Annual Achievements Report
Available Now
 
 Find out more
 
Search for Articles:
Title / Keyword
Author / Affiliation / Email
Journal
Article Type
 
 
Advanced Search
 
Section
Special Issue
Volume
Issue
Number
Page
 

Recent Articles  

49 pages, 4579 KB  
Review
Hydrogen and Japan’s Energy Transition: A Blueprint for Carbon Neutrality
by Dmytro Konovalov, Ignat Tolstorebrov, Yuhiro Iwamoto and Jacob Joseph Lamb
Hydrogen 2025, 6(3), 61; https://doi.org/10.3390/hydrogen6030061 (registering DOI) - 28 Aug 2025
Abstract
This review presents a critical analysis of Japan’s hydrogen strategy, focusing on the broader context of its decarbonization efforts. Japan aims to achieve carbon neutrality by 2050, with intermediate targets including 3 million tons of hydrogen use by 2030 and 20 million tons [...] Read more.
This review presents a critical analysis of Japan’s hydrogen strategy, focusing on the broader context of its decarbonization efforts. Japan aims to achieve carbon neutrality by 2050, with intermediate targets including 3 million tons of hydrogen use by 2030 and 20 million tons by 2050. Unlike countries with abundant domestic renewables, Japan’s approach emphasizes hydrogen imports and advanced storage technologies, driven by limited local renewable capacity. This review not only synthesizes policy and project-level developments but also critically evaluates Japan’s hydrogen roadmap by examining its alignment with global trends, technology maturity, and infrastructure scalability. The review integrates recent policy updates, infrastructure developments, and pilot project results, providing insights into value chain modeling, cost reduction strategies, and demand forecasting. Three policy conclusions emerge. First, Japan’s geography justifies an import-reliant pathway, but it heightens exposure to price, standards, and supply-chain risk; diversification across LH2 and ammonia with robust certification and offtake mechanisms is essential. Second, near-term deployment is most credible in industrial feedstocks (steel, ammonia, methanol) and the maritime sector, while refueling rollout lags materially behind plan and should be recalibrated. Third, cost competitiveness hinges less on electrolyzer CAPEX than on electricity price, liquefaction, transport; policy should prioritize bankable offtake, grid-connected renewables and transmission, and targeted CAPEX support for import terminals, bunkering, and cracking. Japan’s experience offers a pathway in the global hydrogen transition, particularly for countries facing similar geographic and energy limitations. By analyzing both the progress and the limitations of Japan’s hydrogen roadmap, this study contributes to understanding diverse national strategies in the rapidly changing state of implementation of clean energy. Full article
►▼ Show Figures

Figure 1

14 pages, 980 KB  
Article
Behavioral Disruption in Brachionus plicatilis Exposed to Bisphenol A: A Locomotion-Based Assessment
by Quang-Anh Tran, Nhat-Truong Phan, Quynh-Anh Tran-Nguyen, Hong Thi Mai, Thao Linh Thi Phan and Mau Trinh-Dang
Toxics 2025, 13(9), 723; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics13090723 (registering DOI) - 28 Aug 2025
Abstract
This study investigates the effects of Bisphenol A (BPA)—a ubiquitous endocrine disruptor—on the swimming behavior of the rotifer Brachionus plicatilis. Across a 0–40 ppm gradient, a biphasic response was observed, with swimming speed peaking at 20 ppm (100.42 ± 12.17 µm/s) and [...] Read more.
This study investigates the effects of Bisphenol A (BPA)—a ubiquitous endocrine disruptor—on the swimming behavior of the rotifer Brachionus plicatilis. Across a 0–40 ppm gradient, a biphasic response was observed, with swimming speed peaking at 20 ppm (100.42 ± 12.17 µm/s) and then significantly declining by 43% to 57.58 ± 30.59 µm/s at 40 ppm (Tukey, p < 0.05). Speed–frequency plots revealed co-existing hyper- and hypoactive sub-populations at 10–30 ppm, whereas severe inhibition dominated at 40 ppm. Additionally, temporal analysis confirmed that BPA effects were both concentration- and time-dependent, with the mean speed at 10 ppm declining only slightly over time (slope ≈ −0.8), whereas at 40 ppm, the decrease was an order of magnitude steeper (slope ≈ −16.9). Additionally, BPA exposure also triggered a sharp rise in abrupt turns (582.53 ± 477.55 events) and greater path sinuosity, consistent with neuromuscular disturbance. These findings demonstrate that rotifer locomotion provides an early and sensitive indicator of environmental BPA exposure. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Emerging Contaminants)
►▼ Show Figures

Graphical abstract

16 pages, 570 KB  
Article
A Novel Approach to the Collatz Conjecture with Petri Nets
by David Mailland and Iwona Grobelna
Information 2025, 16(9), 745; https://doi.org/10.3390/info16090745 (registering DOI) - 28 Aug 2025
Abstract
The Collatz conjecture is a famous unsolved problem in mathematics, known for its deceptively simple rules that generate complex, unpredictable behaviour. It can be efficiently modelled using a Petri net that represents its inverse graph, where each place corresponds to an integer and [...] Read more.
The Collatz conjecture is a famous unsolved problem in mathematics, known for its deceptively simple rules that generate complex, unpredictable behaviour. It can be efficiently modelled using a Petri net that represents its inverse graph, where each place corresponds to an integer and each transition encodes an inverse rule. The net, constructed up to a bound n, reveals the tree-like structure of predecessors and highlights properties such as recurrence, reachability, and liveness. Token flows simulate possible trajectories towards 1. This formal approach enables the investigation of the problem through discrete event systems theory and opens perspectives for parametric or inductive extensions beyond the bounded domain. The model proposed provides a structured framework for visualising and analysing the inverse dynamics of the conjecture. Some key numerical results highlight the challenges of working within a finite domain: for nmax=1000, the constructed Petri net comprises 1000 places and 667 transitions, including 417 source nodes (no predecessors), 333 sink nodes (no successors), and 218 isolated orphans, i.e., nodes only reachable via Div2 transitions with no incoming 3n+1 edge. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Intelligent Information Technology, 2nd Edition)
►▼ Show Figures

Graphical abstract

15 pages, 403 KB  
Article
ECG Biometrics via Dual-Level Features with Collaborative Embedding and Dimensional Attention Weight Learning
by Kuikui Wang and Na Wang
Sensors 2025, 25(17), 5343; https://doi.org/10.3390/s25175343 (registering DOI) - 28 Aug 2025
Abstract
In recent years, electrocardiogram (ECG) biometrics has received extensive attention and achieved a series of exciting results. In order to achieve optimal ECG biometric recognition, it is crucial to effectively process the original ECG signals. However, most existing methods only focus on extracting [...] Read more.
In recent years, electrocardiogram (ECG) biometrics has received extensive attention and achieved a series of exciting results. In order to achieve optimal ECG biometric recognition, it is crucial to effectively process the original ECG signals. However, most existing methods only focus on extracting features from one-dimensional time series, limiting the discriminability of individual identification to some extent. To overcome this limitation, we propose a novel framework that integrates dual-level features, i.e., 1D (time series) and 2D (relative position matrix) representations, through collaborative embedding, dimensional attention weight learning, and projection matrix learning. Specifically, we leverage collective matrix factorization to learn the shared latent representations by embedding dual-level features to fully mine these two kinds of features and preserve as much information as possible. To further enhance the discrimination of learned representations, we preserve the diverse information for different dimensions of the latent representations by means of dimensional attention weight learning. In addition, the learned projection matrix simultaneously facilitates the integration of dual-level features and enables the transformation of out-of-sample queries into the discriminative latent representation space. Furthermore, we propose an effective and efficient optimization algorithm to minimize the overall objective loss. To evaluate the effectiveness of our learned latent representations, we conducted experiments on two benchmark datasets, and our experimental results show that our method can outperform state-of-the-art methods. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Trends in Biometric Sensing and Information Processing)
22 pages, 6074 KB  
Article
Gypsum-Based Composites with Recycled PP/HDPE Pellets for Circular Material Development: A Comprehensive Characterisation
by Daniel Ferrández, Alicia Zaragoza-Benzal, Pedro Carballosa, José Luis García Calvo and Paulo Santos
Materials 2025, 18(17), 4037; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma18174037 (registering DOI) - 28 Aug 2025
Abstract
Managing plastic waste is a great challenge for today’s society, and it is increasingly necessary to find solutions to the large amount of plastic waste dumped annually in the oceans. The main objective of this research is to perform a comprehensive characterisation of [...] Read more.
Managing plastic waste is a great challenge for today’s society, and it is increasingly necessary to find solutions to the large amount of plastic waste dumped annually in the oceans. The main objective of this research is to perform a comprehensive characterisation of different gypsum-based materials incorporating recycled PP/HDPE pellets from the recycling of discarded fishing nets in the Mediterranean Sea. For this purpose, composites were developed with a partial substitution of the original material by these pellets, up to 30% by volume, while maintaining a water/gypsum ratio of 0.65 by mass. The results showed that even in the most unfavourable case, with a 30% replacement in volume by these recycled pellets, flexural (2.72 MPa) and compressive (7.15 MPa) strengths higher than those required by the standards were obtained, with good integration of the residue in the matrix. Also, there was a decrease in total water absorption of up to 20.5% compared to traditional gypsum. The thermal behaviour study showed that a minimum conductivity value of 292.3 mW/m K was obtained, implying a decrease of 14.9% from the control series. In addition, a life cycle analysis was conducted, obtaining a reduction in environmental impact of up to 13.1% in terms of CO2 equivalent emissions. Overall, the composites obtained represent a sustainable alternative to producing prefabricated plates and panels for building construction. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Advanced Composite Materials for the Built Environment)
►▼ Show Figures

Figure 1

37 pages, 3142 KB  
Article
Functionalized Micellar Membranes from Medicinal Mushrooms as Promising Self-Growing Bioscaffolds
by Nika Kučuk, Mateja Primožič, Željko Knez and Maja Leitgeb
Polymers 2025, 17(17), 2334; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym17172334 (registering DOI) - 28 Aug 2025
Abstract
Micellar or mycelial membranes from medicinal mushrooms are self-growing fibrous polymeric biocomposites that are biocompatible, biodegradable, cost-effective, and environmentally friendly. In this study, the cultivation process for the medicinal mushrooms Ganoderma lucidum and Pleurotus ostreatus has been optimized via submerged cultivation to maximize [...] Read more.
Micellar or mycelial membranes from medicinal mushrooms are self-growing fibrous polymeric biocomposites that are biocompatible, biodegradable, cost-effective, and environmentally friendly. In this study, the cultivation process for the medicinal mushrooms Ganoderma lucidum and Pleurotus ostreatus has been optimized via submerged cultivation to maximize growth and promote the formation of micellar membranes with high water-absorption capacity. Optimal growth conditions were achieved at an alkaline pH in a medium containing malt extract for G. lucidum, while for P. ostreatus, these were in a glucose-enriched medium. The hydrophilic underside of the micellar membranes led to a high-water uptake capacity. These membranes exhibited a broad spectrum of functional groups, thermal stability with decomposition temperatures above 260 °C, and a fibrous and porous structure. The micellar membranes from both mushrooms were additionally functionalized with mango peel extract (MPE), resulting in a uniform and gradual release profile, which is an important novelty. They also showed successful antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus growth. MPE-functionalized micellar membranes are, therefore, innovative biocomposites suitable for various biomedical applications. As they mimic the extracellular matrix of the skin, they are a promising material for tissue engineering, wound healing, and advanced skin materials applications. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Biobased and Biodegradable Polymers)
►▼ Show Figures

Graphical abstract

13 pages, 654 KB  
Review
Role of Ceramide Kinase/C1P in the Regulation of Cell Growth and Survival
by Ana Gomez-Larrauri, Asier Benito-Vicente, Asier Larrea-Sebal, César Martín and Antonio Gomez-Muñoz
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025, 26(17), 8374; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms26178374 (registering DOI) - 28 Aug 2025
Abstract
Ceramide 1-phosphate (C1P) is a key regulator of cell proliferation and survival in both normal and transformed cells. Major pathways implicated in the mitogenic actions of C1P include activation of the mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) ERK1-2 and JNK, as well as stimulation of [...] Read more.
Ceramide 1-phosphate (C1P) is a key regulator of cell proliferation and survival in both normal and transformed cells. Major pathways implicated in the mitogenic actions of C1P include activation of the mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) ERK1-2 and JNK, as well as stimulation of the phosphatidylinositol 3 kinase (PI3K)/Akt/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway, the product of retinoblastoma, or the sphingomyelin synthase (SMS)/diacylglycerol (DAG)/protein kinase C-alpha (PKC-α) pathway. C1P-stimulated cell proliferation can also be mediated through enhanced secretion of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in macrophages or by releasing lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) in myoblasts. Also, the production of low levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) can mediate the stimulation of cell growth by C1P, particularly in macrophages. Upregulation of the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway is also involved in the inhibition of cell death by C1P, which can also contribute to cell survival by blocking the activity of the ceramide-generating enzymes acid sphingomyelinase (ASMase) and serine palmitoyl transferase (SPT). Moreover, C1P-promoted cell survival involves upregulation of NADPH oxidase and the subsequent production of nitric oxide (NO). Using photosensitive C1P analogues, it could be concluded that promotion of cell growth and inhibition of cell death were elicited by intracellularly generated C1P in a receptor-independent manner. The aim of the present review is to evaluate in detail the implication of the CerK/C1P axis in controlling cell proliferation and survival in mammalian cells, as well as to discuss and update on the molecular mechanisms by which C1P can accomplish these actions. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Ceramides and Ceramide Kinase)
►▼ Show Figures

Graphical abstract

20 pages, 908 KB  
Article
Diversity and Seasonal Variation in Live Baits Caught in Hann Bay, Dakar, Senegal
by Maryam Keita, Ndiaga Thiam, Fambaye Ngom, Justin Kantoussan, Ismaïla Ndour and Oumar Sadio
Diversity 2025, 17(9), 608; https://doi.org/10.3390/d17090608 (registering DOI) - 28 Aug 2025
Abstract
Live bait fishing, which was initiated around the 1950s on the coast of Dakar for the exploitation of tropical tunas, remains poorly studied. This study aims to examine the ichthyological diversity in Hann Bay and analyze the seasonal variation in species used as [...] Read more.
Live bait fishing, which was initiated around the 1950s on the coast of Dakar for the exploitation of tropical tunas, remains poorly studied. This study aims to examine the ichthyological diversity in Hann Bay and analyze the seasonal variation in species used as live bait. Ten experimental fishing campaigns were conducted between February and November 2023, using a beach seine and a purse seine. Captured individuals were sorted by species, counted, and weighed. Salinity and temperature drive seasonal changes in live bait fish communities in Hann Bay. Beach seine captured 389,171 individuals from 65 species, representing a biomass of 1743 kg. Purse seine yielded 9408 individuals from 62 species, representing a total of 306 kg. Ten species were identified as live bait, ten of which were caught with beach seine (Engraulis encrasicolus dominated) and eight with purse seine (Sardinella maderensis dominated). Eight of the ten live bait species were caught by both purse seine and beach seine. For beach seine, Shannon’s index was higher during the cold season, indicating a better distribution of species abundance. For purse seine, species abundance was lower in the cold season. Pielou’s evenness index indicated a more balanced assemblage in the cold season for beach seine (0.65) and in the warm season for purse seine (0.74). The number and weight of live baits did not vary significantly between seasons. These results may support the sustainable management of coastal small pelagics, whose juveniles are used as live bait. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Animal Diversity)
►▼ Show Figures

Figure 1

15 pages, 2075 KB  
Data Descriptor
A Curated Dataset of Regional Meteor Events with Simultaneous Optical and Infrasound Observations (2006–2011)
by Elizabeth A. Silber, Emerson Brown, Andrea R. Thompson and Vedant Sawal
Data 2025, 10(9), 138; https://doi.org/10.3390/data10090138 (registering DOI) - 28 Aug 2025
Abstract
We present a curated, openly accessible dataset of 71 regional meteor events simultaneously recorded by optical and infrasound instrumentation between 2006 and 2011. These events were captured during an observational campaign using the all-sky cameras of the Southern Ontario Meteor Network and the [...] Read more.
We present a curated, openly accessible dataset of 71 regional meteor events simultaneously recorded by optical and infrasound instrumentation between 2006 and 2011. These events were captured during an observational campaign using the all-sky cameras of the Southern Ontario Meteor Network and the co-located Elginfield Infrasound Array. Each entry provides optical trajectory measurements, infrasound waveforms, and atmospheric specification profiles. The integration of optical and acoustic data enables robust linkage between observed acoustic signals and specific points along meteor trajectories, offering new opportunities to examine shock wave generation, propagation, and energy deposition processes. This release fills a critical observational gap by providing the first validated, openly accessible archive of simultaneous optical–infrasound meteor observations that supports trajectory reconstruction, acoustic propagation modeling, and energy deposition analyses. By making these data openly available in a structured format, this work establishes a durable reference resource that advances reproducibility, fosters cross-disciplinary research, and underpins future developments in meteor physics, atmospheric acoustics, and planetary defense. Full article
►▼ Show Figures

Figure 1

22 pages, 1844 KB  
Article
Selective Extraction and Hydrotreatment of Biocrude from Sewage Sludge: Toward High-Yield, Alkane-Rich, Low-Heteroatom Biofuels
by Muhammad Usman, Shuo Cheng, Sasipa Boonyubol, Muhammad Aziz and Jeffrey S. Cross
Energies 2025, 18(17), 4568; https://doi.org/10.3390/en18174568 (registering DOI) - 28 Aug 2025
Abstract
This study investigates the hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) of sewage sludge across a temperature range of 250–375 °C, combined with selective solvent extraction and catalytic hydrotreatment to produce high-quality biocrude. Four solvents including dichloromethane (DCM), hexane, ethyl butyrate (EB), and ethyl acetate (EA), were [...] Read more.
This study investigates the hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) of sewage sludge across a temperature range of 250–375 °C, combined with selective solvent extraction and catalytic hydrotreatment to produce high-quality biocrude. Four solvents including dichloromethane (DCM), hexane, ethyl butyrate (EB), and ethyl acetate (EA), were used to evaluate temperature-dependent extraction performance and product quality. Biocrude yields increased from 250 °C to a maximum at 350 °C for all solvents: hexane (9.3–18.1%), DCM (16.3–49.7%), EB (17.6–50.1%), and EA (9.6–23.5%). A yield decline was observed at 375 °C due to secondary cracking and gasification. Elemental analysis revealed that hexane and EB extracts had higher carbon (up to 61.6 wt%) and hydrogen contents, while DCM retained the most nitrogen (up to 3.96 wt%) due to its polarity. Sulfur remained below 0.5 wt% in all biocrudes. GC–MS analysis of 350 °C biocrudes showed fatty acids as dominant components (43–53%), especially palmitic acid, along with ketones, amides, and heterocyclic compounds. Hydrotreatment using Ni/SiO₂–Al₂O₃ significantly enhanced biocrude quality by increasing alkane content by 40–60% and reducing nitrogen levels by up to 75%, with higher heating values reaching 38–44 MJ/kg. These findings demonstrate the integrated potential of HTL process tuning, green solvent extraction, and catalytic upgrading for converting sewage sludge into cleaner, energy-dense biofuels. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Trends in Biofuels and Bioenergy for Sustainable Development: 3rd Edition)
17 pages, 2222 KB  
Article
Hydration Fingerprints: A Reproducible Protocol for Accurate Water Uptake in Anion-Exchange Membranes
by Sandra Elisabeth Temmel, Daniel Ölschläger and Ralf Wörner
Membranes 2025, 15(9), 257; https://doi.org/10.3390/membranes15090257 (registering DOI) - 28 Aug 2025
Abstract
Anion-exchange membranes (AEMs) not only enable the fabrication of catalyst-coated membranes without precious metals but are also projected to achieve a technology-readiness level (TRL) suitable for industrial deployment before the end of this decade. Accurate and reproducible water uptake data are essential for [...] Read more.
Anion-exchange membranes (AEMs) not only enable the fabrication of catalyst-coated membranes without precious metals but are also projected to achieve a technology-readiness level (TRL) suitable for industrial deployment before the end of this decade. Accurate and reproducible water uptake data are essential for guiding AEM design, yet conventional gravimetric methods—relying on manual blotting and loosely defined drying steps—can introduce variabilities exceeding 20%. Here, we present a standardized protocol that transforms water uptake measurements from rough estimates into precise, comparable “hydration fingerprints.” By replacing manual wiping with a calibrated pressure-blotting rig (0.44 N cm−2 for 10 s twice) and verifying both dry and wet states via ATR-FTIR spectroscopy, we dramatically reduce scatter and align our FAAM-PK-75 (Fumatech, Bietigheim, Germany) results with published benchmarks in DI water, aqueous KOH (0.1–9 M), various alcohols, and controlled humidity (39–96% RH). These uptake profiles reveal how OH− screening, thermal densification at 60 °C, and PEEK reinforcement govern equilibrium hydration. A low-cost salt-bath method for vapor-phase sorption further distinguishes reinforced from unreinforced architectures. Extending the workflow to additional commercial and custom membranes confirms its broad applicability. Ultimately, this work establishes a new benchmark for AEM hydration testing and provides a predictive toolkit for correlating water content with conductivity, dimensional stability, and membrane–ink interactions during catalyst-coated membrane fabrication. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Ion Conducting Membranes and Energy Storage)
►▼ Show Figures

Figure 1

19 pages, 1368 KB  
Article
Engineering of Humanized PSMA-Directed CAR T Cells for Potent and Specific Elimination of Prostate Cancer Cells
by Tobias D. Deller, Jamal Alzubi, Laura Mosti, Marie Peschers, Christian Gratzke, Philipp Wolf and Toni Cathomen
Cells 2025, 14(17), 1333; https://doi.org/10.3390/cells14171333 (registering DOI) - 28 Aug 2025
Abstract
Chimeric Antigen Receptor (CAR) T cell therapy has achieved high response rates in patients with relapsed or refractory hematologic malignancies. However, comparable efficacy in solid tumors remains limited, partly due to poor CAR T cell persistence and immune-mediated rejection. A major contributor, which [...] Read more.
Chimeric Antigen Receptor (CAR) T cell therapy has achieved high response rates in patients with relapsed or refractory hematologic malignancies. However, comparable efficacy in solid tumors remains limited, partly due to poor CAR T cell persistence and immune-mediated rejection. A major contributor, which has hampered the clinical efficacy of CAR T cells in clinical practice, is the immunogenicity of the murine-derived single-chain variable fragments (scFvs) commonly used in CAR constructs. Cell and humoral immune responses to the murine parts of CARs have been implicated in CAR T cell rejection. Here, we describe the generation and in vitro characterization of humanized CAR T cells targeting prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA) on prostate cancer cells, based on two distinct murine scFvs (A5 and D7). Humanization improved the germinality index and successfully preserved CAR surface expression. Functional assays demonstrated that humanized PSMA-CAR T cells retained antigen-specific binding, activation and cytotoxicity, differentiation, exhaustion and cytokine secretion profiles comparable to their murine counterparts. These results support the feasibility of humanization as a strategy to reduce immunogenicity without compromising CAR T cell capabilities, providing a foundation for further in vivo validation in solid tumor settings. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue CAR T Cells in Human Cancers)
28 pages, 1475 KB  
Review
A Review of Lithium-Ion Battery Thermal Management Based on Liquid Cooling and Its Evaluation Method
by Hongkai Liu, Chentong Shi, Chenghao Liu and Wei Chang
Energies 2025, 18(17), 4569; https://doi.org/10.3390/en18174569 (registering DOI) - 28 Aug 2025
Abstract
Electric vehicles (EVs) provide a feasible solution for the electrification of the transportation sector. However, the large-scale deployment of EVs over wide working conditions is limited by the temperature sensitivity of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). Therefore, an efficient and reliable battery thermal management system [...] Read more.
Electric vehicles (EVs) provide a feasible solution for the electrification of the transportation sector. However, the large-scale deployment of EVs over wide working conditions is limited by the temperature sensitivity of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). Therefore, an efficient and reliable battery thermal management system (BTMS) becomes essential to achieve precise temperature control of batteries and prevent potential thermal runaway. Owing to their high heat-transfer efficiency and controllability, liquid-based cooling technologies have become a key research focus in the field of BTMS. In both design and operation, BTMSs are required to comprehensively consider thermal characteristics, energy consumption, economics, and environmental impact, which demands more scientific and rational evaluation criteria. This paper reviews the latest research progress on liquid-based cooling technologies, with a focus on indirect-contact and direct-contact cooling. In addition, existing evaluation methods are summarized. This work proposes insights for future research on liquid-cooled BTMS development in EVs. Full article
31 pages, 918 KB  
Review
Confounding Factors and Their Mitigation in Measurements of Bioelectrical Impedance at the Skin Interface
by Adrian Iftime, Cristian Scheau, Ramona-Madalina Babeș, Diana Ionescu, Argyrios Periferakis and Octavian Călinescu
Bioengineering 2025, 12(9), 926; https://doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering12090926 (registering DOI) - 28 Aug 2025
Abstract
Background: Bioelectrical impedance measurement is a technique used in engineering (development of different wearable biosensors with diverse applications), in the medical field (health monitoring and diagnosis), and in biomedical research (fundamental and applied). Problem: despite its long history and existence of standardized techniques, [...] Read more.
Background: Bioelectrical impedance measurement is a technique used in engineering (development of different wearable biosensors with diverse applications), in the medical field (health monitoring and diagnosis), and in biomedical research (fundamental and applied). Problem: despite its long history and existence of standardized techniques, measurement results can often be unreliable and plagued by high variance (intra- and inter-subject measurement), which can distort the correct interpretation of the results. Methods: we have reviewed bioelectrical impedance measurements from both engineering and medical research teams over the past 60 years, with a focus on factors that might influence the skin–electrode interface. Results: We identified 40 confounding factors in 10 different categories, some of which are sometimes overlooked in applied research, and we propose mitigation strategies for each one. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Electrical Impedance Tomography: New Advances in Biomedical Signal Processing)
►▼ Show Figures

Graphical abstract

32 pages, 1326 KB  
Article
Effects of Practice Types on the Acquisition of English Phrasal Verbs
by Yan Feng and Mei Yang
Languages 2025, 10(9), 214; https://doi.org/10.3390/languages10090214 (registering DOI) - 28 Aug 2025
Abstract
English phrasal verbs are ubiquitous and challenging for second language (L2) learners, particularly for those whose first language does not have an equivalent structure. This study investigates the facilitative role of three distinct L2 practice types in promoting English phrasal verb acquisition. Eighty [...] Read more.
English phrasal verbs are ubiquitous and challenging for second language (L2) learners, particularly for those whose first language does not have an equivalent structure. This study investigates the facilitative role of three distinct L2 practice types in promoting English phrasal verb acquisition. Eighty first-year college students from China were randomly assigned to three groups: the continuation group, which was first presented with an input text and then required to complete it; the retrieval group, which was first presented with the input text and then required to engage in retrieval practice; and the trial-and-error group, which was first required to engage in trial-and-error practice before reading the input text. The effectiveness of these practice types was compared via both an immediate post-test and a 1-week-delayed post-test. The results showed that in the immediate post-test, the continuation group performed comparably with the retrieval group but outperformed the trial-and-error group. However, in the 1-week-delayed post-test, the continuation group significantly outperformed the other two groups. The findings revealed that the continuation writing task not only initially equips learners with declarative knowledge and subsequently closely integrates static L2 learning with dynamic idea expression but also enhances learners’ task self-efficacy, thereby optimally promoting phrasal verb learning and retention. Full article
►▼ Show Figures

Figure 1

20 pages, 2887 KB  
Article
Jamamina: A Green Nanostructured Lipid Carrier with NaDES and Curcumin for Redox Modulation and Inflammatory Disorders
by Luís Felipe Romera, Luísa Schuh, Caio Leal, Leonardo Froes de Azevedo Chang, Brenda Martins dos Santos, Pedro Henrique Almeida de Jesus da Rocha, Marina Arantes Radicchi, Eliana Fortes Gris, Leila Falcao, Sônia Nair Báo and Victor Carlos Mello
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025, 26(17), 8373; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms26178373 (registering DOI) - 28 Aug 2025
Abstract
Plant-derived compounds offer immense therapeutic potential, yet many suffer from limited solubility, instability, and poor bioavailability, restricting their clinical application. Curcumin, a polyphenol extracted from Curcuma longa, is one such molecule, with proven antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. To overcome its pharmacokinetic limitations, [...] Read more.
Plant-derived compounds offer immense therapeutic potential, yet many suffer from limited solubility, instability, and poor bioavailability, restricting their clinical application. Curcumin, a polyphenol extracted from Curcuma longa, is one such molecule, with proven antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. To overcome its pharmacokinetic limitations, we developed Jamamina, a sustainable nanostructured lipid carrier (NLC) system incorporating curcumin and a Natural Deep Eutectic Solvent (NaDES) phase composed of malic acid and betaine. The bioinspired formulation, based on Amazonian tucumã butter and jambu oil, achieved high encapsulation efficiency (>80%) and curcumin amorphization, enhancing solubility and colloidal stability. In vitro assays with L132 demonstrated potent antioxidant activity (DPPH), a significant reduction in pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α and IL-6), and upregulation of IL-10. The system also suppressed MMP-2/9 activity and preserved cytoskeletal integrity under oxidative stress. These findings highlight Jamamina as a multifunctional, eco-friendly nanoplatform that enables the pharmacological application of plant-derived curcumin, representing a promising platform for modulating redox balance and investigating inflammation in epithelial-like contexts. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Plant-Derived Bioactive Compounds for Pharmacological Applications)
►▼ Show Figures

Graphical abstract

14 pages, 670 KB  
Article
Stratified Fitness: Post-COVID Inequities in Physical Education Across Race, Class, and Dis/Ability in Connecticut Schools
by Da’Shay Templeton and Ruslan Korchagin
Children 2025, 12(9), 1144; https://doi.org/10.3390/children12091144 (registering DOI) - 28 Aug 2025
Abstract
Background/Objectives: This study investigates disparities in physical fitness among Connecticut K-12 students post-COVID-19, highlighting persistent inequities across race, socioeconomic status, language proficiency, and dis/ability. Methods: Utilizing state-wide data from Connecticut’s EdSight portal, the research reveals a significant decline in student physical fitness [...] Read more.
Background/Objectives: This study investigates disparities in physical fitness among Connecticut K-12 students post-COVID-19, highlighting persistent inequities across race, socioeconomic status, language proficiency, and dis/ability. Methods: Utilizing state-wide data from Connecticut’s EdSight portal, the research reveals a significant decline in student physical fitness compared to pre-pandemic levels, notably lagging behind academic recovery. Results: Findings underscore stark disparities, with marginalized groups such as students with disabilities, English learners, and racially minoritized students consistently performing lower than their peers. District-level analyses further illustrate pronounced inequities, where affluent, predominantly White districts achieved nearly four times higher fitness scores compared to economically disadvantaged, racially diverse districts. Conclusions: These disparities reflect systemic resource allocation issues and align with the framework of stratification economics, emphasizing structural inequities rather than individual deficits. The study advocates for equity-based funding, mandatory physical education monitoring, culturally responsive teaching practices, and systemic policy reforms to ensure equitable access to physical education resources and holistic student well-being. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Physical Education and Exercise Promotion and Intervention in Children and Adolescents for Health and Wellbeing, 2nd Edition)
►▼ Show Figures

Figure 1

19 pages, 23893 KB  
Article
Successful Establishment of Somatic Embryogenesis and Shoot Organogenesis Systems in Catalpa bungei C.A.Mey
by Jingshuang Sun, Jiewen Li, Mengnan Zhao, Guangshun Zheng, Jing Zhang, Bao Di, Wenjun Ma, Junhui Wang and Ruiyang Hu
Plants 2025, 14(17), 2688; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14172688 (registering DOI) - 28 Aug 2025
Abstract
Catalpa bungei C.A.Mey is an economically significant deciduous tree valued for timber production and landscaping applications. An efficient regeneration system is crucial for clonal propagation and serves as a foundation for future molecular breeding in C. bungei. This study established two in [...] Read more.
Catalpa bungei C.A.Mey is an economically significant deciduous tree valued for timber production and landscaping applications. An efficient regeneration system is crucial for clonal propagation and serves as a foundation for future molecular breeding in C. bungei. This study established two in vitro regeneration pathways—indirect somatic embryogenesis and shoot organogenesis utilizing mature zygotic embryos as explants. Primary callus was induced from cotyledon, hypocotyl, and plumule explants. A high frequency (45.73%) of yellow-green compact callus was achieved on De-Klerk and Walton (DKW) medium supplemented with 2.0 mg/L 6-BA, 1.0 mg/L zeatin (ZT), and 0.1 mg/L NAA. Subsequent transfer to 1.5× Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium containing 1.5 mg/L 6-BA, 0.2 mg/L ZT, and 0.1 mg/L NAA yielded the highest embryogenic callus induction rate (16.67%). Embryogenic callus demonstrated bipotent potential, generating both adventitious shoots and somatic embryos under specific hormonal conditions. Histological analyses confirmed the typical developmental stages of somatic embryos, from globular to cotyledonary forms, validating the embryogenic origin of regenerated structures. Furthermore, hormone or osmotic additives such as abscisic acid (ABA), Phytagel, and polyethylene glycol 4000 (PEG4000) significantly enhanced somatic embryo induction, with Phytagel at 5.0 g/L achieving the highest rate (76.31%). For shoot organogenesis, the optimal hormonal combination of the 0.6 mg/L 6-BA, 0.4 mg/L KT, and 0.15 mg/L NAA achieved the highest bud induction rate (88.89%) and produced an average of 4.07 adventitious buds per explant. This study presents an efficient regeneration system for C. bungei, providing a practical platform for large-scale propagation and basis for biotechnological applications in woody plants. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sexual and Asexual Reproduction in Forest Plants—2nd Edition)
25 pages, 1168 KB  
Article
Innovative Z-Scheme Heterojunction Photocatalyst ZnBiGdO4/SnS2 for Photocatalytic Degradation of Tinidazole Under Visible Light Irradiation
by Jingfei Luan, Boyang Liu, Liang Hao, Wenchen Han and Anan Liu
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025, 26(17), 8366; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms26178366 (registering DOI) - 28 Aug 2025
Abstract
A high-performance Z-scheme heterojunction photocatalytic compound, ZnBiGdO4/SnS2 (ZS), was prepared for the first time using a microwave-assisted solvothermal method. ZS significantly improved the separation efficiency of photoinduced carriers and effectively broadened the response range to visible light through the unique [...] Read more.
A high-performance Z-scheme heterojunction photocatalytic compound, ZnBiGdO4/SnS2 (ZS), was prepared for the first time using a microwave-assisted solvothermal method. ZS significantly improved the separation efficiency of photoinduced carriers and effectively broadened the response range to visible light through the unique mechanism of the Z-type heterojunction. Therefore, ZS exhibited an excellent photocatalytic performance during the degradation process of tinidazole (TNZ). Specifically, the removal rate of TNZ by ZS reached 99.63%, and the removal rate of total organic carbon (TOC) reached 98.37% with ZS as catalyst under visible light irradiation (VLIN). Compared to other photocatalysts, the photocatalytic performance of ZS was significantly better than that of ZnBiGdO4, SnS2, or N-doped TiO2 (N-T). The removal rate of TNZ by ZS was 1.12 times, 1.26 times, or 2.41 times higher than that by ZnBiGdO4, SnS2, or N-T, respectively. The mineralization efficiency of TNZ for TOC with ZS as a catalyst was 1.15 times, 1.28 times, or 2.57 times higher than that with ZnBiGdO4, SnS2, or N-T as a catalyst, respectively. Free radical scavenging experiments and the electron paramagnetic resonance experiments confirmed that ZS could generate multiple reactive species such as hydroxyl radicals (•OH), superoxide anions (•O2−), and photoinduced holes (h+) during the photocatalytic degradation process of TNZ. The photocatalytic degradation performance of ZS on TNZ under VLIN was evaluated, concurrently, the reliability, reproducibility, and stability of ZS were verified by five cycle experiments. This study explored the degradation mechanism and degradation pathway of TNZ with ZS as a catalyst under VLIN. This study not only provides new ideas for the design and preparation of Z-type heterojunction photocatalysts but also lays an important foundation for the development of efficient environmental remediation technologies for TNZ pollution. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Latest Research in Photocatalysis)
25 pages, 1020 KB  
Article
Evaluation of Economic and Ecological Benefits of Reservoir Ecological Releases Based on Reservoir Optimization Operation
by Zhen Cao, Guanjun Lei, Lin Qiu, Wenchuan Wang, Junxian Yin and Hao Wang
Appl. Sci. 2025, 15(17), 9441; https://doi.org/10.3390/app15179441 (registering DOI) - 28 Aug 2025
Abstract
To maximize the benefits of power generation and water supply of the reservoir under the premise of ensuring ecological flow as much as possible, it is necessary to formulate a highly operational release scheme in the actual production scheduling process. To mitigate the [...] Read more.
To maximize the benefits of power generation and water supply of the reservoir under the premise of ensuring ecological flow as much as possible, it is necessary to formulate a highly operational release scheme in the actual production scheduling process. To mitigate the ecological impacts of reservoir operations, enhanced environmental flow releases are required; however, this results in diminished reservoir economic outputs. Therefore, in order to determine the government subsidy standards for ecological regulation of reservoirs and improve the enthusiasm of water conservancy departments for ecological regulation, it is necessary to conduct comprehensive analysis and research on the benefits of ecological regulation. According to the ecological releases of the reservoir, the reservoir operation scheme is formulated, and the comprehensive benefits of the reservoir operation are analyzed and studied to determine the optimal operation scheme. Based on the monthly inflow runoff of the Baishi Reservoir to the Daling River from 1956 to 2011, constrained by the ecological base flow specified by the government, and combined with the water supply and power generation functions of the reservoir, an optimal operation model of the Baishi Reservoir based on ecological release is constructed. The water supply, power generation, and ecological benefits of the reservoir discharge are comprehensively analyzed and calculated to analyze and study the loss of economic benefits caused by the reservoir discharge and the ecological benefits that can be obtained from the ecological discharge. Based on the comprehensive evaluation of multiple indicators, the Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to an Ideal Solution (TOPSIS) fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method is used to select the optimal scheduling scheme. The optimal scheduling plan for a reservoir is closely related to its characteristic water level. In order to improve the efficiency of reservoir scheduling, monthly control of reservoir discharge can be implemented. The guarantee rate of urban domestic water supply and ecological water use can be increased as much as possible, while the guarantee rate of agricultural water use can be appropriately reduced to obtain the optimal comprehensive benefits. The outflow considering ecological release is 6.5–7 m3/s from June to April and 1 m3/s in May. The outflow without considering ecological release is 4 m3/s from June to April and 1 m3/s in May. This study has certain guiding significance and value for the formulation of an ecological operation scheme for reservoirs and the analysis of benefits. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Ecology Science and Engineering)
35 pages, 2830 KB  
Article
Mechanical and Tribological Performance of Additively Manufactured Nanocrystalline Aluminum Via Cryomilling and Cold Spray
by Amanendra K. Kushwaha, Manoranjan Misra and Pradeep L. Menezes
Lubricants 2025, 13(9), 386; https://doi.org/10.3390/lubricants13090386 (registering DOI) - 28 Aug 2025
Abstract
In this study, nanocrystalline (NC) aluminum (Al) and magnesium (Mg)-doped Al bulk components were fabricated using a hybrid manufacturing process that combines cryomilling and high-pressure cold spray (HPCS) additive deposition techniques. Yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ) was also added during the HPCS process to improve [...] Read more.
In this study, nanocrystalline (NC) aluminum (Al) and magnesium (Mg)-doped Al bulk components were fabricated using a hybrid manufacturing process that combines cryomilling and high-pressure cold spray (HPCS) additive deposition techniques. Yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ) was also added during the HPCS process to improve deposition efficiency and build-up thickness via peening. The evolution of morphology, crystallite size, and elemental composition of both cryomilled powders and cold-sprayed (CS’ed) components was systematically characterized using X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), and Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM). Mechanical characterization was performed using Vickers microhardness and uniaxial tensile testing, while the tribological behavior was assessed using sliding wear tests under dry/lubricated conditions. XRD analysis revealed that increased cryomilling duration led to significant crystallite refinement, which directly correlated with enhanced hardness and strength. This mechanical strengthening was accompanied by an increase in coefficient of friction (COF) and lower wear rates. The results also showed that the Mg-doped Al exhibited superior hardness, tensile strength, and tribological performance compared to pure Al. The study further explores the underlying mechanisms responsible for these enhancements, highlighting the potential of solute-assisted grain boundary stabilization in tailoring high-performance NC Al alloys. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Wear and Friction in Hybrid and Additive Manufacturing Processes)
17 pages, 1678 KB  
Systematic Review
Chemoimmunotherapy in Advanced Biliary Tract Cancers: A Meta-Analysis of Clinical Outcomes
by Alireza Tojjari, Sepideh Razi, Osama M. Younis, Ramez M. Odat, Ibrahim Halil Sahin and Anwaar Saeed
Biomedicines 2025, 13(9), 2099; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines13092099 (registering DOI) - 28 Aug 2025
Abstract
Background/Objectives: Biliary tract cancers (BTCs), encompassing tumors of the bile ducts, gallbladder, or ampulla of Vater, are notoriously hard to manage, especially when surgery is off the table and standard chemotherapy provides only modest benefits. While emerging treatments such as immune checkpoint [...] Read more.
Background/Objectives: Biliary tract cancers (BTCs), encompassing tumors of the bile ducts, gallbladder, or ampulla of Vater, are notoriously hard to manage, especially when surgery is off the table and standard chemotherapy provides only modest benefits. While emerging treatments such as immune checkpoint inhibitors have shown promise, mixed clinical trial results and varied study endpoints have left their true impact unclear. This concise review consolidates current evidence on combining chemotherapy with immunotherapy to clarify whether these regimens can significantly improve outcomes and steer more effective treatment strategies for BTCs. Methods: A comprehensive literature search was conducted across PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, and ClinicalTrials.gov for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and prospective comparative studies published from January 2010 to December 2024. Fixed-effect meta-analyses (inverse-variance method) were used as the primary approach, with random-effects models (REML) performed as sensitivity analyses to confirm robustness were performed to calculate pooled hazard ratios (HRs) for overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS). Leave-one-out sensitivity analyses and Egger’s tests assessed result stability and publication bias. The review was conducted in accordance with PRISMA 2020 guidelines and registered in OSF. Results: Two RCTs (n = 1754; chemoimmunotherapy n = 874, chemotherapy n = 880) were included in the quantitative meta-analysis. Compared to chemotherapy alone, chemoimmunotherapy significantly reduced the risk of death by 20% (OS, HR = 0.80; 95% CI 0.72–0.89; I2 = 0%) and the risk of disease progression or death by 19% (PFS, HR = 0.81; 95% CI 0.73–0.90; I2 = 33.5%). Leave-one-out sensitivity analyses confirmed result stability. Egger’s tests showed no significant publication bias (OS p = 0.30; PFS p = 0.40). Two additional studies (IMbrave 151 and Monge 2022) lacking comparative survival data were qualitatively assessed. Conclusions: Chemoimmunotherapy significantly improves OS and PFS compared with chemotherapy alone in advanced BTC, with consistent findings across included trials. These results support the incorporation of chemoimmunotherapy as a first-line therapeutic strategy. Future research should prioritize biomarker-driven patient selection, evaluation of long-term clinical outcomes, and integration of targeted therapies with chemoimmunotherapy. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Cancer Biology and Experimental Anticancer Therapies (2nd Edition))
►▼ Show Figures

Figure 1

10 pages, 330 KB  
Review
RhoKinase (ROCK) Inhibition as a Therapeutic Strategy for Pseudophakic Bullous Keratopathy: A Comprehensive Review
by Anđela Jukić, Josip Pavan, Biljana Đapic Ivančić, Miro Kalauz, Rajka Kasalica Žužul and Tomislav Jukić
J. Clin. Med. 2025, 14(17), 6093; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm14176093 (registering DOI) - 28 Aug 2025
Abstract
Pseudophakic bullous keratopathy (PBK) is a vision-threatening corneal complication following cataract surgery, characterised by progressive endothelial cell loss, persistent corneal oedema, and painful epithelial bullae, leading to impaired vision. Corneal transplantation, either penetrating or endothelial keratoplasty, remains the primary treatment but faces challenges [...] Read more.
Pseudophakic bullous keratopathy (PBK) is a vision-threatening corneal complication following cataract surgery, characterised by progressive endothelial cell loss, persistent corneal oedema, and painful epithelial bullae, leading to impaired vision. Corneal transplantation, either penetrating or endothelial keratoplasty, remains the primary treatment but faces challenges such as donor tissue shortages, graft rejection, and limited graft longevity. Recently, Rho-kinase (ROCK) inhibitors have emerged as promising pharmacological alternatives. These agents enhance corneal endothelial cell proliferation, migration, and adhesion, suppress apoptosis, and promote corneal deturgescence and wound healing. Several preclinical and clinical studies have demonstrated the efficacy of ROCK inhibitors in improving corneal clarity, endothelial function, and visual acuity in PBK. Their use has been associated with reductions in corneal oedema, improved endothelial cell density, and delayed or prevented the need for corneal transplantation. A systematic literature search of PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science databases was conducted, restricted to peer-reviewed English-language articles, ensuring comprehensive coverage. ROCK inhibitors represent a novel pharmacological strategy for PBK prevention and management, potentially reducing dependency on donor grafts. Further research is needed to determine long-term safety, optimal dosing, and efficacy. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Ophthalmology)
21 pages, 769 KB  
Article
Public Perceptions on the Efficiency of National Healthcare Systems Before and After the COVID-19 Pandemic
by Athina Economou
Healthcare 2025, 13(17), 2146; https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare13172146 (registering DOI) - 28 Aug 2025
Abstract
Background/Objectives: This study examines individual perceptions of national healthcare system efficiency before and after the COVID-19 pandemic across 18 countries grouped into three clusters (the Anglo-world, Europe, East Asia). This paper aims to identify the demographic, socioeconomic, health-related, and macroeconomic healthcare drivers of [...] Read more.
Background/Objectives: This study examines individual perceptions of national healthcare system efficiency before and after the COVID-19 pandemic across 18 countries grouped into three clusters (the Anglo-world, Europe, East Asia). This paper aims to identify the demographic, socioeconomic, health-related, and macroeconomic healthcare drivers of public assessments, and explain changes in attitudes between 2011–2013 and 2021–2023. Methods: Using individual-level data from the International Social Survey Programme (ISSP) for 2011–2013 and 2021–2023, logistic regression models of perceived healthcare inefficiency are estimated. In addition, the Oaxaca–Blinder decomposition model is adopted in order to decompose the assessment gap between the two periods. Models include a range of individual demographic and socioeconomic characteristics and national healthcare controls (healthcare expenditure, potential years of life lost). Results: Health-related factors, especially self-assessed health and trust in doctors, consistently emerge as predictors of more favourable evaluations across regions and periods. Higher national healthcare expenditure is associated with more positive public views and is the single largest contributor to the improved assessments in 2021–2023. Demographic and socioeconomic variables show smaller regionally and temporally heterogeneous effects. Decomposition indicates that both changes in observed characteristics (notably, expenditure and trust) and unobserved behavioural, cultural, or institutional shifts account for the gap in public healthcare assessments between the two time periods. Conclusions: Public assessments of healthcare systems are primarily shaped by individual health status, trust in providers, and national spending rather than differential demographic and socioeconomic traits. Therefore, policymakers should couple targeted investments in the healthcare sector in order to address adequately public healthcare needs, and strengthen doctor–patient relationships in order to sustain public support. Future research should focus on disentangling the cultural and behavioural pathways influencing healthcare attitudes. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Performance of Healthcare Systems During and After the COVID-19 Pandemic)
18 pages, 4889 KB  
Article
Roughness Estimation and Image Rendering for Glossy Object Surface
by Shoji Tominaga, Motonori Doi and Hideaki Sakai
J. Imaging 2025, 11(9), 296; https://doi.org/10.3390/jimaging11090296 (registering DOI) - 28 Aug 2025
Abstract
We study the relationship between the physical surface roughness of the glossy surfaces of dielectric objects and the roughness parameter in image rendering. The former refers to a measure of the microscopic surface structure of a real object’s surface. The latter is a [...] Read more.
We study the relationship between the physical surface roughness of the glossy surfaces of dielectric objects and the roughness parameter in image rendering. The former refers to a measure of the microscopic surface structure of a real object’s surface. The latter is a model parameter used to produce the realistic appearance of objects. The target dielectric objects to analyze the surface roughness are handcrafted lacquer plates with controlled surface glossiness, as well as several plastics and lacquer products from everyday life. We first define the physical surface roughness as the standard deviation of the surface normal, and provide the computational procedure. We use a laser scanning system to obtain the precise surface height information at tiny flat areas of a surface. Next, a method is developed for estimating the surface roughness parameter based on images taken of the surface with a camera. With a simple setup for observing a glossy flat surface, we estimate the roughness parameter by fitting the Beckmann function to the image intensity distribution in the observed HDR image using the least squares method. A linear relationship is then found between the measurement-based surface roughness and image-based surface roughness. We present applications to glossy objects with curved surfaces. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Image and Video Processing)
►▼ Show Figures

Figure 1

18 pages, 2202 KB  
Article
On the Hydrolytic Depolymerization of Polyurethane Foam Wastes by Ionic Liquids
by Rebeca Salas, Rocio Villa, Francisco Velasco, Maria Macia, Virtudes Navarro, Jairton Dupont, Eduardo Garcia-Verdugo and Pedro Lozano
Molecules 2025, 30(17), 3523; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules30173523 (registering DOI) - 28 Aug 2025
Abstract
Flexible polyurethane foams (PUFs) are widely used materials whose crosslinked chemical structure hinders conventional recycling, leading to significant environmental challenges. This study presents a selective and scalable depolymerization strategy for polyurethane foam waste (PUFW), utilizing a combination of 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride ([Bmim][Cl]) as water-miscible [...] Read more.
Flexible polyurethane foams (PUFs) are widely used materials whose crosslinked chemical structure hinders conventional recycling, leading to significant environmental challenges. This study presents a selective and scalable depolymerization strategy for polyurethane foam waste (PUFW), utilizing a combination of 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride ([Bmim][Cl]) as water-miscible ionic liquid (IL) and a strong organic base to enable hydrolytic cleavage of urethane bonds under mild reaction conditions (98 °C, atmospheric pressure). The approach was evaluated across different PUFW formulations and successfully scaled up to a 1 kg reaction mass, maintaining high efficiency in both the depolymerization and separation steps. The recovered polyols exhibited high purity and structural fidelity, comparable to those of virgin polyols. The recycled products were integrated into a new foam formulation, resulting in a PUF with mechanical and morphological properties, as revelated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), which closely resemble those of virgin polyol-based references and surpass those of foams produced using commercially recycled polyols. These findings support the feasibility of closed-loop polyurethane recycling and represent the transition towards circular polymer economy strategies. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Ionic Liquids and Deep Eutectic Solvents in Catalysis: Current Status and Future Outlook)
More Articles...

Open Access Journals

► Browse by Indexing ► Browse by Subject ► Selected Journals
Explore All Journals...

Highly Accessed Articles

Latest Books

More Books and Reprints...

News

28 August 2025
MDPI’s 2024 Outstanding Reviewer Awards—List of Winners
27 August 2025
Empowering Academic Growth with MDPI: Gold-Tier Sponsorship of the University of Alberta’s Faculty of Engineering Graduate Research Symposium (FEGRS), 19–21 August 2025
13 August 2025
Meet Us at the Swiss Chemical Society (SCS) Fall Meeting 2025, 4 September 2025, Zurich, Switzerland
More News & Announcements...

Blog Posts

More From Our Blog...

Topics

More Topics...
loading...

Selected Special Issues

Selected Collections

Back to TopTop