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27 pages, 8600 KB

Open AccessArticle

Error Analysis and Numerical Investigation of an L1-2 Fourth-Order Difference Scheme for Solving the Time-Fractional Burgers Equation

by Kanyuta Poochinapan and Ben Wongsaijai

Fractal Fract. 2025, 9(12), 775; https://doi.org/10.3390/fractalfract9120775 (registering DOI) - 27 Nov 2025

Abstract

This paper presents a finite difference approach for solving the time-fractional Burgers’ equation, which is a model for nonlinear flow with memory effects. The method leverages the

L 1 - 2

formula for the fractional derivative and provides a novel linearization strategy to [...] Read more.

This paper presents a finite difference approach for solving the time-fractional Burgers’ equation, which is a model for nonlinear flow with memory effects. The method leverages the

L 1 - 2

formula for the fractional derivative and provides a novel linearization strategy to efficiently transform the system into a stable linear problem. Rigorous analysis establishes the existence, uniqueness, and pointwise-in-time convergence of the numerical solution in the

L_{2}

norm. The proposed formulation achieves second-order time accuracy and fourth-order spatial accuracy under smooth initial conditions, with numerically verified temporal convergence rates of

O (τ^{1 + α} + τ^{2} t_{n}^{α - 2})

for solutions with weak singularities. Critically, numerical findings demonstrate that the method is robust and highly efficient, offering high-resolution solutions at a substantially lower computational cost than equivalent graded-mesh formulations. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in the Spatial and Temporal Discretizations of Fractional PDEs, Second Edition)

17 pages, 963 KB

Open AccessArticle

Role of Matrilysins (MMP-7, MMP-26) and Stromelysins (MMP-3, MMP-10) in Diagnosing Cervical Cancer Patients

by Ewa Gacuta, Michał Ławicki, Hanna Grabowska, Paweł Ławicki, Monika Kulesza, Aleksandra Kicman, Monika Zajkowska, Piotr Laudański and Sławomir Ławicki

Biomedicines 2025, 13(12), 2910; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines13122910 (registering DOI) - 27 Nov 2025

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Detection of cervical lesions is crucial for effective prevention and treatment. Therefore, the search for new diagnostic markers is extremely important. This study aimed to evaluate the concentration and diagnostic utility of selected matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) as novel biomarkers. Methods: [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Detection of cervical lesions is crucial for effective prevention and treatment. Therefore, the search for new diagnostic markers is extremely important. This study aimed to evaluate the concentration and diagnostic utility of selected matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) as novel biomarkers. Methods: The study group consisted of 320 participants: 160 patients with cervical cancer (CC), 100 patients with cervical dysplasia (CD), and 60 healthy controls (HC). MMPs were determined by an ELISA (Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay), and CA 125 and SCC-Ag by a CMIA (chemiluminescent microparticle immunoassay). Results: Our study revealed significantly higher concentrations of MMP-7 and MMP-10 in the CC and CD groups compared to healthy controls. Interestingly, concentrations of these two parameters increased with the advancement of the disease. In the case of MMP-3, the highest concentrations were observed in the CD group, moderate concentrations in the group with diagnosed CC, and the lowest in the group of healthy women. Notably, the concentration of this parameter in the CC group decreased with increasing disease advancement. In the case of MMP-26, the highest concentrations, which increased with advancement, were observed in CC, moderate concentrations in HC, and the lowest in the group of women with CD. The highest diagnostic usefulness among all the parameters was shown for MMP-7 (sensitivity (SE): 96%; specificity (SP): 94.14%; positive predictive value (PPV): 92.26%; negative predictive value (NPV): 85.46%; area under the curve (AUC): 0.9878) and MMP-10 (SE: 90.25%; SP: 80.05%; PPV: 92.15%; NPV: 88.45%; AUC: 0.9404). Conclusions: All parameters presented significant differences between the concentrations obtained in the CC group and the CD group, which may indicate their usefulness not only in the diagnosis of cervical cancer, but also in the possible differentiation between benign and malignant lesions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Tumor Biomarkers in Gynecology—2nd Edition)

22 pages, 2620 KB

Open AccessArticle

Multifunctional Biological Activity Assessment of Plant-Derived Nanovesicles from Arugula Leaves: In Vitro and In Vivo Studies

by Lorenza d’Adduzio, Melissa Fanzaga, Davide Marangon, Antonio Carrillo-Vico, Ivan Cruz-Chamorro, Carlotta Bollati, Davide Lecca and Carmen Lammi

Antioxidants 2025, 14(12), 1421; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox14121421 (registering DOI) - 27 Nov 2025

Abstract

Plant-derived vesicles (PDVs) represent an emerging class of naturally bioformulated nanocarriers with potential nutraceutical and therapeutic applications. In this study, the multifunctional biological activity of PDVs obtained from Eruca sativa leaves (arugula leaf vesicles, ALVs) was investigated both in vitro and in vivo. [...] Read more.

Plant-derived vesicles (PDVs) represent an emerging class of naturally bioformulated nanocarriers with potential nutraceutical and therapeutic applications. In this study, the multifunctional biological activity of PDVs obtained from Eruca sativa leaves (arugula leaf vesicles, ALVs) was investigated both in vitro and in vivo. In differentiated Caco-2 and HepG2 cells, ALVs exhibited significant antioxidant activity, being rich in polyphenols and organic acids, by reducing intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) and modulating key metabolic regulators. ALVs upregulated SREBP-2, LDLR, and phosphorylated AMPK and Akt, leading to enhanced LDL and glucose uptake, while downregulating FASN and PPAR-γ, thereby reducing lipid accumulation. In mice fed a high-fat and high-fructose (HFHF) diet, ALV supplementation improved glucose tolerance and decreased total cholesterol, LDL, and hepatic injury biomarkers (ALT, AST, and LDH) without inducing toxicity. These findings demonstrate that ALVs exert hypocholesterolemic, hypoglycemic, and lipid-lowering effects through coordinated modulation of AMPK/Akt pathways. Overall, ALVs emerge as safe, multifunctional nanovesicles capable of counteracting oxidative stress and metabolic dysfunction, highlighting their potential as innovative bioactive ingredients for functional foods or nutraceutical formulations targeting metabolic syndrome. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Natural and Synthetic Antioxidants)

14 pages, 603 KB

Open AccessReview

The Inflammatory Role of Serum Amyloid A in the Pathogenesis and Progression of Diabetic Nephropathy

by Antigoni Stavrou, Christina A. Kousparou and Argyrios Tsakalis

J. Clin. Med. 2025, 14(23), 8427; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm14238427 (registering DOI) - 27 Nov 2025

Abstract

Diabetic nephropathy (DN) remains the leading cause of end-stage renal disease (ESRD) worldwide, primarily affecting individuals with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM). While traditional risk factors—such as hypertension, poor glycemic control, and dyslipidemia—are well known, recent research has illuminated the pivotal role of [...] Read more.

Diabetic nephropathy (DN) remains the leading cause of end-stage renal disease (ESRD) worldwide, primarily affecting individuals with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM). While traditional risk factors—such as hypertension, poor glycemic control, and dyslipidemia—are well known, recent research has illuminated the pivotal role of inflammation in DN pathogenesis. Inflammatory processes involving chemokines, cytokines, immune cell infiltration, and pro-fibrotic signaling pathways (e.g., NFκB, JAK/STAT) contribute significantly to glomerular and tubulointerstitial damage. Key immune players include macrophages and T lymphocytes, particularly CD4⁺ T cells, which correlate with disease severity and progression. Serum Amyloid A (SAA), an acute-phase reactant traditionally associated with Serum Amyloid A Amyloidosis (AA amyloidosis), has emerged as both a biomarker and active mediator of renal inflammation in DN. SAA promotes cytokine release, leukocyte recruitment, and extracellular matrix remodeling, contributing to glomerular and tubular injury. Elevated Saa3 expression in experimental models correlates with DN progression, while activation of the advanced glycation end products and the receptors for advanced glycation end products (AGE–RAGE) axis in podocytes enhances SAA upregulation and inflammatory signaling. Increasing evidence now indicates that SAA functions, not only as a marker of systemic inflammation, but also as a mechanistically significant driver of intrarenal injury, bridging metabolic dysregulation with sustained inflammatory and fibrotic signaling. Emerging therapeutic approaches—including interleukin 6 (IL-6) blockade, inhibition of AGE formation, targeted anti-fibrotic agents, and recently developed SAA-directed RNA or peptide therapeutics—underscore the therapeutic potential of modulating SAA activity in DN. Preclinical evidence further supports the efficacy of monoclonal antibodies, signaling inhibitors, and dietary anti-inflammatory compounds in mitigating renal injury. Collectively, these developments position SAA as a central mediator at the intersection of metabolic, inflammatory, and fibrotic pathways, highlighting its promise as both a diagnostic biomarker and a therapeutic target for early intervention in diabetic kidney disease. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Nephrology & Urology)

19 pages, 1413 KB

Open AccessArticle

Reinvestigating Pyrrol-2-One-Based Compounds: From Antimicrobial Agents to Promising Antitumor Candidates

by Natalia Simionescu, Ashraf Al-Matarneh, Ionel I. Mangalagiu, Narcis Cibotariu, Cristina Mariana Uritu, Cristina Maria Al-Matarneh and Mariana Pinteala

Pharmaceuticals 2025, 18(12), 1813; https://doi.org/10.3390/ph18121813 (registering DOI) - 27 Nov 2025

Abstract

Background: Heteroaromatic iodine-containing compounds have been previously recognized for their broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity. This study aims to systematically investigate their potential repurposing as anticancer agents, with a particular focus on understanding the structural determinants that influence their cytotoxicity and selectivity toward malignant cells. [...] Read more.

Background: Heteroaromatic iodine-containing compounds have been previously recognized for their broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity. This study aims to systematically investigate their potential repurposing as anticancer agents, with a particular focus on understanding the structural determinants that influence their cytotoxicity and selectivity toward malignant cells. Methods: A series of heteroaromatic iodine-containing derivatives were synthesized and evaluated for anticancer activity. Their cytotoxic effects were measured and compared between cancerous and normal cell lines to determine selectivity. Structural features, including heteroaromatic moieties and substituents, were analyzed to identify correlations with biological activity. Results: Among the tested compounds, derivatives 3e, 3g, and 3l demonstrated significant cytotoxic effects while exhibiting favorable selectivity indices. These findings indicate that these compounds preferentially target malignant cells over normal cells, thereby mitigating the issue of systemic toxicity often associated with traditional chemotherapeutics. The enhanced anticancer activity appears to be influenced by specific structural elements within the heteroaromatic framework. Conclusions: The study highlights the potential of heteroaromatic iodine-containing compounds as promising anticancer candidates. Rational structural modifications within these heterocyclic systems can effectively modulate bioactivity and improve therapeutic selectivity. These results support further development of this compound class for anticancer applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antimicrobial and Anticancer Scaffolds in Medicinal Chemistry)

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22 pages, 1110 KB

Open AccessArticle

A Novel Rhodotorula evergladensis CXCN-6 Rich in Torularhodin and PUFAs with Potent Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Activities

by Chaiwoo Park, Myeongsam Park, Tingting Li, Chunxiao Shen, Zuxuan Zheng, Yitong Ge, Xuanyan Jin, Maolin Wei, Jaehwan Choi, Jae Sung Hwang and Zhengqun Li

Antioxidants 2025, 14(12), 1420; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox14121420 (registering DOI) - 27 Nov 2025

Abstract

Carotenoids and microbial lipids are valuable bioactive compounds with potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. Microbial biosynthesis provides a sustainable alternative to conventional plant extraction and chemical synthesis. Here, we report the isolation and characterization of a novel oleaginous yeast, Rhodotorula evergladensis CXCN-6, from [...] Read more.

Carotenoids and microbial lipids are valuable bioactive compounds with potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. Microbial biosynthesis provides a sustainable alternative to conventional plant extraction and chemical synthesis. Here, we report the isolation and characterization of a novel oleaginous yeast, Rhodotorula evergladensis CXCN-6, from the surface of Nymphaea ‘Gorgeous Purple’. The strain displayed intense reddish-orange pigmentation due to intracellular carotenoid accumulation. HPLC and LC–MS analyses identified torularhodin as the predominant carotenoid (m/z 563.4 [M]⁺), while lipids were rich in linoleic (C18:2), oleic (C18:1), and α-linolenic (C18:3) acids. Under optimized fermentation, CXCN-6 yielded 63.56 mg/L torularhodin and 9.83 g/L total lipids. The CXCN-6 extract showed strong DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging activities and significantly reduced intracellular ROS levels in UVA (9 J/cm²)-stimulated HaCaT cells. It also suppressed IL-6 and TNF-α secretion in LPS-activated macrophages without cytotoxicity. Collectively, these results establish R. evergladensis CXCN-6 as a novel and efficient microbial platform for the co-production of torularhodin and PUFA-rich lipids with potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, offering promising applications in nutraceutical, skincare, and functional food industries. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Extraction and Industrial Applications of Antioxidants)

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16 pages, 8923 KB

Open AccessArticle

A High-Resolution Mirror Migration Framework for Ocean Bottom Cable Seismic Data

by Wenjun Ni, Shaoyong Liu, Mingyuan Xu, Bingkai Han and Guodong Fan

J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2025, 13(12), 2254; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse13122254 (registering DOI) - 27 Nov 2025

Abstract

Seismic data migration is a critical step for accurate subsurface imaging. While Ocean Bottom Cable (OBC) surveys provide high-quality seismic data, reliance on primary reflections alone leads to significant illumination gaps. Receiver-side ghost waves can mitigate these gaps; however, conventional mirror migration suffers [...] Read more.

Seismic data migration is a critical step for accurate subsurface imaging. While Ocean Bottom Cable (OBC) surveys provide high-quality seismic data, reliance on primary reflections alone leads to significant illumination gaps. Receiver-side ghost waves can mitigate these gaps; however, conventional mirror migration suffers from low resolution and amplitude inaccuracy. To address these limitations, this study introduces a high-resolution mirror migration framework based on Point Spread Function (PSF)-guided inversion imaging. The methodology involves first separating the OBC wavefield to isolate ghost-wave components, followed by applying standard mirror migration to produce an initial, blurred image. Subsequently, the PSFs of down-going ghost waves are estimated to characterize imaging distortions, and image-domain least squares migration (LSM) is implemented via PSF deconvolution to reconstruct high-resolution reflectivity. Numerical experiments on complex models demonstrate that the proposed method preserves the additional illumination provided by this wavefield, substantially improves the spatial resolution of imaging targets, and enhances lateral continuity. Quantitative analysis confirms this enhancement through a significant extension of the effective vertical wavenumber bandwidth and the recovery of higher-frequency content. The framework provides a robust and computationally efficient solution for high-fidelity OBC imaging, enabling more reliable subsurface interpretation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Modeling and Waveform Inversion of Marine Seismic Data)

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24 pages, 1227 KB

Open AccessArticle

A Simplified Empirical Model for Predicting Residual Flexural Capacity of Corroded Prestressed Concrete Beams

by Mshtaq Ahmed, Ahmed K. El-Sayed, Abdulrahman M. Alhozaimy and Abdulaziz I. Al-Negheimish

Buildings 2025, 15(23), 4310; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15234310 (registering DOI) - 27 Nov 2025

Abstract

Prestressed concrete (PSC) beams are widely used in critical infrastructure but are highly susceptible to corrosion in aggressive environments, which can significantly compromise their structural performance. Accurate prediction of residual flexural capacity is crucial for evaluating the safety and serviceability of corroded PSC [...] Read more.

Prestressed concrete (PSC) beams are widely used in critical infrastructure but are highly susceptible to corrosion in aggressive environments, which can significantly compromise their structural performance. Accurate prediction of residual flexural capacity is crucial for evaluating the safety and serviceability of corroded PSC elements. This study presents a simplified empirical model for estimating the residual flexural strength of corroded PSC beams, with maximum strand mass loss serving as the key governing parameter. This approach is superior to existing models, which typically rely on average mass loss and fail to capture the localized stress concentrations induced by pitting corrosion. The model was developed from an experimental dataset of 31 corroded beams, covering maximum mass loss up to 90% using exponential regression. An extensive database of 124 test results from 19 independent studies was used for the purpose of verification and comparison with existing models. The proposed model was capable of effectively capturing the degradation trend and providing accurate and conservative predictions, with an average experimental-to-calculated capacity ratio of 1.04 and a coefficient of variation of 8.7%. Its direct reliance on maximum mass loss, which can be indirectly inferred from corrosion-induced crack widths, significantly enhances the practicality and safety of the model for field condition assessments and life-cycle management of PSC structures. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Research on Corrosion Resistance of Reinforced Concrete)

21 pages, 9735 KB

Open AccessArticle

A Comprehensive Approach to the Antidepressant-like Effect and Toxicity of Thunbergia alata Bojer ex Sims (Acanthaceae): Involvement of the Serotoninergic System

by Mayra Beatriz Gómez-Patiño, Ana María Dorantes-Barrón, Daniel Arrieta-Báez, Noé Jurado-Hernández, Julia Cassani, Rosa María Vigueras-Villaseñor, Lucía Martínez-Mota, Jessica A. Ibarra Ocaña and Rosa Estrada-Reyes

Pharmaceuticals 2025, 18(12), 1812; https://doi.org/10.3390/ph18121812 (registering DOI) - 27 Nov 2025

Abstract

Background: Thunbergia alata is employed in traditional medicine to treat culture-bound syndromes such as “susto” (fright) or “espanto” (fearfulness). These conditions may correlate with depressive disorders. However, there is no evidence that this species has antidepressant properties. Aims: To characterize the [...] Read more.

Background: Thunbergia alata is employed in traditional medicine to treat culture-bound syndromes such as “susto” (fright) or “espanto” (fearfulness). These conditions may correlate with depressive disorders. However, there is no evidence that this species has antidepressant properties. Aims: To characterize the antidepressant-like effect of an aqueous extract of T. alata in different paradigms and to analyze the role of brain monoamines in such actions. Methods: Independent groups of mice were treated with saline or the extract (1, 5, 10, 50, and 100 mg/kg; p.o.) and evaluated in the tail suspension (TST) and forced swimming tests (FST). Biochemical mechanisms were analyzed using inhibitors of monoamine synthesis, ligands of serotonergic receptors, and in vitro assays of MAO-A and MAO-B activity. Acute and sub-acute toxicity was evaluated. Results: The extract significantly reduced the immobility time of mice in both the TST and the FST, without affecting locomotor activity, as did the prototypical antidepressant desipramine. PCPA, AMPT, and NAN-190 abolished the extract’s effects on despair, while serotonergic ligands (8-OH-DPAT, fluoxetine, and pindolol) facilitated their antidepressant action. T. alata inhibited MAO-A and B activity. High doses of the extract produced no change in organ morphology; LD₅₀ was >2000 mg/kg. Conclusions: This is the first study to demonstrate that an aqueous extract of T. alata produces antidepressant effects mediated by the monoamine brain levels, especially serotonin. In addition to its use in culture-bounded syndromes, the present findings of safety and efficacy give support to the proposal that T. alata may be used in the treatment of depression. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Neuropharmacology of Plant Extracts and Their Active Compounds)

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23 pages, 1642 KB

Open AccessArticle

A Grey Wolf Optimization Approach for Solving Constrained Economic Dispatch in Power Systems

by Olukorede Tijani Adenuga and Senthil Krishnamurthy

Sustainability 2025, 17(23), 10648; https://doi.org/10.3390/su172310648 (registering DOI) - 27 Nov 2025

Abstract

In this study, the economic dispatch problems, which are indispensable in electrical engineering, are addressed utilizing Grey Wolf Optimization (GWO). Conventional mathematical methods struggle to provide quick, reliable solutions to nonlinear problems in power systems with many generation units. An economic dispatch solution [...] Read more.

In this study, the economic dispatch problems, which are indispensable in electrical engineering, are addressed utilizing Grey Wolf Optimization (GWO). Conventional mathematical methods struggle to provide quick, reliable solutions to nonlinear problems in power systems with many generation units. An economic dispatch solution operates by allocating generation sets with the lowest fuel costs to meet predetermined power balance constraints. GWO is a meta-heuristic set of rules that has garnered significant attention in the literature due to its suitable exploratory and exploitative properties, rapid and mature convergence rate, and straightforward architecture. When dealing with a nonlinear constraints problem, such as ED, it has gained significant recognition for its balance of exploration and exploitation, reliable convergence characteristics, and simple implementation framework. The proposed Grey Wolf Optimization algorithm is evaluated using real-world generation case benchmark comparisons for 3-unit, 6-unit, and 15-unit systems. Results demonstrate the impact of incorporating renewable energy source (RES) uncertainty; fuel costs increase significantly from USD 7598 to USD 21,240 for the 3-unit system, USD 13,397 to USD 46,216,658 for the 6-unit system, and USD 32,622.55 to USD 33,723.11 for the 15-unit system, highlighting that RES integration is more economically viable in larger systems. The paper’s significant contribution is its essential mechanism for power systems, which enables lower global energy costs, improved operational efficiency, and enhanced grid reliability through strategic resource allocation in a constrained economic dispatch energy management system. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Power Systems Optimization and Sustainable Energy)

12 pages, 923 KB

Open AccessArticle

Analysis of Actual Transmitted Power from Hundreds of FR2 Radio Base Stations over One Month in Urban Areas in Japan

by Ryota Ishioka, Takahiro Iyama, Junji Higashiyama, Fumihiko Hada, Yasunori Suzuki and Satoshi Suyama

Electronics 2025, 14(23), 4676; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics14234676 (registering DOI) - 27 Nov 2025

Abstract

This study analyzes the actual transmitted power from 5G beamforming radio base stations (BF-RBSs) to clarify the effectiveness and issues of an actual maximum approach specified in the International Electrotechnical Commission 62232:2025. The actual maximum approach is a new compliance assessment method for [...] Read more.

This study analyzes the actual transmitted power from 5G beamforming radio base stations (BF-RBSs) to clarify the effectiveness and issues of an actual maximum approach specified in the International Electrotechnical Commission 62232:2025. The actual maximum approach is a new compliance assessment method for electromagnetic field exposure levels from BF-RBSs based on time-averaged transmitted power. In this study, the actual maximum transmitted power every 5 or 30 min from more than 400 BF-RBSs using millimeter waves in urban areas in Japan was collected using a network management system over a period of one month. For each BF-RBS, normalized actual transmitted power was derived as the ratio of actual to configured maximum transmitted power. As a result of this measurement, the maximum value of normalized actual transmitted power was approximately −3 dB when the number of sets of user equipment (UEs) in the BF-RBS was less than two with high data traffic. Moreover, statistical analysis results of the measurement data shows that the actual maximum approach may underestimate the electromagnetic field exposure levels from a BF-RBS with three or fewer UEs when the actual transmitted power of the BF-RBSs is not monitored and controlled to maintain a level below the threshold. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Innovations in Electromagnetic Field Measurements and Applications)

29 pages, 1722 KB

Open AccessArticle

Maternal Adiposity, Milk Production and Removal, and Infant Milk Intake During Established Lactation

by Zoya Gridneva, Ashleigh H. Warden, Xuehua Jin, Jacki L. McEachran, Ching Tat Lai, Sharon L. Perrella and Donna T. Geddes

Nutrients 2025, 17(23), 3726; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17233726 (registering DOI) - 27 Nov 2025

Abstract

Background: Whilst maternal body mass index (BMI) is linked to suboptimal breastfeeding outcomes, maternal body composition has not been assessed with respect to milk production (MP). Methods: Lactating mothers 1–6 months postpartum (n = 281) completed a demographic questionnaire and a 24 [...] Read more.

Background: Whilst maternal body mass index (BMI) is linked to suboptimal breastfeeding outcomes, maternal body composition has not been assessed with respect to milk production (MP). Methods: Lactating mothers 1–6 months postpartum (n = 281) completed a demographic questionnaire and a 24 h MP measurement using the test-weigh method, enabling the calculation of 24 h MP parameters, breast storage capacity (BSC) and the percentage of available milk removed (PAMR). Body composition was measured with bioimpedance spectroscopy. Linear regression models were used to determine maternal and infant factors associated with MP parameters; structural equation modelling was used to assess the mediating role of BSC. Results: Higher maternal adiposity was associated with lower BSC (p ≤ 0.028), MP (p ≤ 0.003), infant breast milk intake (p ≤ 0.003) and total milk intake (p ≤ 0.026). Higher BSC was associated with higher MP (p < 0.001), with BSC confirmed as a mediator of the relationship between adiposity and MP (67.5%). Mean PAMR was negatively associated with BSC and milk removal frequency (both p < 0.001), and was lower in occasionally pumping compared to breastfeeding only (p = 0.037) and exclusively pumping mothers (p = 0.012). Conclusions: Our findings confirm maternal adiposity as a major contributor to low MP and reveal BSC, which is a measure of glandular tissue volume or breast development, as a mediator between adiposity and MP. This provides a rationale for antenatal lactation assessment of mothers and timely intervention in high-risk mothers to ensure they reach their full lactation potential. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Nutritional and Supportive Interventions for Breastfeeding Success)

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26 pages, 3481 KB

Open AccessArticle

Integration of TLS and HLS Data for Non-Destructive Structural Damage Assessment of Building Structures: A Case Study of a Small Hydropower Plant

by Piotr Kędziorski, Jacek Katzer and Marcin Jagoda

Materials 2025, 18(23), 5352; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma18235352 (registering DOI) - 27 Nov 2025

Abstract

This study demonstrates the effectiveness of integrating terrestrial laser scanning (TLS) and handheld laser scanning (HLS) for structural diagnostics. The research was conducted on a Small Hydropower Plant (SHP) in Koszalin, Poland. TLS was used to capture the general geometry of the object, [...] Read more.

This study demonstrates the effectiveness of integrating terrestrial laser scanning (TLS) and handheld laser scanning (HLS) for structural diagnostics. The research was conducted on a Small Hydropower Plant (SHP) in Koszalin, Poland. TLS was used to capture the general geometry of the object, while HLS operating in infrared (IR) and blue light modes enabled high-resolution documentation of local damage. Areas of interest were identified using the Surface Variation parameter, and selected zones were scanned with HLS. Both HLS modes delivered consistent results, with differences not exceeding ±0.37 mm. The IR mode proved particularly useful in constrained spaces, allowing for precise measurements without the use of reference markers. Comparative analyses of cross-sections through a major crack confirmed that both HLS modes produce repeatable results with submillimeter accuracy. Integrating TLS and HLS data resolved blind spots inherent to TLS and produced a complete point cloud preserving both global geometry and local detail. The findings confirm the applicability of this hybrid approach in assessing structural damage and highlight its relevance in civil engineering applications. The proposed workflow is effective for documenting inaccessible or complex geometries while optimizing data volume and acquisition time (R1-C10). Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in the Nondestructive Testing of Construction and Building Materials)

30 pages, 718 KB

Open AccessArticle

Barriers and Enablers to Emergency Preparedness and Service Continuity: A Survey of Australian Community-Based Health and Social Care Organisations

by Kuo-yi Jade Chang, Farhana Haque Nila, Ivy Yen, Bronwyn Simpson and Michelle Villeneuve

Sustainability 2025, 17(23), 10649; https://doi.org/10.3390/su172310649 (registering DOI) - 27 Nov 2025

Abstract

Community-based organisations (CBOs) play a crucial role supporting clients during emergencies yet often lack adequate preparation. This study examined how Australian CBOs perceived and enacted dual responsibilities: ensuring service continuity during emergencies and facilitating person-centred preparedness for high-risk populations. A national cross-sectional online [...] Read more.

Community-based organisations (CBOs) play a crucial role supporting clients during emergencies yet often lack adequate preparation. This study examined how Australian CBOs perceived and enacted dual responsibilities: ensuring service continuity during emergencies and facilitating person-centred preparedness for high-risk populations. A national cross-sectional online survey of community-based health and social care organisations was conducted between December 2021 and April 2022, employing strategic outreach and snowball sampling. Among 244 respondents, disability services (69%) and housing and homelessness services (27%) were the most common providers. Many organisations showed strong emergency preparedness, including comprehensive insurance, staff empowerment, and adaptive service delivery. Barriers to business continuity plans (BCPs) included resource constraints and limited emergency information access. Organisations with established networks and collaborations with emergency services demonstrated greater capacity for sustained service delivery (p < 0.001). Logistic regression analysis revealed local networking with emergency service agencies was positively associated with CBOs’ ability to support client preparedness (p < 0.001), while lack of tools (p = 0.007) and training (p = 0.037) limited capacity to facilitate person-centred emergency planning for high-risk populations. Embedding business continuity planning within operations and strengthening cross-sector collaboration can enable CBOs to fulfil their aforementioned dual responsibilities, while advancing sustainable organisational resilience and inclusive disaster risk reduction. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Disaster Risk Reduction and Sustainability)

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27 pages, 1785 KB

Open AccessArticle

Shared Power–Hydrogen Energy Storage Capacity Planning and Economic Assessment for Renewable Energy Bases

by Peidong Han, Yankai Zhu, Lifei Ma, Shilin Ru, Yinzhang Peng, Wenxin Li, Wenhui Shi and Meimei Zhang

Processes 2025, 13(12), 3838; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr13123838 (registering DOI) - 27 Nov 2025

Abstract

Large-scale renewable energy bases in desert regions face challenges of unstable output and inefficient utilization due to the fluctuating nature of wind and solar power. To address these issues, this study proposes an optimization model for shared hybrid electricity–hydrogen energy storage across multiple [...] Read more.

Large-scale renewable energy bases in desert regions face challenges of unstable output and inefficient utilization due to the fluctuating nature of wind and solar power. To address these issues, this study proposes an optimization model for shared hybrid electricity–hydrogen energy storage across multiple micro-energy systems. The model minimizes the total investment and operation cost under electricity–hydrogen coupling and system balance constraints, and an improved Shapley value method is introduced to ensure fair cost allocation among participants. A case study based on a desert renewable base shows that the proposed shared configuration reduces the total annualized cost by 10.36% and increases renewable energy utilization by 12.19% compared with independent electrical storage systems. These results demonstrate that shared hybrid storage can effectively enhance energy utilization and cost efficiency in large-scale renewable energy bases, providing a feasible approach for integrated power–hydrogen energy management. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Evaluation, Decision-Making and Market Simulation of a New Type of Power System)

27 pages, 1872 KB

Open AccessReview

Xanthan Gum-Driven Innovations for Reinventing Food Preservation

by Zeba Tabassum, Abhinav Anand, Rishab Bhanot, Madhuri Girdhar, Anil Kumar, Narsimha Mamidi and Anand Mohan

Polymers 2025, 17(23), 3160; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym17233160 (registering DOI) - 27 Nov 2025

Abstract

Continuous anthropogenic inputs have raised environmental concerns regarding non-degradable plastics derived from non-renewable petrochemicals, creating an urgent need for sustainable alternatives and driving a paradigm shift toward bioplastics. This review investigates the transformative role of the natural biopolymer xanthan gum as an eco-friendly [...] Read more.

Continuous anthropogenic inputs have raised environmental concerns regarding non-degradable plastics derived from non-renewable petrochemicals, creating an urgent need for sustainable alternatives and driving a paradigm shift toward bioplastics. This review investigates the transformative role of the natural biopolymer xanthan gum as an eco-friendly additive in advancing biodegradable materials. Derived from Xanthomonas campestris, xanthan gum offers non-toxicity, biodegradability, and strong compatibility. The literature indicates that its negative charge enables interactions with positively charged molecules, enhancing composite properties such as mechanical strength. Although xanthan gum has limitations when used alone, it functions as an effective additive in packaging applications. The novelty of this work lies in exploring diverse techniques and formulations for integrating xanthan gum into bioplastic films and coatings, emphasizing its role in reinforcing biopolymer structures. As a sustainable alternative, xanthan gum-based composites preserve food quality and extend shelf life by providing protection against moisture, oxygen, UV radiation, and microbial contamination. Realizing its full potential requires optimized formulations to prevent structural disruptions and reduced stretchability at higher xanthan gum concentrations. Continued research, especially leveraging nanotechnology, is essential to amplify its advantages and address related challenges. This review highlights xanthan gum’s pivotal contribution to bioplastic innovation, presenting a strong case for its broader adoption in the food packaging industry. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Bio-Based Polymers for Sustainable Packaging)

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22 pages, 4926 KB

Open AccessArticle

Recycling Copper (Cu) from Waste Automotive Printed Circuit Boards (WPCBs) After Characterization and Liberation Study by Mineral Processing Techniques

by Mahsa Pourmohammad, Josep Oliva, Hernan Anticoi, Carlos Hoffmann Sampaio, Pura Alfonso, César Valderrama, Jose Luis Cortina and Percy Escalante

Minerals 2025, 15(12), 1259; https://doi.org/10.3390/min15121259 (registering DOI) - 27 Nov 2025

Abstract

Waste printed circuit boards (WPCBs) are one of the fastest-growing waste streams and pose a significant environmental challenge while also representing a valuable secondary resource due to their rich metal content, particularly copper (Cu). Since effective recovery of metals requires mechanical pre-treatment and [...] Read more.

Waste printed circuit boards (WPCBs) are one of the fastest-growing waste streams and pose a significant environmental challenge while also representing a valuable secondary resource due to their rich metal content, particularly copper (Cu). Since effective recovery of metals requires mechanical pre-treatment and advanced characterization, WPCB boards were subjected to size reduction and then characterized through X-ray fluorescence (XRF), inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES), scanning electron microscopy (SEM-EDS), and mineral liberation analysis (MLA). Results indicated that copper is predominantly found in coarser particle sizes due to its ductility, while glass fibers and ceramics dominate finer fractions. Liberation studies revealed that Cu is essentially free in fine particles (<100 μm) but tends to remain locked in coarser fractions. Based on these results, gravity separation methods were employed to concentrate the copper: coarse particles (>300 μm) were treated on a shaking table, achieving a Cu recovery of 95%, while fine particles (<300 μm) were processed using a multi-gravity separator (MGS), with recoveries of 94% for 100 × 300 μm and 81.5% for <100 μm size fractions. This study presents a gravity-based separation strategy that combines shaking tables and MGS to optimize Cu recovery from automotive WPCBs. To the authors’ knowledge, the MGS application for WPCBs has received little attention, despite its strong potential for separating this type of waste. The proposed methodology enhances the concentration and purity of the metallic fraction (in this case, Cu), especially in fine particles, which are challenging to work with, while reducing environmental impacts through minimal chemical use, thereby contributing to sustainable e-waste recycling. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Waste Valorization: Recycling and Recovery of Critical and Strategic Metals)

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25 pages, 7259 KB

Open AccessArticle

A Novel Stagger Prediction Method for Overhead Rigid Conductor Systems Using Force Measurements

by Dong Zou, Rui Liu, Xing Su, Zixuan Xu, Zhichao Wang, Duanyang Cai, Xiaoxu Shen and Yao Cheng

Machines 2025, 13(12), 1098; https://doi.org/10.3390/machines13121098 (registering DOI) - 27 Nov 2025

Abstract

Overhead Rigid Conductor Systems (ORCS) are widely used in modern urban rail networks, where precise monitoring of contact wire geometry is critical for safe operation. Traditionally, these critical parameters have been primarily obtained through expensive and environmentally sensitive industrial camera systems, presenting significant [...] Read more.

Overhead Rigid Conductor Systems (ORCS) are widely used in modern urban rail networks, where precise monitoring of contact wire geometry is critical for safe operation. Traditionally, these critical parameters have been primarily obtained through expensive and environmentally sensitive industrial camera systems, presenting significant limitations. This work presents a novel framework for predicting dynamic stagger and localizating section overlaps within ORCS, offering a more cost-effective and robust alternative. The methodology integrates three components: a beam-based model to obtain dynamic stagger under moving-load conditions, a difference matrix representation with kurtosis-guided lag selection and prominence-informed peak detection for overlap localization, and zero-phase Butterworth filtering to suppress dynamic pulsations. The framework was validated on 32 distinct overlap segments across both triangular and sinusoidal ORCS geometries. The section overlap classifier achieved an

F_{β}

-score of 1 for both layout types, indicating 100% identification of overlaps. Furthermore, the framework exhibits excellent prediction of the stagger probability distribution, with Bhattacharyya distances between measured and predicted distributions of 0.0115 for triangular layouts and 0.0517 for sinusoidal layouts. The section-wise mean Bhattacharyya distance was validated as 0.0734, and the framework maintained robustness across ±10% speed fluctuations. This research provides a reliable, robust, and economically viable method for ORCS dynamic stagger monitoring. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Intelligent Vibration Control and Condition Monitoring in Smart Structures and Electromechanical Systems)

22 pages, 109432 KB

Open AccessArticle

Urban Informal Settlement Classification via Cross-Scale Hierarchical Perception Fusion Network Using Remote Sensing and Street View Images

by Jun Hu, Xiaohui Huang, Tianyi Ren and Liner Zhang

Remote Sens. 2025, 17(23), 3841; https://doi.org/10.3390/rs17233841 (registering DOI) - 27 Nov 2025

Abstract

Urban informal settlements (UISs), characterized by self-organized housing, a high population density, inadequate infrastructure, and insecure land tenure, constitute a critical, yet underexplored, aspect of contemporary urbanization. They necessitate scholarly scrutiny to tackle pressing challenges pertaining to equity, sustainability, and urban governance. The [...] Read more.

Urban informal settlements (UISs), characterized by self-organized housing, a high population density, inadequate infrastructure, and insecure land tenure, constitute a critical, yet underexplored, aspect of contemporary urbanization. They necessitate scholarly scrutiny to tackle pressing challenges pertaining to equity, sustainability, and urban governance. The automated, accurate, and rapid extraction of UISs is of paramount importance for sustainable urban development. Despite its significance, this process encounters substantial obstacles. Firstly, from a remote sensing standpoint, informal settlements are typically characterized by a low elevation and a high density, giving rise to intricate spatial relationships. Secondly, the remote sensing observational features of these areas are often indistinct due to variations in shooting angles and imaging environments. Prior studies in remote sensing and geospatial data analysis have often overlooked the cross-modal interactions of features, as well as the progressive information encoded in the intrinsic hierarchies of each modality. We introduced a spatial network to solve this problem by combining panoramic and coarse-to-fine asymptotic perspectives, using remote sensing images and urban street view images to support a hierarchical analysis through fusion. Specifically, we utilized a multi-linear pooling technique and then established coarse-to-fine-grained and panoramic viewpoint details within an integrated structure, known as the panoramic fusion network (PanFusion-Net). Comprehensive testing was performed on a self-constructed WuhanUIS dataset as well as two open-source datasets, ChinaUIS and

S^{2} U V

. The experimental results confirmed that the performance of the introduced PanFusion-Net exceeded all comparative models across all of the above datasets. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Urban Remote Sensing)

77 pages, 18938 KB

Open AccessArticle

Rainfall Disaggregation in Data-Scarce Regions Using the Random Bartlett-Lewis Rectangular Pulse Model

by Sofia Skroufouta and Evangelos Baltas

Climate 2025, 13(12), 242; https://doi.org/10.3390/cli13120242 (registering DOI) - 27 Nov 2025

Abstract

Rainfall disaggregation is a key challenge in hydrology, especially in regions with limited high-resolution records. This study applies the Random Bartlett–Lewis Rectangular Pulse Model to four regions of Hellas to generate hourly rainfall from daily totals. The work is novel in evaluating the [...] Read more.

Rainfall disaggregation is a key challenge in hydrology, especially in regions with limited high-resolution records. This study applies the Random Bartlett–Lewis Rectangular Pulse Model to four regions of Hellas to generate hourly rainfall from daily totals. The work is novel in evaluating the model under data-scarce Mediterranean conditions, incorporating a two-tiered uncertainty analysis, testing alternative pulse intensity distributions (Gamma and Exponential), and comparing its performance with a deterministic machine learning (ML) approach. Results show that the RBLRPM reproduces essential rainfall properties such as variance, autocorrelation, skewness, and dry spell probabilities, even when calibrated with as little as three years of data. The ML approach ensures perfect conservation of daily totals and computational efficiency, but it smooths temporal variability and underestimates extremes. By contrast, the stochastic RBLRPM captures clustering, intermittency, and heavy tails more realistically, which is crucial for hydrological design and flood risk analysis. The Gamma distribution consistently outperforms the Exponential form, though both remain applicable. Overall, the Gamma-based RBLRPM offers a robust and transferable method for rainfall disaggregation in data-limited contexts, highlighting the importance of stochastic approaches for water resource management, infrastructure resilience, and climate adaptation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances of Flood Risk Assessment and Management)

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20 pages, 5664 KB

Open AccessArticle

Identification of Exercise-Related Signature Genes Potentially Associated with Cocaine Addiction by Integrating Bioinformatics and Mendelian Randomization Analysis

by Jinke He, Xiaoyu Deng, Yuxuan Deng and Xiao Huang

Genes 2025, 16(12), 1414; https://doi.org/10.3390/genes16121414 (registering DOI) - 27 Nov 2025

Abstract

Background: Exercise is a promising non-pharmacological intervention for cocaine addiction but molecular mechanisms of exercise-related genes in addiction remain unclear. This study aimed to identify exercise-related signature genes for cocaine addiction and to assess the potential causal relationship between exercise and cocaine [...] Read more.

Background: Exercise is a promising non-pharmacological intervention for cocaine addiction but molecular mechanisms of exercise-related genes in addiction remain unclear. This study aimed to identify exercise-related signature genes for cocaine addiction and to assess the potential causal relationship between exercise and cocaine addiction using two-sample Mendelian randomization (MR) analysis. Methods: Midbrain transcriptomic data were analyzed for differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and intersected with exercise-related genes. Functional enrichment, protein-protein interaction (PPI) and immune infiltration analyses explored their roles while signature genes were screened via LASSO/Random Forest and validated by ROC curves. GSEA explored pathways and MR confirmed exercise’s causal effect. Results: A total of 244 DEGs were identified,including 27 exercise-related, and six signature genes (CALM3, CCL2, CD44, CLIC1, JUN, VCAM1) showed AUC values between 0.714 and 0.868 in distinguishing cocaine-addicted individuals from controls. Functional analyses revealed enrichment in immune-inflammatory pathways, metabolic processes and neuro-immune interactions and immune infiltration analysis showed cocaine addicts had elevated pro-inflammatory cells, reduced regulatory cells and signature genes correlated with immune dysregulations. MR analysis suggested a statistically significant protective association between genetically proxied higher levels of exercise and cocaine addiction risk (p < 0.05). Conclusions: These six genes may be potential biomarkers and therapeutic targets, and exercise may protect against cocaine addiction by regulating immune-inflammatory responses, metabolic pathways and neuroplasticity, although further validation in larger, independent cohorts and experimental models is required. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Bioinformatics)

23 pages, 6637 KB

Open AccessArticle

Machine Learning-Based Prediction of Soil Bulk Density Using Soil Penetration Resistance and Moisture

by Xiaole Zeng, Jian Wu, Baofeng Di and Chengmin Huang

Agronomy 2025, 15(12), 2737; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy15122737 (registering DOI) - 27 Nov 2025

Abstract

Soil bulk density (BD) is a critical indicator for evaluating soil physical properties and compaction levels. However, the traditional core method is labor-intensive, time-consuming, and destructive. Given the significant positive correlation between BD and soil penetration resistance (PR), and the crucial influence of [...] Read more.

Soil bulk density (BD) is a critical indicator for evaluating soil physical properties and compaction levels. However, the traditional core method is labor-intensive, time-consuming, and destructive. Given the significant positive correlation between BD and soil penetration resistance (PR), and the crucial influence of gravimetric water content (GW), this study investigated the potential of using PR and GW data to predict BD. We integrated datasets from three representative study sites in China and Brazil, covering diverse soil texture types (sandy loam, clay loam, and clay), and employed two traditional empirical models (Multiple Linear Regression (MLR) and Multiple Nonlinear Regression (MNLR)) and three advanced machine learning (ML) models (Random Forest (RF), Support Vector Machine (SVM), and Extreme Gradient Boosting (XGB)) for prediction. The results demonstrated that the ML models significantly outperformed the traditional empirical models in prediction accuracy. On the independent validation set, the RF model exhibited the highest predictive performance, achieving a coefficient of determination (R²) as high as 0.932 and a root mean square error (RMSE) of only 0.074 g cm⁻³. Feature importance analysis indicated that GW was the most influential factor for predicting BD, showing a negative correlation. Furthermore, a critical accelerating point in the nonlinear positive relationship between BD and PR was identified at GW = 0.15 g g⁻¹. Our findings confirm that ML approaches, especially RF and SVM models, offer an efficient and high-accuracy alternative for the rapid, routine estimation of soil BD, providing a crucial quantitative basis for managing agricultural soil compaction, while recognizing their limitations in transferability to environments with different soil characteristics or limited data availability. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Precision and Digital Agriculture)

13 pages, 2798 KB

Open AccessArticle

Selective Adsorption of Rare-Earth Elements: Loading and Stripping Behavior of the 2D MOF NCU-1 Across pH and Time Domains

by Easton Sadler, Michael L. Free, Gagan Kumar and Prashant K. Sarswat

Processes 2025, 13(12), 3839; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr13123839 (registering DOI) - 27 Nov 2025

Abstract

Rare-earth elements (REEs) are integral in a wide range of advanced technologies. Increasing demand for REEs, geopolitical tensions that threaten supply chains, and environmental strain due to extraction operations necessitate the development of new separation and purification methods. Novel selective adsorbents offer a [...] Read more.

Rare-earth elements (REEs) are integral in a wide range of advanced technologies. Increasing demand for REEs, geopolitical tensions that threaten supply chains, and environmental strain due to extraction operations necessitate the development of new separation and purification methods. Novel selective adsorbents offer a promising alternative to traditional precipitation and solvent extraction due to high selectivity, surface area, and reusability. This research provides insight into the loading and stripping behavior of the 2-D Metal–Organic Framework (MOF) ‘NCU-1’ over multiple pH conditions and time domains in chloride media. NCU-1 structures were synthesized using standard methods, then evaluated for kinetics and equilibria via batch testing. Pseudo-first-order kinetics was used to model the adsorption behavior of all REEs tested. The kinetic trends between elements support a mechanism in which sorption affinity and rate correlate with REE ionic radius and surface interaction strength. The preliminary evaluation presented here suggests that such units are highly useful for both solution purification and the separation of light rare-earth (LREE) from heavy rare-earth elements (HREE). Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Research Progress in Nano Thin Film Technology)

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42 pages, 16729 KB

Open AccessArticle

The Potential of the Vistula–Bug Interfluve Resources in the Context of the Sustainable Management of Non-Renewable Phosphorus Resources in Poland

by Beata Gebus-Czupyt, Miłosz Huber, Jacek Stienss, Greta Brancaleoni, Joanna Hryciuk, Urszula Maciołek, Krzysztof Siwek and Stanisław Chmiel

Resources 2025, 14(12), 182; https://doi.org/10.3390/resources14120182 (registering DOI) - 27 Nov 2025

Abstract

Phosphorus is one of the elements necessary for life and the proper growth of organisms, including humans, yet its natural resources are very limited. The bioavailability of phosphorus is especially critical during the initial phases of plant growth. A deficiency at this stage [...] Read more.

Phosphorus is one of the elements necessary for life and the proper growth of organisms, including humans, yet its natural resources are very limited. The bioavailability of phosphorus is especially critical during the initial phases of plant growth. A deficiency at this stage cannot be fully compensated for later, even despite increased phosphorous supplementation. Global reserves of phosphate rocks, the main source of phosphorus used in fertilizer production, are gradually being depleted. This situation prompts the need to search for alternative sources and to pay closer attention to the sustainable management of available resources. In this article, we focus on the Vistula–Bug interfluve in southeastern Poland, where relatively high phosphate concentrations have been documented. Our goal is to present geochemical and mineralogical data from bedrock in the areas richest in phosphorus and to discuss their significance in the context of domestic phosphorous management, with particular reference to southeastern Poland. We also discuss phosphate fertilizer production in Poland and its use in agriculture as well as phosphorus content in groundwater and surface water in the study area, with emphasis on the most readily assimilable forms, orthophosphates. Finally, we address the challenges of sustainable phosphorous management at both the local and global scale. Full article

25 pages, 324 KB

Open AccessGuidelines

Consensus on Malignant and Benign Tumors in Pediatric Patients with Neurofibromatosis Type 1: On Behalf of the Brazilian Society of Pediatric Oncology (SOBOPE)

by Luiz Guilherme Darrigo Junior, Viviane Sonaglio, Sima Esther Ferman, Eliana Caran, Neviçolino Pereira Carvalho Filho, Sidnei Epelman, Vicky Nogueira Pileggi, Julia Lima, Ruth Bartelli Grigolon and Mauro Geller

Curr. Oncol. 2025, 32(12), 664; https://doi.org/10.3390/curroncol32120664 (registering DOI) - 27 Nov 2025

Abstract

Neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) is an inherited, autosomal dominant syndrome that affects about 1 in every 3000 people worldwide. Early tumor detection is crucial for surveillance and intervention, especially given the potential for serious complications, including visual impairment, skeletal deformities, and malignancy. Therefore, [...] Read more.

Neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) is an inherited, autosomal dominant syndrome that affects about 1 in every 3000 people worldwide. Early tumor detection is crucial for surveillance and intervention, especially given the potential for serious complications, including visual impairment, skeletal deformities, and malignancy. Therefore, it is essential for pediatricians and other healthcare professionals who provide care to these patients to be aware of all signs, treatments, and management strategies to deliver the best possible care. This study aims to develop a consensus for the diagnosis, treatment, and management of benign and malignant tumors associated with pediatric patients with NF1. Delphi methodology was used to achieve consensus among experts on the diagnostic accuracy, therapeutic efficacy, safety, and surveillance of pediatric patients with NF1. The consensus made 24 recommendations: gliomas in the optic pathway—6 statements, non-optical gliomas—2 statements, plexiform neurofibromas—5 statements, malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors (MPNST)—6 statements, melanoma—1 statement, juvenile myelomonocytic leukemia (JMML)—1 statement, pheochromocytoma and paraganglioma—2 statements, and gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GIST)—1 statement. This consensus represents the first Brazilian recommendations on malignant and benign tumors in pediatric patients with NF1, providing a framework to standardize and optimize the clinical application for this disease. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Neurofibromatosis Type 1 (NF1) Tumor Spectrum)

22 pages, 3906 KB

Open AccessArticle

Control System for an Open-Winding Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor Fed by a Four-Leg Inverter

by Hai Lin, Siyi Cheng, Zhixin Jing and Weiyu Liu

Appl. Sci. 2025, 15(23), 12582; https://doi.org/10.3390/app152312582 (registering DOI) - 27 Nov 2025

Abstract

This paper employs a four-leg inverter topology to mitigate the high cost and zero-sequence current suppression challenges associated with dual-inverter open-winding permanent magnet synchronous motor (OW-PMSM) systems. Building on this topology, an improved current hysteresis control strategy incorporating a switching-state lookup table is [...] Read more.

This paper employs a four-leg inverter topology to mitigate the high cost and zero-sequence current suppression challenges associated with dual-inverter open-winding permanent magnet synchronous motor (OW-PMSM) systems. Building on this topology, an improved current hysteresis control strategy incorporating a switching-state lookup table is proposed to suppress switching frequency fluctuations and current ripple. The developed system maintains high DC-link utilization and low cost while addressing the modulation complexity of conventional vector control and the switching frequency instability inherent in traditional hysteresis control. The study establishes a mathematical model of the OW-PMSM, analyzes the voltage vector distribution of the four-leg inverter, and designs an enhanced hysteresis control algorithm. By utilizing a predefined switching table to regulate switching logic in real time, the strategy achieves fixed switching frequency and effective harmonic suppression while preserving the fast-response characteristics of conventional hysteresis control. The experimental results demonstrate that the proposed control strategy achieves superior performance, effectively suppressing current ripple and providing ample stability margin, thereby validating its feasibility and effectiveness for practical engineering applications. Full article

17 pages, 4282 KB

Open AccessArticle

Host Range Expansion and Dual Ecological Roles of an Invasive African Seed Predator on Native and Introduced Plants in Hawai‘i

by Mohsen M. Ramadan and Midori Tuda

Plants 2025, 14(23), 3620; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14233620 (registering DOI) - 27 Nov 2025

Abstract

Invasive seed predators can severely affect the reproduction of long-lived trees, especially when host range expansion occurs. The beetle Specularius impressithorax (Chrysomelidae: Bruchinae), native to Africa, has become established in Hawaiʻi where it attacks the endemic coral tree (Erythrina sandwicensis; Wiliwili). [...] Read more.

Invasive seed predators can severely affect the reproduction of long-lived trees, especially when host range expansion occurs. The beetle Specularius impressithorax (Chrysomelidae: Bruchinae), native to Africa, has become established in Hawaiʻi where it attacks the endemic coral tree (Erythrina sandwicensis; Wiliwili). Here, we report the infestation of an African coral tree (E. livingstoniana) by this beetle and assess its performance and oviposition patterns on native and non-native hosts. Field surveys showed that eggs were aggregated on both hosts but more abundant on E. sandwicensis than on E. livingstoniana. Laboratory assays revealed no difference in larva-to-adult survival between the two hosts, although adults emerging from E. sandwicensis were larger. Choice tests indicated no oviposition preference between the two Erythrina species, despite the larger seed size of E. sandwicensis. To explore potential host range expansion, trials were run on economic legumes with varying phylogenetic distance from Erythrina, which showed oviposition on peanut (Arachis hypogaea) with low but successful survival (10.3%), while no development occurred on broad bean or pigeon pea. More E. sandwicensis seeds germinated when infested by a single early-stage larva (70% germination) than when uninfested (20%), suggesting that minimal seed predation may facilitate germination because previously reported greater damage induced by infestation through adulthood reduces germination. Our findings highlight the ecological flexibility of an invasive bruchine, its potential to exploit other Faboideae plants, and the dual role of seed predators as both threats and facilitators of seed germination. These results have implications for conservation of endemic coral trees and for understanding invasion dynamics of shared seed predators. Additionally, we examined non-botanical substrate filled with seed powder for oviposition and compiled global host records of S. impressithorax to contextualize its host range expansion. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Conservation of Plant Diversity and Vegetation in Island Ecosystems)

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