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12 pages, 442 KB

Open AccessArticle

Forage Yield of Megathyrsus maximus Cultivars Managed with Two Fertilization Rates in a Sequential Cropping System

by Matheus Silva Rodrigues, Hemython Luis Bandeira do Nascimento, Darliane de Castro Santos, Bárbara Vieira de Freitas, Victória Caroline Sousa Rosa, Tiago do Prado Paim, Jaqueline Balbina Gomes Ferreira, Stéfany Oliveira de Souza, Victória Santos Souza and Patrick Bezerra Fernandes

Grasses 2026, 5(1), 1; https://doi.org/10.3390/grasses5010001 (registering DOI) - 5 Jan 2026

Abstract

In the oilseed–cereal–forage system, information on the performance of grasses of the genus Megathyrsus maximus and on the optimal fertilization levels for forage production is still scarce. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate forage yield (FY) of pastures established in crop succession systems [...] Read more.

In the oilseed–cereal–forage system, information on the performance of grasses of the genus Megathyrsus maximus and on the optimal fertilization levels for forage production is still scarce. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate forage yield (FY) of pastures established in crop succession systems and subjected to two fertilization regimes during the 2020 and 2021 growing seasons, in the municipality of Rio Verde, Brazil. The experiment evaluated four M. maximus cultivars (Paredão, Zuri, Quênia, and Tamani) under two fertilization rates: maintenance (50, 50, 20, and 3.2 kg ha⁻¹ year⁻¹ of N, K, S, and micronutrients, respectively) and enhanced (150, 150, 40, and 6.4 kg ha⁻¹ year⁻¹, respectively). The Zuri cultivar showed a higher daily forage accumulation rate and greater forage leaf mass compared with the other cultivars. In addition, the Zuri and Paredão cultivars achieved the highest FY, reaching 12.80 and 12.10 Mg ha⁻¹, respectively. The Tamani cultivar exhibited a lower neutral detergent fiber concentration and a higher total digestible nutrient concentration, indicating its potential for systems that prioritize higher forage nutritive value. Zuri and Paredão maximize forage yield in crop succession systems, while enhanced fertilization increases yield by 15%, with adoption dependent on economic feasibility. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Role of Forage in Sustainable Agriculture)

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23 pages, 412 KB

Open AccessArticle

ESG Performance and Corporate Corruption Risk Management: The Moderating Role of Risk Management Committees in GCC Firms

by Krayyem Al-Hajaya

J. Risk Financial Manag. 2026, 19(1), 38; https://doi.org/10.3390/jrfm19010038 (registering DOI) - 5 Jan 2026

Abstract

This study investigates the impact of environmental, social, and governance (ESG) performance on corporate corruption risk management (CCRM) and examines the moderating role of the risk management committee (RMC) among non-financial firms in Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries for the period spanning from [...] Read more.

This study investigates the impact of environmental, social, and governance (ESG) performance on corporate corruption risk management (CCRM) and examines the moderating role of the risk management committee (RMC) among non-financial firms in Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries for the period spanning from 2015 to 2024. Building on agency and legitimacy theories, the study argues that ESG performance strengthens governance quality and ethical accountability, which is reflected in higher quality CCRM. Additionally, RMCs are expected to play a moderating role in enhancing oversight effectiveness, which boosts such a relationship. Using panel data derived from the Refinitiv Eikon database and employing Feasible Generalized Least Squares (FGLS) regression, the results reveal that firms with higher ESG performance exhibit significantly stronger corruption risk management practices. Moreover, the interaction between ESG performance and RMC presence positively amplifies this relationship, underscoring the committee’s role in institutionalizing ethical conduct and improving governance transparency. Robustness tests using alternative ESG and CCRM measures confirm the consistency of these findings. The study provides novel empirical evidence from the GCC context, highlighting how governance structures and sustainability practices jointly enhance corporate integrity. It offers theoretical, practical, and policy implications for promoting ethical governance and sustainable development in emerging markets. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Finance and Corporate Responsibility)

22 pages, 1898 KB

Open AccessArticle

Dormancy Versus Germination: 3D Protein Modeling and Evolutionary Analyses Define the Roles of Genetic Variants in the Barley MKK3 Enzyme

by Maria Hrmova, Christoph Dockter, Flavia Krsticevic, Morten Egevang Jørgensen, Birgitte Skadhauge and Geoffrey B. Fincher

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2026, 27(1), 530; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms27010530 (registering DOI) - 5 Jan 2026

Abstract

Dormancy is a characteristic of plant seeds that has evolved to avoid exposing the young seedling to adverse weather conditions. The mitogen-activated protein kinase MKK3 from barley is known to mediate the duration of dormancy and subsequent germination of the grain. Here, we [...] Read more.

Dormancy is a characteristic of plant seeds that has evolved to avoid exposing the young seedling to adverse weather conditions. The mitogen-activated protein kinase MKK3 from barley is known to mediate the duration of dormancy and subsequent germination of the grain. Here, we used computational and phylogenetic approaches to define the structural model of the monomeric MKK3 domain in complex with the downstream MAPK protein kinase that it phosphorylates. We utilized key genetic variants of the barley MKK3 and generated the structural MKK3/MAPK enzyme-substrate complex, supported by evolutionary analyses, to rationalize the effects of the MKK3 variants occurring at the ATP binding site and in the loops that can be phosphorylated. We propose the likely mechanism of ATP hydrolysis and the effects of common genetic variants on MKK3 activity, thereby influencing the duration of dormancy. The data will facilitate future manipulations of dormancy length in different environments. Full article

(This article belongs to the Collection Feature Papers in Molecular Plant Sciences)

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25 pages, 18950 KB

Open AccessArticle

Robust Object Detection for UAVs in Foggy Environments with Spatial-Edge Fusion and Dynamic Task Alignment

by Qing Dong, Tianxin Han, Gang Wu, Lina Sun and Yuchang Lu

Remote Sens. 2026, 18(1), 169; https://doi.org/10.3390/rs18010169 (registering DOI) - 5 Jan 2026

Abstract

Robust scene perception in adverse environmental conditions, particularly under dense fog, presents a persistent and fundamental challenge to the reliability of object detection systems. To address this critical challenge, we propose Fog-UAVNet, a novel lightweight deep-learning architecture designed to enhance unmanned aerial vehicle [...] Read more.

Robust scene perception in adverse environmental conditions, particularly under dense fog, presents a persistent and fundamental challenge to the reliability of object detection systems. To address this critical challenge, we propose Fog-UAVNet, a novel lightweight deep-learning architecture designed to enhance unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) object detection performance in foggy environments. Fog-UAVNet incorporates three key innovations: the Spatial-Edge Feature Fusion Module (SEFFM), which enhances feature extraction by effectively integrating edge and spatial information, the Frequency-Adaptive Dilated Convolution (FADC), which dynamically adjusts to fog density variations and further enhances feature representation under adverse conditions, and the Dynamic Task-Aligned Head (DTAH), which dynamically aligns localization and classification tasks and thus improves overall model performance. To evaluate the effectiveness of our approach, we independently constructed a real-world foggy dataset and synthesized the VisDrone-fog dataset using an atmospheric scattering model. Extensive experiments on multiple challenging datasets demonstrate that Fog-UAVNet consistently outperforms state-of-the-art methods in both detection accuracy and computational efficiency, highlighting its potential for enhancing robust visual perception under adverse weather. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Efficient Object Detection Based on Remote Sensing Images)

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13 pages, 528 KB

Open AccessArticle

Training Practices Among Spanish Natural Elite Bodybuilders in the Pre-Contest Phase

by Eneko Baz-Valle, Sergio Martínez-Gómez, Javier Gene-Morales, Pablo Jiménez-Martínez, Carlos Alix-Fages and Jordan Santos-Concejero

Sports 2026, 14(1), 20; https://doi.org/10.3390/sports14010020 (registering DOI) - 5 Jan 2026

Abstract

Natural bodybuilders optimize their body composition by combining training and nutrition strategies. This study compared the resistance training practices of amateur and professional natural bodybuilders, during the pre-contest phase and in general. Fifty-six drug-tested Spanish bodybuilders (27 amateurs, 29 professionals) completed a 34-item [...] Read more.

Natural bodybuilders optimize their body composition by combining training and nutrition strategies. This study compared the resistance training practices of amateur and professional natural bodybuilders, during the pre-contest phase and in general. Fifty-six drug-tested Spanish bodybuilders (27 amateurs, 29 professionals) completed a 34-item survey assessing training and competing experience, training frequency, exercise selection, weekly sets per muscle group, repetition ranges, and contest-preparation characteristics. Participants trained ≈5 days·week⁻¹ (Amateur: 4.74 ± 0.45; Professional: 4.83 ± 0.47) and most muscle groups were trained >1 and <3 times·week⁻¹. Weekly direct sets per muscle group averaged ~8–17, with the highest volumes for back (Amateur: mean 15.3; Professional: mean 17.0 sets·week⁻¹) and chest (Amateur: 11.8; Professional: 12.7) and the lowest for hamstrings (Amateur: 8.56; Professional: 8.10). The dominant repetition range was 6–10 reps (Amateur: 74.1%; Professional: 89.7%), with 11–15 reps commonly selected as the secondary range. No statistically significant differences were detected between amateurs and professionals for the main training variables, although professionals showed a trend toward more years competing (p = 0.078, d = 0.49). In conclusion, high-level natural bodybuilders adhere to practices that are generally in line with current scientific recommendations. However, interindividual variability highlights the need for individualized programming. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Neuromuscular Performance: Insights for Athletes and Beyond)

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30 pages, 2017 KB

Open AccessArticle

Financial Risk Management and Resilience of Small Enterprises Amid the Wartime Crisis

by Valeriia Shcherbak, Oleksandr Dorokhov, Liudmyla Dorokhova, Kseniia Vzhytynska, Valentyna Yatsenko and Oleksii Yermolenko

J. Risk Financial Manag. 2026, 19(1), 37; https://doi.org/10.3390/jrfm19010037 (registering DOI) - 5 Jan 2026

Abstract

This study examines the financial resilience of small enterprises in Ukraine during the wartime crisis, addressing the lack of quantitative evidence on how regional military risks and adaptive strategies jointly shape SME stability. The analysis is based on a sample of 30 small [...] Read more.

This study examines the financial resilience of small enterprises in Ukraine during the wartime crisis, addressing the lack of quantitative evidence on how regional military risks and adaptive strategies jointly shape SME stability. The analysis is based on a sample of 30 small agricultural enterprises from the eastern, central, and western regions of Ukraine using annual data for 2022–2024. To capture multidimensional resilience patterns, the study applies factor analysis, cluster analysis, and taxonomic assessment methods to evaluate financial performance, operational adaptability, and access to external resources. The findings show that resilience variation across the sample is strongly associated with enterprises’ ability to sustain revenue flows, control operating costs, and maintain a balanced capital structure. Three distinct resilience profiles were identified: high resilience in western regions (KT = 0.89), moderate resilience in central regions (KT = 0.81), and low resilience in eastern frontline regions (KT = 0.49). These results indicate substantial regional asymmetry linked to differentiated exposure to military threats. Building on these empirical insights, the study proposes a hybrid risk-management approach that integrates digitalization of financial operations, diversification of funding sources, and enhanced social engagement as mechanisms supporting adaptation under prolonged instability. The novelty of the research lies in combining regional risk exposure with multidimensional financial indicators to develop an evidence-based framework for assessing SME resilience in wartime conditions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Role of Digitization in Corporate Finance)

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19 pages, 8835 KB

Open AccessArticle

Hydrological Seasonality Drives DOM–Bacteria Interactions in the Rushan River Basin

by Shanshan Zheng, Fan Feng, Dongping Liu, Feng Qian, Xiaolin Xie, Huibin Yu and Yonghui Song

Microorganisms 2026, 14(1), 110; https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms14010110 (registering DOI) - 5 Jan 2026

Abstract

To unravel hydrological controls on dissolved organic matter (DOM)–microbe interactions in river ecosystems, this study integrated 3D excitation–emission matrix spectroscopy (3D-EEMs), parallel factor analysis (PARAFAC), and 16S rRNA sequencing to characterize seasonal DOM dynamics and microbial assembly in China’s Rushan River Basin. PARAFAC [...] Read more.

To unravel hydrological controls on dissolved organic matter (DOM)–microbe interactions in river ecosystems, this study integrated 3D excitation–emission matrix spectroscopy (3D-EEMs), parallel factor analysis (PARAFAC), and 16S rRNA sequencing to characterize seasonal DOM dynamics and microbial assembly in China’s Rushan River Basin. PARAFAC resolved contrasting DOM signatures between dry (four protein-like, two humic-like components) and wet seasons (three protein-like, three humic-like components). Dry-season DOM was dominated by tyrosine-like substances (58.03%), reflecting microbial degradation and phytoplankton activity, while wet-season DOM showed elevated tryptophan-like components (34.38%) and terrestrial fulvic acids (17.14%), which may be related to rain-driven external inputs. The α -diversity of the microbiota is relatively high in the wet season, mainly consisting of Proteobacteria (34.06–68.10%) and Actinobacteriota (9.15–20.76%). In the dry season community, there are Bacteroidota (14.71–38.45%) and Verrucomicrobiota (6.13–14.32%). The structural equation model (SEM) semi-quantified the comprehensive pathways by which microorganisms inhibit unstable proteins and enhance humification. These results reveal the synergistic regulatory role of hydrological seasonality on DOM and microorganisms, and provide a basis for adaptive water quality management. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Microbiological Approaches to Water Pollution Control and Water Ecological Restoration)

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6 pages, 494 KB

Open AccessShort Note

(Benzo[h]quinoline-κ²C,N)-[2,2′-bis(diphenylphosphino)-1,1′-binaphthalene-κ²P,P′]-platinum(II) Hexafluorophosphate

by Haoni Wang, Meiting Zhang, Jianwei Wu, Junqi Zhang, Xianglong Meng and Yuliang Yang

Molbank 2026, 2026(1), M2120; https://doi.org/10.3390/M2120 (registering DOI) - 5 Jan 2026

Abstract

A cyclometalated platinum(II) complex [Pt(bzq)(BINAP)]PF₆ bearing a 2,2′-bis(diphenylphosphino)-1,1′-binaphthalene (BINAP) auxiliary ligand and a cyclometalated benzo[h]quinoline (bzq) ligand have been prepared. Structural characterization was achieved through X-ray crystallography, ¹H, ¹³C and ³¹P NMR spectroscopy, ESI−MS, and elemental analysis. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Structure Determination)

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19 pages, 2392 KB

Open AccessReview

Low Internet Penetration in Sub-Saharan Africa and the Role of LEO Satellites in Addressing the Issue

by Olabisi Falowo and Samuel Falowo

Telecom 2026, 7(1), 7; https://doi.org/10.3390/telecom7010007 (registering DOI) - 5 Jan 2026

Abstract

Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), with an estimated population of 1.243 billion people as of December 2024, had the lowest mobile Internet penetration in the world at 29%, significantly below the global average of 58%. Moreover, SSA also had the lowest mobile data traffic per [...] Read more.

Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), with an estimated population of 1.243 billion people as of December 2024, had the lowest mobile Internet penetration in the world at 29%, significantly below the global average of 58%. Moreover, SSA also had the lowest mobile data traffic per active smartphone, averaging 5 GB per month—about a quarter of the global average of 19 GB per month in 2024. This paper analyses the factors responsible for the low Internet penetration in SSA, which include limited Internet service availability, Internet device and service affordability, digital ability, government regulation and policy, and deficit of network-supporting infrastructure. The paper then discusses the popular Internet access networks in SSA and their limitations. It presents low Earth orbit (LEO) satellites as a possible access network for enhancing Internet penetration in SSA, giving examples of LEO network service deployment in some SSA countries. The paper discusses the feasible business models for LEO satellite Internet services in SSA, the challenges to LEO satellite service penetration, and possible solutions. Full article

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12 pages, 666 KB

Open AccessArticle

Has IPO Market Structure Fundamentally Changed? Evidence from Negative Binomial Regression with Structural Breaks

by Michael D. Herley

Int. J. Financial Stud. 2026, 14(1), 6; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijfs14010006 (registering DOI) - 5 Jan 2026

Abstract

This paper introduces Bai-Perron structural break detection combined with negative binomial regression to model overdispersed U.S. IPO count data. Using monthly data from 1995 to 2024, we identify five breaks that partition IPO activity into six distinct regimes, each with fundamentally different variance [...] Read more.

This paper introduces Bai-Perron structural break detection combined with negative binomial regression to model overdispersed U.S. IPO count data. Using monthly data from 1995 to 2024, we identify five breaks that partition IPO activity into six distinct regimes, each with fundamentally different variance characteristics. We then employ negative binomial regression that incorporates these breaks. IPO data show substantial overdispersion (variance-to-mean ratios: 2.77 to 33.74). The negative binomial model reveals that market uncertainty (as measured by the VIX) and financing costs (as indicated by 10-year Treasury rates) reduce IPO activity, while lagged IPO volume drives activity in the current period. Regime-specific likelihood ratio tests reveal that statistically significant overdispersion first emerges during the 2008 financial crisis, subsides during the post-recession period, and returns with unprecedented intensity after May 2020. An OLS model without the identified structural breaks incorrectly suggests positive interest rate effects. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Financial Econometrics)

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18 pages, 1017 KB

Open AccessArticle

Readiness and Perceptions of IPSAS 46 “Measurement” Implementation in Public Sector Entities: Evidence from Georgia

by Levan Sabauri, Mariam Vardiashvili and Marina Maisuradze

J. Risk Financial Manag. 2026, 19(1), 36; https://doi.org/10.3390/jrfm19010036 (registering DOI) - 5 Jan 2026

Abstract

This article examines the challenges associated with implementing and applying the new valuation approaches introduced by IPSAS 46 in the public sector, specifically fair value and current operational value. The analysis is based on thematic survey data collected from professionals engaged in public [...] Read more.

This article examines the challenges associated with implementing and applying the new valuation approaches introduced by IPSAS 46 in the public sector, specifically fair value and current operational value. The analysis is based on thematic survey data collected from professionals engaged in public sector accounting and reporting, as well as a diverse range of documentary sources. Although the study does not include a factor analysis and its conclusions are limited to the Georgian context, thematic grouping revealed key determinants influencing the implementation of IPSAS: professional competence, resource availability, and managerial attitudes towards development and perceived need. Additional situational limitations existed, as the study was conducted prior to the official translation of IPSAS 46 and its incorporation into the national guidance. Despite these constraints, the findings may hold relevance for other countries facing similar challenges of limited resources, professional capacity, and managerial attitudes. The study provides recommendations for integrating IPSAS 46 principles into local standards. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Risk Management in Public Sector)

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25 pages, 4852 KB

Open AccessArticle

Autonomous Gas Leak Detection in Hazardous Environments Using Gradient-Guided Depth-First Search Algorithm

by Prajakta Salunkhe, Atharva Tilak, Mahesh Shirole and Ninad Mehendale

Automation 2026, 7(1), 13; https://doi.org/10.3390/automation7010013 (registering DOI) - 5 Jan 2026

Abstract

Gas leak detection in industrial environments poses critical safety challenges that require algorithms capable of balancing rapid source identification with comprehensive spatial coverage. Conventional approaches using fixed sensor networks provide limited coverage, while manual inspection methods expose personnel to hazardous conditions. This paper [...] Read more.

Gas leak detection in industrial environments poses critical safety challenges that require algorithms capable of balancing rapid source identification with comprehensive spatial coverage. Conventional approaches using fixed sensor networks provide limited coverage, while manual inspection methods expose personnel to hazardous conditions. This paper presents a novel Gradient-Guided Depth-First Search (GG-DFS) algorithm designed for autonomous mobile robots, which integrates gradient-following behavior with systematic exploration guarantees. The algorithm utilizes local concentration gradient estimation to direct movement toward leak sources while implementing depth-first search with backtracking to ensure complete environmental coverage. We assess the performance of GG-DFS through extensive simulations comprising 160 independent runs with varying leak configurations (1–4 sources) and starting positions. Experimental results show that GG-DFS achieves rapid initial source detection

(9.3 \pm 7.3 steps; mean \pm SD)

, maintains 100% coverage completeness with 100% detection reliability, and achieves 50% exploration efficiency. In multi-source conditions, GG-DFS requires 70% fewer detection steps in four-leak scenarios compared to single-leak environments due to gradient amplification effects. Comparative evaluation demonstrates a substantial improvement in detection speed and efficiency over standard DFS, with GG-DFS achieving a composite performance score of 0.98, compared to 0.65 for standard DFS, 0.64 for the lawnmower pattern, and 0.53 for gradient ascent. These findings establish GG-DFS as a robust and reliable framework for safety-critical autonomous environmental monitoring applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Robotics and Autonomous Systems)

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30 pages, 616 KB

Open AccessArticle

The Past Shapes the Present: Competitive Experience and Digital Orientation

by Yanyan Ma, Xiaohong Wang, Yixuan Kang and Linlin Liu

J. Theor. Appl. Electron. Commer. Res. 2026, 21(1), 21; https://doi.org/10.3390/jtaer21010021 (registering DOI) - 5 Jan 2026

Abstract

As a crucial endogenous resource of firms, history has increasingly been recognized for its role in shaping strategies. However, little is known about how historical competitive experience affects digital orientation (DO), a vital strategic foundation that enables firms to capture value from digital [...] Read more.

As a crucial endogenous resource of firms, history has increasingly been recognized for its role in shaping strategies. However, little is known about how historical competitive experience affects digital orientation (DO), a vital strategic foundation that enables firms to capture value from digital transformation. This study addresses this gap by investigating the impact of competitive experience on firms’ DO and the factors shaping this relationship. Using a panel dataset of 4281 Chinese A-share listed firms from 2012 to 2023, we measure DO through MD&A-based text analysis and test our hypotheses with a two-way fixed-effects model. The results reveal an inverted U-shaped relationship between competitive experience and DO. This indicates that moderate competitive experience stimulates DO, while excessive competitive experience can induce rigidity and constrain DO. Interestingly, market turbulence decreases the positive and increases the negative effect of competitive experience on DO, whereas market competition exerts the opposite moderating effect. Further analysis shows that this positive effect is enhanced within a higher-quality innovation environment. Our findings highlight the importance of history in shaping firms’ digital strategic posture in an emerging market. By treating competitive experience as a strategic resource, managers can transform their competitive legacy into a powerful engine for DO, especially under favorable environments. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Digital Business, Governance, and Sustainability)

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5 pages, 138 KB

Open AccessEditorial

Metamorphosis of the Sacred: Power, Identity, and New Ontologies in Late Modernity

by Juan María Sánchez-Prieto and Josetxo Beriain

Religions 2026, 17(1), 57; https://doi.org/10.3390/rel17010057 (registering DOI) - 5 Jan 2026

Abstract

The sociology of religion, as a discipline, has traveled a long path since the predictions of the founding fathers of sociology to the complex reality of the 21st century [...] Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Sociological Study of Religion)

14 pages, 587 KB

Open AccessArticle

Comparison of Repeat Power Ability During a High-Volume Squat Exercise in Resistance-Trained Males and Females

by Josh Harris, Kevin McCurdy, Ting Liu, Joni A. Mettler, John Walker and John W. Farrell III

Biomechanics 2026, 6(1), 5; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomechanics6010005 (registering DOI) - 5 Jan 2026

Abstract

Background/Objectives: The effect of a high-volume, lower-body resistance exercise session on repeat power ability (RPA), defined as the ability to reach peak power (PP) or near PP during a high-volume resistance training session, remains unclear. The purpose of this study was to analyze [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: The effect of a high-volume, lower-body resistance exercise session on repeat power ability (RPA), defined as the ability to reach peak power (PP) or near PP during a high-volume resistance training session, remains unclear. The purpose of this study was to analyze the effects of recovery time and sex on loss of power within and across sets during a high-volume, low-load squat session. Methods: Twenty-five resistance-trained males and females (age = 25.5 ± 7.2 years; ht = 169.8 ± 8.9 cm; wt = 75.9 ± 16.9 kg) completed the study. Mean power output across five sets was measured during two sessions (one-minute rest vs. two-minute rest) using a linear position transducer in random order. Five sets at 45% of the participant’s 1RM were completed until power output decreased below 80% of the participant’s within-set PP for two consecutive repetitions or until volitional exhaustion occurred. The data were analyzed with a three-way ANOVA (recovery time by set by sex). Results: The males demonstrated a significant loss across sets for both the one-minute (194 watts) and two-minute recovery period (104 watts), while no change occurred for females in either condition. The males produced greater mean power across both recovery times and sets (p = 0.017). Further, a significant recovery time-by-set interaction was observed (p = 0.015). Mean power decreased an average of 111.3 watts during the one-minute recovery period compared to a loss of 54.0 watts during the two-minute recovery period. Lastly, within-set fatigue occurred during repetitions 9–11 and 11–14 during the one- and two-minute recovery periods, respectively. Conclusions: The data indicate that greater RPA occurs within and across sets with two minutes of rest. In addition, sex must also be considered when implementing a high-volume resistance training session with the goal of training repeat power ability. Full article

(This article belongs to the Collection Locomotion Biomechanics and Motor Control)

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42 pages, 1769 KB

Open AccessArticle

A Study on the Impact of Artificial Intelligence on Urban Green Total Factor Efficiency from the Perspective of Spatial Spillover and Threshold Effects

by Xujing Dai, Cuixia Qiao and Ji Wang

Sustainability 2026, 18(1), 519; https://doi.org/10.3390/su18010519 (registering DOI) - 4 Jan 2026

Abstract

In recent years, the rapid advancement of artificial intelligence (AI) technology has exerted profound implications for urban green total factor efficiency (GTFE). Drawing on panel data of 279 Chinese cities from 2012 to 2021, this study empirically examines the impact of AI on [...] Read more.

In recent years, the rapid advancement of artificial intelligence (AI) technology has exerted profound implications for urban green total factor efficiency (GTFE). Drawing on panel data of 279 Chinese cities from 2012 to 2021, this study empirically examines the impact of AI on urban GTFE from multi-dimensional perspectives including green finance and new-quality productive forces. The key findings are as follows: ➀ AI significantly enhances urban GTFE with a nonlinear threshold effect, and this conclusion remains robust after multiple robustness tests incorporating machine learning models and econometric approaches. ➁ Heterogeneity analysis reveals that AI exerts significantly heterogeneous effects across different regional locations, city sizes, urban hierarchies, and between transportation hubs/non-hubs and old industrial bases/non-bases. While an overall positive correlation is observed, the positive effect of AI is not statistically significant in western China, mega-cities, large cities, and central cities; conversely, an insignificant negative effect is detected in central-eastern China and old industrial bases. ➂ Mechanism tests demonstrate that AI facilitates GTFE improvement through channels such as upgrading green finance development and advancing new-quality productive forces. ➃ Spatial spillover effect analysis indicates that AI generates a positive spatial spillover effect on the GTFE of local cities. Based on these findings, targeted policy recommendations are proposed to promote urban GTFE enhancement and achieve sustainable development. Full article

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24 pages, 5920 KB

Open AccessArticle

Genome- and Transcriptome-Wide Characterization of AP2/ERF Transcription Factor Superfamily Reveals Their Relevance in Stylosanthes scabra Vogel Under Water Deficit Stress

by Cínthia Carla Claudino Grangeiro Nunes, Agnes Angélica Guedes de Barros, Jéssica Barboza da Silva, Wilson Dias de Oliveira, Flávia Layse Belém Medeiros, José Ribamar Costa Ferreira-Neto, Roberta Lane de Oliveira-Silva, Eliseu Binneck, Reginaldo de Carvalho and Ana Maria Benko-Iseppon

Plants 2026, 15(1), 158; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants15010158 (registering DOI) - 4 Jan 2026

Abstract

Stylosanthes scabra, a legume native to the Brazilian semiarid region, exhibits remarkable drought tolerance and represents a valuable model for studying molecular adaptation in legumes. Transcription factors of the AP2/ERF superfamily play central roles in plant development and stress response. This study [...] Read more.

Stylosanthes scabra, a legume native to the Brazilian semiarid region, exhibits remarkable drought tolerance and represents a valuable model for studying molecular adaptation in legumes. Transcription factors of the AP2/ERF superfamily play central roles in plant development and stress response. This study aimed to identify and characterize AP2/ERF genes in Stylosanthes scabra and to analyze their transcriptional response to root dehydration. Candidate genes were identified through a Hidden Markov Model (HMM) search using the AP2 domain profile (PF00847), followed by validation of conserved domains, physicochemical characterization, prediction of subcellular localization, phylogenetic and structural analyses, and functional annotation. A total of 295 AP2/ERF proteins were identified and designated as SscAP2/ERF, most of which were predicted to be localized in the nucleus. These proteins exhibited a wide range of molecular weights and isoelectric points, reflecting structural diversity, and were classified into four subfamilies: AP2, ERF, DREB, and RAV. Functional annotation revealed predominant roles in DNA binding and transcriptional regulation, while promoter analysis identified numerous stress-related cis-elements. A total of 32 transcripts were differentially expressed under 24 h of water deficit, and four selected genes had their expression patterns validated by qPCR. These findings provide new insights into the AP2/ERF gene subfamily in Stylosanthes scabra and lay the groundwork for future biotechnological approaches to enhance stress tolerance in legumes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Genetic and Biochemical Mechanisms of Abiotic Stress Responses in Phototropic Organisms)

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19 pages, 5812 KB

Open AccessArticle

Credit Risk Management Dynamics: Evidence from Indonesian Rural Banks

by Moch Doddy Ariefianto, Triasesiarta Nur and Bryna Meivitawanli

Risks 2026, 14(1), 9; https://doi.org/10.3390/risks14010009 (registering DOI) - 4 Jan 2026

Abstract

This paper investigates credit risk management as a dynamic system. Panel Vector Autoregression (PVAR) is employed to model interrelationships among four key components: Non-Performing Loans (NPLs), Loan Loss Provision (LLP), loan charge-off (LCO) and capital. The Cost-to-Income ratio (CIR) and Size and Net [...] Read more.

This paper investigates credit risk management as a dynamic system. Panel Vector Autoregression (PVAR) is employed to model interrelationships among four key components: Non-Performing Loans (NPLs), Loan Loss Provision (LLP), loan charge-off (LCO) and capital. The Cost-to-Income ratio (CIR) and Size and Net Profit-to-Equity ratio (ROE) are used as control variables. The panel dataset comprises 1461 conventional rural banks in Indonesia with a quarterly frequency from June 2010 to March 2024. There are several key findings of this study. First, credit risk management practices in rural banks predominantly follow an incurred loss approach, although the expected loss model appears to be more commonly adopted by larger institutions. Second, capital serves a critical function as a buffer against credit losses. Third, subsample investigation reveals a significant role of accounting discretionary. This study offers significant implications for both policy development and academic research in microfinance. Full article

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24 pages, 13069 KB

Open AccessArticle

China’s Seasonal Precipitation: Quantitative Attribution of Ocean-Atmosphere Teleconnections and Near-Surface Forcing

by Chang Lu, Long Ma, Bolin Sun, Xing Huang and Tingxi Liu

Hydrology 2026, 13(1), 19; https://doi.org/10.3390/hydrology13010019 (registering DOI) - 4 Jan 2026

Abstract

Under concurrent global warming and multi-scale climate anomalies, regional precipitation has become more uneven and less stable, and extreme events occur more frequently, amplifying water scarcity and ecological risk. Focusing on mainland China, we analyze nearly 70 years of monthly station precipitation records [...] Read more.

Under concurrent global warming and multi-scale climate anomalies, regional precipitation has become more uneven and less stable, and extreme events occur more frequently, amplifying water scarcity and ecological risk. Focusing on mainland China, we analyze nearly 70 years of monthly station precipitation records together with eight climate drivers—the Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO), Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation (AMO), Multivariate ENSO Index (MEI), Arctic Oscillation (AO), surface air pressure (AP), wind speed (WS), relative humidity (RH), and surface solar radiation (SR)—and precipitation outputs from eight CMIP6 models. Using wavelet analysis and partial redundancy analysis, we systematically evaluate the qualitative relationships between climate drivers and precipitation and quantify the contribution of each driver. The results show that seasonal precipitation decreases stepwise from the southeast toward the northwest, and that stability is markedly lower in the northern arid and semi-arid regions than in the humid south, with widespread declines near the boundary between the second and third topographic steps of China. During the cold season, and in the northern arid and semi-arid zones and along the margins of the Tibetan Plateau, precipitation varies mainly with interdecadal swings of North Atlantic sea surface temperature and with the strength of polar and midlatitude circulation, and it is further amplified by variability in near-surface winds; the combined contribution reaches about 32% across the Northeast Plain, the Junggar Basin, and areas north of the Loess Plateau. During the warm season, and in the eastern and southern monsoon regions, precipitation is modulated primarily by tropical Pacific sea surface temperature and convection anomalies and by related changes in the position and strength of the subtropical high, moisture transport pathways, and relative humidity; the combined contribution is about 22% south of the Yangtze River and in adjacent areas. Our findings reveal the spatiotemporal variability of precipitation in China and its responses to multiple climate drivers and their relative contributions, providing a quantitative basis for water allocation and disaster risk management under climate change. Full article

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41 pages, 544 KB

Open AccessArticle

Unveiling ESG Controversy Risks: A Multi-Criteria Evaluation of Whistleblowing Performance in European Financial Institutions

by George Sklavos, Georgia Zournatzidou and Nikolaos Sariannidis

Risks 2026, 14(1), 10; https://doi.org/10.3390/risks14010010 (registering DOI) - 4 Jan 2026

Abstract

Financial institutions face increased reputational, regulatory, and ethical risks as the frequency and complexity of Environmental, Social, and Governance (ESG) controversies increase. Whistleblowing mechanisms are essential in the context of institutional resilience and the mitigation of internal governance failures. This study quantifies the [...] Read more.

Financial institutions face increased reputational, regulatory, and ethical risks as the frequency and complexity of Environmental, Social, and Governance (ESG) controversies increase. Whistleblowing mechanisms are essential in the context of institutional resilience and the mitigation of internal governance failures. This study quantifies the exposure of 364 European financial institutions to a variety of ESG controversies to assess the effectiveness of whistleblowing during the fiscal year 2024. A whistleblowing performance index that captures the relative influence of ESG-related risk factors—such as corruption allegations, environmental violations, and executive misconduct—is constructed using a hybrid Multi-Criteria Decision-Making (MCDM) framework that is based on Entropy Weighting and the Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS). The results emphasize that the perceived efficacy of whistleblower systems is substantially influenced by the frequency of media-reported controversies and the presence of robust anti-bribery policies. The study provides a data-driven, replicable paradigm for assessing internal governance capabilities in the face of ESG risk pressure. Our findings offer actionable insights for regulators, compliance officers, and ESG analysts who are interested in evaluating and enhancing ethical accountability systems within the financial sector by connecting the domains of financial risk management, corporate ethics, and sustainability governance. Full article

19 pages, 4983 KB

Open AccessArticle

Fluid Flow and Pollutant Dispersion in Naturally Ventilated Traffic Tunnels

by Cunjin Cai, Xinyi Yang, Xitong Yuan, Tianhao Shi, Wenyu Li, Wenting Lin and Tingzhen Ming

Atmosphere 2026, 17(1), 66; https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos17010066 (registering DOI) - 4 Jan 2026

Abstract

With the rapid expansion of urban areas, short naturally ventilated traffic tunnels (NVTTs) have become prevalent in modern cities. However, their enclosed design and inadequate ventilation often lead to the accumulation of vehicle emissions, especially during peak traffic periods, which poses significant threats [...] Read more.

With the rapid expansion of urban areas, short naturally ventilated traffic tunnels (NVTTs) have become prevalent in modern cities. However, their enclosed design and inadequate ventilation often lead to the accumulation of vehicle emissions, especially during peak traffic periods, which poses significant threats to public health. Previous studies have shown that airflow in such tunnels is caused by ambient crosswinds (ACWs), which contribute to the dilution of pollutants. Based on this, a geometrical model including traffic tunnels belonging to a complex traffic system of the Second Ring Road in Wuhan City was established, followed by a mathematical model describing the fluid flow and pollutant transformation. The current flow characters and pollutant dispersion mechanism of CO and NO_X were analyzed. Among them, the number and speeds of vehicles are measured to calculate the strength of the pollutant source. Then, the data was set as the initial contaminant source strength in Ansys Fluent 14.0 to compute the pollutant dispersion of the whole domain. The results indicate the following: (1) The airflow direction inside the tunnel varies with changes in ambient wind direction and wind speed. Specifically, variations in ambient wind direction result in changes in airflow direction in both tunnels. In contrast, changes in wind speed do not affect the airflow direction in both tunnels; only in the downstream tunnel does the airflow direction change with increasing westward wind speed. By comparison, in the upstream tunnel, the airflow direction remains unchanged regardless of the westward wind speed; (2) Pollutant accumulates along the downstream airflow in both the tunnels; (3) The mass fraction level of contaminate stratification differs along the tunnels. The pollutant tends to form y-component layering near the upwind opening and x-component stratification at the downwind opening of the two tunnels. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Air Quality)

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21 pages, 2824 KB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

A 3D Microfluidic Paper-Based Analytical Device with Smartphone-Based Colorimetric Readout for Phosphate Sensing

by Jose Manuel Graña-Dosantos, Francisco Pena-Pereira, Carlos Bendicho and Inmaculada de la Calle

Sensors 2026, 26(1), 335; https://doi.org/10.3390/s26010335 (registering DOI) - 4 Jan 2026

Abstract

In this work, a 3D microfluidic paper-based analytical device (3D-µPAD) was developed for the smartphone-based colorimetric determination of phosphate in environmental samples. The assay relied on the formation of a blue-colored product (molybdenum blue) in the detection area of the 3D-µPAD upon reduction [...] Read more.

In this work, a 3D microfluidic paper-based analytical device (3D-µPAD) was developed for the smartphone-based colorimetric determination of phosphate in environmental samples. The assay relied on the formation of a blue-colored product (molybdenum blue) in the detection area of the 3D-µPAD upon reduction of the heteropolyacid H₃PMo₁₂O₄₀ formed in the presence of phosphate. A number of experimental parameters were optimized, including geometric aspects of 3D-µPADs, digitization and image processing conditions, the amount of chemicals deposited in specific areas of the 3D-µPAD, and the reaction time. In addition, the stability of the device was evaluated at three different storage temperatures. Under optimal conditions, the working range was found to be from 4 to 25 mg P/L (12–77 mg PO₄⁻³/L). The limits of detection (LOD) and quantification (LOQ) were 0.015 mg P/L and 0.05 mg P/L, respectively. The repeatability and intermediate precision of a 5 mg P/L standard were 4.8% and 7.1%, respectively. The proposed colorimetric assay has been successfully applied to phosphorous determination in various waters, soils, and sediments, obtaining recoveries in the range of 94 to 107%. The ready-to-use 3D-µPAD showed a greener profile than the standard method for phosphate determination, being affordable, easy-to-use, and suitable for citizen science applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Colorimetric Sensing Technologies for Food Safety and Environment Monitoring)

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19 pages, 548 KB

Open AccessArticle

Trends of Tobacco and Alcohol Consumption Among People with Diabetes Mellitus in Spain: A Population-Based Study (2014–2020)

by Luyi Zeng-Zhang, Rodrigo Jiménez-García, Ana López-de-Andrés, Zichen Ji, Jose J. Zamorano-León, Natividad Cuadrado-Corrales, Andrés Bodas-Pinedo, Ana Jiménez-Sierra and Javier de Miguel-Díez

Epidemiologia 2026, 7(1), 7; https://doi.org/10.3390/epidemiologia7010007 (registering DOI) - 4 Jan 2026

Abstract

Background/Objectives: To examine trends in tobacco and alcohol consumption among individuals with and without diabetes mellitus (DM) in Spain from 2014 to 2020 and identify sociodemographic, lifestyle, and comorbidity-related predictors of consumption. Methods: Population-based cross-sectional study using data from the 2014 and 2020 [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: To examine trends in tobacco and alcohol consumption among individuals with and without diabetes mellitus (DM) in Spain from 2014 to 2020 and identify sociodemographic, lifestyle, and comorbidity-related predictors of consumption. Methods: Population-based cross-sectional study using data from the 2014 and 2020 European Health Interview Surveys for Spain. Participants’ self-reported tobacco and alcohol consumption were analyzed based on DM status. Results: This study included 7854 participants (3927 participants with DM and 3927 participants without DM). Among participants with DM, tobacco and alcohol consumption remained stable over the study period, with tobacco from 15.2% in 2014 to 14.8% in 2020 (p = 0.761) and alcohol from 37.2% to 39.8% (p = 0.088), respectively. Tobacco consumption did not differ significantly between those with and without DM (15.0% vs. 15.2%, p = 0.777). However, alcohol consumption was significantly lower among those with than without DM (38.6% vs. 48.7%, p < 0.001). In those with DM, predictors of tobacco consumption included male sex, younger age, alcohol consumption, living without a partner, and DM, and predictors of alcohol consumption included male sex, active smoking, higher education, and sedentary lifestyle. Conclusions: Between 2014 and 2020, both tobacco and alcohol consumption remained stable among individuals with DM. The prevalence of alcohol consumption was lower among those with than without DM. Key predictors of tobacco and alcohol consumption included sex, lifestyle behaviors, and socioeconomic factors. These findings highlight the need for targeted public health interventions to reduce harmful substance use in DM populations and mitigate associated health risks. Full article

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48 pages, 2170 KB

Open AccessReview

Discovering, Integrating, and Reinterpreting the Molecular Logic of Life: From Classical Theories of Heredity to an Extended Functional Perspective on the Central Dogma

by Andrei Cristian Grădinaru

Life 2026, 16(1), 79; https://doi.org/10.3390/life16010079 (registering DOI) - 4 Jan 2026

Abstract

The conceptual understanding of genetic information has evolved from early philosophical speculation to the molecular precision of contemporary biology. Initial debates over the nature of heredity, including Mendel’s hereditary factors and the longstanding protein versus nucleic acid controversy, underscored the difficulty of identifying [...] Read more.

The conceptual understanding of genetic information has evolved from early philosophical speculation to the molecular precision of contemporary biology. Initial debates over the nature of heredity, including Mendel’s hereditary factors and the longstanding protein versus nucleic acid controversy, underscored the difficulty of identifying the true substrate of inheritance. Subsequent discoveries, including reverse transcription, protein-based infectivity (prions), transposable elements, and the regulatory functions of non-coding RNAs, revealed molecular processes that operate at the boundaries of, or alongside, Crick’s original formulation of the Central Dogma of Molecular Biology. Importantly, these findings do not violate the directional rules of information transfer defined by the Central Dogma (DNA → RNA → protein), but instead reshape how, when, and under what constraints these canonical flows are executed in living systems. Epigenetic and epigenetic-like mechanisms, including DNA methylation, histone modifications, chromatin topology, non-canonical DNA conformations, and cytoplasmic inheritance, introduce regulatory layers that modulate information flow without constituting independent information matrices. In parallel, genome innovation, through de novo gene birth, and genome erosion, through pseudogenization, demonstrate that the repertoire of DNA → RNA → protein pathways is itself evolutionarily dynamic. This narrative integrative review reconstructs the historical milestones that culminated in the Central Dogma and synthesizes subsequent discoveries that expand its functional realization. By revisiting the Central Dogma through an extended, holistic lens, this article argues that DNA, RNA, and proteins function not only as carriers of genetic information, but also as active participants in its regulation, contextualization, and evolutionary diversification, without departing from the core directional principles originally articulated by Crick. For reader convenience, a dedicated section entitled “Abbreviations and Key Molecular Terms” is provided at the end of the manuscript to facilitate navigation and interdisciplinary accessibility. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Genetics and Genomics)

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17 pages, 589 KB

Open AccessArticle

Multidrug-Resistant and Potentially Pathogenic Escherichia coli Prevalent in Samples of Different Types of Raw Meat Sold in Informal Markets in Luanda, Angola

by Gomes Cahango, Lélia Chambel, Luisa Brito and Acácio Salamandane

Foods 2026, 15(1), 174; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods15010174 (registering DOI) - 4 Jan 2026

Abstract

Raw meat can act as a reservoir and vehicle for antimicrobial-resistant foodborne Escherichia coli, particularly when sold under poor hygienic conditions, as is often the case in informal markets in many developing countries, thereby representing a significant public health risk. This study [...] Read more.

Raw meat can act as a reservoir and vehicle for antimicrobial-resistant foodborne Escherichia coli, particularly when sold under poor hygienic conditions, as is often the case in informal markets in many developing countries, thereby representing a significant public health risk. This study aimed to characterize the antibiotic resistance patterns and virulence of E. coli isolated from raw meat sold in informal markets in Luanda, Angola. A total of 99 E. coli isolates were recovered from fresh beef, pork and goat meat in five informal markets. DNA macrorestriction analysis by Pulsed-Field Gel Electrophoresis (PFGE) was used to evaluate the genetic diversity of isolates. Multiplex PCR was performed to detect virulent and antibiotic resistance genes. Antibiotic susceptibility was tested using the disk diffusion method. PFGE analysis showed high genotypic diversity. Virulence genes were found in 46% of the isolates, with astA (32.3%) being the most frequent. The results also showed high resistance to cefotaxime (67.7%), ampicillin (56.7%) and amoxicillin/clavulanic acid (56.6%). Resistance to imipenem, a last-resort antibiotic, was observed in 30.3% of the isolates. The most prevalent resistance genes were CTX-M group 1 (10.1%) and FOX variants (27.3%). The presence of multidrug-resistant and potentially pathogenic E. coli strains in raw meat sold in informal markets in Luanda represents a significant threat to public health. These findings underscore the urgent need to improve surveillance, hygiene practices, and antimicrobial use regulation policies in animal production in Angola. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Hygiene and Safety of Foods: Health Consequences for Consumers)

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18 pages, 3394 KB

Open AccessArticle

CO₂ Valorization by CH₄ Tri-Reforming on Al₂O₃-Supported NiCo Nanoparticles

by Daniela Pietrogiacomi, Chiara Caponera, Michele Leone, Maria Cristina Campa, Mariangela Bellusci and Francesca Varsano

Catalysts 2026, 16(1), 62; https://doi.org/10.3390/catal16010062 (registering DOI) - 4 Jan 2026

Abstract

CO₂ valorization from real feedstocks through CH₄ tri-reforming (CH₄-TR), combining steam reforming (SR), dry reforming (DR), and partial oxidation (CPO) of methane in a single process, is a desirable strategy for greenhouse gas mitigation and syngas (CO + H [...] Read more.

CO₂ valorization from real feedstocks through CH₄ tri-reforming (CH₄-TR), combining steam reforming (SR), dry reforming (DR), and partial oxidation (CPO) of methane in a single process, is a desirable strategy for greenhouse gas mitigation and syngas (CO + H₂) production. NiCo/γ−Al₂O₃ catalysts prepared by impregnation at different relative metal contents (Ni₅₀Co₅₀ and Ni₃₀Co₇₀) were investigated for CH₄-TR in a fixed-bed reactor under conventional heating and characterized by XRD, FESEM, and Raman spectroscopy after catalytic runs. This study focused on the role of the Ni/Co ratio and feed composition on selectivity for CO₂ valorization, syngas yield, and deactivation resistance. Both the catalysts showed high activity, with a superior performance of Ni₅₀Co₅₀ confirming Ni metal species as the active sites. While in DR, a slow deactivation occurred due to coke deposition, in CH₄-TR, the addition of small O₂ and/or H₂O amounts stabilized activity and selectivity due to surface carbon removal. Large O₂ and H₂O amounts strongly inhibited CO₂ conversion due to competition with CPO and SR, in the order CPO ≥ DR > SR. Interestingly, the stoichiometric CH₄-to-oxidants ratio favored the DR pathway, giving very high CO₂ conversion. Modulating CH₄ addition into real flue mixtures renders CH₄-TR on NiCo/γ-Al₂O₃ catalysts a favorable strategy for effective valorization of CO₂ industrial or biomass-derived streams. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Catalysis Accelerating Energy and Environmental Sustainability)

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