MDPI - Publisher of Open Access Journals

19 pages, 1132 KB

Open AccessArticle

Cargo Aircraft Capacity Optimization: A Hybrid Approach Comprising a Genetic Algorithm and Large Neighborhood Search

by Gul Durak and Nihan Cetin Demirel

Appl. Sci. 2025, 15(22), 11988; https://doi.org/10.3390/app152211988 (registering DOI) - 11 Nov 2025

Air transportation has accelerated international trade, and the efficient use of cargo aircraft capacity supports logistics operations, reduces expenses, and benefits the environment. In this study, we formulate a mathematical programming model to solve the cargo aircraft capacity optimization problem and propose simplified [...] Read more.

Air transportation has accelerated international trade, and the efficient use of cargo aircraft capacity supports logistics operations, reduces expenses, and benefits the environment. In this study, we formulate a mathematical programming model to solve the cargo aircraft capacity optimization problem and propose simplified approaches for practical applications. We investigate Mixed-Integer Linear Programming (MILP), Genetic Algorithm (GA), and Large Neighborhood Search (LNS) techniques. MILP yields optimal solutions for small instances but cannot handle large-scale, real-world problems due to excessive computation time; therefore, we combine the GA and LNS. The GA provides acceptable solutions rapidly, and LNS refines them by exploring larger solution spaces. Thus, this hybrid approach leverages the GA’s exploration capability and LNS’s exploitation ability to produce high-quality solutions efficiently. Our experimental results show that the hybrid GA-LNS method outperforms the MILP and single approaches in terms of capacity usage, loading duration, and computational time. This study provides an applicable model with practical constraints and guidelines for air cargo and cost reduction, operational efficiency, and safety. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Aerospace Science and Engineering)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

17 pages, 10512 KB

Open AccessArticle

The Large-Scale Geostrophic Circulation Around Cuba: Insights from Altimeter Data

by Roberto Iacono, Massimiliano Palma, Ernesto Napolitano and Alain Muñoz Caravaca

Oceans 2025, 6(4), 75; https://doi.org/10.3390/oceans6040075 (registering DOI) - 11 Nov 2025

Abstract

Due to the scarcity of in situ observations, the current description of the circulation around Cuba is far from complete. For example, the structure and variability of the flow through the Windward Passage, which hosts a significant fraction of the transport from the [...] Read more.

Due to the scarcity of in situ observations, the current description of the circulation around Cuba is far from complete. For example, the structure and variability of the flow through the Windward Passage, which hosts a significant fraction of the transport from the Atlantic to the Caribbean Sea, are still unclear. In this study, we use a recent, high-resolution Copernicus product based on satellite altimeter observations to obtain new insights into the large-scale geostrophic circulation around the eastern and southern coasts of Cuba. Among other results, we uncover a robust seasonal variability of the circulation around the Windward Passage, related to the presence of a cyclone to the south of the passage. Through most of the year the cyclone, with a companion anticyclone to the west, hinders the Atlantic inflow, but in autumn a strong stream crosses the western side of the passage and deeply penetrates the northern Caribbean Sea. The last part of the work deals with the time variability of the sea level in the Caribbean. We find that an apparent change in trend advocated in the recent literature has been reabsorbed in the last decade, yielding a local average sea level trend over the last thirty years in line with that for the global ocean. Full article

22 pages, 4092 KB

Open AccessArticle

Design and Experiment of a Roller-Brush Type Harvesting Device for Dry Safflower Based on Plant Clamping and Pose Adjustment

by Chunjiao Ma, Haifeng Zeng, Yun Ge, Guotao Li, Botao He and Yangyang Guo

Machines 2025, 13(11), 1039; https://doi.org/10.3390/machines13111039 - 11 Nov 2025

Abstract

To address the challenges of low efficiency and high damage rates in dryland safflower harvesting, a roller-brush type harvesting device was developed. The design was developed following a detailed analysis of the spatial distribution and mechanical characteristics of safflower plants. The pose adjustment [...] Read more.

To address the challenges of low efficiency and high damage rates in dryland safflower harvesting, a roller-brush type harvesting device was developed. The design was developed following a detailed analysis of the spatial distribution and mechanical characteristics of safflower plants. The pose adjustment process begins with helical grooves clamping and contacting the plant stem. The propulsion action of the helix then forces the stem to undergo a predetermined deflection displacement. The optimal picking pose occurs when the plant’s longitudinal axis is perpendicular to the rotational axis of the picking roller brush. In this position, the picking roller brush shears the filaments at the necking zone through gentle contact with the fruit balls. This mechanism transforms the traditional pull-off separation into a low-damage shear-separation mode. The Box–Behnken test was designed to find the optimal combination of parameters for picking: picking roller brush speed of 282.5 r/min, roller brush spacing of 3.7 mm, and brush bristle diameter of 0.1 mm. Verification tests showed the picking, damage and fruit injury rates were 92.4%, 7.1% and 1.2%, respectively, with standard deviations of 5.42%, 0.51%, and 0.08%. The harvesting efficiency reached 0.053 hm²/h, 8.48 to 12.01 times higher than manual harvesting. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Machine Design and Theory)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

21 pages, 1791 KB

Open AccessArticle

Physiological and Biochemical Indicators of Urban Environmental Stress in Tilia, Celtis, and Platanus: A Functional Trait-Based Approach

by Danijela Arsenov, Milan Borišev, Nataša Nikolić, Rita Horak and Slobodanka Pajević

Plants 2025, 14(22), 3451; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14223451 (registering DOI) - 11 Nov 2025

Abstract

Urban trees are exposed to multiple co-occurring stressors, including heat, drought, and pollution driven by intensified urbanization and climate change. These environmental pressures can compromise tree vitality by disrupting photosynthetic performance and oxidative balance. In this study, we assessed the structural, physiological, and [...] Read more.

Urban trees are exposed to multiple co-occurring stressors, including heat, drought, and pollution driven by intensified urbanization and climate change. These environmental pressures can compromise tree vitality by disrupting photosynthetic performance and oxidative balance. In this study, we assessed the structural, physiological, and biochemical responses of three common urban tree species (Tilia platyphyllos, Celtis occidentalis, and Platanus × hispanica) growing under urban environmental conditions in Novi Sad, Serbia. Leaf traits were measured during June and August to capture seasonal stress variation. Structural indicators (SPAD, leaf thickness, leaf temperature differential), chlorophyll fluorescence traits (Φ_II, Φ_NPQ, F_v′/F_m′), oxidative stress biomarkers (TBARS, proline, GSH), and antioxidant enzyme activities (APX, CAT) were quantified. The Tree Health Risk Index (THRI) was calculated to integrate multilevel responses. Results revealed species-specific differences, with Tilia exhibiting the highest sensitivity, characterized by notable photochemical declines and oxidative stress under urban conditions. Celtis showed moderate resilience, while Platanus demonstrated the most robust performance and emerged as a promising candidate for climate-resilient urban sites. Heatmap clustering and trait contribution analyses confirm oxidative stress biomarkers and chlorophyll fluorescence traits as key indicators of urban stress. This study emphasizes the importance of integrating functional trait-based approaches for assessing tree health in urban greening. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Photosynthesis and Plant Physiology Under Climate Change)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

14 pages, 1749 KB

Open AccessArticle

Delving into Unsupervised Hebbian Learning from Artificial Intelligence Perspectives

by Wei Lin, Zhixin Piao and Chi Chung Alan Fung

Mach. Learn. Knowl. Extr. 2025, 7(4), 143; https://doi.org/10.3390/make7040143 (registering DOI) - 11 Nov 2025

Abstract

Unsupervised Hebbian learning is a biologically inspired algorithm designed to extract representations from input images, which can subsequently support supervised learning. It presents a promising alternative to traditional artificial neural networks (ANNs). Many attempts have focused on enhancing Hebbian learning by incorporating more [...] Read more.

Unsupervised Hebbian learning is a biologically inspired algorithm designed to extract representations from input images, which can subsequently support supervised learning. It presents a promising alternative to traditional artificial neural networks (ANNs). Many attempts have focused on enhancing Hebbian learning by incorporating more biologically plausible components. Contrarily, we draw inspiration from recent advances in ANNs to rethink and further improve Hebbian learning in three interconnected aspects. First, we investigate the issue of overfitting in Hebbian learning and emphasize the importance of selecting an optimal number of training epochs, even in unsupervised settings. In addition, we discuss the risks and benefits of anti-Hebbian learning in model performance, and our visualizations reveal that synapses resembling the input images sometimes do not necessarily reflect effective learning. Then, we explore the impact of different activation functions on Hebbian representations, highlighting the benefits of properly utilizing negative values. Furthermore, motivated by the success of large pre-trained language models, we propose a novel approach for leveraging unlabeled data from other datasets. Unlike conventional pre-training in ANNs, experimental results demonstrate that merging trained synapses from different datasets leads to improved performance. Overall, our findings offer fresh perspectives on enhancing the future design of Hebbian learning algorithms. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Learning)

29 pages, 4689 KB

Open AccessArticle

The Effect of Chitosan Nanoparticle-Loaded Hydrogel and Lavandula Angustifolia Extract on Staphylococcus Aureus-Infected Wounds in a Rat Model: An Animal Study

by Farah Faraedon Mohidden Zardawi and Mohammed Qasim Yahya Malallah A. Al Atrakji

Polysaccharides 2025, 6(4), 102; https://doi.org/10.3390/polysaccharides6040102 (registering DOI) - 11 Nov 2025

Abstract

Background: Chitosan and Lavandula angustifolia (lavender) exhibit antibacterial, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory effects, making them potential candidates for managing infected wounds. This study investigated the therapeutic efficacy of a chitosan nanoparticle-loaded hydrogel, lavender extract, and their combination in treating Staphylococcus aureus-infected wounds in [...] Read more.

Background: Chitosan and Lavandula angustifolia (lavender) exhibit antibacterial, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory effects, making them potential candidates for managing infected wounds. This study investigated the therapeutic efficacy of a chitosan nanoparticle-loaded hydrogel, lavender extract, and their combination in treating Staphylococcus aureus-infected wounds in rats. Methods: Forty-eight male Sprague-Dawley rats (250–350 g, 8–10 weeks) were divided into six groups: healthy control, infected untreated, Fucidin, lavender extract, chitosan hydrogel, and chitosan–lavender combination. Wound healing was evaluated on days 3, 7, and 14 using clinical assessment, histopathology, and biochemical markers. Non-parametric statistical tests were applied, with significance set at p < 0.05. Results: The chitosan–lavender group showed the most pronounced healing response, with significantly reduced WBC counts, lower levels of TNF-α, IL-6, and MDA, and enhanced SOD activity (p < 0.05). Histological analysis confirmed superior re-epithelialization, granulation tissue development, collagen deposition, and wound contraction in chitosan-based treatments, particularly their combination, compared to lavender or Fucidin alone (p < 0.001). Inflammatory infiltrates, angiogenesis, necrosis, and hemorrhage were also notably reduced across treated groups. Conclusion: Combining chitosan hydrogel with lavender extract exerts synergistic antibacterial and wound healing effects, offering a promising alternative therapy for infected wounds. Full article

(This article belongs to the Collection Bioactive Polysaccharides)

► Show Figures

Graphical abstract

12 pages, 546 KB

Open AccessReview

Optimizing Oral Vitamin C Supplementation: Addressing Pharmacokinetic Challenges with Nutraceutical Formulation Approaches—A Mini Review

by Tejal Dhotre, Shefali Thanawala and Rajat Shah

Pharmaceutics 2025, 17(11), 1458; https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics17111458 (registering DOI) - 11 Nov 2025

Abstract

Vitamin C, a water-soluble micronutrient, is one of the most widely used dietary supplements pertaining to its vital role in maintaining overall human health, particularly through its potent antioxidant and immune-supportive functions. This mini review summarizes key pharmacokinetic constraints of vitamin C and [...] Read more.

Vitamin C, a water-soluble micronutrient, is one of the most widely used dietary supplements pertaining to its vital role in maintaining overall human health, particularly through its potent antioxidant and immune-supportive functions. This mini review summarizes key pharmacokinetic constraints of vitamin C and evaluates formulation strategies aimed at improving its systemic availability. Achieving sustained optimal plasma levels of vitamin C remains challenging due to its dose-dependent absorption, tissue saturation, rapid renal clearance, and short half-life. These pharmacokinetic limitations restrict systemic retention, with high oral doses providing only marginal increases in plasma concentrations and necessitating multiple daily administrations. Conventional vitamin C supplements show efficient absorption only at low to moderate doses, while higher intakes are restricted by transporter saturation and increased renal excretion. Alternative delivery systems such as liposomal encapsulation, esterified derivatives, nano-emulsions, and co-formulations with bioenhancers have been examined; however, evidence for prolonged systemic retention remains inconsistent. The sustained-release formulation of vitamin C shows more reliable outcomes, demonstrating prolonged plasma exposure, higher steady-state concentrations, and potential for improved compliance through reduced dosing frequency. While further robust comparative studies are needed, current evidence suggest that advanced formulation approaches, particularly sustained-release delivery, may help overcome these pharmacokinetic limitations, thereby supporting improved clinical utility of vitamin C supplementation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Methods of Potentially Improving Drug Permeation and Bioavailability)

22 pages, 2567 KB

Open AccessArticle

T Cell Exhaustion in the Cervical Cancer Tumor Microenvironment: PD-1 Overexpression and Co-Expression with TIGIT, Tim-3, LAG-3, and NKG2A

by Nadia Tatiana García-Barrientos, Fabiola Solorzano-Ibarra, Ksenia Klimov-Kravtchenko, Jose Manuel Rojas-Diaz, Marcela Sofia Guitron-Aviña, Francisco Javier Ceja-Flores, Jose Alfonso Cruz-Ramos, Pablo Cesar Ortiz-Lazareno, Felipe de Jesus Bustos-Rodriguez, Juan Carlos Vazquez-Limon, Miriam Ruth Bueno-Topete, Martha Cecilia Tellez-Bañuelos, Jesse Haramati and Susana del Toro-Arreola

Cancers 2025, 17(22), 3627; https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers17223627 (registering DOI) - 11 Nov 2025

Abstract

Objective: T cell exhaustion is a major mechanism of immune evasion in cancer, characterized by the sustained expression of multiple inhibitory receptors. This study aimed to evaluate the expression of immune checkpoints in peripheral and tumor-infiltrating CD8⁺ T cells from cervical cancer [...] Read more.

Objective: T cell exhaustion is a major mechanism of immune evasion in cancer, characterized by the sustained expression of multiple inhibitory receptors. This study aimed to evaluate the expression of immune checkpoints in peripheral and tumor-infiltrating CD8⁺ T cells from cervical cancer patients. Methods: We enrolled 104 participants: 37 treatment-naïve patients, 36 treated patients, and 31 age-matched healthy donors. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were isolated from all participants. Ten cervical biopsies were collected for tumor-infiltrating lymphocyte (TIL) isolation and paraffin fixation. Immune checkpoint expression was analyzed by multiparametric flow cytometry and immunohistochemistry. Results: In peripheral CD8⁺ T cells, we found a significant upregulation of exhaustion-associated markers PD-1, TIGIT, Tim-3, and LAG-3. In the tumor infiltrating lymphocytes, these same molecules, with the addition of NKG2A, were notably upregulated further. While BTLA and NKG2A showed no systemic changes, NKG2A increased in TILs and BTLA decreased in TILs. The co-expression of PD-1 with TIGIT, Tim-3, LAG-3, and NKG2A was notably enriched between 2- and 6-fold in TILs compared with patient PBMCs. The tumor microenvironment was highly immunosuppressive, characterized by enrichment with PD-1, PD-L1, and TIGIT; TIGIT was notably upregulated in locally advanced versus early-stage tumors. Conclusions: Our findings highlight the strongly immunosuppressive environment of cervical tumors in treatment-naïve patients and the presence of elevated inhibitory checkpoint expression in peripheral blood of both pre- and post-treatment patients. These results underscore the importance of investigating immune regulation within the tumor site itself and suggest that immune checkpoint co-expression may serve as a biomarker of T cell exhaustion and therapeutic resistance. Understanding how treatment alters these pathways could guide rational combination immunotherapies to restore CD8⁺ T cell function in cervical cancer. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances and Strategies for the Management of CIN and HPV Eradication Starategies for the Prevention of Uterine Cervical Cancer)

17 pages, 559 KB

Open AccessArticle

The Improvement of Growth Parameters and Intercepted Photosynthetically Active Radiation in Pea Varieties as Influenced by Nitrogen Fertilization

by Daiva Janusauskaite

Plants 2025, 14(22), 3450; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14223450 (registering DOI) - 11 Nov 2025

Abstract

The field experiment aimed to evaluate the effect of different nitrogen rates on accumulation of aboveground dry mass (AGDM), leaves area index (LAI), and intercepted photosynthetically active radiation (iPAR) of pea (Pisum sativum L.) varieties. The experiment was arranged in a factorial [...] Read more.

The field experiment aimed to evaluate the effect of different nitrogen rates on accumulation of aboveground dry mass (AGDM), leaves area index (LAI), and intercepted photosynthetically active radiation (iPAR) of pea (Pisum sativum L.) varieties. The experiment was arranged in a factorial randomized block design consisting of three levels of the first factor (variety) and seven levels of the second factor (NPK fertilization treatments were used: (1) NPK 0:0:0 (control), (2) NPK 0:40:80, (3) NPK 15:40:80, (4) NPK 30:40:80, (5) NPK 45:40:80, (6) NPK 15 + 15:40:80, (7) NPK 60:40:80). The growth indicators (LAI and AGDM) and iPAR were assessed three times during the growing season. Nitrogen fertilization positively influenced LAI, but significant differences in LAI were found only under splitted N30 (N15 + N15), N45, and N60 applications, compared to the treatment N0 P40K80. In the dry 2015 and the optimal moisture 2016, N30, N45, and N60 rates significantly increased AGDM. The influence of fertilization on iPAR varied between experimental years, and it was strongest in the dry 2015, when applying N15+15 and N60 fertilization significantly increased iPAR, compared to the control. According to LAI and iPAR data, pea varieties were ranked in descending order: Simona, Ieva DS, and Respect. LAI significantly (p ≤ 0.01) correlated with AGDM and iPAR, but the relationship weakened as peas reached later growth stages. These results provide valuable knowledge, and it will be useful for researchers in developing new cultivation methodologies to achieve higher semi-leafless pea productivity by applying different combinations of nutrition and new varieties. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Strategies for Nutrient Use Efficiency Improvement in Plants—2nd Edition)

15 pages, 1798 KB

Open AccessArticle

Serum Metabolomics Reveals Metabolic Changes in Freestyle Wrestlers During Different Training Stages

by Xiaonan Li, Xiangyu Liu, Jianxing Liu, Yinhai Liu, Yumei Han and Wei Zhang

Metabolites 2025, 15(11), 737; https://doi.org/10.3390/metabo15110737 (registering DOI) - 11 Nov 2025

Abstract

Objectives: This study aimed to analyze metabolites changes in elite freestyle wrestlers during three specific training phases—pre-training, peak training, and recovery adjustment—through serum metabolomics analyses and biochemical indicator testing, providing preliminary insights for selecting effective functional assessment metrics. Methods: Five male [...] Read more.

Objectives: This study aimed to analyze metabolites changes in elite freestyle wrestlers during three specific training phases—pre-training, peak training, and recovery adjustment—through serum metabolomics analyses and biochemical indicator testing, providing preliminary insights for selecting effective functional assessment metrics. Methods: Five male wrestlers (20.40 ± 2.07 years) and five female wrestlers (19.60 ± 0.55 years) were enrolled. Morning fasting venous blood samples were collected before training, at peak training intensity, and after training adjustment and recovery. Serum metabolomic analyses using ¹H nuclear magnetic resonance (¹H NMR) spectroscopy and assessment of biochemical indicators were performed. Results: The metabolomic analysis identified six significantly altered serum biomarkers in male wrestlers and three in females across different training phases. These differential metabolites are primarily implicated in the regulation of energy and amino acid metabolism pathways. Additionally, significant alterations in conventional biochemical indices were observed. Conclusions: Metabolomic markers provide a more accurate and comprehensive reflection of metabolic characteristics in freestyle wrestlers, offering a promising complementary approach to traditional biochemical assessments for monitoring physiological states. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Interactions Between Exercise Physiology and Metabolism)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

19 pages, 348 KB

Open AccessArticle

Fixed Points of Exponential-Type Contractions in Fuzzy Metric Spaces with Applications to Nonlinear Fractional Boundary Value Problems

by Amjad E. Hamza, Ali H. Tedjani, Hayel N. Saleh, Khaled Aldwoah, Osman Osman, Hicham Saber and Mohammed Messaoudi

Fractal Fract. 2025, 9(11), 730; https://doi.org/10.3390/fractalfract9110730 (registering DOI) - 11 Nov 2025

Abstract

In this paper, we introduce the notion of fuzzy exponential contractions within the framework of fuzzy metric spaces. These mappings, which involve point-dependent exponential terms, are studied under the assumptions of either fuzzy continuity or the weaker condition of fuzzy Picard continuity. We [...] Read more.

In this paper, we introduce the notion of fuzzy exponential contractions within the framework of fuzzy metric spaces. These mappings, which involve point-dependent exponential terms, are studied under the assumptions of either fuzzy continuity or the weaker condition of fuzzy Picard continuity. We establish corresponding existence and uniqueness theorems, and we further demonstrate the scope of the theory through illustrative examples and by applying it to prove an existence and uniqueness result for a class of nonlinear fractional differential equations. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nonlinear Fractional Differential Equation and Fixed-Point Theory, 2nd Edition)

19 pages, 7784 KB

Open AccessArticle

A 4-Year Field Experiment on an Urban Permeable Sidewalk on Its Runoff and Surface Temperature Performance

by Chi-Feng Chen, Cheng-Han Lin and Jen-Yang Lin

Urban Sci. 2025, 9(11), 473; https://doi.org/10.3390/urbansci9110473 (registering DOI) - 11 Nov 2025

Abstract

Permeable pavement is commonly used for urban stormwater management and urban heat island mitigation. It has been proven that permeable pavement has such benefits; however, the clogged permeable pavement could lose its function, and there are relatively few studies on its long-term monitoring. [...] Read more.

Permeable pavement is commonly used for urban stormwater management and urban heat island mitigation. It has been proven that permeable pavement has such benefits; however, the clogged permeable pavement could lose its function, and there are relatively few studies on its long-term monitoring. This study monitored an in-use permeable sidewalk in central Taipei City, Taiwan, and presented its four-year performance. In the study area, the permeable sidewalk occupies nearly half of the drainage area. The onsite data showed that the average runoff reduction rate in the first year (2021) was 41.2% but decreased to 28.8% in the fourth year (2024). The differences in runoff reduction rate between different rainfall patterns are also discussed. If the permeable pavement is not cleaned, it might lose its permeability after 7 years. The results of the surface temperature monitoring show that the average surface temperature of permeable pavement is maintained at 28.8

^{\circ}

C over the four-year period, whereas the surface temperature of impermeable pavement increases annually. This finding verified that permeable pavement is helpful in stabilizing surface temperatures in urban areas, thereby combating the warming environment. In addition, Wet Bulb Globe Temperature (WBGT) was tested in this study. The results of WBGT showed that the WBGT above the permeable pavement is lower than that on impermeable pavements by about 1–2

^{\circ}

C from 12 p.m. to 16 p.m. This implies that permeable pavement may contribute to a comfortable thermal environment for the public. The results of this study provide crucial information for maintaining permeable pavement and enhancing its beneficial functions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Sustainable Built Environment, 2nd Volume)

10 pages, 514 KB

Open AccessArticle

Multiplicity Distributions and the Frontier Between Soft and Hard Physics

by Henrique R. Martins-Fontes and Fernando S. Navarra

Physics 2025, 7(4), 57; https://doi.org/10.3390/physics7040057 (registering DOI) - 11 Nov 2025

Abstract

The multiplicity distributions measured in proton–proton collisions at the LHC exhibit appealing new features. One of them is the appearance of a substructure—the so-called “shoulder”—at relatively large multiplicities. The most natural interpretation of this behavior is the existence of two particle-production mechanisms. The [...] Read more.

The multiplicity distributions measured in proton–proton collisions at the LHC exhibit appealing new features. One of them is the appearance of a substructure—the so-called “shoulder”—at relatively large multiplicities. The most natural interpretation of this behavior is the existence of two particle-production mechanisms. The final result is then a superposition of two distributions. In our recent paper, we assumed that the two production mechanisms are soft and semihard partonics scatterings. In this paper, we further discuss this assumption, and, in particular, we study the dependence of the results on the scale that separates soft from hard events. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Complexity in High Energy and Statistical Physics)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

13 pages, 2298 KB

Open AccessArticle

Long-Term Drought Analysis in Dura City, Palestine, Using the Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI)

by Hamzah Faquseh and Giovanna Grossi

Appl. Sci. 2025, 15(22), 11987; https://doi.org/10.3390/app152211987 (registering DOI) - 11 Nov 2025

Abstract

Drought is a major climatic hazard affecting water resources, agriculture, and livelihoods in semi-arid regions, with increasing severity under climate change. This study assessed long-term drought in Dura City, Palestine, from 2000 to 2023 using the Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) at 3-, 6-, [...] Read more.

Drought is a major climatic hazard affecting water resources, agriculture, and livelihoods in semi-arid regions, with increasing severity under climate change. This study assessed long-term drought in Dura City, Palestine, from 2000 to 2023 using the Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) at 3-, 6-, and 12-month timescales. Monthly precipitation and temperature data were obtained from local meteorological stations, with mean annual precipitation of 408 mm and average summer and winter temperatures of 28 °C and 12 °C, respectively. Trends were analyzed using the Mann–Kendall test and Sen’s slope estimator. SPI-3 values ranged from −3.13 to 3.87, including 67 moderates to severe drought months and 12 extreme wet months. SPI-6 ranged from −2.97 to 2.53, showing 34 drought months and 40 wet months, while SPI-12 ranged from −1.94 to 2.32, reflecting generally stable long-term precipitation. Annual rainfall exhibited no significant trend (Sen’s slope = −1.34 mm/year, p = 0.785), whereas yearly average temperature increased significantly by 0.054 °C/year (p = 0.02), raising evapotranspiration and drought risk. Results indicate high short- and medium-term drought variability despite stable annual precipitation, underscoring the need for integrated water management strategies, including rainwater harvesting, groundwater protection, and efficient irrigation, to improve resilience under evolving climate conditions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Effects of Climate Change on Hydrology)

23 pages, 6257 KB

Open AccessArticle

Foundation Pits in Layered Slate at Different Inclination Angles: Study of Deformation Laws

by Yongjun Chen, Liang He, Jinshan Lei, Xiuzhu Yang, Yongguan Zhang, Xihao Jin, Jiahua Li and Xilai Li

Appl. Sci. 2025, 15(22), 11986; https://doi.org/10.3390/app152211986 (registering DOI) - 11 Nov 2025

Abstract

Slate typically contains significant bedding structures and often displays varying mechanical properties under different inclination conditions, with numerous adverse impacts on construction projects. In light of its anisotropic characteristics, a slate foundation pit in Changsha is considered in this study, and uniaxial and [...] Read more.

Slate typically contains significant bedding structures and often displays varying mechanical properties under different inclination conditions, with numerous adverse impacts on construction projects. In light of its anisotropic characteristics, a slate foundation pit in Changsha is considered in this study, and uniaxial and triaxial compression tests are initially conducted on slate under various bedding inclination angles. Through these tests, the mechanical parameters of the slate are obtained, and the laws governing the variation in the stress–strain curves and failure modes are analyzed. The results show that the peak strength and elastic modulus present an obvious “U-shaped” variation with the bedding dip angle, reaching the minimum values in the range of 45–60°, and the corresponding failure mode is mainly sliding failure along the bedding plane. The mechanical parameters obtained for slate are input into FLAC3D 6.0 software to simulate a triaxial compressive test of slate, and the calculation results are used to verify the accuracy of the parameters obtained from the tests. Based on these parameters, the foundation pit engineering in the background is simulated in order to analyze the deformation characteristics of the pit under different inclination angles. The simulation results indicate that the foundation pit deformation has significant asymmetry, with larger settlement on the dip side and greater horizontal displacement of the piles. The research findings of this paper can provide a reference for the design and construction of similar slate foundation pit projects. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Research in Structures and Rocks in Geotechnical Engineering: 2nd Edition)

15 pages, 5579 KB

Open AccessArticle

Efficacy of Repeated Administration of Cultured Human CD34⁺ Cells Against Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic Nephropathy in Rats

by Takayasu Ohtake, Amankeldi A. Salybekov, Tsutomu Sato, Shigeaki Okamura, Masaki Yazawa, Yuki Yano, Mehdi Hassanpour, Mitsuru Yanai, Makoto Imagawa, Takayuki Asahara and Shuzo Kobayashi

Cells 2025, 14(22), 1766; https://doi.org/10.3390/cells14221766 (registering DOI) - 11 Nov 2025

Abstract

To date, no clinical trial has investigated the potential of CD34⁺ cells to treat diabetic nephropathy. This study examined the efficacy of human CD34⁺ cells against diabetic nephropathy in rats. Rats were administered streptozotocin (STZ) intraperitoneally and divided into three groups: [...] Read more.

To date, no clinical trial has investigated the potential of CD34⁺ cells to treat diabetic nephropathy. This study examined the efficacy of human CD34⁺ cells against diabetic nephropathy in rats. Rats were administered streptozotocin (STZ) intraperitoneally and divided into three groups: normal control, STZ control, and STZ plus cell therapy. The STZ-plus-cell-therapy group was administered human umbilical cord blood-derived CD34⁺ cells weekly for three weeks. At eight weeks, the rats’ renal function, pathology, and transcriptome profiles were assessed. Although blood glucose levels did not differ between the STZ-administered groups, urinary albumin excretion was significantly lower at 6 weeks in the STZ-plus-cell-therapy group than in the STZ control group (p < 0.001). Serum creatinine levels tended to be higher in the STZ control group and lower in the STZ-plus-cell-therapy group. Cell therapy significantly improved mesangial expansion, interstitial fibrosis, peritubular capillary rarefaction, and glomerular macrophage infiltration compared with the STZ control (p < 0.0001). Kidney transcriptomics revealed significant upregulation of genes related to M2 macrophage markers, cell homing, and angiogenesis in the STZ-plus-cell-therapy group. In rats with STZ-induced diabetic nephropathy, human CD34⁺ cells ameliorated renal injury through their anti-inflammatory and pro-angiogenic effects. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Extracellular Vesicles and Cell Therapies in Regenerative Nephrology and Urology)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

19 pages, 5654 KB

Open AccessArticle

Kinematic Parameter Identification for Space Manipulators Using a Hybrid PSO-LM Optimization Algorithm

by Haitao Jing, Xiaolong Ma, Meng Chen, Hongjun Xing, Jianwei Tan and Jinbao Chen

Aerospace 2025, 12(11), 1006; https://doi.org/10.3390/aerospace12111006 (registering DOI) - 11 Nov 2025

Abstract

Accurate kinematic parameter identification is essential for space manipulators to attain millimeter-level positioning accuracy and robust motion control. This study develops a universal strategy for comprehensive parameter identification by establishing a generalized geometric error model using Denavit–Hartenberg (DH) parameterization. For robotic calibration, the [...] Read more.

Accurate kinematic parameter identification is essential for space manipulators to attain millimeter-level positioning accuracy and robust motion control. This study develops a universal strategy for comprehensive parameter identification by establishing a generalized geometric error model using Denavit–Hartenberg (DH) parameterization. For robotic calibration, the Fibonacci spiral sampling technique optimizes pose selection, ensuring end-effector poses fully cover the manipulator’s workspace to enhance identification convergence. By combining the local convergence capability of the Levenberg–Marquardt (LM) algorithm with the global search characteristics of Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO), we propose a novel hybrid PSO-LM optimization algorithm, achieving synergistic enhancement of global exploration and local refinement. An experimental platform using a laser tracker as the metrology reference was constructed, with a 6-degree-of-freedom (6-DOF) space manipulator selected as a validation case. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed method significantly reduces the average positioning error from 10.87 mm to 0.47 mm, achieving a 95.7% improvement in relative accuracy. These findings validate that the parameter identification approach can precisely determine the actual geometric parameters of space manipulators, providing critical technical support for high-precision on-orbit operations. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Astronautics & Space Science)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

16 pages, 1614 KB

Open AccessArticle

Socio-Economic Impact of Sandstone Quarrying on Local Communities in Lekokoaneng, Lesotho

by Lemohang Mokoka and Ntokozo Malaza

Reg. Sci. Environ. Econ. 2025, 2(4), 33; https://doi.org/10.3390/rsee2040033 - 11 Nov 2025

Abstract

Sandstone quarrying in Lekokoaneng contributes to both local and national economic development, yet it raises concerns about environmental degradation and community livelihoods. Using a mixed-methods design framed by the Sustainable Livelihood Framework (SLF) and the Sustainable Development Theory (SDT), 203 households were surveyed [...] Read more.

Sandstone quarrying in Lekokoaneng contributes to both local and national economic development, yet it raises concerns about environmental degradation and community livelihoods. Using a mixed-methods design framed by the Sustainable Livelihood Framework (SLF) and the Sustainable Development Theory (SDT), 203 households were surveyed across five buffer zones (0–1000 m) around the formal quarry site in Lekokoaneng, Berea District, Lesotho. Quantitative data were analysed descriptively, while qualitative responses underwent thematic analysis and were transformed into quantifiable categories. Quarrying generated employment and small-business opportunities concentrated within 0–600 m of the site, alongside elevated reports of dust, soil degradation and water contamination that undermined agriculture and health. Households nearest the quarry reported the highest income benefits (e.g., 35% via employment) but also the greatest environmental burdens. Households furthest away reported fewer risks but also limited economic gain. Thematic analysis yielded four domains: Socio-Economic Empowerment, Livelihood Vulnerability, Health and Safety Risks, and Environmental Degradation and Control. Integrating SLF and SDT shows quarrying as a double-edged livelihood system with short-term financial gains that coincide with erosion of natural, human and social capitals. Targeted environmental safeguards, labour formalisation and community-inclusive governance are essential to realign quarrying with resilience and sustainability goals. Full article

► Show Figures

Figure 1

18 pages, 471 KB

Open AccessArticle

A Passage-Based Fault-Tolerant Routing Method for 3D Mesh NoCs Without Creating Faulty Regions

by Yota Kurokawa and Masaru Fukushi

Chips 2025, 4(4), 49; https://doi.org/10.3390/chips4040049 - 11 Nov 2025

Abstract

This paper proposes a novel fault-tolerant routing method without creating faulty regions for 3D mesh Network-on-Chips (NoCs). Most conventional methods create faulty regions containing faulty nodes and route packets around them to reach the destinations. However, the creation of faulty regions results in [...] Read more.

This paper proposes a novel fault-tolerant routing method without creating faulty regions for 3D mesh Network-on-Chips (NoCs). Most conventional methods create faulty regions containing faulty nodes and route packets around them to reach the destinations. However, the creation of faulty regions results in low communication performance and low node utilization. To overcome the two problems, the proposed method does not create faulty regions based on the idea of predefining paths in the absence of shortest paths while allowing the passage of faulty nodes. Simulation results show that, compared with conventional methods, the proposed method reduces average latency by about 44.5% and improves node utilization rate by about 41.2% for 3D mesh NoCs of

5 \times 5 \times 5

nodes. Full article

► Show Figures

Figure 1

16 pages, 682 KB

Open AccessReview

Epigenomic Transcriptome Regulation of Growth and Development and Stress Response in Cucurbitaceae Plants: The Role of RNA Methylation

by Guangchao Yu, Zhipeng Wang, Lian Jia and Hua Huang

Curr. Issues Mol. Biol. 2025, 47(11), 938; https://doi.org/10.3390/cimb47110938 - 11 Nov 2025

Abstract

RNA methylation, particularly N6-methyladenosine (m⁶A) and 5-methylcytosine (m⁵C), functions as a pivotal post-transcriptional regulatory mechanism and plays a central role in plant growth, development, and stress responses. This review provides a systematic summary of recent advances in RNA methylation [...] Read more.

RNA methylation, particularly N6-methyladenosine (m⁶A) and 5-methylcytosine (m⁵C), functions as a pivotal post-transcriptional regulatory mechanism and plays a central role in plant growth, development, and stress responses. This review provides a systematic summary of recent advances in RNA methylation research in cucurbit crops. To date, high-throughput technologies such as MeRIP-seq and nanopore direct RNA sequencing have enabled the preliminary construction of RNA methylation landscapes in cucurbit species, revealing their potential regulatory roles in key agronomic traits, including fruit development, responses to biotic and abiotic stresses, and disease resistance. Nevertheless, this field remains in its early stages for cucurbit crops and faces several major challenges: First, mechanistic understanding is still limited, with insufficient knowledge regarding the composition and biological functions of the core protein families involved in methylation dynamics—namely, “writers,” “erasers,” and “readers.” Second, functional validation remains inadequate, as direct evidence linking specific RNA methylation events to downstream gene regulation and phenotypic outcomes is largely lacking. Third, resources are scarce; compared to model species such as Arabidopsis thaliana and rice, cucurbit crops possess limited species-specific genetic data and genetic engineering tools (e.g., CRISPR/Cas9-based gene editing systems), which significantly hampers comprehensive functional studies. To overcome these limitations, future research should prioritize the development and application of more sensitive detection methods, integrate multi-omics datasets—including transcriptomic and methylomic profiles—to reconstruct regulatory networks, and conduct rigorous functional assays to establish causal relationships between RNA methylation modifications and phenotypic variation. The ultimate objective is to fully elucidate the biological significance of RNA methylation in cucurbit plants and harness its potential for crop improvement through genetic and biotechnological approaches. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Molecular Breeding and Genetics Research in Plants—3rd Edition)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

19 pages, 772 KB

Open AccessArticle

Strategic Human Resource Management in the Digital Era: Technology, Transformation, and Sustainable Advantage

by Carmen Nastase, Andreea Adomnitei and Anisoara Apetri

Merits 2025, 5(4), 23; https://doi.org/10.3390/merits5040023 - 11 Nov 2025

Abstract

The rapid integration of emerging technologies into organizational processes has fundamentally redefined the role of strategic human resource management (SHRM). This paper explores how digital innovations—such as artificial intelligence (AI), robotic process automation (RPA), blockchain, and immersive technologies—are reshaping the workforce and transforming [...] Read more.

The rapid integration of emerging technologies into organizational processes has fundamentally redefined the role of strategic human resource management (SHRM). This paper explores how digital innovations—such as artificial intelligence (AI), robotic process automation (RPA), blockchain, and immersive technologies—are reshaping the workforce and transforming the way organizations attract, develop, and retain talent. In the context of the digital era, human capital is no longer a passive input but a strategic enabler of sustainable competitive advantage. The purpose of the study is to analyze how SHRM practices must evolve to align with technology-driven organizational models, combining insights from a systematic literature review, institutional reports, and illustrative corporate cases. Findings indicate that agility, continuous reskilling, ethical AI governance, and employee well-being are critical levers for sustainable advantage. Comparative tables highlight differences between traditional HRM and SHRM in the digital era, while case studies (IBM, Walmart, Unilever, and UiPath) demonstrate the strategic value of predictive analytics, diversity and inclusion programs, virtual training, and people analytics. By proposing a conceptual model that links emerging technologies, SHRM, and competitiveness, the paper contributes to current debates on the transformation of work and organizational resilience. The study offers practical implications for HR leaders, policymakers, and academics navigating digital transformation while reinforcing human-centric performance and sustainability. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Strategic Human Resource Management: Transforming Organizations for Competitive Advantage)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

14 pages, 406 KB

Open AccessReview

Assessing the Oral Microbiome in Women of Reproductive Age: A Narrative Review

by Tiberiu H. Ionaș, Mona Ionaș, Radu Chicea, Dragoș A. Dădârlat and Laura Ștef

Clin. Pract. 2025, 15(11), 206; https://doi.org/10.3390/clinpract15110206 - 11 Nov 2025

Abstract

The oral microbiome may be an indicator of oral pathologies and hormonal fluctuations. Consequently, the proper identification of methods for studying microbial factors is essential. Because more than half of the components of the oral microbiome belong to species that are very difficult [...] Read more.

The oral microbiome may be an indicator of oral pathologies and hormonal fluctuations. Consequently, the proper identification of methods for studying microbial factors is essential. Because more than half of the components of the oral microbiome belong to species that are very difficult or even impossible to cultivate in the laboratory, the assessment of the oral microbiome nowadays is based on genetic sequencing, using techniques such as DNA hybridization, 16S rRNA sequencing, and metagenomics, mainly analyzing saliva and subgingival plaque. Variations in results may be caused by differences in sample type, analysis methods, accuracy in determining cycle phases, and biases introduced by DNA extraction techniques and technical variations. Choosing the right primers for the 16S rRNA gene and reference databases (like HOMD, Greengenes2) is essential for accurately identifying microorganisms. Metagenomic sequencing offers greater taxonomic and functional detail, but it is costlier and presents bioinformatics challenges, including contamination with human DNA. When the patients under study are women, we have to take into consideration the cyclical changes in the menstrual cycle. Studies suggest that estrogen influences local immune and inflammatory responses and can worsen existing gingival inflammation. Certain oral bacteria can even utilize estradiol and progesterone as growth factors. The composition of the oral microbiome is also affected by hormonal contraceptives, carbohydrate intake, smoking, age, body mass index, genetics, and oral hygiene—all factors that need to be controlled for in future studies. Interpreting the biological significance of the reported cyclic changes requires careful examination of the specific methods used in each study. Full article

► Show Figures

Figure 1

20 pages, 345 KB

Open AccessArticle

Breathe with the Waves (BWW)—Creating and Assessing the Potential of a New Stress Management Intervention for Oncology Personnel

by Lauren Deckelbaum, Nikita Guarascio, Marie-Pierre Bastien, Anik Cloutier, Maria Kondyli, Marie-Paule Latour, Émélie Rondeau and Serge Sultan

Curr. Oncol. 2025, 32(11), 632; https://doi.org/10.3390/curroncol32110632 - 11 Nov 2025

Abstract

Healthcare providers in oncology experience exceptionally high stress rates. Research emphasizes that stress management programs must be quick to implement, flexible to accommodate demanding schedules, cost-effective, accessible to all staff, and tailored to the needs of oncology personnel. Programs that fail to meet [...] Read more.

Healthcare providers in oncology experience exceptionally high stress rates. Research emphasizes that stress management programs must be quick to implement, flexible to accommodate demanding schedules, cost-effective, accessible to all staff, and tailored to the needs of oncology personnel. Programs that fail to meet these criteria often struggle with uptake and sustainability. This mixed-methods exploratory study aimed (1) to design an online stress management program, Breathe with the Waves (BWW), based on breathing techniques; (2) to evaluate its acceptability, satisfaction, and relevance; (3) to identify perceived benefits and challenges; and (4) to generate potential outcome measures for future studies. A team of Canadian researchers and end-users co-designed the intervention. Twenty oncology professionals completed BWW, which featured pre-recorded breathing videos, and provided feedback via questionnaires and semi-structured interviews. We used t-tests and Wilcoxon rank tests to analyze quantitative data, and template analysis for qualitative data. Participants found BWW highly acceptable, satisfactory, and relevant. Participants reported three categories of benefits: stress reduction, improved work performance, and increased mindfulness. Challenges included anticipated challenges and experienced challenges. Potential outcome measures fell into six categories: physical health, mental health, relational, work, mindfulness and personal practice. BWW, available in English and French, represents a promising and accessible approach to supporting the well-being of oncology personnel. Full article

18 pages, 26641 KB

Open AccessArticle

Online XRF Analysis of Elements in Minerals on a Conveyor Belt

by Aleksander Sokolov, Vitalijs Kuzmovs, Ulises Miranda Ordóñez and Vladimir Gostilo

Mining 2025, 5(4), 77; https://doi.org/10.3390/mining5040077 - 11 Nov 2025

Abstract

The determination of the elemental composition of minerals at mining enterprises is important at all stages of mineral processing. An evaluation of metrological characteristics achieved through the online analysis of lump, ore, charge feed, cake and slag materials on a conveyor belt is [...] Read more.

The determination of the elemental composition of minerals at mining enterprises is important at all stages of mineral processing. An evaluation of metrological characteristics achieved through the online analysis of lump, ore, charge feed, cake and slag materials on a conveyor belt is presented. Each implementation of the online XRF analysis at mining enterprises was preceded by laboratory studies, the development of measurement methods and the calibration of a specific XRF analyzer using standard reference samples for a specific concentration range of the monitored elements. In this work, typical application areas for monitoring the concentration of elements in rocks on conveyor belts are presented, as well as those solutions that made it possible to achieve the required measurement accuracy with an X-ray fluorescence analyzer in an online mode. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Mining Technology and Equipment: Innovations and Case Studies)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

15 pages, 5245 KB

Open AccessArticle

Development and Evaluation of Yarns Made from Mechanically Recycled Textiles

by Kendall Ludwig, Sophia Gupman, Michelle Yatvitskiy, Huantian Cao and Kelly Cobb

Textiles 2025, 5(4), 56; https://doi.org/10.3390/textiles5040056 - 11 Nov 2025

Abstract

Mechanical textile recycling presents a sustainable alternative to linear “take–make–waste” models in the fashion industry. This study intended to develop yarns using textile-to-fiber mechanically recycled fibers. ReSpool mechanically recycled wool, cotton, polyester, silk, and rayon fibers from pre-consumer and post-consumer textiles were acquired [...] Read more.

Mechanical textile recycling presents a sustainable alternative to linear “take–make–waste” models in the fashion industry. This study intended to develop yarns using textile-to-fiber mechanically recycled fibers. ReSpool mechanically recycled wool, cotton, polyester, silk, and rayon fibers from pre-consumer and post-consumer textiles were acquired and blended with new fibers at varying ratios (100% ReSpool fibers, 85% ReSpool fibers, and 65% ReSpool fibers) to make batts, which were spun into yarns. The yarns’ size (Tex), strength (breaking force and tenacity), elongation, and moisture regain were evaluated. ReSpool recycled fibers from both pre-consumer and post-consumer textiles can be used to produce yarns that have appropriate strength for weaving and knitting. It was possible to produce yarns from 100% ReSpool recycled wool, polyester, and silk fibers, but ReSpool recycled cotton and rayon fibers must be blended with new fibers to produce yarns. There was no significant difference among the percentage of ReSpool recycled polyester and cotton fibers in the yarns on the strength and elongation of the yarn. It is recommended to use the higher percentage of ReSpool recycled fibers in yarn development to maximize recycled material utilization. Full article

► Show Figures

Figure 1

21 pages, 620 KB

Open AccessArticle

To Overcome or Be Overwhelmed? Contextual Disadvantages in the School-to-Work Transition of South and Southeast Asian Youths in the Hong Kong Chinese Context

by Bing-Kwan Chan, Simon Tak-Mau Chan, Esther Yin-Nei Cho and Yee-May Chan

Adolescents 2025, 5(4), 70; https://doi.org/10.3390/adolescents5040070 - 11 Nov 2025

Abstract

(1) Background: While Hong Kong is renowned for being a multicultural city, its South and Southeast Asian population has experienced disadvantages in various aspects of life, particularly career development. This study adopts the Systems Theory Framework (STF) to investigate the school-to-work transition of [...] Read more.

(1) Background: While Hong Kong is renowned for being a multicultural city, its South and Southeast Asian population has experienced disadvantages in various aspects of life, particularly career development. This study adopts the Systems Theory Framework (STF) to investigate the school-to-work transition of Pakistani, Nepalese, Filipino, and Indian youths in the Hong Kong Chinese context. (2) Methods: A qualitative approach using individual and focus group interviews was employed to uncover and critically examine educational and career aspirations and contextual factors in the transition pathways of educational and career advancement experienced by these ethnic groups. (3) Results: Findings show that career aspirations among South and Southeast Asian youths undergoing the school-to-work transition are comparatively lower than those of their counterparts who remain in secondary education. This disparity is attributed to a range of contextual factors, particularly shortcomings in education policy and limited cultural competence within Hong Kong Chinese society, both of which contribute to the erosion of occupational outlook among these underrepresented groups. (4) Conclusions: This study demonstrates the critical impact of contextual factors on the ethnic inequality of school-to-work transition, which are more overwhelming than can be overcome by personal and family efforts. If these issues are not addressed, achieving racial equality and equal opportunity in school-to-work transition will remain a persistent challenge. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Youth in Transition)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

24 pages, 1244 KB

Open AccessSystematic Review

A Systematic Review: Migration of Chemical Compounds from Plastic Material Containers in Food and Pharmaceutical Fields

by Laura Culleré, Estela Sangüesa, Laura Lomba, María Pilar Ribate, Estefanía Zuriaga and Cristina B. García

J. Xenobiot. 2025, 15(6), 194; https://doi.org/10.3390/jox15060194 - 11 Nov 2025

Abstract

A systematic review was conducted on the migration of compounds from plastic containers in the food and pharmaceutical industries, using Web of Science databases and following PRISMA guidelines (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses). The protocol has been registered with the [...] Read more.

A systematic review was conducted on the migration of compounds from plastic containers in the food and pharmaceutical industries, using Web of Science databases and following PRISMA guidelines (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses). The protocol has been registered with the OSF registry, with the DOI 10.17605/OSF.10/UQ3T2. This review included only review articles in English published within the last fifteen years. Four reviewers independently screened titles and abstracts, discussing inclusion criteria. In this comprehensive evaluation of the information present in an Excel spreadsheet, a substantial number of records were discarded because they were not representative of the topic under study. Following the review process, a total of twenty-eight key records were selected, primarily focusing on migration in the food and pharmaceutical sectors. Of these, twenty-four addressed only food, just two addressed only pharmaceutical sector, and two covered both fields, highlighting limited information on migration in pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, and related products. The analysis emphasized the types of compounds studied, the analytical methods employed, the migration tests conducted, and the toxicity assessments undertaken. The most frequently assessed compounds included phthalates, endocrine disruptors like bisphenol A, and non-intentionally added substances (NIAS). Analytical methods used typically involved pre-treatment steps, such as liquid–liquid or solid-phase extraction, followed by gas or liquid chromatography, depending on compound volatility. Full article

► Show Figures

Graphical abstract

Recent Articles

Open Access Journals

Highly Accessed Articles

Latest Books

News

Blog Posts

Topics

Selected Special Issues

Selected Collections

Journals by Subject

Further Information

Guidelines

MDPI Initiatives

Follow MDPI