MDPI - Publisher of Open Access Journals

20 pages, 4091 KB

Open AccessArticle

Secure Operation Boundary Building Technology Based on Machine Learning

by Hongxiang Dong, Chuanliang Xiao, Weiwei Miao, Ning Zhou, Xinyu Wei and Facai Xing

Processes 2025, 13(11), 3595; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr13113595 (registering DOI) - 7 Nov 2025

The conditions for the safe and stable operation of a large power grid are highly interdependent and difficult to predict. In order to accurately understand the operational state of a large power grid, an efficient assessment model for its safe operation is particularly [...] Read more.

The conditions for the safe and stable operation of a large power grid are highly interdependent and difficult to predict. In order to accurately understand the operational state of a large power grid, an efficient assessment model for its safe operation is particularly important. In this paper, the machine learning model is combined with the power system safety operation boundary model, and the efficient data processing ability of the machine learning model is used to construct a large power grid safety operation evaluation model based on the residual network to achieve accurate prediction of the operation status of the power system. Based on the evaluation model, an active learning strategy based on the sample training set is proposed, which improves the training effect of the evaluation model. Combined with the safety evaluation model, a safety operation boundary construction method based on residual network is obtained by support vector machine algorithm, and a safety margin estimation model of system operation points is constructed based on this method, which realizes the quantification of the operation point of the power system. Finally, the IEEE9 node system is simulated to verify the effectiveness of the proposed method and improve the mastery of the power system. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Energy Systems)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

28 pages, 1016 KB

Open AccessArticle

Sustainable Alternatives in Multilayer Packaging: Storage Stability of Pudding Powder Under Accelerated Storage Conditions

by Can Türksever, Banu Koç and Ozlem Kizilirmak Esmer

Foods 2025, 14(22), 3806; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods14223806 (registering DOI) - 7 Nov 2025

Abstract

Multilayer packaging materials are extensively used in food packaging, particularly for powdered products. In alignment with sustainable development goals, packaging design should aim to minimize material usage while maintaining the protective properties necessary to preserve food quality and safety, thereby reducing environmental impact. [...] Read more.

Multilayer packaging materials are extensively used in food packaging, particularly for powdered products. In alignment with sustainable development goals, packaging design should aim to minimize material usage while maintaining the protective properties necessary to preserve food quality and safety, thereby reducing environmental impact. A key strategy is to simplify multilayer structures to enhance recyclability. This study aims to evaluate the potential of sustainable alternative packaging materials with reduced metal and plastic content and improved recyclability for pudding powder packaging, as substitutes for conventional films. Four packaging structures were tested: a conventional three-layer laminate (polyethylene terephthalate (PET)/aluminum foil (Al-foil)/low-density polyethylene (LDPE)), two two-layer structures (AlO_x-coated PET/LDPE and Al-coated PET/LDPE), and a monolayer metallized biaxially oriented polypropylene (MetBOPP). Samples were stored under accelerated conditions (38 °C and 90% relative humidity) for 180 days, and changes in moisture content, water activity, caking degree, glass transition temperature, color, and sensory attributes were monitored. The experimental data were examined for their agreement with various sorption models by creating adsorption isotherms. The acceptable storage period was estimated using the constants calculated from these models. Statistically significant differences (p < 0.05) were observed among the packaging types, primarily associated with their water vapor permeability, affecting moisture content, water activity, caking degree, and color stability. In terms of moisture content, water activity, and caking degree, the conventional PET/Al-foil/LDPE (Polyethylene terephthalate/Aluminum foil/Low density polyethylene) structure demonstrated the best performance, followed by PET.AlO_x/LDPE (AlO_x-coated Polyethylene terephthalate/Low density polyethylene), MPET/LDPE (Metallized polyethylene terephthalate/Low density polyethylene), and MBOPP (Metallized biaxially oriented polypropylene), respectively. The sensory analysis scores followed the same ranking; however, all samples maintained scores above the threshold value of 3 throughout the storage period, indicating that they remained acceptable. Caking degree increased moderately (from 0.61% to 0.89%) and was negatively correlated with appearance scores (R² = −0.89, p < 0.01). Despite slight darkening (Browning Index increased from 18.16 to 20.37), sensory scores for appearance, odor, and taste remained above the acceptable threshold (score > 3.0). Based on the WVTR values of the packaging materials and the application of the GAB model, the estimated shelf lives were 800.32 days for PET/Al-foil/LDPE, 577.92 days for PET.AlO_x/LDPE, 407.58 days for MPET/LDPE, and 229.26 days for MBOPP. In conclusion, the longest shelf life was achieved with PET/Al-foil/LDPE, and it was observed that as the WVTR of the packaging materials increased, the shelf life of the cocoa-based pudding powder decreased; PET.AlO_x/LDPE and MPET/LDPE could be considered for medium-term storage (up to about 1–1.5 years), while MBOPP appeared suitable only for shorter durations (6–8 months). Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Trends in the Development of Sustainable Materials in Food Packaging)

► Show Figures

Graphical abstract

15 pages, 441 KB

Open AccessArticle

Linking Parenting Styles and Practices to Anxiety and Physical Activity in Autistic Youth: A Mediation Model

by Yosi Yaffe, Michal Ben-Eli, Orna Huri, Batel Hazan-Liran and Orr Levental

Children 2025, 12(11), 1510; https://doi.org/10.3390/children12111510 (registering DOI) - 7 Nov 2025

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) often experience high anxiety and low physical activity (PA). While the influence of parenting styles on these outcomes is well-documented in typically developing children, their role in autistic youth remains underexplored. The study examines how parenting [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) often experience high anxiety and low physical activity (PA). While the influence of parenting styles on these outcomes is well-documented in typically developing children, their role in autistic youth remains underexplored. The study examines how parenting style and parental encouragement of physical activity relate to anxiety and activity levels in ASD youth. Methods: The sample consisted of 76 parents of school-aged children diagnosed with ASD, including 54 parents of boys and 22 parents of girls (Aged 6–18; Mage = 10.75, SD = 3.67). The parents’ ages ranged from 23 to 65 years (M = 42.96, SD = 7.01). Results: Using a path model analysis, we found that authoritarian and permissive parenting were directly associated with elevated child anxiety. Authoritative and permissive parenting were inversely associated with child anxiety indirectly via parental encouragement of PA. Furthermore, authoritative and permissive parenting were inversely associated with the child’s PA score via encouragement of PA. Conclusions: The study establishes links between parenting styles and anxiety and physical activity in ASD children and adolescents, while identifying a specific mechanism that partially explains these associations. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Parenting a Child with Disabilities)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

22 pages, 5202 KB

Open AccessArticle

Characterization and GIS Mapping of the Physicochemical Quality of Soils in the Irrigated Area of Tafrata (Eastern Morocco): Implications for Sustainable Agricultural Management

by Soufiane Oubdil, Smail Souiri, Sara Ajmani, Abderrahmane Nazih, Rachid Mentag, Fatima Benradi and Mounaim Halim El Jalil

Geographies 2025, 5(4), 66; https://doi.org/10.3390/geographies5040066 (registering DOI) - 7 Nov 2025

Abstract

The Tafrata Irrigated Perimeter (TIP) in Taourirt province, located in a semi-arid environment, faces pressures from intensive agriculture and unsustainable resource use, leading to soil degradation, low organic matter, salinity risks, and nutrient imbalances. Despite the need for effective management, limited studies have [...] Read more.

The Tafrata Irrigated Perimeter (TIP) in Taourirt province, located in a semi-arid environment, faces pressures from intensive agriculture and unsustainable resource use, leading to soil degradation, low organic matter, salinity risks, and nutrient imbalances. Despite the need for effective management, limited studies have used spatial and geostatistical tools to assess soil quality in the region. This study aims to evaluate the physico-chemical quality of TIP soils and to identify management priorities for sustainable agricultural development. To achieve this, 84 soil samples analyzed for particle size, density, electrical conductivity, pH, organic matter, total carbonate content, potassium, and phosphorus. GIS was used to generate thematic maps. Findings show that 55% of the area consists of balanced sandy loam soils, with 76% of samples having slightly alkaline pH. Phosphorus and potassium concentrations average 35.23 (mg∙kg⁻¹) and 166.06 (mg∙kg⁻¹), respectively. While 76% of soils are non-saline, 87% have moderate carbonate content. Organic matter is critically low at 1.46%, raising concerns about soil fertility and water retention. The study emphasizes the need for sustainable agricultural practices to manage soil variability and improve fertility, offering actionable insights to support long-term soil health and resource sustainability in the TIP. Full article

► Show Figures

Figure 1

23 pages, 8644 KB

Open AccessArticle

Understanding What the Brain Sees: Semantic Recognition from EEG Responses to Visual Stimuli Using Transformer

by Ahmed Fares

AI 2025, 6(11), 288; https://doi.org/10.3390/ai6110288 (registering DOI) - 7 Nov 2025

Abstract

Understanding how the human brain processes and interprets multimedia content represents a frontier challenge in neuroscience and artificial intelligence. This study introduces a novel approach to decode semantic information from electroencephalogram (EEG) signals recorded during visual stimulus perception. We present DCT-ViT, a spatial–temporal [...] Read more.

Understanding how the human brain processes and interprets multimedia content represents a frontier challenge in neuroscience and artificial intelligence. This study introduces a novel approach to decode semantic information from electroencephalogram (EEG) signals recorded during visual stimulus perception. We present DCT-ViT, a spatial–temporal transformer architecture that pioneers automated semantic recognition from brain activity patterns, advancing beyond conventional brain state classification to interpret higher level cognitive understanding. Our methodology addresses three fundamental innovations: First, we develop a topology-preserving 2D electrode mapping that, combined with temporal indexing, generates 3D spatial–temporal representations capturing both anatomical relationships and dynamic neural correlations. Second, we integrate discrete cosine transform (DCT) embeddings with standard patch and positional embeddings in the transformer architecture, enabling frequency-domain analysis that quantifies activation variability across spectral bands and enhances attention mechanisms. Third, we introduce the Semantics-EEG dataset comprising ten semantic categories extracted from visual stimuli, providing a benchmark for brain-perceived semantic recognition research. The proposed DCT-ViT model achieves 72.28% recognition accuracy on Semantics-EEG, substantially outperforming LSTM-based and attention-augmented recurrent baselines. Ablation studies demonstrate that DCT embeddings contribute meaningfully to model performance, validating their effectiveness in capturing frequency-specific neural signatures. Interpretability analyses reveal neurobiologically plausible attention patterns, with visual semantics activating occipital–parietal regions and abstract concepts engaging frontal–temporal networks, consistent with established cognitive neuroscience models. To address systematic misclassification between perceptually similar categories, we develop a hierarchical classification framework with boundary refinement mechanisms. This approach substantially reduces confusion between overlapping semantic categories, elevating overall accuracy to 76.15%. Robustness evaluations demonstrate superior noise resilience, effective cross-subject generalization, and few-shot transfer capabilities to novel categories. This work establishes the technical foundation for brain–computer interfaces capable of decoding semantic understanding, with implications for assistive technologies, cognitive assessment, and human–AI interaction. Both the Semantics-EEG dataset and DCT-ViT implementation are publicly released to facilitate reproducibility and advance research in neural semantic decoding. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue AI in Bio and Healthcare Informatics)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

19 pages, 8941 KB

Open AccessArticle

Physical Information-Guided Kolmogorov–Arnold Networks for Battery State of Health Estimation

by Zeye Liu, Songtao Ye, Feifei Cui and Yu Ma

Energies 2025, 18(22), 5865; https://doi.org/10.3390/en18225865 (registering DOI) - 7 Nov 2025

Abstract

Against the backdrop of the rapid development of the energy internet, the role of energy storage systems in grid stability, energy balance, and renewable energy integration has become increasingly important. Among these systems, estimating the state of health (SOH) of battery storage systems, [...] Read more.

Against the backdrop of the rapid development of the energy internet, the role of energy storage systems in grid stability, energy balance, and renewable energy integration has become increasingly important. Among these systems, estimating the state of health (SOH) of battery storage systems, particularly lithium batteries, is crucial for ensuring system reliability and safety. While data-driven methods have poor interpretability and physics-based models are computationally expensive, physics-informed neural networks (PINNs) offer a compromise but struggle with high-dimensional inputs and dynamic variable coupling. This paper proposed a novel Kolmogorov–Arnold networks with physics-informed neural network (KAN-PINN) framework for lithium-ion battery SOH estimation. By leveraging KANs’ superior high-dimensional approximation capabilities and embedding the Verhulst model as a physical constraint, the framework enhances nonlinear representation while ensuring predictions adhere to degradation physics. Experimental results on a public dataset demonstrate the model’s superiority, achieving an RMSPE of 0.300 and MAE of 1.342%, along with strong interpretability and robustness across battery chemistries and operating conditions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Advancing the Energy Internet: Innovations and Solutions for a Sustainable Energy Future)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

20 pages, 6802 KB

Open AccessArticle

Deep Learning for Predicting Late-Onset Breast Cancer Metastasis: The Single-Hyperparameter Grid Search (SHGS) Strategy for Meta-Tuning a Deep Feed-Forward Neural Network

by Yijun Zhou, Om Arora-Jain and Xia Jiang

Bioengineering 2025, 12(11), 1214; https://doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering12111214 (registering DOI) - 7 Nov 2025

Abstract

Background: While machine learning has advanced in medicine, its widespread use in clinical applications, especially in predicting breast cancer metastasis, is still limited. We have been dedicated to constructing a deep feed-forward neural network (DFNN) model to predict breast cancer metastasis n [...] Read more.

Background: While machine learning has advanced in medicine, its widespread use in clinical applications, especially in predicting breast cancer metastasis, is still limited. We have been dedicated to constructing a deep feed-forward neural network (DFNN) model to predict breast cancer metastasis n years in advance. However, the challenge lies in efficiently identifying optimal hyperparameter values through grid search, given the constraints of time and resources. Issues such as the infinite possibilities for continuous hyperparameters like L1 and L2, as well as the time-consuming and costly process, further complicate the task. Methods: To address these challenges, we developed the Single-Hyperparameter Grid Search (SHGS) strategy, serving as a preselection method before grid search. Our experiments with SHGS applied to DFNN models for breast cancer metastasis prediction focused on analyzing eight target hyperparameters (epochs, batch size, dropout, L1, L2, learning rate, decay, and momentum). Results: We created three figures, each depicting the experimental results obtained from three LSM-I-10+-year datasets. These figures illustrate the relationship between model performance and the target hyperparameter values. Our experiments achieved maximum test AUC scores of 0.770, 0.762, and 0.886 for the 10-year, 12-year, and 15-year datasets, respectively. For each hyperparameter, we analyzed whether changes in this hyperparameter would affect model performance, examined whether there were specific patterns, and explored how to choose values for the hyperparameter. Conclusions: Our experimental findings reveal that the optimal value of a hyperparameter is not only dependent on the dataset but is also significantly influenced by the settings of other hyperparameters. Additionally, our experiments suggest a reduced range of values for a target hyperparameter, which may be helpful for “low-budget” grid search. This approach serves as a foundation for the subsequent use of grid search to enhance model performance. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Application of Artificial Intelligence in Complex Diseases)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

20 pages, 1354 KB

Open AccessArticle

Ethanol Exposure Increases Oxygen Consumption by Developing Cerebral Arteries in a Trimester-, Concentration- and Sex-Dependent Manner

by Shiwani Thapa, Rika M. Morales, Heather S. Smallwood and Anna N. Bukiya

Biomolecules 2025, 15(11), 1566; https://doi.org/10.3390/biom15111566 (registering DOI) - 7 Nov 2025

Abstract

Alcohol (ethanol; EtOH) intake affects one in ten pregnancies in the United States and is a leading cause of developmental defects collectively known as fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASDs). Cerebral circulation is a critical target of prenatal ethanol exposure (PEE), yet the target(s) [...] Read more.

Alcohol (ethanol; EtOH) intake affects one in ten pregnancies in the United States and is a leading cause of developmental defects collectively known as fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASDs). Cerebral circulation is a critical target of prenatal ethanol exposure (PEE), yet the target(s) involved remain poorly understood. In adult cerebral circulation, mitochondrial function is essential in regulating smooth muscle contractility, suggesting mitochondria as a potential target of alcohol in the developing cerebral arteries. In this study, pregnant C57BL/6J mice were administered ethanol (3, 4.5, 6, or 7 g/kg) during either the second trimester equivalent of human pregnancy (gestational days 9–19), or the third trimester equivalent during postnatal days 1–10. Maternal and progeny blood ethanol concentrations, progeny brain weight, cerebral artery oxygen consumption, and corticosterone levels were measured. At lower ethanol concentrations (3 g and 4.5 g/kg), no significant alterations in fetal cerebral artery mitochondrial function were detected. In contrast, heavy maternal ethanol exposure (6 g/kg) significantly increased mitochondrial respiratory parameters in developing cerebral arteries during the third trimester equivalent of human pregnancy. Sex-specific dimorphism was also observed at this developmental stage. Corticosterone was not elevated in fetuses and pups. In summary, our findings demonstrate developmental stage- and sex-dependent vulnerabilities of cerebrovascular oxygen consumption to ethanol exposure. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Alcohol Consumption as a Cardiovascular Risk Factor: Focusing on Molecular Mechanisms)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

16 pages, 1372 KB

Open AccessArticle

Novel Chalcone Derivatives as Anti-Leishmania infantum Agents with Potential Synergistic Activity and In Silico Insights

by Ana Letícia Monteiro Fernandes, Abraão Pinheiro Sousa, Delva Thyares Fonseca Lamec, Leonardo Lima Cardoso, Rosália Santos Ferreira, Shayenne Eduarda Ramos Vanderley, Petrônio Filgueiras Athayde-Filho, Gabriela Fehn Fiss and Tatjana Souza Lima Keesen

Antibiotics 2025, 14(11), 1123; https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics14111123 (registering DOI) - 7 Nov 2025

Abstract

Background: Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is a neglected tropical disease with limited therapeutic options, often restricted by toxicity, high costs, and resistance. Chalcones are promising scaffolds for the development of antiparasitic agents. Objectives: This study aimed to synthesize novel acetamides derived from 4-hydroxychalcones and [...] Read more.

Background: Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is a neglected tropical disease with limited therapeutic options, often restricted by toxicity, high costs, and resistance. Chalcones are promising scaffolds for the development of antiparasitic agents. Objectives: This study aimed to synthesize novel acetamides derived from 4-hydroxychalcones and evaluate their antileishmanial activity, cytotoxicity, potential synergy with amphotericin B (AmB), and mechanisms of action through in silico analyses. Methods: Six chalcone–acetamides (3a–c, 4a–c) were synthesized and characterized by IR, NMR, and HRMS. In vitro activity against Leishmania infantum promastigotes and axenic amastigotes was assessed by colorimetric assays. Cytotoxicity was tested in human erythrocytes and PBMCs. Synergy with AmB was analyzed by the combination index. Molecular docking targeted parasite enzymes, and ADMET tools predicted pharmacokinetic and safety profiles. Results: Phenyl-substituted derivatives (3a–c) were inactive, while cyclohexyl-substituted analogs (4a–c) were active. Compound 4b displayed the strongest effect (IC₅₀: 7.02 μM for promastigotes, 3.4 μM for amastigotes), with low cytotoxicity and high Selectivity Indices. In combination with AmB, compound 4b reduced the effective dose (DRI: 2.87) and increased the therapeutic window. Docking revealed favorable interactions of compound 4b with deubiquitinase DUB16 and tryparedoxin peroxidase I, suggesting enzyme inhibition. ADMET predictions supported good absorption and low toxicity. Conclusions: Compound 4b demonstrated potent and selective antileishmanial activity, synergism with AmB, and predicted safety. These findings highlight chalcone derivative 4b as a promising lead for future preclinical development in VL therapy. Full article

► Show Figures

Figure 1

22 pages, 7554 KB

Open AccessArticle

Assessing the Performance of a Cascaded Composite Phase Change Material Roadway Cooling System Against Heat Hazard from Sustainable Mine Geothermal Energy

by Hengfeng Liu, Jiahao Guo, Baiyi Li, Alfonso Rodriguez-Dono, Peng Huang, Xinying Li, Erkan Topal and Shuqi Liu

Appl. Sci. 2025, 15(22), 11850; https://doi.org/10.3390/app152211850 (registering DOI) - 7 Nov 2025

Abstract

Sustainable mine geothermal energy causes high-temperature hazards in mine roadways, severely endangering miners’ lives. There is an urgent need to enhance research on the performance of composite phase change material (CPCM) roadway cooling systems, as they can effectively control ambient temperatures. However, existing [...] Read more.

Sustainable mine geothermal energy causes high-temperature hazards in mine roadways, severely endangering miners’ lives. There is an urgent need to enhance research on the performance of composite phase change material (CPCM) roadway cooling systems, as they can effectively control ambient temperatures. However, existing research on CPCM roadway cooling system performance remains limited. This study innovatively establishes a numerical model for a novel cascade CPCM roadway cooling system and employs the control variable method to investigate the influence of multi-parameter regulation on system performance. The study reveals that the ring pipe radius ratio significantly impacts the system’s heat exchange efficiency and temperature distribution. The optimal comprehensive system performance is achieved at an annular tube radius ratio of 2:3, where the CPCM solid phase percentage for 89.03% and the average temperature of the monitoring surface decreases by 9.54 °C. Increasing the cascaded tube spacing enhances the overall cooling effect, but cooling efficiency diminishes when the spacing exceeds 0.5 m. The CPCM phase change temperature must align with the mine’s geothermal conditions, with CPCM utilization and cooling efficiency peaking at 25 °C. The air deflector structure effectively mitigates cooling lag in the lower roadway section. At an installation angle of 30°, the expansion distance of the lower low-temperature zone increased by up to 48.89% without compromising cooling efficiency in the upper roadway section, while also delaying the recovery rate of heat damage. Full article

► Show Figures

Figure 1

26 pages, 3189 KB

Open AccessArticle

Integrated Assessment of Benthic Bacterial Community Physiology, Structure, and Function Across C, N, P, and S Gradients in Lake Villarrica Sediments, Chile

by Tay Ruiz-Gil, Sebastián Elgueta, Giovanni Larama, Joaquín-Ignacio Rilling, Anthony Hollenback, Deb P. Jaisi, Diego Valdebenito, Bryan M. Spears and Marco A. Campos

Microorganisms 2025, 13(11), 2544; https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms13112544 (registering DOI) - 7 Nov 2025

Abstract

Benthic bacterial communities play a critical role in nutrient cycling and are highly sensitive to environmental pollution. This study aimed to investigate the physiological, compositional and functional responses of bacterial communities across a range of carbon (C), nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and sulfur [...] Read more.

Benthic bacterial communities play a critical role in nutrient cycling and are highly sensitive to environmental pollution. This study aimed to investigate the physiological, compositional and functional responses of bacterial communities across a range of carbon (C), nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) gradients in sediments from Lake Villarrica, Chile. Sediment samples were collected from 5 sites representing a gradient of nutrient pressure from the lake basin (NL < PuB < PoP < SL < VB). Nutrient forms (TC, TN, TP, TS, and OM) were chemically quantified. Community function was assessed via community-level physiological profiles (CLPPs) using Biolog^® EcoPlates (C substrates), PM3B (N substrates), and PM4A (P and S substrates). Function and composition were assessed based on total bacterial and functional nutrient-cycling gene abundances (16Sr RNA, chiA, mcrA, nifH, amoA, nosZ, phoD, pqqC, soxB, dsrA) using qPCR and 16S rRNA metabarcoding, respectively. In general, the CLPPs were higher for C substrates, followed by P, S, and N substrates, with metabolism of organic forms of these nutrients preferential, and P-cycling genes were the most abundant in the lake. Spatially, the most nutrient-enriched site (VB) showed a significantly (p ≤ 0.05) higher nutrient content (e.g., 5.4% TC, 0.54% TN, 1302.8 mg kg⁻¹ TP and 854.1 mg kg⁻¹ TS) and total bacterial abundance (2.9 × 10¹¹ gene copy g⁻¹ dw sediment) but displayed lower CLPPs (from 0.63 to 1.02 AWCD) and nutrient-cycling gene abundances (e.g., 9.1 × 10¹, 2.7 × 10³, 3.6 × 10³ and 4.7 × 10³ gene copy g⁻¹ dw sediment for chiaA, nifH, phoD and dsrA, respectively) compared to the less nutrient-enriched sites (e.g., NL). The bacterial community composition shifted accordingly, with Bacillota enriched in VB and Planctomycetota occurring more frequently in less nutrient-exposed sites. Functional prediction analysis revealed enhanced methanotrophy and sulfate respiration in nutrient-rich sediments, whereas nitrification and organic P (P_o) mineralization dominated in less impacted areas. The results demonstrate that nutrient enrichment constrains bacterial functional diversity in Lake Villarrica and, so, may be useful indicators of environmental stress to be considered in pollution monitoring programmes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Microbial Ecology That Drives Biogeochemical Cycles: Environmental Impact)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

16 pages, 1564 KB

Open AccessArticle

Application of Climate Sensitivity Transfer Matrix Growth Model in Qinghai Province

by Keyi Chen, Ni Yan, Youjun He and Jianjun Wang

Forests 2025, 16(11), 1695; https://doi.org/10.3390/f16111695 (registering DOI) - 7 Nov 2025

Abstract

This study utilizes data from the eighth and ninth Chinese National Forest Inventories of Qinghai Province to establish a climate-sensitive transfer matrix growth model for natural forests in Qinghai Province. The model considers tree species diversity (S_d), size diversity (D_c [...] Read more.

This study utilizes data from the eighth and ninth Chinese National Forest Inventories of Qinghai Province to establish a climate-sensitive transfer matrix growth model for natural forests in Qinghai Province. The model considers tree species diversity (S_d), size diversity (D_c), mean annual temperature (MAT), and mean annual precipitation (MAP) and their impacts on tree growth, mortality, and recruitment. Additionally, the forest stand growth and development were predicted under different climate scenarios (RCP2.6, RCP4.5, RCP8.5) for the next 50 years. The results show that the number of Qinghai spruce (Picea crassifolia Kom.) and White birch (Betula platyphylla Sukaczev) trees per hectare gradually decreases, but the stock volume continues to increase. The number of trees per hectare remains relatively stable (from 2235 to 855), with stock volume increasing annually for the first 30 years of the simulation and then stabilizing (from 76.96 to 798.02). Other tree species groups exhibit a continuous annual increase. Comparing the changes in stock volume and tree numbers under three different climate scenarios, there was no significant difference, and the overall trend remained similar. The finding fills a gap in the research on climate-sensitive transfer matrix growth models for natural forests in Qinghai Province. Compared to single-tree and whole-stand models, this model can predict forest stand growth more quickly and effectively, providing a reliable reference for future forest management. It helps formulate policies to address climate change and promote the sustainable development of forest health. This achievement will contribute to a better understanding of future forest stand growth trends, offering valuable insights for sustainable forest management. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Forest Ecology and Management)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

29 pages, 2080 KB

Open AccessReview

A Comprehensive Review on Minimally Destructive Quality and Safety Assessment of Agri-Food Products: Chemometrics-Coupled Mid-Infrared Spectroscopy

by Lakshmi B. Keithellakpam, Renan Danielski, Chandra B. Singh, Digvir S. Jayas and Chithra Karunakaran

Foods 2025, 14(22), 3805; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods14223805 (registering DOI) - 7 Nov 2025

Abstract

Ensuring the quality and safety of agricultural and food products is crucial for protecting consumer health, meeting market expectations, and complying with regulatory requirements. Quality and safety parameters are commonly assessed using chemical and microbiological analyses, which are time-consuming, impractical, and involve the [...] Read more.

Ensuring the quality and safety of agricultural and food products is crucial for protecting consumer health, meeting market expectations, and complying with regulatory requirements. Quality and safety parameters are commonly assessed using chemical and microbiological analyses, which are time-consuming, impractical, and involve the use of toxic solvents, often disrupting the material’s original structure. An alternative technique, infrared spectroscopy, including near-infrared (NIR), mid-infrared (MIR), and short-wave infrared (SWIR), has emerged as a rapid, powerful, and minimally destructive technique for evaluating the quality and safety of food and agricultural products. This review focuses on discussing MIR spectroscopy, particularly Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) techniques, with emphasis on the attenuated total reflectance (ATR) measurement mode (globar infrared light source is commonly used) and on the use of synchrotron radiation (SR) as an alternative high-brightness light source. Both approaches enable the extraction of detailed spectral data related to molecular and functional attributes concerning quality and safety, thereby facilitating the assessment of crop disorders, food chemical composition, microbial contamination (e.g., mycotoxins, bacteria), and the detection of food adulterants, among several other applications. In combination with advanced chemometric techniques, FTIR spectroscopy, whether employing ATR as a measurement mode or SR as a high-brightness light source, is a powerful analytical tool for classification based on attributes, variety, nutritional and geographical origins, with or without minimal sample preparation, no chemical use, and short analysis time. However, limitations exist regarding calibrations, validations, and accessibility. The objective of this review is to address recent technological advancements and existing constraints of FTIR conducted in ATR mode and using SR as a light source (not necessarily in combination). It defines potential pathways for the comprehensive integration of FTIR and chemometrics for real-time quality and safety monitoring systems into the global food supply chain. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Infrared Spectroscopy and Hyperspectral Imaging for Detecting Food Contaminants and Residues)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

19 pages, 513 KB

Open AccessReview

Assessing Human Exposure to Fire Smoke in Underground Spaces: Challenges and Prospects for Protective Technologies

by Jialin Wu, Meijie Liu, Yongqi Tang, Yehui Xu, Feifan He, Jinghong Wang, Yunting Tsai, Yi Yang and Zeng Long

Sustainability 2025, 17(22), 9922; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17229922 (registering DOI) - 7 Nov 2025

Abstract

Urban underground spaces, including tunnels, subways, and underground commercial buildings, have grown quickly as urbanization has progressed. Fires frequently break out following industrial accidents and multi-hazard natural disasters, and they can severely damage human health. Fire smoke is a major contributor and a [...] Read more.

Urban underground spaces, including tunnels, subways, and underground commercial buildings, have grown quickly as urbanization has progressed. Fires frequently break out following industrial accidents and multi-hazard natural disasters, and they can severely damage human health. Fire smoke is a major contributor and a major hazard to public safety. The flow patterns of fire smoke in underground spaces, the risks to human casualties, and engineering and personal protective technologies are all thoroughly reviewed in this work. First, it analyzes the diffusion characteristics of fire smoke in underground spaces and summarizes the coupling effects between human behavior and smoke spread. Then, it examines the risks of casualties caused by toxic gases, particulate matter, and thermal effects in fire smoke from both macroscopic case studies and microscopic toxicological viewpoints. It summarizes engineering protection strategies, such as optimizing ventilation systems, intelligent monitoring and early warning systems, and advances in the application of new materials in personal respiratory protective equipment. Future studies should concentrate on interdisciplinary collaboration, creating more precise models of the interactions between people and fire smoke and putting life-cycle management of underground fires into practice. This review aims to provide theoretical and technical support for improving human safety in urban underground space fires, thereby promoting sustainable urban development. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Management of Multi-Hazard Natural Disasters and Industrial Accidents)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

16 pages, 282 KB

Open AccessArticle

On a Unified Subclass of Analytic Functions with Negative Coefficients Defined via a Generalized q-Calculus Operator

by Mohamed Illafe and Feras Yousef

AppliedMath 2025, 5(4), 158; https://doi.org/10.3390/appliedmath5040158 (registering DOI) - 7 Nov 2025

Abstract

We introduce and analyze a subclass of analytic functions with negative coefficients, denoted by

P_{q, σ}^{m, ℓ, p} (α, η)

, constructed through a generalized q-calculus operator in combination with a multiplier-type transformation. For [...] Read more.

We introduce and analyze a subclass of analytic functions with negative coefficients, denoted by

P_{q, σ}^{m, ℓ, p} (α, η)

, constructed through a generalized q-calculus operator in combination with a multiplier-type transformation. For this class, we obtain sharp coefficient bounds, growth and distortion estimates, and closure results. The radii of close-to-convexity, starlikeness, and convexity are determined, and further consequences, such as integral means inequalities and neighborhood characterizations, are derived. The results presented provide a broad framework that incorporates and extends several earlier families of analytic and geometric function classes. Full article

► Show Figures

Figure 1

15 pages, 449 KB

Open AccessArticle

Impact of a High-Fat High-Carbohydrate (HFHC) Diet at a Young Age on Steroid Hormone Hair Concentrations in Mice: A Comparison with a Control Diet and Nutraceutical Supplementation

by Isabella Pividori, Tanja Peric, Antonella Comin, Natalia Rosso, Silvia Gazzin, Mirco Corazzin and Alberto Prandi

Life 2025, 15(11), 1722; https://doi.org/10.3390/life15111722 (registering DOI) - 7 Nov 2025

Abstract

An unhealthy prepubertal diet can have long-lasting effects throughout life. This study investigated hair concentrations of adrenal and sex steroids, in an in vivo mouse model of juvenile obesity subjected to control (CTRL), obesogenic (HFHC) diet, or nutraceutical supplementation (silymarin or coconut oil) [...] Read more.

An unhealthy prepubertal diet can have long-lasting effects throughout life. This study investigated hair concentrations of adrenal and sex steroids, in an in vivo mouse model of juvenile obesity subjected to control (CTRL), obesogenic (HFHC) diet, or nutraceutical supplementation (silymarin or coconut oil) diets. 87 3-week-old C57BL/6 mice (42 females, 45 males) were fed CTRL or HFHC diets for 8 weeks. Afterward, the CTRL group continued on CTRL diet while the HFHC diet group was divided into five groups: HFHC, HFHC→CTRL, HFHC→CTRL + silymarin (SIL), HFHC→HFHC + SIL and HFHC→HFHC + Coconut oil. At 4 weeks, the HFHC group showed increased cortisol/dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) ratio compared to CTRL group. At 20 weeks, the HFHC→HFHC group showed higher levels of progesterone (P4) and dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEA-S) and lower levels of estradiol (E2) compared to the CTRL→CTRL group. The switch from HFHC→CTRL was the optimal therapy because the body weight and almost all the hormones were close to those observed for the CTRL diet group. Supplement with SIL or Coconut oil reduced DHEA-S and increased in E2 compared with the endocrine setting seen with the HFHC diet. These interventions should be considered as supportive measures rather than substitutes for dietary correction. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Medical Research)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

13 pages, 469 KB

Open AccessArticle

Clinical, Laboratory and Instrumental Characteristics of Myocardial Infarction in Young Patients Depending on the Prevalence of Coronary Atherosclerosis

by Gleb Vladimirovich Nozhov, Kristina Gennadievna Pereverzeva, Sergey Sergeevich Zagorodniy, Sergey Stepanovich Yakushin, Elizaveta Sergeevna Platonova, Angelina Vladimirovna Sermavbrina, German Maksimovich Popov and Elizaveta Romanovna Martynova

Medicina 2025, 61(11), 1996; https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina61111996 (registering DOI) - 7 Nov 2025

Abstract

Background and Objectives: To study the clinical/anamnestic, laboratory and instrumental characteristics, as well as the tactics of treatment, of myocardial infarction (MI) in young patients, depending on the number of affected coronary arteries (CAs), including patients with non-ST elevation myocardial infarction. Materials [...] Read more.

Background and Objectives: To study the clinical/anamnestic, laboratory and instrumental characteristics, as well as the tactics of treatment, of myocardial infarction (MI) in young patients, depending on the number of affected coronary arteries (CAs), including patients with non-ST elevation myocardial infarction. Materials and Methods: A single-center retrospective study was conducted based on data from 374 patients under 44 years of age who had experienced myocardial infarction (MI) between 2015 and 2023. The patients were divided into groups according to coronary angiography findings: those without obstructive lesion and those with single-vessel, two-vessel, and multi-vessel disease. Standard methods of statistical analysis were applied. Results: A pronounced predominance of men (91.2%) and a high prevalence of modifiable risk factors were identified. The most frequent finding was single-vessel disease (41.9%); however, a significant proportion of patients had two-vessel (25.7%) and multi-vessel (18.2%) CA disease. MI without obstructive CA lesions was diagnosed in 4.3% of patients. Patients with multi-vessel disease had statistically significantly higher levels of total cholesterol and low-density lipoproteins, as well as signs of more pronounced structural cardiac remodeling. Conclusions: MI at a young age is associated with a high prevalence of modifiable risk factors and a significant proportion of extensive atherosclerosis. The identification of a group without obstructive CA lesions (4.3%) underscores the heterogeneity of myocardial infarction pathogenesis in the young and the need to account for it in the diagnostic algorithm. The obtained data confirm the necessity of enhancing primary and secondary prevention programs. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Cardiology)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

26 pages, 1199 KB

Open AccessReview

Optimization Strategy of Expression Vectors and Regulatory Elements for Enhanced Protein Production in Bacillus subtilis

by Ziru Ye, Puyue Zhang, Zhong Tian and Yong Huang

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025, 26(22), 10812; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms262210812 (registering DOI) - 7 Nov 2025

Abstract

As a non-pathogenic, Gram-positive strain, Bacillus subtilis is well-known for its efficient protein secretion mechanism and versatile microbial cell factory. However, the present B. subtilis expression vectors have drawbacks that prevent their industrial use, such as poor stability, low copy number, and low [...] Read more.

As a non-pathogenic, Gram-positive strain, Bacillus subtilis is well-known for its efficient protein secretion mechanism and versatile microbial cell factory. However, the present B. subtilis expression vectors have drawbacks that prevent their industrial use, such as poor stability, low copy number, and low expression efficiency. In recent years, systematic optimization of expression vectors and elements has emerged as a key strategy for enhancing protein production efficiency. Among these efforts, constructing high-copy, stable vector backbones serves as the foundation for improving heterologous protein expression. Further optimization of critical regulatory elements—including regulatory genes, promoters, ribosome binding sites, signal peptides, and terminators—can significantly increase protein yield and process controllability. This review summarizes recent advances in B. subtilis expression systems, focusing on vector design and coordinated optimization of regulatory elements. Additionally, it discusses strategies for constructing efficient and controllable expression vectors, offering theoretical insights and technical guidance for future industrial applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Molecular Microbiology)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

21 pages, 1180 KB

Open AccessReview

The Role of Nuclear and Mitochondrial DNA in Myalgic Encephalomyelitis: Molecular Insights into Susceptibility and Dysfunction

by Wesam Elremaly, Mohamed Elbakry, Yasaman Vahdani, Anita Franco and Alain Moreau

DNA 2025, 5(4), 53; https://doi.org/10.3390/dna5040053 (registering DOI) - 7 Nov 2025

Abstract

Myalgic Encephalomyelitis (ME), also known as chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS), is a debilitating and heterogeneous disorder marked by persistent fatigue, post-exertional malaise, cognitive impairment, and multisystem dysfunction. Despite its prevalence and impact, the molecular mechanisms underlying ME remain poorly understood. This review synthesizes [...] Read more.

Myalgic Encephalomyelitis (ME), also known as chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS), is a debilitating and heterogeneous disorder marked by persistent fatigue, post-exertional malaise, cognitive impairment, and multisystem dysfunction. Despite its prevalence and impact, the molecular mechanisms underlying ME remain poorly understood. This review synthesizes current evidence on the role of DNA, both nuclear and mitochondrial, in the susceptibility and pathophysiology of ME. We examined genetic predispositions, including familial clustering and candidate gene associations, and highlighted emerging insights from genome-wide and multi-omics studies. Mitochondrial DNA variants and oxidative stress-related damage are discussed in relation to impaired bioenergetics and symptom severity. Epigenetic modifications, particularly DNA methylation dynamics and transposable element activation, are explored as mediators of gene–environment interactions and immune dysregulation. Finally, we explored the translational potential of DNA-based biomarkers and therapeutic targets, emphasizing the need for integrative molecular approaches to advance diagnosis and treatment. Understanding the DNA-associated mechanisms in ME offers a promising path toward precision medicine in post-viral chronic diseases. Full article

► Show Figures

Graphical abstract

13 pages, 5982 KB

Open AccessArticle

The Effects of Extraction on Mechanical and Morphological Properties of Sisal Polyester Composite

by Abera Endesha, Getahun Tefera, Sarp Adali and Glen Bright

J. Compos. Sci. 2025, 9(11), 613; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs9110613 (registering DOI) - 7 Nov 2025

Abstract

Natural fibers are replacing synthetic fibers and are used to develop different useful composite products due to their environmental advantages. To fabricate high-performance composites, high-quality natural fibers are essential. Fiber quality largely depends on the extraction method and subsequent treatment. In this study, [...] Read more.

Natural fibers are replacing synthetic fibers and are used to develop different useful composite products due to their environmental advantages. To fabricate high-performance composites, high-quality natural fibers are essential. Fiber quality largely depends on the extraction method and subsequent treatment. In this study, fibers were extracted using both machine and manual methods, treated with 5% NaOH, and used at a 30:70 fiber-to-matrix volume ratio to fabricate composite laminates. Key properties such as tensile, flexural, and impact strength, water absorption, elemental composition, and morphological structure were analyzed. When comparing the untreated fiber composites, the machine-extracted samples exhibited a 6.7% increase in tensile strength and a 7.06% increase in flexural strength over those extracted manually. For treated fiber composites, the machine-extracted samples showed improvements in tensile, flexural, and impact strengths of 19.82%, 19.38%, and 26.59%, respectively, compared to those extracted manually. These enhancements indicate that machine extraction provides fibers with better structural integrity and consistency, contributing to stronger fiber–matrix bonding. The machine-extracted treated composites showed reduced water absorption and smaller fiber diameters, indicating that machine extraction was more effective in removing impurities from the fibers. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) confirmed improved fiber–matrix interfacial bonding in the machine-extracted composites, which also exhibited better water resistance. This study highlights that fiber extraction and treatment significantly influence the mechanical, physical, and morphological properties of natural fiber composites, as verified through SEM, EDS, and universal testing machine (UTM) analysis. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Editorial Board Members' Collection Series: Mechanical Analysis of Composite Materials)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

19 pages, 1438 KB

Open AccessArticle

Generalized Fibonacci Polynomials and Their Properties

by Sibel Koparal, Neşe Ömür, Sezer Boz, Khidir Shaib Mohamed, Waseem Ahmad Khan and Alawia Adam

Symmetry 2025, 17(11), 1898; https://doi.org/10.3390/sym17111898 (registering DOI) - 7 Nov 2025

Abstract

This study presents a unified framework for the simultaneous analysis of generalized Fibonacci numbers and their associated polynomial extensions, both of which play a significant role in combinatorial analysis and discrete mathematics. The generalized Fibonacci polynomials have been extended to four new families [...] Read more.

This study presents a unified framework for the simultaneous analysis of generalized Fibonacci numbers and their associated polynomial extensions, both of which play a significant role in combinatorial analysis and discrete mathematics. The generalized Fibonacci polynomials have been extended to four new families of polynomials, each defined through systematic extensions of the generalized Fibonacci polynomials

U_{k l} (ς)

and

V_{k l} (ς)

. In addition, we explore further generalizations involving the extended Humbert-type polynomials

U_{k l, m}^{(r)} (ς)

and

V_{k l, m}^{(r)} (ς) .

Based on the algebraic structure and generating functions of these newly defined polynomial families, several algebraic identities that reveal their rich mathematical properties have been derived. Additionally, we aim to present the graphical representations of a family of polynomials, analyze their roots, examine the distribution of the roots, and investigate the correlations among the largest roots. Finally, to gain a deeper understanding of the structural properties of the polynomials, the root magnitude distribution and the density distribution of root values are also examined. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Mathematics)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

22 pages, 1455 KB

Open AccessArticle

ElastoMeric Infusion Pumps for Hospital AntibioTICs (EMPHATIC): A Feasibility Study

by Joseph J. Spencer-Jones, Stuart E. Bond, Nicola Walker, Jade Lee-Milner, Julie Thompson, Damilola Mustapha, Annam Sadiq, Achyut Guleri, Jayanta B. Sarma, Liz Breen and Jonathan A. T. Sandoe

Antibiotics 2025, 14(11), 1122; https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics14111122 (registering DOI) - 7 Nov 2025

Abstract

Background: Elastomeric infusion pumps (EMPs) are safe and effective for administering outpatient intravenous (IV) antibiotics. We hypothesized that EMPs may provide benefits in the inpatient setting. This study aimed to assess the feasibility of giving IV antibiotics using EMPs to adult inpatients and [...] Read more.

Background: Elastomeric infusion pumps (EMPs) are safe and effective for administering outpatient intravenous (IV) antibiotics. We hypothesized that EMPs may provide benefits in the inpatient setting. This study aimed to assess the feasibility of giving IV antibiotics using EMPs to adult inpatients and to identify barriers and facilitators for their implementation. Methods and Objectives: Patients who were 18 years of age and over requiring at least seven days of IV flucloxacillin, benzylpenicillin or piperacillin/tazobactam and who were clinically stable were eligible. We collected quantitative data for feasibility, clinical outcomes and intervention acceptability. We applied an implementation research framework to help triangulate the data. Analyses were descriptive, with the intent of preparing for future studies. Results: IV antibiotics from 94 EMPs were administered to nine patients, with five patients completing treatment with an EMP. Five of the six patients surveyed said they would use EMPs again. Nurses felt EMPs were safer, less time consuming and improved working conditions. IV antibiotics via EMPs cost GBP 32.50 (GBP 3.35–GBP 83.44) more per day than intermittent infusions. Residual volume in EMPs was an issue which resulted in reduced antibiotic doses being delivered. The main facilitators to use of EMPs in the inpatient setting were adaptability, tension for change, recipient centeredness and needs of the deliverers. The barriers were lack of advantage, critical incidents and cost. Conclusion: This proof of concept feasibility study shows that it may be feasible to use EMPs in the inpatient setting. There is potential to improve patient and staff experience; however, cost and residual volume are potential barriers to implementation, with further studies required. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Drugs, Innovative Antimicrobial Approaches, and Optimized Dosages: Bridging Research and Clinical Practice)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

11 pages, 213 KB

Open AccessArticle

Building Adult-Gerontology Acute Care Nurse Practitioner Student Competencies for Telemental Health Treatment Through Simulation

by Amy Dievendorf, Phyllis Raynor, Beverly Baliko and Abbas Tavakoli

Int. Med. Educ. 2025, 4(4), 45; https://doi.org/10.3390/ime4040045 (registering DOI) - 7 Nov 2025

Abstract

Depressive disorders are common mental health conditions that are often undiagnosed or undertreated. Adult-Gerontology Acute Care Nurse Practitioners (AGACNPs) are educated in the management of acute and critically ill patients but are often uncomfortable identifying and treating mental health conditions. Telehealth instruction is [...] Read more.

Depressive disorders are common mental health conditions that are often undiagnosed or undertreated. Adult-Gerontology Acute Care Nurse Practitioners (AGACNPs) are educated in the management of acute and critically ill patients but are often uncomfortable identifying and treating mental health conditions. Telehealth instruction is useful in mental healthcare and is required as part of the AGACNP’s efficient patient care competencies. This article reports findings from a mental health-focused telehealth instructional activity integrated into an existing AGACNP curriculum. This instructional activity was designed to introduce students to telehealth delivery and build AGACNP competencies using telehealth technology to assess patients with depressive mood symptoms. A two-part instructional scenario included didactic course preparation and an experiential activity involving a virtual encounter with a standardized patient (SP). Student feedback on the telehealth experience was generally positive. However, they felt uncomfortable with the mental health component of the scenario, providing an opportunity for improved preparation of mental health screening and treatment. Full article

24 pages, 9023 KB

Open AccessArticle

Pentachroma O-H: A Five-Color Histological Staining Method for Enhanced Intestinal Tissue Analysis

by Emanuel-Ciprian Onica, Cristina-Stefania Dumitru, Flavia Zara, Marius Raica, Cristian Silviu Suciu, Alina Cristina Barb, Oana-Alexia Ene, Cristi Tarta and Dorin Novacescu

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025, 26(22), 10811; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms262210811 (registering DOI) - 7 Nov 2025

Abstract

Current histological staining methods for intestinal tissue analysis face limitations in simultaneously visualizing multiple tissue components, often requiring multiple sequential stains that increase processing time and tissue consumption. This proof-of-concept study aimed to define and develop a pentachromatic staining method for enhanced visualization [...] Read more.

Current histological staining methods for intestinal tissue analysis face limitations in simultaneously visualizing multiple tissue components, often requiring multiple sequential stains that increase processing time and tissue consumption. This proof-of-concept study aimed to define and develop a pentachromatic staining method for enhanced visualization of gastrointestinal tissue architecture. We developed the Pentachroma O-H method, an original protocol using readily available histological reagents (Alcian Blue pH 2.5, Weigert’s resorcin–fuchsin, Mayer’s hematoxylin, and Van Gieson’s solution) applied in an optimized sequence. The protocol was tested on healthy human ileum tissue obtained from surgical specimens as proof of concept. Thirty serial sections were stained with Pentachroma O-H and compared to adjacent sections stained with conventional hematoxylin–eosin (H&E) to document the emerging morphological characteristics of this original stain. Pentachroma O-H achieved distinct five-color differentiation in approximately 45 min: acidic mucins appeared turquoise–blue, collagen fibers red, elastic fibers black–purple, smooth muscle and erythrocyte cytoplasm yellow, and nuclei blue–black. The method clearly delineated intestinal architecture, including mucosal goblet cells, muscularis mucosae, connective tissue vasculature (parietal smooth muscle and elastic laminae), fibers, and cellular components, as well as lymphoid tissue aggregates and infiltrates, with improved contrast compared to H&E. All tissue components were simultaneously visualized in single sections with excellent morphological preservation. This first description of Pentachroma O-H demonstrates its capability to provide comprehensive ileum tissue visualization equivalent to multiple traditional special stains in a single, efficient protocol, offering significant potential advantages for gastrointestinal pathology assessment and warranting future validation studies across diverse tissue types and pathological conditions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Molecular Research of Gastrointestinal Disease 2.0)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

20 pages, 1725 KB

Open AccessArticle

Income Taxes and Firm Competitiveness: A Case Study from the National Football League

by Benjamin Posmanick, Ryan Pinheiro, Dylan Ameis and Sean Fay

Int. J. Financial Stud. 2025, 13(4), 212; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijfs13040212 (registering DOI) - 7 Nov 2025

Abstract

In the National Football League, teams have been subjected to a salary cap, which has prevented teams from paying players in aggregate over a specified value since 1994. The presence of the salary cap provides a unique setting for understanding how tax rates [...] Read more.

In the National Football League, teams have been subjected to a salary cap, which has prevented teams from paying players in aggregate over a specified value since 1994. The presence of the salary cap provides a unique setting for understanding how tax rates affect the competitiveness of teams. We use data on National Football League teams from 1984 to 2000 to create a difference-in-differences model to estimate the effect of state income taxes on team performance. We use college football teams, who do not pay salaries to their amateur players, as the control group to identify causal estimates. We find that, in the presence of the salary cap, team quality, as estimated by a Simple Rating System value, is significantly lower in high-tax states, particularly after the passage of the salary cap. Our results are robust to numerous specifications of the control group. We also show using a decision tree analysis that teams in high-tax states were more likely to be above average before the salary cap. However, after the salary cap, teams from high-tax states are less likely to be above average. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sports Finance (2nd Edition))

► Show Figures

Figure 1

36 pages, 782 KB

Open AccessArticle

Perceptions of Quality of Life Among Various Groups of Residents in Cities Aspiring to Be Smart in a Developing Economy

by Izabela Jonek-Kowalska

Smart Cities 2025, 8(6), 189; https://doi.org/10.3390/smartcities8060189 (registering DOI) - 7 Nov 2025

Abstract

The inspiration and main goal for creating smart cities is to improve the quality of urban life. However, this ambitious task is not always successful as urban stakeholders are not homogeneous. Their experiences and expectations can vary significantly, which ultimately affects their level [...] Read more.

The inspiration and main goal for creating smart cities is to improve the quality of urban life. However, this ambitious task is not always successful as urban stakeholders are not homogeneous. Their experiences and expectations can vary significantly, which ultimately affects their level of satisfaction with life in the city. This article assesses the quality of life in 19 cities with county rights located in the Silesian province of Poland. The assessment takes into account stakeholders’ age, gender, education, and household size. The study also assesses the geographical variation in the quality of life in individual cities in the region with a view to individualizing the management approach. The research methodology is based on a survey conducted in a representative sample of 1863 residents of Silesian cities. The results are analyzed using descriptive statistics and nonparametric tests. The conclusions indicate a lower quality of life for women, residents aged 31 to 40, and people with primary education and a bachelor’s degree. The quality of life is significantly worse in post-mining towns where economic transformation has not been successfully implemented. The quality of urban life is rated highest by men, older people, and residents with basic and secondary education. Communities living in cities with modern industry and a stable economic situation are very satisfied with their standard of living. The results of the study imply the need for an individualized approach to shaping living conditions in cities and the implementation of remedial measures for groups and cities at risk of a lower quality of life. This will help to balance the quality of urban life and prevent various forms of exclusion. Full article

► Show Figures

Figure 1

24 pages, 2447 KB

Open AccessArticle

Augmented Gait Classification: Integrating YOLO, CNN–SNN Hybridization, and GAN Synthesis for Knee Osteoarthritis and Parkinson’s Disease

by Houmem Slimi, Ala Balti, Mounir Sayadi and Mohamed Moncef Ben Khelifa

Signals 2025, 6(4), 64; https://doi.org/10.3390/signals6040064 (registering DOI) - 7 Nov 2025

Abstract

We propose a novel hybrid deep learning framework that synergistically integrates Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs), Spiking Neural Networks (SNNs), and Generative Adversarial Networks (GANs) for robust and accurate classification of high-resolution frontal and sagittal human gait video sequences—capturing both lower-limb kinematics and upper-body [...] Read more.

We propose a novel hybrid deep learning framework that synergistically integrates Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs), Spiking Neural Networks (SNNs), and Generative Adversarial Networks (GANs) for robust and accurate classification of high-resolution frontal and sagittal human gait video sequences—capturing both lower-limb kinematics and upper-body posture—from subjects with Knee Osteoarthritis (KOA), Parkinson’s Disease (PD), and healthy Normal (NM) controls, classified into three disease-type categories. Our approach first employs a tailored CNN backbone to extract rich spatial features from fixed-length clips (e.g., 16 frames resized to 128 × 128 px), which are then temporally encoded and processed by an SNN layer to capture dynamic gait patterns. To address class imbalance and enhance generalization, a conditional GAN augments rare severity classes with realistic synthetic gait sequences. Evaluated on the controlled, marker-based KOA-PD-NM laboratory public dataset, our model achieves an overall accuracy of 99.47%, a sensitivity of 98.4%, a specificity of 99.0%, and an F1-score of 98.6%, outperforming baseline CNN, SNN, and CNN–SNN configurations by over 2.5% in accuracy and 3.1% in F1-score. Ablation studies confirm that GAN-based augmentation yields a 1.9% accuracy gain, while the SNN layer provides critical temporal robustness. Our findings demonstrate that this CNN–SNN–GAN paradigm offers a powerful, computationally efficient solution for high-precision, gait-based disease classification, achieving a 48.4% reduction in FLOPs (1.82 GFLOPs to 0.94 GFLOPs) and 9.2% lower average power consumption (68.4 W to 62.1 W) on Kaggle P100 GPU compared to CNN-only baselines. The hybrid model demonstrates significant potential for energy savings on neuromorphic hardware, with an estimated 13.2% reduction in energy per inference based on FLOP-based analysis, positioning it favorably for deployment in resource-constrained clinical environments and edge computing scenarios. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Applications of Image and Video Processing in Medical Imaging)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

Recent Articles

Open Access Journals

Highly Accessed Articles

Latest Books

News

Blog Posts

Topics

Selected Special Issues

Selected Collections

Journals by Subject

Further Information

Guidelines

MDPI Initiatives

Follow MDPI