MDPI - Publisher of Open Access Journals

17 pages, 3595 KiB

Open AccessReview

Hydrocarbon Exposure in Myocarditis: Rare Toxic Cause or Trigger? Insights from a Biopsy-Proven Fulminant Viral Case and a Systematic Literature Review

by Andrea S. Giordani, Tommaso Simone, Anna Baritussio, Cristina Vicenzetto, Federico Scagnamiglio, Filippo Donato, Luca Licchelli, Luisa Cacciavillani, Chiara Fraccaro, Giuseppe Tarantini, Fausto Braccioni, Stefania Rizzo, Monica De Gaspari, Cristina Basso, Renzo Marcolongo and Alida L. P. Caforio

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025, 26(9), 4006; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms26094006 (registering DOI) - 24 Apr 2025

Abstract

Toxic myocarditis (TM) is rare, and no systematic evidence is available regarding its treatment or prognosis. Hydrocarbons even more rarely cause TM, and they are associated with severe extracardiac toxicity. Moreover, a pathogenic interaction between viral and toxic agents in TM has not [...] Read more.

Toxic myocarditis (TM) is rare, and no systematic evidence is available regarding its treatment or prognosis. Hydrocarbons even more rarely cause TM, and they are associated with severe extracardiac toxicity. Moreover, a pathogenic interaction between viral and toxic agents in TM has not been studied. We present the first case of biopsy-proven parvovirus B19 (B19V) viral fulminant myocarditis diagnosed after hydrocarbon exposure, along with a systematic literature review of hydrocarbon-TM cases. A systematic literature review was conducted by searching hydrocarbon-TM cases. Clinical and prognostic data were recorded. After screening of 937 records, 7 were included. All cases were male, with a median age of 24 years (IQR 23–25). Chest pain and dyspnea were the main symptoms, but arrhythmic presentation was also reported; endomyocardial biopsy (EMB) was performed in only one case. Overall, treatment was based on supportive measures, such as antiarrhythmic and/or vasoactive therapy. Our example (male, 47 years old) is the first reported fulminant biopsy-proven case diagnosed after a massive exposure to hydrocarbons, in which EMB molecular analysis unexpectedly revealed B19V with a high viral load. Hemodynamic and arrhythmic instability required percutaneous stellate ganglion blockade and temporary wearable defibrillator use. Left ventricular function spontaneously normalized at 3 months. In conclusion, we report the first fulminant B19V myocarditis case temporally associated with aromatic hydrocarbon exposure due to a coexistence of viral and toxic causes. Our case and the systematic review show that promptly performing EMB can provide a definitive diagnosis and guide treatment, especially in severe cases in which infectious agents may contribute to myocardial damage. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Molecular Research in Myocarditis)

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34 pages, 7545 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Integrating Objective and Subjective Thermal Comfort Assessments in Urban Park Design: A Case Study of Monteria, Colombia

by Jhoselin Rosso-Alvarez, Juan Jiménez-Caldera, Gabriel Campo-Daza, Richard Hernández-Sabié and Andrés Caballero-Calvo

Urban Sci. 2025, 9(5), 139; https://doi.org/10.3390/urbansci9050139 (registering DOI) - 24 Apr 2025

Abstract

Urban parks play a key role in mitigating heat stress and improving outdoor thermal comfort, especially in tropical and subtropical cities. This study evaluates thermal comfort in Nuevo Bosque Park (Montería, Colombia) through a multiperspective approach that combines perception surveys (n = 99), [...] Read more.

Urban parks play a key role in mitigating heat stress and improving outdoor thermal comfort, especially in tropical and subtropical cities. This study evaluates thermal comfort in Nuevo Bosque Park (Montería, Colombia) through a multiperspective approach that combines perception surveys (n = 99), in situ microclimatic measurements, and spatial mapping. Surface temperatures ranged from 32.0 °C in the morning to 51.7 °C at midday in sun-exposed areas, while vegetated zones remained up to 10 °C cooler. Heat Index (HI) and Temperature–Humidity Index (THI) values confirmed severe thermal stress, with HI reaching 32 °C and THI peaking at 55.0 °C in some zones. Subjective responses showed that 69.69% of users reported thermal discomfort, especially in areas with impermeable surfaces and little shade. In contrast, 90.91% of respondents stated that tree cover improved their thermal experience. The results indicate a strong correlation between vegetation density, surface type, and users’ perceived comfort. Additionally, urban furniture location and natural ventilation emerged as key factors influencing thermal sensation. The integration of objective and subjective data has enabled the identification of microclimatic risk zones and informed evidence-based recommendations for climate-adaptive park design. This study offers practical insights for sustainable urban planning in tropical climates, demonstrating the importance of thermal comfort assessments that consider both human perception and environmental conditions to enhance the resilience and usability of public spaces. Full article

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16 pages, 692 KiB

Open AccessReview

Intraoperative Lung Ultrasound in the Detection of Pulmonary Nodules: A Valuable Tool in Thoracic Surgery

by Diana Yasin, Jalal Al Khateeb, Dina Sbeih and Firas Abu Akar

Diagnostics 2025, 15(9), 1074; https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics15091074 (registering DOI) - 24 Apr 2025

Abstract

In the last two decades, there has been an increased interest in the application of lung ultrasound (LUS), especially intraoperatively, owing to its safety and simple approach to detecting and assessing pulmonary nodules. This review focuses on recent advancements in intraoperative lung ultrasound [...] Read more.

In the last two decades, there has been an increased interest in the application of lung ultrasound (LUS), especially intraoperatively, owing to its safety and simple approach to detecting and assessing pulmonary nodules. This review focuses on recent advancements in intraoperative lung ultrasound in detecting lung nodules. A systematic search was conducted using databases such as PubMed and Google Scholar. Keywords included “Lung ultrasound”, “intraoperative lung ultrasound”, and “video-assisted transthoracic surgery (VATS)”. Articles published between 1963 and 2024 in peer-reviewed journals were included, focusing on the ones from the 2000s. Data on methodology, key findings, and research gaps were reviewed. Results indicated a significant advantage of intraoperative lung ultrasound (ILU) in the assessment of pulmonary nodules. ILU offers a noninvasive, real-time imaging modality that demonstrates up to 100% accuracy in detecting pulmonary nodules, with shorter time needed compared to other modalities, as well as less intraoperative periods and postoperative complications. However, some disadvantages were detected, such as operator dependency and a lack of specificity and knowledge of specific signs, as well as assisted localization via percutaneous puncture and its correct interpretation. The findings suggest that ILU has a promising future in pulmonary surgeries such as LUS-VATS but needs to be engaged more in clinical applications and modified with new techniques such as artificial intelligence (AI). Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in Lung Ultrasound)

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23 pages, 4868 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Assessment and Selection of Mathematical Trends to Increase the Effectiveness of Product Sales Strategy

by Marcela Malindzakova and Gabriela Izarikova

Appl. Sci. 2025, 15(9), 4695; https://doi.org/10.3390/app15094695 (registering DOI) - 24 Apr 2025

Abstract

This paper explores the application of a mathematical trend model to analyze product sales performance. A logistic trend model was utilized to analyze product sales performance, employing monthly sales data collected over three years. The model assessed impacts across various phases of the [...] Read more.

This paper explores the application of a mathematical trend model to analyze product sales performance. A logistic trend model was utilized to analyze product sales performance, employing monthly sales data collected over three years. The model assessed impacts across various phases of the product life cycle. Significant sales trends were identified and modeled from historical data, demonstrating how sales dynamics mirror broader economic phenomena and consumer behaviors. In addition to logistic trends, linear and quadratic trends were also evaluated. To assess the significance of the sales trends for three products, the Mann–Kendall test was applied. The results indicate a statistically significant positive trend in the sales of product A. For evaluating the quality of data fit in model comparison, the Akaike Information Criterion (AIC) and the Bayesian Information Criterion (BIC) were deemed appropriate. The analysis revealed that the logistic model effectively delineates different sales phases—from introduction to maturity—and highlights opportunities for optimizing strategic sales planning and customer satisfaction in alignment with market demands. The study’s findings are crucial for businesses seeking to enhance product lifecycle management and boost sales forecasting precision. Full article

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13 pages, 1369 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Algorithm-Based Real-Time Analysis of Training Phases in Competitive Canoeing: An Automated Approach for Performance Monitoring

by Sergio Amat, Sonia Busquier, Carlos D. Gómez-Carmona, Manuel Gómez-López and José Pino-Ortega

Algorithms 2025, 18(5), 242; https://doi.org/10.3390/a18050242 (registering DOI) - 24 Apr 2025

Abstract

The increasing demands in high-performance sports have led to the integration of technological solutions for training optimization. This study aimed to develop and validate an algorithm-based system for analyzing three critical phases in canoe training: initial acceleration, steady-state cruising, and final sprint. Using [...] Read more.

The increasing demands in high-performance sports have led to the integration of technological solutions for training optimization. This study aimed to develop and validate an algorithm-based system for analyzing three critical phases in canoe training: initial acceleration, steady-state cruising, and final sprint. Using inertial measurement units (WIMU PRO™) sampling at 10 Hz, we collected performance data from 12 young canoeists at the Mar Menor High-Performance Sports Center. The custom-developed algorithm processed velocity–time data through polynomial fitting and phase detection methods. Results showed distinctive patterns in the acceleration phase, with initial rapid acceleration (5 s to stabilization) deteriorating in subsequent trials (9–10 s). Athletes maintained consistent stabilized speeds (14.62–14.98 km/h) but required increasing space for stabilization (13.49 to 31.70 m), with slope values decreasing from 2.58% to 0.74% across trials. Performance deterioration was evident through decreasing maximum speeds (18.58 to 17.30 km/h) and minimum speeds (11.17 to 10.17 km/h) across series. The algorithm successfully identified phase transitions and provided real-time feedback on key performance indicators. This technological approach enables automated detection of training phases and provides quantitative metrics for technique assessment, offering coaches and athletes an objective tool for performance optimization in canoeing. Our aim is to automate the analysis task that is currently performed manually by providing an algorithm that the coaches can understand, using very basic mathematical tools, and that saves time for them. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Emerging Trends in Distributed AI for Smart Environments)

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20 pages, 10968 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Numerical Simulation Study on the Dynamic Diffusion Characteristics of Ammonia Leakage in Ship Engine Room

by Xinyu Liu, Guogang Yang, Baixun Sun, Jihui Li and Yinhui Sun

Sustainability 2025, 17(9), 3826; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17093826 (registering DOI) - 24 Apr 2025

Abstract

This study established a numerical model for ammonia leakage and diffusion in confined ship engine room spaces and validated its effectiveness through existing experiments. The research revealed the evolution patterns of ammonia cloud dispersion under various working conditions. Multi-parameter coupling analysis demonstrated that [...] Read more.

This study established a numerical model for ammonia leakage and diffusion in confined ship engine room spaces and validated its effectiveness through existing experiments. The research revealed the evolution patterns of ammonia cloud dispersion under various working conditions. Multi-parameter coupling analysis demonstrated that the combined effect of leakage source location and obstacle distribution alters the spatial configuration of gas clouds. When leakage jets directly impact obstacles, the resulting vortex structures maximize the coverage area of high-concentration ammonia near the ground. Ventilation system efficiency shows a significant negative correlation with hazardous zone volume. The hazardous zone volume was reduced by 50% when employing a bottom dual-side air intake combined with a top symmetric exhaust scheme, compared to the bottom single-side intake with an opposite-side top exhaust configuration. By enhancing the synergistic effect between longitudinal convection and top suction, harmful gas accumulation in lower spaces was effectively controlled. These findings not only provide a theoretical basis for ventilation system design in ammonia-fueled ships but also offer practical applications for risk prevention and control of maritime ammonia leakage. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Hazards and Sustainability)

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11 pages, 1708 KiB

Open AccessSystematic Review

General Dentists and Dental Specialists’ Knowledge of Treatment, Diagnosis, Referral, and Risk Factors of Obstructive Sleep Apnea: A Systematic Review

by Shahad A. Alkharouby, Sumayyah L. Alkhudhayri, Shahad L. Alhassani, Hamed S. Alghamdi, Rashed A. Alsahafi, Nivetha Mariappan, Mohammed A. Barashi and Hesham A. Alhazmi

Dent. J. 2025, 13(5), 187; https://doi.org/10.3390/dj13050187 (registering DOI) - 24 Apr 2025

Abstract

Objectives: This systematic review aimed to evaluate general dentists and dental specialists’ knowledge regarding obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) diagnosis, referral, risk factors, and treatment. Methods: A systematic search of databases, including Web of Science, PubMed, and ProQuest, was conducted for studies published up [...] Read more.

Objectives: This systematic review aimed to evaluate general dentists and dental specialists’ knowledge regarding obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) diagnosis, referral, risk factors, and treatment. Methods: A systematic search of databases, including Web of Science, PubMed, and ProQuest, was conducted for studies published up to 25 September 2023, following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines. Inclusion criteria included cross-sectional studies that assessed the knowledge of general dentists or dental specialists. A quality assessment was performed using the Newcastle–Ottawa Quality Assessment Scale. Results: The seven included studies demonstrated varied knowledge levels among respondents regarding polysomnography as the gold standard for diagnosing OSA, with percentages ranging from 40.18% to 90%. While recognition of craniofacial structure as a risk factor for OSA was consistently high, knowledge about body weight as a risk factor varied. Additionally, the understanding of continuous positive airway pressure as the standard treatment showed discrepancies across the studies. Conclusions: Given that some of the included articles displayed a moderate to high risk of bias, the results highlight the varying levels of OSA knowledge among dentists and specialists across the studies. This indicates a potential need for targeted educational programs to improve their understanding and management of OSA. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Dental Education)

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16 pages, 3777 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Assessing the Potential of Magnetic Water Treatment of Groundwater for Calcium Carbonate Scale Mitigation in Drinking Water Distribution Networks

by David Sanchez, Eduardo Herrera-Peraza, Carmen Navarro-Gomez and Jesus Ruben Sanchez-Navarro

Water 2025, 17(9), 1265; https://doi.org/10.3390/w17091265 (registering DOI) - 24 Apr 2025

Abstract

Mineral scaling and corrosion pose significant challenges in groundwater distribution, increasing hydraulic resistance, reducing flow rates, and raising operational costs. Magnetic water treatment (MWT) has gained attention as a non-chemical method to mitigate scale formation by promoting the transformation of calcite, a hard [...] Read more.

Mineral scaling and corrosion pose significant challenges in groundwater distribution, increasing hydraulic resistance, reducing flow rates, and raising operational costs. Magnetic water treatment (MWT) has gained attention as a non-chemical method to mitigate scale formation by promoting the transformation of calcite, a hard and adherent CaCO₃ polymorph, into aragonite, a softer and less adherent form. In Chihuahua, Mexico, mineral scaling has disrupted the drinking water distribution system, reducing flow and impairing service. This study evaluates MWT’s potential to mitigate scaling by analyzing magnetized water treated under various MWT configurations. Comparative analyses were conducted via XRD and SEM to assess changes in calcium carbonate polymorphs. Finite element method (FEM) simulations in COMSOL Multiphysics 6.0 were used to evaluate the magnetic field distribution. The results show no systematic trend in CaCO₃ polymorph transformation following MWT exposure, and FEM simulations indicate negligible magnetic field gradients in certain configurations. These findings highlight the critical role of optimizing magnetic field alignment and gradient strength. Future research should refine MWT configurations and incorporate real-time monitoring to enhance its effectiveness in scale prevention. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Groundwater Flow and Transport Modeling in Aquifer Systems)

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24 pages, 1639 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Exploring the Impact of Construction 4.0 on Industrial Relations: A Comprehensive Thematic Synthesis of Workforce Transformation in the Digital Era of Construction

by Aso Hajirasouli, Ayrin Assadimoghadam, Muhammad Atif Bashir and Saeed Banihashemi

Buildings 2025, 15(9), 1428; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15091428 (registering DOI) - 24 Apr 2025

Abstract

The rise of Construction 4.0—driven by digitalisation, automation, and data-intensive technologies—is radically reshaping the construction industry. While its technological innovations are widely acknowledged, their implications for industrial relations remain underexplored. In this study, we conduct a systematic literature review (SLR) of 91 peer-reviewed [...] Read more.

The rise of Construction 4.0—driven by digitalisation, automation, and data-intensive technologies—is radically reshaping the construction industry. While its technological innovations are widely acknowledged, their implications for industrial relations remain underexplored. In this study, we conduct a systematic literature review (SLR) of 91 peer-reviewed articles published between 2010 and 2024, aiming to synthesise emerging knowledge on how Construction 4.0 is transforming workforce dynamics, employment models, and labour relations. Using NVivo software and an inductive thematic approach, we identify seven key themes: workforce transformation, the attraction of new generations and women, skill requirements and workforce development, supply chain and logistics optimisation, digital twin technology in project management, the emergence of new business models, and safety and risk assessment. Our findings highlight both opportunities—such as improved collaboration, skill diversification, and enhanced productivity—and challenges, including job displacement, digital ethics, and widening disparities between developed and developing countries. Recent studies from 2023 and 2024 underscore routine-biased changes in workforce structure, evolving project management practices through digital twins, and critical skill shortages within the sector. Furthermore, contemporary policy shifts and increasing labour tensions in some regions reveal deeper socio-economic implications of digital construction. This review contributes to a more holistic understanding of how technological innovation intersects with social systems in the built environment. The insights presented offer valuable guidance for policymakers, educators, and industry leaders seeking to navigate the evolving landscape of Construction 4.0. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Selected Papers from the “24th International Conference on Construction Applications of Virtual Reality—CONVR2024”)

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12 pages, 901 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Is Neonatal Viremia a Possible Predictor of the Timing of Maternal Infection in Asymptomatic Congenital Cytomegalovirus Infection? A Retrospective Study

by Fabio Natale, Giovanni Boscarino, Giuseppina Liuzzi, Fabrizia Bonci, Giuseppe Maria Albanese, Raffaella Cellitti, Antonella Giancotti, Francesco Franco, Barbara Caravale, Rosaria Turchetta, Ombretta Turriziani, Maria Giulia Conti and Gianluca Terrin

J. Pers. Med. 2025, 15(5), 165; https://doi.org/10.3390/jpm15050165 (registering DOI) - 24 Apr 2025

Abstract

Background: Asymptomatic congenital cytomegalovirus (acCMV) infections represent 85–90% of all congenital CMV infection. The incidence of late-onset sequelae in these cases significantly contribute to the burden of CMV disease. The timing of maternal infection (TMI) has been identified as the main predictor of [...] Read more.

Background: Asymptomatic congenital cytomegalovirus (acCMV) infections represent 85–90% of all congenital CMV infection. The incidence of late-onset sequelae in these cases significantly contribute to the burden of CMV disease. The timing of maternal infection (TMI) has been identified as the main predictor of late-onset sequelae in acCMV infants, and follow-up programs in Europe are currently calibrated according to the TMI. Our aim was to evaluate neonatal viremia as a possible predictor of the TMI in acCMV infections. Methods: Plasma viral loads (PVLs) were assessed in the first month of life in a population of acCMV-infected newborns delivered by women who suffer a primary CMV infection during pregnancy. TMI was assigned to a trimester of pregnancy according to the maternal serological screening. PVLs were evaluated in relation to the TMI and gestational age (GA) at birth. Results: One hundred and ten newborns were, respectively, assigned to preconceptional (6.4%), 1st (27.3%), 2nd (38.2%), and 3rd (28.2%) trimester infections. Median neonatal PVLs values were significantly different between groups (p < 0.001). First-trimester infections exhibited significantly higher PVLs when compared with third-trimester ones (p < 0.001). Overall, PVLs showed an inverse correlation with GA at birth (p = 0.003). Conclusions: Median neonatal PVLs are significantly higher in 1st trimester infections if compared with 3rd trimester ones, but a wide overlap between PVL values prevent their possible use as a predictor of the TMI. In our population, a significant inverse relationship, mainly dependent on 1st and 2nd trimester infections, is demonstrated between PVLs and GA. Overall, fetal viremia is already decreasing weeks before the term of pregnancy. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Epidemiology)

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19 pages, 1036 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Efficient Transmission-Based Human Behavior Recognition Algorithm

by Ruixuan Tong, Peng Zheng, Yuan Yao, Ninglun Gu, Shaowei Zhao, Kai Guan, Xiaolong Wang and Xiaolong Yang

Electronics 2025, 14(9), 1727; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics14091727 (registering DOI) - 24 Apr 2025

Abstract

In the contemporary field of wireless sensing, passive sensing leveraging channel state information (CSI) has found widespread applications across diverse scenarios, including behavior recognition, keystroke recognition, breath detection, and indoor localization. To ensure optimal sensing performance, wireless devices often collect a substantial number [...] Read more.

In the contemporary field of wireless sensing, passive sensing leveraging channel state information (CSI) has found widespread applications across diverse scenarios, including behavior recognition, keystroke recognition, breath detection, and indoor localization. To ensure optimal sensing performance, wireless devices often collect a substantial number of CSI packets. However, when these packets need to be transmitted to a server or the cloud for time series analysis, the transmission load on the passive sensing system escalates rapidly, thereby impeding the system’s real-time performance. To address this challenge, we introduce the KCS algorithm, a novel compressed sensing (CS) algorithm grounded in K-Singular Value Decomposition (KSVD). The primary objective of the KCS algorithm is to enable the efficient transmission of CSI data. Departing from the use of a universal sparse matrix in traditional CS, the KCS algorithm constructs an overcomplete sparse matrix. This construction not only substantially bolsters the sparse representation capacity but also fine-tunes the compression performance. By doing so, it ensures the secure and efficient transmission of data. We applied the KCS algorithm to human behavior recognition and prediction. The experimental outcomes reveal that even when the volume of CSI data is reduced by 90%, the system still attains an average accuracy of 90%. This showcases the effectiveness of the KCS algorithm in balancing data compression and recognition performance, offering a promising solution for realistic applications where efficient data transmission and accurate sensing are crucial. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Application of Time Series Analysis and Forecasting in Computer Science, 2nd Edition)

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19 pages, 1878 KiB

Open AccessReview

The Role of Monoclonal Antibodies as Therapeutics in HPV-Related Head and Neck Cancers: An Updated Review

by Michael Zalin, Shaan Patel, Carter Coggins and Vikrant Rai

Antibodies 2025, 14(2), 37; https://doi.org/10.3390/antib14020037 (registering DOI) - 24 Apr 2025

Abstract

Background/Objectives: The increasing prevalence of human papillomavirus (HPV)-positive oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (OPSCC) has necessitated a revaluation of therapeutic strategies. HPV-driven OPSCC differs from HPV-negative OPSCC due to its distinct molecular signatures, increased radiosensitivity, and better prognoses. However, despite these differences, treatment strategies [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: The increasing prevalence of human papillomavirus (HPV)-positive oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (OPSCC) has necessitated a revaluation of therapeutic strategies. HPV-driven OPSCC differs from HPV-negative OPSCC due to its distinct molecular signatures, increased radiosensitivity, and better prognoses. However, despite these differences, treatment strategies have remained largely uniform, resulting in minimal reductions in morbidity and exposing HPV-positive patients to unnecessary toxicity. Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) have become a promising therapeutic option due to their ability to target treatment with fewer systemic side effects. Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) such as pembrolizumab have shown efficacy in enhancing the immune response against tumors, while EGFR inhibitors like cetuximab offer an alternative modality. Current clinical trials aim to refine dosing regimens and identify combination strategies that may enhance therapeutic outcomes. Results: Despite promising evidence, several challenges hinder the widespread adoption of mAbs as a standard treatment for HPV-positive OPSCC in clinical practice. This review examines the current role of mAbs in HPV-positive OPSCC treatment, highlighting their limitations and future research directions. Conclusions: Further studies are needed to optimize patient selection, establish standardized treatment protocols, and investigate the long-term benefits of mAb-based therapies in this patient population. Full article

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Graphical abstract

13 pages, 510 KiB

Open AccessReview

The Role of the Genital Tract Microbiome in Human Fertility: A Literature Review

by Giuseppe Gullo, Marini’ Satullo, Valentina Billone, Lina De Paola, Stamatios Petousis, Yuliia Kotlik, Chrysoula Margioula-Siarkou, Antonio Perino and Gaspare Cucinella

J. Clin. Med. 2025, 14(9), 2923; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm14092923 (registering DOI) - 24 Apr 2025

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Infertility is a multifactorial condition influenced by various factors, including dysbiosis and alterations in the genital tract microbiome. Recent studies emphasize the microbiome’s significant role in influencing a woman’s fertility potential, thereby affecting the chances of spontaneous conception and the outcomes [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Infertility is a multifactorial condition influenced by various factors, including dysbiosis and alterations in the genital tract microbiome. Recent studies emphasize the microbiome’s significant role in influencing a woman’s fertility potential, thereby affecting the chances of spontaneous conception and the outcomes of assisted reproductive treatments. Understanding the microbial characteristics and unique features of a healthy genital microbiome, as well as how changes in its composition can impact fertility, would allow for a more comprehensive and personalized approach to managing assisted reproductive treatments. The microbiome also influences pregnancy outcomes, and restoring its balance has been shown to improve fertility in infertile couples. The human microbiome plays a key role in maintaining the body’s overall health. Disruptions in microbiome balance among women of reproductive age can contribute to a range of pregnancy-related complications, with notable consequences for both maternal and fetal well-being. Emerging research has highlighted a connection between the reproductive tract microbiome and outcomes of assisted reproductive technologies (ART), suggesting that re-establishing a healthy microbial environment may enhance fertility in couples facing infertility. Methods: We conducted a search on PubMed using the keywords “microbiome”, “infertility”, and “ART” over the past 10 years. This article aims to provide an updated overview of the role of the microbiome in female reproductive health, with a focus on its implications for fertility treatment. Results: The microbiome has a significant role in influencing women’s fertility. Conclusions: Understanding the microbiome’s impact on fertility and pregnancy outcomes may lead to more effective and personalized approaches in fertility treatments, improving the chances of successful conception and pregnancy. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Obstetrics & Gynecology)

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11 pages, 1209 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Influence of Management on the Content of Macro- and Microelements in Plant Shoots of a Meadow Sward of an Arrhenatheretalia Plant Community

by Daniel Pruchniewicz, Zbigniew Łobas, Agnieszka Dradrach and Ludwik Żołnierz

Agronomy 2025, 15(5), 1020; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy15051020 (registering DOI) - 24 Apr 2025

Abstract

The concentrations of macro- and micro-nutrients in meadow swards should be influenced by habitat factors and by different meadow and pasture management methods. Therefore, the aim of the study was to learn about the ranges of macro- and micro-nutrient contents in selected species [...] Read more.

The concentrations of macro- and micro-nutrients in meadow swards should be influenced by habitat factors and by different meadow and pasture management methods. Therefore, the aim of the study was to learn about the ranges of macro- and micro-nutrient contents in selected species characteristic of mesic meadows, their sward and dead organic matter in relation to the concentrations in mountain soils and to different management methods. The study was conducted in the Central Sudetes (SW Poland) within meadow phytocoenoses representing the Arrhenatheretalia order managed in a mowing, mowing-pasture and fallowing manner. The studied species of dicotyledon herbs and grasses showed differences in the uptake of nutrients between those two plant groups, regarding such elements as phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium and manganese. The comparison between forbs, grasses and the entire meadow sward revealed the highest contents of phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium, zinc and copper were recorded in forbs, and the lowest in the sward. In the case of manganese, the inverse relationship was observed. The management methods did not have a strong influence on element concentrations in studied plant species and sward. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Weed Biology and Ecology: Importance to Integrated Weed Management)

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8 pages, 42103 KiB

Open AccessCase Report

Combined Treatment of Large Fusiform A2 Aneurysm with End-to-Side Extended Superficial Temporal Artery–A3 Bypass Using Contralateral Superficial Temporal Artery Interposition Graft and Endovascular Aneurysm Trapping: A Case Report and Literature Review

by You-Sub Kim, Jae-Woong Kim, Woong-Beom Kim, Byung-Hyun Baek, Woong Yoon, Tae-Sun Kim and Sung-Pil Joo

J. Clin. Med. 2025, 14(9), 2927; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm14092927 (registering DOI) - 24 Apr 2025

Abstract

Background: A2 fusiform aneurysms present certain management difficulties with conventional microsurgical or endovascular approaches due to the circumferential morphology, deep location within the interhemispheric fissure, and narrow surgical corridor. Methods: We present a case of a large (>10 cm) fusiform aneurysm in the [...] Read more.

Background: A2 fusiform aneurysms present certain management difficulties with conventional microsurgical or endovascular approaches due to the circumferential morphology, deep location within the interhemispheric fissure, and narrow surgical corridor. Methods: We present a case of a large (>10 cm) fusiform aneurysm in the right A2 segment treated with a combined method consisting of an extended superficial temporal artery to A3 bypass using a contralateral superficial temporal artery interposition graft and subsequent endovascular trapping of the aneurysm. To treat the aneurysm, endovascular trapping following revascularization was planned. During surgery, as the left A3 segment was not available, a superficial temporal artery to A3 bypass was performed. The right frontal branch (donor) was extended with the left frontal branch as a free interposition graft (end-to-end anastomosis) and then anastomosed with the right A3 segment (end-to-side anastomosis). At 6 days after surgery, after confirming the good patency of the bypass graft, endovascular aneurysm trapping was performed. Results: At 8 days after surgery, the patient was discharged without any neurologic deficits. Follow-up digital subtraction angiography at 12 months after surgery showed the good patency of the bypass graft with complete occlusion of the aneurysm. Conclusions: Our case demonstrates the feasibility and effectiveness of a combined microsurgical-endovascular approach as a management strategy for deeply located A2 fusiform aneurysm. When in situ bypass is not possible, an extended superficial temporal artery donor may be considered. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Vascular Medicine)

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12 pages, 679 KiB

Open AccessArticle

On the Laplace Residual Series Method and Its Application to Time-Fractional Fisher’s Equations

by Rawya Al-deiakeh, Sharifah Alhazmi, Shrideh Al-Omari, Mohammed Al-Smadi and Shaher Momani

Fractal Fract. 2025, 9(5), 275; https://doi.org/10.3390/fractalfract9050275 (registering DOI) - 24 Apr 2025

Abstract

In this paper, we develop an analytical approximate solution for the nonlinear time-fractional Fisher’s equation using a right starting space function and a unique analytic-numeric technique referred to as the Laplace residual power series approach. The generalized Taylor’s formula and the Laplace transform [...] Read more.

In this paper, we develop an analytical approximate solution for the nonlinear time-fractional Fisher’s equation using a right starting space function and a unique analytic-numeric technique referred to as the Laplace residual power series approach. The generalized Taylor’s formula and the Laplace transform operator are coupled in the aforementioned method, where the coefficients, obtained through fractional expansion in the Laplace space, are determined by applying the limit concept. In order to validate and illustrate the theoretical methodology of the LRPS technique, as well as to show its effectiveness, adaptability, and superiority in solving various types of nonlinear time and space fractional differential equations, numerical experiments are generated. The obtained analytical solutions are compatible with the precise solutions and concur with those proposed by the other approaches. The outcomes show that the Laplace residual power series strategy is incredibly successful, straightforward to implement, and well suited for handling the complexity of nonlinear problems. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fractional Differential Equations: Computation and Modelling with Applications)

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14 pages, 8217 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Urban Air Quality Shifts in China: Application of Additive Model and Transfer Learning to Major Cities

by Yuchen Ji, Xiaonan Zhang and Yueqian Cao

Toxics 2025, 13(5), 334; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics13050334 (registering DOI) - 24 Apr 2025

Abstract

The impact of reduced human activity on air quality in seven major Chinese cities was investigated by utilizing datasets of air pollutants and meteorological conditions from 2016 to 2021. A Generalized Additive Model (GAM) was developed to predict air quality during reduced-activity periods [...] Read more.

The impact of reduced human activity on air quality in seven major Chinese cities was investigated by utilizing datasets of air pollutants and meteorological conditions from 2016 to 2021. A Generalized Additive Model (GAM) was developed to predict air quality during reduced-activity periods and rigorously validated against ground station measurements, achieving an R² of 0.85–0.93. Predictions were compared to the observed pollutant reductions (e.g., NO₂ declined by 34% in 2020 vs. 2019), confirming model reliability. Transfer learning further refined the accuracy, reducing RMSE by 32–44% across pollutants when benchmarked against real-world data. Notable NO₂ declines were observed in Beijing (42%), Changchun (38%), and Wuhan (36%), primarily due to decreased vehicular traffic and industrial activity. Despite occasional anomalies caused by localized events such as fireworks (Beijing, February 2020) and agricultural burning (Changchun, April 2020), our findings highlight the strong influence of human activity reductions on urban air quality. These results offer valuable insights for designing long-term pollution mitigation strategies and urban air quality policies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Air Pollution and Health)

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26 pages, 1915 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Virtuous Leadership for Social Sustainability: Integrating Psychological Well-Being and Attitudes Towards People with Disabilities in the Workplace

by María-José Rodríguez-Araneda and Pablo Livacic-Rojas

Adm. Sci. 2025, 15(5), 155; https://doi.org/10.3390/admsci15050155 (registering DOI) - 24 Apr 2025

Abstract

Social sustainability that starts from the workplace is a relevant factor for the achievement of the Sustainable Development Goals. Based on this need, this study analyzes the role of virtuous leadership as facilitator of health and inclusive work environments that integrate followers’ psychological [...] Read more.

Social sustainability that starts from the workplace is a relevant factor for the achievement of the Sustainable Development Goals. Based on this need, this study analyzes the role of virtuous leadership as facilitator of health and inclusive work environments that integrate followers’ psychological well-being and their attitudes towards people with disabilities. An exploratory design was used with latent variables to assess the proposed virtue-based ethical leadership adjustment model for social sustainability, which presented efficient absolute, comparative, and parsimonious adjustments for its operationalization. In conclusion, virtuous leadership plays a relevant role in the development of followers’ psychological well-being, and attitudes towards people with disabilities in the workplace, contributing to the social sustainability criteria from the work environment. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Leadership and Sustainability: Building a Better Future)

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14 pages, 677 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Validation of the Integrated Pro-Environmental Behaviours Scale (I-PEBS)

by Cristina Curcio, Miriam Capasso, Raffaele Pasquariello, Daniela Caso and Anna Rosa Donizzetti

Sustainability 2025, 17(9), 3825; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17093825 (registering DOI) - 24 Apr 2025

Abstract

Scope: Climate change is one of the most significant threats to human health in the 21st century. Between 2030 and 2050, the number of annual deaths due to climate change, driven by human behaviour, is projected to rise by approximately 250,000. Objectives: This [...] Read more.

Scope: Climate change is one of the most significant threats to human health in the 21st century. Between 2030 and 2050, the number of annual deaths due to climate change, driven by human behaviour, is projected to rise by approximately 250,000. Objectives: This study aims to integrate and adapt the Pro-Environmental Behaviours Scale (PEBS) and evaluate the psychometric properties of the resulting Integrated Pro-Environmental Behaviours Scale (I-PEBS). It seeks to provide a comprehensive measure by incorporating a range of important pro-environmental behaviours and standardizing response formats, enabling the calculation of a synthetic index. Methods: A total of 510 Italian adults (54% female, aged 18–55; M = 35.2, SD = 12.6) participated in this study. Statistical distribution measures were calculated for I-PEBS items, followed by exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses and a construct validity test. Results: Exploratory factor analysis identified an 18-item, six-factor solution, and confirmatory factor analysis showed satisfactory fit indices. Conclusions: The proposed scale has been shown to serve as a reliable and accessible instrument for the assessment of pro-environmental behaviours. This scale can be regarded as a valuable resource for researchers who seek to promote the imperative shift towards more sustainable lifestyles. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Psychology of Sustainability and Sustainable Development)

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19 pages, 19799 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Transcriptomic Analysis of Leaves from Two Maize Hybrids Under Heat Stress During the Early Generative Stage

by Siqi Zhang, Lei Sun, Chunhong Ma, Dajin Xu, Bo Jiao, Jiao Wang, Fushuang Dong, Fan Yang, Shuo Zhou, Qing Yang and Pu Zhao

Genes 2025, 16(5), 480; https://doi.org/10.3390/genes16050480 (registering DOI) - 24 Apr 2025

Abstract

Background: High temperatures during the early generative stage significantly threaten maize productivity, yet the molecular basis of heat tolerance remains unclear. Methods: To elucidate the molecular mechanisms of heat tolerance in maize, two hybrids—ZD309 (heat-tolerant) and XY335 (heat-sensitive)—were selected for integrated transcriptomic and [...] Read more.

Background: High temperatures during the early generative stage significantly threaten maize productivity, yet the molecular basis of heat tolerance remains unclear. Methods: To elucidate the molecular mechanisms of heat tolerance in maize, two hybrids—ZD309 (heat-tolerant) and XY335 (heat-sensitive)—were selected for integrated transcriptomic and physiological analyses. The plants were subjected to high-temperature treatments (3–5 °C above ambient field temperature) for 0, 1, 3, 5, and 7 days, with controls grown under natural conditions. Physiological indices, including Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, and proline (PRO), malondialdehyde (MDA), soluble sugar, and protein content, were measured. Results: Transcriptome analysis identified 1595 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in XY335 (509 up- and 1086 down-regulated) and 1526 DEGs in ZD309 (863 up- and 663 down-regulated), with the most pronounced changes occurring on day 5. Key DEGs in XY335 were enriched in galactose metabolism and carbohydrate catabolism, whereas ZD309 exhibited rapid activation of oxidative stress and cell wall integrity pathways. Mfuzz time-series analysis categorized DEGs from XY335 and ZD309 into six clusters each. Weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) identified 10 hub genes involved in ubiquitin thioesterase activity and RNA modification, suggesting protein-level regulatory roles. Conclusions: This study reveals distinct transcriptional dynamics between heat-tolerant and heat-sensitive varieties, providing candidate genes for breeding thermotolerant maize and advancing our understanding of heat stress responses during critical reproductive stages. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Abiotic Stress in Plants: Molecular Genetics and Genomics—2nd Edition)

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16 pages, 1697 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Machine Learning Model for Predicting Intensive Care Unit Admission in Inpatients with COVID-19 Using Clinical Data and Laboratory Biomarkers

by Alfonso Heriberto Hernández-Monsalves, Pablo Letelier, Camilo Morales, Eduardo Rojas, Mauricio Alejandro Saez, Nicolás Coña, Javiera Díaz, Andrés San Martín, Paola Garcés, Jesús Espinal-Enriquez and Neftalí Guzmán

Biomedicines 2025, 13(5), 1025; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines13051025 (registering DOI) - 24 Apr 2025

Abstract

Background: Artificial intelligence tools can help improve the clinical management of patients with severe COVID-19. The aim of this study was to validate a machine learning model to predict admission to the Intensive Care Unit (ICU) in individuals with COVID-19. Methods: [...] Read more.

Background: Artificial intelligence tools can help improve the clinical management of patients with severe COVID-19. The aim of this study was to validate a machine learning model to predict admission to the Intensive Care Unit (ICU) in individuals with COVID-19. Methods: A total of 201 hospitalized patients with COVID-19 were included. Sociodemographic and clinical data as well as laboratory biomarker results were obtained from medical records and the clinical laboratory information system. Three machine learning models were generated, trained, and internally validated: logistic regression (LR), random forest (RF), and extreme gradient boosting (XGBoost). The models were evaluated for sensitivity (Sn), specificity (Sp), area under the curve (AUC), precision (P), SHapley Additive exPlanation (SHAP) values, and the clinical utility of predictive models using decision curve analysis (DCA). Results: The predictive model included the following variables: type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), obesity, absolute neutrophil and basophil counts, the neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), and D-dimer levels on the day of hospital admission. LR showed an Sn of 0.67, Sp of 0.65, AUC of 0.74, and P of 0.66. RF achieved an Sn of 0.87, Sp of 0.83, AUC of 0.96, and P of 0.85. XGBoost demonstrated an Sn of 0.87, Sp of 0.85, AUC of 0.95, and P of 0.86. Conclusions: Among the evaluated models, XGBoost showed robust predictive performance (Sn = 0.87, Sp = 0.85, AUC = 0.95, P = 0.86) and a favorable net clinical benefit in the decision curve analysis, confirming its suitability for predicting ICU admission in COVID-19 and aiding clinical decision-making. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Latest Research in Post-COVID (Long COVID): Pathological and Treatment Studies of Sequelae and Complications—3rd Edition)

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15 pages, 585 KiB

Open AccessSystematic Review

Identification of Barriers That Can Influence Older Adults in Community Pharmacies: A Systematic Review

by Rita Pedro, Ramona Mateos-Campos and Agostinho Cruz

Healthcare 2025, 13(9), 981; https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare13090981 (registering DOI) - 24 Apr 2025

Abstract

Objectives: This systematic review examines the barriers that may influence the proper care and counseling for people who are 65 years or older, in community pharmacies. Also, we attempt to identify potential strategies to mitigate these barriers. The research question addressed is [...] Read more.

Objectives: This systematic review examines the barriers that may influence the proper care and counseling for people who are 65 years or older, in community pharmacies. Also, we attempt to identify potential strategies to mitigate these barriers. The research question addressed is “What kind of barriers influence older people in community pharmacies?”. Methods: Five electronic databases were used: Medline from Pubmed, Core collection of Web of Science, Science direct, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL) through EBSCO and RCAAP (Repositório Científico de Acesso Aberto de Portugal). This systematic review followed the PRISMA guidelines. The protocol was prospectively published in PROSPERO (International Prospective Register of Systematic Review) having the following identification number: ID CRD42024516422. The original articles about individuals over 65 years of age and about barriers to counseling in community pharmacies were included. The Critical Appraisal tool made by Joanna Briggs Institute was chosen. Results: From a total of 919 articles identified, 9 were included in this systematic review. The identified barriers were categorized into four typologies: centered on the pharmacy profession, centered on older adults, centered on the pharmacy layout and infrastructure, and centered on society. Other than this, some facilitators were identified during the research and were also categorized into the same four typologies. Conclusions: The classification of the identified barriers and facilitators has significant importance as it provides essential insights for responsible bodies of community pharmacies. Comprehending these barriers and facilitators is crucial to transforming community pharmacies into a more accessible and supportive environment for older patients. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Healthy Ageing and Lifestyle Medicine: Current Knowledge and Future Direction)

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25 pages, 10711 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Research on Enhanced Dynamic Pig Counting Based on YOLOv8n and Deep SORT

by Peng Shen, Keyu Mei, Haori Xue, Tenglong Li, Guoqing Zhang, Yongxiang Zhao, Wei Luo and Liang Mao

Sensors 2025, 25(9), 2680; https://doi.org/10.3390/s25092680 (registering DOI) - 24 Apr 2025

Abstract

Pig counting is an essential activity in the administration of pig farming. Currently, manual counting is inefficient, costly, and unsuitable for systematic analysis. However, research on dynamic pig counting encounters challenges, including inadequate detection accuracy stemming from crowding, occlusion, deformation, and low-light conditions. [...] Read more.

Pig counting is an essential activity in the administration of pig farming. Currently, manual counting is inefficient, costly, and unsuitable for systematic analysis. However, research on dynamic pig counting encounters challenges, including inadequate detection accuracy stemming from crowding, occlusion, deformation, and low-light conditions. Target tracking issues characterized by poor accuracy, frequent identity confusion, and false positive trajectories ultimately lead to diminished accuracy in the final counting outcomes. Given these existing limitations, this paper proposes an enhanced algorithm based on the YOLOv8n+Deep SORT model. The ELA attention mechanism, GSConv, and VoVGSCSP lightweight convolution modules are introduced in YOLOv8n, which improve detection accuracy and speed for pig target recognition. Additionally, Deep SORT is enhanced by integrating the DenseNet feature extraction network and CIoU matching algorithm, improving the accuracy and stability of target tracking. Experimental results indicate that the improved Deep SORT-P pig tracking algorithm attains MOTA and MOTP values of 89.2% and 90.4%, respectively, reflecting improvements of 4.2% and 1.7%, while IDSW is diminished by 25.5%. Finally, counting experiments were performed on videos of pigs traversing the farm passage using both the original and improved algorithms. The improved YOLOv8n-EGV+Deep SORT-P algorithm achieved a counting accuracy of 92.1%, reflecting a 17.5% improvement over the original algorithm. Meanwhile, the improved algorithm presented in this study successfully attained stable dynamic pig counting in practical environments, offering valuable data and references for research on dynamic pig counting. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Smart Sensors in Precision Agriculture)

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19 pages, 13911 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Durability Comparison of SKD61 and FDAC Steel Mold Inserts in High-Pressure Die-Casting Process

by Hai Nguyen Le Dang, Van-Thuc Nguyen, Van Huong Hoang, Xuan Tien Vo and Van Thanh Tien Nguyen

Machines 2025, 13(5), 352; https://doi.org/10.3390/machines13050352 (registering DOI) - 24 Apr 2025

Abstract

The high-pressure die-casting (HPDC) process involves injecting molten light metal into a steel mold under high pressure, resulting in parts with excellent surface quality and precise dimensions. However, this process subjects the mold to thermal fatigue and mechanical stress, which can lead to [...] Read more.

The high-pressure die-casting (HPDC) process involves injecting molten light metal into a steel mold under high pressure, resulting in parts with excellent surface quality and precise dimensions. However, this process subjects the mold to thermal fatigue and mechanical stress, which can lead to damage over time. This study investigated the wear characteristics of two types of inserts made from different steel materials, SKD61 steel and FDAC steel, under HPDC conditions. A thorough approach that combined computer simulations, experiments, and 3D scanning was employed to analyze wear patterns and dimensional changes after up to 300 casting cycles. The results indicate that the SKD61 steel outperformed the FDAC steel in terms of wear resistance and dimensional stability. The maximum deposition values of the SKD61 mold were only 0.009 mm, which was only 25% compared to the FDAC mold, indicating a significantly higher wear resistance. These findings are crucial for selecting and enhancing insert materials in HPDC, ultimately leading to higher-quality and more efficient casting. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Advanced Manufacturing)

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16 pages, 2971 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Type 2C Protein Phosphatase MoPtc6 Plays Critical Roles in the Development and Virulence of Magnaporthe oryzae

by Frankline Otieno Jagero, Abah Felix, Yakubu Saddeeq Abubakar, Meilian Chen, Wilfred M. Anjago, Hatungimana Mediatrice, Nkurikiyimfura Oswald, Osakina Aron, Wei Tang, Zonghua Wang and Jules Biregeya

J. Fungi 2025, 11(5), 335; https://doi.org/10.3390/jof11050335 (registering DOI) - 24 Apr 2025

Abstract

Rice blast caused by Magnaporthe oryzae pathotype is the worst disease that leads to serious food insecurity globally. Understanding rice blast disease pathogenesis is therefore essential for the development of a blast disease mitigation strategy. Reverse phosphorylation mediated by phosphatases performs a vital [...] Read more.

Rice blast caused by Magnaporthe oryzae pathotype is the worst disease that leads to serious food insecurity globally. Understanding rice blast disease pathogenesis is therefore essential for the development of a blast disease mitigation strategy. Reverse phosphorylation mediated by phosphatases performs a vital function in the activation of diverse biological mechanisms within eukaryotic. However, little has been reported on the roles of PP2Cs in the virulence of blast fungus. In this current work, we deployed functional genomics and biochemical approaches to characterize type 2C protein phosphatase MoPtc6 in blast fungus. Deletion of MoPTC6 led to a drastic reduction in conidiophore development, conidia production, hyphal growth, and stress tolerance. Western blotting assay demonstrated that the phosphorylation level of MoOsm1 was decreased while MoMps1 was increased in the MoPtc6 deletion mutant, and comparative transcriptome assay revealed a higher number of expressed genes between mutant and wild type. Localization assay confirmed that MoPtc6 is sub-localized in the cytoplasm of mycelia, spores, and in the appressoria of M. oryzae. Furthermore, disruption of MoPTC6 impaired appressoria turgor pressure and glycogen utilization; more findings revealed attenuation of hyphal penetration and virulence upon deletion of MoPTC6. Generally, present findings suggested the role of MoPtc6 in the growth and virulence of M. oryzae. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Genomics of Fungal Plant Pathogens, 4th Edition)

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