MDPI - Publisher of Open Access Journals

17 pages, 3460 KB

Open AccessArticle

Integrating Pumped Hydro Storage into Zero Discharge Strategy for Wastewater: The Alicante Case Study

by Miguel Ángel Bofill, Francisco-Javier Sánchez-Romero, Francisco Zapata-Raboso, Helena M. Ramos and Modesto Pérez-Sánchez

Appl. Sci. 2025, 15(20), 10953; https://doi.org/10.3390/app152010953 (registering DOI) - 12 Oct 2025

Abstract

The use of reclaimed water is crucial to prevent pollution from wastewater discharges and mitigate the water deficit faced by irrigation districts or other non-potable water users. Therefore, the zero-discharge strategy represents a significant challenge for coastal cities affected by marine pollution from [...] Read more.

The use of reclaimed water is crucial to prevent pollution from wastewater discharges and mitigate the water deficit faced by irrigation districts or other non-potable water users. Therefore, the zero-discharge strategy represents a significant challenge for coastal cities affected by marine pollution from effluents. In regions such as the Mediterranean arc, agricultural areas located near these cities are increasingly exposed to reduced water allocations or rising irrigation demands due to the impacts of climate change. To address this dual challenge, a circular system is proposed through the implementation of hybrid treatment technologies that enable zero wastewater discharge into the sea. This approach would contribute up to 30 hm³ of reclaimed water annually for irrigation, covering approximately 27,000 hectares of cropland in the province of Alicante. The proposed system integrates advanced techniques, such as reverse osmosis, to ensure irrigation water quality, while also considering partial blending strategies to optimize resource use. Additionally, constructed wetlands are incorporated to regulate and treat the reject streams produced by these processes, minimizing their environmental impact. This combined strategy enhances water reuse efficiency, strengthens agricultural resilience, and provides a sustainable model for managing water resources in coastal Mediterranean regions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Water Pollution and Wastewater Treatment Chemistry)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

28 pages, 1760 KB

Open AccessArticle

Strengths and Weaknesses of Artificial Intelligence in Exploring Asbestos History and Regulations Across Countries

by Alessandro Croce, Francesca Ugo, Annalisa Roveta, Carlotta Bertolina, Caterina Rinaudo, Antonio Maconi and Marinella Bertolotti

Geosciences 2025, 15(10), 395; https://doi.org/10.3390/geosciences15100395 (registering DOI) - 12 Oct 2025

Abstract

Asbestos, consisting of six natural mineral fibrous silicate phases, was widely utilized in industrial development during the 20th century and has left a global legacy of health, environmental, and regulatory challenges. Its remarkable properties (e.g., heat resistance, sound absorption, and tensile strength) made [...] Read more.

Asbestos, consisting of six natural mineral fibrous silicate phases, was widely utilized in industrial development during the 20th century and has left a global legacy of health, environmental, and regulatory challenges. Its remarkable properties (e.g., heat resistance, sound absorption, and tensile strength) made it a useful material in numerous applications. However, scientific research revealed its serious health risks in the early 1900s, with growing evidence during the 1960s, and nowadays its role in the development of different diseases (e.g., respiratory diseases, such as lung cancer, mesothelioma, and asbestosis) is well defined. Mapping this complex history requires integrating heterogeneous and often inconsistent information from nearly 200 countries. In this study, we tested the use of generative artificial intelligence (AI) tools as exploratory and comparative instruments to support the collection of asbestos-related data worldwide. Using Google Gemini (version 2.5 flash) and OpenAI ChatGPT (GPT-4-turbo variant), we gathered historical, medical, and regulatory information and then systematically verified and contextualized it with expert analysis. This dual approach allowed us to assess both the global asbestos situation and the reliability, advantages, and limitations of AI-assisted research. Our results highlight how AI can accelerate data collection and provide useful first drafts while underscoring the necessity of human expertise for validation, interpretation, and critical integration. This study, therefore, contributes a dual perspective: a comprehensive overview of the asbestos legacy across countries and a methodological reflection on the opportunities and pitfalls of employing AI in geoscientific and environmental research. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Natural Hazards)

6 pages, 1465 KB

Open AccessCase Report

A Conundrum of Colliding Conditions: A Histopathological Case Report of Chiari Type III with Complete Spina Bifida Aperta

by George Stoyanov, Ivaylo Balabanov, Svetoslava Zhivkova and Hristo Popov

Reports 2025, 8(4), 202; https://doi.org/10.3390/reports8040202 (registering DOI) - 12 Oct 2025

Abstract

Background and Clinical Significance: Spina bifida in the cervical region is closely associated with Chiari malformation, which is an amalgamation of terminology for separate conditions with similar pathophysiological mechanisms and progression from one another. Chiari malformations are associated with varying degrees of [...] Read more.

Background and Clinical Significance: Spina bifida in the cervical region is closely associated with Chiari malformation, which is an amalgamation of terminology for separate conditions with similar pathophysiological mechanisms and progression from one another. Chiari malformations are associated with varying degrees of dilation of the foramen magnum or lack of fusion of the occipital bone with syringomyelia, herniation of the cerebellum, occipitocele and occipitomyelocele; Case Presentation: A previously healthy 23-year-old primigravida presented to our institution due to fetal demise in the third lunar month, established on routine outpatient maternal consultation. Point-of-care ultrasound revealed an amniotic sac measuring 3 cm in diameter and containing a single fetus, without cardiac function. Due to these, the patient was scheduled for pregnancy termination, during which the cervix was noted to be spontaneously dilated and abrasion accomplished complete evacuation of the amniotic sac, without its rupture. Upon sectioning of the amniotic sac, a fetus, measuring 2.5 cm in length, was noted, with a significant cuffing of the occipital and cervical paraspinal region. Histology revealed fetal structures with an adequate maturation index for its gestational age, but it presented with a pronounced meningoencephalomyelocele in the cervical and thoracic regions, characterized by the complete absence of vertebral arches and spinous processes from the atlanto-occipital to the sacral region; Conclusions: In the present case, not only is a significant and complex form of Chiari type III reported, but the condition is also associated with spina bifida aperta in all spinal regions, leading to meningoencephalomyelocele, incompatible with life. Full article

► Show Figures

Figure 1

21 pages, 939 KB

Open AccessReview

Recent Advances in the Development and Clinical Use of HER2 Inhibitors in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer

by Richy Ekyalongo, Toshimitsu Yamaoka and Junji Tsurutani

Biomolecules 2025, 15(10), 1443; https://doi.org/10.3390/biom15101443 (registering DOI) - 12 Oct 2025

Abstract

Alterations in the human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) gene are well-recognized oncogenic drivers and therapeutic targets in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). The first anti-HER2 inhibitor, trastuzumab-deruxtecan, was approved for previously treated advanced NSCLC with HER2 mutations, which accounts [...] Read more.

Alterations in the human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) gene are well-recognized oncogenic drivers and therapeutic targets in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). The first anti-HER2 inhibitor, trastuzumab-deruxtecan, was approved for previously treated advanced NSCLC with HER2 mutations, which accounts for 2–4% of NSCLC. The first anti-HER2 antibody, trastuzumab, was approved for HER2-positive metastatic breast cancer in 1998, and a combination therapy comprising trastuzumab, pertuzumab, and docetaxel demonstrated efficacy in the first-line setting. Some EGFR-tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) have been evaluated as pan-HER TKIs but have shown limited benefits in HER2-altered NSCLC. However, HER2-specific TKIs, such as zongertinib and BAY2927088, have demonstrated encouraging results. Zongertinib was the first HER2-specific TKI to be approved by the FDA in 2025 for previously treated ERBB2-mutated advanced NSCLC. In this narrative review, we have summarized the latest research on the biology of HER2 signaling, HER2 alterations, HER2-targeting therapies, and challenges of treating HER2-overexpressing or -mutated NSCLC. Despite different targets of HER2 mutations in NSCLC and HER2 amplification/overexpression in breast cancer, the development of HER2-targeting agents has been more advanced in breast cancer than in NSCLC. Therefore, pivotal clinical studies in breast cancer may help in identifying more effective therapies for NSCLC. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Molecular Pathology, Diagnostics, and Therapeutics of Lung Disease)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

23 pages, 1203 KB

Open AccessArticle

Improving Peer Relationships Through Positive Deviance Practices and the HOPE (Healthy Outcomes from Positive Experiences) Framework

by Laura Gallant, Catalina Borges, Alisha De Lorenzo, Curt Lindberg and Dina Burstein

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2025, 22(10), 1550; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph22101550 (registering DOI) - 12 Oct 2025

Abstract

Positive Childhood Experiences (PCEs), including supportive peer relationships, are crucial for optimal adult health and socioeconomic outcomes. As part of a broader initiative to address trauma in youth, we conducted a quality improvement project using a Positive Deviance (PD) approach. We aimed to [...] Read more.

Positive Childhood Experiences (PCEs), including supportive peer relationships, are crucial for optimal adult health and socioeconomic outcomes. As part of a broader initiative to address trauma in youth, we conducted a quality improvement project using a Positive Deviance (PD) approach. We aimed to improve peer relationships among members of the Asbury Park Boy & Girls Club and evaluate the feasibility of using a PD approach in a community-based setting. Using PD methodology, we identified practices used by staff to improve members’ experiences. Pre-intervention focus groups with staff and youth, discovery and action dialogues and staff observations identified positive deviants (PDs) and PD practices. PD practices were further defined during staff observations and developed into staff training. Post-intervention focus groups assessed perceived changes. Qualitative data was analyzed using deductive thematic analysis through the HOPE (Healthy Outcomes from Positive Experiences) framework domains of PCEs: Relationships, Environment, Engagement and Emotional Growth. In vivo coding generated subthemes, preserving participant language. Post-intervention focus group analysis suggested improvements in peer-to-peer relationships with club members referring to their peers as “nice” and “kind”, a contrast from pre-intervention findings. Findings were supported by club staff during member checking. These results suggest that the PD approach is a promising strategy for improving peer relationships and increasing access to PCEs in a community-based setting. Full article

► Show Figures

Figure 1

20 pages, 4685 KB

Open AccessArticle

Non-Invasive Rayleigh, Raman, and Chromium-Fluorescence Study of Phase Transitions: β-Alumina into γ-Alumina ‘Single’ Crystal and Then to α-Alumina

by Juliette Redonnet, Gulsu Simsek-Franci and Philippe Colomban

Materials 2025, 18(20), 4682; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma18204682 (registering DOI) - 12 Oct 2025

Abstract

In many advanced materials production processes, the analysis must be non-invasive, rapid, and, if possible, operando. The Raman signal of the various forms of alumina, especially transition alumina, is very weak due to the highly ionic nature of the Al-O bond, which [...] Read more.

In many advanced materials production processes, the analysis must be non-invasive, rapid, and, if possible, operando. The Raman signal of the various forms of alumina, especially transition alumina, is very weak due to the highly ionic nature of the Al-O bond, which requires long exposure times that are incompatible with monitoring transitions. Here, we explore the use of the fluorescence signal of chromium, a natural impurity in alumina, and the Rayleigh wing to follow the crystallization process up to alpha alumina. To clarify the assignment of the fluorescence components, we compare the transformation of beta alumina single crystals into transition (gamma and theta) alumina and then into alpha alumina with the transformation of optically transparent alumina xerogel and glass, obtained by very slow hydrolysis-polycondensation of aluminum sec-butoxide, into alpha alumina. Vibrational modes are better resolved in thermally treated single crystals than in thermally treated xerogels. Measurements of the Rayleigh wing, the Boson peak, and the fluorescence signal are easier than those of vibrational modes for studying the evolution from amorphous to alpha alumina phases. The fluorescence spectra allow almost instantaneous (<1 s) quantitative control of the phases present. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Functionalized Ceramics and Their Composites: Preparation, Properties and Applications—2nd Edition)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

14 pages, 564 KB

Open AccessArticle

Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Steatotic Liver Disease Is Linked to Environmental Sustainability: The Role of the Mediterranean Diet

by Silvia García, Cristina Bouzas, Marina Ródenas-Munar, Violeta Cepeda, Lucía Ugarriza, Miguel Casares, Cristina Gómez, David Mateos and Josep A. Tur

Nutrients 2025, 17(20), 3206; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17203206 (registering DOI) - 12 Oct 2025

Abstract

Background: Metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) and climate change are major global health challenges. Aim: Our aim was to assess the relationship between intrahepatic fat content (IFC) and diet-related environmental impact in a Mediterranean diet (MD)-based intervention. Design: The design included a [...] Read more.

Background: Metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) and climate change are major global health challenges. Aim: Our aim was to assess the relationship between intrahepatic fat content (IFC) and diet-related environmental impact in a Mediterranean diet (MD)-based intervention. Design: The design included a six-month longitudinal analysis within the frame of a FLIPAN randomized controlled trial, including 60 participants aged 40–60 years with MASLD, metabolic syndrome and obesity. Methods: IFC expressed as a percentage (%IFC) was measured by magnetic resonance imaging, and dietary intake was assessed via a validated food frequency questionnaire (FFQ). Environmental impacts of diets were estimated using life cycle assessment data from the Agribalyse^® database, focusing on greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, water use, energy use and land use. A composite sustainability score was also calculated. Changes in liver fat and environmental footprints were analyzed using a general linear model (GLM) adjusted for within-subject variability and partial correlation analysis adjusted for energy intake, MD adherence and body weight. Results: The participants with the highest %IFC reduction group in the GLM showed the highest decreases in GHG emissions and land use. Water use increased in this same group. Energy use and the composite sustainability score did not differ significantly between groups. Higher %IFC reductions were also associated with higher MD adherence and lower visceral fat. When the adjusted partial correlation analysis for the environmental parameters was performed, only water use remained significant. Conclusions: Higher reductions in %IFC were linked to dietary patterns with lower GHG emissions and land use and higher water use. However, when adjusted by energy intake, MD adherence and body weight in continuous modeling, only higher water use was related to lower %IFC. These findings highlight the complexity of achieving environmentally sustainable and health-promoting diets. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mediterranean Diet: Health Benefits and Sustainability)

15 pages, 953 KB

Open AccessArticle

Biochemical Properties and Substrate Specificity of Two Acyl-CoA:Lysophosphatidic Acid Acyltransferases (PtATS2a and PtATS2b) from Diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum

by Katarzyna Jasieniecka-Gazarkiewicz, Ada Połońska, Yangmin Gong and Antoni Banaś

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025, 26(20), 9936; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms26209936 (registering DOI) - 12 Oct 2025

Abstract

Microsomal fractions from yeast Δale1 cells harbouring the empty plasmid pYES2/CT and from yeast cells overexpressing PtATS2a (Phatr3_J11916) or PtATS2b (Phatr3_J43099) were used in the studies. When sn-1-18:1-LPA and [¹⁴C]16:0-CoA were used as exogenous substrates, both Pt [...] Read more.

Microsomal fractions from yeast Δale1 cells harbouring the empty plasmid pYES2/CT and from yeast cells overexpressing PtATS2a (Phatr3_J11916) or PtATS2b (Phatr3_J43099) were used in the studies. When sn-1-18:1-LPA and [¹⁴C]16:0-CoA were used as exogenous substrates, both PtATS2a and PtATS2b showed the highest activity at 23 °C in the range of temperatures tested from 10 to 60 °C. Both enzymes showed the highest activity in alkaline pH. For PtATS2a, it was pH 10 while for PtATS2b, it was pH 11. At pH 6 and pH 12, the activities of both enzymes were very low. The calcium ions at concentrations of 0.05–1 mM drastically decreased the activity of both enzymes. The magnesium ions at a concentration of 0.05 mM had a little effect on the activity of both enzymes, while higher concentrations (0.5 mM and 1 mM) significantly inhibited their activity. To study the substrate specificity, seventeen different acyl-CoAs in combinations with sn-1-[¹⁴C]18:1-LPA were used. PtATS2a showed the highest preference for 18:4-CoA n-3 while PtATS2b for 18:1-CoA. The pattern of utilisation of other acyl-CoAs tested also differed between the two enzymes. The presented studies, for the first time, characterised LPAAT type enzymes from diatoms, organisms that naturally produced very-long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (VLC-PUFA). Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Biochemistry)

16 pages, 2934 KB

Open AccessArticle

Functional Validation of ALDOA in Regulating Muscle Cell Fate: Based on In Vitro Proliferation, Apoptosis, and Differentiation Experiments

by Hongzhen Cao, Jing Wang, Yunzhou Wang, Jingsen Huang, Wei Chen, Hui Tang, Junfeng Chen, Baosong Xing and Yongqing Zeng

Genes 2025, 16(10), 1186; https://doi.org/10.3390/genes16101186 (registering DOI) - 12 Oct 2025

Abstract

Background/Objectives: This study systematically investigated the expression characteristics of the ALDOA gene in skeletal muscle cells and its effects on cell proliferation, apoptosis, and differentiation. Methods: We constructed an ALDOA overexpression vector and transfected it into C2C12 cells and porcine skeletal [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: This study systematically investigated the expression characteristics of the ALDOA gene in skeletal muscle cells and its effects on cell proliferation, apoptosis, and differentiation. Methods: We constructed an ALDOA overexpression vector and transfected it into C2C12 cells and porcine skeletal muscle satellite cells. Results: We found that ALDOA exhibited the highest expression in the longissimus dorsi muscle and was primarily localized in the cell nucleus. Overexpression of ALDOA significantly inhibited cell proliferation, induced G0/G1 phase arrest, and downregulated the expression of proliferation-related genes such as CDK2 and Cyclin D1. Concurrently, ALDOA overexpression markedly promoted apoptosis. Regarding differentiation, although ALDOA expression was upregulated during differentiation, its overexpression significantly suppressed the expression of myogenic differentiation-related genes (such as MYOD, MYOG, MEF2C), suggesting a negative regulatory role in differentiation control. Conclusions: This study reveals the multifaceted regulatory functions of ALDOA in skeletal muscle cells, providing experimental evidence for deepening the understanding of its mechanisms in muscle development and regeneration. This study provides the first functional evidence that ALDOA acts as a multifunctional regulator in skeletal muscle cells, negatively governing cell growth and fate decisions by inhibiting proliferation, promoting apoptosis, and impeding myogenic differentiation, thereby extending its role beyond glycolysis to direct governance of cellular processes. This study reveals for the first time that ALDOA possesses dual functions in muscle cells, regulating both metabolism and transcription. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Pig Genetic and Genomic Breeding)

19 pages, 7284 KB

Open AccessArticle

Histological and Macromolecular Characterization of Folliculogenesis in Loggerhead Sea Turtles (Caretta caretta): Novel Insights into the Onset of Puberty

by Ludovica Di Renzo, Erica Trotta, Valentina Notarstefano, Laura Zonta, Elisabetta Giorgini, Luca Marisaldi, Giulia Mariani, Gabriella Di Francesco, Silva Rubini, Marco Matiddi, Cecilia Silvestri, Yakup Kaska, Giulia Chemello and Giorgia Gioacchini

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025, 26(20), 9934; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms26209934 (registering DOI) - 12 Oct 2025

Abstract

The Adriatic Sea is a critical neritic habitat for juvenile and adult female loggerhead sea turtles (Caretta caretta), where intense anthropogenic pressures and environmental stressors may influence their reproductive biology. Knowledge on the onset of puberty in this population is limited [...] Read more.

The Adriatic Sea is a critical neritic habitat for juvenile and adult female loggerhead sea turtles (Caretta caretta), where intense anthropogenic pressures and environmental stressors may influence their reproductive biology. Knowledge on the onset of puberty in this population is limited by scarce information on the sub-adult stage, a transitional phase in which reproductive competence is acquired. This study integrated histological analysis and Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) imaging spectroscopy to provide both structural and biochemical characterization of folliculogenesis, with emphasis on vitellogenesis, in C. caretta from the north-central Adriatic Sea. Histological analysis determined the progression of follicle development, while FTIR imaging, a label-free and spatially resolved technique, mapped the distribution of proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids across ovarian compartments. Logistic regression estimated the size at which 50% of females are sexually mature (L₅₀) at 58.54 cm Curved Carapace Length (CCL). Based on this value, 60% of sub-adult females were already mature, indicating earlier puberty than previously inferred from macroscopic criteria. These preliminary results, along with reports of sporadic nesting in the Adriatic, raise the question of whether this basin may host further nesting events in the future. FTIR imaging proved to be a powerful tool for reproductive biology in non-model marine vertebrates. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue A Molecular Perspective on Reproductive Health, 2nd Edition)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

29 pages, 6227 KB

Open AccessArticle

In Situ Synthesis of Non-Cytotoxic Tellurium Nanoparticle and Methacrylate Photopolymer Resin Composite with Antibacterial Activity

by Dmitriy A. Serov, Aleksandr V. Simakin, Dmitriy E. Burmistrov, Ilya V. Baimler, Pavel P. Chapala, Maxim E. Astashev, Fatikh M. Yanbaev, Valeriy A. Kozlov and Sergey V. Gudkov

Polymers 2025, 17(20), 2735; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym17202735 (registering DOI) - 12 Oct 2025

Abstract

Methacrylate photopolymer resin (MPR) is widely used in various fields, including the biomedical field. There are several problems associated with their use: the potential toxicity of monomer residues during incomplete polymerization and the possibility of bacterial expansion. Doping polymers with nanoparticles is one [...] Read more.

Methacrylate photopolymer resin (MPR) is widely used in various fields, including the biomedical field. There are several problems associated with their use: the potential toxicity of monomer residues during incomplete polymerization and the possibility of bacterial expansion. Doping polymers with nanoparticles is one of the ways to increase the degree of polymerization (protection from toxicity), improve the performance characteristics of the polymer, and add antibacterial properties. We used an in situ polymerization method to obtain the composites of MPR with tellurium nanoparticles (TeNPs) with a dopant concentration of 0.001, 0.01, or 0.1% (v/v). The composite of MPR+TeNPs had a higher degree of polymerization compared to MPR without NPs, improved mechanical properties, and pronounced antibacterial activity. The effects depended on the concentration of TeNPs. All of the studied composites had no cytotoxic effect on human cells. MPR+TeNPs 0.1% had the maximum antibacterial effect, which is probably realized through Te-dependent induction of oxidative stress (increase in the generation of 9-oxoguanine and long-lived reactive forms of proteins). The results obtained deepen the knowledge about the influence of NPs of leading metals on photopolymerization and the final properties of the methacrylate matrix, and the synthesized MPR+TeNP composites may find potential biomedical applications in the future. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Structure–Property Relationships of Multi-Functional Polymer Composites)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

13 pages, 530 KB

Open AccessArticle

Clinical and Radiological Predictors for Early Hematoma Expansion After Spontaneous Intracerebral Hemorrhage: A Retrospective Study

by EJun Kim, Jee Hye Wee, Yi Hwa Choi, Hyuntaek Rim, In Bok Chang, Joon Ho Song, Yong Gil Hong and Ji Hee Kim

Neurol. Int. 2025, 17(10), 170; https://doi.org/10.3390/neurolint17100170 (registering DOI) - 12 Oct 2025

Abstract

Background: Early hematoma expansion is a major determinant of poor outcomes after spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH). Identifying reliable predictors of hematoma expansion may facilitate risk stratification and timely interventions. This study aimed to evaluate clinical, laboratory, and radiological factors associated with early hematoma [...] Read more.

Background: Early hematoma expansion is a major determinant of poor outcomes after spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH). Identifying reliable predictors of hematoma expansion may facilitate risk stratification and timely interventions. This study aimed to evaluate clinical, laboratory, and radiological factors associated with early hematoma expansion within 24 h. Methods: We retrospectively analyzed consecutive patients with spontaneous ICH admitted to a tertiary hospital in Korea between 2009 and 2021. Inclusion criteria were aged ≥ 18 years, primary spontaneous ICH, baseline non-contrast CT (NCCT), and follow-up CT within 24 h. Clinical, laboratory, and medication histories were collected, and NCCT/CT angiography (CTA) imaging markers (spot sign, blend sign, hypodensity, swirl sign, black hole sign, island sign, mean hematoma density) were evaluated. Early hematoma expansion was defined as an absolute volume increase ≥6 cm³ or a relative increase ≥33% on follow-up CT. Multivariate logistic regression identified independent predictors. Results: Among 899 screened patients, 581 met inclusion criteria (mean age 61.6 years; 59.7% male). Seventy-eight patients (13.4%) experienced early hematoma expansion. Independent predictors included CTA spot sign (adjusted OR 9.001, 95% CI 4.414–18.354), blend sign (OR 3.054, 95% CI 1.349–6.910), mean hematoma density <60 HU (OR 2.432, 95% CI 1.271–4.655), male sex (OR 2.902, 95% CI 1.419–5.935), and statin use (OR 2.990, 95% CI 1.149–7.782). Prior antiplatelet therapy was associated with a reduced risk of hematoma expansion (OR 0.118, 95% CI 0.014–0.981). Conclusions: Early hematoma expansion occurred in 13.4% of patients and was predicted by a combination of CTA and NCCT markers, as well as clinical and pharmacological factors. Spot sign remained the strongest predictor, while NCCT features such as blend sign and low hematoma density also provided practical prognostic value. These findings underscore the multifactorial pathophysiology of ICH expansion and highlight the importance of integrating imaging, clinical, and therapeutic variables into prediction models to improve early risk stratification and guide targeted interventions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Brain Tumor and Brain Injury)

► Show Figures

Graphical abstract

14 pages, 670 KB

Open AccessArticle

The Association of Serum Erythroferrone, a Regulator of Erythropoiesis and Iron Homeostasis, with Cardiometabolic Risk Factors in Apparently Healthy Young Adults—A Preliminary Study

by Katarzyna Bergmann, Anna Stefańska and Magdalena Krintus

Nutrients 2025, 17(20), 3205; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17203205 (registering DOI) - 12 Oct 2025

Abstract

Background: Recent studies suggest that erythroferrone (ERFE), an iron-regulating protein whose primary role is to inhibit hepcidin synthesis, may affect glucose and lipid metabolism, and its serum concentration is reduced in obese and diabetic individuals. The aim of this study was to [...] Read more.

Background: Recent studies suggest that erythroferrone (ERFE), an iron-regulating protein whose primary role is to inhibit hepcidin synthesis, may affect glucose and lipid metabolism, and its serum concentration is reduced in obese and diabetic individuals. The aim of this study was to evaluate the association of ERFE concentration with selected cardiometabolic risk factors in apparently healthy young adults. Methods: This preliminary study consisted of 122 (63 females, 59 males) normoglycemic, non-smoking subjects aged 25–40 years. In all participants, anthropometric measurements and the following laboratory tests were performed: fasting plasma glucose, glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) and serum iron, lipid profile, insulin, Homeostatic Model Assessment for Insulin Resistance (HOMA-IR), C-reactive protein (CRP), ERFE and hepcidin. Results: The serum ERFE concentration was significantly lower in men compared to women (p = 0.009) and in subjects who were overweight (p < 0.001) and had abdominal obesity (p < 0.001). ERFE showed significant negative correlations with body mass index, waist–hip ratio, HbA1c, CRP, insulin, HOMA-IR and triglycerides. In the logistic regression analysis, ERFE was significantly associated with being overweight (OR = 0.051; p = 0.004), abdominal obesity (OR = 0.372; p < 0.001), HOMA-IR ≥2.0 (OR = 0.584; p = 0.013), CRP >1 mg/L (OR = 0.648; p = 0.020) and triglycerides (OR = 0.521; p = 0.033). A relevant predominance in the prevalence of cardiometabolic risk factors was observed in subjects with ERFE levels in the first tertile (<1.35 ng/mL), compared to the third tertile (>2.19 ng/mL). Conclusions: Serum ERFE is inversely associated with being overweight, increased waist circumference, CRP, and markers of insulin resistance and lipid abnormalities, suggesting its potential relevance as a marker of early cardiometabolic risk in apparently healthy young adults. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Physiology and Pathophysiology of Iron Metabolism—2nd Edition)

18 pages, 3563 KB

Open AccessArticle

Reservoir Characteristics of Tight Sandstone in Different Sedimentary Microfacies: A Case Study of the Triassic Chang 8 Member in Longdong Area, Ordos Basin

by Jianchao Shi, Likun Cao, Baishun Shi, Shuting Shi, Xinjiu Rao, Xinju Liu, Wangyikun Fan, Sisi Chen and Hongyan Yu

Processes 2025, 13(10), 3246; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr13103246 (registering DOI) - 12 Oct 2025

Abstract

The complexity of tight sandstone reservoirs challenges effective oil and gas exploration. The Chang 8 Member of the Yanchang Formation in the Longdong area of the Ordos Basin has significant exploration potential. However, its reservoir characteristics are controlled by two distinct provenance systems [...] Read more.

The complexity of tight sandstone reservoirs challenges effective oil and gas exploration. The Chang 8 Member of the Yanchang Formation in the Longdong area of the Ordos Basin has significant exploration potential. However, its reservoir characteristics are controlled by two distinct provenance systems and diverse sedimentary microfacies. The specific impacts of these factors on reservoir quality and their relative importance have remained unclear. This study employs an integrated analytical approach combining casting thin sections, conventional porosity-permeability measurements, and Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) to systematically investigate the petrological characteristics, pore structure, and physical properties of the Chang 8 reservoirs. Our findings reveal that the entire section of Chang 8 is a delta front subfacies, with sub sections of Chang 8¹ and 8² developing microfacies such as underwater distributary channels, underwater natural levees, sheet sand and mouth bars. The tight sandstone reservoir is mainly composed of lithic arkose and feldspathic litharenite, with its porosity dominated by dissolution and intergranular types. These secondary pores, particularly those resulting from feldspar dissolution, are of great importance. The underwater distributary channels have the best pores, followed by sheet sands, and underwater natural levees the worst. Compaction in Chang 8² is stronger than in Chang 8¹, leading to smaller pores. The northwest provenance is characterized by high clay content and small pores, while the southwest provenance has coarser grain size and better-preserved intergranular pores. Reservoir properties improve toward the lake but deteriorate at the lake-proximal end due to more small pores. This study reveals the control laws of sedimentary microfacies, provenance, and diagenesis on the pore development of tight sandstone in the Longdong area, providing theoretical guidance for the exploration and development of tight sandstone oil and gas in the region. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Energy Systems)

20 pages, 1656 KB

Open AccessArticle

Transformer Core Loosening Diagnosis Based on Fusion Feature Extraction and CPO-Optimized CatBoost

by Yuanqi Xiao, Yipeng Yin, Jiaqi Xu and Yuxin Zhang

Processes 2025, 13(10), 3247; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr13103247 (registering DOI) - 12 Oct 2025

Abstract

Transformer reliability is crucial to grid security, with core loosening a common fault. This paper proposes a transformer core loosening fault diagnosis method based on a fusion feature extraction approach and Categorical Boosting (CatBoost) optimized by the Crested Porcupine Optimizer (CPO) algorithm. Firstly, [...] Read more.

Transformer reliability is crucial to grid security, with core loosening a common fault. This paper proposes a transformer core loosening fault diagnosis method based on a fusion feature extraction approach and Categorical Boosting (CatBoost) optimized by the Crested Porcupine Optimizer (CPO) algorithm. Firstly, the audio signal is decomposed into six Intrinsic Mode Functions (IMF) components through Variational Mode Decomposition (VMD). This paper utilizes Gaussian membership functions to quantify the energy proportion, central frequency, and kurtosis of IMF and constructs a fuzzy entropy discrimination function. Then, the IMF noise components are removed through an adaptive threshold. Subsequently, the denoised signal undergoes a wavelet packet transform instead of a short-time Fourier transform to optimize Mel-frequency cepstral coefficients (WPT-MFCC), combining time-domain statistical features and frequency-band energy distribution to form a 24-dimensional fusion feature. Finally, the CatBoost algorithm is employed to validate the effects of different feature schemes. The CPO is introduced to optimize its iteration number, learning rate, tree depth, and random strength parameters, thereby enhancing overall performance. The CPO-optimized CatBoost model had 99.0196% fault recognition accuracy in experimental testing, 15% better than the standard CatBoost. Accuracy exceeded 90% even under extreme 0 dB noise. This method makes fault diagnosis more accurate and reliable. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section AI-Enabled Process Engineering)

21 pages, 7935 KB

Open AccessArticle

Social and Economic Influence of Sustainable Development: The Case of Al-Mouj, Muscat, Oman

by Eman Hanye Mohamed Nasr, Aisha Mohammed Al Shehhi and Mohamed Ali Mohamed Khalil

Sustainability 2025, 17(20), 9037; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17209037 (registering DOI) - 12 Oct 2025

Abstract

The sultanate of Oman has joined other nations in promoting sustainability, guided by Oman Vision 2040 and the Oman National Spatial Strategy. Oman now focuses on developing more human-centered cities, enhancing community well-being, boosting the local economy, and increasing investments. This study addresses [...] Read more.

The sultanate of Oman has joined other nations in promoting sustainability, guided by Oman Vision 2040 and the Oman National Spatial Strategy. Oman now focuses on developing more human-centered cities, enhancing community well-being, boosting the local economy, and increasing investments. This study addresses a research gap by examining the social and economic impact of the sustainable neighborhood “Al-Mouj” on the nearby urban area “Al-Mawaleh North” to maximize sustainability benefits. It analyzes how a sustainable neighborhood influences the economy, society, quality of life, and overall well-being. The study also identifies key factors driving the growth of sustainable practices in society and the economy. It has four main objectives in terms of answering the research question, primarily through surveys of community members and business owners, and by analyzing land use development around Al-Mouj. Data collection methods include literature review, case study, questionnaires, and interviews. Data analysis employs spatial, statistical, and thematic techniques. Responses from 515 participants are examined to ensure reliable results. Ethnographic methods are used to gain insights from open-ended questionnaire responses and interviews. The results confirm that Al-Mouj’s mixed-use development and sustainability features positively influence mental and physical health and stimulate economic activity within the local community. This study provides decision-makers and urban planners valuable insights into sustainable neighborhoods’ social and economic impacts when developed as open communities. It highlights the challenges of following international NSAT standards, which do not fully address local concerns. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Sustainable Urban and Rural Development)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

18 pages, 2645 KB

Open AccessArticle

Comprehensive Analysis of Agronomic Traits, Saponin Accumulation, and SNP-Based Genetic Diversity in Different Cultivars of Panax notoginseng

by Yawen Wu, Guanjiao Wang, Ran Pu, Tian Bai, Hao Fan, Jingli Zhang and Shengchao Yang

Genes 2025, 16(10), 1185; https://doi.org/10.3390/genes16101185 (registering DOI) - 12 Oct 2025

Abstract

Background: Given the need to optimize Panax notoginseng cultivation, screen high-quality germplasm, and clarify its insufficiently elucidated genetic–phenotype–quality associations (e.g., saponin accumulation), this study was conducted. Methods: Agronomic traits were measured, saponin accumulation was determined via high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), and [...] Read more.

Background: Given the need to optimize Panax notoginseng cultivation, screen high-quality germplasm, and clarify its insufficiently elucidated genetic–phenotype–quality associations (e.g., saponin accumulation), this study was conducted. Methods: Agronomic traits were measured, saponin accumulation was determined via high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), and comprehensive performance was evaluated through integrated cluster analysis and fuzzy membership function assessment; additionally, single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP)-based genetic diversity analysis was conducted to explore the genetic basis of trait variations. Results: Agronomic traits exhibited coefficients of variation (CVs) of 2.95–18.12%, with primary root length showing the highest variability. Phenotypic cluster analysis divided the materials into three groups. Group I ("Miaoxiang No.1", "Dianqi No.1", "Miaoxiang Kangqi No.1") was characterized by tall plants, sturdy stems, heavy roots, and long/large leaves. Saponin determination results revealed significant differences in notoginsenoside R1, ginsenoside Rb1, ginsenoside Re, ginsenoside Rd, and total saponins among cultivars (order: "Zijing" > "Dianqi No.1" > original cultivar > "Miaoxiang Kangqi No.1" > "Miaoxiang No.1" > "Miaoxiang No.2"), with "Zijing" having the highest total saponin accumulation (18.13%); no significant difference was observed in ginsenoside Rg1 accumulation. The GATK initially identified 16,329,600 SNPs, and 115,930 high-quality SNPs were retained after Samtools filtration. SNP-based Neighbor-joining (NJ) clustering grouped the cultivars into three categories, with the original cultivar clustered alone as one category. Through comprehensive evaluation, three superior germplasm lines ("Miaoxiang Kangqi No.1", "Miaoxiang No.1", "Dianqi No.1") were identified. A significant negative correlation (p < 0.05) was found between compound leaf petiole length and saponin accumulation. Conclusions: This integrated analytical strategy clarifies the links between genetics, phenotype, and quality, providing a scientific foundation for P. notoginseng germplasm screening and facilitating future molecular breeding efforts. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Plant Genetics and Genomics)

33 pages, 2157 KB

Open AccessReview

Artificial Intelligence in Heritage Tourism: Innovation, Accessibility, and Sustainability in the Digital Age

by José-Manuel Sánchez-Martín, Rebeca Guillén-Peñafiel and Ana-María Hernández-Carretero

Heritage 2025, 8(10), 428; https://doi.org/10.3390/heritage8100428 (registering DOI) - 12 Oct 2025

Abstract

Artificial intelligence (AI) is profoundly transforming heritage tourism through the incorporation of technological solutions that reconfigure the ways in which cultural heritage is conserved, interpreted, and experienced. This article presents a critical and systematic review of current AI applications in this field, with [...] Read more.

Artificial intelligence (AI) is profoundly transforming heritage tourism through the incorporation of technological solutions that reconfigure the ways in which cultural heritage is conserved, interpreted, and experienced. This article presents a critical and systematic review of current AI applications in this field, with a special focus on their impact on destination management, the personalization of tourist experiences, universal accessibility, and the preservation of both tangible and intangible assets. Based on an analysis of the scientific literature and international use cases, key technologies such as machine learning, computer vision, generative models, and recommendation systems are identified. These tools enable everything from the virtual reconstruction of historical sites to the development of intelligent cultural assistants and adaptive tours, improving the visitor experience and promoting inclusion. This study also examines the main ethical, technical, and epistemological challenges associated with this transformation, including algorithmic surveillance, data protection, interoperability between platforms, the digital divide, and the reconfiguration of heritage knowledge production processes. In conclusion, this study argues that AI, when implemented in accordance with principles of responsibility, sustainability, and cultural sensitivity, can serve as a strategic instrument for ensuring the accessibility, representativeness, and social relevance of cultural heritage in the digital age. However, its effective integration necessitates the development of sector-specific ethical frameworks, inclusive governance models, and sustainable technological implementation strategies that promote equity, community participation, and long-term viability. Furthermore, this article highlights the need for empirical research to assess the actual impact of these technologies and for the creation of indicators to evaluate their effectiveness, fairness, and contribution to the Sustainable Development Goals. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Digital Museology and Emerging Technologies in Cultural Heritage)

12 pages, 3188 KB

Open AccessArticle

Gene Mapping and Molecular Marker Development for Controlling Purple-Leaf Trait in Pakchoi (Brassica rapa subsp. chinensis (L.) Hanelt)

by Bo Song, Qinyu Yang, Wenqi Zhang, Xiao Yang, Li Zhang, Lin Ouyang, Limei He, Longzheng Chen, Zange Jing, Tao Huang, Hai Xu, Yuejian Li and Qichang Yang

Genes 2025, 16(10), 1184; https://doi.org/10.3390/genes16101184 (registering DOI) - 12 Oct 2025

Abstract

Purple pakchoi (Brassica rapa subsp. chinensis (L.) Hanelt) is rich in anthocyanins, which contribute to its significant edible, ornamental, and potential health-promoting value. The previous research on the purple-leaf trait of pakchoi was rather insufficient, key gene controlling the purple-leaf trait remains [...] Read more.

Purple pakchoi (Brassica rapa subsp. chinensis (L.) Hanelt) is rich in anthocyanins, which contribute to its significant edible, ornamental, and potential health-promoting value. The previous research on the purple-leaf trait of pakchoi was rather insufficient, key gene controlling the purple-leaf trait remains to be further elucidated. Fine mapping of the genes responsible for the purple-leaf trait is essential for establishing molecular marker-assisted breeding and facilitating genetic improvement. In this study, we used the inbred purple-leaf line ‘PQC’ and green-leaf line ‘HYYTC’ as parents to construct a six-generation genetic segregation population. We analyzed the inheritance pattern of the purple-leaf trait and combined Bulked Segregant Analysis Sequencing (BSA-seq) with penta-primer amplification refractory mutation system (PARMS) to map the causal gene. The main findings are as follows: the purple-leaf trait is controlled by a single dominant gene. Using BSA-seq and PARMS, the genes were mapped to a 470 kb region (31.18–31.65 Mb) on chromosome A03. Within this interval, 29 candidate genes were identified. Bra017888 which encoding trehalose phosphate synthase 10 (TPS10), was highlighted as a potential regulator of anthocyanin biosynthesis. A developed molecular marker, SNP31304070, based on the final candidate region, successfully distinguished between purple homozygous and purple heterozygous plants in the F₂ and F₃ populations, showing complete co-segregation with the trait. The marker could be applied to molecular-assisted breeding in purple pakchoi. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Plant Genetics and Genomics)

20 pages, 5241 KB

Open AccessArticle

Integrating a Fast and Reliable Robotic Hooking System for Enhanced Stamping Press Processes in Smart Manufacturing

by Yen-Chun Chen, Fu-Yao Chang and Chin-Feng Lai

Automation 2025, 6(4), 55; https://doi.org/10.3390/automation6040055 (registering DOI) - 12 Oct 2025

Abstract

Facing the diversity of the market, the industry has to move towards Industry 4.0, and smart manufacturing based on cyber-physical systems is the only way to move towards Industry 4.0. However, there are two key concepts in Industry 4.0: cyber-physical systems (CPSs) and [...] Read more.

Facing the diversity of the market, the industry has to move towards Industry 4.0, and smart manufacturing based on cyber-physical systems is the only way to move towards Industry 4.0. However, there are two key concepts in Industry 4.0: cyber-physical systems (CPSs) and digital twins (DTs). In the paper, we propose a smart manufacturing system suitable for stamping press processes based on the CPS concept and use DT to establish a manufacturing-end robot guidance generation model. In the smart manufacturing system of stamping press processes, fog nodes are used to connect three major architectures, including device health diagnosis, manufacturing device, and material traceability. In addition, a special hook end point is designed, and its lightweight visual guidance generation model is established to improve the production efficiency of the manufacturing end in product manufacturing. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Robotics and Autonomous Systems)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

25 pages, 4637 KB

Open AccessArticle

Multi-Component Botanical Crude Extracts Improve Egg and Meat Quality in Late-Laying Hens Through Gut Microbiota Modulation

by Xiaofang Wei, Huixin Liu, Fang Chen, Yumiao Liang, Wenwen Yang, Wenjing Liang, Ting Xu, Hongjie Hu, Xiuyu Li, Hongbin Si and Shuibao Shen

Foods 2025, 14(20), 3480; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods14203480 (registering DOI) - 12 Oct 2025

Abstract

Laying hens in the late laying period often experience reduced productivity and declining egg and meat quality, which limits breeding efficiency and resource utilization. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of multi-component Botanical Crude Extracts (BCEs) on egg and meat quality, metabolic [...] Read more.

Laying hens in the late laying period often experience reduced productivity and declining egg and meat quality, which limits breeding efficiency and resource utilization. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of multi-component Botanical Crude Extracts (BCEs) on egg and meat quality, metabolic health, and gut microbiota in aged laying hens. A total of 4320 hens were supplemented with 0.3% BCEs for 100 days, with evaluations at 60 and 100 days. BCE supplementation significantly enhanced egg flavor by promoting aromatic and fat-soluble volatiles and reducing odorous compounds (p < 0.05). BCEs improved yolk nutrition by enriching n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, especially docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), and optimizing the n-6/n-3 ratio (p < 0.05). A moderate reduction in amino acids was observed, which may reduce bitterness and ammonia burden (0.05 ≤ p < 0.10, trend). In muscle, BCEs improved protein–fat distribution, increased intramuscular fat, and enhanced flavor-related metabolites, significantly improving meat quality of culled hens (p < 0.05). BCEs also reshaped gut microbiota, reducing harmful taxa and promoting short-chain fatty acid and aromatic metabolite biosynthesis (p < 0.05). Serum metabolomics revealed modulation of AMPK, calcium, and cholesterol pathways, improving antioxidant capacity and lipid regulation (p < 0.05). Correlation analyses linked beneficial bacteria and metabolites with yolk DHA levels and flavor (p < 0.05). Overall, BCEs enhanced egg and meat quality and physiological health, providing guidance for functional feed strategies in aged laying hens. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Meat)

16 pages, 1371 KB

Open AccessArticle

Scale-Adaptive High-Resolution Imaging Using a Rotating-Prism-Guided Variable-Boresight Camera

by Zhaojun Deng, Anhu Li, Xin Zhao, Yonghao Lai and Jialiang Jin

Sensors 2025, 25(20), 6313; https://doi.org/10.3390/s25206313 (registering DOI) - 12 Oct 2025

Abstract

Large-field-of-view (FOV) and high-resolution imaging have always been the goals pursued by imaging technology. A scale-adaptive high-resolution imaging architecture is established using a rotating-prism-embedded variable-boresight camera. By planning to prism motion, the multi-view images with rich information are combined to form a large-scale [...] Read more.

Large-field-of-view (FOV) and high-resolution imaging have always been the goals pursued by imaging technology. A scale-adaptive high-resolution imaging architecture is established using a rotating-prism-embedded variable-boresight camera. By planning to prism motion, the multi-view images with rich information are combined to form a large-scale FOV image. The boresight is guided towards the region of interest (ROI) in the combined FOV to reconstruct super-resolution (SR) images with the desired information. A novel distortion correction method is proposed using virtual symmetrical prisms with rotation angles that are complementary. Based on light reverse tracing, the dispersion induced by monochromatic lights with different refractive indices can be eliminated by accurate pixel-level position compensation. For resolution enhancement, we provide a new scheme for SR imaging consisting of the residual removal network and information enhancement network by multi-view image fusion. The experiments show that the proposed architecture can achieve both large-FOV scene imaging for situational awareness and SR ROI display to acquire details, effectively perform distortion and dispersion correction, and alleviate the occlusion to a certain extent. It also provides higher image clarity compared to the traditional SR methods and overcomes the problem of balancing large-scale imaging and high-resolution imaging. Full article

(This article belongs to the Collection 3D Imaging and Sensing System)

19 pages, 928 KB

Open AccessReview

Lapatinib-Based Radioagents for Application in Nuclear Medicine

by Przemysław Koźmiński and Ewa Gniazdowska

Appl. Sci. 2025, 15(20), 10964; https://doi.org/10.3390/app152010964 (registering DOI) - 12 Oct 2025

Abstract

Lapatinib is an approved therapeutic agent for the treatment of HER2-positive breast cancer. It has a high affinity for the non-receptor cytoplasmic tyrosine kinases of the EGFR and HER2 receptors. It is a type II inhibitor, with K_i^app values of 3 [...] Read more.

Lapatinib is an approved therapeutic agent for the treatment of HER2-positive breast cancer. It has a high affinity for the non-receptor cytoplasmic tyrosine kinases of the EGFR and HER2 receptors. It is a type II inhibitor, with K_i^app values of 3 nM and 13 nM, respectively. The dissociation rate of the lapatinib–receptor complex is notably slow compared with many other kinase inhibitors. Although the literature contains numerous reports on radiolabelled ligands for HER-family receptors, studies on radiolabelled tyrosine kinase inhibitors are far fewer, and only few focus specifically on radiolabelled lapatinib. The aim of this review is to compile and discuss the chemical and biological data on lapatinib-based radiopharmaceuticals with potential applications in the diagnosis and treatment of HER2-positive tumours. Full article

57 pages, 1382 KB

Open AccessArticle

Bidirectional Endothelial Feedback Drives Turing-Vascular Patterning and Drug-Resistance Niches: A Hybrid PDE-Agent-Based Study

by Zonghao Liu, Louis Shuo Wang, Jiguang Yu, Jilin Zhang, Erica Martel and Shijia Li

Bioengineering 2025, 12(10), 1097; https://doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering12101097 (registering DOI) - 12 Oct 2025

Abstract

We present a hybrid partial differential equation-agent-based model (PDE-ABM). In our framework, tumor cells secrete tumor angiogenic factor (TAF), while endothelial cells chemotactically migrate and branch in response. Reaction–diffusion PDEs for TAF, oxygen, and cytotoxic drug are coupled to discrete stochastic dynamics of [...] Read more.

We present a hybrid partial differential equation-agent-based model (PDE-ABM). In our framework, tumor cells secrete tumor angiogenic factor (TAF), while endothelial cells chemotactically migrate and branch in response. Reaction–diffusion PDEs for TAF, oxygen, and cytotoxic drug are coupled to discrete stochastic dynamics of tumor cells and endothelial tip cells, ensuring multiscale integration. Motivated by observed perfusion heterogeneity in tumors and its pharmacokinetic consequences, we conduct a linear stability analysis for a reduced endothelial–TAF reaction–diffusion subsystem and derive an explicit finite-domain threshold for Turing instability. We demonstrate that bidirectional coupling, where endothelial cells both chemotactically migrate along TAF gradients and secrete TAF, is necessary and sufficient to generate spatially periodic vascular clusters and inter-cluster hypoxic regions. These emergent patterns produce heterogeneous drug penetration and resistant niches. Our results identify TAF clearance, chemotactic sensitivity, and endothelial motility as effective levers to homogenize perfusion. The model is two-dimensional and employs simplified kinetics, and we outline necessary extensions to three dimensions and saturable kinetics required for quantitative calibration. The study links reaction–diffusion mechanisms with clinical principles and suggests actionable strategies to mitigate resistance by targeting endothelial–TAF feedback. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Applications of Partial Differential Equations in Bioengineering)

16 pages, 679 KB

Open AccessReview

Tiny Fish, Big Hope: Zebrafish Unlocking Secrets to Fight Parkinson’s Disease

by Manjunatha Bangeppagari, Akshatha Manjunath, Anusha Srinivasa and Sang Joon Lee

Biology 2025, 14(10), 1397; https://doi.org/10.3390/biology14101397 (registering DOI) - 12 Oct 2025

Abstract

Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a progressive neurological disorder marked by the gradual loss of dopamine-producing neurons in the brain. This neuronal degradation causes motor symptoms such as tremors, stiffness, and slowness of movement. Despite decades of research, current treatments remain limited to symptom [...] Read more.

Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a progressive neurological disorder marked by the gradual loss of dopamine-producing neurons in the brain. This neuronal degradation causes motor symptoms such as tremors, stiffness, and slowness of movement. Despite decades of research, current treatments remain limited to symptom management, highlighting the urgent need for deeper insights into PD mechanisms and new therapeutic approaches. Among model organisms, zebrafish (Danio rerio) have emerged as a valuable tool for PD research due to the possibility of genetic manipulation. Zebrafish can be engineered to carry human PD-associated mutations, such as those in α-synuclein, LRRK2, and Parkin, enabling researchers to study the molecular and cellular basis of the disease. Additionally, exposure to neurotoxins like MPTP and paraquat allows scientists to replicate PD-like symptoms in zebrafish, supporting drug screening and behavioural analysis. This review summarises the key advantages and limitations of zebrafish as a model for PD, compares it with rodent models, and discusses recent advances and future directions that may improve translational outcomes in PD therapy and personalised medicine. Full article

► Show Figures

Figure 1

8 pages, 817 KB

Open AccessCase Report

The Diagnostic Pitfalls in the Pronator Teres Syndrome—A Case Report

by Wiktoria Rałowska-Gmoch, Marcin Hajzyk, Tomasz Matyskieła, Beata Łabuz-Roszak and Edyta Dziadkowiak

Neurol. Int. 2025, 17(10), 169; https://doi.org/10.3390/neurolint17100169 (registering DOI) - 12 Oct 2025

Abstract

Pronator teres syndrome is a rare proximal median neuropathy caused by compression of the median nerve at various points. It is a rare condition, and many times it is mistaken for carpal tunnel syndrome. There are many authors who refer to the pronator [...] Read more.

Pronator teres syndrome is a rare proximal median neuropathy caused by compression of the median nerve at various points. It is a rare condition, and many times it is mistaken for carpal tunnel syndrome. There are many authors who refer to the pronator syndrome as a compression of the median nerve at several potential sites of entrapment in the region of the antecubital fossa, more proximal compression at the Ligament of Strutters, and more distally, including lacerus fibrosus within the pronator teres muscle and the anterior interosseous nerve. The diagnostic difficulties in a patient with severe right forearm pain during elbow flexion and pronation are presented. Routine test results, including MRI of the right elbow joint, nerve conduction study of the brachial plexus and ulnar nerve, and electromyographic study of the muscles of the right upper extremity, were normal. Ultrasonography showed an enlarged pronator teres muscle. The patient underwent surgical removal of the lacertus fibrosus. All symptoms resolved. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Pain Research)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

17 pages, 2421 KB

Open AccessArticle

Pilot Study of an Online Exercise Therapy Programme for Home Office Workers in Terms of Musculoskeletal and Mental Health

by Tünde Szilágyi, Ilona Veres-Balajti, Balázs Lukács, Enikő Király, Anna Mária Laczkó and Zoltán Jenei

Appl. Sci. 2025, 15(20), 10963; https://doi.org/10.3390/app152010963 (registering DOI) - 12 Oct 2025

Abstract

(1) Background: Working from home is becoming increasingly common and has many advantages, but also negative consequences such as reduced physical activity, poor ergonomics and stress. Many people find it difficult to attend in-person rehabilitation sessions due to transportation barriers and limited access [...] Read more.

(1) Background: Working from home is becoming increasingly common and has many advantages, but also negative consequences such as reduced physical activity, poor ergonomics and stress. Many people find it difficult to attend in-person rehabilitation sessions due to transportation barriers and limited access to rehabilitation facilities. Therefore, the aim of our study was to investigate whether our online preventive exercise programme effectively improves the musculoskeletal and mental health of sedentary workers. (2) Methods: The study participants worked from home on a long-term basis. Our research group consisted of 30 people, 16 in the intervention group and 14 in the control group. The intervention group members participated in a complex preventive exercise programme three times a week for 10 weeks. The training took place online. Before and after the exercise programme, various tests were used to assess the functional status of the participants’ spine, the strength and flexibility of their core muscles (Core, Kempf and Kraus–Weber tests) and their mental state (Beck Depression Inventory). (3) Results: Significant improvement was observed in the intervention group in the Core, Kempf, Kraus–Weber and Beck tests. (4) Conclusion: Our online complex training programme proved to be effective during the evaluation. It is crucial to tailor remote rehabilitation services to the individual needs and preferences of patients and healthcare professionals. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Novel Approaches of Physical Therapy-Based Rehabilitation)

Recent Articles

Open Access Journals

Highly Accessed Articles

Latest Books

News

Blog Posts

Topics

Selected Special Issues

Selected Collections

Journals by Subject

Further Information

Guidelines

MDPI Initiatives

Follow MDPI