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18 pages, 2054 KB

Open AccessReview

Mild Cognitive Impairment and Sarcopenia: Effects of Resistance Exercise Training on Neuroinflammation, Cognitive Performance, and Structural Brain Changes

by Valeria Oporto-Colicoi, Alexis Sepúlveda-Lara, Gabriel Nasri Marzuca-Nassr and Paulina Sepúlveda-Figueroa

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025, 26(22), 11036; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms262211036 (registering DOI) - 14 Nov 2025

Abstract

Mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and sarcopenia are prevalent age-related conditions that often coexist and share common mechanisms such as chronic inflammation, reduced neuroplasticity, and impaired muscle function. Resistance exercise training (RET) has emerged as a promising non-pharmacological strategy capable of addressing both physical [...] Read more.

Mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and sarcopenia are prevalent age-related conditions that often coexist and share common mechanisms such as chronic inflammation, reduced neuroplasticity, and impaired muscle function. Resistance exercise training (RET) has emerged as a promising non-pharmacological strategy capable of addressing both physical and cognitive decline. The aim of this narrative review is to synthesize preclinical and clinical evidence on the effects of RET in older adults with MCI and sarcopenia, with a specific focus on its impact on neuroinflammation, cognitive performance and structural brain changes. At the molecular level, RET activates anabolic pathways, including PI3K/Akt/mTOR, enhances neurotrophic support via BDNF, NT-3, and IGF-1, and promotes hippocampal neurogenesis through exercise-induced myokines such as irisin and cathepsin B. RET also exerts immunomodulatory actions by shifting microglia toward anti-inflammatory M2 phenotypes, attenuating reactive astrogliosis, and supporting oligodendrocyte precursor cell differentiation, thereby improving myelin integrity. Neuroimaging studies consistently report preservation of hippocampal and precuneus gray matter, as well as improved white matter connectivity following RET. Clinically, RET has demonstrated significant and sustained improvements in executive function, memory, and global cognition, with effects persisting for up to 18 months. Collectively, RET represents a multifaceted intervention with the potential to delay progression from MCI to Alzheimer’s disease by integrating neuroprotective, anti-inflammatory, and anabolic effects. Standardization of RET protocols and identification of biomarkers of responsiveness are needed to optimize its role within multimodal dementia-prevention strategies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Neurodegenerative Disease: From Molecular Basis to Therapy, 4th Edition)

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22 pages, 1723 KB

Open AccessArticle

Comprehensive Evaluation of OS Starch–Oleic Acid Mixtures: From Functional Properties to Their Application in Films with Improved Water Resistance

by Karolina Królikowska, Paulina Pająk, Sławomir Pietrzyk, Karolina Czaplak and Katarzyna Strządała

Molecules 2025, 30(22), 4411; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules30224411 (registering DOI) - 14 Nov 2025

Abstract

This study investigated the effects of octenyl succinate (OS) starches mixed with oleic acid on functional properties and potential use in edible films. Potato starches esterified with 1%, 3%, 5%, or 7% of octenyl succinic anhydride (OSA) were mixed with oleic acid. Degree [...] Read more.

This study investigated the effects of octenyl succinate (OS) starches mixed with oleic acid on functional properties and potential use in edible films. Potato starches esterified with 1%, 3%, 5%, or 7% of octenyl succinic anhydride (OSA) were mixed with oleic acid. Degree of substitution (DS), hydrodynamic volume, and lipid content were measured to evaluate effectiveness of modification. Blank sample and modified starches were analyzed for water binding capacity, solubility, characteristic of gelatinization, pasting properties, and surface/interfacial tensions. Edible films were prepared from the obtained starches and tested for water vapor permeability, water binding capacity, and solubility. The complexation index increased linearly with DS. Oleic acid reduced water binding capacity and solubility, particularly at 80 °C, altered thermodynamic characteristic of gelatinization, decreased viscosities of OS starch pastes, and increased pasting temperatures by up to 20%. It also enhanced the surface tension lowering effect of OS starch and reduced water vapor permeability in films, especially at higher DS. Films from starch–oleic acid mixtures exhibited lower water binding capacity and solubility, notably in 5% and 7% OSA modified starch. Results show that oleic acid addition to OS starch markedly affect functional properties of starch, highlighting its potential for use in edible film applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Food Chemistry)

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37 pages, 16007 KB

Open AccessReview

Speech Separation Using Advanced Deep Neural Network Methods: A Recent Survey

by Zeng Wang and Zhongqiang Luo

Big Data Cogn. Comput. 2025, 9(11), 289; https://doi.org/10.3390/bdcc9110289 (registering DOI) - 14 Nov 2025

Abstract

Speech separation, as an important research direction in audio signal processing, has been widely studied by the academic community since its emergence in the mid-1990s. In recent years, with the rapid development of deep neural network technology, speech processing based on deep neural [...] Read more.

Speech separation, as an important research direction in audio signal processing, has been widely studied by the academic community since its emergence in the mid-1990s. In recent years, with the rapid development of deep neural network technology, speech processing based on deep neural networks has shown outstanding performance in speech separation. While existing studies have surveyed the application of deep neural networks in speech separation from multiple dimensions including learning paradigms, model architectures, loss functions, and training strategies, current achievements still lack systematic comprehension of the field’s developmental trajectory. To address this, this paper focuses on single-channel supervised speech separation tasks, proposing a technological evolution path “U-Net–TasNet–Transformer–Mamba” as the main thread to systematically analyze the impact mechanisms of core architectural designs on separation performance across different stages. By reviewing the transition process from traditional methods to deep learning paradigms and delving into the improvements and integration of deep learning architectures at various stages, this paper summarizes milestone achievements, mainstream evaluation frameworks, and typical datasets in the field, while also providing prospects for future research directions. Through this detailed-focused review perspective, we aim to provide researchers in the speech separation field with a clearly articulated technical evolution map and practical reference. Full article

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15 pages, 1467 KB

Open AccessArticle

Wood Bio-Adhesives Made by Polymerizing Oxidized Starch with Deep Eutectic Solvent-Modified Lignin

by Hamed Younesi-Kordkheili and Antonio Pizzi

Polymers 2025, 17(22), 3023; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym17223023 (registering DOI) - 14 Nov 2025

Abstract

In the present work, a new bio-sourced adhesive system based on deep eutectic solvent-modified lignin and oxidized starch (OSTL) resin is presented. For this purpose, unmodified and choline chloride–Zinc chloride (ChCl–ZnCl₂) deep eutectic solvent modified lignin at different contents (10%, 20%, [...] Read more.

In the present work, a new bio-sourced adhesive system based on deep eutectic solvent-modified lignin and oxidized starch (OSTL) resin is presented. For this purpose, unmodified and choline chloride–Zinc chloride (ChCl–ZnCl₂) deep eutectic solvent modified lignin at different contents (10%, 20%, and 30%) were used to prepare the OSTL resin. Ammonium persulfate (APS) was the oxidizer employed for the oxidation of starch, and urea was used as a low cost and effective crosslinker agent in the OSTL resin. FTIR analysis indicated that the content of carboxyl and carbonyl groups changed after the curing of the OSTL resin compared to oxidized starch (OST). DSC analysis indicated that the curing temperature of the OSTL resin containing DES-modified lignin was lower than that for unmodified lignin. Also, greater dimensional stability and mechanical strength could be achieved by increasing the amount of DES-treated lignin in the OSTL wood adhesive from 10 to 30 wt%. Based on the findings of this research, the physical and mechanical properties of the particleboard panels bonded with this type of bio-adhesive were acceptable according to the relevant standards. Additionally, urea can thus be used as a good cross-linker, not only to crosslink just OST, but also to connect DES-modified lignin and oxidized starch molecules. Under the conditions used, particleboards bonded with an oxidized starch–urea–pristine lignin adhesive presented decreasing internal bond (IB) strength with an increasing proportion of lignin. Conversely, when the same adhesive using DES-modified lignin was used, the internal bond (IB) strength improved with the increasing proportion of DES-modified lignin. At 30% proportions of lignin, the oxidized starch–urea–DES-modified lignin presented a 27% improvement in strength. Finally, it can be noted that this work brings a new insight to the development and application of lignin-based bio-adhesives to bond wood-based panels. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Circular and Green Sustainable Polymer Science)

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18 pages, 4748 KB

Open AccessArticle

Effects of Inflow Deflection Angle on the Stall Formation Mechanism and Flow Field Structure in a Vertical Axial-Flow Pump

by Fan Meng, Qixiang Hu, Jinhe Liu, Yanjun Li, Guangjian Zhang and Jiaxing Lu

Machines 2025, 13(11), 1054; https://doi.org/10.3390/machines13111054 (registering DOI) - 14 Nov 2025

Abstract

The influence of inflow angle on the stall characteristics of a vertical axial flow pump is investigated numerically by solving the unsteady Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes equations. The study predicts both performance parameters and internal flow structures under varying inflow conditions. It is found that [...] Read more.

The influence of inflow angle on the stall characteristics of a vertical axial flow pump is investigated numerically by solving the unsteady Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes equations. The study predicts both performance parameters and internal flow structures under varying inflow conditions. It is found that as the deflection angle decreases, both the critical and deep stall points shift toward higher flow rates. For the −30° scheme, the design efficiency and design head decrease by 16.27% and increase by 19.59%, respectively, compared to the 0° scheme. As stall develops, an axisymmetric blockage region forms at the impeller inlet, which reduces axial velocity and increases the impeller’s angle of attack. Under design conditions, a smaller deflection angle exacerbates boundary layer separation near the blade leading edge, thereby weakening the local work capacity and intensifying turbulent dissipation. Furthermore, although a reduced deflection angle promotes an earlier onset of stall, it also leads to a decrease in the instability intensity of the stall flow field. These results reveal a critical trade-off: while a smaller deflection angle promotes an earlier stall onset, it effectively mitigates the intensity of stall instability, providing crucial guidance for optimizing the hydraulic design and operational stability of vertical axial flow pumps. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Machine Design and Theory)

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17 pages, 6420 KB

Open AccessArticle

Virtual Oscillator Control for Grid-Forming Inverters: Recent Advances, Comparative Evaluation, and Small-Signal Analysis

by Hamed Rezazadeh, Mohammad Monfared, Meghdad Fazeli and Saeed Golestan

Energies 2025, 18(22), 5981; https://doi.org/10.3390/en18225981 (registering DOI) - 14 Nov 2025

Abstract

The increasing penetration of renewable energy and electric vehicles (EVs) has intensified the need for grid-forming (GFM) inverters capable of supporting frequency and voltage stability. Virtual Oscillator Control (VOC) has recently emerged as a promising time-domain GFM strategy due to its fast dynamics [...] Read more.

The increasing penetration of renewable energy and electric vehicles (EVs) has intensified the need for grid-forming (GFM) inverters capable of supporting frequency and voltage stability. Virtual Oscillator Control (VOC) has recently emerged as a promising time-domain GFM strategy due to its fast dynamics and autonomous synchronisation capability. This paper presents a comprehensive analysis of recent VOC developments, focusing on the Andronov–Hopf Oscillator (AHO) and its variants. A comparative overview of different VOC structures highlights their capabilities in providing essential services such as dispatchability, fault ride-through (FRT), virtual inertia, and damping. A generalised small-signal state-space model is developed to assess the influence of virtual inertia, grid impedance, and control parameters on transient performance, which is essential for optimal parameter design and controller tuning in various applications. Experimental validation using a 2.5 kVA single-phase inverter shows excellent agreement with theoretical predictions. The results confirm that while increased virtual inertia enhances frequency stability, it also introduces oscillations that can be effectively mitigated through damping enhancement. Furthermore, the experiments demonstrate that advanced AHO-based strategies successfully deliver vehicle-to-grid (V2G) and vehicle-to-home (V2H) services, confirming their practical applicability in future EV-integrated and renewable-rich power systems. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Power Converters for Electric Vehicle Charging and Medium-Voltage Applications)

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19 pages, 5612 KB

Open AccessArticle

Peptide AEDL Activates Metabolism and Autophagy in Root Cells of Nicotiana tabacum

by Elena Michailovna Lazareva, Eugeniy Pavlovich Kazakov, Tatiyana Anatolievna Dilovarova, Neonila Vasilievna Kononenko and Larisa Ivanovna Fedoreyeva

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025, 26(22), 11028; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms262211028 (registering DOI) - 14 Nov 2025

Abstract

The short peptide AlaGluAspLeu (AEDL) stimulates shoot and root development in Nicotiana tabacum. Growing tobacco in the presence of AEDL was found to induce autophagy and programmed cell death, as demonstrated using immunodetection of the autophagy marker ATG8 and cytochrome c in [...] Read more.

The short peptide AlaGluAspLeu (AEDL) stimulates shoot and root development in Nicotiana tabacum. Growing tobacco in the presence of AEDL was found to induce autophagy and programmed cell death, as demonstrated using immunodetection of the autophagy marker ATG8 and cytochrome c in the cytoplasm, as well as the detection of DNA breaks using the TUNEL assay. A detailed study of the ultrastructure of Nicotiana tabacum root cells grown in the presence of AEDL using transmission electron microscopy revealed fundamental structural differences from control cells. Control cells contained only lytic vacuoles, while in the presence of AEDL, tobacco root meristem cells contained predominantly protein-storing vacuoles and amyloplasts with numerous starch granules in the stroma. Characteristic types of phagophores were identified, forming numerous small autophagosomes with cytoplasmic regions, multivesicular bodies, or concentric membranes, possibly with cytoskeletal elements. Expression of autophagy protein genes revealed a decrease in TOR expression, which promoted autophagy activation and prevented ATG13 phosphorylation. ATG8 gene expression significantly increased in the presence of the AEDL peptide. Schematic diagrams of autophagy processes in root cells of control plants and those grown in the presence of AEDL are presented. Based on these data, it was concluded that stimulation of tobacco plant development in the presence of the AEDL peptide at a concentration of 10⁻⁷ M occurs due to the activation of metabolic processes and autophagy. Moreover, the synthesis of metabolites exceeds the required amount of nutrients, which accumulate in vacuoles and leucoplasts. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Molecular Plant Sciences)

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17 pages, 3383 KB

Open AccessReview

Dysfunction of the ABCA1 and ABCG1 Transporters and Their Impact on HDL Metabolism

by Kevin David Laguna-Maldonado, Daniel Uribe-Ramírez, Melissa Vázquez-Carrada, Deyamira Matuz-Mares and María Magdalena Vilchis-Landeros

Antioxidants 2025, 14(11), 1362; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox14111362 (registering DOI) - 14 Nov 2025

Abstract

High-density lipoprotein (HDL) metabolism depends on several key factors, including ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters such as ABCA1 and ABCG1. These transporters are essential for maintaining cholesterol homeostasis by mediating the efflux of cellular lipids and promoting HDL formation and maturation. Dysfunction in these [...] Read more.

High-density lipoprotein (HDL) metabolism depends on several key factors, including ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters such as ABCA1 and ABCG1. These transporters are essential for maintaining cholesterol homeostasis by mediating the efflux of cellular lipids and promoting HDL formation and maturation. Dysfunction in these pathways compromises HDL biogenesis, leading to lipid accumulation in macrophages and peripheral cells. Together with oxidized low-density lipoproteins (LDLs), these alterations promote foam cell formation, atherosclerotic plaque development, and the progression of cardiovascular and metabolic diseases. Oxidative stress plays a central role in disturbing lipid balance and impairing ABC transporter activity. Unlike previous reviews that have mainly summarized mechanisms of oxidative regulation, this work integrates recent molecular findings to propose a unifying framework in which oxidative stress sequentially disrupts ABCA1 and ABCG1 function, thereby altering HDL metabolism. Moreover, it highlights emerging pharmacological strategies aimed at restoring cholesterol homeostasis and mitigating oxidative damage, contributing to the prevention of cardiovascular and metabolic disorders. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Prevention of Atherosclerosis and of Low-Density Lipoprotein Oxidation: Role of Dietary Antioxidant Compounds and Altered Redox Pathways. A Commemorative Special Issue in Honour of Professor Stanley Omaye)

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12 pages, 625 KB

Open AccessArticle

Providing Compassionate Care: A Qualitative Study of Compassion Fatigue Among Midwives and Gynecologists

by Sarah Vandekerkhof, Laura Malisse, Stefanie Steegen, Florence D’haenens, Hanne Kindermans and Sarah Van Haeken

Healthcare 2025, 13(22), 2908; https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare13222908 (registering DOI) - 14 Nov 2025

Abstract

Background: Compassion fatigue (CF) is a state of emotional and physical exhaustion in the caregiving relationship, which can negatively impact patient safety and quality of care. Maternity care professionals are particularly vulnerable to CF due to their continuous empathetic engagement with patients [...] Read more.

Background: Compassion fatigue (CF) is a state of emotional and physical exhaustion in the caregiving relationship, which can negatively impact patient safety and quality of care. Maternity care professionals are particularly vulnerable to CF due to their continuous empathetic engagement with patients in an unpredictable, high-stress work environment. Despite its significance, research on CF in maternity care is limited. The aim of this study is to explore experiences of CF among maternity care professionals. Methods: A thematic analysis of semi-structured in-depth interviews was conducted. The sample consisted of seven midwives and three gynecologists from different hospitals and outpatient care in Flanders (Belgium). Results: Experiences, risk factors and protective factors were identified as three organizing themes and further refined into 12 subthemes. Participants showed limited familiarity with the term CF but recognized its symptoms, including emotional exhaustion, reduced empathy, and a diminished ability to provide care, ‘as one normally would’. Key risk factors included high workload, emotional strain from ‘energy-consuming’ patients, fear of errors, and administrative burden. A supportive team environment, compassion satisfaction (CS), job autonomy and personal coping skills were identified as protective factors. Participants emphasized the need to recognize and address signals of CF. Conclusions: CF among maternity care professionals is underrecognized but appears to impact both caregiver well-being and patient care quality. Interventions should target awareness, team communication, psychological safety, and organizational context. A multilevel approach—combining individual, team, and systemic strategies—is needed to sustainably mitigate CF in maternity care. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Depression, Anxiety and Emotional Problems Among Healthcare Workers)

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17 pages, 2285 KB

Open AccessArticle

Immunophenotypic Characterization of LAMP-1 on Cytotoxic T Cells in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Patients and Its Correlation with Disease Activity

by Asmaa K. K. AbdelMaogood, Marwa G. Tawfik, Sally Khattab, Heba A. Attea, Hidi A. A. Abdellatif, Nora Hosny and Aya Mohamed Askar

Immuno 2025, 5(4), 56; https://doi.org/10.3390/immuno5040056 (registering DOI) - 14 Nov 2025

Abstract

Background: Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a multifactorial autoimmune disease in which cytotoxic T cells contribute to tissue damage through dysregulated effector pathways. CD107a (LAMP-1) serves as a functional marker of CD8⁺ T-cell degranulation and may reflect disease-related alterations in cytotoxicity. Objective: [...] Read more.

Background: Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a multifactorial autoimmune disease in which cytotoxic T cells contribute to tissue damage through dysregulated effector pathways. CD107a (LAMP-1) serves as a functional marker of CD8⁺ T-cell degranulation and may reflect disease-related alterations in cytotoxicity. Objective: To investigate the expression of CD107a on cytotoxic T cells in SLE patients and evaluate its relationship with disease activity and immunological features. Methods: Demographic, hematological, and immunological profiles of SLE patients and controls were compared. Flow cytometry was used to evaluate CD3⁺, CD3⁺CD8⁺, CD4⁺, double-negative T cells, and CD107a⁺CD8⁺ subsets. Correlations with disease activity and diagnostic performance were assessed. Results: SLE patients showed anemia, thrombocytopenia, and lymphopenia compared with controls. Immunophenotyping revealed significantly elevated CD3⁺CD8⁺, CD107a⁺CD8⁺ T cells in SLE, and reduced CD4⁺ counts. While CD107a⁺CD8⁺ levels were strongly elevated, they did not correlate with disease activity scores, suggesting persistent upregulation of CD107a expression independent of clinical severity. ROC curve analysis indicated that CD3⁺ and CD3⁺CD8⁺ subsets had diagnostic utility, while double-negative T cells showed additional value. Conclusion: SLE is associated with increased CD107a⁺CD8⁺ T cells, reflecting heightened basal expression of this degranulation marker regardless of disease activity level. These findings underscore the role of altered cytotoxic T-cell function in SLE immunopathogenesis and support CD107a as a potential biomarker of immune dysregulation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Autoimmunity and Immunoregulation)

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19 pages, 2646 KB

Open AccessArticle

Wood Biomass Ash (WBA) Used in Conjunction with Post-Fermentation Mass (PFM) as a Way to Stabilize Soil Properties

by Elżbieta Rolka, Mirosław Wyszkowski, Andrzej Cezary Żołnowski, Anna Skorwider-Namiotko and Radosław Szostek

Materials 2025, 18(22), 5176; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma18225176 (registering DOI) - 14 Nov 2025

Abstract

Nowadays, waste that can be used for environmental purposes, such as WBA (woody biomass ash), is particularly important. The presented research assessed the effect of soil application of WBA in conjunction with PFM (post-fermentation mass) on the stabilization of soil properties. WBA was [...] Read more.

Nowadays, waste that can be used for environmental purposes, such as WBA (woody biomass ash), is particularly important. The presented research assessed the effect of soil application of WBA in conjunction with PFM (post-fermentation mass) on the stabilization of soil properties. WBA was applied in three increasing doses (0.5, 1.0, and 1.5 HAC). PFM was applied as follows: ULF (unseparated liquid fraction), SSF (separated solid fraction), and SLF (separated liquid fraction). PFM doses were balanced with the amount of nitrogen introduced into the soil. The study was based on a pot experiment with maize. The applied doses of WBA had a highly significant and positive effect on the stabilization of basic soil properties. After WBA application, hydrolytic acidity decreased (by 30%), soil pH increased (by 1.83 units), total base cation increased (by 66%), available potassium (by 119%), phosphorus (by 44%), and magnesium content (by 38%) as well as electrolytic conductivity increased (by 11%). Furthermore, an increase in soil carbon content and an improvement in the carbon-to-nitrogen ratio were noted. These observed results were further enhanced by the simultaneous application of WBA and the used PFM fractions, of which the liquid fractions (ULF and SLF) had the strongest effect. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Utilization and Repurposing of Industrial, Construction and Agricultural Waste and By-Products in Environmental Remediation: An Approach to a Circular Economy)

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17 pages, 4153 KB

Open AccessArticle

Transcriptomic Analysis of Largemouth Bass (Micropterus salmoides) Liver and Spleen Responses to Shewanella putrefaciens Infection

by Chongyu Zhong, Yijin Zhu, Xiangfeng Deng, Yuyan Sun, Yansong Zhang, Yujia Huo, Yueyue Fei and Min Wei

Fishes 2025, 10(11), 587; https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes10110587 (registering DOI) - 14 Nov 2025

Abstract

Shewanella putrefaciens is a significant bacterial pathogen causing high mortality in farmed largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides). This study investigated the molecular immune responses in its primary target organs, the liver and spleen, via transcriptomic profiling at 24 h post-infection. We identified [...] Read more.

Shewanella putrefaciens is a significant bacterial pathogen causing high mortality in farmed largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides). This study investigated the molecular immune responses in its primary target organs, the liver and spleen, via transcriptomic profiling at 24 h post-infection. We identified 458 significantly differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in the liver and 1405 in the spleen. Gene Ontology enrichment analysis revealed organ-specific immune strategies: the liver response was characterized by type I interferon signaling pathway, whereas the spleen response centered on the regulation of innate immune response. Furthermore, Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway analysis showed that fatty acid metabolism and cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction were significantly enriched in the liver. In contrast, the C-type lectin receptor signaling pathway and cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction were the most prominent in the spleen. Several key DEGs (e.g., stat1a, rsad2, pglyrp5, pglyrp6, acaca, stat2, lepb) associated with immune response, metabolic adaptation, and cellular stress were identified, suggesting a coordinated host mechanism involving pathogen recognition, immunomodulation, and tissue repair. These results provide crucial insights into the immunomodulatory processes in largemouth bass against S. putrefaciens infection. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Molecular Design Breeding in Aquaculture)

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24 pages, 8615 KB

Open AccessArticle

Xylitol Modification of Electrospun Polymer Scaffolds: Impact on Physicochemical and Antibacterial Properties

by Francesco Boschetto, Matteo Zanocco, Kaeko Kamei, Huaizhong Xu and Elia Marin

Polymers 2025, 17(22), 3024; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym17223024 (registering DOI) - 14 Nov 2025

Abstract

Electrospun fibrous scaffolds based on cellulose acetate (CA), polycaprolactone (PCL), and poly (L-lactic acid) (PLLA) are versatile materials with applications spanning diverse fields, but in their pristine form, they typically lack significant inherent antibacterial properties. To address this limitation and expand their utility, [...] Read more.

Electrospun fibrous scaffolds based on cellulose acetate (CA), polycaprolactone (PCL), and poly (L-lactic acid) (PLLA) are versatile materials with applications spanning diverse fields, but in their pristine form, they typically lack significant inherent antibacterial properties. To address this limitation and expand their utility, this study explored the incorporation of xylitol, a natural antibacterial sugar alcohol, into these polymer matrices to enhance their physicochemical and antimicrobial properties. Electrospinning was employed to fabricate pristine and xylitol-loaded scaffolds with varying xylitol concentrations. Morphological analysis revealed polymer-dependent changes in fiber diameter and porosity. Mechanical testing assessed the impact of xylitol on tensile properties, while thermal analysis investigated alterations in melting temperature and crystallinity. The antibacterial efficacy against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli was evaluated using WST assay and live/dead staining. Notably, xylitol significantly enhanced the antibacterial activity against both bacterial species, with a more pronounced and rapid effect observed against S. aureus. The tailored scaffold properties and imparted antimicrobial characteristics highlight the potential of these xylitol-modified electrospun materials: they are easily produced, low-cost, and appropriate for a range of applications (dental applications, filters, masks, wound dressing, and packaging) where preventing bacterial contamination is crucial. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Polymer Composites and Nanocomposites)

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31 pages, 7935 KB

Open AccessArticle

Near-Real-Time Turbidity Monitoring at Global Scale Using Sentinel-2 Data and Machine Learning Techniques

by Masuma Chowdhury, Ignacio de la Calle, Irene Laiz and Ana B. Ruescas

Remote Sens. 2025, 17(22), 3716; https://doi.org/10.3390/rs17223716 (registering DOI) - 14 Nov 2025

Abstract

Reliable global turbidity monitoring is crucial for water resource management, yet existing satellite-based methods face limitations in accuracy, generalization, and scalability across diverse aquatic environments. This study presents a robust, globally applicable turbidity estimation model using Sentinel-2 imagery and a machine-learning approach, developed [...] Read more.

Reliable global turbidity monitoring is crucial for water resource management, yet existing satellite-based methods face limitations in accuracy, generalization, and scalability across diverse aquatic environments. This study presents a robust, globally applicable turbidity estimation model using Sentinel-2 imagery and a machine-learning approach, developed based on harmonized global open-source datasets (GLORIA and MAGEST; turbidity range: 0–2200 FNU) encompassing 68 lakes, 2 rivers, 2 estuaries, and 11 coastal oceans across 17 countries. Among the evaluated machine-learning models, gradient boosting regression demonstrated the best performance, achieving a high correlation (r: 0.95) with minimal bias (1.32 FNU) and robust generalization across all water types, outperforming existing turbidity models when evaluated on the same test dataset. Shapley Additive exPlanations-based model interpretability identified the Rrs865/Rrs560 ratio as the dominant predictor, with critical contributions from Rrs783, Rrs665, and Rrs865. The model’s performance is evaluated across various optical water types and aquatic systems in diverse geographical settings, showcasing its robustness in sediment-rich and highly turbid environments that underscores its suitability for reliable turbidity monitoring after severe storms or extreme precipitation. Additionally, innovative automated pipelines integrated within a scientific exploitation platform facilitate scalable and near-real-time operational monitoring. This methodological integration provides a significant advancement in satellite-based turbidity monitoring, enabling informed water quality management under diverse environmental and climatic conditions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Oceans from Space V)

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37 pages, 364 KB

Open AccessArticle

Comparative Framework for Climate-Responsive Selection of Phase Change Materials in Energy-Efficient Buildings

by Javier Martínez-Gómez

Energies 2025, 18(22), 5982; https://doi.org/10.3390/en18225982 (registering DOI) - 14 Nov 2025

Abstract

Integrating phase change materials (PCMs) into buildings and HVAC systems improves thermal comfort and energy efficiency. This study presents a climate-responsive methodology for selecting optimal PCMs using a multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) framework. AHP was employed to determine the relative importance of key thermophysical [...] Read more.

Integrating phase change materials (PCMs) into buildings and HVAC systems improves thermal comfort and energy efficiency. This study presents a climate-responsive methodology for selecting optimal PCMs using a multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) framework. AHP was employed to determine the relative importance of key thermophysical properties, including melting point (47.5%), latent heat of fusion (25.7%), volumetric latent heat (13.5%), thermal conductivity (6.8%), specific heat capacity (3.3%), and density (3.3%). These weights were applied across five MCDM techniques—COPRAS, VIKOR, TOPSIS, MOORA, and PROMETHEE II—to evaluate 16 PCM alternatives for three representative climate zones: temperate (18 °C), subtropical (23 °C), and tropical hot/desert (28 °C). The results consistently identified n-Heptadecane (C17) as the most suitable PCM for temperate and subtropical climates, while n-Octadecane (C18) and hydrated salts such as CaCl₂·6H₂O and Na₂CO₃·10H₂O were optimal for tropical zones. Results show that n-Heptadecane (C17) is optimal for temperate and subtropical zones (COPRAS K = 1.00; TOPSIS C = 0.79–0.82; PROMETHEE φ = 0.21–0.22), while n-Octadecane (C18) and hydrated salts such as CaCl₂·6H₂O and Na₂CO₃·10H₂O perform best in tropical climates (TOPSIS C = 0.85; PROMETHEE φ = 0.26). These PCMs offer high latent heat (up to 254 kJ·kg⁻¹) and volumetric storage (up to 381 MJ·m⁻³), enabling significant reductions in HVAC loads and improved indoor temperature stability. The convergence of rankings across methods and alignment with existing literature validate the robustness of the proposed approach. This framework supports informed material selection for sustainable building design and can be adapted to other climate-sensitive engineering applications. The framework introduces methodological innovations by explicitly mapping PCM melting points to climate-specific comfort bands, incorporating volumetric latent heat, and validating rankings through cross-method convergence (Spearman ρ > 0.99). Sensitivity analysis confirms robustness against weight perturbations. The approach supports practical PCM selection for both new and retrofit buildings, contributing to EU and US energy goals (e.g., 40% building energy use, DOE’s 50% reduction target). Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Energy Efficiency and Energy Saving in Buildings)

15 pages, 3161 KB

Open AccessArticle

ChronoSort: Revealing Hidden Dynamics in AlphaFold3 Structure Predictions

by Matthew J. Argyle, William P. Heaps, Corbyn Kubalek, Spencer S. Gardiner, Bradley C. Bundy and Dennis Della Corte

SynBio 2025, 3(4), 18; https://doi.org/10.3390/synbio3040018 (registering DOI) - 14 Nov 2025

Abstract

Protein function emerges from dynamic conformational changes, yet structure prediction methods provide only static snapshots. While AlphaFold3 (AF3) predicts protein structures, the potential for extracting dynamic information from its ensemble predictions has remained underexplored. Here, we demonstrate that AF3 structural ensembles contain substantial [...] Read more.

Protein function emerges from dynamic conformational changes, yet structure prediction methods provide only static snapshots. While AlphaFold3 (AF3) predicts protein structures, the potential for extracting dynamic information from its ensemble predictions has remained underexplored. Here, we demonstrate that AF3 structural ensembles contain substantial dynamic information that correlates remarkably well with molecular dynamics simulations (MD). We developed ChronoSort, a novel algorithm that organizes static structure predictions into temporally coherent trajectories by minimizing structural differences between neighboring frames. Through systematic analysis of four diverse protein targets, we show that root-mean-square fluctuations derived from AF3 ensembles can correlate strongly with those from MD (r = 0.53 to 0.84). Principal component analysis reveals that AF3 predictions capture the same collective motion patterns observed in molecular dynamics trajectories, with eigenvector similarities significantly exceeding random distributions. ChronoSort trajectories exhibit structural evolution profiles comparable to MD. These findings suggest that modern AI-based structure prediction tools encode conformational flexibility information that can be systematically extracted without expensive MD. We provide ChronoSort as open-source software to enable broad community adoption. This work offers a novel approach to extracting functional insights from structure prediction tools in minutes, with significant implications for synthetic biology, protein engineering, drug discovery, and structure–function studies. Full article

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18 pages, 4356 KB

Open AccessArticle

The Impact of C-Rate, Float Charging and Temperature on Pouch Lithium-Ion Battery Swelling

by Sahithi Maddipatla, Lingxi Kong, Michael Osterman, Jonghoon Kim and Michael Pecht

Batteries 2025, 11(11), 419; https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries11110419 (registering DOI) - 14 Nov 2025

Abstract

Swelling in pouch batteries poses reliability issues and safety hazards, resulting in product damage, fires, and explosions. This study examines swelling based on the impact of C-rate and temperature during charge–discharge tests, and upper voltage limit and temperature during constant voltage/float charging tests. [...] Read more.

Swelling in pouch batteries poses reliability issues and safety hazards, resulting in product damage, fires, and explosions. This study examines swelling based on the impact of C-rate and temperature during charge–discharge tests, and upper voltage limit and temperature during constant voltage/float charging tests. Internal cell dynamics related to swelling are analyzed using equivalent circuit model parameters from electrochemical impedance spectroscopy tests, and correlations with thickness are established. Constant voltage charging experiments show that swelling follows an initial increase, a plateau, and then a rapid escalation. The onset of rapid swelling accelerated with temperature and voltage, thereby reducing the time to the knee point. A double-exponent swelling model is developed to predict the evolution of thickness under various stress conditions. The results demonstrate that monitoring swelling rate and magnitude can serve as an effective diagnostic for identifying abnormal cell behavior. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Second Life and Recycling: Perspectives for High-Performance Batteries)

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17 pages, 757 KB

Open AccessArticle

Associations of Sociodemographic Factors, Lifestyle Habits, and Insomnia Severity with Obesity Indices in Spanish Workers: Sex-Specific Differences

by José Luis Ribes Valles, Pedro Juan Tárraga López, Ángel Arturo López González, Irene Coll Campayo, Carla Busquets-Cortés and José Ignacio Ramírez-Manent

Med. Sci. 2025, 13(4), 271; https://doi.org/10.3390/medsci13040271 (registering DOI) - 14 Nov 2025

Abstract

Background: Obesity and insomnia are prevalent public health issues with shared behavioral and physiological pathways. However, their interplay remains understudied in occupational cohorts. Obesity and insomnia are prevalent public health issues with shared behavioral and physiological pathways. However, their interplay remains understudied in [...] Read more.

Background: Obesity and insomnia are prevalent public health issues with shared behavioral and physiological pathways. However, their interplay remains understudied in occupational cohorts. Obesity and insomnia are prevalent public health issues with shared behavioral and physiological pathways. However, their interplay remains understudied in occupational cohorts. This study aimed to evaluate the associations of sociodemographic factors, lifestyle habits, and insomnia severity with multiple obesity indices in a large population of Spanish workers. Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional analysis of 84,898 workers (2021–2024). Data were obtained from annual occupational health assessments conducted across multiple Spanish regions between 2020 and 2024. Insomnia severity was assessed using the Insomnia Severity Index (ISI), dietary quality using the 14-item Mediterranean Diet Adherence Screener (MEDAS-14), and physical activity using the International Physical Activity Questionnaire—Short Form (IPAQ-SF). Adiposity was measured using Body Mass Index (BMI), waist-to-height ratio (WtHR), the Clínica Universidad de Navarra–Body Adiposity Estimator (CUN-BAE), and the Metabolic Score for Visceral Fat (METS-VF). Multivariable logistic regression models were used to examine associations adjusted for age, sex, education, and occupational social class. Results: Higher ISI scores were significantly and independently associated with elevated adiposity across all indices, with the strongest association observed for METS-VF (odds ratio = 1.19, 95% CI 1.14–1.25, p < 0.001). Women showed higher mean CUN-BAE and METS-VF values than men (CUN-BAE: 37.4 ± 6.2 vs. 25.6 ± 6.4; p < 0.001; METS-VF: 5.7 ± 0.7 vs. 6.4 ± 0.6; p < 0.001), despite lower BMI (25.3 ± 4.8 vs. 26.8 ± 4.3; p < 0.001). Lower physical activity (OR = 5.70; 95% CI 4.91–6.50), poor adherence to the Mediterranean diet (OR = 3.29; 95% CI 2.88–3.70), smoking (OR = 1.29; 95% CI 1.22–1.36), and lower occupational class (Class III: OR = 1.77; 95% CI 1.56–1.97) were also significantly associated with higher obesity markers. Associations were more pronounced among women and participants with severe insomnia symptoms. Conclusions: Insomnia severity, sociodemographic disadvantage, and unhealthy behaviors (low physical activity, poor diet, smoking) were all independent correlates of general and visceral adiposity. The findings underscore the need for comprehensive workplace health programs that integrate sleep quality assessment, dietary improvement, and physical activity promotion to prevent obesity and its metabolic consequences. Full article

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31 pages, 4258 KB

Open AccessReview

From Industry to Dentistry: A Comprehensive Review of Zeolite as a Next-Generation Multifunctional Filler for Enhanced Mechanical Reinforcement and Antimicrobial Efficacy

by Sohaib Fadhil Mohammed, Mohd Firdaus Yhaya, Abdul Fattah Nongman, Matheel Al-Rawas, Marwan N. Arbilei and Tahir Yusuf Noorani

Dent. J. 2025, 13(11), 540; https://doi.org/10.3390/dj13110540 (registering DOI) - 14 Nov 2025

Abstract

Zeolites are becoming potentially important multifunctional fillers in dentistry, providing a distinctive blend of mechanical reinforcement, remineralization, and antimicrobial properties. Their crystalline aluminosilicate frameworks offer ion-exchange capacity, the controlled release of therapeutic ions (Ag⁺, Zn²⁺, Ca²⁺, Sr [...] Read more.

Zeolites are becoming potentially important multifunctional fillers in dentistry, providing a distinctive blend of mechanical reinforcement, remineralization, and antimicrobial properties. Their crystalline aluminosilicate frameworks offer ion-exchange capacity, the controlled release of therapeutic ions (Ag⁺, Zn²⁺, Ca²⁺, Sr²⁺, Cu²⁺), and compatibility with various dental composites. Sustainable and cost-effective zeolite production has become possible due to recent developments in synthetic strategies. These include the valorization of industrial and agricultural residues that are abundant in Si and Al. The incorporation of zeolites into dental adhesives, restorative composites, glass ionomer cements, root canal sealers, prosthetic materials, and implant coatings has been shown to improve mechanical stability and remineralization potential, and enhance antibacterial protection. The unique advantage of zeolites in integrating multifunctionality within a single system is emphasized when compared with other fillers, such as hydroxyapatite nanoparticles and bioactive glass. Nevertheless, obstacles persist with respect to clinical validation, regulatory pathways, and long-term biocompatibility. This review critically assesses the structure–function relationships, synthesis strategies, and dental applications of zeolites, while also delineating future perspectives for their translation into clinically approved, sustainable dental biomaterials. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Advances in Biomaterials—2nd Edition)

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28 pages, 1522 KB

Open AccessReview

Toward Precision Post-Stroke Rehabilitation Medicine: Integrating Molecular, Imaging, and Computational Biomarkers for Functional Outcome Prediction

by Roxana Nartea, Simona Savulescu, Claudia Gabriela Potcovaru and Daniela Poenaru

J. Clin. Med. 2025, 14(22), 8077; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm14228077 (registering DOI) - 14 Nov 2025

Abstract

Ischemic stroke remains a leading cause of mortality and long-term disability worldwide, with prognosis influenced by heterogeneous biological and neuroanatomical factors. In the past decade, numerous possible biomarkers—molecular, imaging, and electrophysiological—have been investigated to improve outcome prediction and guide rehabilitation strategies and main [...] Read more.

Ischemic stroke remains a leading cause of mortality and long-term disability worldwide, with prognosis influenced by heterogeneous biological and neuroanatomical factors. In the past decade, numerous possible biomarkers—molecular, imaging, and electrophysiological—have been investigated to improve outcome prediction and guide rehabilitation strategies and main objectives. Among them, neurofilament light chain (NFL), a cytoskeletal protein released during neuroaxonal injury, has become an effective marker of the severity of the neurological condition and the integrity of the neurons. Additional circulating biomarkers, including thioredoxin, netrin-1, omentin-1, bilirubin, and others, have been linked to oxidative stress, angiogenesis, neuroprotection, and regenerative processes. Meanwhile, innovations in electrophysiology (EEG and TMS-based predictions) and neuroimaging (diffusion tensor imaging, corticospinal tract lesion load, and functional connectivity) add some additional perspectives on the possibility for brain recovery. This work is a narrative synthesizing evidence from PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science between 2015 and 2025, including both clinical and experimental studies addressing stroke biomarkers and outcome prediction. The review outlines a framework for the integration of multimodal biomarkers to support precision medicine and individualized rehabilitation in stroke. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Rehabilitation Strategies for Neurological Disorders: Advances and Insights)

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18 pages, 11078 KB

Open AccessArticle

Mechanism of Hydrothermal Zeolite Crystallization from Kaolin in Concentrated NaOH Solutions (1–5 M): Formation of NaP1, NaP2, Analcime, Sodalite and Cancrinite

by Paola Mameli, Ambra M. Fiore, Saverio Fiore and F. Javier Huertas

Crystals 2025, 15(11), 980; https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst15110980 (registering DOI) - 14 Nov 2025

Abstract

Kaolin from the Donigazza deposit (NW Sardinia, Italy) was used to investigate the mechanisms of zeolite crystallization under alkaline hydrothermal conditions. The starting material, composed mainly of kaolinite and opal-CT with minor quartz and low iron content, was reacted with NaOH solutions (1–5 [...] Read more.

Kaolin from the Donigazza deposit (NW Sardinia, Italy) was used to investigate the mechanisms of zeolite crystallization under alkaline hydrothermal conditions. The starting material, composed mainly of kaolinite and opal-CT with minor quartz and low iron content, was reacted with NaOH solutions (1–5 mol L⁻¹) at 100 °C for 12–168 h. XRD analyses revealed the formation of zeolitic and related phases, including NaP1, NaP2, analcime, sodalite, and cancrinite, with zeolite contents reaching up to 100%. The extent of kaolinite dissolution varied with both NaOH concentration and reaction time, with complete transformation occurring at ≥3 mol L⁻¹ and ≥48 h. SEM imaging showed idiomorphic crystals (100 nm–10 μm) and globular nanoparticles (<50 nm), likely Na-Al-Si gels. Phase distribution reflected evolving solution chemistry, particularly changes in the Si/Al ratio due to differential dissolution of opal-CT and kaolinite. Crystallization proceeded via both classical (monomer addition) and non-classical (particle attachment) pathways, influenced by supersaturation, gel composition, and reaction kinetics. The transition from NaP1 to NaP2, and the development of metastable phases, indicate kinetic control consistent with Ostwald’s step rule. These results provide insights into the complex dynamics of zeolite formation from natural aluminosilicate precursors in alkaline environments. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Crystal Structure and Characterization of Minerals and Related Nanomaterials)

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15 pages, 2091 KB

Open AccessArticle

Using Machine Learning to Revise the AJCC Staging System for Neuroendocrine Tumors of the Pancreas

by Jacob Hillman, Quinn Clark, Liam Rehm, Anwar E. Ahmed and Dechang Chen

Cancers 2025, 17(22), 3658; https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers17223658 (registering DOI) - 14 Nov 2025

Abstract

Background: Staging systems are essential for guiding treatment and predicting outcomes in cancer patients. For pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors, the American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) Tumor, Lymph Node, and Metastasis (TNM) system is the current standard. However, its predictive accuracy is limited, [...] Read more.

Background: Staging systems are essential for guiding treatment and predicting outcomes in cancer patients. For pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors, the American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) Tumor, Lymph Node, and Metastasis (TNM) system is the current standard. However, its predictive accuracy is limited, as survival curves often overlap, particularly between Stage I and Stage II. Improved methods of patient stratification are therefore needed. Methods: We applied the Ensemble Algorithm for Clustering Cancer Data (EACCD) that involves calculating dissimilarities, ensemble learning, and hierarchical clustering. Data were obtained from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) program of the National Cancer Institute. Models were developed with AJCC TNM variables (T, N, M) and expanded by including patient age. Results: The AJCC TNM system achieved a C-index of 0.6656 (95% CI: 0.6473–0.6839), with survival curves showing poor separation. In contrast, the EACCD model using TNM variables produced four prognostic groups with refined and clear separation, yielding a comparable C-index of 0.6685 (95% CI: 0.6518–0.6852). When age was added, EACCD identified five groups with even stronger stratification and a higher C-index of 0.7015 (95% CI: 0.6852–0.7178). Conclusions: EACCD provides a refined prognostic framework for pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors, outperforming the AJCC TNM system by offering clearer survival stratification, comparable or higher C-index values, and integration of additional clinical factors. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Machine Learning and Artificial Intelligence in Cancer Diagnostic and Monitoring)

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22 pages, 363 KB

Open AccessArticle

Joint Discrete Approximation by Shifts of Hurwitz Zeta-Function: The Case of Short Intervals

by Antanas Laurinčikas and Darius Šiaučiūnas

Mathematics 2025, 13(22), 3654; https://doi.org/10.3390/math13223654 (registering DOI) - 14 Nov 2025

Abstract

Since 1975, it has been known that the Hurwitz zeta-function has a unique property to approximate by its shifts all analytic functions defined in the strip [...] Read more.

Since 1975, it has been known that the Hurwitz zeta-function has a unique property to approximate by its shifts all analytic functions defined in the strip

D = {s = σ + i t : 1 / 2 < σ < 1}

. However, such an approximation causes efficiency problems, and applying short intervals is one of the measures to make that approximation more effective. In this paper, we consider the simultaneous approximation of a tuple of analytic functions in the strip

D

by discrete shifts

(ζ (s + i k h_{1}, α_{1}), \dots, ζ (s + i k h_{r}, α_{r}))

with positive

h_{1}, \dots, h_{r}

of Hurwitz zeta-functions in the interval

[N, N + M]

with

M = {max}_{1 ⩽ j ⩽ r} (h_{j}^{- 1} {(N h_{j})}^{23 / 70})

. Two cases are considered:

1^{°}

the set

{(h_{j} log (m + α_{j}), m \in N_{0}, j = 1, \dots, r), 2 π}

is linearly independent over

Q

; and

2^{°}

a general case, where

α_{j}

and

h_{j}

are arbitrary. In case

1^{°}

, we obtain that the set of approximating shifts has a positive lower density (and density) for every tuple of analytic functions. In case

2^{°}

, the set of approximated functions forms a certain closed set. For the proof, an approach based on new limit theorems on weakly convergent probability measures in the space of analytic functions in short intervals is applied. The power

η = 23 / 70

comes from a new mean square estimate for the Hurwitz zeta-function. Full article

18 pages, 3660 KB

Open AccessArticle

Study on the Effect of a Splitter-Blade Runner on the Flexibility Improvement of Existing Francis Turbine Units

by Chi Lu, Heng Zhang, Zhengwei Wang, Yijing Lv and Baig Mirza Umar

Energies 2025, 18(22), 5978; https://doi.org/10.3390/en18225978 (registering DOI) - 14 Nov 2025

Abstract

The transition toward renewable-dominated power systems is increasingly constrained by the shortage of flexible regulation resources. Hydropower, with its rapid response and strong load-adjustment capability, remains a cornerstone for enabling large-scale integration of intermittent wind and solar energy. Splitter-blade runners are widely employed [...] Read more.

The transition toward renewable-dominated power systems is increasingly constrained by the shortage of flexible regulation resources. Hydropower, with its rapid response and strong load-adjustment capability, remains a cornerstone for enabling large-scale integration of intermittent wind and solar energy. Splitter-blade runners are widely employed in medium- and high-head conventional hydropower plants and pumped-storage stations due to their broad high-efficiency operating range and superior stability. In this study, based on a runner replacement project at an existing hydropower station, refined computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations were carried out to design a splitter-blade runner under strict dimensional constraints. The optimized runner expanded the unit’s stable operating range from 50–100% to 0–100% rated power, while also improving overall efficiency and reducing pressure pulsations. The optimized splitter-blade runner improved efficiency by 1–2%, reduced pressure pulsations in the draft tube by ≈25%, and decreased the runner radial force by ≈12% compared with the baseline configuration. Importantly, this work demonstrates for the first time that splitter-blade runners can be successfully applied at head ranges below 100 m, thereby extending their applicability beyond traditional limits. The results provide both theoretical and practical guidance for flexibility retrofits of existing Francis turbine units in China, offering a feasible pathway to support the adaptability of future renewable energy systems. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Experimental and Numerical Methods for the Design of Internal Combustion Engines and Turbomachines)

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16 pages, 1984 KB

Open AccessArticle

Upcycling Oat Hulls via Solid-State Fermentation Using Edible Filamentous Fungi: A Co-Culture Approach with Neurospora intermedia and Rhizopus oryzae

by Laura Georgiana Radulescu, Mikael Terp, Christian Enrico Rusbjerg-Weberskov, Niels Thomas Eriksen and Mette Lübeck

J. Fungi 2025, 11(11), 810; https://doi.org/10.3390/jof11110810 (registering DOI) - 14 Nov 2025

Abstract

The global challenge of food insecurity requires innovative approaches for sustainable food production and waste valorization. This study investigates the valorization of oat hulls, an abundant lignocellulosic by-product from oat manufacturing, by solid-state fermentation using edible filamentous fungi. Oat hulls sourced from oatmeal [...] Read more.

The global challenge of food insecurity requires innovative approaches for sustainable food production and waste valorization. This study investigates the valorization of oat hulls, an abundant lignocellulosic by-product from oat manufacturing, by solid-state fermentation using edible filamentous fungi. Oat hulls sourced from oatmeal industrial side-streams were used as the sole substrate in co-cultures of Neurospora intermedia and Rhizopus oryzae. The fermentation process was optimized and upscaled, with fungal growth monitored via CO₂ efflux and modeled to assess substrate utilization. Comprehensive analyses revealed a significant increase in protein concentration (p < 0.05) in the fermented oat hulls compared to the non-fermented controls. The resulting product was successfully incorporated into granola bars, which underwent sensory evaluation and received positive feedback, demonstrating its potential as a value-added food ingredient. These findings highlight the feasibility of using edible fungi to upcycle cereal processing by-products into nutritionally enhanced alternative protein sources, supporting both food system sustainability and circular bioeconomy objectives. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fungi in Focus: Fungal Enzyme and Fungal Metabolism)

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8 pages, 1708 KB

Open AccessArticle

Solar-Blind Mobile Deep Ultraviolet Optical Communication Utilizing Photomultiplier Tubes

by Lei Zhang, Tianle Li and Yongjin Wang

Photonics 2025, 12(11), 1125; https://doi.org/10.3390/photonics12111125 (registering DOI) - 14 Nov 2025

Abstract

Ozone in the atmosphere strongly absorbs deep ultraviolet light with wavelengths between 200 and 280 nm. Therefore, this characteristic is advantageous and promising for unperturbed, non-disturbed information transmission in fields such as secure communications when deep ultraviolet light is employed. However, existing optical [...] Read more.

Ozone in the atmosphere strongly absorbs deep ultraviolet light with wavelengths between 200 and 280 nm. Therefore, this characteristic is advantageous and promising for unperturbed, non-disturbed information transmission in fields such as secure communications when deep ultraviolet light is employed. However, existing optical communication systems utilizing deep ultraviolet light are characterized by substantial size, which presents significant challenges in terms of local transferability. This paper employs an array of 275 nm deep ultraviolet light-emitting diodes (LEDs) connected in series, paired with photomultiplier tubes (PMTs) as transmitters and receivers. The system is encapsulated with a visual tracking module and mounted on drones and vehicles, achieving mobile duplex real-time communication under sunlight. The communication distance reaches 30 m with a packet loss rate of 1.36%. This work enables rapid and flexible deployment of deep ultraviolet optical communication systems, offering broad application prospects. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Emerging Trends in Photodetector Technologies)

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16 pages, 695 KB

Open AccessReview

Combining Proteomics and Organoid Research to Unravel the Multifunctional Complexity of Kidney Physiology Enhances the Need for Controlled Organoid Maturation

by Kathrin Groeneveld and Ralf Mrowka

Organoids 2025, 4(4), 28; https://doi.org/10.3390/organoids4040028 (registering DOI) - 14 Nov 2025

Abstract

This review aims to highlight how the study of kidney organoids combined with proteomic analysis can deepen our understanding of renal physiology and disease. Proteomics quantifies proteins in a sample, allowing us to determine which proteins are present, how abundant they are, and [...] Read more.

This review aims to highlight how the study of kidney organoids combined with proteomic analysis can deepen our understanding of renal physiology and disease. Proteomics quantifies proteins in a sample, allowing us to determine which proteins are present, how abundant they are, and how they are modified. These data may reveal the pathways that are active in the kidney organoids and how they change in disease, helping to pinpoint candidate biomarkers. Kidney organoids are three-dimensional structures derived from induced pluripotent stem cells (iPS) that recapitulate many architectural and functional features of the adult organ. Because they can be generated in large numbers under defined conditions, organoids provide a promising platform for testing how genetic mutations, environmental stresses, or drugs affect kidney development and pathology. When proteomic profiles are obtained from mature organoids, researchers can directly link protein-level changes to phenotypic outcomes observed in the model. This integration makes it possible to map disease-related networks at the molecular level and to assess the impact of therapeutic interventions in a system that more closely resembles human kidney tissue than traditional cell lines. A current limitation is that many kidney organoids do not reach the full maturation seen in vivo; they often lack complete segmental differentiation and the functional robustness of adult nephrons. Improving the maturation state of organoids will be essential for accurately modeling chronic kidney diseases and for translating findings into clinically relevant therapies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Organoid Technology: Bridging the Gap between Research and Therapy)

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