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28 pages, 4422 KB

Open AccessArticle

Enhanced Object Detection Algorithms in Complex Environments via Improved CycleGAN Data Augmentation and AS-YOLO Framework

by Zhen Li, Yuxuan Wang, Lingzhong Meng, Wenjuan Chu and Guang Yang

J. Imaging 2025, 11(12), 447; https://doi.org/10.3390/jimaging11120447 (registering DOI) - 12 Dec 2025

Abstract

Object detection in complex environments, such as challenging lighting conditions, adverse weather, and target occlusions, poses significant difficulties for existing algorithms. To address these challenges, this study introduces a collaborative solution integrating improved CycleGAN-based data augmentation and an enhanced object detection framework, AS-YOLO. [...] Read more.

Object detection in complex environments, such as challenging lighting conditions, adverse weather, and target occlusions, poses significant difficulties for existing algorithms. To address these challenges, this study introduces a collaborative solution integrating improved CycleGAN-based data augmentation and an enhanced object detection framework, AS-YOLO. The improved CycleGAN incorporates a dual self-attention mechanism and spectral normalization to enhance feature capture and training stability. The AS-YOLO framework integrates a channel–spatial parallel attention mechanism, an AFPN structure for improved feature fusion, and the Inner_IoU loss function for better generalization. The experimental results show that compared with YOLOv8n, mAP@0.5 and mAP@0.95 of the AS-YOLO algorithm have increased by 1.5% and 0.6%, respectively. After data augmentation and style transfer, mAP@0.5 and mAP@0.95 have increased by 14.6% and 17.8%, respectively, demonstrating the effectiveness of the proposed method in improving the performance of the model in complex scenarios. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Machine Learning for Computer Vision Applications)

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21 pages, 3723 KB

Open AccessArticle

Computational Insights into the Molecular Mechanisms of Coptis chinensis Franch. in Treating Chronic Atrophic Gastritis: An Integrated Network Pharmacology, Machine Learning, and Molecular Dynamics Study

by Chengxiang Hu, Yang Liu, Yiyao Ding, Yue Jin and Weiwei Han

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025, 26(24), 11998; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms262411998 (registering DOI) - 12 Dec 2025

Abstract

Chronic atrophic gastritis (CAG) is a precancerous gastric condition with limited therapeutic interventions, and the mechanisms underlying the benefits of Coptis chinensis Franch. (CCF) remain insufficiently defined. This study employed an integrated computational strategy to clarify the molecular basis of CCF activity against [...] Read more.

Chronic atrophic gastritis (CAG) is a precancerous gastric condition with limited therapeutic interventions, and the mechanisms underlying the benefits of Coptis chinensis Franch. (CCF) remain insufficiently defined. This study employed an integrated computational strategy to clarify the molecular basis of CCF activity against CAG. Network pharmacology was used to identify potential targets of the major CCF constituents berberine, coptisine, and palmatine, followed by molecular docking, machine learning-based IC₅₀ prediction, and molecular dynamics simulations. Fifty-eight overlapping targets between CCF compounds and CAG-related genes were identified, highlighting SRC, STAT3, MAPK1, and NFKB1 as central nodes enriched in inflammatory and immune pathways, including TNF and MAPK signaling. Docking analyses revealed strong interactions between all three compounds and SRC kinase, and machine learning models predicted IC₅₀ values in the low micromolar range (1.38–1.82 μM). Molecular dynamics simulations further suggest that berberine may stabilize the crucial regulatory regions of SRC, specifically the activation loop. It is hypothesized that this stabilization maintains the inactive conformation of the kinase domain and potentially shields Tyr416 from phosphorylation, thus potentially influencing kinase activation. These findings suggest that CCF may modulate key inflammatory and immune pathways implicated in CAG progression, with SRC emerging as a central node for further investigation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Network Pharmacology: An Emerging Field in Drug Discovery (2nd Edition))

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14 pages, 3259 KB

Open AccessArticle

Therapeutic Effects of Argon Inhalation on Lung Ischemia–Reperfusion Injury in CLAWN Miniature Swine

by Takehiro Iwanaga, Masayoshi Okumi, Yuichi Ariyoshi, Kazuhiro Takeuchi, Akira Kondo, Mitsuhiro Sekijima, Yurika Ichinari, Akira Shimizu and Hisashi Sahara

J. Clin. Med. 2025, 14(24), 8821; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm14248821 (registering DOI) - 12 Dec 2025

Abstract

Background: Noble gases, such as argon, have been observed to exhibit cytoprotective effects. The non-anesthetic properties, abundance, and cost-effectiveness of argon suggest its clinical potential. While its efficacy in mitigating ischemia–reperfusion injury has been demonstrated in cellular and small animal models, data [...] Read more.

Background: Noble gases, such as argon, have been observed to exhibit cytoprotective effects. The non-anesthetic properties, abundance, and cost-effectiveness of argon suggest its clinical potential. While its efficacy in mitigating ischemia–reperfusion injury has been demonstrated in cellular and small animal models, data on its effects in large animals remain limited. This study evaluated the effects of argon inhalation on pulmonary ischemia–reperfusion injury in miniature swine with potential applications in transplantation. Methods: The left bronchial and pulmonary artery and veins were clamped for 90 min, and then the clamps were released to induce lung ischemia–reperfusion injury in 10 CLAWN miniature swine. The argon group (n = 5) inhaled a mixture of 30% oxygen and 70% argon for 360 min, whereas the control group (n = 5) inhaled a mixture of 30% oxygen and 70% nitrogen for an equivalent duration. Lung function was evaluated using chest X-ray, lung biopsies, and blood gas analysis. Results: The PaO₂/FiO₂ ratio significantly decreased in the control group 2 h post-reperfusion (568 ± 12 to 272 ± 39 mmHg), but was better preserved in the argon group (562 ± 17 to 430 ± 48 mmHg). Blood gas from the left pulmonary vein showed a superior PvO₂/FiO₂ ratio in the argon group (331 ± 40 vs. 186 ± 17 mmHg at 2 h; 519 ± 19 vs. 292 ± 33 mmHg at 2 days). Chest X-ray revealed reduced infiltration in the left lung. The lung biopsy histological scores improved in the argon group at 2 h and 2 days. Serum superoxide dismutase analysis and tissue TUNEL assays suggested that antioxidant and anti-apoptotic mechanisms, respectively, were involved. Conclusions: Perioperative argon inhalation attenuates ischemia–reperfusion injury in swine lungs, likely via anti-apoptotic and antioxidant effects. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue JSOPB 2025–2026 Congress Special Issue–Update on Organ Preservation and Transplantation)

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21 pages, 810 KB

Open AccessArticle

The Valuation of Assets as a Non-Monetary Contribution to a Water Management Company

by Eva Vítková, Jana Korytárová and Gabriela Kocourková

Sustainability 2025, 17(24), 11171; https://doi.org/10.3390/su172411171 (registering DOI) - 12 Dec 2025

Abstract

A large number of state-owned companies were privatized in the Czech Republic after the end of the communist regime, mostly through their transformation into joint-stock companies. The water management sector was no exception from this process. The ownership of infrastructure networks was transferred [...] Read more.

A large number of state-owned companies were privatized in the Czech Republic after the end of the communist regime, mostly through their transformation into joint-stock companies. The water management sector was no exception from this process. The ownership of infrastructure networks was transferred to individual municipalities, which are legally obliged to provide their inhabitants with water supply and sewerage disposal. Subsequently, the municipalities joined together in joint-stock companies to enhance their capacity to provide sufficient financial resources for the rehabilitation and development of water infrastructure and also to enable the implementation of sustainable water management strategies, which are key to environmental protection. Assets contributed to joint-stock companies in the form of non-monetary contributions serve as a basis for a proportionate allocation of shares, representing the shareholder’s share of participation in the company’s management. An analysis of the asset performance within these companies indicates the necessity of developing an optimized methodology for determining the number of shares allocated for such non-monetary contributions. This need arises from significant disparities in both profitability and cost-efficiency among municipalities, depending on factors such as population size (revenues) and the length and technical characteristics of the infrastructure networks (costs) contributed to the joint-stock companies. The authors of the article present the research project results, aimed at developing a methodological procedure for determining the price (value) of municipal infrastructure assets contributed as non-monetary capital to a joint-stock company that owns and operates water management networks, from which the secondary objective of determining the fair value of a municipality’s water management infrastructure assets based on the developed methodology is derived. The proposed methodological procedure is primarily based on establishing the ratio between the fixed and variable costs of the municipality. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Sustainable Water Management)

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18 pages, 2203 KB

Open AccessArticle

The Effects of Inorganic Carbon and Irradiance on the Photosynthetic Performance and Growth of the Macroalga Sargassum horneri

by Jane Wungen-Sani, Han-Yang Yeh, Yi-Jung Chen, Fan-Hua Nan and Meng-Chou Lee

Water 2025, 17(24), 3528; https://doi.org/10.3390/w17243528 (registering DOI) - 12 Dec 2025

Abstract

Sargassum horneri is a highly productive macroalgal species capable of assimilating dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) and converting CO₂ into carbohydrates, making it a promising solution for carbon capture and biomass enhancement. Owing to its wide distribution and natural abundance, the utilization of [...] Read more.

Sargassum horneri is a highly productive macroalgal species capable of assimilating dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) and converting CO₂ into carbohydrates, making it a promising solution for carbon capture and biomass enhancement. Owing to its wide distribution and natural abundance, the utilization of S. horneri may help mitigate rising oceanic CO₂ concentrations. This study evaluated the combined effects of inorganic carbon availability (2000, 4000, and 8000 μM NaHCO₃) and irradiance (100, 150, and 200 µmol photons m⁻² s⁻¹) on photosynthetic performance and growth across short-term (24 h) and long-term (4-week) experimental trials. Carbon enrichment and light intensity interacted to significantly influence growth and carbon assimilation. The highest growth rate (35.83 ± 3.95%) was observed under 8000 μM DIC (0.75 g L⁻¹) at 200 µmol photons m⁻² s⁻¹, corresponding to an optimal mean growth condition of 19 ± 0.04% (p < 0.05). These findings demonstrate that elevated inorganic carbon enhances photosynthetic efficiency by supplying sufficient substrate for carbon fixation, thereby supporting the feasibility of Sargassum horneri as a viable species for CO₂ absorption and carbon capture applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Biodiversity and Functionality of Aquatic Ecosystems)

4 pages, 155 KB

Open AccessEditorial

Editorial for the Special Issue “Design and Application of Combined Catalysis”

by Feng Wang

Catalysts 2025, 15(12), 1167; https://doi.org/10.3390/catal15121167 (registering DOI) - 12 Dec 2025

Abstract

The global community is currently confronting the dual challenges of energy shortages and environmental degradation, underscoring an urgent need for green and sustainable technological solutions [...] Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Design and Application of Combined Catalysis)

11 pages, 714 KB

Open AccessArticle

Urine Cytological Diagnostics: Possibilities and Limitations—A 25-Year Review and Overview at Hannover Medical School

by Soudah Bisharah, Mieke Raap and Mahmoud Abbas

Clin. Pract. 2025, 15(12), 234; https://doi.org/10.3390/clinpract15120234 (registering DOI) - 12 Dec 2025

Abstract

Background: Urine cytology is a highly effective, straightforward, and cost-efficient diagnostic tool for identifying neoplastic and non-neoplastic changes in the bladder, ureter, and renal pelvis. The aim of this study is to demonstrate the high sensitivity and specificity of urine cytology in detecting [...] Read more.

Background: Urine cytology is a highly effective, straightforward, and cost-efficient diagnostic tool for identifying neoplastic and non-neoplastic changes in the bladder, ureter, and renal pelvis. The aim of this study is to demonstrate the high sensitivity and specificity of urine cytology in detecting a wide range of urothelial lesions, including metastatic involvement. Material and Methods: Urine cytology was performed on 9639 cases between 2000 and 2025. The samples, collected from patients, were processed at the Institute of Pathology. Cytological slides were prepared using cytocentrifugation and stained with May–Grünwald–Giemsa (MGG) and Papanicolaou stains. The cytological findings were classified according to WHO, 2004 compared with histological specimens. Additionally, selected cases underwent immunohistochemical and molecular analyses. All samples were anonymized and retrospectively analyzed following the guidelines and regulations of the local ethics committee. Results: Of the total cases, 7051 were classified as benign, 1269 as malignant, and 88 as normal findings. Insufficient material was obtained in 336 cases. No complications were reported during sample collection or processing. The concordance with histological findings for neoplastic lesions was over 96%, with a false-negative rate of 1.84%. The diagnostic methods demonstrated a sensitivity of 90.7% and a specificity of 96.64%. Among the 6956 cases analyzed, 3139 were women (45.13%) and 3817 were men (54.87%). Conclusions: The diagnostic value of urine cytology in representative material is relatively high in assessing both the presence or absence of malignancy and, when applicable, the tumor grade. This large 25-year single-center review demonstrates that urine cytology retains high sensitivity and specificity for the detection of urothelial malignancy, particularly high-grade disease. However, the atypical category remains a major diagnostic challenge and contributes substantially to false-positive results. Full article

19 pages, 697 KB

Open AccessReview

Glucose Metabolism Modulation as a Strategy to Enhance Cancer Radiotherapy

by Shuaining Gao, Xiaochang Liu, Shi Chen and Pingkun Zhou

Metabolites 2025, 15(12), 793; https://doi.org/10.3390/metabo15120793 (registering DOI) - 12 Dec 2025

Abstract

A systematic literature review of the PubMed database, filtering for publication dates up to and including October 2025, was conducted to identify relevant studies on glucose metabolism and radiotherapy. Radioresistance poses a major therapeutic challenge, in which tumor-associated glucose metabolic reprogramming, characterized by [...] Read more.

A systematic literature review of the PubMed database, filtering for publication dates up to and including October 2025, was conducted to identify relevant studies on glucose metabolism and radiotherapy. Radioresistance poses a major therapeutic challenge, in which tumor-associated glucose metabolic reprogramming, characterized by the Warburg effect, supports cellular energy requirements and contributes to radioresistance by facilitating DNA repair and promoting survival pathways. Targeting pivotal glycolytic enzymes, such as hexokinase (HK) and pyruvate kinase M2 (PKM2), and integrating radiotherapy with metabolic modulators have been shown to improve radiosensitivity. Special emphasis is placed on how these interventions remodel the tumor microenvironment and modulate antitumor immunity—emerging factors that influence therapeutic efficacy. This review highlights mechanistic insights and potential therapeutic targets for the development of effective radiosensitization strategies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Endocrinology and Clinical Metabolic Research)

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21 pages, 1621 KB

Open AccessArticle

Millennia of Mitochondrial Change: Tracing Haplogroup Variation in Lithuania

by Ingrida Domarkienė, Indrė Krastinaitė, Justina Kozakaitė, Ingrida Kavaliauskienė, Henryk W. Witas, Vaidutis Kučinskas and Rimantas Jankauskas

Heritage 2025, 8(12), 531; https://doi.org/10.3390/heritage8120531 (registering DOI) - 12 Dec 2025

Abstract

Background: A comprehensive temporal analysis of mtDNA haplogroup variation across Lithuanian history remains limited. This study investigates the mtDNA variation landscape during the Iron Age by comparing newly reported Iron Age individual mtDNA data with the new data from present-day Lithuanians. Methods: Remains [...] Read more.

Background: A comprehensive temporal analysis of mtDNA haplogroup variation across Lithuanian history remains limited. This study investigates the mtDNA variation landscape during the Iron Age by comparing newly reported Iron Age individual mtDNA data with the new data from present-day Lithuanians. Methods: Remains of individuals from the Iron Age Lithuania (n = 101) were processed using standard protocols for ancient DNA processing. For the present-day Lithuanians (n = 279), whole mitogenomes were sequenced. Thirty-six polymorphic sites within the Hypervariable Region I were used for haplogroup assignment, phylogenetic and population genetic analyses. Results: Fifteen distinct haplogroups in the Iron Age and the present-day Lithuanians were identified. Haplogroup R0/H remained the most frequent across time. Haplogroups U, T, and N were prominent in the Iron Age. Haplogroups M and D were introduced after the Iron Age. Phylogenetic and population genetic analyses revealed greater mtDNA diversity in the present-day Lithuanians. Significant difference in molecular variance was observed during the Iron Age. Barring the Viking period, the Iron Age mtDNA variation matched the present-day Lithuanian and European populations. Conclusions: Our study showed that mtDNA variation over time remained stable with some random fluctuations and gained more diversity in the present-day Lithuanians. Full article

14 pages, 671 KB

Open AccessArticle

Efficacy and Safety of a Plasma Vaginal Cleanser (WOMEN CARE^®) Using Plasma-Activated Water in Suspected Vaginitis: A Multicenter Randomized Clinical Trial

by Hye-Jin Cho, Min-Kyeong Kim, Yun-Seo Choe, Seo-Yeon Son, Chi-Gu Kang, So-Jung Lim, Sooyong Kim, Hoonseong Choi, Un Suk Jung and Ju-Seop Kang

Biomedicines 2025, 13(12), 3076; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines13123076 (registering DOI) - 12 Dec 2025

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Vaginitis is a prevalent inflammatory disorder of the vaginal mucosa, frequently arising from its anatomical proximity to the anorectal region and a microenvironment conducive to pathogen colonization and dysbiosis. This prospective, multicenter, randomized, third-party-blinded study assessed the efficacy and safety of [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Vaginitis is a prevalent inflammatory disorder of the vaginal mucosa, frequently arising from its anatomical proximity to the anorectal region and a microenvironment conducive to pathogen colonization and dysbiosis. This prospective, multicenter, randomized, third-party-blinded study assessed the efficacy and safety of a plasma vaginal cleanser (WOMEN CARE^®) employing plasma-activated water (PAW) as a non-pharmacological alternative to conventional antimicrobials for restoring vaginal homeostasis. Methods: Women aged ≥19 years with clinically suspected vaginitis were assigned to either the experimental group (WOMEN CARE^®) or the control group (standard pharmacotherapy). The primary endpoint was the proportion of participants exhibiting decreased Nugent scores between baseline and Visit 4. Results: Of 144 participants in the experimental group, 125 completed the study. The experimental group showed comparable outcomes to standard pharmacotherapy group across Nugent scores, vaginal pH, and symptoms severity, with pathogen suppression confirmed as non-inferior. Additionally, PAW exerted anti-HPV activity through a potential effect against new genotypic HPV infection. While the control group experienced antibiotic-associated adverse effects (e.g., headache, abdominal discomfort, nausea), no treatment-related adverse events occurred in the WOMEN CARE^® group. Conclusions: These results indicate that PAW vaginal cleansing provides an effective, safe, non-antibiotic approach for managing vaginitis and maintaining vaginal ecological balance. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Molecular and Translational Medicine)

21 pages, 360 KB

Open AccessArticle

In Vitro and In Situ Evaluation of White Mulberry (Morus alba) Pomace and Leaf: Fermentation Kinetics, Digestibility, and Potential as Alternative Ruminant Feed Sources

by Zekeriya Safa İnanç and Huzur Derya Arik

Fermentation 2025, 11(12), 692; https://doi.org/10.3390/fermentation11120692 (registering DOI) - 12 Dec 2025

Abstract

Mulberry (Morus alba) by-products represent underutilized feed resources with potential for ruminant nutrition. This study evaluated the rumen fermentation kinetics and rumen digestibility of dried mulberry pomace (MP) and leaf (ML) to determine optimal inclusion strategies in dairy cattle diets. Mulberry [...] Read more.

Mulberry (Morus alba) by-products represent underutilized feed resources with potential for ruminant nutrition. This study evaluated the rumen fermentation kinetics and rumen digestibility of dried mulberry pomace (MP) and leaf (ML) to determine optimal inclusion strategies in dairy cattle diets. Mulberry pomace (MP) and mulberry leaf (ML) were sun-dried and incorporated at 50% substitution levels into total mixed rations (TMR) with varying concentrations (30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, and 50%) of neutral detergent fiber (NDF). This created ten treatment groups: 30NP through 50NP (pomace-supplemented, where the number represents basal TMR NDF%) and 30NL through 50NL (leaf-supplemented), plus control groups containing only MP or ML and five basal TMR controls (30N through 50N). Rumen fluid was collected from two non-lactating Holstein cows fitted with ruminal cannulas. Chemical analysis revealed that ML contained 19% crude protein and 27.4% NDF, while MP contained 14.9% crude protein and 35.8% NDF. The highest gas production was observed in the 45NP (43.20 mL) and 50NL (43.50 mL) groups. Results demonstrated that MP achieved optimal fermentation when combined with 40–45% NDF TMR (maximum total volatile fatty acid (VFA): 88.86 mmol/L in 40NP at 48 h), whereas ML performed best with 45% NDF TMR (45NL: 88.03 mmol/L total VFA), indicating these as the most promising treatment combinations for ruminant feeding systems pending in vivo validation. Acetate proportions were higher in ML groups (84–96%), while propionate ratios were elevated in MP groups. Both materials maintained optimal ruminal pH (6.2–6.8). In vitro NDF digestibility was significantly higher for ML, with differences increasing from 2.97% at 2 h to 16.44% at 240 h. In situ degradation of MP was nearly complete at 48 h, while ML reached maximum degradation at 24 h. These findings indicate the potential of MP and ML as valuable alternative feed sources for ruminants, particularly in TMRs containing 40–45% NDF. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Ruminal Fermentation: 2nd Edition)

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10 pages, 514 KB

Open AccessArticle

Mid- and Long-Term Results of Covered Stents for Iatrogenic Common Femoral Artery Injury

by Francesca Miceli, Giulia Demirxhiu, Alessia Di Girolamo, Antonio Marzano, Andrea Molinari, Rocco Cangiano, Marta Ascione, Francesco Ajmone, Gennaro Sardella, Massimo Mancone, Luca di Marzo and Wassim Mansour

Biomedicines 2025, 13(12), 3075; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines13123075 (registering DOI) - 12 Dec 2025

Abstract

Background/Objectives: The increasing use of endovascular procedures with common femoral artery (CFA) access has led to a rise in iatrogenic arterial injuries at this site. The most frequent injuries are pseudoaneurysms (PSA), retrograde dissections (RD), arteriovenous fistulas (AVF), and arterial perforations. Surgical repair [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: The increasing use of endovascular procedures with common femoral artery (CFA) access has led to a rise in iatrogenic arterial injuries at this site. The most frequent injuries are pseudoaneurysms (PSA), retrograde dissections (RD), arteriovenous fistulas (AVF), and arterial perforations. Surgical repair is the standard treatment; however, the use of covered stents (CS) may represent a valid alternative, despite current instructions for use (IFU) not recommending CFA implantation. Methods: We conducted a single-center retrospective study on a prospectively maintained database. Patients undergoing transcatheter aortic valve repair (TAVR), endovascular aortic repair EVAR, diagnostic or therapeutic coronary angiography, or peripheral percutaneous transluminal angioplasty, who were subsequently treated for CFA injury with CS implantation between February 2015 and May 2024, were included. Endpoints were technical success (complete arterial repair), 30-day mortality, overall mortality, reintervention rates, and long-term stent patency. Results: A total of 41 patients were included: 10 (24.4%) PSA, 3 (7.3%) AVF, 27 (65.8%) perforations, and 2 (4.9%) RD. Of which 28 (68.3%) were treated with self-expandable CS and 13 (31.7%) with balloon-expandable CS. Additionally, 33 (80.5%) underwent urgent treatment. Technical success was achieved in 97.5%. Thirty-day mortality was 7.3%, with no procedure-related deaths. At a mean follow-up of 50.8 months (range 1–109), survival was 63.4%, with 100% stent patency and no procedure-related reinterventions. Conclusions: CS implantation for CFA iatrogenic injuries achieved high technical success and excellent long-term patency, representing a viable alternative to open repair. Further studies are needed to integrate CS use for CFA injuries into treatment algorithms and to update device IFUs accordingly. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Molecular and Translational Medicine)

16 pages, 390 KB

Open AccessArticle

Investigation of Prothrombin G20210A and Factor V Leiden G1691A Variants in Patients with Acute Coronary Syndrome Presenting to the Emergency Department with Chest Pain

by Fulya Yukcu, Murtaza Kaya, Fatmagul Can and Harun Yildirim

Genes 2025, 16(12), 1490; https://doi.org/10.3390/genes16121490 (registering DOI) - 12 Dec 2025

Abstract

Background: Acute coronary syndrome (ACS) is a major cardiovascular emergency influenced by environmental and genetic factors. Thrombophilic variants such as prothrombin G20210A (rs1799963) and factor V Leiden G1691A (rs6025) may influence thrombin generation and has been reported to show associations with coronary events. [...] Read more.

Background: Acute coronary syndrome (ACS) is a major cardiovascular emergency influenced by environmental and genetic factors. Thrombophilic variants such as prothrombin G20210A (rs1799963) and factor V Leiden G1691A (rs6025) may influence thrombin generation and has been reported to show associations with coronary events. Methods: This case–control study included 100 ACS patients and 131 age and sex-matched healthy controls. Genotyping of rs1799963 and rs6025 was performed using polymerase chain reaction followed by restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) analysis. Results: The GG genotype was markedly more common among ACS patients for both variants. For rs1799963, carriers of the A allele (GA + AA) were less common in ACS (2.0%) than controls (9.2%; p = 0.039), corresponding to an 8.6-fold higher odds of ACS in GG carriers (OR = 8.624; 95% CI: 1.757–42.345; p = 0.008). For rs6025, A allele carriers (9.0%) were also reduced in ACS versus controls (18.3%; p = 0.049), and GG homozygotes exhibited a 2.6-fold higher risk (OR = 2.635; 95% CI: 1.104–6.290; p = 0.029). Age was independently associated with higher ACS risk (OR = 1.047; 95% CI: 1.029–1.066; p < 0.001). Conclusions: Our findings indicate that the rs1799963 and rs6025 variants were independently associated with ACS, together with advancing age. Both the GG genotype and older age were associated with higher odds of ACS, whereas A-allele carriers appeared less common among ACS cases. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Human Genomics and Genetic Diseases)

22 pages, 5419 KB

Open AccessArticle

Substituting Fossil-Based into Bio-Based Isocyanates for Resin and Dispersion Polyurethane Coatings: Evaluation of Thermal, Mechanical, and Chemical Performance

by Pieter Samyn and Patrick Cosemans

Polymers 2025, 17(24), 3301; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym17243301 (registering DOI) - 12 Dec 2025

Abstract

This study investigates the substitution of fossil-based isocyanates with bio-based alternatives in polyurethane resin (PU) coatings and polyurethane dispersion (PUD) coatings, focusing on mechanical and thermal performance. The coatings were formulated using bio-based pentamethylene diisocyanate (PDI) and a range of fossil-based hexamethylene diisocyanate [...] Read more.

This study investigates the substitution of fossil-based isocyanates with bio-based alternatives in polyurethane resin (PU) coatings and polyurethane dispersion (PUD) coatings, focusing on mechanical and thermal performance. The coatings were formulated using bio-based pentamethylene diisocyanate (PDI) and a range of fossil-based hexamethylene diisocyanate (HDI) trimers, combined with either a polyester polyol or a polyacrylate polyol. Differential-scanning calorimetry analysis revealed that PDI-based coatings exhibit higher reactivity during crosslinking, resulting in higher glass transition temperatures. Thermogravimetric analysis showed lower thermal stability compared to HDI-based polyurethanes, indicating increased rigidity but reduced thermal resilience. Mechanical testing of the coatings on wood showed superior microhardness, scratch resistance, and wear resistance for PDI-based coatings, particularly when combined with polyester polyols. Microscopic surface evaluation and roughness analysis confirmed smoother morphologies and lower crack densities in PDI-polyester coatings. Gloss and water contact angle measurements further demonstrated improved surface uniformity and hydrophobicity for PDI-based coatings. The FTIR spectroscopy validated the chemical integrity and more intense hydrogen bonding for PDI-based coatings. The post-wear spectra indicated chemical oxidation and surface rearrangements in PDI-based systems and mechanical degradation with chain scission for HDI-based coatings. Overall, the study highlights that bio-based PDI trimers can effectively replace fossil-based HDI trimers in PU and PUD coatings without compromising mechanical performance, especially when paired with polyester polyols. These findings support the development of more sustainable polyurethane coatings with enhanced durability and environmental compatibility. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Development of Polymer Materials as Functional Coatings: 2nd Edition)

19 pages, 3276 KB

Open AccessArticle

Brain Activation Features in Response to the Expectation of Receiving Rewards Through Aggression

by Jia-Ming Wei, Xiaoyun Zhao and Ling-Xiang Xia

Brain Sci. 2025, 15(12), 1326; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci15121326 (registering DOI) - 12 Dec 2025

Abstract

Background: Reward expectation is an important motivation for aggression. However, despite substantial progress in behavioral studies related to reward expectation in aggression, the neural basis underlying this process remains unclear. Methods: To investigate the brain correlates of aggressive reward expectation, we [...] Read more.

Background: Reward expectation is an important motivation for aggression. However, despite substantial progress in behavioral studies related to reward expectation in aggression, the neural basis underlying this process remains unclear. Methods: To investigate the brain correlates of aggressive reward expectation, we developed the Harm–Gain Task (HGT). In this task, participants were informed that they could gain money by causing harm to another person and were instructed to evaluate their satisfaction with the anticipated monetary reward. Additionally, we designed a questionnaire to measure participants’ moral disengagement concerning aggressive decision-making in the HGT. Thirty-four healthy Chinese university students completed the HGT while in the scanner, and their functional images were acquired using a 3.0-T Siemens Tim Trio scanner. Data from two participants were excluded from the analysis due to excessive head motion. Finally, data from 32 participants (15 males, M_age = 19.97 years, SD_age = 2.07 years) were included in the analyses. Results: Findings show that during the reward expectation phase of the HGT, (1) relative to the baseline condition, the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC), anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), and middle cingulate cortex (MCC) were significantly activated. Conversely, activation in the bilateral dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC), bilateral inferior parietal lobule (IPL), and bilateral lateral temporal cortex (LTC) was attenuated. (2) As the monetary amount raised, activation in the OFC and ACC significantly increased, while activation in the DLPFC, IPL, and LTC significantly decreased. (3) As the monetary amount raised, the heightened activation in the OFC and ACC was significantly correlated with participants’ aggressive behavior and moral disengagement scores. Conclusions: The results provide preliminary evidence regarding neural correlates in aggressive reward expectation, promoting further exploration of the cognitive neural mechanisms underlying aggression. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Neural Mechanisms Underlying Social Cognition and Emotional Processing)

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17 pages, 821 KB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Association Between Early Point-of-Care Ultrasound and Emergency Department Outcomes in Admitted Patients with Non-Traumatic Abdominal Pain: A Propensity Score-Weighted Cohort Analysis

by Meng-Feng Tsai, Fen-Wei Huang, Te-Fa Chiu, Tse-Chyuan Wong, Sheng-Yao Hung, Wei-Jun Lin and Shih-Hao Wu

Diagnostics 2025, 15(24), 3182; https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics15243182 (registering DOI) - 12 Dec 2025

Abstract

Background: To evaluate the association of point-of-care ultrasound (PoCUS) performed within one hour of emergency department (ED) arrival with ED length of stay (LOS) and healthcare costs in admitted ED patients with non-traumatic abdominal pain. Methods: This retrospective, inverse probability of treatment [...] Read more.

Background: To evaluate the association of point-of-care ultrasound (PoCUS) performed within one hour of emergency department (ED) arrival with ED length of stay (LOS) and healthcare costs in admitted ED patients with non-traumatic abdominal pain. Methods: This retrospective, inverse probability of treatment weighting (IPTW) cohort study was conducted at a tertiary medical center in Taiwan. This study analyzed data from 2021–2023, focusing on adult patients admitted to an ordinary ward with non-traumatic abdominal pain. Patients discharged from the ED, admitted to the ICU, or receiving PoCUS > 1 h (N = 864) were excluded. The final cohort of 6866 patients comprised those receiving PoCUS within 1 h (N = 1542) and those receiving no PoCUS (N = 5324). Primary and secondary outcomes (ED LOS, costs) were adjusted for age, gender, triage, vital signs, BMI, and comorbidities using generalized linear models with a Gamma distribution. Results: After IPTW adjustment in 6866 admitted abdominal pain patients, PoCUS within one hour was associated with a 14% shorter ED LOS (RM 0.86, 95% CI 0.83–0.89). A notable finding was that PoCUS performed within one hour was associated with 44% higher odds of CT utilization (OR 1.44, 95% CI 1.25–1.65) and 5% lower total healthcare costs (RM 0.95, 95% CI 0.91–0.99). Stratification by CT use revealed distinct patterns underlying these associations: in the non-CT subgroup, PoCUS was associated with 12% lower ED costs (RM 0.88, 95% CI 0.83–0.94), whereas in the CT subgroup, it was associated with 9% lower admission costs (RM 0.91, 95% CI 0.86–0.96). Conclusions: In admitted patients, PoCUS performed within one hour was associated with shorter ED LOS and lower total costs, despite a concurrent association with higher CT utilization. These findings are consistent with a dual, context-dependent role for PoCUS: associated with reduced ED costs in non-CT pathways and lower admission costs in CT pathways. However, as this is an observational study, these results represent associations rather than causal effects and may be influenced by unmeasured confounding. Prospective trials are required to validate these findings. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Clinical Diagnosis and Management in Emergency and Hospital Medicine)

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43 pages, 3048 KB

Open AccessArticle

Toward Smart Agriculture: AI-Optimized Prototype Conceptual Design for Lentil Seed Germination with UV-C and Spirulina

by Pedro Ponce, Claudia Hernandez-Aguilar, Mario Rojas, Juana Isabel Méndez, David Balderas, Flavio Arturo Dominguez-Pacheco and Alfredo Diaz-Lara

Processes 2025, 13(12), 4030; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr13124030 (registering DOI) - 12 Dec 2025

Abstract

This study introduces an adaptable, intelligent prototype designed to optimize lentil seed germination and biomass accumulation via controlled UV-C radiation and Spirulina supplementation. Building on earlier experiments that separately and jointly assessed these treatments, the work presents a novel seed-treatment chamber that combines [...] Read more.

This study introduces an adaptable, intelligent prototype designed to optimize lentil seed germination and biomass accumulation via controlled UV-C radiation and Spirulina supplementation. Building on earlier experiments that separately and jointly assessed these treatments, the work presents a novel seed-treatment chamber that combines environmental sensing, real-time delivery mechanisms, and a machine-learning decision engine. The system automatically selects among three operational modes, Fast Germination, High Biomass, and Flavonoid Enrichment, each targeting a specific agronomic goal. To uncover the most influential treatment factors, the authors applied Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and Principal Component Analysis (PCA), revealing key response patterns that inform mode definitions. A regression-based AI model was then trained on experimental data to predict treatment outcomes and dynamically adjust parameters. Model performance metrics demonstrate high predictive fidelity, with a Mean Absolute Error (MAE) of 2.1267%, indicating an average deviation of just over two percentage points between predicted and observed germination rates. In comparison, a Mean Squared Error (MSE) of 6.4598 and a corresponding Root Mean Squared Error (RMSE) of 2.5416% confirm consistently low squared deviations. An R² score of 0.8702 indicates that the model accounts for approximately 87% of the variance in germination outcomes, underscoring the robustness of the regression approach. Importantly, the specific treatment ranges illustrated in this study are not direct replications of prior data, but rather representative values drawn from earlier research to demonstrate the framework’s applicability. By abstracting treatment parameters into realistic ranges, the paper shows how the chamber can accommodate various empirical datasets. The principal contribution lies in offering a generalizable methodology for designing AI-enhanced seed-treatment systems. This conceptual framework can be tailored to multiple crops and cultivation environments, paving the way for scalable, precision agriculture solutions that integrate automated monitoring, intelligent control, and real-time optimization. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Sustainable Processes)

18 pages, 1408 KB

Open AccessArticle

From Carbon Sinks to Carbon Sources: A Regime Shift Induced by the Desiccation of Floodplain Lakes

by Joanna Gmitrowicz-Iwan, Barbara Futa, Ludwika Poręba and Dorota Kawałko

Water 2025, 17(24), 3527; https://doi.org/10.3390/w17243527 (registering DOI) - 12 Dec 2025

Abstract

Climate-driven hydrological changes are transforming river valleys, particularly floodplain lakes (FLs). Increasingly prolonged droughts and reduced flooding are causing the desiccation of oxbow and floodplain lakes, leading to the conversion of aquatic sediments into soils. This study investigates both the quantity and quality [...] Read more.

Climate-driven hydrological changes are transforming river valleys, particularly floodplain lakes (FLs). Increasingly prolonged droughts and reduced flooding are causing the desiccation of oxbow and floodplain lakes, leading to the conversion of aquatic sediments into soils. This study investigates both the quantity and quality of carbon in these environments by analysing submerged sediments and sediments transformed into soils in small FLs of the Middle Vistula Valley (central Poland). Samples from eight FLs, representing both submerged and desiccated zones, were analysed for total organic carbon (TOC), humic substances (HSs), fulvic acids (FAs), humic acids (HAs), and carbonates (CaCO₃). The TOC content averaged about 40 g kg⁻¹ in both sediments and soils, indicating considerable carbon storage. However, the proportion of FA and HA was low (3–4 g kg⁻¹, or 12–15% of TOC), suggesting a low degree of humification and a predominance of labile, easily degradable organic compounds susceptible to microbial mineralization and CO₂ emission. CaCO₃ content was also low (<1%), implying minimal potential for carbonate-derived CO₂ release. These findings confirm that drying FLs represent transitional systems and may shift from carbon sinks to carbon sources under ongoing climatic change. They also emphasize the need for more focused research on these, until now, underestimated ecosystems. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Carbon Storage in Lake Sediments Under Climate Change)

11 pages, 932 KB

Open AccessArticle

Genetic and Clinical Characterization of FLNC Variants in Chinese Patients with Cardiomyopathy

by Guofeng Xing, Li Chen, Lizhi Lv, Chengming Hu, Shengmei Liu, Yabing Duan, Jiachen Li, Qiang Wang and Xiaoyan Li

J. Cardiovasc. Dev. Dis. 2025, 12(12), 492; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcdd12120492 (registering DOI) - 12 Dec 2025

Abstract

This study investigates FLNC mutations in Chinese cardiomyopathy patients. Background: Inherited cardiomyopathies, including dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM), hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM), restrictive cardiomyopathy (RCM), and arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy (ARVC) are major heart failure causes. FLNC, critical for muscle structure, is implicated in myofibrillar myopathy [...] Read more.

This study investigates FLNC mutations in Chinese cardiomyopathy patients. Background: Inherited cardiomyopathies, including dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM), hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM), restrictive cardiomyopathy (RCM), and arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy (ARVC) are major heart failure causes. FLNC, critical for muscle structure, is implicated in myofibrillar myopathy and isolated DCM (3–4% cases) with ventricular arrhythmias. Missense variants are linked to HCM and protein aggregation. A cohort of 25 patients with pathogenic/likely pathogenic FLNC mutations (2022–2025, Beijing Anzhen Hospital) underwent whole-exome sequencing (WES) using IDT kit 1.0/Hiseq 4000. Variants were classified via the American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics (ACMG) guidelines. Clinical data (echocardiography, CMR, labs) and follow-up data (prognosis, meds, and family history) were collected. The statistics used SPSS (p < 0.05). The mean age was 38 ± 14.6 years (13 males). There were 25 FLNC mutations: 12 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), 5 deletions, 2 duplications, and 3 deletion-insertions, classified as 6 pathogenic, 16 likely pathogenic, and 3 variants of uncertain significance (VUS). Diagnoses: 24% dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM), 8% hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM), and 4% left ventricular non-compaction. Nonsense mutation carriers exhibited significantly higher tricuspid regurgitation prevalence compared to frameshift mutation carriers (6/9 vs. 2/10; p = 0.04). Echocardiography revealed reduced left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) (41.5 ± 14.1%), with statistically significant differences in fractional shortening (p = 0.024) and aortic root diameter (p = 0.028). Pedigree analysis confirmed that a frameshift mutation (LP) co-segregated with familial DCM and was associated with severe phenotypes, including sudden cardiac death. Furthermore, nonsense FLNC mutations correlated with increased tricuspid regurgitation severity, smaller aortic root dimensions, and reduced pulmonary artery flow velocity. Full article

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22 pages, 2234 KB

Open AccessArticle

Enhanced Low-Energy Impact Localization for Carbon-Fiber Honeycomb Sandwich Panels Using LightGBM

by Zifan He, Jiyun Lu, Shengming Cui, Chunhua Zhou, Yinuo Shao, Qi Wu and Hongfu Zuo

Sensors 2025, 25(24), 7570; https://doi.org/10.3390/s25247570 (registering DOI) - 12 Dec 2025

Abstract

Low-energy impacts have been demonstrated to cause damage and failure in aircraft structures, thereby affecting the structural load-bearing performance and creating safety hazards. In this study, an innovative damage-monitoring method based on a fiber Bragg grating (FBG) is proposed for honeycomb sandwich composites. [...] Read more.

Low-energy impacts have been demonstrated to cause damage and failure in aircraft structures, thereby affecting the structural load-bearing performance and creating safety hazards. In this study, an innovative damage-monitoring method based on a fiber Bragg grating (FBG) is proposed for honeycomb sandwich composites. The proposed method is applicable to honeycomb sandwich composites and integrates a light gradient boosting machine (LightGBM)-optimized impact localization method with feature-parallel and data-parallel processing in the machine learning architecture. An impact localization algorithm is applied to honeycomb sandwich composites using an array of multiplexed FBG sensors. The proposed algorithm exhibited substantial localization accuracy. The LightGBM method was employed to identify the optimal branching points for impact localization in real time, addressing the low-accuracy challenge in localizing low-energy impacts on the board structure when the fiber grating sensing system operates at a high sampling frequency. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Optical Sensors)

23 pages, 2133 KB

Open AccessArticle

Optimum Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymer (CFRP) Design for Flexural Strengthening of Cantilever Concrete Walls Using Artificial Neural Networks

by Gebrail Bekdaş, Ammar Khalbous, Sinan Melih Nigdeli and Ümit Işıkdağ

Polymers 2025, 17(24), 3300; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym17243300 (registering DOI) - 12 Dec 2025

Abstract

This study introduces a hybrid framework combining an Artificial Neural Network (ANN) with the Jaya optimization algorithm to predict the minimum Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymer (CFRP) area required for flexural strengthening of reinforced concrete (RC) cantilever walls. A multilayer perceptron (MLP) network was [...] Read more.

This study introduces a hybrid framework combining an Artificial Neural Network (ANN) with the Jaya optimization algorithm to predict the minimum Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymer (CFRP) area required for flexural strengthening of reinforced concrete (RC) cantilever walls. A multilayer perceptron (MLP) network was trained on 500 Jaya-optimized design scenarios incorporating twelve design variables, including geometry, loads, and material properties. The ANN achieved high predictive accuracy, with R-values near 1.0 across training, validation, and testing phases. Five independent test cases yielded an average error of 3.69%, and 10-fold cross-validation confirmed model robustness (R = 0.9996). A global perturbation-based sensitivity analysis was also conducted to quantify the influence of each input parameter, highlighting wall length, moment demand, and concrete strength as the most significant features. This integrated ANN–Jaya model enables rapid, code-compliant CFRP design in accordance with ACI 318 and ACI 440.2R-17, minimizing material usage and ensuring economic and sustainable retrofitting. The proposed approach offers a practical, data-driven alternative to traditional iterative methods, suitable for application in modern performance-based structural engineering. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fiber-Reinforced Polymers in Construction and Building)

17 pages, 4408 KB

Open AccessArticle

Plant Diversity in a Volcanic Crater Interior: Laguna De Apoyo Nature Reserve, Nicaragua

by Jeffrey K. McCrary, Alain Kheim Meyrat, Ricardo M. Rueda and Luz Maria Calvo-Irabien

Conservation 2025, 5(4), 83; https://doi.org/10.3390/conservation5040083 (registering DOI) - 12 Dec 2025

Abstract

Volcanic crater interiors in Nicaragua’s Pacific region are a valuable, understudied, and threatened native plant resource. Laguna de Apoyo Nature Reserve encompasses a crater and lake formed following a Quaternary volcanic explosion in Pacific Nicaragua. The flora of the tropical dry forest in [...] Read more.

Volcanic crater interiors in Nicaragua’s Pacific region are a valuable, understudied, and threatened native plant resource. Laguna de Apoyo Nature Reserve encompasses a crater and lake formed following a Quaternary volcanic explosion in Pacific Nicaragua. The flora of the tropical dry forest in the crater’s interior surrounding the lake has not been extensively assessed. We identified 403 native and 72 introduced plant species and their uses through a combination of survey plots, unstructured interviews, expert consultations, and targeted searches for plant species coordinated with key informants in the Reserve. Fabaceae, Euphorbiaceae, and Asteraceae were the most represented native species, whereas the most significant numbers of introduced species were found in Poaceae, Euphorbiaceae, and Fabaceae. Forty-one species have conservation priority status. Documented uses were found for 70% of the native species and 88% of the introduced species. The most significant numbers of plant species with reported use types were ornamentals and fuelwood. This study constitutes the most comprehensive plant species inventory in a protected area of Nicaragua’s tropical dry forest biome. These findings indicate native plant diversity is high, introduced species pose considerable risks, and most species are integrated into local uses. Consequently, management decisions should explicitly promote native diversity, protect threatened species, better control introduced species, and encourage sustainable use. Full article

19 pages, 3718 KB

Open AccessArticle

Urban Resilience and Spatial Inequality in China: Toward Sustainable Development Under Multi-Dimensional Constraints

by Gaoyan Huang, Yue Hu, Hui An, Jie Huang and Tao Shi

Land 2025, 14(12), 2415; https://doi.org/10.3390/land14122415 (registering DOI) - 12 Dec 2025

Abstract

Comprehending the spatial–temporal transformation of urban resilience (UR) is fundamental for promoting sustainable urban growth in the Chinese context. In this study, a multi-dimensional index framework is developed to cover economic, social, ecological, and infrastructural aspects of resilience, assessing urban resilience across 282 [...] Read more.

Comprehending the spatial–temporal transformation of urban resilience (UR) is fundamental for promoting sustainable urban growth in the Chinese context. In this study, a multi-dimensional index framework is developed to cover economic, social, ecological, and infrastructural aspects of resilience, assessing urban resilience across 282 prefecture-level cities between 2005 and 2022. By integrating the Time-Varying Entropy Method (TEM) with the Two-Stage Nested Theil Index (TNTI), we quantify the intensity and origins of spatial disparities in UR. Furthermore, spatial econometric models are employed to examine β convergence across regional and temporal dimensions. Additionally, the research adopts an Optimal Parameter-based Geographical Detector (OPGD) approach to explore and quantify the major determinants affecting urban resilience. The results reveal that (1) UR has significantly improved nationwide, with higher levels concentrated in eastern and southern China; (2) intra-provincial disparities are the dominant source of spatial differences, and continue to expand; (3) UR shows robust β-convergence nationally and regionally, although σ-convergence is limited to specific periods; (4) savings deposits per capita, ratio of employees, per capita fiscal expenditure and market size are identified as the core factors driving UR. The findings offer new insights into urban spatial governance under multi-dimensional constraints and challenges and serve as empirical guidance for narrowing resilience gaps and promoting balanced regional development. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Land–Energy–Water–Climate Nexus and Sustainable Development Challenges)

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11 pages, 537 KB

Open AccessArticle

Inside the Playbook: Tactical Signatures of Winning Teams in the NBA

by Javier García-Rubio, Almudena Martínez-Sánchez, Pablo López-Sierra and Amalia Campos-Redondo

Appl. Sci. 2025, 15(24), 13121; https://doi.org/10.3390/app152413121 (registering DOI) - 12 Dec 2025

Abstract

Basketball preparation has shifted from a physical and technical focus to a holistic approach that incorporates performance analysis, as traditional statistics offer only a limited understanding of team behavior. This study aimed to characterize NBA teams according to their performance in regular season [...] Read more.

Basketball preparation has shifted from a physical and technical focus to a holistic approach that incorporates performance analysis, as traditional statistics offer only a limited understanding of team behavior. This study aimed to characterize NBA teams according to their performance in regular season and play-off games and to identify the play types that distinguish the best-performing teams in each phase. Data from five NBA seasons (2019–2024; 6400 games) were analyzed using play-type statistics obtained from the official league database. Two-step cluster analysis and one-way analyses of variance with Bonferroni correction were applied to identify group differences (p < 0.05). Three team clusters were identified in both the regular season and the play-offs. High-performing teams in the regular season were significantly more effective in isolation (p < 0.01) and spot-up (p = 0.03) situations and showed greater use of pick-and-roll ball-handler actions (p = 0.001). In the play-offs, differences were smaller and mainly involved low-performing teams, which were less effective in transition and spot-up plays (p < 0.05). Comparisons between the best regular season and play-off teams revealed significant differences in post-up, off-screen, and put-back efficiency (p < 0.05). Success depended primarily on execution efficiency rather than play-type frequency. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Studies in Ball Sports Performance)

23 pages, 5116 KB

Open AccessArticle

Overexpression of Malus baccata WRKY63 Enhances Cold Tolerance by Increasing the Antioxidant Level Associated with ROS Scavenging

by Wanda Liu, Tianhe Wang, Xinhui Wang, Zhiwei Wang, Baitao Guo, Yu Wang, Xiaoyu Shen, Jilong Han, Wenhui Li and Deguo Han

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025, 26(24), 11997; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms262411997 (registering DOI) - 12 Dec 2025

Abstract

During their natural growth, plants encounter adverse environmental conditions, such as chilling injury, freezing injury, drought, and salt damage, collectively known as abiotic stresses. Several studies have shown that WRKY proteins regulate various abiotic stress responses and plant developmental processes. However, researchers have [...] Read more.

During their natural growth, plants encounter adverse environmental conditions, such as chilling injury, freezing injury, drought, and salt damage, collectively known as abiotic stresses. Several studies have shown that WRKY proteins regulate various abiotic stress responses and plant developmental processes. However, researchers have rarely investigated WRKY genes associated with the stress response in apples. Within this research, Malus baccata (L.) Borkh as the experimental material. We isolated and cloned MbWRKY63 and investigated its function in low-temperature stress tolerance. Subcellular localization analysis shows that MbWRKY63 localizes to the cell nucleus. Tissue-specific expression analysis revealed that MbWRKY63 is relatively highly expressed in the young leaves and root tissues of apples. Under low-temperature treatment at 4 °C, Arabidopsis thaliana plants that overexpressed MbWRKY63 showed greater cold stress resistance than the wild type (WT) and the empty vector (UL) control. In transgenic plants, the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), and catalase (CAT) were significantly enhanced; meanwhile, the contents of proline, malondialdehyde (MDA), and chlorophyll also changed significantly. In addition, by regulating the expression levels of AtKIN1, AtCBF1, AtCBF2, AtCBF3, AtCOR47, and AtCOR15a, MbWRKY63 enhanced the low-temperature stress tolerance in transgenic Arabidopsis. The results suggest that MbWRKY63 in apples may be involved in the response to low-temperature stress, laying a foundation for understanding the role of WRKY transcription factors (TFs) in abiotic stress responses. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advance in Plant Abiotic Stress: 4th Edition)

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15 pages, 832 KB

Open AccessArticle

Importance of Different Parameters for Monitoring Dogs with Leishmania infantum Infections in a Non-Endemic Country

by Melanie Kaempfle, Roswitha Dorsch, Yury Zablotski, Katrin Hartmann and Michèle Bergmann

Pathogens 2025, 14(12), 1282; https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens14121282 (registering DOI) - 12 Dec 2025

Abstract

Leishmania (L.) infantum infections in dogs can cause severe recurrent disease. The aim of this study was to investigate different parameters for early detection of disease relapses in L. infantum-infected dogs in Germany. Fifty-two dogs naturally infected with L. infantum were enrolled. [...] Read more.

Leishmania (L.) infantum infections in dogs can cause severe recurrent disease. The aim of this study was to investigate different parameters for early detection of disease relapses in L. infantum-infected dogs in Germany. Fifty-two dogs naturally infected with L. infantum were enrolled. During the one-year study period, all dogs remained outside of endemic areas and attended study appointments every three months, including physical examination, blood pressure measurement, complete blood count with differential, serum biochemistry with symmetrical dimethylarginine and C-reactive protein, complete urinalysis including urine protein-to-creatinine ratio, L. infantum PCR, and antibody ELISA. Disease relapse was defined as deterioration of clinical or laboratory parameters in dogs that had achieved complete or partial remission before. Univariable and multivariable Bayesian logistic regression were used to identify predictors of disease relapse. Lymphadenopathy (p < 0.01; OR = 6.93), seborrhea/hypotrichosis (p = 0.02; OR = 8.02), and proteinuria (p < 0.01; OR = 9.14) were significantly associated with upcoming disease relapses (n = 10; 9/52 dogs), while associations between higher antibody levels and upcoming disease relapses trended towards significance (p = 0.06; OR = 1.03). Different parameters are important for an early diagnosis of disease relapse in canine leishmaniosis and should thus be regularly assessed and interpreted accordingly in the monitoring of L. infantum-infected dogs. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Leishmania & Leishmaniasis)

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