MDPI - Publisher of Open Access Journals

21 pages, 1108 KB

Open AccessReview

A Comprehensive Overview of Candida albicans as the Leading Pathogen in Vulvovaginal Candidiasis

by Nika Srb, Jasminka Talapko, Tomislav Meštrović, Rajko Fureš, Mirjana Stupnišek, Andrea Milostić Srb and Ivana Škrlec

J. Fungi 2025, 11(9), 632; https://doi.org/10.3390/jof11090632 (registering DOI) - 28 Aug 2025

Abstract

Candida albicans is the primary etiological agent of vulvovaginal candidiasis (VVC), a widespread fungal infection affecting millions of women worldwide. Although often self-limiting, VVC can become recurrent or severe, significantly impacting quality of life. The pathogenesis of C. albicans is driven by key [...] Read more.

Candida albicans is the primary etiological agent of vulvovaginal candidiasis (VVC), a widespread fungal infection affecting millions of women worldwide. Although often self-limiting, VVC can become recurrent or severe, significantly impacting quality of life. The pathogenesis of C. albicans is driven by key virulence factors, including hyphal transformation, biofilm formation, and immune evasion, which all facilitate persistence and resistance to host defenses. Epidemiological data indicate that up to 75% of women experience at least one episode of VVC, with 5–10% developing recurrent vulvovaginal candidiasis. The condition typically presents with vaginal itching, burning, erythema, edema, and an abnormal discharge. Diagnosis relies on both clinical presentation and microbiological confirmation; however, misdiagnosis remains common due to symptom overlap with other vaginal infections and conditions in general. Azole antifungals remain the cornerstone of treatment; however, increasing resistance (particularly in non-albicans Candida species) poses substantial therapeutic challenges. Consequently, the emergence of antifungal-resistant strains underscores the need for novel treatment strategies, including probiotics and natural antifungal agents. Preventive measures—including maintaining vaginal microbiota balance, avoiding unnecessary antibiotic usage, and improving hygiene practices—play a pivotal role in reducing disease burden due to C. albicans. Given the rising incidence of VVC and the burden of recurrent cases, further research is essential to develop targeted therapeutic interventions. This comprehensive review highlights the evolving epidemiology, pathogenesis, and clinical challenges of C. albicans-associated VVC, emphasizing the need for improved diagnostic strategies, alternative therapeutic approaches, and targeted preventive measures to reduce disease burden and enhance patient outcomes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fungi in Vulvovaginal Infections)

21 pages, 2441 KB

Open AccessArticle

Numerical Simulation on Anchored Load-Bearing Characteristics of Suction Caisson for Floating Offshore Wind Power

by Shangle Xie, Chaoyi Sun, Bo Liu, Liji Huang, Huiyuan Deng, Mingxing Zhu, Xiaojuan Li and Guoliang Dai

J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2025, 13(9), 1653; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse13091653 (registering DOI) - 28 Aug 2025

Abstract

Suction caisson anchor foundations have been widely applied in oil and gas platforms but remain in the exploratory stage for floating offshore wind power applications, where research on their anchor load-bearing characteristics is insufficient. This study focuses on the influence of length-to-diameter ratio, [...] Read more.

Suction caisson anchor foundations have been widely applied in oil and gas platforms but remain in the exploratory stage for floating offshore wind power applications, where research on their anchor load-bearing characteristics is insufficient. This study focuses on the influence of length-to-diameter ratio, loading angle, and loading point depth on the anchor load-bearing characteristics of suction caisson anchor foundations. Through numerical simulation, the load–displacement curves, internal force distribution along the caisson body, movement mode transitions, and soil failure characteristics were obtained. The results indicate that loading point depth and loading angle alter the movement mode of the suction caisson anchor foundation, directly affecting its bearing capacity. Smaller loading angles result in higher bearing capacity, which initially increases with loading point depth, peaks at 0.6 L, and then decreases at 0.8 L due to a transition in the foundation’s movement mode. Similarly, as the length-to-diameter ratio decreases, the bearing capacity and overall movement amplitude of the foundation decrease, leading to a shift in the optimal loading point position. The circumferential soil pressure and horizontal soil resistance distributions vary significantly with loading angle and depth. The findings of this study provide valuable reference for the design and application of suction caisson anchor foundations. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Coastal Engineering)

20 pages, 1500 KB

Open AccessArticle

Impact of Antibiotic Therapy on the Upper Respiratory Tract and Gut Mycobiome in Patients with Cystic Fibrosis

by Cristina Zubiria-Barrera, Malena Bos, Robert Neubert, Jenny Fiebig, Michael Lorenz, Michael Hartmann, Jochen G. Mainz, Hortense Slevogt and Tilman E. Klassert

J. Fungi 2025, 11(9), 631; https://doi.org/10.3390/jof11090631 (registering DOI) - 28 Aug 2025

Abstract

Patients with cystic fibrosis (CF) are frequently exposed to antibiotic treatments, which can alter the fungal communities (mycobiome) across their mucosal sites. This pilot study investigated the impact of antibiotic exposure on the mycobiome by analyzing fungal community dynamics in the upper respiratory- [...] Read more.

Patients with cystic fibrosis (CF) are frequently exposed to antibiotic treatments, which can alter the fungal communities (mycobiome) across their mucosal sites. This pilot study investigated the impact of antibiotic exposure on the mycobiome by analyzing fungal community dynamics in the upper respiratory- (nasal lavage) and gastrointestinal- (stool samples) tracts of 12 patients with CF following (a) long-term antibiotic treatment over a three-year period and (b) short-term antibiotic therapy during acute pulmonary exacerbations. Mycobiome profiles of the samples obtained from 38 healthy individuals were also analyzed and used for comparison purposes. The ITS1 region of the fungal rRNA gene cluster was sequenced to characterize and quantify the fungal community composition in both cohorts. Compared to healthy controls, samples from the patients with CF who had undergone long-term antibiotic treatment revealed a significantly increased fungal biomass in both sino-nasal and stool samples. Moreover, diversity metrics revealed significant differences in nasal lavage samples, whereas the stool samples showed no significant variation. Candida spp. was significantly enriched in both nasal and stool samples from CF patients. Further analyses demonstrated a strong positive correlation between the relative abundance of Candida spp. and the cumulative antibiotic intake over the three-year period in sino-nasal samples, but not in stool samples. Acute antibiotic treatment during a pulmonary exacerbation episode also led to a marked increase in the abundance of Candida spp. in sino-nasal samples. These findings highlight the increased sensitivity of the sino-nasal mycobiome to both chronic and acute antibiotic exposure in CF patients, as characterized by a site-specific fungal overgrowth, particularly of Candida spp. Full article

16 pages, 4285 KB

Open AccessArticle

A Study on the Coordinated Operation of Reservoirs with Low Watershed Magnification Ratios Using Surplus Storage Capacity

by Yongcheol Park, Heesung Lim, Youngkyu Jin, Hyungjin Shin, Jaenam Lee, Gyumin Lee and Inhyeok Song

Water 2025, 17(17), 2558; https://doi.org/10.3390/w17172558 (registering DOI) - 28 Aug 2025

Abstract

This study proposes a hardware-based approach to address agricultural water shortages by directly improving water supply operations, rather than estimating agricultural water demand or supply. Unlike previous studies that focus on evaluating water supply capacity or predicting reservoir inflows through modeling or data-driven [...] Read more.

This study proposes a hardware-based approach to address agricultural water shortages by directly improving water supply operations, rather than estimating agricultural water demand or supply. Unlike previous studies that focus on evaluating water supply capacity or predicting reservoir inflows through modeling or data-driven methods, this work proposes an operational strategy involving the physical interconnection of reservoirs. Specifically, the study investigates the coordinated use of surplus storage capacity from reservoirs with high watershed ratios to support those with low watershed ratios, thereby enhancing overall water supply reliability. Reservoir inflows were estimated using the Hydrological Operation Model for Water Resources Systems (HOMWRS). The analysis was conducted on reservoirs managed by the Korea Rural Community Corporation (KRC), selected based on data accessibility and availability. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Application of Various Hydrological Modeling Techniques and Methods in River Basin Management, 2nd Edition)

15 pages, 4688 KB

Open AccessArticle

Multi-Stage Transcriptome Analysis Identifies Key Molecular Pathways for Soybean Under Phosphorus-Limited Conditions

by Xiulin Liu, Sobhi F. Lamlom, Xueyang Wang, Chunlei Zhang, Fengyi Zhang, Kezhen Zhao, Rongqiang Yuan, Bixian Zhang and Honglei Ren

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025, 26(17), 8385; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms26178385 (registering DOI) - 28 Aug 2025

Abstract

Phosphorus deficiency significantly limits soybean production across 74% of China’s arable land. This study investigated the molecular mechanisms enabling soybean to access insoluble phosphorus through transcriptome sequencing of the Heinong 48 variety across four developmental stages (Trefoil, Flower, Podding, and Post-podding). RNA-Seq analysis [...] Read more.

Phosphorus deficiency significantly limits soybean production across 74% of China’s arable land. This study investigated the molecular mechanisms enabling soybean to access insoluble phosphorus through transcriptome sequencing of the Heinong 48 variety across four developmental stages (Trefoil, Flower, Podding, and Post-podding). RNA-Seq analysis identified 2755 differentially expressed genes (DEGs), with 2506 up-regulated and 249 down-regulated genes. Notably, early developmental stages showed the most substantial transcriptional reprogramming, with 3825 DEGs in the Trefoil stage and 10,660 DEGs in the Flower stage, compared to only 523 and 393 DEGs in the Podding and Post-podding stages, respectively. Functional enrichment analysis revealed 44 significantly enriched GO terms in the Trefoil stage and 137 in the Flower stage, with 13 GO terms shared between both stages. KEGG pathway analysis identified 8 significantly enriched pathways in the Trefoil stage and 21 in the Flower stage, including key pathways related to isoflavonoid biosynthesis, alpha-linolenic acid metabolism, and photosynthesis. Among 87 differentially expressed transcription factors from 31 families, bHLH (8.08%), bZIP (7.18%), and WRKY (5.94%) were most prevalent. These findings provide genetic targets for developing soybean varieties with improved phosphorus acquisition capacity, potentially reducing fertilizer requirements and supporting more sustainable agricultural practices. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in Soybean Molecular Breeding)

17 pages, 1399 KB

Open AccessArticle

Floral Characteristics Alter the Abundance and Richness of Bees Captured in Passive Traps

by Madison Mazur, Christine Bell, Michael E. Dillon and Lusha M. Tronstad

Environments 2025, 12(9), 301; https://doi.org/10.3390/environments12090301 (registering DOI) - 28 Aug 2025

Abstract

Bees are vital pollinators that maintain plant populations by transporting pollen among individuals; however, bees are declining, and information on how habitat characteristics alter the catch of bees in traps is needed to better assess monitoring. Few studies have measured how catch in [...] Read more.

Bees are vital pollinators that maintain plant populations by transporting pollen among individuals; however, bees are declining, and information on how habitat characteristics alter the catch of bees in traps is needed to better assess monitoring. Few studies have measured how catch in passive traps may be altered by floral resources despite the well-known dependence of pollinators on forbs. We investigated the degree to which pollinating insects were attracted to vane traps and bee bowls placed at sites that varied in flower densities (0–800 flowers/m²). We also assessed if the catch of bees was better explained by flower characteristics directly around traps (subsite) or average flower characteristics at a site. Floral density, richness and surface area were measured in 1 m² quadrats at each subsite. The surface area of flowers explained more variance in bees captured compared to the density or richness of flowers. Traps placed in areas with lower flower surface area captured the more bees and a more diverse sample. Floral resources at the subsite and site explained a similar amount of variance in the number of bees captured, suggesting that pollinators respond to flowers at both scales. We provide a method of correcting pollinator abundance by flower surface area to make catch in passive traps more comparable among areas. We can select sites that minimize or maximize the catch of bees by understanding how floral resources change the effectiveness of passive traps. Full article

15 pages, 4231 KB

Open AccessArticle

Randomized Clinical Trial for the Optimization of Dyslipidemia Management in Patients with End-Stage Renal Disease Undergoing In-Hospital Maintenance Hemodialysis Therapy

by Sadia Rehman, Muhammad Farhan, Muhammad Raza Sarfraz, Asma Naveed, Fahad Usman, Anila Bibi, Raheel Ahmed, Hiya Huq, Ali Hasan, Jarin Anzoom and Pobitro Kumar

Pharmaceutics 2025, 17(9), 1128; https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics17091128 (registering DOI) - 28 Aug 2025

Abstract

Background/Objectives: End-stage renal disease (ESRD) patients on maintenance hemodialysis (MHD) frequently develop L-carnitine (LC) deficiency, leading to dyslipidemia and increased cardiovascular risk. While LC supplementation may improve dyslipidemia, the optimal route of administration remains unclear. This study evaluates the effects of LC [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: End-stage renal disease (ESRD) patients on maintenance hemodialysis (MHD) frequently develop L-carnitine (LC) deficiency, leading to dyslipidemia and increased cardiovascular risk. While LC supplementation may improve dyslipidemia, the optimal route of administration remains unclear. This study evaluates the effects of LC on dyslipidemia in MHD patients and compares oral versus intravenous (IV) administration. Methods: In this dual-center randomized controlled trial (NCT05817799), 102 MHD patients aged 18–50 years were randomized to receive either oral (500 mg thrice daily) or IV LC (20 mg/kg post-dialysis thrice weekly for 23 weeks followed by 500 mg oral daily for 1 week) for 24 weeks, and blood samples were obtained to evaluate lipid profile parameters. Results: Eighty-three patients completed the study (oral n = 49, IV n = 34). Both groups demonstrated significant improvements in all lipid parameters (p < 0.0001). In the oral group, total cholesterol (TC) demonstrated a mean reduction of 15.04 ± 8.52, triglycerides (TG) decreased by 14.84 ± 13.20, and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) declined by 9.87 ± 8.74, with a rise in high-density lipoprotein (HDL) of 5.34 ± 4.33. In contrast, the IV group showed greater improvement, with TC being reduced by 17.62 ± 8.98, TG reduced by 19.21 ± 11.33, and HDL-C elevated by 7.26 ± 4.35. Group comparison revealed significantly greater LDL reduction in the IV group (71.91 ± 14.37 mg/dL) versus oral group (79.04 ± 14.92 mg/dL, p = 0.03), whereas TC, TG, and HDL changes showed no significant differences (p > 0.05). Conclusions: Both oral and IV interventions effectively improved lipid profiles, and IV administration showed a more pronounced effect on LDL reduction, suggesting potentially greater efficacy of IV administration for LDL reduction. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Optimizing Drug Therapy in Kidney Diseases: Effectiveness and Safety)

26 pages, 748 KB

Open AccessReview

Recent Advances in Perfusion Assessment in Clinical Oncology Using Hyperspectral Imaging

by Rok Hren, Tamás Dóczi, Erika Orszagh and Dušan Babič

Electronics 2025, 14(17), 3439; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics14173439 (registering DOI) - 28 Aug 2025

Abstract

Perfusion assessment is critical in clinical oncology, particularly in tumor characterization, intraoperative decision making, and postoperative outcome predictions. Hyperspectral imaging (HSI) has emerged as a promising, non-contact, non-invasive, and contrast-free modality capable of capturing spatial and spectral information related to tissue oxygenation and [...] Read more.

Perfusion assessment is critical in clinical oncology, particularly in tumor characterization, intraoperative decision making, and postoperative outcome predictions. Hyperspectral imaging (HSI) has emerged as a promising, non-contact, non-invasive, and contrast-free modality capable of capturing spatial and spectral information related to tissue oxygenation and hemoglobin distribution. This study provides an up-to-date review of recent advances in the use of HSI for perfusion monitoring in clinical oncological applications, with a special focus on its adoption in laparoscopic surgeries, brain tumor delineation, and head and neck cancer interventions. The integration of HSI into surgical workflows and its potential to reduce complications are discussed. Overall, while HSI is emerging as an appealing, real-time, quantitative perfusion imaging modality, a lack of standardized protocols and interpretation guidelines pose the most significant challenges. Addressing these gaps through multicenter clinical trials is essential for advancing the routine use of HSI in oncological surgery. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Hyperspectral Imaging: Technologies and Applications)

17 pages, 3010 KB

Open AccessCase Report

Lymphoid and Myeloid Proliferations After Chimeric Antigen Receptor (CAR) T-Cell Therapy: The Pathologist’s Perspective

by Jiehao Zhou and Katalin Kelemen

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025, 26(17), 8388; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms26178388 (registering DOI) - 28 Aug 2025

Abstract

Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell infusion has led to improved outcomes in patients with B-lymphoblastic leukemia, B-cell lymphoma, and multiple myeloma. The spectrum of post-CAR T-cell hematolymphoid abnormalities is expanding, although they remain under-recognized. Pathologists play a key role in characterizing hematolymphoid proliferation [...] Read more.

Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell infusion has led to improved outcomes in patients with B-lymphoblastic leukemia, B-cell lymphoma, and multiple myeloma. The spectrum of post-CAR T-cell hematolymphoid abnormalities is expanding, although they remain under-recognized. Pathologists play a key role in characterizing hematolymphoid proliferation after CAR T-cell therapy. This review presents clinical and pathologic findings of common hematolymphoid proliferation after CAR T-cell therapy, illustrated by selected cases. A review of the literature is presented in the context of individual cases, and our current understanding of the pathomechanism is discussed. Infused CAR T-cells undergo a series of four phases: distribution, expansion, contraction, and persistence. In the expansion phase, transient peripheral blood lymphocytosis occurs, reaching a peak two weeks post-infusion. Delayed contraction of CAR T-cells may give rise to hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis-like syndrome. Immune effector cell-associated enterocolitis presents in the persistence phase, about 3–6 months after infusion. Pathologic findings include a T-cell infiltrate in the intestinal mucosa and changes resembling graft versus host disease (GVHD). This entity requires differentiation from infections and from T-cell neoplasms, including those derived from CAR T-cells. Secondary myeloid malignancies follow the same pathways as therapy-related myeloid neoplasm but present with a shorter median latency. It is essential for pathologists to recognize post-CAR T-cell hematolymphoid proliferation to support clinical decision making in a high-risk patient population. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Advances in Stem Cells in Human Health and Diseases)

23 pages, 261564 KB

Open AccessArticle

A Continuous Low-Rank Tensor Approach for Removing Clouds from Optical Remote Sensing Images

by Dong-Lin Sun, Teng-Yu Ji, Siying Li and Zirui Song

Remote Sens. 2025, 17(17), 3001; https://doi.org/10.3390/rs17173001 (registering DOI) - 28 Aug 2025

Abstract

Optical remote sensing images are often partially obscured by clouds due to the inability of visible light to penetrate cloud cover, which significantly limits their subsequent applications. Most existing cloud removal methods formulate the problem using low-rank and sparse priors within a discrete [...] Read more.

Optical remote sensing images are often partially obscured by clouds due to the inability of visible light to penetrate cloud cover, which significantly limits their subsequent applications. Most existing cloud removal methods formulate the problem using low-rank and sparse priors within a discrete representation framework. However, these approaches typically rely on manually designed regularization terms, which fail to accurately capture the complex geostructural patterns in remote sensing imagery. In response to this issue, we develop a continuous blind cloud removal model. Specifically, the cloud-free component is represented using a continuous tensor function that integrates implicit neural representations with low-rank tensor decomposition. This representation enables the model to capture both global correlations and local smoothness. Furthermore, a band-wise sparsity constraint is employed to represent the cloud component. To preserve the information in regions not covered by clouds during reconstruction, a box constraint is incorporated. In this constraint, cloud detection is performed using an adaptive thresholding strategy, and a morphological erosion function is employed to ensure accurate detection of cloud boundaries. To efficiently handle the developed model, we formulate an alternating minimization algorithm that decouples the optimization into three interpretable subproblems: cloud-free reconstruction, cloud component estimation, and cloud detection. Our extensive evaluations on both synthetic and real-world data reveal that the proposed method performs competitively against state-of-the-art cloud removal methods. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Knowledge-Driven and/or Data-Driven Methods for Remote Sensing Image Processing)

19 pages, 3831 KB

Open AccessArticle

Towards Safe and Effective Biomedical Nanocoatings: Plasma-Sputtered Magnesium-Based Nanoparticles with Cytoprotective, Antimicrobial and Antialgal Properties

by Raminta Rodaitė, Laura Kairytė, Agnė Giedraitienė, Modestas Ružauskas, Rita Šiugždinienė, Ieva Čiapienė, Vacis Tatarūnas, Šarūnas Varnagiris and Darius Milčius

Molecules 2025, 30(17), 3526; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules30173526 (registering DOI) - 28 Aug 2025

Abstract

The demand for antimicrobial and biocompatible materials in biomedical applications continues to grow, particularly in the context of wound care and textiles. This study explores the development of multifunctional coatings by applying magnesium (Mg) nanoparticles onto medical-grade cotton textiles using magnetron sputtering—a solvent-free [...] Read more.

The demand for antimicrobial and biocompatible materials in biomedical applications continues to grow, particularly in the context of wound care and textiles. This study explores the development of multifunctional coatings by applying magnesium (Mg) nanoparticles onto medical-grade cotton textiles using magnetron sputtering—a solvent-free and environmentally sustainable technique. A comprehensive material characterization confirmed the formation of Mg, MgO and Mg(OH)₂/MgH₂ phases, along with generally consistent particle coverage and increased fiber surface roughness. The antibacterial testing revealed the effective inhibition of both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria—except Enterococcus faecalis. Additionally, the growth of the fungus Candida albicans and the microalgae Prototheca spp. was reduced by over 80%. Importantly, a cytocompatibility evaluation using human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) demonstrated not only non-toxicity but a significant increase in cell viability after 72 h, particularly in samples treated for 20 and 60 min, indicating a potential cytoprotective and proliferative effect. These findings highlight the dual functionality of plasma-sputtered Mg nanoparticle coatings, offering a promising strategy for the development of eco-friendly, antimicrobial and cell-supportive medical textiles. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Magnetic Targeted Nanomaterials and Applications in Drug Delivery and Diagnostics)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

35 pages, 2365 KB

Open AccessReview

Therapeutic Effect of Membrane Vesicle Drug Delivery Systems in Inflammatory Bowel Disease

by Zhe Zhao, Ziyun Li, Yihuang Gu and Renjun Gu

Pharmaceutics 2025, 17(9), 1127; https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics17091127 (registering DOI) - 28 Aug 2025

Abstract

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a chronic, heterogeneous condition characterized by recurrent intestinal inflammation and sustained mucosal barrier damage, profoundly impairing patients’ quality of life and imposing a considerable socioeconomic burden. Current therapeutic options are often constrained by low oral bioavailability, pronounced systemic [...] Read more.

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a chronic, heterogeneous condition characterized by recurrent intestinal inflammation and sustained mucosal barrier damage, profoundly impairing patients’ quality of life and imposing a considerable socioeconomic burden. Current therapeutic options are often constrained by low oral bioavailability, pronounced systemic toxicity, and inadequate tissue specificity, limiting their ability to achieve precise and durable efficacy. In recent years, membrane vesicle-based drug delivery systems (MV-DDSs) have shown considerable promise for precision IBD therapy owing to their excellent biocompatibility, mucosal barrier-penetrating capacity, and low immunogenicity. Building upon a systematic discussion of the roles of MV-DDSs in suppressing inflammatory signaling, modulating oxidative stress, preserving barrier integrity, reshaping the gut microbiota, and regulating programmed cell death, this review further compares the differences in key molecular targets and functional outcomes among vesicles of diverse origins and carrying distinct therapeutic payloads. These insights provide a comprehensive strategic reference and theoretical foundation for the rational design, mechanistic optimization, and clinical translation of MV-DDSs in IBD therapy. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances of Membrane Vesicles in Drug Delivery Systems, 2nd Edition)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

14 pages, 1102 KB

Open AccessArticle

Stereotactic Body Radiotherapy of Colorectal Cancer Oligometastases to the Liver: Three Years Follow-Up

by Alexey Moskalenko, Marina Chernykh, Damir Ichshanov, Ksenia Malinina, Anna Ikonnikova and Vladimir Lyadov

Cancers 2025, 17(17), 2823; https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers17172823 (registering DOI) - 28 Aug 2025

Abstract

Background: Liver resection remains the gold standard treatment for colorectal cancer (CRC) liver metastases, while stereotactic body radiotherapy (SBRT) offers an alternative for patients with unresectable metastases. However, the precise indications for SBRT, optimal radiation doses, and treatment regimens have yet to be [...] Read more.

Background: Liver resection remains the gold standard treatment for colorectal cancer (CRC) liver metastases, while stereotactic body radiotherapy (SBRT) offers an alternative for patients with unresectable metastases. However, the precise indications for SBRT, optimal radiation doses, and treatment regimens have yet to be definitively established. Methods: A total of 91 patients with 152 lesions underwent SBRT, receiving a total dose ranging from 40 to 60 Gy delivered in 4–5 fractions per lesion, with a median dose of 50 Gy. Results: The three-year local control (LC) and overall survival (OS) rates were 62.6% and 45.1%, respectively. No cases of Grade ≥ 3 toxicity were observed. Factors negatively affecting LC included metastasis diameter ≥ 2.7 cm and number of metastases ≥ 3, with hazard ratios (HR) of 2.73 and 2.24, respectively. A biologically effective dose (BED) of ≥ 137.7 Gy was associated with a significant improvement in local control (LC) (HR 0.25), a finding that was also confirmed by the inverse probability of treatment weighting (IPTW) analysis. Significant predictors for poorer OS included RAS gene mutations, metastasis diameter ≥ 2.6 cm, and synchronous metastases, with HRs of 2.27, 2.03, and 2.11, respectively. Landmark analysis demonstrated that local recurrence within 12 months after SBRT significantly reduced OS (HR 2.68). Conclusions: SBRT is a safe and effective method for achieving local control of CRC liver oligometastases. Further research is warranted to optimize treatment protocols and refine patient selection criteria. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Chemo-Radio-Immunotherapy for Colorectal Cancer)

98 pages, 3978 KB

Open AccessReview

Pathologic and Therapeutic Schwann Cells

by Michael R. Shurin, Sarah E. Wheeler, Hua Zhong and Yan Zhou

Cells 2025, 14(17), 1336; https://doi.org/10.3390/cells14171336 (registering DOI) - 28 Aug 2025

Abstract

Schwann cells (SCs) are the primary glial cells of the Peripheral Nervous System (PNS), which insulate and provide protection and nutrients to the axons. Technological and experimental advances in neuroscience, focusing on the biology of SCs, their interactions with other cells, and their [...] Read more.

Schwann cells (SCs) are the primary glial cells of the Peripheral Nervous System (PNS), which insulate and provide protection and nutrients to the axons. Technological and experimental advances in neuroscience, focusing on the biology of SCs, their interactions with other cells, and their role in the pathogenesis of various diseases, have paved the way for exploring new treatment strategies that aim to harness the direct protective or causative properties of SCs in neurological disorders. SCs express cytokines, chemokines, neurotrophic growth factors, matrix metalloproteinases, extracellular matrix proteins, and extracellular vesicles, which promote the inherent potential of the injured neurons to survive and accelerate axonal elongation. The ability of SCs to support the development and functioning of neurons is lost in certain hereditary, autoimmune, metabolic, traumatic, and toxic conditions, suggesting their role in specific neurological diseases. Thus, targeting, modifying, and replacing SC strategies, as well as utilizing SC-derived factors and exosomes, have been considered novel therapeutic opportunities for neuropathological conditions. Preclinical and clinical data have demonstrated that SCs and SC-derived factors can serve as viable cell therapy for reconstructing the local tissue microenvironment and promoting nerve anatomical and functional recovery in both peripheral and central nerve injury repair, as well as in peripheral neuropathies. However, despite the promising successes of genetic engineering of SCs, which are now in preclinical and clinical trials, improving tactics to obtain ‘repair’ SCs and their products from different sources is the key goal for future clinical success. Finally, further development of innovative therapeutic approaches to target and modify SC survival and function in vivo is also urgently needed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Emerging Roles of Glial Cells in Human Health and Disease)

14 pages, 1019 KB

Open AccessArticle

Quantifying Soil Erosion Processes Based on Micro-ΔDEM

by Na Ta, Chenguang Wang, Shixiang Zhao and Qingfeng Zhang

Water 2025, 17(17), 2557; https://doi.org/10.3390/w17172557 (registering DOI) - 28 Aug 2025

Abstract

The spatial distribution traits of microtopography exert a profound influence on the generation of runoff and sediment. Nevertheless, the underlying mechanism through which microtopography alterations, triggered by diverse factors, impact soil erosion remains largely elusive. In light of that, this study simulated conventional [...] Read more.

The spatial distribution traits of microtopography exert a profound influence on the generation of runoff and sediment. Nevertheless, the underlying mechanism through which microtopography alterations, triggered by diverse factors, impact soil erosion remains largely elusive. In light of that, this study simulated conventional farming practices on the Loess Plateau: artificial backhoe, artificial digging, and contour tillage (CT), with no tillage (CK) designated as the control group. The objective was to meticulously investigate the variations in microtopography, runoff, and sediment yield under disparate treatment conditions, rainfall intensities (60 mm/h and 90 mm/h), and slope gradients (5°, 10°, and 20°). The principal findings were as follows: With the amplification of rainfall intensity, the elevation change rate and fractal dimension of various treatments generally exhibited an upward trend, whereas the structural ratio showed a downward tendency. As the slope gradient increased, the elevation change rate and structural ratio of different treatments typically increased. However, the fractal dimension displayed no conspicuous alteration at a rainfall intensity of 60 mm/h and a decreasing trend at 90 mm/h. Under different rainfall intensity scenarios, a robust linear correlation existed between the fractal dimension and both runoff and sediment yield (R² > 0.73), rendering it an outstanding parameter for estimating these variables within the scope of this research. Path analysis revealed that the indirect effect of microtopography on sediment yield, which was mediated by runoff, constituted 77.80–96.47% of the direct effect. Moreover, under different rainfall intensities, the alterations in runoff and sediment yield ensuing from unit-scale changes in the fractal dimension varied significantly. Specifically, at a rainfall intensity of 90 mm/h, these changes were 1.70-fold and 3.75-fold those at 60 mm/h, respectively. Overall, the CT treatment engendered the lowest runoff and sediment yield, along with the highest fractal dimension, thereby emerging as the most efficacious measure for soil and water conservation in this study. The research outcomes offer valuable perspectives for further elucidating the mechanisms through which tillage practices impinge upon soil erosion. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Soil Erosion and Soil and Water Conservation, 2nd Edition)

18 pages, 897 KB

Open AccessReview

Evolving Paradigms in Acute Myeloid Leukemia: Personalized Approaches to Therapy Across Age and Risk Groups

by Sumeet K Yadav, Utsav Joshi, Guleid Hussein, Mohamed Warsame, Bolun Liu, Abhash Shrestha, Peter Krastev, Hariprasad Reddy Korsapati and Amrit Singh

Cancers 2025, 17(17), 2824; https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers17172824 (registering DOI) - 28 Aug 2025

Abstract

Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is an aggressive hematologic malignancy characterized by the clonal proliferation of myeloid precursors and rapid progression. Historically consisting of intensive chemotherapy, AML management has evolved significantly due to advances in molecular diagnostics and risk stratification. This review discusses current [...] Read more.

Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is an aggressive hematologic malignancy characterized by the clonal proliferation of myeloid precursors and rapid progression. Historically consisting of intensive chemotherapy, AML management has evolved significantly due to advances in molecular diagnostics and risk stratification. This review discusses current therapeutic paradigms in AML, emphasizing the growing role of personalized medicine across age and risk groups. For younger, fit patients, intensive regimens such as the “7 + 3” protocol remain the standard, often enhanced by targeted agents like FMS-like tyrosine kinase 3 (FLT3) and IDH inhibitors. Older or unfit individuals benefit from low-intensity treatments such as hypomethylating agents combined with venetoclax, now considered a frontline standard of care. The use of liposomal chemotherapy (CPX-351), measurable residual disease (MRD) monitoring, and maintenance therapy further refine post-remission strategies. Emerging therapies, including menin inhibitors, antibody–drug conjugates, and immunotherapies like CAR-T cells and vaccines, offer additional options, especially in relapsed/refractory settings. This comprehensive review outlines the current landscape and future directions in AML therapy, emphasizing the transition toward individualized, mutation-driven treatment strategies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Study on Acute Myeloid Leukemia)

24 pages, 12159 KB

Open AccessArticle

Identification of a 13-Gene Immune Signature in Liver Fibrosis Reveals GABRE as a Novel Candidate Biomarker

by Wei-Lu Wang, Haoran Lian, Yiling Chen, Zhejun Song, Paul Kwong Hang Tam and Yan Chen

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025, 26(17), 8387; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms26178387 (registering DOI) - 28 Aug 2025

Abstract

Liver fibrosis (LF) poses significant challenges in diagnosis and treatment. This study aimed to identify effective biomarkers for diagnosis and therapy, as well as to gain deeper insights into the immunological features associated with LF. LF-related datasets were retrieved from the Gene Expression [...] Read more.

Liver fibrosis (LF) poses significant challenges in diagnosis and treatment. This study aimed to identify effective biomarkers for diagnosis and therapy, as well as to gain deeper insights into the immunological features associated with LF. LF-related datasets were retrieved from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database. Two datasets were merged to generate a metadata cohort for bioinformatics analysis and machine learning, while another dataset was reserved for external validation. Seventy-eight machine learning algorithms were employed to screen signature genes. The diagnostic performance of these genes was evaluated using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves, and their expression levels were validated via qRT-PCR experiments. The R language was utilized to delineate the immune landscape. Finally, correlation analysis was conducted to investigate the relationship between the signature genes and immune infiltration. Through the intersection of GEO datasets and Weighted Gene Co-expression Network Analysis (WGCNA), 42 genes were identified. Machine learning methods further narrowed down 13 signature genes (alpha-2-macroglobulin (A2M), ankyrin-3 (ANK3), complement component 7 (C7), cadherin 6 (CDH6), cysteine-rich motor neuron protein 1 (CRIM1), dihydropyrimidinase-like 3 (DPYSL3), F3, gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) receptor subunit epsilon (GABRE), membrane metalloendopeptidase (MME), solute carrier family 38 member 1 (SLC38A1), tropomyosin alpha-1 chain (TPM1), von Willebrand factor (VWF), and zinc finger protein 83 (ZNF83)), and qRT-PCR confirmed these genes’ expression patterns. Furthermore, these signature genes demonstrated strong correlations with multiple immune cell populations. In conclusion, the 13 genes (A2M, ANK3, C7, CDH6, CRIM1, DPYSL3, F3, GABRE, MME, SLC38A1, TPM1, VWF, and ZNF83) represent robust potential biomarkers for the diagnosis and treatment of LF. Among these genes, we first identified Gabre as related to LF and expressed in hepatocytes and cholangiocytes. The immune response mediated by these signature biomarkers plays a pivotal role in the pathogenesis and progression of LF through dynamic interactions between the biomarkers and immune-infiltrating cells. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Molecular Genetics and Genomics)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

17 pages, 1155 KB

Open AccessArticle

Modeling and Validation of High-Pressure Hydrogen Joule-Thomson Effect for Enhanced Hydrogen Energy System Safety

by Mu-Yao Zhou, Yi Fang, Qian-Hua Wang, Yi-Ming Dai, Zhan-Hao Liu, Ji-Qiang Li and Jeong-Tae Kwon

Energies 2025, 18(17), 4573; https://doi.org/10.3390/en18174573 (registering DOI) - 28 Aug 2025

Abstract

With the rapid development of hydrogen fuel cell vehicles, the research on the throttling effect of high-pressure hydrogen is crucial to the safety of hydrogen circulation systems for fuel cells. This paper studies the Joule-Thomson coefficients (

μ_{J T}

) of ten [...] Read more.

With the rapid development of hydrogen fuel cell vehicles, the research on the throttling effect of high-pressure hydrogen is crucial to the safety of hydrogen circulation systems for fuel cells. This paper studies the Joule-Thomson coefficients (

μ_{J T}

) of ten gas state equations. The four equations, Van Der Waals (VDW), Redlich-Kwong (RK), Soave-Redlich-Kwong (SRK), and Beattie Bridgeman (BB), were selected for calculation. These were compared with the database of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), aiming to determine the optimal state equation under different temperature and pressure conditions. The empirical formula of the

μ_{J T}

pressure and temperature was compounded, and the temperature rise effect was further calculated using the empirical formula of compounding. The results show that the calculated value of

μ_{J T}

by using the VDW equation in the low-pressure range (0–2 MPa) is closer to the value in the NIST database with an error less than 0.056

K ∙ {M P a}^{- 1}

. The tendency of

μ_{J T}

described by the RK equation corresponds to the NIST database; meanwhile, the maximum error in the SRK equation is 0.143916

K ∙ {M P a}^{- 1}

. The BB equation is more applicable within the pressure range of 20 to 50 MPa with a maximum error of 0.042853

K ∙ {M P a}^{- 1}

. The fitting error of the empirical formula is within 9.52%, and the relative error of the calculated temperature rise is less than 4%. This research might provide several technical ideas for the study of the throttling effect of hydrogen refueling stations and the hydrogen circulation system of on-board hydrogen fuel cells. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Towards Sustainable Hydrogen Production: Integrating Technologies and Carbon Capture, Utilization and Storage for Industrial and Energy Applications)

23 pages, 9509 KB

Open AccessArticle

Realizable k-ε Model-Based Gradual-Radius Volute Tongue on Aerodynamic Performance and Noise of Multi-Wing Centrifugal Fan

by Yizhe Huang, Hening Zhang, Ziyi Liu, Xin Zhan, Ren Xu and Runze Chen

Appl. Sci. 2025, 15(17), 9471; https://doi.org/10.3390/app15179471 (registering DOI) - 28 Aug 2025

Abstract

The multi-wing centrifugal fan is an important part of air conditioning systems, particularly in the automotive domain. Due to the compact structure and short blade passage of the fan, it may reduce the aerodynamic performance and generate noise. As a key part of [...] Read more.

The multi-wing centrifugal fan is an important part of air conditioning systems, particularly in the automotive domain. Due to the compact structure and short blade passage of the fan, it may reduce the aerodynamic performance and generate noise. As a key part of the multi-wing centrifugal fan, the volute tongue has an important impact on the aerodynamic performance and noise of the multi-wing centrifugal fan. In this paper, the volute tongue of a multi-wing centrifugal fan is modified for air conditioning systems, and a novel gradient-radius volute tongue is designed. Specifically, a simulation calculation model for the multi-wing centrifugal fan is developed based on the Realizable

k - ε

turbulence model and the Ffowcs Williams–Hawkings (FW-H) equation. The simulation results are analyzed, and the reliability of the proposed method is assessed by comparing the total pressure efficiency and noise levels with the corresponding experimental measurements. Subsequently, the aerodynamic performance and noise characteristics of the gradient-radius volute tongue are investigated, with particular attention given to variations in the flow field, pressure pulsation, and noise before and after the modification. The results indicate that the gradient-radius volute tongue effectively attenuates the pressure pulsations arising from the interaction between the volute and the airflow, thereby reducing the tongue-region noise. Compared with the original fan, a noise reduction of 3.5 dB is achieved through the implementation of the gradient-radius volute tongue. Full article

17 pages, 1175 KB

Open AccessArticle

Predictors and Outcomes of Non-Small Cell Lung Carcinoma Patients Following Severe Immune Checkpoint Inhibitor Toxicity: A Real-World UK Multi-Centre Study

by Umair Mahmood, Eleni Josephides, Meenali Chitnis, Michael Skwarski, Spyridon Gennatas, Sharmistha Ghosh, James Spicer, Eleni Karapanagiotou, Tanya Ahmad, Martin Forster, Mariam Jamal-Hanjani, Sarah Benafif, Charles Swanton, Siow-Ming Lee, Dionysis Papadatos-Pastos, Alexandros Georgiou and Nicholas Coupe

Cancers 2025, 17(17), 2819; https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers17172819 - 28 Aug 2025

Abstract

Purpose: Evaluation of predictors and outcomes in NSCLC patients treated with an immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI) following a severe immune-related adverse event (irAE). Methods: We included all NSCLC patients receiving ≥ 1 ICI cycle and corticosteroids for CTCAE Grade ≥ 3 irAEs between [...] Read more.

Purpose: Evaluation of predictors and outcomes in NSCLC patients treated with an immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI) following a severe immune-related adverse event (irAE). Methods: We included all NSCLC patients receiving ≥ 1 ICI cycle and corticosteroids for CTCAE Grade ≥ 3 irAEs between 2017 and 2023 from three UK NHS teaching hospitals. Progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) after the 1^st irAE, best overall response (BOR) to ICI, and predictors of clinical benefit were evaluated. Kaplan–Meier, Cox and logistic regression models, and Wilcoxon tests were used. Results: We screened 1658 NSCLC patients and identified 80 eligible subjects. The majority of patients had metastatic (n = 50, 63%) vs. localized (n = 30, 37%) NSCLC. Most patients developed a single ≥ Grade 3 irAE on 1^stline ICI (n = 71, 89%). Overall, 14 (18%) patients developed 2^nd irAEs, 7 after rechallenge with ICIs. In the complete cohort, median OS after 1^st irAE was 15.84 months (95% CI, 12.45–26.91). Lower neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), patients receiving > 4 cycles of ICI or median duration of ICI of > 2.76 months before 1^st irAE were associated with improved OS (p < 0.05), the latter two with PFS (p < 0.05). Age, gender, stage, KRAS mutation, PD-L1 and ICI type were not associated with PFS or OS. Pneumonitis as 1^st irAE had the worst PFS and OS (p < 0.05). Median starting corticosteroid dose of ≤ 60 mg for 1^st irAE had an improved OS (p = 0.04). Post 1^st irAE response associated with better PFS and OS (p < 0.05). Number and duration of irAEs and additional immunosuppressive agents (14% of patients) were not associated with PFS or OS. Conclusions: In ≥ Grade 3 irAEs patients managed with corticosteroids, lower baseline NLR, longer ICI use, response to ICI after 1^st irAE, and a ≤ 60 mg corticosteroid dose had promising outcomes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors, Targeted Therapies and Adjuvant Treatment of Lung Cancer)

27 pages, 1853 KB

Open AccessArticle

DynaG Algorithm-Based Optimal Power Flow Design for Hybrid Wind–Solar–Storage Power Systems Considering Demand Response

by Xuan Ruan, Lingyun Zhang, Jie Zhou, Zhiwei Wang, Shaojun Zhong, Fuyou Zhao and Bo Yang

Energies 2025, 18(17), 4576; https://doi.org/10.3390/en18174576 (registering DOI) - 28 Aug 2025

Abstract

With a high proportion of renewable energy sources connected to the distribution network, traditional optimal power flow (OPF) methods face significant challenges including multi-objective co-optimization and dynamic scenario adaptation. This paper proposes a dynamic optimization framework based on the Dynamic Gravitational Search Algorithm [...] Read more.

With a high proportion of renewable energy sources connected to the distribution network, traditional optimal power flow (OPF) methods face significant challenges including multi-objective co-optimization and dynamic scenario adaptation. This paper proposes a dynamic optimization framework based on the Dynamic Gravitational Search Algorithm (DynaG) for a multi-energy complementary distribution network incorporating wind power, photovoltaic, and energy storage systems. A multi-scenario OPF model is developed considering the time-varying characteristics of wind and solar penetration (low/medium/high), seasonal load variations, and demand response participation. The model aims to minimize both network loss and operational costs, while simultaneously optimizing power supply capability indicators such as power transfer rates and capacity-to-load ratios. Key enhancements to DynaG algorithm include the following: (1) an adaptive gravitational constant adjustment strategy to balance global exploration and local exploitation; (2) an inertial mass updating mechanism constrained to improve convergence for high-dimensional decision variables; and (3) integration of chaotic initialization and dynamic neighborhood search to enhance solution diversity under complex constraints. Validation using the IEEE 33-bus system demonstrates that under 30% penetration scenarios, the proposed DynaG algorithm reduces capacity ratio volatility by 3.37% and network losses by 1.91% compared to non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm III (NSGA-III), multi-objective particle swarm optimization (MOPSO), multi-objective atomic orbital search algorithm (MOAOS), and multi-objective gravitational search algorithm (MOGSA). These results show the algorithm’s robustness against renewable fluctuations and its potential for enhancing the resilience and operational efficiency of high-penetration renewable energy distribution networks. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Modern Technologies for Renewable Energy Development and Utilization: 5th Edition)

19 pages, 518 KB

Open AccessReview

Energy Homeostasis and Kisspeptin System, Roles of Exercise and Outcomes with a Focus on Male Reproductive Health

by Mario Ruggiero, Antonella Vicidomini, Domenico Tafuri, Filomena Mazzeo and Rosaria Meccariello

Endocrines 2025, 6(3), 43; https://doi.org/10.3390/endocrines6030043 (registering DOI) - 28 Aug 2025

Abstract

Background: Obesity is a multisystemic health problem causing chronic diseases like diabetes or cardiovascular diseases, but also reproductive dysfunctions like infertility in adults or altered puberty onset in children. Exercise is a recognized intervention to control or prevent energy imbalance, thus deeply contributing [...] Read more.

Background: Obesity is a multisystemic health problem causing chronic diseases like diabetes or cardiovascular diseases, but also reproductive dysfunctions like infertility in adults or altered puberty onset in children. Exercise is a recognized intervention to control or prevent energy imbalance, thus deeply contributing to metabolic health in physiological and pathological conditions. The kisspeptin system (KS), the main gatekeeper of reproduction and puberty onset in mammals, is also an upcoming “metabolic sensor”, linking energy homeostasis to reproductive ability both centrally and peripherally. Objectives: This narrative review aims at summarizing recent evidence from animal models and human studies on the role of the KS in energy homeostasis, with a focus on the upcoming role of the KS as a metabolic sensor able to modulate the functionality of the hypothalamus–pituitary–gonad axis in males as an adaptive response to exercise. Methods: PubMed and Scopus search (date: 2015–2025; keywords: kisspeptin and metabolism, male reproduction or exercise; kisspeptin and doping). Results and Conclusions: This review article illustrates the crucial role of the KS in linking energy homeostasis and male reproduction at the central and peripheral levels, and modulation of the KS by exercise in physiological and pathological conditions. Due to the large amount of data from animal models, knowledge gaps occur in the analysis of the relationship among KS, energy homeostasis, male reproduction and exercise in humans, particularly in the case of overtraining. Lastly, kisspeptin inclusion in the doping list is also discussed. Full article

19 pages, 1936 KB

Open AccessArticle

Three-Dimensional Objective Evaluation of the Changes in the Alveolar Ridge Before and After Horizontal Bone Augmentation Along with Implant Placement Using Intraoral Digital Scanning: A Prospective Study

by Naoki Kitamura, Kikue Yamaguchi, Kaiya Himi, Kota Ishii and Motohiro Munakata

J. Funct. Biomater. 2025, 16(9), 312; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb16090312 (registering DOI) - 28 Aug 2025

Abstract

Implant treatment in the aesthetic regions of the jaw often requires hard and soft tissue augmentation to ensure optimal prosthetic outcomes. Radiological evaluation with cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) and visual inspection of intraoral photographs are effective for assessing hard tissues but are limited [...] Read more.

Implant treatment in the aesthetic regions of the jaw often requires hard and soft tissue augmentation to ensure optimal prosthetic outcomes. Radiological evaluation with cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) and visual inspection of intraoral photographs are effective for assessing hard tissues but are limited in evaluating soft tissues. This study aimed to objectively evaluate volumetric and dimensional changes of the alveolar ridge, including both hard and soft tissues, following simultaneous horizontal bone augmentation and implant placement using intraoral digital scanning. Intraoral digital scans were obtained at baseline (T0) and at 2 (T1), 6 (T2), and 12 weeks (T3) post-surgery. Scans were superimposed using dedicated imaging software to measure volumetric and cross-sectional changes. Volumetric gain was significant at T1 but decreased significantly from T1 to T2 (p = 0.0006) and from T1 to T3 (p = 0.0002). Cross-sectional analysis showed significant increases in ridge width at T1 at all measured levels, accompanied by a significant vertical decrease at the alveolar crest from T1 to T2 (p = 0.0056) and T3 (p = 0.0106).These findings indicate that horizontal augmentation provides initial volumetric gain but is followed by substantial reduction at the crest, suggesting that rigid fixation may enhance stability; however, controlled clinical trials are required. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in Bone Graft Materials)

17 pages, 1868 KB

Open AccessArticle

Comparative Study on Prediction Methods for Water Inflow in Regional High-Intensity Water Inrush Mine Clusters: A Case Study of Xiaozhuang Coal Mine

by Jia Ding, Shuning Dong, Xiaoming Guo and Bo Liu

Appl. Sci. 2025, 15(17), 9472; https://doi.org/10.3390/app15179472 (registering DOI) - 28 Aug 2025

Abstract

To address the challenges of predicting high-intensity water inflow in regional mine clusters, this study evaluates the reliability of three methods—hydrogeological analogy, dynamic water inflow prediction models, and numerical simulations—based on geological and hydrogeological conditions as well as measured water inflow data from [...] Read more.

To address the challenges of predicting high-intensity water inflow in regional mine clusters, this study evaluates the reliability of three methods—hydrogeological analogy, dynamic water inflow prediction models, and numerical simulations—based on geological and hydrogeological conditions as well as measured water inflow data from the target mining area. The water inflow at various working faces of the target coal mine was back-calculated, and the reliability of the three methods was compared. The conclusions are as follows: (1) Under the hydrogeological conditions of high-intensity water inflow in regional mine clusters, the conventional hydrogeological analogy method exhibits high reliability in predicting water inflow at the first-mined working face, with a coefficient of determination (R²) as high as 0.95. However, its prediction error increases significantly for non-first-mined working faces, yielding R² values of only 0.72–0.85. (2) Compared to the hydrogeological analogy method, the dynamic prediction model based on groundwater dynamics more accurately characterizes the lateral runoff recharge process of aquifers, significantly improving the prediction accuracy for non-first-mined working faces (R² = 0.90–0.94). (3) The numerical simulation method for water inflow prediction demonstrates high reliability under various conditions, but its accuracy is highly dependent on model characterization and parameter calibration. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Hydrogeology and Regional Groundwater Flow)

32 pages, 8679 KB

Open AccessReview

Wood–Plastic Composites: Manufacturing, Rheology and Processing and Process Modeling

by Krzysztof Wilczyński, Kamila Buziak and Adam Wilczyński

Materials 2025, 18(17), 4042; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma18174042 (registering DOI) - 28 Aug 2025

Abstract

Wood–plastic composites (WPCs) are polymeric materials, usually thermoplastic, filled with wood flour or fibers. They are relatively durable and stiff and resistant to water. They are also, importantly, relatively cheap compared to materials with similar properties. The WPCs market has grown significantly in [...] Read more.

Wood–plastic composites (WPCs) are polymeric materials, usually thermoplastic, filled with wood flour or fibers. They are relatively durable and stiff and resistant to water. They are also, importantly, relatively cheap compared to materials with similar properties. The WPCs market has grown significantly in recent years, mainly thanks to the increasing construction and automotive markets. Currently, the global WPCs market is forecasted to reach about USD 15 billion by 2030, increasing at an impressive compound annual increase rate of about 12% until 2030. There are some review articles on WPCs written from many different points of view, e.g., the type of materials used (polymers, fillers, auxiliaries), the method of manufacturing and processing, processing properties (thermal and rheological) and functional properties, methods of designing composite products and designing (modeling) forming processes. In this article, we will summarize these different points of view and will present a thorough literature review of rheology and material processing, and more specifically, the modeling of WPCs processing. This work will be presented in relation to state-of-the-art research in the field of modeling the processing of other polymeric materials, i.e., standard (neat) polymers and polymer blends. The WPCs’ processing is significantly different from that of standard plastics due to the differences in thermo-rheological properties, diverse structures, etc. So far, the global WPCs processing models have only been developed for both gravity-fed and starve-fed single-screw extrusion. The models for twin-screw extrusion, both co-rotating and counter-rotating, as well as for injection molding, have still not been developed. WPCs show a yield stress and wall slip when extruding, which must be considered when modeling the process. As the slippage on the screw and barrel grows, the process throughput and pressure diminish, but as the slippage on the die grows, the throughput grows and the pressure diminish. As the yield stress in the screw grows, the process throughput and pressure grow, whereas as the yield stress in the die grows, the throughput diminishes and the pressure grows. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Manufacturing Processes and Systems)

► Show Figures

Graphical abstract

19 pages, 554 KB

Open AccessArticle

Inflammation and Albumin-Based Biomarkers Are Not Independently Associated with Mortality in Critically Ill COPD Patients: A Retrospective Study

by Josef Yayan, Christian Biancosino, Marcus Krüger and Kurt Rasche

Life 2025, 15(9), 1371; https://doi.org/10.3390/life15091371 (registering DOI) - 28 Aug 2025

Abstract

Background: Inflammation and nutritional status are known to affect outcomes in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). However, their prognostic relevance in critically ill COPD patients remains unclear. This study investigated whether C-reactive protein (CRP), serum albumin, and the CRP/albumin ratio (CAR) [...] Read more.

Background: Inflammation and nutritional status are known to affect outcomes in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). However, their prognostic relevance in critically ill COPD patients remains unclear. This study investigated whether C-reactive protein (CRP), serum albumin, and the CRP/albumin ratio (CAR) were associated with in-hospital mortality in ICU patients with COPD. Methods: We conducted a retrospective cohort study using data from the MIMIC-IV database. Adult ICU patients with a diagnosis of COPD were included. We analyzed CRP, albumin, CAR, glucose, lactate, and creatinine. The primary outcome was in-hospital mortality. Multivariable logistic regression was used to identify variables that were independently associated with in-hospital mortality. Subgroup analyses stratified by age and sex were performed. Results: We included 1000 ICU patients with COPD. In-hospital mortality was 19.6%. In univariate analyses, glucose, creatinine, and lactate levels were significantly higher in non-survivors. In multivariable models, only elevated creatinine (OR 1.60, 95% CI 1.01–2.53) remained independently associated with mortality, while glucose was no longer statistically significant. CRP, albumin, and CAR were not significantly associated with in-hospital mortality. Subgroup analyses showed consistent results across age and sex strata. Conclusion: In critically ill COPD patients, glucose and creatinine levels upon ICU admission were independently associated with in-hospital mortality, whereas inflammation- and nutrition-related markers, such as CRP, albumin, and CAR, were not. However, given that albumin is heavily influenced by systemic inflammation, it cannot serve as a standalone nutritional marker in the ICU setting. Composite nutritional scores such as the Nutritional Risk Screening (NRS-2002) or the Global Leadership Initiative on Malnutrition (GLIM), which were not available in the MIMIC-IV database, may provide more accurate assessments. These findings highlight the need for integrated risk models incorporating metabolic and renal parameters for early prognostication. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: Clinical, Epidemiological, and Molecular Bases)

Recent Articles

Open Access Journals

Highly Accessed Articles

Latest Books

News

Blog Posts

Topics

Selected Special Issues

Selected Collections

Journals by Subject

Further Information

Guidelines

MDPI Initiatives

Follow MDPI