MDPI - Publisher of Open Access Journals

13 pages, 1688 KB

Open AccessArticle

Diagnostic Accuracy of Presepsin, sMR, and Established Inflammatory Biomarkers in Critically Ill Children with Sepsis or Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome

by Adriana Hadzhieva-Hristova, Daniela Gerova, Sevim Shefket, Mergyul Halilova, Darina Krumova, Temenuga Stoeva and Violeta Iotova

Appl. Sci. 2025, 15(18), 10089; https://doi.org/10.3390/app151810089 - 15 Sep 2025

Abstract

Background: Pediatric sepsis is a life-threatening emergency and remains complex to diagnose promptly due to the absence of universally reliable biomarkers. C-reactive protein (CRP) and procalcitonin (PCT) are widely used but have limited effectiveness. We evaluated the diagnostic reliability of presepsin and soluble [...] Read more.

Background: Pediatric sepsis is a life-threatening emergency and remains complex to diagnose promptly due to the absence of universally reliable biomarkers. C-reactive protein (CRP) and procalcitonin (PCT) are widely used but have limited effectiveness. We evaluated the diagnostic reliability of presepsin and soluble mannose receptor (sMR) and identified optimal biomarker combinations for distinguishing sepsis from non-infectious systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) in children. Methods: A total of 80 children were enrolled in this prospective study, including 53 consecutive admissions to the pediatric intensive care unit (PICU) (sepsis, n = 42; non-infectious SIRS, n = 11) and 27 healthy controls. The serum levels of new biomarkers presepsin and soluble mannose receptor (sMR) levels were quantified by ELISA methods and their diagnostic reliability (both individually and combined with CRP and PCT) was assessed using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves and multivariate logistic regression. Results: Significantly higher concentrations of all measured markers were found both in septic and other critically ill patients than in healthy controls (p < 0.05). No single biomarker reliably differentiated sepsis from non-infectious SIRS. The sMR + CRP + PCT combination demonstrated the highest diagnostic accuracy (AUC = 0.78, p = 0.0007), surpassing the CRP + PCT model (AUC = 0.71, p = 0.0087). Conclusions: The addition of sMR to the established markers CRP and PCT improves the diagnostic effectiveness in pediatric sepsis. Larger multicenter studies are warranted to confirm clinical utility. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Applied Biosciences and Bioengineering)

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12 pages, 225 KB

Open AccessReview

Haematologists as Genetic Counsellors for Haemoglobinopathies: Are They Prepared?

by Michael Angastiniotis and Androulla Eleftheriou

Hematol. Rep. 2025, 17(5), 48; https://doi.org/10.3390/hematolrep17050048 - 15 Sep 2025

Abstract

Background/Objectives: In haematology, a wide range of blood disorders are hereditary. The thalassaemias are hereditary anaemias characterised by a high burden of disease at the public health level, challenging the resources of many health systems. This review focuses on thalassaemias for which [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: In haematology, a wide range of blood disorders are hereditary. The thalassaemias are hereditary anaemias characterised by a high burden of disease at the public health level, challenging the resources of many health systems. This review focuses on thalassaemias for which many countries have developed screening and prevention programmes. To manage this heavy burden, two approaches were introduced over the years. The first one focused on reducing the annual affected births consequent to appropriate non-directive genetic counselling, offering to the parents the chance to make an informed choice concerning their reproductive lives. The second approach was related to the development of curative treatments such as haematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) in the early years, with continued ongoing efforts for improvements, followed by successful advances in gene-based holistic cures in more recent years. Genetic counselling is a vital component in successful prevention, aiming at informing individuals who are found to be carriers and couples who are both carriers with a 25% risk at every pregnancy of having an affected child in the case of recessive, Mendelian inheritance. The issues are many, and that may have to be discussed, highlighting the level of skills which a genetic counsellor is expected to possess and utilise appropriately in every counselling session. The concern is that such trained and skilled professionals are few in number and not well integrated into the multidisciplinary groups addressing the control of these complex disorders. It is our experience that for blood disorders, counselling is rarely in the hands of qualified scientists. It is our firm belief that it is necessary to incorporate genetic counselling as an integral part of haematology services. Methods: To investigate current practices we have drawn on the experience of existing programmes, as well as published literature. Results: Currently, in almost all haemoglobinopathy prevention programmes, counselling is offered by the clinicians in charge of clinical care or, in some settings, by the nurse of the clinic or the screening laboratory scientist. Conclusions: The Thalassaemia International Federation suggests and is in the process of developing special training in counselling as part of haematology training, as well as professional development modules for those already in practice. Considering the complexity of the issues that must be discussed, a multidisciplinary approach to counselling should be considered where possible. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Anaemia in Focus: Challenges and Solutions in Haematology)

17 pages, 512 KB

Open AccessArticle

Game-Theoretic Analysis of MEV Attacks and Mitigation Strategies in Decentralized Finance

by Benjamin Appiah, Daniel Commey, Winful Bagyl-Bac, Laurene Adjei and Ebenezer Owusu

Analytics 2025, 4(3), 23; https://doi.org/10.3390/analytics4030023 - 15 Sep 2025

Abstract

Maximal Extractable Value (MEV) presents a significant challenge to the fairness and efficiency of decentralized finance (DeFi). This paper provides a game-theoretic analysis of the strategic interactions within the MEV supply chain, involving searchers, builders, and validators. A three-stage game of incomplete information [...] Read more.

Maximal Extractable Value (MEV) presents a significant challenge to the fairness and efficiency of decentralized finance (DeFi). This paper provides a game-theoretic analysis of the strategic interactions within the MEV supply chain, involving searchers, builders, and validators. A three-stage game of incomplete information is developed to model these interactions. The analysis derives the Perfect Bayesian Nash Equilibria for primary MEV attack vectors, such as sandwich attacks, and formally characterizes attacker behavior. The research demonstrates that the competitive dynamics of the current MEV market are best described as Bertrand-style competition, which compels rational actors to engage in aggressive extraction that reduces overall system welfare in a prisoner’s dilemma-like outcome. To address these issues, the paper proposes and evaluates mechanism design solutions, including commit–reveal schemes and threshold encryption. The potential of these solutions to mitigate harmful MEV is quantified. Theoretical models are validated against on-chain data from the Ethereum blockchain, showing a close alignment between theoretical predictions and empirically observed market behavior. Full article

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24 pages, 2621 KB

Open AccessArticle

Sustainability Assessment in Recombinant Human Insulin Production—Evaluating the Environmental Impacts of Microbial Growth Medium Components and Formulations

by Konstantina-Roxani Chatzipanagiotou, Athanasios Pappas, Foteini Petrakli, George Antonaropoulos and Elias P. Koumoulos

J. Exp. Theor. Anal. 2025, 3(3), 28; https://doi.org/10.3390/jeta3030028 - 15 Sep 2025

Abstract

According to the International Diabetes Federation, approximately 537 million adults suffered from diabetes in 2021, a number that is projected to rise to 783 million by 2045. Insulin is a hormone produced by the pancreas that regulates blood glucose levels; for people suffering [...] Read more.

According to the International Diabetes Federation, approximately 537 million adults suffered from diabetes in 2021, a number that is projected to rise to 783 million by 2045. Insulin is a hormone produced by the pancreas that regulates blood glucose levels; for people suffering from diabetes, insulin activity may be reduced or absent, and therefore, administration of insulin may be necessary to maintain healthy blood glucose levels. Recombinant human insulin is commercially produced using a variety of host microorganisms, such as bacteria and yeast. Nevertheless, few studies have assessed the environmental impacts associated with different upstream medium formulations and their contribution to the overall environmental footprint of recombinant insulin production. Here, Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) is conducted on various upstream media used in insulin production—including pre-cultivation, growth, feed, and induction media—capturing the impacts associated with both their supply chains and their on-site preparation. Hotspots of environmental impacts are identified, and different alternatives for input materials and process conditions are compared in terms of impacts. The findings reported here can serve to guide process and sustainability optimization of the upstream production process from an operational process perspective. Finally, the identification of hotspots enables the implementation of impact reduction measures in bioprocess design, which have the potential to significantly improve the sustainability of insulin production. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Life Cycle Assessment: Methodological Advances and Practical Pathways for Sustainable Systems)

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23 pages, 1232 KB

Open AccessArticle

The Study of the Historic Natural Dye Royal Purple in the Greek Region Using Selected Spectroscopic and Imaging Techniques

by Athanasia Tsatsarou, Agathi Anthoula Kaminari, Athina Georgia Alexopoulou, Nadia Macha Bizoumi and Anna Karatzani

Colorants 2025, 4(3), 27; https://doi.org/10.3390/colorants4030027 - 15 Sep 2025

Abstract

This paper focuses on the study of the famous royal purple dye. It aims to present a holistic approach by researching historical evidence, both for its use and its production, to highlight the importance of the dye within the Greek area. As a [...] Read more.

This paper focuses on the study of the famous royal purple dye. It aims to present a holistic approach by researching historical evidence, both for its use and its production, to highlight the importance of the dye within the Greek area. As a substantial part of information concerning the dyeing procedure of purple dye has been lost during the ages, it is crucial to establish points of documentation and identification. The latter can be achieved through chemical analysis, but as this dye is found on precious’s cultural heritage items, which cannot always be sampled, a non-destructive approach should be considered as more appropriate. At first, the history of the dye purple is presented within the Greek area. Then, samples of purple dye are created based on traditional recipes from the Greek area, in order to compose a profile with the characteristics of purple using non-destructive and imaging techniques, thus emphasizing the importance of applying these techniques for the study of dyes on textiles. The results of the experiments show differences in behavior between the pure gland and the dyed samples, as well as the intensity of the color depending on the dyeing procedure. Full article

23 pages, 450 KB

Open AccessReview

Checklist of Potentially Harmful Cyanobacterial Species Isolated from Portuguese Water Bodies

by Daniela R. de Figueiredo

Phycology 2025, 5(3), 47; https://doi.org/10.3390/phycology5030047 - 15 Sep 2025

Abstract

HCBs (Harmful Cyanobacterial Blooms) are increasing in freshwaters across the globe, particularly at lower latitudes. In Southern Europe, a decrease in annual precipitation and an increase in drought periods have enhanced the occurrence of HCBs, impacting both freshwater ecosystems and human health. This [...] Read more.

HCBs (Harmful Cyanobacterial Blooms) are increasing in freshwaters across the globe, particularly at lower latitudes. In Southern Europe, a decrease in annual precipitation and an increase in drought periods have enhanced the occurrence of HCBs, impacting both freshwater ecosystems and human health. This review gathers information on isolated cyanobacterial strains with the potential to form cyanobacterial blooms or to be toxic that have been reported over the past half-century in Portugal. Strains of Microcystis aeruginosa are the most represented ones, many of them microcystin producers. Toxic M. aeruginosa strains have been isolated from lakes (Mira, Barrinha de Mira, and Blue), river sections (Tâmega and Guadiana), and reservoirs (Torrão, Vilar, Montargil, Patudos, Caia, Monte da Barca, Corgas, and Magos). Many other strains from potentially toxic species are listed, namely from Aphanizomenon gracile, Aphanizomenon flos-aquae, Sphaerospermopsis aphanizomenoides, Cuspidothrix issatschenkoi, Dolichospermum flos-aquae, Dolichospermum circinalis, Chrysosporum bergii, Raphidiopsis raciborskii or Planktothrix agardhii. Many of the isolated strains were able to produce cyanotoxins such as microcystins, saxitoxins, cylindrospermopsin, or anatoxin. Most isolates belong to the Portuguese culture collections ESSACC (Estela Sousa e Silva Algal Culture Collection); LEGE-CC (Blue Biotechnology and Ecotoxicology Culture Collection); and ACOI (Coimbra Collection of Algae). Despite many strains already having associated molecular data corroborating a correct identification, a large number of strains are still lacking DNA-based information for phylogenetic affiliation. The present checklist is intended to facilitate access to information regarding strains of potentially toxic cyanobacterial species from Portugal in order to contribute to a better understanding of species-specific HCBs at both regional and global scales. Full article

15 pages, 1712 KB

Open AccessArticle

Healthcare Redesign of Medication Management for Parkinson’s Inpatients

by Susan Williams, Marissa Anne Iannuzzi and Sarah J. Prior

J. Ageing Longev. 2025, 5(3), 33; https://doi.org/10.3390/jal5030033 - 15 Sep 2025

Abstract

Parkinson’s disease is a progressive neurological disorder reliant on medication regime adherence to alleviate symptomology. When hospitalised, people with Parkinson’s disease have specific medication management needs which are consistently unmet. This study aims to develop, implement and evaluate solutions for improving the medication [...] Read more.

Parkinson’s disease is a progressive neurological disorder reliant on medication regime adherence to alleviate symptomology. When hospitalised, people with Parkinson’s disease have specific medication management needs which are consistently unmet. This study aims to develop, implement and evaluate solutions for improving the medication management of inpatients with Parkinson’s disease. A healthcare redesign approach was utilised, focusing on the final three phases: solutions design, implementation and evaluation. Five solutions were derived: formalise routine patient identification, provide improved staff education, develop and install automated prescriber alerts, review and amend ward PD medication stock, and develop systematic prompts for PD medications. The findings suggest that our solutions sustainably improved systems and processes that contribute to quality and safe medication management for Parkinson’s patients. Correct identification of Parkinson’s patients within an acute care hospital leads to correct prescription of medications, timeliness of medication administration and timely pharmacy review. The length of stay was not positively impacted. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Medication Management and Medication Safety in Older Adults)

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22 pages, 868 KB

Open AccessReview

Independent Living for Older Adults with Cognitive Impairment: A Narrative Review of Stakeholder Perceptions and Experiences with Assistive and Socially Assistive Robots

by Delaram Sirizi, Morteza Sabet, Katelyn Hummel, Juanita-Dawne R. Bacsu, Ava Longo and Zahra Rahemi

J. Ageing Longev. 2025, 5(3), 34; https://doi.org/10.3390/jal5030034 - 15 Sep 2025

Abstract

(1) Background: Alzheimer’s disease and related dementias (ADRD) are a major cause of mortality among older adults globally. The cognitive decline associated with ADRD often reduces individuals’ ability to live independently over time, increasing reliance on caregivers. Assistive and socially assistive robots offer [...] Read more.

(1) Background: Alzheimer’s disease and related dementias (ADRD) are a major cause of mortality among older adults globally. The cognitive decline associated with ADRD often reduces individuals’ ability to live independently over time, increasing reliance on caregivers. Assistive and socially assistive robots offer a promising means of supporting independent living. This narrative review examined how older adults with ADRD, their caregivers, and healthcare providers perceive and experience interactions with robots. (2) Methods: Guided by the Population, Phenomenon of Interest, and Context (PICo) framework, five databases were searched. Sixteen studies met the inclusion criteria. Extracted data were summarized, and a convergent synthesis integrated qualitative and quantitative findings. (3) Results: Drawing on content analysis, the qualitative findings were organized into three domains: user perceptions and experiences, barriers to adoption, and suggestions for improvement. Quantitative results emphasized usability, usefulness, acceptance, satisfaction, feature preferences, and barriers. While most stakeholders viewed robots as beneficial, acceptance was shaped by factors such as design features, timing of introduction, familiarity with technology, and perceived need. (4) Conclusions: This review highlights priorities for future research and development, including personalization, ethical safeguards, and caregiver integration, to improve the acceptance and effectiveness of robot-assisted support for individuals with cognitive impairment. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Aging in Place: Supporting Older People's Well-Being and Independence)

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16 pages, 2638 KB

Open AccessArticle

Microbial Diversity and Metabolite Changes in Greenhouse Soil Continuously Cropped with Morchella

by Ping Yu, Nan Tao, Weimin Chen, Jie Zhang, Chunxin Yao and Guoting Tian

Microbiol. Res. 2025, 16(9), 205; https://doi.org/10.3390/microbiolres16090205 - 15 Sep 2025

Abstract

True morels (Morchella spp., Morchellaceae, Ascomycota) are a rare and highly valuable edible fungus. As the morel cultivation scale has expanded, obstacles to continuous cropping have come to the fore. This study investigates the specific biological mechanisms that may hinder the continuous [...] Read more.

True morels (Morchella spp., Morchellaceae, Ascomycota) are a rare and highly valuable edible fungus. As the morel cultivation scale has expanded, obstacles to continuous cropping have come to the fore. This study investigates the specific biological mechanisms that may hinder the continuous cropping of Morchella by means of microbiome and metabolome analysis of the soil. Using amplicon sequencing-based microbiome analysis, 5288 bacterial operational taxonomic units (OTUs) and 1847 fungal OTUs were identified. Bacterial genera such as Arthrobacter, Tychonema, Rhodanobacter, Luteimonas, and Streptomyces, along with pathogenic fungi, likely play specific roles in hindering continuous cropping of Morchella. Metabolomic analysis revealed 368 metabolites, including lipids and lipid-like molecules, organic acids and derivatives, benzene-containing compounds, and heterocyclic compounds. Eighteen metabolites showed significant differences between Morchella continuous cropping and control soil, including toxic compounds such as 2,4,5-Trichloro-6-Hydroxybenzene-1,3-Dicarbonitrile, 2,4-Dichloro-6-nitrophenol, and Aflatoxin B2. These results indicate that alterations in soil microbial structure and toxic metabolites secreted by Morchella collectively contribute to the hindrance of continuous cropping. Full article

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17 pages, 629 KB

Open AccessArticle

Calcium and Vitamin D Supplementation with and Without Collagen on Bone Density and Skin Elasticity in Menopausal Women—A Randomized Controlled Study

by Acharaporn Duangjai, Jukkarin Srivilai, Sawitree Nangola and Doungporn Amornlerdpison

Clin. Pract. 2025, 15(9), 168; https://doi.org/10.3390/clinpract15090168 - 15 Sep 2025

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Menopause leads to estrogen deficiency, which negatively affects bone density, skin integrity, and hair health in women. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of fish-derived collagen peptides, calcium, and vitamin D3 supplementation on body composition, bone turnover markers, skin condition, and [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Menopause leads to estrogen deficiency, which negatively affects bone density, skin integrity, and hair health in women. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of fish-derived collagen peptides, calcium, and vitamin D3 supplementation on body composition, bone turnover markers, skin condition, and hair loss in menopausal women. Methods: Participants were randomized into four groups: placebo (G01), 1000 mg calcium + 400 IU vitamin D3 (G02), 5 g collagen (G03), and 1000 mg calcium + 400 IU vitamin D3 + 5 g collagen (G04). Participants received daily supplementation for six months. Body composition, biochemical bone markers (P1NP, BAP, osteocalcin), skin hydration, elasticity, transepidermal water loss (TEWL), and hair loss were assessed at baseline and follow-ups. Results: No significant changes were observed in body composition or bone biomarkers including P1NP, BAP, and osteocalcin across groups. Serum creatinine, ALT, and AST levels remained within normal ranges. Serum calcium levels remained stable, and urinary calcium excretion slightly increased in calcium-supplemented groups, indicating no adverse effects on kidney or liver function. G02 and G04 exhibited slightly decreased serum calcium levels compared to G01 and G03. However, G04 showed significantly improved skin hydration by 23% and skin elasticity by 8.52% compared to baseline after six months, whereas the placebo group showed negligible changes. G03 also showed notable improvement in elasticity by 12.23%, indicating collagen’s dominant role. The G02, G03, and G04 also significantly retarded hair shedding compared to the placebo (G01) group. TEWL did not significantly change in any group. Conclusions: These findings suggest that six-month supplementation with collagen peptides, particularly when combined with calcium and vitamin D, improves skin hydration and elasticity in menopausal women. Full article

17 pages, 515 KB

Open AccessReview

Neurovascular Pathophysiology and Emerging Biomarkers in Cerebral Malaria: An Integrative Perspective

by Damian Pikor, Mikołaj Hurła, Natalia Banaszek-Hurła, Alicja Drelichowska and Małgorzata Paul

Neurol. Int. 2025, 17(9), 149; https://doi.org/10.3390/neurolint17090149 - 15 Sep 2025

Abstract

Cerebral malaria is a life-threatening neurological complication of Plasmodium falciparum infection and a leading cause of pediatric mortality in endemic regions of sub-Saharan Africa. It is defined clinically by coma accompanied by peripheral parasitemia, without alternative causes. Pathogenetically, cytoadherence of parasitized erythrocytes in [...] Read more.

Cerebral malaria is a life-threatening neurological complication of Plasmodium falciparum infection and a leading cause of pediatric mortality in endemic regions of sub-Saharan Africa. It is defined clinically by coma accompanied by peripheral parasitemia, without alternative causes. Pathogenetically, cytoadherence of parasitized erythrocytes in the cerebral microvasculature, together with a widespread inflammatory response and endothelial activation, causes profound microvascular injury. This injury includes disruption of the blood–brain barrier and the development of multifactorial cerebral oedema (both vasogenic and cytotoxic), resulting in elevated intracranial pressure and often diffuse brain swelling as seen on imaging in fatal cases. Recent high-resolution MRI studies in pediatric cohorts from these endemic regions have identified characteristic neuroimaging findings such as basal ganglia infarcts, brainstem lesions, and corpus callosum abnormalities that strongly predict poor outcomes. Notably, circulating extracellular vesicles—released by parasitized erythrocytes and activated endothelial cells have emerged as potent mediators of microvascular inflammation. Extracellular vesicles contain parasite-derived antigens and host inflammatory signals, implicating them in disease mechanisms. These vesicles are under investigation as novel diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers for severe malaria. Importantly, survivors of cerebral malaria often endure persistent neurocognitive impairments, behavioral problems, and epilepsy, underscoring the need to prevent secondary neuronal injury during the acute phase to reduce long-term disability. Taken together, these insights highlight the interplay between cerebral microvascular pathology and neurological outcome in cerebral malaria. This review synthesizes recent advances in the pathophysiology of cerebral malaria and cutting-edge diagnostic modalities. It highlights novel therapeutic targets and neuroprotective strategies that may enable precision medicine approaches aimed at preventing lasting neurological disability in survivors. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Brain Tumor and Brain Injury)

8 pages, 465 KB

Open AccessBrief Report

Pathways to Diagnose Infectious Pulmonary Vascular Disease in Rural Mozambique

by Yolanda Sabino, Cizália Ribeiro, Joshua Mungue and Ana Olga Mocumbi

Infect. Dis. Rep. 2025, 17(5), 116; https://doi.org/10.3390/idr17050116 - 15 Sep 2025

Abstract

Background: Schistosomiasis, HIV, and tuberculosis frequently lead to pulmonary hypertension in low- and middle-income countries. Lack of specific testing and limited access to right heart catheterization hamper confirmation of the etiology of pulmonary hypertension due to schistosomiasis. In addition, low health literacy and [...] Read more.

Background: Schistosomiasis, HIV, and tuberculosis frequently lead to pulmonary hypertension in low- and middle-income countries. Lack of specific testing and limited access to right heart catheterization hamper confirmation of the etiology of pulmonary hypertension due to schistosomiasis. In addition, low health literacy and poor socioeconomic status further compromise prevention, early diagnosis, and treatment. Clinical algorithms for early screening, including hand-held echocardiography and point-of-care testing performed by non-specialists, are needed in rural Sub-Saharan Africa to decentralize care and improve outcomes. Methods: We describe a case of pulmonary hypertension diagnosed in a child living in Mozambique, to discuss the challenges for the diagnosis of infectious pulmonary arterial hypertension in rural settings in Africa, based on a short literature review. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Pulmonary Vascular Manifestations of Infectious Diseases)

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27 pages, 12108 KB

Open AccessEntry

Two Geophysical Technologies Used in Archaeological Research Simplified and Explained

by Philip Reeder

Encyclopedia 2025, 5(3), 151; https://doi.org/10.3390/encyclopedia5030151 - 15 Sep 2025

Definition

The geophysical techniques ground penetrating radar (GPR) and electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) are commonly used data collection methodologies in numerous disciplines, including archaeology. Many researchers are now, or will be in the future, associated with projects that use these geophysical techniques, but who [...] Read more.

The geophysical techniques ground penetrating radar (GPR) and electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) are commonly used data collection methodologies in numerous disciplines, including archaeology. Many researchers are now, or will be in the future, associated with projects that use these geophysical techniques, but who are not well versed in the instrumentation, its function, related terminology, data interpretation, and outcomes. This entry outlines the general approach and background for completing this type of research, dissects the methodology from a completed geoarchaeological project that uses both GPR and ERT, and provides concise definitions and explanations for all facets of the methodology. Based on this methodology, 21 terms or concepts related to GPR are explained in detail, as are 26 terms or concepts related to ERT, and visual representations of some of the terms and concepts are further illuminated via 11 figures. There are also 133 references linked to the various concepts and terms presented in this entry. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Earth Sciences)

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11 pages, 552 KB

Open AccessEntry

Towards a Social Model of Prematurity: Understanding the Social Impact of Prematurity and the Role of Inclusive Parenting Practices in Neonatal Intensive Care Units

by Chrysoula Moscholouri, Eleni A. Kortianou, Asimakis K. Kanellopoulos, Efstathios Papastathopoulos, Anna Daskalaki, Eleftheria Hatzidaki and Panagiotis Trigkas

Encyclopedia 2025, 5(3), 150; https://doi.org/10.3390/encyclopedia5030150 - 15 Sep 2025

Definition

Prematurity, defined as a birth before 37 weeks of gestation, affects approximately 15 million infants worldwide yearly. Beyond the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit and the possibility of long-term developmental challenges affecting children’s quality of life, prematurity influences family dynamics, including parental mental health, [...] Read more.

Prematurity, defined as a birth before 37 weeks of gestation, affects approximately 15 million infants worldwide yearly. Beyond the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit and the possibility of long-term developmental challenges affecting children’s quality of life, prematurity influences family dynamics, including parental mental health, financial stability, employment, and daily life. On a broader scale, research highlights the significant socioeconomic consequences of preterm birth that influence public healthcare policies, healthcare systems, and long-term costs. Addressing these challenges requires a multidisciplinary approach, beginning in the NICUs, with parental inclusion as a key component. The shift toward parental inclusion in the NICU may represent a fundamental transition from a medical to a social model of prematurity. The concept of a social model of prematurity parallels the social model of disability, from disability studies, focusing on premature babies, strengthening their abilities and nurturing early caregiver—infant relationships. It highlights how societal structures, such as accessibility and support systems, shape developmental outcomes and inclusion of premature infants, rather than framing prematurity solely in terms of survival and treatment. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Medicine & Pharmacology)

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20 pages, 1420 KB

Open AccessArticle

The Impact of Identity and Population History on Population Affinity Analysis in New Mexico Using Cranial Macromorphoscopic Data

by Kelly R. Kamnikar, Nicollette S. Appel, Hannah N. Cantrell and Heather J. H. Edgar

Forensic Sci. 2025, 5(3), 45; https://doi.org/10.3390/forensicsci5030045 - 15 Sep 2025

Abstract

Background/Objectives: This paper presents cranial MMS data for an American Indian (AI) sample from New Mexico. We compare these data to other population reference samples to understand biological distance and classification patterns. Methods: Cranial MMS data was collected from CT scans [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: This paper presents cranial MMS data for an American Indian (AI) sample from New Mexico. We compare these data to other population reference samples to understand biological distance and classification patterns. Methods: Cranial MMS data was collected from CT scans of AI individuals (n = 839) in the New Mexico Decedent Image Database. We used 12 traits following a published protocol for CT data and excluded nasal bone contour. The AI sample is compared to other samples of African American or Black, Asian, Hispanic, and White individuals to assess biological distance and classification accuracy. Results: Biological distance analysis indicated similarity among the AI, Hispanic, and Black samples, but dissimilarity among the Asian and White samples to the AI sample. Classification accuracy was low for the overall model, with Hispanic and Black individuals frequently misclassifying as AI. Conclusions: As is true everywhere, ideas about identity are complex in New Mexico. AI and Hispanic individuals in NM self-ascribe to one or both social groups. We found that biological data cannot meaningfully differentiate between these social groups, as crania are morphologically similar when examining cranial MMS traits. These results, coupled with New Mexican identity and genetics, contributes to the difficulty in group attribution in forensic casework. Nevertheless, the reference data for AI presented here can provide more robust statistics that support the likelihood of AI and Hispanic affinity in population affinity analysis. We underscore the need for an understanding of regional population history and structure and reference samples while assessing population affinity in forensic casework. Full article

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19 pages, 1379 KB

Open AccessArticle

Multisampling Strategies for Determining Contaminants of Emerging Concern (CECs) in the Marine Environment

by Enrique J. Díaz-Montaña and Sofía Domínguez-Gil

J. Xenobiot. 2025, 15(5), 149; https://doi.org/10.3390/jox15050149 - 15 Sep 2025

Abstract

The determination of contaminants of emerging concern (CECs) in the marine environment is performed through many different sampling approaches. Therefore, the main objective of this study was to compare different existing sampling strategies: biofilm mesocosms, considering micro- and macrofouling; passive sampling; and grab [...] Read more.

The determination of contaminants of emerging concern (CECs) in the marine environment is performed through many different sampling approaches. Therefore, the main objective of this study was to compare different existing sampling strategies: biofilm mesocosms, considering micro- and macrofouling; passive sampling; and grab marine water. The sampling of grab water was performed considering spatial and time-line variations. The spatial analysis of CECs showed that three sun agents and caffeine represent the biggest proportion of CECs in the Malaga Mediterranean coastal area, ranging from 0.391 to 0.495 ng/L. The time-line analysis did not show any upward or downward trend in CEC concentration. The mesocosm study comprised a separate evaluation of micro- and macrofouling that showed similar profiles, in which the sun agents presented the highest concentrations. While certain compounds were detected at comparable levels in both fouling types, such as clotrimazole around 0.001 ng/L, others exhibited significant differences in concentration, like caffeine. The passive sampling was also performed, obtaining similar results to those observed in the biofilm mesocosm macrofouling. Finally, all the obtained results from the different samplings were statistically compared, showing that passive sampling presented greater similarities with macrofouling and that there are significant differences between the sampling approach employed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Challenges in the Monitoring, Risk Assessment and Management of Pesticides and Biocides in the “One Health Era”)

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14 pages, 885 KB

Open AccessReview

Epigallocatechin Gallate as a Targeted Therapeutic Strategy Against the JAK2V617F Mutation: New Perspectives for the Treatment of Myeloproliferative Neoplasms and Acute Myeloid Leukemia

by Leidivan Sousa Da Cunha, Isabelle Magalhães Farias, Beatriz Maria Dias Nogueira, Caio Bezerra Machado, Flávia Melo Cunha De Pinho Pessoa, Deivide De Sousa Oliveira, Guilherme Passos de Morais, André Pontes Thé, Patrícia Maria Pontes Thé, Manoel Odorico De Moraes Filho, Maria Elisabete Amaral De Moraes and Caroline Aquino Moreira-Nunes

Int. J. Transl. Med. 2025, 5(3), 43; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijtm5030043 - 15 Sep 2025

Abstract

The JAK2V617F mutation is a major molecular factor in Philadelphia chromosome-negative myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPNs) and has been increasingly associated with clonal progression to acute myeloid leukemia (AML), resulting in a poorer prognosis and resistance to conventional therapies. This study integrates a comprehensive literature [...] Read more.

The JAK2V617F mutation is a major molecular factor in Philadelphia chromosome-negative myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPNs) and has been increasingly associated with clonal progression to acute myeloid leukemia (AML), resulting in a poorer prognosis and resistance to conventional therapies. This study integrates a comprehensive literature review with bioinformatic approaches to investigate the potential inhibitory activity of Epigallocatechin Gallate (EGCG), a green tea polyphenol widely recognized for its antioxidant and anticancer properties, on the JAK2V617F mutation. Clinical data from case reports demonstrated heterogeneity in disease progression and frequent therapeutic failures. Molecular docking analysis using the Janus Kinase 2 (JAK2) protein structure (PDB ID: 6D2I) identified a high-affinity binding pocket for EGCG near the V617F mutation site. EGCG exhibited strong binding affinity (−9.2 kcal/mol), forming key interactions with residues Lys581, Ile559, and Leu680, suggesting allosteric modulation of the JH2 pseudokinase domain. To validate our docking protocol, redocking of the known inhibitor AT9283 yielded a favorable Root Mean Square Deviation (RMSD) 2.683 Å and binding energy (−8.3 kcal/mol), confirming the reliability of our approach. Notably, EGCG demonstrated superior binding affinity compared to AT9283 and targets a distinct allosteric site, highlighting its unique mechanism of action and potential as a selective allosteric inhibitor. These findings position EGCG as a promising candidate for future preclinical evaluation, offering a novel strategy to overcome therapy resistance in JAK2V617F-driven malignancies. Full article

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23 pages, 1304 KB

Open AccessArticle

Wellness Tourism Experiences and Tourists’ Satisfaction: A Multicriteria Analysis Approach

by Vasiliki Karagianni, Petros Kalantonis, Paris Tsartas and Despina Sdrali

Tour. Hosp. 2025, 6(4), 179; https://doi.org/10.3390/tourhosp6040179 - 15 Sep 2025

Abstract

The present study explores the determinants of tourist satisfaction within the context of wellness tourism in Greece, an emerging segment of the tourism industry that emphasizes holistic well-being. The aim was to assess the overall satisfaction of wellness tourists, identify the relative importance [...] Read more.

The present study explores the determinants of tourist satisfaction within the context of wellness tourism in Greece, an emerging segment of the tourism industry that emphasizes holistic well-being. The aim was to assess the overall satisfaction of wellness tourists, identify the relative importance and performance of satisfaction dimensions, and offer insights for service improvement. A structured questionnaire was administered to 487 wellness tourists during the summer of 2024, and the data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and the Multicriteria Satisfaction Analysis (MUSA) method. The results revealed a high overall satisfaction level (90.4%), with physical and spiritual well-being activities contributing most significantly to the satisfaction structure. In contrast, mind well-being activities scored the lowest in satisfaction, despite being rated highly in importance, suggesting a service gap. Improvement analysis indicated that mental and spiritual well-being activities are high-impact, low-effort areas for enhancement. Demographic data further highlighted that wellness tourists are typically young, educated and economically active women. The findings suggest the need for more personalized, holistic offerings and point to the potential integration of wellness and medical tourism services. The study offers practical implications for wellness providers and destination managers and identifies future research directions related to satisfaction dynamics and health-oriented tourism strategies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Authentic Tourist Experiences: The Value of Intangible Heritage)

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24 pages, 1319 KB

Open AccessArticle

Electro-Thermal Modeling and Thermal Analysis of High-Inertia Synchronous Condenser Converters

by Jinxin Ouyang, Yaowei Lin, Zhiqi Ye and Yanbo Diao

Electricity 2025, 6(3), 53; https://doi.org/10.3390/electricity6030053 - 15 Sep 2025

Abstract

High-inertia energy storage synchronous condenser (HI-ES-SC) is operated through rotor-excited variable-speed mechanisms to provide grid power support. Power devices are exposed to alternating electro-thermal stresses, with significant implications for system reliability. Therefore, an electro-thermal modeling approach is developed for the converter of HI-ES-SC [...] Read more.

High-inertia energy storage synchronous condenser (HI-ES-SC) is operated through rotor-excited variable-speed mechanisms to provide grid power support. Power devices are exposed to alternating electro-thermal stresses, with significant implications for system reliability. Therefore, an electro-thermal modeling approach is developed for the converter of HI-ES-SC during power support operation. Switching dynamics and conduction states are incorporated in the model. A theoretical framework is established to analyze loss mechanisms and junction temperature evolution. A coupled electro-thermal model is constructed, accounting for temperature-dependent thermal network parameters. A numerical solution is proposed to enable co-simulation of condenser–converter systems. The simulation results indicate that the error in thermal parameter estimation remains below 10%. Key findings are summarized as follows: Under active power support, the peak junction temperature is observed to reach 81.69 °C during synchronous speed crossing, accompanied by notable low-frequency thermal accumulation. The derived operational-thermal correlation provides critical guidance for optimal thermal design and device selection. Full article

13 pages, 893 KB

Open AccessArticle

Subcritical Extraction of Rosa alba L. in Static and Dynamic Modes

by Ana Dobreva, Daniela Nedeltcheva-Antonova, Kamelia Gechovska, Nenko Nenov and Liudmil Antonov

Chemistry 2025, 7(5), 149; https://doi.org/10.3390/chemistry7050149 - 15 Sep 2025

Abstract

The chemical composition of Rosa alba L. aromatic products extracted with liquified 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane (freon R134a) has been evaluated in static and dynamic modes of extraction. The yield varies in the range 0.039–0.048% for the different variants. In order to reveal the chemical composition [...] Read more.

The chemical composition of Rosa alba L. aromatic products extracted with liquified 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane (freon R134a) has been evaluated in static and dynamic modes of extraction. The yield varies in the range 0.039–0.048% for the different variants. In order to reveal the chemical composition and aroma profile of the extracts, they were analyzed by means of gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and gas chromatography with flame ionization detection (GC/FID). As a result of the analysis, more than 80 compounds with concentrations higher than 0.01% were identified and quantified in the extracts, representing 92.7, 88.4, and 88.0% of the total content. The study indicated that 2-phenyl ethanol (12.57–14.97%), geraniol (12.09–14.82%), nerol (5.90–6.39%), benzyl alcohol (3.63–5.34%), and citronellol (3.21–4.04%) were the main components of the aroma-bearing fraction. The solid phase consists mainly of nonadecane+nonadecene (15.21–16.85%), heneicosane (11.81–13.78%), and tricosane (2.46–2.96%). In addition, olfactory evaluation of the extracts was performed. The comprehensive assessment of the quantitative and qualitative characteristics of the extracts indicates that the static, one-stage mode is the most appropriate for the subcritical extraction of R. alba blossoms with freon R134a. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Biological and Natural Products)

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32 pages, 6502 KB

Open AccessArticle

Emerging Threat Vectors: How Malicious Actors Exploit LLMs to Undermine Border Security

by Dimitrios Doumanas, Alexandros Karakikes, Andreas Soularidis, Efstathios Mainas and Konstantinos Kotis

AI 2025, 6(9), 232; https://doi.org/10.3390/ai6090232 - 15 Sep 2025

Abstract

The rapid proliferation of Large Language Models (LLMs) has democratized access to advanced generative capabilities while raising urgent concerns about misuse in sensitive security domains. Border security, in particular, represents a high-risk environment where malicious actors may exploit LLMs for document forgery, synthetic [...] Read more.

The rapid proliferation of Large Language Models (LLMs) has democratized access to advanced generative capabilities while raising urgent concerns about misuse in sensitive security domains. Border security, in particular, represents a high-risk environment where malicious actors may exploit LLMs for document forgery, synthetic identity creation, logistics planning, or disinformation campaigns. Existing studies often highlight such risks in theory, yet few provide systematic empirical evidence of how state-of-the-art LLMs can be exploited. This paper introduces the Silent Adversary Framework (SAF), a structured pipeline that models the sequential stages by which obfuscated prompts can covertly bypass safeguards. We evaluate ten high-risk scenarios using five leading models—GPT-4o, Claude 3.7 Sonnet, Gemini 2.5 Flash, Grok 3, and Runway Gen-2—and assess outputs through three standardized metrics: Bypass Success Rate (BSR), Output Realism Score (ORS), and Operational Risk Level (ORL). Results reveal that, while all models exhibited some susceptibility, vulnerabilities were heterogeneous. Claude showed greater resistance in chemistry-related prompts, whereas GPT-4o and Gemini generated highly realistic outputs in identity fraud and logistics optimization tasks. Document forgery attempts produced only partially successful templates that lacked critical security features. These findings highlight the uneven distribution of risks across models and domains. By combining a reproducible adversarial framework with empirical testing, this study advances the evidence base on LLM misuse and provides actionable insights for policymakers and border security agencies, underscoring the need for stronger safeguards and oversight in the deployment of generative AI. Full article

23 pages, 1080 KB

Open AccessReview

Isolation, Synthesis, and Use of Natural Photosensitizers in the Treatment of Central Nervous System Tumors

by Julia Inglot, Joanna Strzelczyk, Jadwiga Inglot, Dorota Bartusik-Aebisher and David Aebisher

Chemistry 2025, 7(5), 148; https://doi.org/10.3390/chemistry7050148 - 15 Sep 2025

Abstract

Cancer is one of the leading causes of illness and death in the world. It is observed that the main reason for the low effectiveness of cancer treatment is limited bioavailability. Another noted cause is the lack of specificity of conventional chemotherapeutics, which [...] Read more.

Cancer is one of the leading causes of illness and death in the world. It is observed that the main reason for the low effectiveness of cancer treatment is limited bioavailability. Another noted cause is the lack of specificity of conventional chemotherapeutics, which contributes to the destruction of not only cancer cells, but also normal cells, and consequently leads to serious adverse effects. In recent years, researchers have paid special attention to the use of photodynamic therapy. Another major step in this progress is turning to photosensitizing natural compounds, which we present in this review. Natural photosensitizers are being investigated for their potential to treat central nervous system (CNS) tumors using photodynamic therapy (PDT). These compounds, derived from natural sources, offer an alternative to synthetic photosensitizers, potentially minimizing toxicity and enhancing therapeutic efficacy. Research focuses on isolating, synthesizing, and evaluating these natural photosensitizers for their ability to selectively accumulate in tumor cells and be activated by light to produce cytotoxic reactive oxygen species, leading to tumor cell death. Full article

20 pages, 1303 KB

Open AccessArticle

Aeroallergen IgE-Reactivity Patterns and Respiratory Allergy in Children and Adults: A Retrospective Study in 1711 Patients from the Central Poland Urban Area

by Barbara Majkowska-Wojciechowska, Maciej Kulma and Marcin Kurowski

Medicina 2025, 61(9), 1676; https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina61091676 - 15 Sep 2025

Abstract

Background and Objectives: Effects of allergen exposure may be modified through endogenous and exogenous factors, resulting in heterogeneity of clinical features, time course and intensity of symptoms of allergic disease. This creates challenges in allergy diagnosis and management, yet studies addressing the [...] Read more.

Background and Objectives: Effects of allergen exposure may be modified through endogenous and exogenous factors, resulting in heterogeneity of clinical features, time course and intensity of symptoms of allergic disease. This creates challenges in allergy diagnosis and management, yet studies addressing the variability of allergen reactivity in relation to potential modifying factors are not numerous. The aim of the study was to retrospectively analyze the frequency and profile of reactivity to inhalant allergen extracts in patients followed in a single center in the years 2017–2020, in relation to sex, age, clinical symptoms and final clinical diagnosis. Materials and Methods: This is a retrospective analysis of skin prick test (SPT) results in 1711 outpatients, performed with dust mites, pollen (alder, hazel, birch, grasses, rye, mugwort), cat, dog and Alternaria allergens. Reactivity profiles were assessed in the entire population divided into sex and age subgroups. Relationships between SPT results, age, sex and clinical diagnosis were assessed using factor analysis. Results: The highest reactivity frequencies were found for grass (60.5%), rye (57.22%), birch (47.34%), alder (42.5%) and Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus mites (41.8%). Monovalent reactivity was found mainly to mugwort (3.2%, n = 55), followed by cat and mites allergens. Reactivity to ≥1 allergen was more frequent in males. The risk of allergic rhinitis (AR) was significantly higher in subjects allergic to grass, rye, hazel and alder pollen, as compared to subjects non-sensitized to these allergens. Reactivity to perennial allergens (dog, cat and dust mites) was significantly associated with asthma diagnosis. The risk of developing atopic dermatitis was significantly associated with reactivity to birch and alder pollen. Conclusions: SPTs are a valuable tool for assessing the occurrence of atopy and allergy. Reactivity to specific aeroallergens may be associated with increased probability of development of a given atopic condition. This warrants further studies regarding the interplay between possible modifiers of allergen exposure effects. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Chronic Respiratory Diseases: Updates on Pathophysiology, Symptoms, Diagnosis and Treatment)

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12 pages, 269 KB

Open AccessArticle

The Effect of HER2 Status on Gastric Cancer Survival and the Clinical Implications of the HER2-Low Definition: A Retrospective Study

by Mehmet Uzun, Savas Gokcek, Melis Kilinc, Ferhat Ekinci, Tugay Avci, Atike Pinar Erdogan, Elif Atag and Ilkay Tugba Unek

Medicina 2025, 61(9), 1675; https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina61091675 - 15 Sep 2025

Abstract

Background and Objectives: HER-2 expression plays a critical role in the biological behavior and treatment of gastric cancer. With the emergence of HER-2-targeted therapies, classification into negative, low, and positive groups has gained clinical importance. The present study focused on assessing the [...] Read more.

Background and Objectives: HER-2 expression plays a critical role in the biological behavior and treatment of gastric cancer. With the emergence of HER-2-targeted therapies, classification into negative, low, and positive groups has gained clinical importance. The present study focused on assessing the link between HER-2 status and clinical–pathological variables, metastatic involvement, and overall survival (OS) among advanced gastric cancer patients. Materials and Methods: A total of 300 patients with advanced gastric adenocarcinoma were retrospectively analyzed. The mean age of the 300 patients included in the study was 61.8 years, and 70% of them were male. Based on immunohistochemistry (IHC) and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH), patients were classified as HER-2-negative (IHC 0), HER-2-low (IHC 1+ or 2+/FISH-negative), or HER-2-positive (IHC 3+ or 2+/FISH-positive). Clinicopathological variables, metastatic sites, and OS were compared among groups using Pearson’s Chi-square, Fisher’s exact test, ANOVA, and Kaplan–Meier survival analysis. Results: Significant differences were observed among HER-2 subgroups in pathological subtype (p = 0.006), liver metastasis (p = 0.009), lung metastasis (p = 0.006), and other metastatic sites (p = 0.001). HER-2-positive patients demonstrated higher rates of adenocarcinoma histology and increased liver and lung metastases. In female patients, HER-2 status was significantly associated with lung (p = 0.001) and other metastases (p < 0.001). Median OS for the entire cohort was 9.83 months (95% CI: 8.29–11.36). HER-2-positive patients had a significantly longer OS (15.06 months) compared with HER-2-negative patients (8.73 months; p = 0.039). Conclusions: HER-2 status is an important predictor of metastatic behavior and survival in advanced gastric cancer. HER-2-positive patients display distinct metastatic patterns and improved outcomes, supporting the value of HER-2-targeted therapies. The HER-2-low group may represent a biologically and clinically relevant intermediate subtype requiring further investigation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Prophylaxis, Diagnosis, and Treatment Strategies of Gastric Cancer)

14 pages, 759 KB

Open AccessArticle

The Characterization and Delineation of the Material Cultural Heritage Sector in Europe

by Alessandra Gandini, Jon Olaskoaga-Larrauri, Elena Usobiaga and Amaia Sopelana

Heritage 2025, 8(9), 380; https://doi.org/10.3390/heritage8090380 - 15 Sep 2025

Abstract

In recent decades, the European policy on material cultural heritage (MCH) has shifted from a primary focus on preserving heritage elements to emphasizing the value that can be derived from them. This trend has led to an interest in quantifying the impact of [...] Read more.

In recent decades, the European policy on material cultural heritage (MCH) has shifted from a primary focus on preserving heritage elements to emphasizing the value that can be derived from them. This trend has led to an interest in quantifying the impact of cultural heritage on economic activity. However, determining the magnitude of this impact is not feasible without first defining the range of activities included in the MCH sector. This article reports the findings of a study to delineate the MCH sector. Combining a tight alignment with economic statistics categories and explicit endorsements from sector experts, the novelty of this delineation lies in the systematic application of the principle of exhaustiveness—recognizing all activities related to MCH regardless of their artistic, historical, or cultural content—while its practicality is ensured by mapping directly onto the categories used to compile European official statistics. Finally, characterizing the activities that constitute the MCH sector is not merely a conceptual exercise, it has direct practical implications, providing the indispensable basis for rigorous sectoral accounting consistent with national accounts standards. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Cultural Heritage)

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15 pages, 2399 KB

Open AccessArticle

Development of a Mobile Health Monitoring and Alert Application for Agricultural Workers

by Omer Oztoprak and Ji-Chul Ryu

Appl. Syst. Innov. 2025, 8(5), 133; https://doi.org/10.3390/asi8050133 - 15 Sep 2025

Abstract

The health and safety of agricultural workers are critical concerns due to their exposure to extreme environmental conditions, physically demanding tasks, and limited access to immediate medical assistance. This study presents the design and development of a novel smartphone application that integrates multiple [...] Read more.

The health and safety of agricultural workers are critical concerns due to their exposure to extreme environmental conditions, physically demanding tasks, and limited access to immediate medical assistance. This study presents the design and development of a novel smartphone application that integrates multiple wearable physiological sensors—a fingertip pulse oximeter, a skin patch thermometer, and an inertial measurement unit (IMU)—via Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) technology for real-time health monitoring and alert notifications. Unlike many existing platforms, the proposed system offers direct access to raw sensor data, modular multi-sensor integration, and a scalable software framework based on the Model–View–ViewModel (MVVM) architecture with Jetpack Compose for a responsive user interface. Experimental results demonstrated stable BLE connections, accurate extraction of oxygen saturation, heart rate, body temperature, and trunk inclination data, as well as reliable real-time alerts when the system detects anomalies based on predetermined thresholds. The system also incorporates automatic reconnection mechanisms to maintain continuous monitoring. Beyond agriculture, the proposed framework can be adapted to broader occupational safety domains, with future improvements focusing on additional sensors, redundant sensing, cloud-based data storage, and large-scale field validation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Medical Informatics and Healthcare Engineering)

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