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23 pages, 4010 KB

Open AccessArticle

A Multi-Sensor Fusion Approach for the Assessment of Water Stress in Woody Plants

by Jun Zhu, Shihao Qin, Yanyi Liu, Qiang Fu and Yin Wu

Forests 2025, 16(12), 1785; https://doi.org/10.3390/f16121785 (registering DOI) - 27 Nov 2025

Climate change poses significant threats to forest ecosystems, with drought stress being a major factor affecting tree growth and survival. The accurate and early diagnosis of plant water status is, therefore, critical for advancing climate-smart forestry. However, traditional monitoring approaches often rely on [...] Read more.

Climate change poses significant threats to forest ecosystems, with drought stress being a major factor affecting tree growth and survival. The accurate and early diagnosis of plant water status is, therefore, critical for advancing climate-smart forestry. However, traditional monitoring approaches often rely on single-sensor data or manual field surveys, limiting their capacity to comprehensively capture the complex physiological and structural dynamics of plants under water deficit. To address this gap, this study developed an indoor multi-sensor phenotyping platform, based on a three-axis mobile truss system, which integrates a hyperspectral camera, a thermal infrared imager, and a LiDAR scanner for coordinated high-throughput data acquisition. We further propose a novel hybrid model, the Whale Optimization Algorithm-based Multi-Kernel Extreme Learning Machine (WOA-MK-ELM), which enhances classification robustness by adaptively fusing hyperspectral and thermal features within a dual Gaussian kernel space. We use Perilla frutescens as a model species, achieving an accuracy of 93.03%, an average precision of 93.11%, an average recall of 94.04%, and an F1-score of 0.94 in water stress degree classification. The results demonstrate that the proposed framework not only achieves high prediction accuracy but also provides a powerful prototype and a robust analytical approach for smart forestry and early warning systems. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Climate-Smart Forestry: Forest Monitoring in a Multi-Sensor Approach)

20 pages, 1156 KB

Open AccessReview

Establishing a Salvage Endoscopic Electroporation (SEE) Service for Colorectal Cancer: The King’s Protocol for Clinical Implementation

by Ademola Adeyeye and Amyn Haji

J. Clin. Med. 2025, 14(23), 8436; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm14238436 (registering DOI) - 27 Nov 2025

Abstract

Background: Endoscopic Electroporation (EE) is an innovative minimally invasive therapy that utilises short electrical pulses combined with intratumoural (IT) calcium or IT/intravenous (IV) chemotherapy to induce tumour cell death in colorectal cancer (CRC). Based on electrochemotherapy protocols developed for the treatment of skin [...] Read more.

Background: Endoscopic Electroporation (EE) is an innovative minimally invasive therapy that utilises short electrical pulses combined with intratumoural (IT) calcium or IT/intravenous (IV) chemotherapy to induce tumour cell death in colorectal cancer (CRC). Based on electrochemotherapy protocols developed for the treatment of skin cancers, EE has shown promising results in salvage therapy, local tumour control, and symptom palliation, particularly in patients who are unsuitable for surgery or standard treatments. Objective: To establish, for the first time, a comprehensive and standardised protocol for setting up a Salvage Endoscopic Electroporation (SEE) service in CRC clinical practice, covering multidisciplinary patient selection, procedural steps, equipment needs, and follow-up care. Methods: Drawing from the European Standard Operating Procedures of Electrochemotherapy (ESOPE) and emerging clinical evidence on EE from King’s College London, we detail infrastructure, treatment delivery, and monitoring for CRC. Key procedural elements, safety considerations, and patient management strategies are outlined. Electroporation pulses were delivered using the Conformité Européenne (CE) approved ePORE^® electroporation generator and single-use CE-marked EndoVE^® probe (Mirai Medical, Galway, Ireland). Results: Tumour assessment involves both clinical evaluation and endoscopic imaging, with radiological correlation. EE treatment has been safely carried out under sedation using specialised endoscopic probes, leading to effective local tumour response, symptomatic relief, and improved quality of life. Follow-up schedules allow for timely assessment of treatment response and enable repeat treatments if needed. Conclusions: This novel protocol provides a practical framework for centres aiming to implement SEE services, promoting consistency, safety, and better patient outcomes. Future prospective studies will refine indications and improve integration of this approach into colorectal cancer management pathways. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Gastroenterology & Hepatopancreatobiliary Medicine)

35 pages, 599 KB

Open AccessReview

Utilization of Non-Saccharomyces to Address Contemporary Winemaking Challenges: Species Characteristics and Strain Diversity

by Spiros Paramithiotis, Jayanta Kumar Patra, Yorgos Kotseridis and Maria Dimopoulou

Fermentation 2025, 11(12), 665; https://doi.org/10.3390/fermentation11120665 (registering DOI) - 27 Nov 2025

Abstract

Winemaking is facing significant challenges caused by industrialization of the process, climate change, and increased consumer awareness regarding the use of chemical preservatives. Although several solutions have been proposed, the utilization of non-Saccharomyces species seems to be the most efficient one. Several [...] Read more.

Winemaking is facing significant challenges caused by industrialization of the process, climate change, and increased consumer awareness regarding the use of chemical preservatives. Although several solutions have been proposed, the utilization of non-Saccharomyces species seems to be the most efficient one. Several non-Saccharomyces species have been employed for this purpose, with Hanseniaspora uvarum, H. vineae, Kluyveromyces marxianus, Lachancea thermotolerans, Metschnikowia pulcherrima, Pichia fermentans, P. kluyveri, Schizosaccharomyces pombe, Starmerella bacillaris, Torulaspora delbrueckii, and Wickerhamomyces anomalus being the most promising ones. However, only a restricted amount of metabolic activities can be reliably attributed to the species level, while most of them are characterized by strain variability and are also affected by the Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains used to carry out alcoholic fermentation, as well as the efficient supply of precursor molecules by the grape varieties and the conditions for their effective bioconversion. This variability necessitates the application of optimization strategies, taking into consideration all these parameters. This review article aims to assist in this direction by collecting the data referring to the winemaking practice of the most interesting non-Saccharomyces species, presenting clearly and comprehensively their most relevant features, and highlighting the effect of strain diversity. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic The Biotechnological Potential of Non-Saccharomyces Yeasts)

17 pages, 2374 KB

Open AccessArticle

Comparison of the Regulatory Effects of Host Factors on Viral Internal Ribosomal Entry Sites

by Rupaly Akhter, Kazi Anowar Hossain, Bouchra Kitab, Mohammad Enamul Hoque Kayesh and Kyoko Tsukiyama-Kohara

Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(12), 1128; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12121128 (registering DOI) - 27 Nov 2025

Abstract

Host factors play critical roles in viral IRES-mediated translation by modulating the efficiency and specificity of viral protein synthesis. In this study, we used small interfering RNA (siRNA) treatment to silence and plasmid-based expression to overexpress PKD1L3 and USP31. Silencing PKD1L3 and USP31 [...] Read more.

Host factors play critical roles in viral IRES-mediated translation by modulating the efficiency and specificity of viral protein synthesis. In this study, we used small interfering RNA (siRNA) treatment to silence and plasmid-based expression to overexpress PKD1L3 and USP31. Silencing PKD1L3 and USP31 suppressed IRES activity in FMDV and CSFV RNAs, whereas the overexpression of PKD1L3 did not have a significant effect, and USP31 overexpression resulted in only a modest increase in CSFV-IRES activity. Silencing PKD1L3 significantly reduced EMCV-IRES activity but had no significant effect on HCV- or DENV-IRES activity, and silencing USP31 had no significant effect on the activities of these three IRESs. Notably, the combined overexpression of PKD1L3 and USP31 significantly suppressed HCV-IRES activity, suggesting potential context-dependent interactions. These findings indicated that PKD1L3 and USP31 contribute more prominently to CSFV-, FMDV-, and EMCV-IRES-mediated translation than to HCV- or DENV-IRES-driven translation. Collectively, our results provide new insights into the host factors involved in IRES-mediated viral translation, establish a foundation for future in vivo studies to elucidate the specific roles of PKD1L3 and USP31 during viral infection, and indicate potential strategies for mitigating these viruses. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Veterinary Microbiology, Parasitology and Immunology)

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18 pages, 3309 KB

Open AccessArticle

DNA and BSA Binding, Molecular Docking Interactions and ADMET Properties of New PEPPSI-Type Palladium Complexes

by Elvan Üstün, Neslihan Şahin and David Sémeril

Inorganics 2025, 13(12), 391; https://doi.org/10.3390/inorganics13120391 (registering DOI) - 27 Nov 2025

Abstract

Five novel PEPPSI-type palladium(II) complexes, dichloro[1-isopropyl-3-(arylmethyl)-5,6-dimethylbenzimidazolin-2-ylidene]pyridine palladium(II), were synthesized and characterized through nuclear magnetic resonance and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy. The DNA- and BSA-binding analyses of PEPPSI-type palladium (II) complexes were performed with UV-Vis spectroscopy by means of the Benesi-Hildebrand method. The results indicated [...] Read more.

Five novel PEPPSI-type palladium(II) complexes, dichloro[1-isopropyl-3-(arylmethyl)-5,6-dimethylbenzimidazolin-2-ylidene]pyridine palladium(II), were synthesized and characterized through nuclear magnetic resonance and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy. The DNA- and BSA-binding analyses of PEPPSI-type palladium (II) complexes were performed with UV-Vis spectroscopy by means of the Benesi-Hildebrand method. The results indicated that complex 1b (arylmethyl = 3-methylbenzyl) exhibited the strongest binding constant against DNA, with a value of 5.5 × 10³ M⁻¹, while complex 1d (arylmethyl = 2-chlorobenzyl) exhibited the highest binding affinity for BSA, reaching 2.8 × 10⁴ M⁻¹. In addition, the binding characteristics of DNA and BSA were assessed through the implementation of molecular docking methodologies. These methodologies displayed results that were in accordance with the experimental results. The molecules were also assessed for their ADME properties, with a focus on determining their drug-likeness potential. The five complexes were found to be compatible with the Veber and Egan rules. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Metal-Based Compounds: Relevance for the Biomedical Field, 2nd Edition)

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27 pages, 6839 KB

Open AccessArticle

Assessing Wildfire Impacts from the Perspectives of Social and Ecological Remote Sensing

by Xiaolin Wang and Shaoyang Liu

Remote Sens. 2025, 17(23), 3851; https://doi.org/10.3390/rs17233851 (registering DOI) - 27 Nov 2025

Abstract

Wildfires in the Wildland–Urban Interface (WUI) pose escalating threats to socio-ecological systems, challenging regional resilience and sustainable recovery. Understanding the compound impacts of such fires requires an integrated, data-driven assessment of both ecological disturbance and social response. This study develops a multi-dimensional framework [...] Read more.

Wildfires in the Wildland–Urban Interface (WUI) pose escalating threats to socio-ecological systems, challenging regional resilience and sustainable recovery. Understanding the compound impacts of such fires requires an integrated, data-driven assessment of both ecological disturbance and social response. This study develops a multi-dimensional framework combining multisource remote sensing data (Landsat/Sentinel-2 NDVI and VIIRS nighttime light) with socio-structural indicators. A Composite Disturbance Index (ImpactIndex) was constructed to quantify ecological, population, and socioeconomic disruption across six fire clusters in the January 2025 Southern California wildfires. Mechanism analysis was conducted using Fixed-Effects OLS (M2) and Geographically Weighted Regression (GWR, M3) models. The ImpactIndex revealed that Eaton and Palisades experienced the most severe compound disturbances, while Border 2 showed purely ecological impacts. During-disaster CNLI signals were statistically decoupled from ecological disturbance (ΔNDVI) and dominated by site-specific effects (p < 0.001). GWR results (Adj. R² = 0.354) confirmed asymmetric spatial heterogeneity: high-density clusters (Palisades, Kenneth) exhibited a significant “Structural Burden” effect, whereas low-density areas showed weak, nonsignificant recovery trends. This “Index-to-Mechanism” framework redefines the interpretation of nighttime light in disaster contexts and provides a robust, spatially explicit tool for targeted WUI resilience planning and post-fire recovery management. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Remote Sensing and GIScience for Natural Hazard Mitigation and Resilience)

20 pages, 925 KB

Open AccessReview

The Role and Research Progress of CD8⁺ T Cells in Sepsis

by Xianwen Wang, Qihang Huang, Zhihong Zuo, Zhanwen Wang, Lina Zhang and Zhaoxin Qian

Biomedicines 2025, 13(12), 2912; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines13122912 (registering DOI) - 27 Nov 2025

Abstract

Sepsis is a systemic inflammatory response syndrome induced by infection, characterized by high morbidity and mortality, and responsible for over 11 million deaths worldwide annually. Recent studies have demonstrated that immune dysfunction represents a core element in the pathophysiology of sepsis, in which [...] Read more.

Sepsis is a systemic inflammatory response syndrome induced by infection, characterized by high morbidity and mortality, and responsible for over 11 million deaths worldwide annually. Recent studies have demonstrated that immune dysfunction represents a core element in the pathophysiology of sepsis, in which cluster of differentiation 8–positive (CD8⁺) T cells, as key executors of cellular immunity, play a critical role in immune dysregulation. This review systematically elaborates on the quantitative changes, functional status, and molecular regulatory mechanisms of CD8⁺ T cells in sepsis, including abnormalities in metabolic reprogramming, cell death pathways, transcriptional regulation, and intercellular communication. Additionally, it explores potential therapeutic strategies targeting CD8⁺ T cells, such as immune checkpoint modulation, cell death intervention, and metabolic regulation, and offers an outlook on future research directions, aiming to provide novel insights for immunotherapy in sepsis. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Immunology and Immunotherapy)

18 pages, 2567 KB

Open AccessArticle

Physical Origins of Memory Effects in a Non-Markovian Quantum Evolution

by Shao-Cheng Hou, Yu-Han Zhou, Xing-Yuan Zhang and Xue-Xi Yi

Entropy 2025, 27(12), 1207; https://doi.org/10.3390/e27121207 (registering DOI) - 27 Nov 2025

Abstract

We quantitatively investigate the physical origins of the non-Markovianity measure proposed in our previous work, which can be directly interpreted as memory effects, i.e., the dependence of a quantum system’s future evolution on its history. Using the properties of the trace norm and [...] Read more.

We quantitatively investigate the physical origins of the non-Markovianity measure proposed in our previous work, which can be directly interpreted as memory effects, i.e., the dependence of a quantum system’s future evolution on its history. Using the properties of the trace norm and the trace distance, we find that the strength of memory effects in an evolution is upper (lower) bounded by the sum (difference) of two quantities. One originates from (bounded by) the change of environment state caused by the system, the other from (bounded by) the correlations between the system and the environment. The simulation results for the Jaynes–Cummings model show that the two origins may contribute to the memory effects in different manners, depending on the initial states of the environment and the system. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Non-Markovian Open Quantum Systems)

19 pages, 2006 KB

Open AccessArticle

Unsupervised Phenotyping of Asthma: Integrating Serum Periostin with Clinical and Inflammatory Profiles

by Sukanya Ravindran, Mohammed Kaleem Ullah, Medha Karnik, Mandya Venkateshmurthy Greeshma, Nidhi Bansal, Shreedhar Kulkarni, Rekha Vaddarahalli ShankaraSetty, SubbaRao V. Madhunapantula, Jayaraj Biligere Siddaiah, Sindaghatta Krishnarao Chaya, Komarla Sundararaja Lokesh, Swaroop Ramaiah, Sachith Srinivas, Vikhnesh Padmakaran, Malavika Shankar, Ashwaghosha Parthasarathi and Padukudru Anand Mahesh

Diagnostics 2025, 15(23), 3028; https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics15233028 (registering DOI) - 27 Nov 2025

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Asthma is a heterogeneous inflammatory airway disease. Periostin, a matricellular protein induced by interleukin-13, contributes to airway inflammation and remodeling. This study evaluated serum periostin as a diagnostic biomarker and explored multidimensional phenotypes in adult asthma. Methods: A cross-sectional study included 76 [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Asthma is a heterogeneous inflammatory airway disease. Periostin, a matricellular protein induced by interleukin-13, contributes to airway inflammation and remodeling. This study evaluated serum periostin as a diagnostic biomarker and explored multidimensional phenotypes in adult asthma. Methods: A cross-sectional study included 76 adults, with 25 healthy controls, 25 moderate, and 26 severe asthma patients, classified per Global Initiative for Asthma (GINA)-2020 guidelines. Serum periostin was measured using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Diagnostic accuracy was assessed using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis, Firth-penalized logistic regression, bootstrap calibration (1000 resamples), decision curve analysis (DCA), and gradient boosting machine (GBM) validation. Principal component analysis (PCA) followed by k-means clustering identified distinct phenotypes based on clinical, functional, and inflammatory variables. Results: Asthma patients had higher serum periostin than controls (median 52.9 vs. 32.5 pg/mL; p < 0.01), with excellent diagnostic accuracy (AUC = 0.987; sensitivity = 94.1%, specificity = 100%). Firth regression identified periostin as the only independent predictor of asthma diagnosis (β = 0.387; OR = 1.47; 95% CI 1.23–2.08; p < 0.001). Calibration showed minimal error (MAE = 0.042) and DCA demonstrated clear net benefit. GBM confirmed periostin as the dominant diagnostic predictor. PCA revealed three clusters: Cluster 1: younger, lower periostin, preserved lung function, good symptom control; Cluster 2: intermediate periostin, greater airflow limitation, poorer control; and Cluster 3: highest periostin, elevated systemic inflammation (NLR, PLR, SII), with moderate functional impairment. Conclusions: Serum periostin is a reliable diagnostic biomarker for asthma. Multidimensional clustering highlights clinically relevant phenotypes linked to periostin, inflammatory burden, and lung function, supporting its role in personalized asthma management. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Pathology and Molecular Diagnostics)

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30 pages, 829 KB

Open AccessReview

Epigenomics and Non-Coding RNAs in Soybean Adaptation to Abiotic Stresses

by Kinga Moskal, Bartosz Tomaszewski and Maja Boczkowska

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025, 26(23), 11527; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms262311527 (registering DOI) - 27 Nov 2025

Abstract

This review presents soybean responses to drought, heat, and salinity within a signal–transcript–chromatin framework. In this framework, calcium/reactive oxygen species and abscisic acid cues converge on abscisic acid-responsive element binding factor (ABF/AREB), dehydration-responsive element binding protein (DREB), NAC, and heat shock factor (HSF) [...] Read more.

This review presents soybean responses to drought, heat, and salinity within a signal–transcript–chromatin framework. In this framework, calcium/reactive oxygen species and abscisic acid cues converge on abscisic acid-responsive element binding factor (ABF/AREB), dehydration-responsive element binding protein (DREB), NAC, and heat shock factor (HSF) families. These processes are modulated by locus-specific chromatin and non-coding RNA layers. Base-resolved methylomes reveal a high level of CG methylation in the gene body, strong CHG methylation in heterochromatin, and dynamic CHH ‘islands’ at the borders of transposable elements. CHH methylation increases over that of transposable elements during seed development, and GmDMEa editing is associated with seed size. Chromatin studies in soybean and model species implicate the reconfiguration of salt-responsive histone H3 lysine 27 trimethylation (H3K27me3) in G. max and heat-linked H2A.Z dynamics at thermoresponsive promoters characterized in Arabidopsis and other plants, suggesting that a conserved chromatin layer likely operates in soybean. miR169–NF-YA, miR398–Cu/Zn Superoxide Dismutases(CSD)/copper chaperone of CSD(CCS), miR393–transporter inhibitor response1/auxin signaling F-box (TIR1/AFB), and miR396–growth regulating factors (GRF) operate across leaves, roots, and nodules. Overexpression of lncRNA77580 enhances drought tolerance, but with context-dependent trade-offs under salinity. Single-nucleus and spatial atlases anchor these circuits in cell types and microenvironments relevant to stress and symbiosis. We present translational routes, sentinel epimarkers (bisulfite amplicons, CUT&Tag), haplotype-by-epigenotype prediction, and precise cis-regulatory editing to accelerate marker development, genomic prediction and the breeding of resilient soybean varieties with stable yields. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Genetic, Epigenetic and Microbiota Molecular Insights for Crop Resilience to Abiotic Stress)

21 pages, 847 KB

Open AccessArticle

Effects of Laboratory Warming on Active Soil Organic Matter and Bacterial Diversity During the Long-Term Decomposition of Forest Litter in Soil Microcosms

by Irina Kravchenko, Natalia Ksenofontova, Vyacheslav Semenov, Tatyana Kuznetsova, Irina Pinchuk, Hui Li and Mikhail Semenov

Forests 2025, 16(12), 1784; https://doi.org/10.3390/f16121784 (registering DOI) - 27 Nov 2025

Abstract

To investigate the combined impacts of temperature and plant residues on the mineralization capacity of soil organic matter, in addition to the impact on the taxonomic composition and activity of the soil microbiome, a 364-day experiment involving gray forest soil (Greyzemic Phaeozem Albic) [...] Read more.

To investigate the combined impacts of temperature and plant residues on the mineralization capacity of soil organic matter, in addition to the impact on the taxonomic composition and activity of the soil microbiome, a 364-day experiment involving gray forest soil (Greyzemic Phaeozem Albic) was conducted under controlled laboratory conditions. Three substrate treatments were applied, control (C), amendment with aspen leaves (L), and amendment with aspen branches (B), combined with three temperature regimes (2, 12, and 22 °C). The results showed that long-term experimental warming reduced microbial alpha diversity (number of species and richness), increased microbial respiration and decomposition rates, and altered community composition. Over the year, the percentage of mineralization of added carbon was higher for leaves (29.9%–57.8%) than for branches (20.1%–47.6%). The efficiency of organic matter decomposition increased by 1.5- to 2-fold between 2 and 12 °C. Across all treatments, Proteobacteria were found to be the dominant phylum. According to α-diversity analysis, leaves served as the most preferred substrate for enhancing species representation. β-diversity analysis results indicated that temperature was the most significant factor shaping the microbial community’s structure. Our research findings provide new insights into soil organic matter formation and highlight the need for further research on microbial functional genes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Soil Carbon Storage in Forests: Dynamics and Management)

12 pages, 349 KB

Open AccessArticle

Interpretation of Magnetism and Gravitation as Relational Residual Effects of the Electric Force

by Steffen Kühn

Magnetism 2025, 5(4), 29; https://doi.org/10.3390/magnetism5040029 (registering DOI) - 27 Nov 2025

Abstract

This article demonstrates that magnetic force and Newton’s law of universal gravitation can be derived from the solution of Maxwell’s equations for moving point charges. For this purpose, a plasma droplet model is postulated, consisting of an aggregation of point charges undergoing Brownian [...] Read more.

This article demonstrates that magnetic force and Newton’s law of universal gravitation can be derived from the solution of Maxwell’s equations for moving point charges. For this purpose, a plasma droplet model is postulated, consisting of an aggregation of point charges undergoing Brownian motion within a very small three-dimensional volume. As the velocity of the charges is random due to the Brownian motion, it is described by a probability distribution. It is shown that a non-zero velocity standard deviation leads to the magnetic force, while Newton’s law of universal gravitation can be derived from a non-zero velocity variance. This suggests that magnetism and gravitation might be closely related. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Advanced Electromagnetic Modeling and Simulation for Multidisciplinary Engineering Systems)

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13 pages, 520 KB

Open AccessArticle

A Probabilistic Method for Quantifying Uncertainty in Crack Detection and Its Effects on Marine Structural Integrity Management

by Guang Zou, Linsheng Li and Jialin Li

J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2025, 13(12), 2263; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse13122263 (registering DOI) - 27 Nov 2025

Abstract

Non-destructive testing (NDT) methods have been widely used for damage examination and structural maintenance, e.g., detecting and repairing fatigue cracks. In-service inspections help increase fatigue reliability by providing new information for updating structural failure probability and making repair decisions. However, these benefits are [...] Read more.

Non-destructive testing (NDT) methods have been widely used for damage examination and structural maintenance, e.g., detecting and repairing fatigue cracks. In-service inspections help increase fatigue reliability by providing new information for updating structural failure probability and making repair decisions. However, these benefits are often compromised by uncertainties associated with inspection methods. Sometimes, existing cracks may not be identified, and positive inspection indication may actually not exist. It is of great interest to consider the influence of inspection uncertainty in maintenance optimization, because the benefits and costs of maintenance are affected by inspection decisions (e.g., inspection times and methods), which are subjected to inspection uncertainty. The influence of inspection uncertainty on maintenance optimization has not been explicitly and adequately covered in the literature. In this paper, the problem has been investigated by probabilistic modelling of the qualities of inspection methods via probability of detection (PoD) functions. A new PoD function is proposed to characterize the inspection quality when inspection uncertainty is neglected. Optimum inspection decisions are derived by the objective of maximizing lifetime reliability index under two scenarios (considering and not considering inspection uncertainty). The effectiveness index of a planned inspection is defined based on the max reliability indexes under the two scenarios. It is shown that the max lifetime reliability index generally deceases when inspection uncertainty is considered. Inspection uncertainty may have little influence on the lifetime reliability index, depending on the planned inspection time. The effectiveness index of a planned inspection increases with the decrease in the mean detectable crack size. However, inspection uncertainty can result in significant increases in expected life cycle costs and maintenance costs. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Ocean Engineering)

23 pages, 1044 KB

Open AccessArticle

Dual Synthetic Pathways for Organotin-Functionalized Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles: Targeted Therapeutic Platforms with Folic Acid and PEI Formulation

by Victoria García-Almodóvar, Sanjiv Prashar and Santiago Gómez-Ruiz

Nanomaterials 2025, 15(23), 1791; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15231791 (registering DOI) - 27 Nov 2025

Abstract

Breast cancer is the most common cancer in women worldwide, with a high mortality rate. Moreover, the treatments currently used to address this disease are sometimes ineffective and cause numerous side effects. For this reason, the search for new treatments that can overcome [...] Read more.

Breast cancer is the most common cancer in women worldwide, with a high mortality rate. Moreover, the treatments currently used to address this disease are sometimes ineffective and cause numerous side effects. For this reason, the search for new treatments that can overcome these challenges is a growing field of research. One potential solution under investigation is the use of mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNs). These materials possess excellent properties, making them attractive as starting platforms for various compounds. In this study, different compounds with distinct properties were anchored onto these nanoplatforms. The first is polyethyleneimine (PEI), which, when formulated within the nanoparticle, increases its bioavailability. The second is folic acid (FA), a molecule that enables active targeting of tumor cells. Finally, an organotin(IV) complex was incorporated via two different anchoring strategies to provide therapeutic action. This multifunctional platform thus combines three activities simultaneously. MTT assay studies revealed that the final material, MSN-TEDTH-PEI-FA-TR-Sn, demonstrates potential against the MCF-7 tumor cell line while showing no toxicity to the healthy Hek 293T cell line. These findings make it an interesting candidate for future in vivo trials. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Latest Research on Nanomedicine and Drug Delivery Using Inorganic Nanoparticles)

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14 pages, 448 KB

Open AccessArticle

Reverse Engineering the Branch Target Buffer Organizations on Apple M2

by Taehee Kim and Hyunwoo Choi

Electronics 2025, 14(23), 4686; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics14234686 (registering DOI) - 27 Nov 2025

Abstract

Modern high-performance processors employ sophisticated branch prediction mechanisms to minimize control hazards and maximize instruction-level parallelism. A core component of this mechanism is the Branch Target Buffer (BTB), a critical hardware structure responsible for storing branch target addresses and enabling rapid fetch redirection. [...] Read more.

Modern high-performance processors employ sophisticated branch prediction mechanisms to minimize control hazards and maximize instruction-level parallelism. A core component of this mechanism is the Branch Target Buffer (BTB), a critical hardware structure responsible for storing branch target addresses and enabling rapid fetch redirection. While the BTB has been extensively studied in x86 architectures, its internal behavior and organization on ARM-based Apple Silicon remain largely unexplored. In this work, we present an empirical reverse engineering study of the BTB implementation on Apple Silicon, with a focus on the M2 processor. By leveraging targeted microbenchmarks, we characterize key parameters such as BTB size, set indexing bit, and associativity. Based on our empirical analysis, we estimate that the M2 BTB comprises approximately 2K entries, employs nine set index bits, and features four-way associativity. This work provides the first systematic public dissection of the BTB on Apple Silicon and lays the groundwork for further architectural exploration and tooling development within this closed ecosystem. Full article

22 pages, 2005 KB

Open AccessArticle

Hybrid One-Dimensional Convolutional Neural Network—Recurrent Neural Network Model for Reconstructing Missing Data in Structural Health Monitoring Systems

by Nguyen Thi Thu Nga, Jose C. Matos and Son Dang Ngoc

Machines 2025, 13(12), 1101; https://doi.org/10.3390/machines13121101 (registering DOI) - 27 Nov 2025

Abstract

Data loss is a recurring and critical issue in Structural Health Monitoring (SHM) systems, often arising from a range of factors including sensor malfunction, communication breakdown, and exposure to adverse environmental conditions. Such interruptions in data availability can significantly compromise the accuracy and [...] Read more.

Data loss is a recurring and critical issue in Structural Health Monitoring (SHM) systems, often arising from a range of factors including sensor malfunction, communication breakdown, and exposure to adverse environmental conditions. Such interruptions in data availability can significantly compromise the accuracy and reliability of structural performance assessments, thereby hindering effective decision-making in safety evaluation and maintenance planning. In this study, a novel deep learning-based framework is proposed for data reconstruction in SHM, employing a hybrid architecture that integrates one-dimensional convolutional neural networks (1D-CNNs) with recurrent neural networks (RNNs). By combining these complementary strengths, the hybrid 1D-CNN–RNN model demonstrates superior capacity for accurate signal reconstruction. A real-world case study was conducted using vibration data from the Trai Hut Bridge in Vietnam. Five network configurations with varying depths were examined under single- and multi-channel loss scenarios. The results confirm that the method can accurately reconstruct lost signals. For single-channel loss, the best configuration achieved an MAE = 0.019 m/s² and R² = 0.987, while for multi-channel loss, a deeper network yielded an MAE = 0.044 m/s² and R² = 0.974. Furthermore, the model exhibits robust and stable performance even under more demanding multi-channel data loss conditions, highlighting its resilience to practical operational challenges. The results demonstrate that the proposed CNN–RNN framework is accurate, robust, and adaptable for practical SHM data reconstruction applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Prognostics and Health Management and Structural Health Management in Mechanical and Manufacturing Systems)

25 pages, 4270 KB

Open AccessArticle

Growth, Reproductive Parameters and Stock Status of Brown-Marbled Grouper Epinephelus fuscoguttatus, a Commonly Targeted Grouper in Saleh Bay, Indonesia

by Yudi Herdiana, Peter G. Coulson, James R. Tweedley, Budy Wiryawan, Sugeng H. Wisudo and Neil R. Loneragan

Fishes 2025, 10(12), 611; https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes10120611 (registering DOI) - 27 Nov 2025

Abstract

The brown-marbled grouper (Epinephelus fuscoguttatus), a high-value species in international trade, has experienced population declines due to intensive fishing. It is one of 12 grouper and snapper species prioritized for management in Saleh Bay, West Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia. This study analyzed [...] Read more.

The brown-marbled grouper (Epinephelus fuscoguttatus), a high-value species in international trade, has experienced population declines due to intensive fishing. It is one of 12 grouper and snapper species prioritized for management in Saleh Bay, West Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia. This study analyzed catch data (2017–2022) and biological samples (2020–2021) to update key life history parameters, including natural mortality, von Bertalanffy growth parameters, asymptotic length, and size at maturity. Growth was estimated using an ELEFAN-optimized model applied to catch length–frequency data, while maturity was determined through macroscopic examination of gonads. The updated estimates (L₅₀ = 488 mm for both sex; L₉₅ = 568 mm for females and 616 mm for males) were incorporated into a length-based spawning potential ratio (SPR) assessment. Annual SPR values ranged from 0.13 to 0.28, substantially higher than previous estimates of 0.05–0.07, mainly due to the lower L₅₀ used in this study. Despite this improvement, SPR values remain below the management target of 0.30 for groupers and snappers in Saleh Bay. Limited biological samples, particularly the scarcity of larger individuals and males, introduce uncertainty in the estimates. These findings emphasize the value of locally derived life history information and highlight the need for continued biological sampling to refine growth and reproductive parameters and support sustainable fisheries management. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Roles of Fishery Biology and Fish Population Dynamics in Fisheries Management—2nd Edition)

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22 pages, 1615 KB

Open AccessArticle

An Improved Crested Porcupine Optimizer for Path Planning of Mobile Robot

by Chenhui Xing, Bo Tang, Guanhua Xu and Hongyu Wu

Appl. Sci. 2025, 15(23), 12595; https://doi.org/10.3390/app152312595 (registering DOI) - 27 Nov 2025

Abstract

To address the problem of easily falling into local optimization and low convergence accuracy in the path planning tasks of mobile robots, an Improved Crested Porcupine Optimizer (ICPO) based on chaotic mapping is proposed. The ICPO algorithm employs a three-step optimization process. First, [...] Read more.

To address the problem of easily falling into local optimization and low convergence accuracy in the path planning tasks of mobile robots, an Improved Crested Porcupine Optimizer (ICPO) based on chaotic mapping is proposed. The ICPO algorithm employs a three-step optimization process. First, it utilizes SPM, a piecewise linear chaotic initialization, to optimize the population thereby enhancing its diversity and global coverage. Second, the Cauchy Distribution Inverse Cumulative Operator is incorporated to prevent convergence to local optima and to accelerate the overall convergence rate. Finally, the Gaussian mutation is applied to strengthen ICPO’s local exploitation capabilities. Comparative analysis of five algorithms (PSO, DBO, GOOSE, CPO, and ICPO) is conducted using eight standard benchmark functions. Results demonstrate that ICPO achieves a faster convergence rate and superior convergence accuracy. Furthermore, in path planning experiments within 20 × 20 and 40 × 40 grid maps, ICPO reduced the path length by 4.53% and 8.99%, respectively, compared to the CPO algorithm. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Robotics and Automation)

15 pages, 468 KB

Open AccessReview

The Emerging Role of Multimodal Artificial Intelligence in Urological Surgery

by Leonhard Buck, Jakob Kohler, Julian Risch, Reha-Baris Incesu, Konrad Hügelmann, Marie-Luise Weiss, Oscar Weische, Patricia Schließer, Hans Christoph von Knobloch, Niclas C. Blessin, Thorsten Bach, Jonas Jarczyk, Philipp Nuhn and Severin Rodler

Curr. Oncol. 2025, 32(12), 665; https://doi.org/10.3390/curroncol32120665 (registering DOI) - 27 Nov 2025

Abstract

Background: Multimodal artificial intelligence (MMAI) is transforming urological oncology by enabling the seamless integration of diverse data sources, including imaging, clinical records and robotic telemetry to facilitate patient-specific decision-making. Methods: This narrative review summarizes the current developments, applications, opportunities and risks of multimodal [...] Read more.

Background: Multimodal artificial intelligence (MMAI) is transforming urological oncology by enabling the seamless integration of diverse data sources, including imaging, clinical records and robotic telemetry to facilitate patient-specific decision-making. Methods: This narrative review summarizes the current developments, applications, opportunities and risks of multimodal AI systems throughout the entire perioperative process in uro-oncologic surgery. Results: MMAI demonstrates quantifiable benefits across the entire perioperative pathway. Preoperatively, it improves diagnostics and surgical planning via multimodal data fusion. Intraoperatively, AI-assisted systems provide real-time context-based decision support, risk prediction and skill assessment within the operating theater. Postoperatively, MMAI facilitates automated documentation, early complication detection and personalized follow-up. Generative AI further revolutionizes surgical training through adaptive feedback and simulations. However, critical limitations must be addressed, including data bias, the barrier of closed robotic platforms, insufficient model validation, data security issues, hallucinations and ethical concerns regarding liability and transparency. Conclusions: MMAI significantly enhances the precision, efficiency and patient-centeredness of uro-oncological care. To ensure safe and widespread implementation, resolving the technical and regulatory barriers to real-time integration into robotic platforms is paramount. This must be coupled with standardized quality controls, transparent decision-making processes and responsible integration that fully preserves physician autonomy. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Shaping the Future of Oncology: The Role of Generative AI in Clinical and Research Environments)

17 pages, 3135 KB

Open AccessArticle

Assessment of Geohydraulic Parameters in Coastal Aquifers Using Electrical Resistivity Tomography: A Case Study from the Chaouia Region, Western Morocco

by Saliha Najib, Ahmed Fadili, Othmane Boualla, Khalid Mehdi, Mohammed Bouzerda, Abdelhadi Makan, Bendahhou Zourarah and Said Ilmen

Earth 2025, 6(4), 149; https://doi.org/10.3390/earth6040149 (registering DOI) - 27 Nov 2025

Abstract

This study investigated the geohydraulic properties of the Chaouia coastal aquifer in western Morocco through two-dimensional Electrical Resistivity Tomography (ERT). Five resistivity profiles were carried out and inverted to define subsurface lithology and estimate hydraulic conductivity (K), effective porosity (Φ_eff), and [...] Read more.

This study investigated the geohydraulic properties of the Chaouia coastal aquifer in western Morocco through two-dimensional Electrical Resistivity Tomography (ERT). Five resistivity profiles were carried out and inverted to define subsurface lithology and estimate hydraulic conductivity (K), effective porosity (Φ_eff), and transmissivity (T) using the empirical relationships.The obtained results showed that K ranged from 1.2 m/day to more than 217.4 m/day, Φ_eff varied between 20.3% and 47.8%, and T varied between 0.4 and 159.3 m²/day. These findings highlight considerable lithological variability, with low to intermediate values in Plio-Quaternary deposits and higher values in fractured Cretaceous marly limestones. Comparison with available pumping test data and numerical modeling validated the consistency of the ERT-derived estimates with independent hydrogeological evidence. The present study demonstrates that, in areas where pumping tests are limited or impractical, ERT provides an effective, non-invasive, and cost-efficient tool for aquifer characterization. These findings offer valuable insights for groundwater assessment and support the development of sustainable management strategies to mitigate overexploitation and seawater intrusion in vulnerable coastal aquifers and propose sustainable strategies for conserving these water resources. Full article

17 pages, 1448 KB

Open AccessReview

ALK-Targeted Therapy: Resistance Mechanisms and Emerging Precision Strategies

by Ya-Kun Zhang, Jian-Bo Tong, Mu-Xuan Luo, Zhi-Peng Qin and Rong Wang

Curr. Issues Mol. Biol. 2025, 47(12), 996; https://doi.org/10.3390/cimb47120996 (registering DOI) - 27 Nov 2025

Abstract

Anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK), a member of the receptor tyrosine kinase family, plays a central oncogenic role in the initiation and progression of diverse malignancies. Aberrant ALK activation generally results from structural alterations or dysregulated expression, leading to persistent activation of downstream signaling [...] Read more.

Anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK), a member of the receptor tyrosine kinase family, plays a central oncogenic role in the initiation and progression of diverse malignancies. Aberrant ALK activation generally results from structural alterations or dysregulated expression, leading to persistent activation of downstream signaling pathways that drive tumor cell proliferation, survival, and metastasis. ALK gene abnormalities predominantly encompass fusions, point mutations, and amplifications, with EML4-ALK-positive non–small cell lung cancer representing a canonical example. The advent of ALK-targeted inhibitors has constituted a major therapeutic milestone for ALK-positive tumors. From first-generation Crizotinib to third-generation Lorlatinib, successive agents have been refined for target selectivity, central nervous system penetration, and coverage of resistance-associated mutations, substantially improving patient survival and intracranial disease control. Nonetheless, the emergence of acquired resistance remains an overarching challenge, mediated by secondary kinase domain mutations, activation of bypass signaling pathways, and tumor phenotypic transformation. This review presents an integrative synthesis of ALK-targeted therapeutic developments, elucidates underlying resistance mechanisms, and surveys emerging strategies, providing a comprehensive perspective on current advances and future directions in precision management of ALK-driven malignancies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Pharmacotherapeutic Strategies to Prevent Tumor Development, Progression and Treatment Resistance, 2nd Edition)

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22 pages, 4034 KB

Open AccessArticle

Nonlinear Hydrostatic and Hydrodynamic Effects of Semi-Submersible Floating Offshore Wind Turbines

by Jiahao Chen

J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2025, 13(12), 2262; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse13122262 (registering DOI) - 27 Nov 2025

Abstract

Floating offshore wind turbines (FOWTs) are subject to nonlinear hydrostatic and hydrodynamic loads due to their intricate platform geometry. However, most fully coupled simulation tools for FOWTs rely on linearized hydrostatics and frequency-domain potential flow models transformed into the time domain, which assume [...] Read more.

Floating offshore wind turbines (FOWTs) are subject to nonlinear hydrostatic and hydrodynamic loads due to their intricate platform geometry. However, most fully coupled simulation tools for FOWTs rely on linearized hydrostatics and frequency-domain potential flow models transformed into the time domain, which assume a stationary waterline and wetted surface. To overcome these limitations, this study develops an innovative coupled simulation tool named FAST2WASIM (F2W), which incorporates nonlinear hydrostatic and hydrodynamic effects while preserving computational efficiency for engineering applications. This paper first describes the overall framework of the F2W methodology, outlines its underlying hydrodynamic theory, and presents the numerical model of the OC4 DeepCwind semi-submersible FOWT. Response predictions under a range of test conditions are then compared between FAST and F2W, demonstrating the validity of the proposed tool and revealing the inadequacies of conventional linear methods in predicting the hydrodynamic behavior of semi-submersible FOWTs. Finally, a novel structural analysis workflow for semi-submersible FOWTs based on F2W is introduced, and its differences from the traditional approach are examined in terms of computational time and structural stress outputs. This work offers an efficient and high-fidelity approach for simulating nonlinear hydrodynamics of semi-submersible FOWTs and provides valuable insights for practical engineering design. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Marine Energy)

22 pages, 2208 KB

Open AccessArticle

Fostering Teachers’ Digital Competence in AI-Supported Learning Environments: Implications for Interactive Teaching and Student Achievement

by Gaukhar Aimicheva, Aigul Shaikhanova, Kainizhamal Iklassova, Parassat Tazabekova, Aizhan Nazyrova and Yenglik Kadyr

Appl. Sci. 2025, 15(23), 12597; https://doi.org/10.3390/app152312597 (registering DOI) - 27 Nov 2025

Abstract

In this article, the development of in-service teachers’ digital competence is examined within an AI-supported learning environment designed to enhance professional modeling skills and the creation of interactive AR-based instructional content. The study investigates how such an environment supports teachers in developing contextual [...] Read more.

In this article, the development of in-service teachers’ digital competence is examined within an AI-supported learning environment designed to enhance professional modeling skills and the creation of interactive AR-based instructional content. The study investigates how such an environment supports teachers in developing contextual digital skills that enable not only the use of emerging technologies but also their meaningful adaptation to pedagogical goals and instructional needs. A training program involving 916 in-service teachers from Kazakhstani secondary schools was implemented, and survey data were collected to assess changes in digital competence and readiness to integrate AI and AR tools into teaching practices. The findings demonstrate high levels of interest and engagement: 96% of participants expressed readiness for further learning, 86% reported satisfaction with the course content, and 84% showed contextual maturity in applying newly acquired technologies in their instructional processes. These results highlight the potential of AI-supported professional development to strengthen teachers’ capacity to design interactive learning environments, promote equity and quality in digital education, and enhance student engagement. Full article

18 pages, 548 KB

Open AccessReview

Efficacy of Advanced Therapies as Prophylaxis and for Active Disease in Postoperative Crohn’s Disease: A Comprehensive Review

by Atena Karimi, Alessandro David, Omar El Ouarzadi and Robert Battat

J. Clin. Med. 2025, 14(23), 8435; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm14238435 (registering DOI) - 27 Nov 2025

Abstract

Postoperative recurrence (POR) in Crohn’s disease (CD) is common after intestinal resection, with over 50% developing endoscopic lesions within a year if untreated. The increasing availability of biologics and small molecules has transformed postoperative management, yet optimal strategies for prevention and treatment remain [...] Read more.

Postoperative recurrence (POR) in Crohn’s disease (CD) is common after intestinal resection, with over 50% developing endoscopic lesions within a year if untreated. The increasing availability of biologics and small molecules has transformed postoperative management, yet optimal strategies for prevention and treatment remain unclear. Infliximab and vedolizumab have the strongest evidence for preventing endoscopic recurrence in postoperative Crohn’s disease. Adalimumab and ustekinumab are viable alternatives supported by observational and post hoc trial data. Selective IL-23 inhibitors and JAK inhibitors have demonstrated high efficacy in moderate to severe luminal CD but lack dedicated postoperative trials. Personalized strategies, such as therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM), model informed dosing and pharmacogenetic profiling hold promise for improving long-term control of postoperative Crohn’s disease. Important gaps remain, particularly regarding the drug concentrations to target, the optimal timing for intervention, and the identification of patients most likely to benefit. Approaches that integrate disease location, clinical risk profiles, and knowledge of underlying immunopathogenic pathways could provide more precise clinical guidance. Finding molecular predictors of recurrence, directly comparing cutting-edge treatments, and integrating precision medicine techniques into standard postoperative care should be the main priorities of future research. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Frontiers in Therapeutic Drug Monitoring of Biologics in Inflammatory Bowel Disease and Other Immune-Mediated Inflammatory Diseases: 2nd Edition)

23 pages, 1108 KB

Open AccessArticle

Bi-Objective Optimization with Mode-Oriented Genetic Algorithm for Multi-Mode Resource-Constrained Project Scheduling

by Mingcong Xia, Guokai Liang, Rui Tong, Jianxin Zhu, Xin Xie, Jintao Chen, Weihua Tan and Yuting Liu

Algorithms 2025, 18(12), 746; https://doi.org/10.3390/a18120746 (registering DOI) - 27 Nov 2025

Abstract

To address the time–cost trade-off challenge in real-world practices, a bi-objective optimization model of the Multi-mode Resource-Constrained Project Scheduling Problem is proposed with simultaneously minimizing both the project makespan and the resource cost. A mode-oriented Non-dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm II is developed to [...] Read more.

To address the time–cost trade-off challenge in real-world practices, a bi-objective optimization model of the Multi-mode Resource-Constrained Project Scheduling Problem is proposed with simultaneously minimizing both the project makespan and the resource cost. A mode-oriented Non-dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm II is developed to solve the formulated problem. Two key improvements are introduced: a mode-repair mechanism is incorporated during the initialization phase to generate feasible execution modes, thereby improving the quality of initial solutions and accelerating search efficiency, and four neighborhood structures based on mode and task execution lists are designed for local search, enabling fine-grained solution refinement in each iteration. Extensive experimental studies are conducted to verify the effectiveness of the proposed strategies, and comparative evaluations with state-of-the-art algorithms demonstrate that MNSGA-II achieves superior performance across multiple metrics, including lower mean ideal distance, better solution quality, improved diversity, and more uniform distribution of Pareto-optimal solutions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Algorithms for Multidisciplinary Applications)

29 pages, 26792 KB

Open AccessArticle

Hail Damage Detection: Integrating Sentinel-2 Images with Weather Radar Hail Kinetic Energy

by Adrian Ursu, Vasilică Istrate, Vasile Jitariu and Ionuț-Lucian Lazăr

Remote Sens. 2025, 17(23), 3850; https://doi.org/10.3390/rs17233850 (registering DOI) - 27 Nov 2025

Abstract

Hailstorms represent one of the most damaging convective hazards for agriculture, yet quantifying their impacts at a landscape scale remains challenging due to their localized and short-lived nature. In this study, we combine weather radar parameters and Sentinel-2 multispectral imagery to assess vegetation [...] Read more.

Hailstorms represent one of the most damaging convective hazards for agriculture, yet quantifying their impacts at a landscape scale remains challenging due to their localized and short-lived nature. In this study, we combine weather radar parameters and Sentinel-2 multispectral imagery to assess vegetation damage caused by two major hail events in northeastern Romania: Rădăuți (17 July 2016) and Dolhasca (30 July 2020). Radar-derived hail kinetic energy (HKE) was used as a rapid temporal indicator of hail occurrence, with a threshold of 300 J m⁻² applied to delineate potentially affected areas. Sentinel-2 Level-1C imagery, selected under strict temporal and cloud cover criteria, was processed to generate pre- and post-event Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) maps, from which NDVI differences (ΔNDVI) were computed. Thresholds of 0.10 and 0.20 were applied to identify moderate and severe vegetation stress, respectively. The results demonstrate strong spatial correspondence between radar-derived HKE cores and Sentinel-2 ΔNDVI reductions. In Rădăuți, where only one post-event image was available, ΔNDVI thresholds identified between 2236 and 5856 ha of affected vegetation within the HKE > 300 J m⁻² zone. In Dolhasca, where three post-event images were available (5, 8, and 15 days), the analysis revealed 6200–9100 ha affected at 5 days, decreasing to 4800–7200 ha at 8 days, and further to 3100–5600 ha at 15 days post-event. This temporal gradient highlights both the recovery of vegetation and the diminishing sensitivity of the ΔNDVI signal with increasing time elapsed since the event. Analysis by land use classes showed arable fields to be the most sensitive, followed by orchards and pastures, while forests exhibited smaller but persistent declines. This study demonstrates the robustness of integrating radar-derived hail kinetic energy with Sentinel-2 NDVI differencing for the spatiotemporal assessment of hail damage. The approach provides both rapid detection and temporally resolved mapping of hail damage, underlining the critical role of time as a determining factor in impact assessments. These findings have strong implications for operational crop monitoring, disaster response, and risk management in hail-prone regions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Temporal Resolution, a Key Factor in Environmental Risk Assessment II - Integrating Data from Multiple Data Sources)

21 pages, 683 KB

Open AccessArticle

Dietary Habits in Early Pregnancy in a Multi-Ethnic Population: Results from the PROMOTE Cohort Study

by Ania (Lucewicz) Samarawickrama, James Elhindi, Yoon Ji Jina Rhou, Sarah J. Melov, Justin McNab, Mark McLean, Ngai Wah Cheung, Ben J. Smith, Tim Usherwood, Victoria M. Flood, Dharmintra Pasupathy and on behalf of the PROMOTE Cohort Study Team

Nutrients 2025, 17(23), 3729; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17233729 (registering DOI) - 27 Nov 2025

Abstract

Introduction: The PROMOTE cohort study is a prospective pregnancy cohort study that seeks to improve the understanding of cardiometabolic risk and determinants, such as diet, during pregnancy in a multi-ethnic population. Increasing age and obesity has resulted in an increased risk of cardiometabolic [...] Read more.

Introduction: The PROMOTE cohort study is a prospective pregnancy cohort study that seeks to improve the understanding of cardiometabolic risk and determinants, such as diet, during pregnancy in a multi-ethnic population. Increasing age and obesity has resulted in an increased risk of cardiometabolic complications during pregnancy, including gestational diabetes. Trials of lifestyle interventions have so far produced mixed results, partly due to a wide variation in the methods, duration, adherence and type of dietary intervention. There is a need for high quality data about dietary habits in pregnancy, particularly in multi-ethnic populations. Objectives: In this study, we report the dietary habits of women in early pregnancy in the population of interest. We report early data seeking to assess the relationship between dietary patterns and risks of gestational diabetes. Methods and analysis: The PROMOTE cohort study is a prospective pregnancy cohort study recruiting pregnant participants with <16 weeks gestation in an area of high social and cultural diversity in western Sydney, Australia. The participants are surveyed about their physical activity levels, diet quality, emotional wellbeing and sociodemographic status using validated tools. Participants have consented to the use of routinely collected clinical and social data, including medical conditions, body mass index (BMI), blood pressure (BP) and glycaemia. The follow-up is from routinely collected data. This paper presents dietary data. Results: A total of 459 participants were recruited (n = 459), including 416 with GDM data available, at the conclusion of the first 2 years of recruitment. No participants met national dietary guideline recommendations. Fifty-six participants (n = 56, 13%) met a pragmatic composite standard of favourable diet, defined as two servings of vegetables and two servings of fruit per day, with a maximum of one discretionary serving per day. Over half the participants (n = 215, 51%) reported an adequate daily fruit intake. In total, 7 participants ate at least five servings of vegetables per day (n = 7, 1.7%), 61 participants (14.7%) ate three or more servings of vegetables per day and 212 (51.2%) participants reported one discretionary item per day. The data suggest that few women meet dietary recommendations in pregnancy. The association between dietary habits and GDM was unable to be assessed. The study was underpowered to detect an association due to the highly skewed distribution of dietary patterns in our population. Conclusions: The uptake of dietary recommendations was very low in our sample. This represents a major population health concern. Multi-level approaches are urgently needed to address poor dietary habits in pregnancy. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Effects of Exercise and Diet on Health)

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