producing more eggs. Survival remained high across all diets. The intrinsic rate of increase was highest with cattail pollen and C. lactis. The five-generation rearing did not affect performance or feeding on natural prey such as T. urticae or Aculops lycopersici (Tryon) (Acari: Eriophyidae). These findings demonstrate that A. andersoni can be effectively mass-reared on alternative diets and substrates, supporting biocontrol strategies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Plant Protection: Focusing on Phytophagous Mites)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

28 pages, 1212 KB

Open AccessReview

Molecular Breeding for Abiotic Stress Tolerance in Crops: Recent Developments and Future Prospectives

by Mario A. Pagnotta

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025, 26(18), 9164; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms26189164 (registering DOI) - 19 Sep 2025

Abstract

The document is an updated review, starting from the Special Issue “Molecular Breeding for Abiotic Stress Tolerance in Crops” published in the Int. J. Mol. Sci. It reviews molecular breeding strategies to enhance abiotic stress tolerance in crops, addressing challenges like drought, salinity, [...] Read more.

The document is an updated review, starting from the Special Issue “Molecular Breeding for Abiotic Stress Tolerance in Crops” published in the Int. J. Mol. Sci. It reviews molecular breeding strategies to enhance abiotic stress tolerance in crops, addressing challenges like drought, salinity, temperature extremes, and waterlogging, which threaten global food security. Climate change intensifies these stresses, making it critical to develop resilient crop varieties. Plants adapt to stress through mechanisms such as hormonal regulation (e.g., ABA, ethylene), antioxidant defense (e.g., SOD, CAT), osmotic adjustment (e.g., proline accumulation), and gene expression regulation via transcription factors like MYB and WRKY. Advanced tools, such as CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing, enable precise modifications of stress-related genes, improving tolerance without compromising yield. Examples include rice (OsRR22, OsDST) and wheat (TaERF3, TaHKT1;5). Epigenetic regulation, including DNA methylation and histone modifications, also plays a role in stress adaptation. Specific studies focused on polyamine seed priming for improved germination and stress resistance, cadmium detoxification mechanisms, and genome-wide association studies (GWAS) to identify genetic markers for salt tolerance and yield. Research on salinity tolerance in wheat emphasizes sodium exclusion and tissue tolerance mechanisms. Future perspectives focus on genetic engineering, molecular markers, epigenetic studies, and functional validation to address environmental stress challenges, including the use of AI and machine learning to manage the large amount of data. The review underscores the importance of translating molecular findings into practical applications to ensure sustainable crop production under changing climates. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Molecular Breeding for Abiotic Stress Tolerance in Crops (Second Edition))

► Show Figures

Graphical abstract

34 pages, 1703 KB

Open AccessArticle

Long-Term Global Trends in Vineyard Coverage and Fresh Grape Production

by Noa Ohana-Levi and Yishai Netzer

Agriculture 2025, 15(18), 1976; https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture15181976 (registering DOI) - 19 Sep 2025

Abstract

Monitoring and tracking the long-term dynamics of vineyard coverage and fresh grape production can support sustainable agricultural planning under evolving climate, market, and land-use pressures. This study presents a comprehensive, data-driven analysis of global viticulture trends from 1961 to 2023, integrating the official [...] Read more.

Monitoring and tracking the long-term dynamics of vineyard coverage and fresh grape production can support sustainable agricultural planning under evolving climate, market, and land-use pressures. This study presents a comprehensive, data-driven analysis of global viticulture trends from 1961 to 2023, integrating the official statistical database of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAOSTAT) for grape-producing countries. We applied statistical trend analysis (Mann–Kendall test), Random Forest regression modeling, cross-correlation functions, and dissimilarity analysis to examine patterns and drivers of change in vineyard area, production volume, yield efficiency, and land-use intensity. Our results reveal a significant global decoupling of production from vineyard areas, driven by increasing yields and technological intensification, particularly in rapidly expanding table grape markets in Asia. While traditional European wine regions are reducing vineyard coverage, emerging producers such as China and India are achieving high production with improved land efficiency. Production volume emerged as the dominant predictor of vineyard-harvested areas, while climatic factors, urbanization, and socio-economic dynamics also exerted significant influence. Our findings point to growing polarization in production amounts, alongside convergence in yield and management efficiency across countries. These findings contribute to the understanding of global viticulture transformation and provide insights into optimizing land-use strategies for sustainable grape production under climate change and market evolution. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Management of Grape Production and Vineyards—2nd Edition)

18 pages, 2746 KB

Open AccessArticle

First-Principles Investigation of Structural, Electronic, and Optical Transitions in FexZr_1−xO₂ Solid Solutions

by Djelloul Nouar, Ahmed Hamdi, Ali Benghia and Mohammed ElSaid Sarhani

Appl. Sci. 2025, 15(18), 10224; https://doi.org/10.3390/app151810224 (registering DOI) - 19 Sep 2025

Abstract

First-principles density-functional theory (PBE, Quantum ESPRESSO) was employed to quantify how Fe substitution modulates the structural, elastic, electronic, and optical behaviour of cubic fluorite Fe_xZr_1−xO₂ (x = 0.00–1.00). The fluorite FeO₂ end member was treated as a [...] Read more.

First-principles density-functional theory (PBE, Quantum ESPRESSO) was employed to quantify how Fe substitution modulates the structural, elastic, electronic, and optical behaviour of cubic fluorite Fe_xZr_1−xO₂ (x = 0.00–1.00). The fluorite FeO₂ end member was treated as a hypothetical ambient-pressure limit to trace trends across the solid solution (experimental FeO₂ being stabilized in the high-pressure pyrite phase). Mechanical stability was verified via the cubic Born criteria, and composition-dependent stiffness and anisotropy were assessed through Voigt–Reuss–Hill moduli, Pugh ratio, and elastic indices. A strong band-gap narrowing was found—from 3.41 eV (x = 0) to ≈0.02 eV (x = 0.50)—which was accompanied by a visible–NIR red-shift, large absorption (α ≈ 10⁵ cm⁻¹ at higher x), and enhanced refractive index and permittivity; metallic-like response was indicated at high Fe content. Spin-polarized calculations converged to zero total and absolute magnetization, indicating a non-magnetic ground state at 0 K within PBE. The effect of oxygen vacancies (V₀)—expected under Fe³⁺ charge compensation—was explicitly considered: V₀ is anticipated to influence lattice metrics, elastic moduli (B, G, G/B), and sub-gap optical activity, potentially modifying stability and optical figures of merit. Stoichiometric (formal Fe⁴⁺) predictions were distinguished from V₀-rich scenarios. Absolute band gaps may be underestimated at the PBE level. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Materials Science and Engineering)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

20 pages, 1060 KB

Open AccessArticle

Bitter Taste Receptors TAS2R8 and TAS2R10 Reduce Proton Secretion and Differentially Modulate Cadmium Uptake in Immortalized Human Gastric Cells

by H. Noreen Orth, Philip Pirkwieser, Maya Giridhar, Valerie Boger, Mark M. Somoza, Andreas Dunkel and Veronika Somoza

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025, 26(18), 9166; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms26189166 (registering DOI) - 19 Sep 2025

Abstract

Beyond sensing bitter-tasting compounds, bitter taste receptors (TAS2Rs) have been demonstrated to play a functional role in proton secretion as a key mechanism of gastric acid secretion (GAS) and the cellular uptake of the zinc metal ion. Given its chemical similarity and comparable [...] Read more.

Beyond sensing bitter-tasting compounds, bitter taste receptors (TAS2Rs) have been demonstrated to play a functional role in proton secretion as a key mechanism of gastric acid secretion (GAS) and the cellular uptake of the zinc metal ion. Given its chemical similarity and comparable effects in GAS, we focused this work on cadmium and hypothesized that gastric TAS2Rs are involved in (i) cadmium-induced inhibition of proton secretion and (ii) in its cellular uptake. To test this hypothesis, immortalized human parietal HGT-1 cells were exposed to 62.5–1000 µM CdCl₂ for 30 min to elucidate TAS2R-mediated proton secretory activity (PSA) using a fluorescence-based pH cell assay and to quantitate cellular cadmium uptake by ICP-MS. HGT-1 cells exposed to CdCl₂ exhibited a dose-dependent decrease in PSA, accompanied by a corresponding increase in intracellular cadmium concentrations. Following a TAS2R RT-qPCR screening, the functional roles of TAS2R8 and TAS2R10 were clarified using a siRNA knockdown approach, demonstrating that TAS2R8 promotes and TAS2R10 mediates protection against excessive cellular cadmium accumulation. An additional cDNA microarray screening revealed, via gene ontology analysis, a distinct gene association of TAS2R8 and TAS2R10 with several metal ion transporters. These results provide the first evidence for a specific role of individual TAS2Rs beyond taste perception, particularly in metal ion homeostasis and gastric physiology. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Trace Elements, Metal Ions, Channels and Transporters in Metabolism)

13 pages, 464 KB

Open AccessReview

The Effectiveness of Clear Aligners in Orthognathic Surgery: Pre- and Postoperative Phases—A Scoping Review

by Federica Lugas, Roberto Schirru, Francesco Bustio Dettori, Alessio Verdecchia and Enrico Spinas

Appl. Sci. 2025, 15(18), 10223; https://doi.org/10.3390/app151810223 (registering DOI) - 19 Sep 2025

Abstract

Clear aligners are increasingly used as an alternative to fixed appliances in orthognathic surgery, particularly for skeletal Class III malocclusions. This scoping review aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of clear aligners in the pre- and postoperative phases of surgical treatment and was conducted [...] Read more.

Clear aligners are increasingly used as an alternative to fixed appliances in orthognathic surgery, particularly for skeletal Class III malocclusions. This scoping review aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of clear aligners in the pre- and postoperative phases of surgical treatment and was conducted following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR) guidelines. Electronic searches were conducted in PubMed, Scopus, Embase, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, and OpenGrey. Data extraction considered study design, country, sample characteristics, surgical protocol, orthodontic biomechanics, use of auxiliaries, and cephalometric outcomes. Seven studies published between 2020 and 2024 were included. They involved 120 adult patients treated with Invisalign^® combined with Le Fort I osteotomy and bilateral sagittal split osteotomy. All studies reported skeletal improvements, particularly in ANB angle and Wits appraisal, with maintenance of vertical dimensions. Clear aligners facilitated presurgical dental decompensation, torque control, and postsurgical occlusal refinement, with auxiliaries and digital tools enhancing predictability. Despite variability in protocols and limited long-term follow-up, outcomes were comparable to those achieved with fixed appliances. Current evidence supports the clinical viability of integrating clear aligners into orthognathic surgery, although standardized protocols and further high-quality prospective studies are needed to confirm long-term stability. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Technologies in Oral Surgery—2nd Edition)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

12 pages, 407 KB

Open AccessArticle

Maternal Dietary Patterns, Food Security and Multivitamin Use as Determinants of Non-Syndromic Orofacial Clefts Risk in Ghana: A Case–Control Study

by Samuel Atta Tonyemevor, Mary Amoako, Lord Jephthah Joojo Gowans, Alexander Kwarteng, Collins Afriyie Appiah, Solomon Obiri-Yeboah, Daniel Kwesi Sabbah and Peter Donkor

Women 2025, 5(3), 34; https://doi.org/10.3390/women5030034 (registering DOI) - 19 Sep 2025

Abstract

Non-syndromic Orofacial clefts (NSOFCs) are among the most common congenital anomalies globally, yet evidence on maternal dietary and nutritional risk factors in sub-Saharan Africa is limited. A matched case–control study with 103 mothers of children with non-syndromic OFCs and 103 control mothers of [...] Read more.

Non-syndromic Orofacial clefts (NSOFCs) are among the most common congenital anomalies globally, yet evidence on maternal dietary and nutritional risk factors in sub-Saharan Africa is limited. A matched case–control study with 103 mothers of children with non-syndromic OFCs and 103 control mothers of unaffected children was conducted to assess dietary patterns, food security, and supplement use. Dietary intake was assessed using a food frequency questionnaire, and patterns were identified through principal component analysis. Household food security was measured using the USDA 18-item scale, and periconceptional multivitamin and folic acid use were recorded. Logistic regression models examined the associations. Three major dietary patterns emerged: Sweet and Energy-Dense, Staple Plant-Based, and Animal Protein–Vegetable. Higher adherence to Sweet and Energy-Dense (Highest tertile, T3: OR = 22.27; 95% CI: 8.71–56.91, p < 0.001) and Staple Plant-Based (T3: OR = 4.07; 95% CI: 1.70–9.73, p = 0.002) was associated with increased OFC odds, while the Animal Protein–Vegetable pattern suggested a borderline protective association (T3: OR = 0.44; 95% CI: 0.19–1.03, p = 0.048). Severe food insecurity was more common among case-mothers (49.5%) than controls (39.8%). Periconceptional use of multivitamins and folic acid was low (<15%) in both groups. These findings highlight the importance of improving maternal diet quality and addressing food insecurity in resource-limited settings. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Maternal Nutrition from Preconception, Through Pregnancy and Lactation)

20 pages, 1808 KB

Open AccessArticle

Evaluation of Measurement Errors in Rotational Stitching, One-Shot, and Slot-Scanning Full-Length Radiography

by Zhengliang Li, Jie Xia, Cong Wang, Zhemin Zhu, Fan Zhang, Tsung-Yuan Tsai, Zhenhong Zhu and Kai Yang

Bioengineering 2025, 12(9), 999; https://doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering12090999 (registering DOI) - 19 Sep 2025

Abstract

Full-length radiography is essential for evaluating spinal deformities, limb length discrepancies, and preoperative planning in orthopedics, yet the measurement accuracy of different radiographic methods remains unclear. This phantom study compared the accuracy of rotational stitching, one-shot and slot-scanning full-length radiography across six radiographic [...] Read more.

Full-length radiography is essential for evaluating spinal deformities, limb length discrepancies, and preoperative planning in orthopedics, yet the measurement accuracy of different radiographic methods remains unclear. This phantom study compared the accuracy of rotational stitching, one-shot and slot-scanning full-length radiography across six radiographic systems in quantifying distances between anatomical landmarks. Measurement errors were statistically analyzed using appropriate nonparametric tests. The results demonstrated significant differences in measurement accuracy among the three methods (H (2) = 15.86, p < 0.001). Slot-scanning exhibited the highest accuracy, with a mean error of −1.19 ± 10.13 mm, while both rotational stitching and one-shot imaging showed greater systematic underestimation, with mean errors of −18.95 ± 13.77 mm and −15.32 ± 12.38 mm, respectively. These negative biases (approximately 1.9 cm and 1.5 cm) are clinically meaningful because, if unrecognized, they can alter mechanical axis estimation and alignment planning in procedures such as high tibial osteotomy (HTO). Post hoc analysis confirmed the superior accuracy of slot-scanning compared to the other two methods, while no significant difference was found between rotational stitching and one-shot imaging. These findings indicate that system choice substantially impacts measurement accuracy, supporting preferential use of slot-scanning when precise quantitative assessment is required. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Engineering Technologies in Orthopaedic Research)

► Show Figures

Graphical abstract

30 pages, 2733 KB

Open AccessArticle

Research on Internal Instability Characteristics of Centrifugal Impeller Based on Dynamic Mode Decomposition

by Xiaoping Fan, Zhuhai Zhong, Hongfen Chen, Yang Chen, Meng Wang and Xiaodong Lu

Fluids 2025, 10(9), 246; https://doi.org/10.3390/fluids10090246 (registering DOI) - 19 Sep 2025

Abstract

Nitrogen compression requires centrifugal compressors to operate under relatively high ambient pressure. However, the internal instability characteristics of compressors handling high-density working fluids remain unclear. Therefore, this study employs Dynamic Mode Decomposition (DMD) to investigate unsteady flow fluctuations within an isolated centrifugal impeller [...] Read more.

Nitrogen compression requires centrifugal compressors to operate under relatively high ambient pressure. However, the internal instability characteristics of compressors handling high-density working fluids remain unclear. Therefore, this study employs Dynamic Mode Decomposition (DMD) to investigate unsteady flow fluctuations within an isolated centrifugal impeller under both best efficiency and near-stall conditions at high ambient pressure. Results show that as the throttling process progresses, distinct unsteady phenomena emerge within the impeller. Under near-stall conditions, the frequency of the instability is 0.44 times the blade passage frequency (BPF), manifesting as periodic pressure fluctuations throughout the entire blade passage. This instability originates from periodic passage blockages caused by fluctuations in tip leakage flow. Additionally, the pressure fluctuations at the impeller inlet exhibit a noticeable lag compared to those in the latter half of the passage. Through DMD analysis, it is found that after the tip leakage vortex exits the blade, it interacts with the pressure surface of the adjacent blade, affecting the tip loading of the neighboring blade and forming a dynamic cycle. However, this vortex is not the primary flow structure responsible for the instability. These insights into the nature of unsteady disturbances provide valuable implications for future stall warning and instability prediction technologies. Full article

11 pages, 404 KB

Open AccessArticle

Successful Oral Immunotherapy (OIT) Due to Anti-IgE Protection

by Mehrak Yoosefi Moridani, Susanne Lau and Kirsten Beyer

J. Clin. Med. 2025, 14(18), 6612; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm14186612 (registering DOI) - 19 Sep 2025

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Oral immunotherapy with peanut protein powder is difficult to initiate in patients with a very low reactivity threshold to peanuts. For this specific group, an add-on treatment with omalizumab (anti-IgE monoclonal antibody) is helpful to tolerate the initial steps. Methods: [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Oral immunotherapy with peanut protein powder is difficult to initiate in patients with a very low reactivity threshold to peanuts. For this specific group, an add-on treatment with omalizumab (anti-IgE monoclonal antibody) is helpful to tolerate the initial steps. Methods: After failed initiation in three children, an off-label approval from the individuals’ insurance was necessary for the premedication with anti-IgE ahead of a second approach at our center. Currently, the European countries have no approval from the European Medicines Agency (EMA) for the treatment of food allergies with omalizumab. Results: Under anti-IgE protection, our patients have restarted the oral immunotherapy without anaphylactic reactions and have reached the maintenance dose within the treatment protocol. Conclusions: For a few patients with initial anaphylactic reactions due to doses below the first treatment step (3 mg peanut protein powder), a premedication with omalizumab is not only safe but also reduces side effects, in particular anaphylactic reactions, and the time to reach the hundredfold higher maintenance dose (300 mg peanut protein powder). Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Allergen-Specific Immunotherapy (AIT) for Allergic Diseases of the Respiratory Tract and Food Allergies)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

14 pages, 3712 KB

Open AccessArticle

Phosphatidic Acid Reverses Obesity Induced by a High-Fat, High-Sugar Diet at the Transcriptional Level

by Hao Xie, Qian Cheng, Xingyi Tian and Yanlin Liao

Genes 2025, 16(9), 1112; https://doi.org/10.3390/genes16091112 (registering DOI) - 19 Sep 2025

Abstract

Background: Obesity poses a significant threat to human health and is commonly caused by excessive dietary intake. Phosphatidic acid (PA) is one of the simplest diacylglycerol phospholipids, serving as a crucial precursor for the synthesis of triglycerides and other complex phospholipids. PA is [...] Read more.

Background: Obesity poses a significant threat to human health and is commonly caused by excessive dietary intake. Phosphatidic acid (PA) is one of the simplest diacylglycerol phospholipids, serving as a crucial precursor for the synthesis of triglycerides and other complex phospholipids. PA is also an important intermediate product in the process of fat digestion and absorption. Studies have shown that PA has muscle-building and fat-reducing effects, but it is currently unclear whether it can combat obesity induced by a high-fat, high-sugar diet (HFD). Methods: Using a model of obesity induced by a high-fat high-sugar diet, we found that the addition of PA to food could reverse HFD-induced obesity. Results: Addition of PA to food can reverse obesity induced by a high-fat diet. Transcriptomic analysis results indicate that this reversal also takes place at the molecular level. Further analysis suggests that PA may regulate fat metabolism by reversing the PPAR signaling pathway. Conclusions: Our study provides molecular evidence for the use of PA as an effective additive in weight-loss food products. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Molecular Genetics and Genomics)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

22 pages, 1640 KB

Open AccessArticle

Proteomic Research of the Stress Response of Saccharomyces cerevisiae W303 Yeast to Metal Ions Eluted from Orthodontic Appliances

by Lara Dežulović, Božena Ćurko-Cofek and Gordana Čanadi Jurešić

Microorganisms 2025, 13(9), 2200; https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms13092200 (registering DOI) - 19 Sep 2025

Abstract

Although orthodontic appliances are widely used in daily practice, they also have their downsides due to the large amount of metal ions released from their surface. In this study, the influence of such released metal ions on the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae W303 as [...] Read more.

Although orthodontic appliances are widely used in daily practice, they also have their downsides due to the large amount of metal ions released from their surface. In this study, the influence of such released metal ions on the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae W303 as a model organism was investigated. Experimental yeast media in which metal ions (iron, aluminum, nickel, chromium, copper, and manganese) were eluted for 3, 7, 14, and 28 days were prepared and then used for yeast cultivation (up to the early stationary growth phase). The growth, increase, and viability of the cells were tested. The mitochondria were isolated from the spheroplasts, and the mitochondrial proteins were obtained and analyzed by liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry. Fortythree significantly altered proteins were identified. They showed significantly reduced expression in all metal-treated groups compared to the control. The metabolic processes for energy supply (glycolysis, gluconeogenesis, tricarboxylic acid cycle, and adenosine triphosphate synthesis) dominated with 50% of the total amount of significantly altered proteins in all samples, but their proportions changed at different time points. The downregulation of mitochondrial proteins such as Atp1, Atp2, and Pet9 under conditions of metal overload suggests a broader impairment of mitochondrial function. Three levels of response to stress can be observed—at relatively low metal ion concentrations in the medium (3 days of elution, approx. 3 mg/L), at medium concentrations (7 days of elution, approx. 5.5 mg/L), and at high concentrations (>8 mg/L, 14 and 28 days of elution), each affecting a specific group of proteins. The results show that mixtures of metal ions in experimental media led to a specific response (in terms of the amount and type of proteins) in each sample type to combat the provoked stress. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bioinformatics and Omic Data Analysis in Microbial Research, 2nd Edition)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

27 pages, 3625 KB

Open AccessArticle

Digital Twin-Driven Sorting System for 3D Printing Farm

by Zeyan Wang, Fei Xie, Zhiyuan Wang, Yijian Liu, Qi Mao and Jun Chen

Appl. Sci. 2025, 15(18), 10222; https://doi.org/10.3390/app151810222 (registering DOI) - 19 Sep 2025

Abstract

Modern agricultural intelligent manufacturing faces critical challenges including low automation levels, safety hazards in high-temperature processing, and insufficient production data integration. Digital twin technology and 3D printing offer promising solutions through real-time virtual–physical synchronization and customized equipment manufacturing, respectively. However, existing research exhibits [...] Read more.

Modern agricultural intelligent manufacturing faces critical challenges including low automation levels, safety hazards in high-temperature processing, and insufficient production data integration. Digital twin technology and 3D printing offer promising solutions through real-time virtual–physical synchronization and customized equipment manufacturing, respectively. However, existing research exhibits significant limitations: inadequate real-time synchronization mechanisms causing delayed response, poor environmental adaptability in unstructured agricultural settings, and limited human–machine collaboration capabilities. To address these deficiencies, this study develops a digital twin-driven intelligent sorting system for 3D-printed agricultural tools, integrating an Articulated Robot Arm, 16 industrial-grade 3D printers, and the Unity3D 2024.x platform to establish a complete “printing–sorting–warehousing” digitalized production loop. Unlike existing approaches, our system achieves millisecond-level bidirectional physical–virtual synchronization, implements an adaptive grasping algorithm combining force control and thermal sensing for safe high-temperature handling, employs improved RRT-Connect path planning with ellipsoidal constraint sampling, and features AR/VR/MR-based multimodal interaction. Validation testing in real agricultural production environments demonstrates a 98.7% grasping success rate, a 99% reduction in burn accidents, and a 191% sorting efficiency improvement compared to traditional methods, providing breakthrough solutions for sustainable agricultural development and smart farming ecosystem construction. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Additive Manufacturing Technologies)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

27 pages, 3743 KB

Open AccessArticle

Development of a Systematic Method for Tuning PID Control Gains in Free-Running Ship Simulations

by Jae-Hyeon An, Hwi-Su Kim and Kwang-Jun Paik

J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2025, 13(9), 1813; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse13091813 (registering DOI) - 19 Sep 2025

Abstract

In free-running ship simulations, PID control gains for rudder and propeller revolution are often selected based on empirical experience without a standardized procedure, leading to inconsistent results under varying operational conditions. This study examined PID control gains by implementing a simulation framework using [...] Read more.

In free-running ship simulations, PID control gains for rudder and propeller revolution are often selected based on empirical experience without a standardized procedure, leading to inconsistent results under varying operational conditions. This study examined PID control gains by implementing a simulation framework using STAR-CCM+. The Ziegler–Nichols tuning method was applied to derive control gains, and their behavior was analyzed across different wave conditions (calm, short, medium, and long waves), PID period condition, ship speeds (low and design speeds), and scale ratios. The simulations showed that the PID gains derived under moderate wave conditions provided stable and reliable control performance across various sea states. Furthermore, the influence of scale ratio changes on the control performance was evaluated, and a non-dimensional scaling formula for PID coefficients was proposed to enhance applicability across different model sizes. Validation against experimental data confirmed the reliability of the simulation setup. These findings offer a systematic guideline for selecting the PID control gains for free-running simulations, promoting improved accuracy and stability under diverse environmental and operational conditions. This research contributes to developing standardized practices for maneuvering performance evaluations in realistic maritime environments. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Marine CFD: From Resistance Prediction to Environmental Innovation)

26 pages, 1485 KB

Open AccessReview

Exploring Cannabinoid Effects Using Zebrafish (Danio rerio) as an In Vivo Model: A Review of the Literature

by Xingbo Wang, Han Xie, Xiaoling Shi, Kusheng Wu and Wenlong Huang

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025, 26(18), 9165; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms26189165 (registering DOI) - 19 Sep 2025

Abstract

Cannabis is increasingly utilized for both recreational and medical purposes, and the discovery of the endocannabinoid system (ECS) has renewed interest in its therapeutic potential. Nonetheless, the safety of cannabis and cannabinoid-containing products requires re-evaluation. In this study, zebrafish were employed as a [...] Read more.

Cannabis is increasingly utilized for both recreational and medical purposes, and the discovery of the endocannabinoid system (ECS) has renewed interest in its therapeutic potential. Nonetheless, the safety of cannabis and cannabinoid-containing products requires re-evaluation. In this study, zebrafish were employed as a translational in vivo model to comprehensively evaluate the toxicological profiles and the therapeutic potential of phytocannabinoids and synthetic cannabinoids. Current evidence, particularly from studies on key phytocannabinoids such as Δ⁹-THC, CBD, and CBN, along with newly developed synthetic cannabinoids (such as JWH-018), demonstrates a spectrum of embryotoxic outcomes including developmental abnormalities, neurotoxicity, liver damage, reproductive impairments, and disturbances in metabolic regulation, especially during early life stages. By contrast, evidence for therapeutic benefits, such as alleviation of muscle spasms, pain and nausea, as well as neuroprotective and anti-inflammatory effects, is promising but comparatively less abundant and more heterogeneous in study design and outcome measures. Taken together, this imbalance indicates that toxicological risks are supported by more extensive and consistent data, whereas therapeutic efficacy, though encouraging, still requires more rigorous validation. This dual profile underscores the need for a robust, evidence-based framework for cannabinoid development and clinical application. Further investigations are essential to clarify mechanisms of toxicity and therapeutic action, optimize dosing regimens, define safe therapeutic windows, and evaluate long-term health outcomes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Zebrafish as a Novel Model for Toxicological Research)

20 pages, 1051 KB

Open AccessReview

Future Directions and Priorities for Cellular Therapy in Sarcoma: A Report from the Strategic Advances in Sarcoma Science Cell Therapy Breakout

by Jacqueline Oliva-Ramirez, David Milewski, Lauren Banks, Kelly M. Bailey, Everett J. Moding, Jessica Lake, Alice Chen, Jessica D. Daley, Erin E. Resch, Rosandra N. Kaplan, Brian H. Ladle, Lindy Zhang, Margaret M. Chou, Rosa Nguyen, Urania Dagalakis, Nourhane Al Akoum, Poul H Sorensen, Jonathan A. Fletcher, Ronald DeMatteo, Nicolas J. Llosa and Seth M. Pollack Show full author list Hide full author list

Cancers 2025, 17(18), 3068; https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers17183068 (registering DOI) - 19 Sep 2025

Abstract

Background: In September of 2024, the 2nd annual meeting of the Strategic Advances in Sarcoma Science (SASS) convened at the National Institutes of Health. This gathering of national sarcoma experts focused on preclinical studies, clinical trials, opportunities, challenges, and future directions in sarcoma [...] Read more.

Background: In September of 2024, the 2nd annual meeting of the Strategic Advances in Sarcoma Science (SASS) convened at the National Institutes of Health. This gathering of national sarcoma experts focused on preclinical studies, clinical trials, opportunities, challenges, and future directions in sarcoma biology and clinical care with a focus on immunotherapy. The Immunology in Sarcoma breakout group conducted a dedicated discussion focused on the current and future implementation of adoptive cellular therapies (ACTs) in sarcomas. The current manuscript summarizes these discussions and provides a comprehensive resource for researchers and clinicians. Results: Adoptive cell therapy (ACT) has shown encouraging results in sarcomas with afami-cel achieving durable responses in synovial sarcoma and early TCR-T trials against NY-ESO-1 and MAGE-A4 demonstrating meaningful response rates. Building on these outcomes will require discovering new targets, selecting optimal cell types, refining conditioning regimens, combining with alternative treatment strategies such as TKIs, and leveraging predictive biomarkers informed by a deeper understanding of the tumor microenvironment. Conclusions: Sarcomas are promising targets for adoptive cell therapy (ACT), as shown by afami-cel’s success in synovial sarcoma, but broader impact requires new target discovery, optimal cell selection, improved conditioning, combination treatments, deeper tumor microenvironment understanding, and predictive biomarkers to achieve more durable responses for more patients. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Cancer Immunology and Immunotherapy)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

17 pages, 916 KB

Open AccessArticle

Assessment of Insulin Resistance and Body Composition in Children with Overweight and Obesity: A Pilot Study Using Bioimpedance and Principal Component Analysis

by Bogdan Mihai Pascu, Anca Bălănescu, Paul Cristian Bălănescu, Corina Delia, Mara Câmpean and Ioan Gherghina

Medicina 2025, 61(9), 1709; https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina61091709 (registering DOI) - 19 Sep 2025

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Childhood obesity is associated with early metabolic complications, particularly insulin resistance (IR), which significantly elevates the long-term risk for type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease. Standard measures such as BMI may inadequately capture metabolic risk, particularly in children with atypical phenotypes [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Childhood obesity is associated with early metabolic complications, particularly insulin resistance (IR), which significantly elevates the long-term risk for type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease. Standard measures such as BMI may inadequately capture metabolic risk, particularly in children with atypical phenotypes such as TOFI (Thin Outside, Fat Inside). This study aimed to evaluate the prevalence and predictors of IR in a pediatric population with overweight and obesity, using both conventional biomarkers and bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA). We also examined the predictive value of lipid ratios and fasting glucose and applied Principal Component Analysis (PCA) to identify underlying body composition dimensions. Methods: A retrospective cohort of 210 children aged 1–18 years, assessed in a tertiary pediatric endocrinology center in Romania, was analyzed. Clinical data included anthropometric measures, fasting laboratory results, and body composition parameters obtained via Tanita PRO DC430 MA BIA. Insulin resistance was defined as HOMA-IR > 2. ROC analysis assessed the predictive performance of triglyceride-to-HDL (Tg/HDL) ratio, fasting glucose, and BIA metrics. PCA was applied to BIA variables to explore dimensional structure. Results: Insulin resistance was present in 54.8% of the cohort. It was significantly associated with higher age, pubertal status, ALT, LDL-cholesterol, triglycerides, and BIA-derived fat-free mass (FFM), TBW, and PMM. ROC analyses showed moderate predictive power for Tg/HDL (AUROC = 0.645) and triglycerides (AUROC = 0.656) in identifying IR. BIA metrics had comparable discriminatory performance (AUROC~0.61). PCA reduced eight BIA parameters into two components: a fat-free mass axis (TBW, FFM, PMM, WATERM) and an adiposity axis (BMI, FATP, FATM, WATERP). Conclusions: This study highlights the high burden of insulin resistance among children with excess weight and supports the integration of BIA and composite biomarkers into early screening protocols. PCA-derived components may improve metabolic phenotyping in pediatric obesity. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Pediatrics)

20 pages, 5528 KB

Open AccessArticle

Debris Simulation in Controlled Demolition of Tall Building Structures: Solid Model-Based Approach

by Julide Yuzbasi

Buildings 2025, 15(18), 3396; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15183396 (registering DOI) - 19 Sep 2025

Abstract

This article presents a unique study on the demolition process of a high-rise reinforced concrete building simulated using a methodology based on the Applied Element Method (AEM). Prior to the parametric analyses, the progressive collapse-based solid model was visually validated against real-world controlled [...] Read more.

This article presents a unique study on the demolition process of a high-rise reinforced concrete building simulated using a methodology based on the Applied Element Method (AEM). Prior to the parametric analyses, the progressive collapse-based solid model was visually validated against real-world controlled demolition footage captured by both Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) and fixed cameras, showing close agreement in building motion and debris dispersion patterns. In contrast to the Finite Element Method (FEM) model, the simulation is not blast-induced; it is instead developed on a column removal approach, which is widely adopted in progressive collapse assessments. Discussions related to the FEM model are provided as well. The parametric analysis is conducted in two stages. First, a constant removal sequence (removal of 4, 3, and 2 floors, respectively, in the first, second, and third axes) is applied to both 20- and 15-storey buildings under three time delays: 100 ms, 300 ms, and 500 ms. Based on these results, a 300 ms delay is identified as a suitable compromise for controlling debris dispersion, and this value is adopted for the subsequent analyses. In the second stage, three distinct removal sequences are examined on the 20-storey structure using the fixed 300 ms delay: Scenario 1 (4–3–2), Scenario 2 (12–8–6), and Scenario 3 (16–12–6). Among these, Scenario 3 yields the most compact horizontal debris spread. The findings indicate a strong correlation between the actual demolition behavior and the proposed model, demonstrating its capability to realistically capture complex structural failure mechanisms and provide practical guidance for optimizing controlled demolition strategies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Building Structures)

25 pages, 1531 KB

Open AccessReview

Biosynthesized Silver Nanoparticles and Their Antidiabetic Potential

by Angélica Sofía González-Garibay, Omar Ricardo Torres-González, Iván Moisés Sánchez-Hernández and Eduardo Padilla-Camberos

Pharmaceuticals 2025, 18(9), 1412; https://doi.org/10.3390/ph18091412 (registering DOI) - 19 Sep 2025

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Recent advances in nanotechnology have enabled the use of biosynthesized silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) in healthcare, including the management of diabetes mellitus, a metabolic disorder characterized by impaired glucose homeostasis. AgNPs have shown promising effects on enzymes, insulin signaling, gut hormones, and [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Recent advances in nanotechnology have enabled the use of biosynthesized silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) in healthcare, including the management of diabetes mellitus, a metabolic disorder characterized by impaired glucose homeostasis. AgNPs have shown promising effects on enzymes, insulin signaling, gut hormones, and in vivo models. Despite the availability of oral treatments, challenges persist, prompting interest in novel therapies such as AgNPs, which are currently under investigation in various in vitro and in vivo studies. Methods: This narrative review was conducted through a PubMed search using the terms “antidiabetic + activity + AgNPs” in April 2025. Relevant articles published in English were selected and analyzed, with emphasis on studies employing biosynthesized AgNPs from plants in in vitro and in vivo models. Information was extracted regarding the experimental approaches used to evaluate antidiabetic activity, the plant sources employed, nanoparticle characteristics, concentrations tested, and corresponding outcomes. Results: The biosynthesis of AgNPs employs bioactive compounds from plants, making it an environmentally friendly green synthesis method. Plant extracts are the most common biomaterial for AgNPs biosynthesis. Most of the in vitro studies evaluated the inhibitory effect of AgNPs on α-glucosidase or α-amylase; meanwhile, in animal studies, the main parameter evaluated is blood glucose level. Conclusions: The antidiabetic potential of AgNPs is becoming increasingly evident as ongoing research continues to explore their effects through both in vitro and in vivo studies. In this review, the current state of research regarding the potential use of AgNPs for diabetes management and treatment is presented, highlighting recent findings and discussing future perspectives in the field. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Therapeutic Potential of Silver Nanoparticles (AgNPs), 2nd Edition)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

Recent Articles

Open Access Journals

Highly Accessed Articles

Latest Books

News

Blog Posts

Topics

Selected Special Issues

Selected Collections

Journals by Subject

Further Information

Guidelines

MDPI Initiatives

Follow MDPI