Advancing Open Science
Supporting academic communities
since 1996
 
Search for Articles:
Title / Keyword
Author / Affiliation / Email
Journal
Article Type
 
 
Advanced Search
 
Section
Special Issue
Volume
Issue
Number
Page
 

Recent Articles  

32 pages, 18969 KB  
Article
Sensitivity of Atmospheric Energetics to Optically Thin Ice Clouds During the Arctic Polar Night
by Housseyni Sankaré, Jean-Pierre Blanchet and René Laprise
Atmosphere 2025, 16(12), 1329; https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos16121329 (registering DOI) - 24 Nov 2025
Abstract
Cloud feedback is a major source of uncertainty in climate projections. In particular, Arctic clouds, arguably one of the most poorly understood aspects of the climate system, strongly modulate radiative energy fluxes from the Earth’s surface to the top of the atmosphere. In [...] Read more.
Cloud feedback is a major source of uncertainty in climate projections. In particular, Arctic clouds, arguably one of the most poorly understood aspects of the climate system, strongly modulate radiative energy fluxes from the Earth’s surface to the top of the atmosphere. In situ and satellite observations reveal the existence of ubiquitous optically thin ice clouds (TICs) in the Arctic during polar nights, whose influence on atmospheric energy is still poorly understood. This study quantifies the effect of TICs on the atmospheric energy budget during polar winter. A reanalysis-driven simulation based on the Canadian Regional Climate Model version 6 (CRCM6) was used with the Predicted Particle Properties (P3) scheme (2016) to produce an ensemble of 3 km mesh simulations. This set is composed of three simulations: CRCM6 (reference, the original dynamically coupled cloud formation), CRCM6 (nocld) (clear-sky) and CRCM6 (100%cld) (overcast, 100% cloud cover as a forcing perturbation). Using the regional energetic equations (Nikiema and Laprise), we compare the three cases to assess TIC forcing. The results show that TICs cool the atmosphere, with the difference between two simulations (cloud/no clouds) reaching up to −2 K/day, leading to a decrease in temperature on the order of ~−4 KMonth−1. The energetics cycle indicates that the time-mean enthalpy generation term GM and baroclinic conversion dominate Arctic circulation. The GM acting on the available enthalpy reservoir (AM) increased by a maximum value of ~5 W·m−2 (58% on average) due to the effects of TICs, increasing in energy conversion. TICs also lead to average changes of 9% in time-mean available enthalpy and −5.9% in time-mean kinetic energy. Our work offers valuable insights into the Arctic winter atmosphere and provides the means to characterize clouds for radiative transfer calculations, to design measurement instruments, and to understand their climate feedback. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Meteorology)
18 pages, 4437 KB  
Review
Japanese Sword Studies Using Neutron Bragg-Edge Transmission and Computed Tomography
by Yoshiaki Kiyanagi, Kenichi Oikawa, Yoshihiro Matsumoto, Joseph Don Parker, Kenichi Watanabe, Hirotaka Sato and Takenao Shinohara
Quantum Beam Sci. 2025, 9(4), 33; https://doi.org/10.3390/qubs9040033 (registering DOI) - 24 Nov 2025
Abstract
Japanese swords have a history of more than one thousand years and are recognized as metallic art objects. The sword-making process is not clearly understood, especially for old swords made before about 1600 A.D. Knowledge of structural information such as crystallite sizes and [...] Read more.
Japanese swords have a history of more than one thousand years and are recognized as metallic art objects. The sword-making process is not clearly understood, especially for old swords made before about 1600 A.D. Knowledge of structural information such as crystallite sizes and anisotropy is important to understand the sword characteristics and the sword-making process. Bragg-edge transmission imaging is a useful noninvasive method that can extract this structural information continuously over a wide area of the sword. Neutron CT is powerful enough to detect quenched areas, voids, and precipitates. Using both methods, we measured more than 10 swords and obtained information on the two-dimensional crystallite size distribution, anisotropy parameter, lattice plane spacing, and quenched regions. Comparison of the results indicated the following features: the crystallite size distributions showed two patterns: an almost uniform distribution of small-sized crystallites, and mixed distributions of large- and small-sized crystallites. The patterns were observed in different eras and places. The preferred orientation showed different patterns, and strain areas due to quenching were observed in many swords. The quenched area showed a trend that the quenching was weaker for old swords than newer ones. CT images showed the boundaries of the quenched regions and a void in the layered structure for one sword, for which a layered structure was confirmed. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Quantum Beam Science: Feature Papers 2025)
23 pages, 733 KB  
Article
Funding and Innovation Pathways for Creative Entrepreneurship: Evidence from South Africa’s Creative Economy
by Thoko Mayekiso, Kanayo Ogujiuba and Lethabo Maponya
World 2025, 6(4), 159; https://doi.org/10.3390/world6040159 (registering DOI) - 24 Nov 2025
Abstract
The creative economy includes the processes involved in producing, sharing, and using goods and services that depend on creativity, cultural understanding, entrepreneurship, and intellectual property as essential factors for economic value. This study examines the impact of digital infrastructure, artificial intelligence (AI), and [...] Read more.
The creative economy includes the processes involved in producing, sharing, and using goods and services that depend on creativity, cultural understanding, entrepreneurship, and intellectual property as essential factors for economic value. This study examines the impact of digital infrastructure, artificial intelligence (AI), and innovation capabilities on the performance of South Africa’s creative economy from 1999 to 2023. It uses the autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) model and incorporates patent activity, ICT-related trade, and creative sector variables to analyse the short-term and long-term relationships. The findings suggest that digital trade and sector maturity significantly increase intellectual property revenues, while patent activities show minimal effect, and funding factors face measurement challenges. Persistent digital divides, reflected in uneven ICT adoption, limit equitable participation and business prospects. These results highlight the challenges and systemic obstacles faced by creative entrepreneurs. Policy suggestions emphasise targeted support for commercialising intellectual property, wider access to affordable digital infrastructure, and creating AI-focused creative hubs to strengthen South Africa’s role in the global creative economy. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Entrepreneurship in the 21st Century: Facing New Challenges)
19 pages, 5980 KB  
Review
A Proposed Framework for Nutritional Assessment in Compromised Ruminants
by Kiro Risto Petrovski, Roy Neville Kirkwood, Saulo Teixeira Rodrigues de Almeida and Mariana Caetano
Ruminants 2025, 5(4), 57; https://doi.org/10.3390/ruminants5040057 (registering DOI) - 24 Nov 2025
Abstract
Despite the critical importance of nutritional assessment in veterinary medicine, internationally recognized guidelines for compromised ruminants remain absent. This paper addresses this significant gap by presenting comprehensive nutritional assessment protocols adapted from small animal and equine guidelines, combined with clinical experience and ruminant-specific [...] Read more.
Despite the critical importance of nutritional assessment in veterinary medicine, internationally recognized guidelines for compromised ruminants remain absent. This paper addresses this significant gap by presenting comprehensive nutritional assessment protocols adapted from small animal and equine guidelines, combined with clinical experience and ruminant-specific considerations. Therefore, the objective of this article is to establish standardized nutritional assessment guidelines for compromised ruminants that facilitate early detection of risk factors and nutritional imbalances affecting animal welfare and productivity, while guiding appropriate clinical nutritional interventions. The guidelines integrate systematic screening and extended evaluation protocols encompassing patient signalment, comprehensive health interviews, environmental examination, and nutrition-focused clinical assessments. The framework incorporates validated scoring systems including body condition scoring, fecal consistency and digestibility scores, rumen fill assessment, and muscle scoring. Laboratory evaluations including blood biochemistry, hematology, milk quality records, and metabolite profiling support clinical decision-making. The proposed assessment framework addresses animal-specific factors, diet-related considerations, feeding management practices, and environmental influences on nutritional status. Critical evaluation points include alimentary system function and integrity, forestomach assessment, and detection of malabsorption syndromes. The guidelines emphasize that many nutritional abnormalities manifest non-specifically, and detection limitations exist, particularly in peracute presentations. In conclusion, successful clinical nutritional interventions require comprehensive assessment protocols that prioritize rumen health maintenance and oral diet delivery whenever possible. The guidelines we suggest will provide veterinary and nutritional practitioners with systematic tools for evaluating compromised ruminants, establishing appropriate interventions, and monitoring outcomes using SMART goals. Further research is warranted to refine specific dietary requirements for compromised ruminants and validate intervention protocols across diverse production systems. Full article
►▼ Show Figures

Figure 1

26 pages, 754 KB  
Systematic Review
A Recipe for Resilience: A Systematic Review of Diet and Adolescent Mental Health
by Jade E. Tucker, Anthony M. Brennan, David Benton and Hayley A. Young
Nutrients 2025, 17(23), 3677; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17233677 (registering DOI) - 24 Nov 2025
Abstract
Background/Objectives: Adolescence is a critical period of vulnerability for the onset of mental health difficulties, presenting an urgent need for scalable prevention strategies. Diet is a universal, modifiable factor, yet its evidence base remains inconsistent. This systematic review synthesised evidence from controlled trials [...] Read more.
Background/Objectives: Adolescence is a critical period of vulnerability for the onset of mental health difficulties, presenting an urgent need for scalable prevention strategies. Diet is a universal, modifiable factor, yet its evidence base remains inconsistent. This systematic review synthesised evidence from controlled trials and prospective cohort studies investigating the relationship between diet and mental health in adolescents aged 10–19 years. Methods: Searches were conducted to 20 July 2025, and risk of bias was assessed. Results: Nineteen studies met the inclusion criteria: six intervention trials and thirteen cohort studies. Examined exposures included vitamin D, omega-3s, polyphenol-rich foods, Mediterranean-style diets, and overall diet quality. Depressive symptoms were the most studied outcome, though the synthesis also included other dimensional outcomes such as anxiety, stress, well-being, and internalising/externalising indices. Across designs, healthier dietary patterns were often associated with fewer depressive symptoms, while poorer diet quality was linked to increased psychological distress. However, the current evidence is constrained by wide variation in assessments, small samples, and significant methodological limitations—particularly with high risk or some concerns noted in half of the included intervention trials—along with evidence suggesting that associations may differ by sex and are often sensitive to adjustment for socioeconomic status. Conclusions: Despite these challenges, the findings suggest diet as a possible, actionable target for supporting adolescent mental health. This review concludes by proposing a detailed roadmap for future research, prioritising harmonised symptom-based outcomes, biomarker-verified assessments, explicit analysis of sex and socioeconomic (SES) effects, and adequately powered trials to inform effective public health strategies for youth. Protocols were registered with PROSPERO (CRD42023413970) and archived on the Open Science Framework. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Pediatric Nutrition)
39 pages, 7041 KB  
Article
Self-Tuning Current Control via ANN for Enhanced Harmonic Mitigation in Hybrid PV–Battery Storage Systems Utilizing the 3L-HANPC Inverter
by Aydın Başkaya and Bunyamin Tamyurek
Electronics 2025, 14(23), 4617; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics14234617 (registering DOI) - 24 Nov 2025
Abstract
The accelerated integration of photovoltaic (PV) systems, particularly within Hybrid PV–Battery Storage Systems (PV-BSS), establishes a compelling need for advanced control strategies that are fundamental to achieving effective Energy Saving Management. However, conventional proportional–integral (PI) controllers demonstrate limited adaptability and necessitate tedious, manual [...] Read more.
The accelerated integration of photovoltaic (PV) systems, particularly within Hybrid PV–Battery Storage Systems (PV-BSS), establishes a compelling need for advanced control strategies that are fundamental to achieving effective Energy Saving Management. However, conventional proportional–integral (PI) controllers demonstrate limited adaptability and necessitate tedious, manual parameter tuning, frequently resulting in suboptimal dynamic performance, especially under load transients. To specifically address these constraints within the domain of high-power electronics, this paper introduces a novel Artificial Neural Network (ANN)-based current controller tailored for the 1500 VDC Three-Level Hybrid Active Neutral Point Clamped (3L-HANPC) inverter, which is a widely accepted PV-BSS topology. The optimal Multi-Layer Perceptron (MLP) architecture was identified using a multi-criteria methodology, which strategically balanced Total Harmonic Distortion (THD) performance against training efficiency. Simulation results affirm that the proposed ANN controller achieves superior harmonic mitigation and demonstrates faster dynamic responses compared to the PI counterpart. Moreover, the controller fundamentally ensures stable operation while eliminating the necessity for complex PI parameter tuning. Its dependable performance across both trained and unseen operating points strongly validates its robust adaptability. This self-tuning ANN approach thus provides a viable pathway for enhancing the reliability of future hybrid energy storage systems. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Energy Saving Management Systems: Challenges and Applications)
►▼ Show Figures

Figure 1

21 pages, 647 KB  
Article
Surgical Approach and Outcomes in Early-Stage Endometrial Cancer: A Molecularly Stratified Comparison of Open, Laparoscopic, and Robotic Surgery
by Mohamed Abdelwanis Mohamed Abdelaziz, Siddesh Prabhulingam, Ayodele Olaleye, Ambreen Yaseen, Khaled Sabrah, Riyam Aldulaimi, Nesma Hesham, Ahmed Mohamed, Hossam Ali and Ketankumar Gajjar
Medicina 2025, 61(12), 2093; https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina61122093 (registering DOI) - 24 Nov 2025
Abstract
Background: Previous surgical approach comparisons in endometrial cancer may be confounded by inadequate control for tumour biology—the primary driver of outcomes. This study provides the first surgical approach comparison incorporating molecular classification to control for case selection bias. Methods: Retrospective analysis [...] Read more.
Background: Previous surgical approach comparisons in endometrial cancer may be confounded by inadequate control for tumour biology—the primary driver of outcomes. This study provides the first surgical approach comparison incorporating molecular classification to control for case selection bias. Methods: Retrospective analysis of 512 consecutive patients with stage I–II endometrial cancer (FIGO 2009) treated with open (n = 83), laparoscopic (n = 278), or robotic (n = 151) surgery between 2018 and 2024. Molecular classification was available for 219 patients (42.8%) using TCGA criteria and incorporated into analyses to control for case selection bias, with molecular subtype incorporated to control for biological bias rather than as a primary endpoint. Primary outcomes included perioperative metrics and oncological safety. The primary objective was to determine whether apparent surgical outcome differences reflect genuine technique effects or case selection bias based on tumour biology. Results: Molecular subtype distribution varied significantly by surgical approach, with high-risk subtypes concentrated in open surgery, explaining apparent outcome differences. After controlling for molecular subtype and other confounders, minimally invasive approaches demonstrated superior perioperative outcomes: reduced blood loss (laparoscopic 129.8 mL, robotic 157.9 mL vs. open 261.4 mL, p < 0.001), shorter hospital stays (2.4 and 2.2 vs. 5.3 days, p < 0.001), and lower complications (5.7% and 6.6% vs. 21.6%, p < 0.001). In our cohort, recurrence-free survival showed significant differences favouring minimally invasive approaches, with 2-year RFS rates of 92.8%, 96.4%, and 100.0% (p = 0.008) and 3-year RFS rates of 90.4%, 95.0%, and 100.0% (p = 0.003) for open, laparoscopic, and robotic surgery, respectively, although robotic surgery had a shorter follow-up (median 33 vs. 42 months). Within-approach exploratory analyses revealed that p53-abnormal tumours were associated with significantly longer operative times and greater blood loss across all surgical approaches (p < 0.05), although complication rates did not differ significantly by molecular subtype within any approach (open p = 0.124, laparoscopic p = 0.656, robotic p = 0.287). Apparent surgical approach differences largely reflected appropriate case selection based on tumour biology rather than technique superiority. Conclusions: When controlling for tumour biology, minimally invasive approaches offer superior perioperative outcomes with equivalent oncological safety. Higher complication rates in open surgery primarily reflect the inherent morbidity of this approach and appropriate surgeon selection for high-risk cases. Within-approach analyses suggest possible molecular influences on operative parameters that warrant prospective validation. Molecular stratification is essential for fair surgical approach comparison in the contemporary era. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Obstetrics and Gynecology)
►▼ Show Figures

Figure 1

23 pages, 3119 KB  
Article
Blast Performance of UHMWPE Cavity Protection Structure for Reinforced Concrete Walls
by Mingxuan Cheng, Wenna Zhang, Hongming Li, Hao Xu, Peilei Wang and Xicheng Wu
Buildings 2025, 15(23), 4245; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15234245 (registering DOI) - 24 Nov 2025
Abstract
Escalating global explosive threats pose persistent challenges to building security. To address this issue, a novel Ultra-High-Molecular-Weight Polyethylene (UHMWPE) cavity protection structure is proposed to enhance the blast resistance of reinforced concrete (RC) walls. In this study, numerical simulation was conducted to investigate [...] Read more.
Escalating global explosive threats pose persistent challenges to building security. To address this issue, a novel Ultra-High-Molecular-Weight Polyethylene (UHMWPE) cavity protection structure is proposed to enhance the blast resistance of reinforced concrete (RC) walls. In this study, numerical simulation was conducted to investigate the blast resistance and protective mechanisms of the UHMWPE cavity protection structure. The results reveal that the protection mechanism involves two synergistic processes: dissipating energy through plastic deformation of the high-toughness panel and attenuating the shock wave via cavity wave modulation. This configuration achieves a peak overpressure attenuation exceeding 88% within the cavity zone, thereby effectively mitigating blast effects. Compared to an unprotected wall, the UHMWPE cavity protection system achieves a peak overpressure attenuation rate exceeding 86.3% on the blast-facing surface and decreases the peak displacement at the wall center by 60%, effectively suppressing localized damage. Parametric research further indicates that adding stiffeners to the cavities and making the panels thicker can greatly increase the ability to dissipate energy and overall stability of the UHMWPE cavity protection panel. The findings of this study offer valuable guidance for the design of high-performance blast-resistant structures. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Safety Assessment and Structural Analysis of Reinforced Concrete Buildings)
26 pages, 1958 KB  
Article
Nanocellulose Filled Bio-Based PVA/Chitosan Nanocomposites: Structure–Property Relationships Toward Advanced Food Packaging Films
by Konstantinos Papapetros, Georgios N. Mathioudakis, Dionysios Vroulias, Nikolaos Koutroumanis, Amaia Soto Beobide, Olympia Kotrotsiou, Giannis Penloglou, Konstantinos S. Andrikopoulos and George A. Voyiatzis
Polymers 2025, 17(23), 3122; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym17233122 (registering DOI) - 24 Nov 2025
Abstract
Biodegradable chitosan/poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) composite films were reinforced either with nanocrystalline cellulose (CNC) or nano-lignocellulose (NLC) and evaluated across a polyparametric design of five matrix ratios and three filler levels for active food packaging applications. ATR-FTIR, DSC, XRD, and SEM demonstrated that 1–5% [...] Read more.
Biodegradable chitosan/poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) composite films were reinforced either with nanocrystalline cellulose (CNC) or nano-lignocellulose (NLC) and evaluated across a polyparametric design of five matrix ratios and three filler levels for active food packaging applications. ATR-FTIR, DSC, XRD, and SEM demonstrated that 1–5% nanocellulose loading induced a single relaxation temperature (Tg), homogenized the morphology, and enhanced the crystallinity of blend material, evidencing improved thermodynamic compatibility. SEM confirmed uniform filler dispersion up to 5% loading in PVA-rich matrices, whereas limited aggregation appeared in chitosan-dominant systems. CO2 barrier property (CO2 permeability coefficients) was diminished by more than two orders of magnitude and fell below 0.01 Barrer in CNC-filled 25-75 and NLC-filled 75-25 blends, while permeability to O2 and N2 remained undetectable under identical conditions. Meanwhile, Young’s modulus increased to 3.9 GPa, and tensile strengths of up to 109 MPa were achieved, without affecting the ductility in specific loading values. These data confirm that tailored selection of the filler/matrix combination, rather than elevated nanocellulose content, can simultaneously optimize barrier performance and mechanical integrity. The study therefore offers a scalable, water-based route for producing optically transparent nanocomposite membranes that satisfy either strict modified atmosphere or/and rigid packaging applications and advance the transition toward compostable/or even edible high-performance food contact materials. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Cellulose and Chitosan: Characterization, Modification and Application)
25 pages, 12496 KB  
Article
Pore Structure and Connectivity with Fractal Characterization in Deep Shale of the Wufeng–Longmaxi Formation, Luzhou Block: Insights from MAPS and NMR Technology
by Jamil Khan, Shengxian Zhao, Jian Zhang, Xuefeng Yang, Bo Li, Yuhang Zhang, Shangbin Chen and Xinyao Huang
Processes 2025, 13(12), 3789; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr13123789 (registering DOI) - 24 Nov 2025
Abstract
The exploration potential, storage capacity, and exploitability of the deep shale-gas reservoirs are governed by various characteristics of their pore networks. Conventional methods cannot fully capture these features across scales, highlighting the need for an integrated, multi-technique approach. In this study, pore structure [...] Read more.
The exploration potential, storage capacity, and exploitability of the deep shale-gas reservoirs are governed by various characteristics of their pore networks. Conventional methods cannot fully capture these features across scales, highlighting the need for an integrated, multi-technique approach. In this study, pore structure and connectivity of the Wufeng–Longmaxi Formation (Luzhou Block) were investigated using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) with the Mosaic Acquisition and Positioning System (MAPS), ImageJ (ImageJ 2.14.0)-based pore analysis, Mercury Intrusion Porosimetry (MIP), and Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR). Based on the samples from eight reservoir layers of Wufeng-WF and Longmaxi-LM111–7, shale pore connectivity was classified into three grades. Grade A layers, with connected pore volumes above 0.0067 cm3/g and porosity exceeding 1.75%, showed trimodal NMR pore-size distributions and strong connectivity among micro, meso, and macropores. Grade B layers exhibited bimodal pore distributions, moderate pore connectivity (0.0057–0.0067 cm3/g; 1.55–1.75% porosity), and sponge-like organic pores with isolated mineral pores. Grade C layers, with connected pore volumes below 0.0057 cm3/g, showed poor connectivity and unimodal NMR responses. Connected pores (1–100 nm) contributed 20–35% of total pore volume, reflecting the strong heterogeneity of the formation. Interconnected inorganic mineral-hosted pores were found to link locally connected organic pores, forming continuous pore networks. The qualitative and quantitative identification of the pore connectivity of shale reservoirs with MAPS, MIP, and NMR approach provides a robust framework for evaluating shale pore connectivity and identifying high-quality reservoir targets. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Exploration, Exploitation and Utilization of Coal and Gas Resources, 2nd Edition)
►▼ Show Figures

Figure 1

22 pages, 114644 KB  
Article
Bringing Light into the Darkness: Integrating Light Painting and 3D Recording for the Documentation of the Hypogean Tomba dell’Orco, Tarquinia
by Matteo Lombardi, Maria Felicia Rega, Vincenzo Bellelli, Riccardo Frontoni, Maria Cristina Tomassetti and Daniele Ferdani
Appl. Sci. 2025, 15(23), 12463; https://doi.org/10.3390/app152312463 (registering DOI) - 24 Nov 2025
Abstract
The three-dimensional documentation of hypogean structures poses significant methodological challenges due to the absence of natural light, confined spaces, and the presence of fragile painted surfaces. This study presents an integrated workflow for the survey of the Tomba dell’Orco (Tarquinia), combining terrestrial laser [...] Read more.
The three-dimensional documentation of hypogean structures poses significant methodological challenges due to the absence of natural light, confined spaces, and the presence of fragile painted surfaces. This study presents an integrated workflow for the survey of the Tomba dell’Orco (Tarquinia), combining terrestrial laser scanning, photogrammetry, and the light painting technique. Borrowed from photographic practice, light painting was employed as a dynamic lighting strategy during photogrammetric acquisition to overcome issues of uneven illumination and harsh shadows typical of underground environments. By moving handheld LED sources throughout long-exposure shots, operators produced evenly illuminated images suitable for feature extraction and high-resolution texture generation. These image datasets were subsequently integrated with laser scanning point clouds through a structured pipeline encompassing registration, optimization, and texture reprojection, culminating in web dissemination via the ATON framework. The methodological focus demonstrates that light painting provides a scalable and replicable solution for documenting complex hypogean contexts, improving the photometric quality and surface readability of 3D models while reducing acquisition time compared to static lighting setups. The results highlight the potential of dynamic illumination as an operational enhancement for 3D recording workflows in low-light cultural heritage environments. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Applications of Digital Photogrammetry and 3D Laser Scanning in Geomatics)
►▼ Show Figures

Figure 1

19 pages, 944 KB  
Article
NiCo2O4 Electrodes Prepared by Inkjet Printing on Kapton Substrates for Flexible Supercapacitor Applications
by Angeliki Banti, Paris Pardalis, Eleni Mantsiou, Michalis Charalampakis, Vassilios Binas, Andronikos C. C. Balaskas and Sotirios Sotiropoulos
Batteries 2025, 11(12), 434; https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries11120434 (registering DOI) - 24 Nov 2025
Abstract
This study explores the fabrication and electrochemical performance of flexible NiCo2O4-based pseudo-capacitor electrodes, inkjet-printed onto flexible Kapton substrates. To circumvent the insulating nature of Kapton, a thin Au interlayer (20 nm) was introduced, significantly enhancing electrical conductivity. The effect [...] Read more.
This study explores the fabrication and electrochemical performance of flexible NiCo2O4-based pseudo-capacitor electrodes, inkjet-printed onto flexible Kapton substrates. To circumvent the insulating nature of Kapton, a thin Au interlayer (20 nm) was introduced, significantly enhancing electrical conductivity. The effect of NiCo2O4 mass loading, ranging from 0.1 to 0.5 mg cm−2, was investigated. Optimal performance was achieved at a loading of 0.3 mg cm−2 on Au/Kapton substrates, yielding a specific capacitance of 520 F g−1 at 3.3 A g−1 and 90% capacitance retention after 1000 charge–discharge cycles. These results confirm that inkjet-printed NiCo2O4 electrodes, when combined with a conductive interlayer, exhibit excellent pseudo-capacitive behavior on flexible, non-conductive substrates. This approach demonstrates the feasibility of scalable, low-temperature fabrication techniques for high-performance flexible energy storage devices, suitable for emerging wearable technologies. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Hybrid Supercapacitors: Materials, Devices, Models, Systems, and Applications)
22 pages, 3412 KB  
Article
Finite Element Analysis and Parametric Study on the Push-Out Performance of Shear Connectors in Long-Span Composite Bridges
by Zheng Hou, Youlai Qu, Zhi Zhao, Sirui Wang and Tao Yang
Buildings 2025, 15(23), 4244; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15234244 (registering DOI) - 24 Nov 2025
Abstract
This study adopts the east approach bridge of the Section II extra-long-span bridge on the Urumqi Ring Expressway (West Line) as an engineering prototype. A three-dimensional nonlinear finite element push-out model of headed stud connectors was developed in ABAQUS/Explicit and validated against existing [...] Read more.
This study adopts the east approach bridge of the Section II extra-long-span bridge on the Urumqi Ring Expressway (West Line) as an engineering prototype. A three-dimensional nonlinear finite element push-out model of headed stud connectors was developed in ABAQUS/Explicit and validated against existing test data. On this basis, parametric analyses were carried out to investigate the effects of material and geometric parameters on the shear performance of the studs. The results indicate that the load–slip response can be divided into four stages: elastic, plastic-damage development, plateau, and softening. Compared with C50 concrete, UHPC markedly increases the initial stiffness of the connectors and raises the peak shear resistance by approximately 30–40%. For the smallest stud diameter, the ductility decreases by up to about 10% and the post-peak degradation becomes more rapid, i.e., ductility deterioration is more pronounced; this unfavorable effect is particularly significant when small stud diameter is combined with shallow embedment depth. Increasing the stud diameter enhances both stiffness and peak shear resistance, whereas increasing the embedment depth delays post-peak degradation, improves residual capacity and energy dissipation, and promotes a transition in failure mode from concrete-governed failure to ductile bending–shear failure of the stud. Based on these parametric results, a larger stud height-to-diameter ratio is recommended for UHPC composite structures to achieve coordinated optimization of connection stiffness, load-carrying capacity, and ductility performance. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advancing Civil Engineering Construction and Management: Innovations in Green Building, Intelligent Construction, and Sustainable Infrastructure Development)
21 pages, 4083 KB  
Article
Comparative Transcriptome Analysis Reveals the Regulation of Growth Activity in Poria cocos Under Different Light Duration Stimulations
by Chengwen Wu, Shanwen Ye, Xuhui Wei and Rong Zheng
Genes 2025, 16(12), 1404; https://doi.org/10.3390/genes16121404 (registering DOI) - 24 Nov 2025
Abstract
Background: Light is an important environmental signal that regulates the growth and metabolism of fungi. This study aims to reveal the molecular regulatory mechanism of different light durations on the growth activity of Poria cocos. Methods: By setting up three groups [...] Read more.
Background: Light is an important environmental signal that regulates the growth and metabolism of fungi. This study aims to reveal the molecular regulatory mechanism of different light durations on the growth activity of Poria cocos. Methods: By setting up three groups of light treatment: 0 days (sample 1), 15 days (sample 2), and 30 days (sample 3), and combining transcriptome sequencing (RNA-seq) with qRT-PCR for verification, the effects of light on the gene expression of Poria cocos (Poria cocos (Schw.) Wolf) were systematically analyzed. Results: A total of 4332 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified in this study. Among them, the blue light-responsive genes, BLI-3 and BLI-4, were significantly upregulated at the DT15 stage, reaching 576.08 times and 31.30 times, respectively, while they were sharply downregulated at the DT30 stage. The KEGG enrichment analysis revealed that the DEGs were mainly involved in secondary metabolite synthesis, carbon metabolism, amino acid synthesis, redox reactions, and the MAPK signaling pathway. At the DT15 stage, genes related to growth metabolism, such as CYP, SNF1, and COX, were highly expressed, indicating active metabolism at this stage. However, in the DT0 and DT30 stages, ROS-related genes such as NADPH-dependent oxidoreductases were upregulated, leading to oxidative stress damage and inhibiting growth. Additionally, the high expression of BLI-3 and BLI-4 significantly activated ergosterol synthesis genes, enhancing cell membrane stability. The WGCNA co-expression network analysis revealed a high degree of correlation between BLI-4 and MAPKKK and CYP genes and proposed a potential “BLI-4-MAPKKK-CYP” regulatory axis, providing insights into the molecular pathway by which light regulates the metabolism and homeostasis of Poria cocos. Conclusions: This study has for the first time systematically revealed the molecular mechanism by which light duration regulates the growth activity of Poria cocos. It has clarified the core role of the BLI gene family in light signal perception and metabolic regulation. It has also elucidated the molecular pathways by which light regulates the synthesis of ergosterol, energy metabolism, and oxidative stress response in Poria cocos. This provides innovative theoretical support for optimizing the light regulation strategies in Poria cocos cultivation and also offers important references for the study of environmental response mechanisms in other medicinal fungi. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Plant Genetics and Genomics)
27 pages, 1857 KB  
Article
Smart Monitoring for Retrofitted Public Buildings: A Multiscale, Role-Adaptive Framework
by Marina Grigorovitch, Grigor Vlad and Erez Gal
Appl. Sci. 2025, 15(23), 12469; https://doi.org/10.3390/app152312469 (registering DOI) - 24 Nov 2025
Abstract
This paper presents a multiscale monitoring and management framework designed to enhance energy and indoor environmental performance in retrofitted public schools. The proposed system comprises three layers: (i) a cost-effective sensor network deployed at building, room, and device levels; (ii) a data processing [...] Read more.
This paper presents a multiscale monitoring and management framework designed to enhance energy and indoor environmental performance in retrofitted public schools. The proposed system comprises three layers: (i) a cost-effective sensor network deployed at building, room, and device levels; (ii) a data processing layer supporting redundancy, fault detection, and consistency scoring; and (iii) a role-adaptive interface providing customized dashboards for managers, educators, and students. The framework was deployed in two Mediterranean schools undergoing photovoltaic (PV) integration and envelope rehabilitation. The monitoring layer captures key parameters including temperature, humidity, CO2, PM2.5, occupancy, and circuit-level energy use, enabling multiscale analysis of demand-side behavior and local PV utilization. Data from a full academic year demonstrate a reduction in lighting energy use of up to 22%, classroom-level savings of 10–15%, and an increase in PV self-consumption from 60% to 75%. These improvements were achieved without compromising indoor comfort, as validated by stable environmental conditions aligned with recognized thresholds. The synchronized collection of energy and environmental data allows transparent evaluation of behavioral engagement, operating patterns, and system effectiveness. This research shows that cost-effective, role-adaptive monitoring platforms can support resilience and decarbonization goals in public-sector buildings, particularly where commercial building management systems are financially or technically unfeasible. Full article
21 pages, 4699 KB  
Article
The Mitigating Effect and Mechanism of Polydeoxyribonucleotide Against Zoledronic Acid-Induced Growth Suppression of Human Gingival Fibroblasts
by Shailashree Pachhapure, Young-Min Shin, Duk Gyu Kim, Dong-Rak Choi, Jong-IL Yun, Jae-Hong Kim and Byeong-Churl Jang
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025, 26(23), 11367; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms262311367 (registering DOI) - 24 Nov 2025
Abstract
Zoledronic acid (ZA), a nitrogen-containing bisphosphonate, is widely used to treat osteoporosis and bone metastases. However, its clinical application is limited by adverse effects, notably bisphosphonate-related osteonecrosis of the jaw (BRONJ), which is associated with cytotoxicity in oral mucosal cells. Polydeoxyribonucleotide (PDRN), a [...] Read more.
Zoledronic acid (ZA), a nitrogen-containing bisphosphonate, is widely used to treat osteoporosis and bone metastases. However, its clinical application is limited by adverse effects, notably bisphosphonate-related osteonecrosis of the jaw (BRONJ), which is associated with cytotoxicity in oral mucosal cells. Polydeoxyribonucleotide (PDRN), a salmon sperm-derived DNA polymer with regenerative and anti-inflammatory properties, has shown therapeutic potential in tissue repair; however, its ability to mitigate ZA-induced cytotoxicity remains poorly understood. Here, we investigated the molecular mechanisms of ZA-induced toxicity in HGF-1 cells, a human gingival fibroblast line, and evaluated the protective effects of PDRN. ZA treatment (50 µM, 48 h) significantly inhibited HGF-1 cell growth, accompanied by reduced phosphorylation of protein kinase B (PKB) and signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT-3), along with increased phosphorylation of TANK-binding kinase 1 (TBK1). TBK1 silencing restored cell growth under ZA exposure, whereas silencing PKB or STAT-3 further suppressed cell growth even without ZA. Co-treatment with PDRN (100 µg/mL) effectively prevented and reversed ZA-induced HGF-1 cytotoxicity. Mechanistically, PDRN inhibited ZA-induced TBK1 phosphorylation and partially restored PKB phosphorylation, though it did not reverse the reduction in p-STAT-3. Additionally, ZA significantly elevated intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels at 8 h, which were attenuated by PDRN. The antioxidant N-acetylcysteine (NAC) similarly reduced ZA-induced ROS and p-TBK1 levels and improved cell growth, although it had limited effects on p-PKB at 8 h. Importantly, delayed PDRN treatment following ZA exposure reversed ZA-induced cell growth inhibition and TBK1 activation in a dose- and time-dependent manner. In summary, these findings demonstrate that ZA suppresses HGF-1 cell growth through ROS production, TBK1 activation, and inhibition of PKB and STAT-3, whereas PDRN counteracts these effects primarily by suppressing TBK1 activation and oxidative stress. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Application of Biotechnology to Dental Treatment)
14 pages, 832 KB  
Article
A Novel Laboratory Protocol for Pollen Viability Assessment to Inform Biosafety Evaluation of Transgenic Rice (Oryza sativa L.)
by Yuxiao Chen, Caiyue Liu, Xiaochun Zhang, Yufeng Dong, Jiangtao Yang, Dongmei Wang, Zhixing Wang and Xujing Wang
Agriculture 2025, 15(23), 2420; https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture15232420 (registering DOI) - 24 Nov 2025
Abstract
Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is a vital staple crop, and the environmental risk assessment of transgenic varieties is crucial for formulating biosafety policies. Rice pollen grains are spherical, with an average diameter of 40.03 ± 2.75 μm. This study established a standardized [...] Read more.
Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is a vital staple crop, and the environmental risk assessment of transgenic varieties is crucial for formulating biosafety policies. Rice pollen grains are spherical, with an average diameter of 40.03 ± 2.75 μm. This study established a standardized protocol for in vitro pollen germination by first optimizing key culture conditions. A single-factor experimental design identified the optimal medium composition as 150 g/L sucrose, 40 mg/L boric acid, 20 mg/L calcium chloride, 10 mg/L monopotassium phosphate, and 10 mg/L magnesium sulfate. The ideal germination temperature was determined to be 31 ± 1 °C, with no germination observed below 16 °C or above 40 °C. Pollen germination rates declined significantly within 5 min post-isolation and ceased completely after 30 min. Building on this optimized protocol, a standardized evaluation method was developed, defining key assessment conditions at temperatures of 25/31/37 °C and post-isolation times of 0/5/15 min. Under these defined conditions, the pollen viability of glyphosate-resistant transgenic rice G2-6 was compared to its non-transgenic recipient ZH11. No significant differences were found at any tested time–temperature combination (p > 0.05). This work establishes a practical and reproducible standard for transgenic rice pollen assessment, offering a scientific basis for evidence-based biosafety regulation and policy-making. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Crop Genetics, Genomics and Breeding)
19 pages, 1231 KB  
Article
Assessing the Potential Impact of Fugitive Methane Emissions on Offshore Platform Safety
by Stuart N. Riddick, Mercy Mbua, Catherine Laughery and Daniel J. Zimmerle
Safety 2025, 11(4), 115; https://doi.org/10.3390/safety11040115 (registering DOI) - 24 Nov 2025
Abstract
One of the biggest risks to safety on offshore platform safety is the ignition of high-pressure natural gas streams. Currently, the size and number of fugitive emissions on offshore platforms is unknown and methods used to detect fugitives have significant shortcomings. To investigate [...] Read more.
One of the biggest risks to safety on offshore platform safety is the ignition of high-pressure natural gas streams. Currently, the size and number of fugitive emissions on offshore platforms is unknown and methods used to detect fugitives have significant shortcomings. To investigate the frequency, size, and potential impact of fugitives, a data collection exercise was conducted using incidents reported, leak survey data, and independent measurements. The size and number of fugitives on offshore facilities were simulated to investigate likely areas of safety concern. Incident reports indicate in 2021 there were 113 reports of gas leaks on 1119 offshore facilities, suggesting 0.02 fugitives per Type 1 facility (older, shallow-water platforms) and 0.31 fugitives per Type 2 facility (larger deeper-water facilities). Leak survey data report 12 fugitives per Type 1 facility (average emission 0.6 kg CH4 h−1 leak−1) and 15 fugitives per Type 2 facility (average emission 1.5 kg CH4 h−1 leak−1). Reconciliation of direct measurements with a bottom-up model suggests that the number of fugitive emissions generated from the leak report data is an underestimate for Type 1 platforms (44 fugitives facility−1; average emission 0.6 kg CH4 h−1 leak−1) and in general agreement for the Type 2 platforms (15 fugitives facility−1; average emission 1.5 kg CH4 h−1 leak−1). Analysis of the fugitive emission rates on an offshore platform suggests that gas will not collect to explosive concentration if any air movement is present (>0.36 mph); however, large volumes of air (~600 m3) near representative leaks on the working deck could become explosive in hour-long zero-wind conditions. We suggest that wearable technology could be employed to indicate gas build up, safety regulations amended to consider low-wind conditions and real-world experiments are conducted to test assumptions of air mixing on the working deck. Full article
38 pages, 6220 KB  
Article
Monocular Visual Measurement System Uncertainty Analysis and One-Step End–End Estimation Upgrade
by Kuai Zhou, Wenmin Chu and Peng Zhao
Sensors 2025, 25(23), 7179; https://doi.org/10.3390/s25237179 (registering DOI) - 24 Nov 2025
Abstract
Monocular visual measurement and vision-guided robotics technology find extensive application in modern automated manufacturing, particularly in aerospace assembly. However, during assembly pose measurement and guidance, the propagation and accumulation of multi-source errors—including those from visual measurement, hand–eye calibration, and robot calibration—impact final assembly [...] Read more.
Monocular visual measurement and vision-guided robotics technology find extensive application in modern automated manufacturing, particularly in aerospace assembly. However, during assembly pose measurement and guidance, the propagation and accumulation of multi-source errors—including those from visual measurement, hand–eye calibration, and robot calibration—impact final assembly accuracy. To address this issue, this study first proposes an uncertainty analysis method for monocular visual measurement systems in assembly pose, encompassing the determination of uncertainty propagation paths and input uncertainty values. Building on this foundation, the system’s uncertainty is analyzed. Inspired by the uncertainty analysis results, this study further proposes a direct one-step solution to a series of problems in robot calibration and hand–eye calibration using a nonlinear mapping estimation method. Through experiments and discussion, a high-performance, one-step, end-to-end pose estimation convolutional neural network (OECNN) is constructed. The OECNN achieves direct mapping from the pose variation of the target object to the drive volume variation of the positioner. The uncertainty analysis conducted in this study yields a series of conclusions that are significant for further enhancing the precision of assembly pose estimation. The proposed uncertainty analysis methodology may also serve as a reference for uncertainty analysis in complex systems. Experimental validation demonstrates that the proposed one-step end-to-end pose estimation method exhibits high accuracy. It can be applied to automated assembly tasks involving various vision-guided robots, including those with typical configurations, and it is particularly suitable for high-precision assembly scenarios, such as aircraft assembly. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Sensing and Imaging)
16 pages, 684 KB  
Article
Glutathione S-Transferase (GST) Activities and Gene Expression Patterns of Different GST Classes in Musca domestica L. Depending on Sex and Stage of Development
by Vladislava Garbaly, Kseniya Krestonoshina, Anna Kinareikina, Svetlana Bobreshova, Anastasiya Avdeeva, Juliya Ismagilova, Ivan Zaitsev and Elena Silivanova
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025, 26(23), 11366; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms262311366 (registering DOI) - 24 Nov 2025
Abstract
Insecticide resistance in insects poses a serious problem in population control of arthropod vectors and spreaders of human and animal diseases. Metabolic resistance to insecticides is facilitated by detoxification system enzymes, including glutathione-S-transferases (GSTs) involved in phase II of xenobiotic biotransformation. The aim [...] Read more.
Insecticide resistance in insects poses a serious problem in population control of arthropod vectors and spreaders of human and animal diseases. Metabolic resistance to insecticides is facilitated by detoxification system enzymes, including glutathione-S-transferases (GSTs) involved in phase II of xenobiotic biotransformation. The aim of this study was to analyze the glutathione-S-transferase activity and the expression level of different class GST genes in Musca domestica. The test subjects were larvae and 3–5-day-old adults of a laboratory susceptible strain (LabTY) and a field deltamethrin-tolerant population (Nik). Based on the LC50 values, the Nik strain showed sensitivity to chlorpyrifos and chlorfenapyr and tolerance to deltamethrin with a remarkable increase in the level of resistance in males compared to females. Expression analysis of eight GST genes revealed that the expression of the GST-E12 gene (Epsilon class) was significantly elevated and the GST-S1 gene (Sigma class) was significantly decreased in the Nik strain across all groups (larvae, females, and males), with the most pronounced difference in females. A pronounced sexual dimorphism was observed: the expression of most GST genes was significantly higher in males than in females in both strains. For the first time, a consistent male-specific overexpression of multiple GST genes has been demonstrated in M. domestica. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Molecular Ecology, Physiology and Biochemistry of Insects, 5th Edition)
19 pages, 808 KB  
Article
Effects of a Bioactive Vegetable-Enriched Diet on Autotaxin and Liver Fibrosis in MASLD with Evidence of Sex-Specific Responses: A Pilot Study
by Nicole Cerabino, Caterina Bonfiglio, Leonilde Bonfrate, Pasqua Letizia Pesole, Dolores Stabile, Endrit Shahini, Martina Di Chito, Giovanni De Pergola and Gianluigi Giannelli
Nutrients 2025, 17(23), 3676; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17233676 (registering DOI) - 24 Nov 2025
Abstract
Background: Metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) is a frequent manifestation of obesity and other metabolic diseases. Autotaxin (ATX), an enzyme involved in the generation of lysophosphatidic acid (LPA), has recently emerged as a potential biomarker of metabolic inflammation and liver disease [...] Read more.
Background: Metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) is a frequent manifestation of obesity and other metabolic diseases. Autotaxin (ATX), an enzyme involved in the generation of lysophosphatidic acid (LPA), has recently emerged as a potential biomarker of metabolic inflammation and liver disease progression. Vegetable-based dietary interventions have been shown to reduce liver steatosis, but evidence of the impact of this dietary approach on ATX levels remains limited. Objectives: To evaluate the short-term effects of a bioactive vegetable-enriched diet from the Brassicaceae and Asteraceae families on serum ATX levels and liver-related parameters in individuals with obesity and MASLD, with a specific focus on sex differences. Methods: In this two-month pilot study, 44 obese adults (BMI > 30 kg/m2) underwent clinical and instrumental assessments at baseline (T0) and after the dietary intervention (T1). Results: After the intervention, serum ATX levels significantly decreased (from 206.3 ± 52.8 to 191.7 ± 45.7 ng/mL, p < 0.001), and there were improvements in metabolic parameters (BMI, waist circumference, blood pressure, fat mass, insulin, HOMA-IR, triglycerides, total and LDL cholesterol) and liver indices (CAP, ALT, AST, γGT). The multivariate GEE model confirmed a significant reduction in ATX, independent of age, sex, FFM, LPA, LSM, Hemoglobin A1c, and PAI-1 (β = −9.87, p < 0.001). When stratified by sex, women exhibited a more pronounced reduction in ATX levels (β = −12.24; p = 0.005) compared to men (β = −9.43; p = 0.014). Conclusions: A short-term, vegetable-enriched dietary intervention can significantly reduce serum ATX levels and improve metabolic and liver-related parameters in individuals with MASLD. Sex-specific analysis reveals a greater ATX-lowering effect in women, suggesting potential sex-based differences in ATX metabolism or dietary responsiveness. These findings suggest that ATX may serve as a modifiable biomarker responsive to nutritional intervention and a potential therapeutic target in metabolic liver disease. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutritional and Metabolic Biomarkers in Obesity)
30 pages, 6422 KB  
Article
Investigating Warm-Season Heatwaves Along the Lithuanian Baltic Sea Coast Applying Copernicus Datasets
by Inga Dailidienė, Anjelina Delalande, Donatas Valiukas, Remigijus Dailidė, Aleksas Narščius, Toma Dabulevičienė and Filippos Tymvios
Sustainability 2025, 17(23), 10536; https://doi.org/10.3390/su172310536 (registering DOI) - 24 Nov 2025
Abstract
Extreme events have become an integral aspect of the unusually intensified climate change characterizing this century. This study examines extreme heat waves and tropical nights—phenomena historically uncommon in the mid-latitude Southeastern Baltic Sea region. Extreme heat and heat waves are defined as any [...] Read more.
Extreme events have become an integral aspect of the unusually intensified climate change characterizing this century. This study examines extreme heat waves and tropical nights—phenomena historically uncommon in the mid-latitude Southeastern Baltic Sea region. Extreme heat and heat waves are defined as any period during which the daily maximum air temperature exceeds 30 °C, and a tropical night is one in which the daily minimum air temperature does not fall below 20 °C. Both in situ observations and model output from the Copernicus Climate Change Service were employed in the 1982–2024 analysis. The results reveal that the frequency of extreme heat waves is increasing. Since 2018, the southeastern Baltic Sea coast has experienced at least one extreme heat wave and one tropical night each year. The observed rise in mean air and sea-surface temperatures has driven an uptick in tropical night occurrence. Forecasts of tropical-night formation could be substantially improved by integrating sea-surface temperature assessments for the southeastern Baltic coast. Moreover, timely adaptation to evolving weather conditions—through enhanced forecasting techniques and the incorporation of high-resolution reanalysis datasets—is essential for optimizing early-warning systems capable of safeguarding human health and lives. Climate change increases the frequency and intensity of heat waves, posing significant challenges to public health, the economy, the environment, and infrastructure. Therefore, advancing the understanding of extreme heat events through the use of cutting-edge technologies, remote sensing, and Copernicus reanalysis data represents a key sustainability task. Such approaches enable more accurate assessments and forecasts of extremes, thereby supporting a safer, healthier, and more resilient future. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advancing Sustainability Through Remote Sensing: Addressing Climate Change Challenges)
►▼ Show Figures

Figure 1

23 pages, 1492 KB  
Article
Integrating Raster Modeling with Collision Risk Analysis to Evaluate the Capacity of Urban Low-Altitude Airspace Systems
by Hua Xie, Yuhang Wu, Jianan Yin, Yongwen Zhu, Ziyuan Zhu and Qingchun Wu
Aerospace 2025, 12(12), 1044; https://doi.org/10.3390/aerospace12121044 (registering DOI) - 24 Nov 2025
Abstract
With China’s low-altitude economy becoming a strategic emerging industry, the rapid growth of UAV applications demands higher efficiency in low-altitude airspace utilization and safety management. However, existing studies lack unified grid division standards and refined methods to evaluate capacity for complex urban low-altitude [...] Read more.
With China’s low-altitude economy becoming a strategic emerging industry, the rapid growth of UAV applications demands higher efficiency in low-altitude airspace utilization and safety management. However, existing studies lack unified grid division standards and refined methods to evaluate capacity for complex urban low-altitude airspace. This study is devoted to developing a methodology for determining safe distances and assessing the throughput capacity of transport systems. The work is based on a multi-criteria assessment that takes into account four significant indicators. The application of the Pareto optimization principle made it possible to identify the most effective compromise solutions. A collision probability model with random UAV(Unmanned Aerial Vehicle) headings was proposed to determine safety separations, and a grid capacity simulation model with saturation judgment and convergence verification was established. The optimal grid granularity was identified as 20 m. Safety separations for DJI M300RTK, Mavic 3Pro, and Air 3S were 104 m, 86 m, and 47 m, respectively. Saturated capacity stabilized within 106–116 s, with stable values of 1.022, 0.961, and 1.023 drones/min for the three UAV models. The results of the study contain key conclusions about traffic capacity and suggest ways to optimize it. Conclusions: This study provides a theoretical framework for airspace resource optimization and UAV path planning, offering quantifiable benchmarks to evaluate and manage urban low-altitude airspace. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Research and Applications of Low-Altitude Urban Traffic System)
22 pages, 754 KB  
Article
Integrating Sustainability in Radiology: Challenges and Opportunities from the Perspective of Radiology Professionals in Saudi Arabia
by Zuhal Y. Hamd, Tahani O. Alkahtani, Lama Almudaimeegh, Awadia Gareeballah, Mohammad Aljamal, Mohamed Abuzaid, Nada Alhaarbi, Bayan Alqarni, Jood Alnoufal, Shmouk Alanazi and Alaa Aldhahi
Healthcare 2025, 13(23), 3038; https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare13233038 (registering DOI) - 24 Nov 2025
Abstract
Background/Objective: This cross-sectional study assessed the knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) of radiology professionals in Saudi Arabia regarding environmental sustainability. Methods: An online survey with 298 participants revealed moderate knowledge and positive attitudes towards sustainability. Results: However, a significant gap between [...] Read more.
Background/Objective: This cross-sectional study assessed the knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) of radiology professionals in Saudi Arabia regarding environmental sustainability. Methods: An online survey with 298 participants revealed moderate knowledge and positive attitudes towards sustainability. Results: However, a significant gap between awareness and practice was observed. The most common sustainable practice was digital documentation (53.4%), while energy saving and water saving measures were rare, with more than half rarely or never practicing energy saving. The primary barrier to implementation was a lack of awareness and training (50%). The sustainability association was significantly higher among older, female, and hospital-based professionals. Conclusions: The findings underscore the urgent need for improved educational initiatives, strong institutional support, and clear policy frameworks to effectively integrate sustainable practices into radiology departments in Saudi Arabia. Full article
17 pages, 2617 KB  
Article
Correlation Between Intrafollicular IL-10, Progesterone, and Bovine Oocyte Developmental Competence
by Aleksandra Teresa Pytel, Dawid Tobolski, Piotr Skup, Patrycja Strączyńska, Kinga Domrazek, Zdzisław Gajewski, Ewa Gorodkiewicz and Krzysztof Papis
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025, 26(23), 11364; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms262311364 (registering DOI) - 24 Nov 2025
Abstract
The developmental competence of oocytes is a critical limiting factor in bovine in vitro embryo production (IVEP). Our study aimed to investigate the relationship between the intrafollicular concentrations of interleukin-10 (IL-10) and progesterone (P4), follicle characteristics, and the subsequent developmental success of bovine [...] Read more.
The developmental competence of oocytes is a critical limiting factor in bovine in vitro embryo production (IVEP). Our study aimed to investigate the relationship between the intrafollicular concentrations of interleukin-10 (IL-10) and progesterone (P4), follicle characteristics, and the subsequent developmental success of bovine oocytes. Follicular fluid (FF) and corresponding cumulus–oocyte complexes (n = 314) were collected from FSH-stimulated heifers. A novel, high-sensitivity Surface Plasmon Resonance Imaging biosensor was used to quantify IL-10, while P4 was measured by an enzyme-linked fluorescent assay. Oocytes were individually cultured to assess cleavage (Day 3) and blastocyst formation (Day 7). Statistical analysis revealed that intrafollicular IL-10 concentration was a significant positive predictor of developmental success, significantly correlating with blastocyst rate (ρ = 0.29, p = 0.016). Oocytes from follicles with IL-10 concentrations above an optimized cutoff of 142.16 pg/mL had a 16.33-fold greater chance of developing into a blastocyst (p = 0.006). A predictive model combining IL-10 and oocyte morphology demonstrated the highest accuracy for predicting blastocyst success (AUC = 0.724). Conversely, poor oocyte morphology (Grade 4) and large follicular volume (>1200 µL) were significantly associated with developmental failure. Intrafollicular P4 concentration was not directly correlated with embryo development but rather with follicle size. Our findings identify intrafollicular IL-10 as a potent biomarker for predicting bovine oocyte competence and suggest that its quantification using sensitive biosensor technology could enhance the efficiency of IVEP programs. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Molecular Aspects of the Quality and Biological Diversity of Oocytes of Different Species—A Challenge for Reproductive Applications)
15 pages, 710 KB  
Article
Assessment of T1 and T2 Relaxation-Time Changes in NMIBC Tissue After 5-ALA Photodynamic Therapy Using Quantitative Magnetic Resonance Imaging
by Dominik Godlewski, Klaudia Dynarowicz, Adrian Truszkiewicz, Michał Osuchowski, Tomasz Kubrak, Dorota Bartusik-Aebisher, Agnieszka Przygórzewska, Jakub Szpara and David Aebisher
Biomedicines 2025, 13(12), 2867; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines13122867 (registering DOI) - 24 Nov 2025
Abstract
Background/Objectives: Non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC) accounts for the majority of newly diagnosed bladder cancers and is characterized by a high recurrence rate despite standard treatments. Photodynamic therapy (PDT) using 5-aminolevulinic acid (5-ALA) offers a promising alternative; however, objective methods for monitoring therapeutic [...] Read more.
Background/Objectives: Non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC) accounts for the majority of newly diagnosed bladder cancers and is characterized by a high recurrence rate despite standard treatments. Photodynamic therapy (PDT) using 5-aminolevulinic acid (5-ALA) offers a promising alternative; however, objective methods for monitoring therapeutic response are needed. Quantitative magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), particularly T1 and T2 relaxation mapping, may provide non-invasive biomarkers of tissue response to PDT. Methods: In this ex vivo study, 50 samples obtained during transurethral electro-resection of bladder tumors were analyzed using a 1.5 Tesla MRI scanner. Twenty-five healthy control tissues (n = 25) served as the control group. Twenty-five NMIBC tissues were analyzed twice: before and after 5-ALA-PDT. T1 and T2 relaxation times were measured, and regions of interest (ROIs) were manually segmented to obtain quantitative values. Statistical analyses were performed to assess the significance of differences observed between study groups. Results: T1 relaxation times significantly differed between groups: 1351.7 ± 271.1 ms in healthy tissue, 727.7 ± 145.0 ms in untreated NMIBC, and 368.9 ± 65.2 ms in NMIBC after PDT (p < 0.0001). T2 values were 93.5 ± 20.3 ms (healthy), 78.5 ± 20.4 ms (NMIBC), and 55.7 ± 6.1 ms (NMIBC_PDT), with significant reduction after PDT (p < 0.01). Conclusions: Quantitative T1 and T2 mapping via MRI is a sensitive and non-invasive method for detecting structural and biochemical changes in bladder tissue following 5-ALA-PDT. These relaxation times may serve as reliable biomarkers for therapeutic response, facilitating in real-time monitoring and personalized treatment planning for NMIBC. Further in vivo studies are warranted to validate these findings and integrate them into clinical practice. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Molecular and Translational Medicine)
23 pages, 12145 KB  
Article
Methodology of Object Reconstruction by Photogrammetry and Structured-Light Scanning for Industrial 3D Visualisation
by Anastasiia Nazim, Martin Kondrát, Kamil Zidek and Jan Pitel
Sensors 2025, 25(23), 7177; https://doi.org/10.3390/s25237177 (registering DOI) - 24 Nov 2025
Abstract
In the context of accelerating digitalization, reliable object reconstruction represents a key prerequisite for developing accurate and functional digital twins. This study introduces a unified evaluation methodology designed to assess and compare optical 3D scanning technologies in terms of geometric accuracy, data completeness, [...] Read more.
In the context of accelerating digitalization, reliable object reconstruction represents a key prerequisite for developing accurate and functional digital twins. This study introduces a unified evaluation methodology designed to assess and compare optical 3D scanning technologies in terms of geometric accuracy, data completeness, and model consistency. The framework integrates all essential stages of digital reconstruction—from data acquisition to quantitative validation—ensuring reproducibility and comparability of results across different optical systems. To verify its applicability, two optical principles, photogrammetry and structured-light scanning, were implemented on the autonomous mobile robot MiR100. The reference CAD model in a 1:1 scale served as the ground-truth geometry for all analyses. Evaluation procedures included visual inspection, dimensional measurements, and statistical error analysis performed in MeshLab, CloudCompare, and MATLAB. The results confirmed that photogrammetry provides high-quality textural detail but suffers from geometric noise and scale drift (relative error > 10%), whereas structured-light scanning delivers more stable and metrically accurate results. In particular, the scanner mode achieved the highest precision, with a mean deviation of 17.4 mm, RMSE of 26.8 mm, and relative error of 7.6%. The proposed methodological framework thus establishes a reproducible basis for evaluating 3D reconstruction accuracy and supports the integration of optimized digital models into digital twin environments. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Sensing and Imaging)
More Articles...

Open Access Journals

► Browse by Indexing ► Browse by Subject ► Selected Journals
Explore All Journals...

Highly Accessed Articles

Latest Books

More Books and Reprints...

News

13 November 2025
MDPI is a Platinum Sponsor of the 2nd International Conference of Environmental Medicine in Chieti, Italy, 20–21 November 2025
13 November 2025
Meet Us at the 17th Canadian Science Policy Conference, 19–21 November 2025, Ottawa, Ontario
12 November 2025
MDPI Is a Sponsor for the 20th Munin Conference on Scholarly Publishing 2025, in Tromsø, Norway, 18–20 November 2025
More News & Announcements...

Blog Posts

More From Our Blog...

Topics

More Topics...
loading...

Selected Special Issues

Selected Collections

Back to TopTop