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12 pages, 3256 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Prognostic Impact of Klintrup–Mäkinen (KM) Score in Gastric Cancer and Its Association with Pathological Parameters

by Andreea-Raluca Cozac-Szőke, Georgian-Nicolae Radu, Anca Negovan, Dan Alexandru Cozac, Sabin Turdean, Andreea-Cătălina Tinca, Emőke-Andrea Szász, Iuliu-Gabriel Cocuz, Adrian-Horațiu Sabău, Raluca Niculescu, Diana Maria Chiorean, Alexandru Nicușor Tomuț and Ovidiu Simion Cotoi

Medicina 2025, 61(4), 715; https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina61040715 (registering DOI) - 13 Apr 2025

Abstract

Background and Objectives: Gastric cancer (GC) remains a significant global health challenge with a poor prognosis. This study aimed to evaluate the association between Klintrup–Mäkinen (KM) inflammatory infiltrate grading and clinicopathological features in gastric cancer patients, investigating its potential as a prognostic marker. [...] Read more.

Background and Objectives: Gastric cancer (GC) remains a significant global health challenge with a poor prognosis. This study aimed to evaluate the association between Klintrup–Mäkinen (KM) inflammatory infiltrate grading and clinicopathological features in gastric cancer patients, investigating its potential as a prognostic marker. Material and Methods: This retrospective study analyzed 133 gastric adenocarcinoma patients diagnosed between 2020 and 2021 at County Clinical Hospital in Târgu Mureș, Romania. Patients were divided into two groups based on KM grades: low (grades 0–1, n = 62) and high (grades 2–3, n = 71). Clinicopathological characteristics and survival outcomes were compared between the groups. Results: Demographic characteristics were similar between the groups. Patients with low KM grades demonstrated significantly more aggressive tumor features, including a higher prevalence of Borrmann classification types III-IV (75.8% vs. 54.9%, p = 0.01), poorly differentiated histology (74.1% vs. 33.8%, p < 0.0001), advanced T stage (93.5% vs. 80.2%, p = 0.04), and lymph node involvement (87% vs. 60.5%, p = 0.0008). This group also exhibited higher rates of lymphatic invasion (79% vs. 50.7%, p = 0.001), venous invasion (51.6% vs. 30.9%, p = 0.02), perineural invasion (50% vs. 22.5%, p = 0.001), and positive surgical margins (32.2% vs. 15.4%, p = 0.02). Survival analysis revealed a hazard ratio of 1.642 (95% CI: 1.02–2.62) for patients with low KM grades compared to those with high KM grades. Conclusions: Low KM grades are associated with more aggressive tumor characteristics and poorer prognosis in GC patients. The KM score may serve as a valuable, cost-effective histological marker for assessing tumor aggressiveness and could aid in risk stratification when applied to routine H&E-stained slides. While it does not replace immunohistochemical or molecular analyses, integrating the KM score into pathological assessment may enhance prognostic accuracy and support identifying patients who might benefit from immunotherapy. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Towards Improved Cancer Diagnosis: New Developments in Histopathology)

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27 pages, 7733 KiB

Open AccessReview

Machine Learning for Thyroid Cancer Detection, Presence of Metastasis, and Recurrence Predictions—A Scoping Review

by Irina-Oana Lixandru-Petre, Alexandru Dima, Madalina Musat, Mihai Dascalu, Gratiela Gradisteanu Pircalabioru, Florina Silvia Iliescu and Ciprian Iliescu

Cancers 2025, 17(8), 1308; https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers17081308 (registering DOI) - 12 Apr 2025

Abstract

Thyroid Cancer (TC) is one of the most prevalent endocrine malignancies, with early detection being critical for patient management. The motivation for integrating Machine Learning (ML) in thyroid cancer research stems from the limitations of conventional diagnostic and monitoring approaches, as ML offers [...] Read more.

Thyroid Cancer (TC) is one of the most prevalent endocrine malignancies, with early detection being critical for patient management. The motivation for integrating Machine Learning (ML) in thyroid cancer research stems from the limitations of conventional diagnostic and monitoring approaches, as ML offers transformative potential for reducing human errors and improving prediction outcomes for diagnostic accuracy, risk stratification, treatment options, recurrence prognosis, and patient quality of life. This scoping review maps existing literature on ML applications in TC, particularly those leveraging clinical data, Electronic Medical Records (EMRs), and synthesized findings. This study analyzed 1231 papers, evaluated 203 full-text articles, selected 21 articles, and detailed three themes: (1) malignancy prediction and nodule classification; (2) other metastases derived from TC prediction; and (3) recurrence and survival prediction. This work examined the case studies’ characteristics and objectives and identified key trends and challenges in ML-driven TC research. Finally, this scoping review addressed the limitations of related and highlighted directions to enhance the clinical potential of ML in this domain while emphasizing its capability to transform TC patient care into advanced precision medicine. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Updates on Thyroid Cancer)

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19 pages, 5273 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Drone Noise Reduction Using Serration–Finlet Blade Design and Its Psychoacoustic and Social Impacts

by Yingyin Shen, Yuanqing Bai, Xiao Liu and Bin Zang

Sustainability 2025, 17(8), 3451; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17083451 (registering DOI) - 12 Apr 2025

Abstract

Unmanned aerial vehicles, particularly drones, have been increasingly deployed for different tasks in the community. They have become an important part of the economic and social benefits that society is exploiting from modern technology development. However, efforts are still required to further develop [...] Read more.

Unmanned aerial vehicles, particularly drones, have been increasingly deployed for different tasks in the community. They have become an important part of the economic and social benefits that society is exploiting from modern technology development. However, efforts are still required to further develop technologies which can mitigate the negative impacts. Among them, drone noise is considered a major health concern for the community. The present study undertakes an experimental investigation of the effectiveness of blade modifications on drone noise in an aeroacoustic wind tunnel facility. A quadcopter drone is programmed to operate in both hover and forward flights. Three modified blade configurations, including trailing-edge serrations combined serration–finlets, and an unmodified (baseline) blade, are manufactured. The far-field noise signals are recorded by two polar microphone arrays to quantify both the magnitude and directivity. The results show that all modified blades are able to reduce the drone noise at mid-to-high frequencies in both hover and forward flights, and this leads to a noticeable reduction in the overall sound pressure level. More importantly, the combined serration–finlet configuration outperforms all the other blades. Psychoacoustic analysis is also performed using the far-field acoustic time series. Interestingly, only the serration–finlet combination demonstrates a consistent reduction in the psychoacoustic annoyance levels, suggesting that it is important to use metrics from both acoustic and psychoacoustic analysis when developing noise mitigation strategies in the socio-economic context. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Environmental Sustainability and Applications)

16 pages, 737 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Parental Stress, Depression, Anxiety, and Participation in Neonatal Care in a Referral Brazilian NICU over Different Phases of the COVID-19 Pandemic

by Dafne Barcala Gomez, Emanuelle Pessa Valente, Paolo Dalena, Ilaria Mariani, Suely Arruda Vidal, Maria Júlia Gonçalves Mello, Geyse Lima, Juliana Barradas Souza, Waldemar Brandão Neto, Vanessa Tenório Rodrigues, Bruna Malta Castro, Maria Luísa Pessoa, Eduarda Medeiros Cisneiros and Marzia Lazzerini

Children 2025, 12(4), 496; https://doi.org/10.3390/children12040496 (registering DOI) - 12 Apr 2025

Abstract

Background/Objectives: During the COVID-19 pandemic, neonatal care units had to change protocols, and little is known about its impact on parents’ mental health. This study aimed to evaluate parental stress, depression, anxiety, and participation in neonatal care in a Brazilian neonatal intensive care [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: During the COVID-19 pandemic, neonatal care units had to change protocols, and little is known about its impact on parents’ mental health. This study aimed to evaluate parental stress, depression, anxiety, and participation in neonatal care in a Brazilian neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) and observe changes over two different periods of the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods: Cross-sectional study comparing stress, depression, anxiety, and participation in neonatal care levels between two time periods: T1, high COVID-19 incidence (May 2020 to July 2020 and March 2021 to June 2021) and T2, low COVID-19 incidence (August 2020 to February 2021 and July 2021 to December 2021). High COVID-19 incidence was considered more than 40 confirmed COVID-19-related deaths/day. Validate tools used were the Parental Stressor Scale in NICU (PSS:NICU); the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS); the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale-Anxiety subscale (EPDS-A); the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI); and the Index of Parental Participation (IPP). Stress level was pre-defined as the primary outcome. Results: 106 parents (98 mothers, 8 fathers) and 111 newborns were included. Overall, 51.9% of parents had a PSS:NICU score ≥ 3 (relevant stress level), 28.3% had an EPDS-A ≥ 6 (indicating anxiety), and 33.0% had an EPDS > 13 (indicating depression). At least one condition was present in 69 (65%) parents, while the three conditions were simultaneously observed in 17 (16%) parents. No significant differences were observed in the frequencies of stress, depression, or anxiety between the two periods. However, median stress occurrence level (SOL) was higher in T1 when compared to T2 (3.24 vs. 2.68; p = 0.02), mainly due to “Parental role alteration” (3.80 vs. 3.17; p = 0.046). The level of parental participation was not different between the two time periods (p = 0.23). Correlations between stress and both depression and anxiety scores were weak. Parental participation was not significantly correlated to other scores. Conclusions: Elevated levels of stress, depression, and anxiety were observed among NICU parents during both high and low COVID-19 incidence periods. High COVID-19 incidence seems to have particularly influenced stress levels related to parental role alteration. These findings highlight the importance of regularly assessing parental mental health in NICU settings. Full article

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29 pages, 13134 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Study on Impact and Abrasion Resistance of Minerals Based on JK Drop Weight Test and Grinding Test

by Jinlin Yang, Yuan Li, Pengyan Zhu, Runnan Guo, Hengjun Li, Shaojian Ma and Dingzheng Wang

Minerals 2025, 15(4), 407; https://doi.org/10.3390/min15040407 (registering DOI) - 12 Apr 2025

Abstract

Most grinding operations are the process of reducing the particle size of ore materials under the combined action of impact and abrasion. The action mechanism of impact damage and abrasion damage of materials in the grinding process is different, and the ability of [...] Read more.

Most grinding operations are the process of reducing the particle size of ore materials under the combined action of impact and abrasion. The action mechanism of impact damage and abrasion damage of materials in the grinding process is different, and the ability of each constituent mineral of ore to resist impact damage and abrasion damage is different. In order to study the independent action mechanism and interaction law of impact and abrasion in grinding, mineral ores calcite, chalcopyrite, and sphalerite are studied in this paper. The JK drop weight test method and batch grinding test method are used to study the changes and laws of various indexes of three mineral ores under a single impact condition, a single abrasion condition, and the coexistence of the two effects. The results show that the impact crushing parameters of the three mineral ores and the corresponding hardness grade of the ores are related to the particle size. The smaller the particle size of the material, the smaller the value of the impact crushing capacity parameter A × b. The order of impact crushing resistance of the three mineral ores is consistent with the characterization results of ore Mohs hardness. Under the same particle size condition, the order of impact crushing parameter A × b of the three mineral ores is calcite > sphalerite > chalcopyrite. The first-order linear model can better fit the grinding kinetics in the cascading state, and its kinetic parameters are related to ore hardness and feed particle size. The t₁₀ is more suitable to characterize the grinding effect in the dropping state than in the cascading state. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Mineral Processing and Extractive Metallurgy)

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19 pages, 20876 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The B22 Dilemma: Structural Basis for Conformational Differences in Proinsulin B-Chain Arg22 Mutants

by Srivastav Ranganathan and Anoop Arunagiri

Biomolecules 2025, 15(4), 577; https://doi.org/10.3390/biom15040577 (registering DOI) - 12 Apr 2025

Abstract

Proinsulin has three distinct regions: the well-folded A- and B-chains and the dynamic disordered C-peptide. The highly conserved B-chain is a hotspot for diabetes-associated mutations, including the severe loss-of-function R(B22)Q mutation linked to childhood-onset diabetes. Here, we explore R(B22)’s role in proinsulin stability [...] Read more.

Proinsulin has three distinct regions: the well-folded A- and B-chains and the dynamic disordered C-peptide. The highly conserved B-chain is a hotspot for diabetes-associated mutations, including the severe loss-of-function R(B22)Q mutation linked to childhood-onset diabetes. Here, we explore R(B22)’s role in proinsulin stability using AlphaFold-predicted structures and metadynamics simulations to achieve enhanced sampling of the free energy landscape. Our results show that R(B22) stabilizes proinsulin by interacting with N86. Substituting R(B22) with E or Q disrupts this interaction, increasing conformational flexibility. The R(B22)Q variant exhibits a flattened free energy landscape, favoring unfolded states. Additional substitutions, including Gly, Ala, Lys, Tyr, Asp, and Phe, destabilize proinsulin to varying extents by weakening hydrogen bonding. Disrupting the R(B22)–N86 interaction broadly reduces inter-chain contacts, raising the risk of aggregation-prone states. Given the link between R(B22) mutations and diabetes, our study provides crucial molecular insights into proinsulin instability. These findings highlight the role of key inter-domain (A-Chain–B-chain, B-Chain–C-peptide, and A-Chain–C-peptide) interactions in maintaining protein structures and the implications this has for understanding disease-associated proinsulin variants. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Protein Self-Assembly in Diseases and Function)

14 pages, 4215 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Sound-Quality Perception in Hair Dryers: Functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy Evidence of Left-Lateralized Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex Activation

by Shuang Xu, Zenggen Ren and Qingxing Qu

Appl. Sci. 2025, 15(8), 4278; https://doi.org/10.3390/app15084278 (registering DOI) - 12 Apr 2025

Abstract

This study investigates how the sound of a hair dryer influences users’ perceptions of its quality, using functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) to measure prefrontal cortex (PFC) activation. Eighteen participants were involved in a within-subject evaluation experiment where they assessed the perceived quality of [...] Read more.

This study investigates how the sound of a hair dryer influences users’ perceptions of its quality, using functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) to measure prefrontal cortex (PFC) activation. Eighteen participants were involved in a within-subject evaluation experiment where they assessed the perceived quality of hair dryers with three different sound levels: no sound, low sound, and high sound. The results show that hair dryers with high sound levels were rated as having higher quality and caused greater increases in oxygenated hemoglobin (HbO) concentration in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) compared to soundless hair dryers. In contrast, when participants evaluated low-sound hair dryers, differential activation between the left and right hemispheres was observed, with increased left-brain activity. These findings highlight the significant role of multisensory factors, such as sound, in shaping product perception. Moreover, DLPFC activity, especially in the left hemisphere, emerges as a potential marker for evaluating product quality, contributing new insights to the understanding of sensory-driven decision-making in product evaluation. Full article

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20 pages, 5531 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Spatial Heterogeneity of Soil Respiration and Its Relationship with the Spatial Distribution of the Forest Ecosystem at the Fine Scale

by Zhihao Chen, Yue Cai, Chunyu Pan, Hangjun Jiang, Zichen Jia, Chong Li and Guomo Zhou

Forests 2025, 16(4), 678; https://doi.org/10.3390/f16040678 (registering DOI) - 12 Apr 2025

Abstract

Forest soil respiration plays a crucial role in the global carbon cycle. However, accurately estimating regional soil carbon fluxes is challenging due to the spatial heterogeneity of soil respiration at the stand level. This study examines the spatial variation of soil respiration and [...] Read more.

Forest soil respiration plays a crucial role in the global carbon cycle. However, accurately estimating regional soil carbon fluxes is challenging due to the spatial heterogeneity of soil respiration at the stand level. This study examines the spatial variation of soil respiration and its driving factors in subtropical coniferous and broad-leaved mixed forests in southern China, aiming to provide insights into accurately estimating regional carbon fluxes. The findings reveal that the coefficient of variation (CV) of soil respiration at a scale of 50 m × 50 m is 18.82%, indicating a moderate degree of spatial variation. Furthermore, 52% of the spatial variation in soil respiration can be explained by the variables under investigation. The standardized total effects of the main influencing factors are as follows: soil organic carbon (0.71), diameter at breast height within a radius of 5 m (0.31), soil temperature (0.27), and soil bulk density (−0.25). These results imply that even in relatively homogeneous areas with flat terrain, fine-scale soil respiration exhibits significant spatial heterogeneity. The spatial distribution of woody plant resources predominantly regulates this variation, with root distribution, shading effects, and changes in soil physical and chemical properties being the main influencing mechanisms. The study emphasizes the importance of simulations at different microscales to unravel the potential mechanisms governing macroscopic phenomena. Additionally, it highlights the need for incorporating a more comprehensive range of variables to provide more meaningful references for regional soil carbon flux assessment. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Degraded Forest Carbon Sink Restoration and Sustainable Management of Forest Carbon Sinks)

17 pages, 1718 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Application of Improved Whale Algorithm to Optimize Dephosphorization Process Parameters in Converter Steelmaking

by Congrui Wu and Yueping Kong

Appl. Sci. 2025, 15(8), 4277; https://doi.org/10.3390/app15084277 (registering DOI) - 12 Apr 2025

Abstract

Regulating the process parameters in converter steelmaking is crucial for reducing the phosphorus content in molten steel and enhancing its quality. However, immoderate alteration may result in raised production costs and the occurrence of phosphorus return. This study addresses process parameter optimization challenges [...] Read more.

Regulating the process parameters in converter steelmaking is crucial for reducing the phosphorus content in molten steel and enhancing its quality. However, immoderate alteration may result in raised production costs and the occurrence of phosphorus return. This study addresses process parameter optimization challenges in converter steelmaking by proposing an improved multi-objective whale optimization algorithm (IMOWOA) that synergistically integrates metallurgical thermodynamics with data-driven modeling. The methodology constructs a physics-informed objective function linking process parameters to optimization targets, thereby resolving the disconnect between mechanistic and data-driven modeling approaches. The algorithm innovatively combines Sobol quasi-random sequences with grey wolf social hierarchy strategies to prevent premature convergence in high-dimensional search spaces while maintaining Pareto front diversity, supplemented by a reward mechanism to ensure strict adherence to multi-objective constraints. Experimental validation using steel plant production data demonstrates IMOWOA’s efficacy, achieving a 10.8% reduction in endpoint phosphorus content and a 5.79% decrease in production costs per ton of steel. Comparative analyses further confirm its superior feasibility and stability in quality-cost co-optimization, evidenced by a 12.6% improvement in hypervolume (HV) over conventional swarm intelligence benchmarks, establishing a robust framework for industrial metallurgical process optimization. Full article

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12 pages, 259 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Six-Month Treatment Outcomes of Vital Pulp Therapy in Adults Using Biomaterials: A Prospective Cohort Pilot Study

by Melinda Polyák, Eszter Ágnes Szalai, Péter Komora and János Vág

Appl. Sci. 2025, 15(8), 4276; https://doi.org/10.3390/app15084276 (registering DOI) - 12 Apr 2025

Abstract

Vital pulp therapy (VPT) preserves dental pulp and its functions, offering a minimally invasive alternative to root canal therapy. However, the impact of patient-related factors on success remains unclear. This study aimed to estimate the sample size for a multivariate model predicting VPT [...] Read more.

Vital pulp therapy (VPT) preserves dental pulp and its functions, offering a minimally invasive alternative to root canal therapy. However, the impact of patient-related factors on success remains unclear. This study aimed to estimate the sample size for a multivariate model predicting VPT success for assessing capping material, age, sex, and pulp conditions. A prospective cohort study was conducted with the inclusion of twenty-seven adult patients with carious pulp exposure in mature permanent teeth. Treatment comprised direct pulp capping, partial pulpotomy, or complete pulpotomy with Mineral Trioxide Aggregate Plus (MTA+) or Biodentine. Success rates were evaluated at 6 months through clinical and radiographic examinations. Statistical analysis included Pearson’s Chi-square tests and logistic regression. The success rates were 64% in the Biodentine group and 92% in the MTA+ group (OR: 0.15; p = 0.108). Sex and age had no significant effect. Success declined with increasing pulp condition severity and treatment invasiveness. MTA+ had a higher incidence of discoloration, while Biodentine showed none. Sample size calculations suggested 140 participants would be needed to detect a significant effect of pulp condition. Both materials were effective, though MTA+ showed higher success based on the strict success criteria. More severe pulpitis correlated with lower success, but a larger study is needed for predictive models. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Research on Endodontic Treatment Methods and Materials)

18 pages, 1570 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Uncovering a Novel Pathogenic Mechanism of BCS1L in Mitochondrial Disorders: Insights from Functional Studies on the c.38A>G Variant

by Valeria Capaci, Luisa Zupin, Martina Magistrati, Maria Teresa Bonati, Fulvio Celsi, Irene Marrone, Francesco Baldo, Blendi Ura, Beatrice Spedicati, Anna Morgan, Irene Bruno, Massimo Zeviani, Cristina Dallabona, Giorgia Girotto and Andrea Magnolato

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025, 26(8), 3670; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms26083670 (registering DOI) - 12 Apr 2025

Abstract

The BCS1L gene encodes a mitochondrial chaperone which inserts the Fe₂S₂ iron–sulfur Rieske protein into the nascent electron transfer complex III. Variants in the BCS1L gene are associated with a spectrum of mitochondrial disorders, ranging from mild to severe phenotypes. [...] Read more.

The BCS1L gene encodes a mitochondrial chaperone which inserts the Fe₂S₂ iron–sulfur Rieske protein into the nascent electron transfer complex III. Variants in the BCS1L gene are associated with a spectrum of mitochondrial disorders, ranging from mild to severe phenotypes. Björnstad syndrome, a milder condition, is characterized by sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL) and pili torti. More severe disorders include Complex III Deficiency, which leads to neuromuscular and metabolic dysfunctions with multi-systemic issues and Growth Retardation, Aminoaciduria, Cholestasis, Iron Overload, and Lactic Acidosis syndrome (GRACILE). The severity of these conditions varies depending on the specific BCS1L mutation and its impact on mitochondrial function. This study describes a 27-month-old child with SNHL, proximal renal tubular acidosis, woolly hypopigmented hair, developmental delay, and metabolic alterations. Genetic analysis revealed a homozygous BCS1L variant (c.38A>G, p.Asn13Ser), previously reported in a patient with a more severe phenotype that, however, was not functionally characterized. In this work, functional studies in a yeast model and patient-derived fibroblasts demonstrated that the variant impairs mitochondrial respiration, complex III activity (CIII), and also alters mitochondrial morphology in affected fibroblasts. Interestingly, we unveil a new possible mechanism of pathogenicity for BCS1L mutant protein. Since the interaction between BCS1L and CIII is increased, this suggests the formation of a BCS1L-containing nonfunctional preCIII unable to load RISP protein and complete CIII assembly. These findings support the pathogenicity of the BCS1L c.38A>G variant, suggesting altered interaction between the mutant BCS1L and CIII. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Advances in Molecular Research on Impaired Mitochondrial Metabolism in Disease)

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13 pages, 429 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Prognostic and Inflammatory Differences Between Upper and Mid–Lower Rectal Cancers in Non-Metastatic Stage II–II Disease

by Fırat Mülküt, Cem Batuhan Ofluoğlu, Mustafa Kağan Başdoğan, İsa Caner Aydın, Akif Doğan and İsmail Ege Subaşı

Curr. Oncol. 2025, 32(4), 227; https://doi.org/10.3390/curroncol32040227 (registering DOI) - 12 Apr 2025

Abstract

Background: This study aimed to compare the clinical, pathological, and biochemical characteristics of upper rectal cancer (URC) and mid–lower rectal cancer (MLRC) in stage II and III non-metastatic rectal cancer and to identify distinct prognostic factors influencing survival and recurrence. Material and Methods: [...] Read more.

Background: This study aimed to compare the clinical, pathological, and biochemical characteristics of upper rectal cancer (URC) and mid–lower rectal cancer (MLRC) in stage II and III non-metastatic rectal cancer and to identify distinct prognostic factors influencing survival and recurrence. Material and Methods: This retrospective cohort study included 100 patients with stage II and III non-metastatic rectal adenocarcinoma who underwent neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy (nCRT) followed by curative-intent surgery between 2021 and 2024. Patients were categorized into URC (n = 53) and MLRC (n = 47) groups. Parameters analyzed included demographic factors, ASA score, surgical characteristics, pathological features (tumor stage, lymph node involvement, lymphovascular invasion (LVI), perineural invasion (PNI), tumor budding, tumor regression grade (TRG)), and biochemical markers (carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), carbohydrate antigen 19-9 (CA19-9), white blood cell (WBC) count, neutrophil count, platelet count (PLT), and C-reactive protein (CRP)). One-year overall survival (OS) and disease-free survival (DFS) were analyzed using Kaplan–Meier survival curves, and Cox regression models identified independent prognostic factors. Results: Preoperative CEA levels were higher in MLRC (p = 0.05), whereas WBC count (p = 0.01), neutrophil count (p = 0.02), PLT (p = 0.01), and CRP levels (p = 0.01) were higher in URC. Pathological analysis revealed higher LVI (p = 0.04), PNI (p = 0.04), and tumor budding (p = 0.03) in MLRC. At one-year follow-up, OS rates were 82.1% (URC) vs. 80.3% (MLRC) (p = 0.85), and DFS rates were 78.6% (URC) vs. 73.4% (MLRC) (p = 0.72). Multivariate Cox regression analysis identified age (HR: 1.04, p = 0.03), ASA score (HR: 1.22, p = 0.01), CRP (HR: 1.18, p < 0.001), preoperative CEA (HR: 1.12, p = 0.02), preoperative CA19-9 (HR: 1.09, p = 0.03), LVI (HR: 1.42, p < 0.001), PNI (HR: 1.35, p = 0.02), and tumor budding (HR: 1.28, p = 0.03) as independent prognostic factors for OS. Similar trends were observed for DFS, with T stage (HR: 1.35, p = 0.01) and tumor size (HR: 1.22, p = 0.01) also being found significant. Conclusions: Inflammatory markers, tumor burden indicators (LVI, PNI, budding, tumor size, T stage), and preoperative CEA/CA19-9 were identified as significant predictors, suggesting a risk-adapted approach to rectal cancer treatment. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Gastrointestinal Oncology)

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33 pages, 4729 KiB

Open AccessReview

Application of Optical Remote Sensing in Harmful Algal Blooms in Lakes: A Review

by Simeng Wang and Boqiang Qin

Remote Sens. 2025, 17(8), 1381; https://doi.org/10.3390/rs17081381 (registering DOI) - 12 Apr 2025

Abstract

Harmful algal blooms (HABs) are a critical global issue, severely impacting aquatic ecosystems, public health, and economies. Optical remote sensing (ORS) has emerged as a prominent tool for HABs monitoring, providing operational capabilities for quantifying spatiotemporal dynamics through cost-effective observation platforms. This review [...] Read more.

Harmful algal blooms (HABs) are a critical global issue, severely impacting aquatic ecosystems, public health, and economies. Optical remote sensing (ORS) has emerged as a prominent tool for HABs monitoring, providing operational capabilities for quantifying spatiotemporal dynamics through cost-effective observation platforms. This review systematically synthesizes recent advancements in ORS technologies, encompassing (1) novel sensor development, (2) advanced data analytics frameworks, and (3) the synergistic integration of multi-scale observation platforms (satellite–airborne–ground). The analysis critically evaluates (a) spectral signature identification methodologies and (b) persistent challenges including suboptimal spatiotemporal resolution, atmospheric correction uncertainties, and limited model generalizability across heterogeneous aquatic systems. Emerging technologies, including machine learning, spatial–temporal data fusion, and high-performance sensors, are explored as potential solutions to overcome these challenges. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advancements in Environmental Remote Sensing and GIS)

21 pages, 2600 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Rheological Properties of Diesel-Based Fuels with Tyre Pyrolysis Oil as Admixture

by Leszek Chybowski, Marcin Szczepanek, Tomasz Pusty, Piotr Brożek and Robert Pełech

Energies 2025, 18(8), 1993; https://doi.org/10.3390/en18081993 (registering DOI) - 12 Apr 2025

Abstract

The aim of the article is to present the impact of blending diesel fuel with tire pyrolysis (TPO) oil on the changes in the fuel’s rheological properties and to evaluate these changes in the context of meeting legal requirements for various types of [...] Read more.

The aim of the article is to present the impact of blending diesel fuel with tire pyrolysis (TPO) oil on the changes in the fuel’s rheological properties and to evaluate these changes in the context of meeting legal requirements for various types of fuels. This research presents the impact of normative D100 diesel oil with TPO as an admixture on the rheological properties of the blends. Measurements are made for the content of TPO in the blend equal to 5, 7, 10, 15, and 20% m/m. In addition, the reference measurements are made for pure diesel oil and pure pyrolytic oil. Kinematic viscosity density, dynamic viscosity, viscosity index, pour point, cloud point, and cold filter plugging point are determined. The density of each sample is found at 15, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, and 100 °C. Viscosity is determined at the reference temperatures of 20, 40, and 100 °C, which are typically used as reference temperatures for petroleum products. Approximating models are built for all the analyzed parameters, which can be used in future studies. The fit of each model to empirical data is evaluated using the coefficient of determination R². At the same time, the individual values of the analyzed indicators are compared to the limit values specified in selected standards and regulations, thus allowing us to assess the usefulness of individual fuels in terms of compliance with effective and reliable engine operation requirements. The fuels under study fulfill the normative requirements for the parameters for marine distillate fuels for blends with a pyrolysis oil content of 0–20% m/m and the requirements for standard-grade diesel oils indicated in the Regulation of the Minister of Economy of Poland for blends with a pyrolysis oil content of 0–7% m/m. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section I1: Fuel)

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28 pages, 6347 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Calculations of Electrical Parameters of Cables in Wide Frequency Range

by Bingxin He, Zheren Zhang, Qixin Ye, Zheng Xu, Xiaoming Huang and Liu Yang

Electronics 2025, 14(8), 1570; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics14081570 (registering DOI) - 12 Apr 2025

Abstract

The significant capacitive effects of cables can cause resonance stability issues, making it crucial to accurately model cables in the wide frequency range (up to several kilo-Hertz) where resonance typically occurs. To address the complexity and the neglect of cable bonding and earthing [...] Read more.

The significant capacitive effects of cables can cause resonance stability issues, making it crucial to accurately model cables in the wide frequency range (up to several kilo-Hertz) where resonance typically occurs. To address the complexity and the neglect of cable bonding and earthing arrangements in previous accurate cable modeling, this paper derives a concise analytical method for calculating cable electrical parameters over the wide frequency range, simplifying the prior complex formulas, clarifying the series impedance components, and comprehensively considering three common bonding and earthing arrangements. The case studies of three-core and single-core submarine cables are presented to verify the effectiveness of the improved analytical method. The analysis includes frequency-dependent per-unit-length parameters and the impact of each component on the series impedances. Furthermore, a simplified algorithm is explored, avoiding Bessel function computations based on the impedance component impact study, as well as infinite series calculations by considering the effect of the earth/sea return path position factor on the simplified series accuracy. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Power Transmission and Distribution Systems)

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42 pages, 11375 KiB

Open AccessReview

The Hallmarks of Ageing in Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection and the Impact of Antiretroviral Therapy on Telomeres: A Molecular Perspective

by Miruna-Maria Apetroaei, Stella Baliou, Petros Ioannou, Persefoni Fragkiadaki, Gabriela Ștefan, Marina Ionela (Ilie) Nedea, George-Traian-Alexandru Burcea-Dragomiroiu, Bruno Ștefan Velescu, Anca Oana Docea, Denisa Ioana Udeanu, Aristidis Tsatsakis and Andreea Letiția Arsene

Curr. Issues Mol. Biol. 2025, 47(4), 273; https://doi.org/10.3390/cimb47040273 (registering DOI) - 12 Apr 2025

Abstract

Ageing is a complex and unavoidable physiological process which, in simple terms, consists of a progressive deterioration in the functionality of cells, tissues and organs, culminating in an increased risk of developing chronic pathologies. Telomeres, the repetitive nucleotide structures at the end of [...] Read more.

Ageing is a complex and unavoidable physiological process which, in simple terms, consists of a progressive deterioration in the functionality of cells, tissues and organs, culminating in an increased risk of developing chronic pathologies. Telomeres, the repetitive nucleotide structures at the end of chromosomes, ensure genomic integrity and modulate cellular senescence. The progressive shortening of telomere length with each cell division directly correlates with an increased susceptibility to developing chronic pathologies. However, this shortening, normally physiological and inevitable, can be markedly accelerated in the presence of chronic infections, such as HIV-1 infection, by sustained and continuous activation of the immune system, chronic inflammation, generation of oxidative stress, or direct alterations produced by viral proteins. Thus, in this narrative review, we discuss the 12 hallmarks of ageing in the context of HIV-1 infection, as understanding the molecular changes induced by HIV-1 through these well-established pillars could provide a holistic approach to the management of HIV-positive patients. At the same time, considering that telomeres are at the centre of all these changes, an assessment of the impact of antiretroviral therapy on telomere length is necessary to guide clinical decisions. The ultimate goal of this research is to develop personalised therapies to increase the quality of life and health outcomes of HIV patients. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Research on Virus-Induced Cellular and Molecular Responses)

22 pages, 18338 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Ancient Egyptian Granite Graffiti of Bigeh Island, Philae Archaeological Site (Aswan, Egypt): An Archaeometric and Decay Assessment for Their Conservation

by Abdelrhman Fahmy, Salvador Domínguez-Bella and Eduardo Molina-Piernas

Heritage 2025, 8(4), 137; https://doi.org/10.3390/heritage8040137 (registering DOI) - 12 Apr 2025

Abstract

This study investigates the deterioration of granite graffiti at the Philae Archaeological Site on Bigeh Island (Aswan, Egypt), attributed to Khaemwaset (1281–1225 BCE, 19th Dynasty). These graffiti, despite being carved into durable Aswan granite, are experiencing progressive degradation due to environmental and hydrological [...] Read more.

This study investigates the deterioration of granite graffiti at the Philae Archaeological Site on Bigeh Island (Aswan, Egypt), attributed to Khaemwaset (1281–1225 BCE, 19th Dynasty). These graffiti, despite being carved into durable Aswan granite, are experiencing progressive degradation due to environmental and hydrological factors. This research aims to analyze the mineralogical and chemical transformations affecting the graffiti to provide a comparative assessment of submerged and unsubmerged granite surfaces. A multi-analytical approach was employed, combining petrographical examination, X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray fluorescence (XRF), and scanning electron microscopy with energy-dispersive spectroscopy (SEM-EDS) to identify compositional changes and deterioration patterns. The results indicate mineralogical transformations in submerged and periodically exposed surfaces. The granite primarily consists of quartz, feldspar, and biotite, with notable alterations including kaolinization and illitization and dissolution of feldspar minerals and biotite oxidation. These processes are directly linked to prolonged exposure to fluctuating water levels and recurrent wet–dry cycles, which accelerate granular disintegration, exfoliation, and surface loss. Additionally, salt crystallization, particularly halite, contributes to granite weathering, while sulfate interactions promote chemical weathering. In addition, biofilm colonization, facilitated by high moisture retention, further exacerbates surface deterioration by producing organic acids that weaken the mineral matrix. Finally, the results confirm the need for conservation interventions to mitigate ongoing damage. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Materials and Heritage)

28 pages, 12079 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Ultrasound Reconstruction Tomography Using Neural Networks Trained with Simulated Data: A Case of Theoretical Gradient Damage in Concrete

by Carles Gallardo-Llopis, Jorge Gosálbez, Sergio Morell-Monzó, Santiago Vázquez, Alba Font and Jordi Payá

Appl. Sci. 2025, 15(8), 4273; https://doi.org/10.3390/app15084273 (registering DOI) - 12 Apr 2025

Abstract

Gradient damage processes in cementitious materials are generally produced by chemical and/or physical processes that travel from outside to inside. Depending on the type of damage, it can cause different effects such as decreased porosity, cracking, or steel corrosion in the case of [...] Read more.

Gradient damage processes in cementitious materials are generally produced by chemical and/or physical processes that travel from outside to inside. Depending on the type of damage, it can cause different effects such as decreased porosity, cracking, or steel corrosion in the case of carbonation, or increased porosity, micro-cracks, expansion, and spalling (also present in thermal damage) in the case of external attack by sulphates or acid attack. Therefore, estimating the boundaries of this damage is an essential task for concrete quality assessment. The first objective of this work was to use neural networks (NNs) for ultrasound tomographic reconstruction of concrete samples in order to estimate the advance front in gradient damage. Unlike the usual X-ray tomography, ultrasound tomography is affected by diffraction, among other factors. NNs can learn to compensate for these effects; however, they require a large amount of training data to achieve accurate results. In the case of cement-based materials, obtaining and measuring a real training database could be complicated, expensive, and time-consuming. For this purpose, a training process using simulated measurements was carried out. The second objective of this work was to demonstrate the feasibility of training neural networks through simulations, which reduces costs. Finally, the trained neural network for tomographic reconstruction was evaluated using real cylindrical concrete specimens. Each specimen consisted of an outer cylinder, representing externally exposed cement, and an inner cylinder, simulating the unaffected core. The Structural Similarity Index (SSIM) was used as a metric to assess the reconstruction accuracy, achieving values of 0.95 for simulated signals and up to 0.82 for real signals. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Application of Ultrasonic Non-destructive Testing)

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18 pages, 12543 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Genes Affecting Cotton Fiber Length: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

by Jiao Jiao, Shihao Chang, Fei Wang, Jiaxin Yang, Asigul Ismayil, Peng Wu, Lei Wang and Hongbin Li

Plants 2025, 14(8), 1203; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14081203 (registering DOI) - 12 Apr 2025

Abstract

Cotton fiber length is an important measurement for application in the textile industry, and researchers are seeking to cultivate cotton plants with longer fibers. In this study, cotton fiber genes were systematically reviewed through meta-analysis in terms of extending and shortening fiber and [...] Read more.

Cotton fiber length is an important measurement for application in the textile industry, and researchers are seeking to cultivate cotton plants with longer fibers. In this study, cotton fiber genes were systematically reviewed through meta-analysis in terms of extending and shortening fiber and the use of different research technologies for the first time. PubMed, Web of Science, China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), and Baidu Xueshu databases were included as literature retrieval sources. A total of 21,467 articles were retrieved, and 45 articles were used in the final analysis. Data analysis was performed using RevMan 5.4 software. To shorten cotton fiber length, clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)-Cas9 technology was superior to virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) technology and RNA interference (RNAi) technology [p = 0.002, MD = −1.05, 95% CI (−1.73, −0.37), Chi² = 39.89]. To increase cotton fiber length, CRISPR-Cas9 technology had a similar effect as VIGS technology [p = 0.12, MD = −0.59, 95% CI (−1.33, −0.15), Chi² = 0.17]. When some genes (GhLAC15, GhALDH7B4, GhMDHAR1A/GhDHAR2A, STTM-miR396b, GhMYB44, GhFP2, GhMYB7, GhKNL1, GhTCP4, GhHDA5, GhGalT1, GhKNOX6, GhXB38D, and GhBZR3) were damaged, cotton fiber length increased. Furthermore, we found that after gene interference, the fiber-shortening genes occurred more frequently than the fiber-elongating genes. Synergistic research on these genes may better promote cotton fiber elongation. Full article

20 pages, 9340 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Numerical Investigation of the Performance of Damaged Concrete Barriers Under Sequential Vehicular Impacts

by Ashesh Pokhrel, Andrew D. Sorensen and Mohsen Zaker Esteghamati

Buildings 2025, 15(8), 1271; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15081271 (registering DOI) - 12 Apr 2025

Abstract

Concrete median barriers are prone to damage from low-velocity impacts. However, there is a limited understanding of how damage from initial impacts affects barriers’ long-term performance and whether they maintain safe continued service or must be replaced. Therefore, this paper evaluates the performance [...] Read more.

Concrete median barriers are prone to damage from low-velocity impacts. However, there is a limited understanding of how damage from initial impacts affects barriers’ long-term performance and whether they maintain safe continued service or must be replaced. Therefore, this paper evaluates the performance of the concrete barriers under sequential low-velocity impact using finite-element analysis. Crash test simulations were performed by impacting the concrete barrier twice with an 80,000 lb (36-ton) tractor-trailer at a target impact velocity and angle. The first impact’s velocities varied between 30 mph (48 kmph) and 54 mph (87 kmph) at 10°, 15°, and 20° crash angles, and the damaged barrier was subsequently subjected to the second impact conforming to the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials’ (AASHTO) Manual for Assessing Safety Hardware (MASH) for Test Level 5 criteria (i.e., representative velocity of 52.7 mph (85 kmph) at 15°). Therefore, a total of 78 impact simulations were conducted, and statistical analysis was performed to investigate the relationship between the peak impact forces of the first and second impacts and the crash angle and velocity across distinct phases of the crash simulation and over the entire crash history. The results show that while the peak impact force of the first impact was linearly related to both velocity and angle, the maximum impact force at the second impact did not follow the same trend. However, when considering the localized peak forces in each phase of the crash, the peak forces from the later stages of the second impact (i.e., rebound and final interaction phases) were highly correlated with the initial impact’s velocity and angle, substantially reducing the barrier’s capability to resist vehicular impact loads. In particular, for initial velocities above 46 mph (74 kmph) at angles of 15° and 20°, barriers formed shear cracks traversing across their cross-section, which resulted in excessive fragmentation during the second impact and consequent failure to meet the MASH criteria in terms of structural adequacy. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Building Materials, and Repair & Renovation)

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20 pages, 15563 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Boron-Doped BiOBr Nanosheets with Enhanced Photocatalytic Activity for Sulfanilamide and Dyes

by Zimu Wei, Ying Wang, Zonghan Shao, Linkun Xie, Lianpeng Zhang, Kaimeng Xu and Xijuan Chai

Molecules 2025, 30(8), 1735; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules30081735 (registering DOI) - 12 Apr 2025

Abstract

A boron-doped BiOBr photocatalytic nanosheet was synthesized using a one-step hydrothermal method. The effects of solvent, temperature, and boron doping content on the morphology and photocatalytic performance were investigated. The boron-doped samples synthesized with acetic acid at 180 °C (1B-AB) showed optimal photocatalytic [...] Read more.

A boron-doped BiOBr photocatalytic nanosheet was synthesized using a one-step hydrothermal method. The effects of solvent, temperature, and boron doping content on the morphology and photocatalytic performance were investigated. The boron-doped samples synthesized with acetic acid at 180 °C (1B-AB) showed optimal photocatalytic performance, achieving 80% efficiency in degrading sulfanilamide (SN) within 6 h. After five cycles, the degradation rate decreased by 21%. The 10% boron doping reduced BiOBr’s bandgap (from 2.90 to 2.88 eV), improving visible light utilization and reducing electron–hole pair recombination. The 1B-AB photocatalyst also demonstrated excellent activity against anionic dyes like methyl orange (MO) and malachite green (MG). Hydroxyl radicals (·OH) and superoxide anions (·O₂⁻) were identified as the main active species in the SN degradation process. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Materials Chemistry)

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10 pages, 696 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Luminescence and Scintillation Properties of YAl₃(BO₃)₄ Single Crystal for Thermal Neutron Detection

by Yutaka Fujimoto, Masanori Koshimizu, Hiroki Kawamoto, Kenichi Watanabe, Akio Miyamoto and Keisuke Asai

Crystals 2025, 15(4), 357; https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst15040357 (registering DOI) - 12 Apr 2025

Abstract

A single crystal of YAl₃(BO₃)₄ was grown using the top-seeded solution growth method. The vacuum ultraviolet (VUV) excitation spectrum, monitored at the emission wavelength of 312 and 372 nm, showed a narrow excitation band at around 162 nm, [...] Read more.

A single crystal of YAl₃(BO₃)₄ was grown using the top-seeded solution growth method. The vacuum ultraviolet (VUV) excitation spectrum, monitored at the emission wavelength of 312 and 372 nm, showed a narrow excitation band at around 162 nm, which is located near the absorption edge of the YAl₃(BO₃)₄ host. Upon VUV excitation at 162 nm, the characteristic self-trapped exciton (STE) emission bands were observed at 312 and 372 nm. The X-ray excited scintillation spectrum shows a broad emission band peaking at 310 nm with a weak shoulder band at around 375 nm, which is consistent with photoluminescence, and can thus be assigned to the STE emission. The scintillation light yield under irradiation at a ²⁵²Cf-thermal neutron reached 2700 photons/thermal neutron. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Inorganic Crystalline Materials)

30 pages, 1945 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Path Planning and Obstacle Avoidance of Formation Flight

by Yi-Sin Yang and Jih-Gau Juang

Sensors 2025, 25(8), 2447; https://doi.org/10.3390/s25082447 (registering DOI) - 12 Apr 2025

Abstract

This study applies path planning and obstacle avoidance to drone control for conducting riverbank inspections. Given that the river’s surrounding environments are often windy and filled with overgrown branches and unknown obstacles, this study improves path planning and obstacle avoidance to enable drones [...] Read more.

This study applies path planning and obstacle avoidance to drone control for conducting riverbank inspections. Given that the river’s surrounding environments are often windy and filled with overgrown branches and unknown obstacles, this study improves path planning and obstacle avoidance to enable drones to complete inspection tasks using the planned optimal route. Multiple drones are used for larger-scale areas to reduce time consumption and increase efficiency. Regarding path planning, the A* algorithm is improved using a grid-based approach. For obstacle avoidance, depth cameras are installed on the drones, and the obtained images are processed by reinforcement Q-learning with a genetic algorithm to navigate around obstacles. Since maintaining formation is necessary during task execution, the leader–follower method of formation flight ensures that multiple drones can complete inspection tasks while maintaining formation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Intelligent Control and Robotic Technologies in Path Planning)

19 pages, 8160 KiB

Open AccessArticle

High-Efficiency Enrichment of Megakaryocytes and Identification of Micromegakaryocytes from Human Bone Marrow by Imaging Flow Cytometry

by Maya Nautrup Pedersen, Trine Engelbrecht Hybel, Jens Haugbølle Bjerre, Anne Sofie Borg Hammer, Anja Bille Bohn, Marie Bill, Carina Agerbo Rosenberg and Maja Ludvigsen

Cells 2025, 14(8), 588; https://doi.org/10.3390/cells14080588 (registering DOI) - 12 Apr 2025

Abstract

Megakaryocytes (MKs) are rare, large, polyploid bone marrow (BM) cells responsible for the production of platelets. The identification and characterization of MKs is widely recognized as challenging. Manual microscopy is especially difficult due to the rarity and complex morphology of MKs, while flow [...] Read more.

Megakaryocytes (MKs) are rare, large, polyploid bone marrow (BM) cells responsible for the production of platelets. The identification and characterization of MKs is widely recognized as challenging. Manual microscopy is especially difficult due to the rarity and complex morphology of MKs, while flow cytometry faces additional challenges from MKs’ large size, fragility, and platelet adhesion, causing false positives. We present a novel approach to accurately enrich MKs from human BM aspirates with a specific focus on the detection and quantification of microMKs. By integrating CD41⁺ cell enrichment, immunophenotyping, and morphometric analysis, we identified cells of the megakaryocytic lineage. To increase accuracy, a convolutional neural network was trained to identify CD41⁻ cells falsely displaying an MK-like immunophenotype due to adhesive CD41⁺ platelets. This allowed for exclusion of 94.9% of false positive events, considerably enhancing specificity. CD41 positive enrichment prior to imaging flow cytometry acquisition increased the MK frequency nearly 200-fold, yielding a population of both mature and immature MKs, thus supporting analysis of MK progenitors. Overall, this advanced approach enables enrichment of MKs from human BM, considerably increasing the accuracy and statistical power of the MK analysis. This may provide an important addition in the context of MK-related diagnostics and research. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Insight into Developments and Applications of Flow Cytometry)

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20 pages, 4096 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Process Design for Continuous Crystallization of l-Tryptophan in Water–Alcohol Solvent Mixtures

by Lukas Hohmann, Robert Antpusat (née Hampel) and Norbert Kockmann

Crystals 2025, 15(4), 355; https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst15040355 (registering DOI) - 12 Apr 2025

Abstract

The study of solid–liquid equilibria in small molecules such as l-tryptophan (l-Trp), which possesses an α-amino group, an α-carboxylic acid group, and an indole compound, presents significant challenges. This research introduces several findings aimed at enhancing process efficiency and sustainability [...] Read more.

The study of solid–liquid equilibria in small molecules such as l-tryptophan (l-Trp), which possesses an α-amino group, an α-carboxylic acid group, and an indole compound, presents significant challenges. This research introduces several findings aimed at enhancing process efficiency and sustainability in downstream processing of l-Trp from fermentative origin via crystallization. Transitioning from batch to continuous processes allows for improved scalability and resource management. Furthermore, solubility measurements combined with thermodynamic data from the literature will provide deeper insights into molecular interactions and allow for systematic and data-driven process design. Lab-scale crystallization experiments in both batch and continuous operation allow for the assessment of the process feasibility and solvent impacts on the process and product. The focus is on process development that emphasizes material savings through strategic solvent selection and co-solvent choices. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Crystallisation Advances)

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