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9 pages, 4517 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Band Alignment of AlN/InGaZnO Heterojunction for Thin-Film Transistor Application

by Hongpeng Zhang, Tianli Huang, Rongjun Cao, Chen Wang, Bo Peng, Jibao Wu, Shaochong Wang, Kunwei Zheng, Renxu Jia, Yuming Zhang and Hongyi Zhang

Electronics 2024, 13(23), 4602; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics13234602 (registering DOI) - 22 Nov 2024

Abstract

Uncrystallized indium-gallium-zinc-oxide (InGaZnO) thin-film transistors (TFTs) combined with an aluminum nitride (AlN) dielectric have been used to promote performance and steadiness. However, the high deposition temperature of AlN films limits their application in InGaZnO flexible TFTs. In this work, AlN layers were deposited [...] Read more.

Uncrystallized indium-gallium-zinc-oxide (InGaZnO) thin-film transistors (TFTs) combined with an aluminum nitride (AlN) dielectric have been used to promote performance and steadiness. However, the high deposition temperature of AlN films limits their application in InGaZnO flexible TFTs. In this work, AlN layers were deposited via low-temperature plasma-enhanced atomic layer deposition (PEALD), and InGaZnO films were fabricated via high-power impulse magnetron sputtering (HIPIMS). The band alignment of the AlN/InGaZnO heterojunction was studied using the X-ray photoemission spectrum and ultraviolet visible transmittance spectrum. It was found that the AlN/InGaZnO system exhibited a staggered band alignment with a valence band offset ΔE_v of −1.25 ± 0.05 eV and a conduction band offset ΔE_c of 4.01 ± 0.05 eV. The results imply that PEALD AlN could be more useful for surface passivation than a gate dielectric to promote InGaZnO device reliability under atmospheric exposure. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Analog/Mixed Signal Integrated Circuit Design)

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17 pages, 3797 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Panel Temperature Dependence on Atmospheric Parameters of an Operative Photovoltaic Park in Semi-Arid Zones Using Artificial Neural Networks

by Sonia Montecinos, Carlos Rodríguez, Andrea Torrejón, Jorge Cortez and Marcelo Jaque

Energies 2024, 17(23), 5844; https://doi.org/10.3390/en17235844 (registering DOI) - 22 Nov 2024

Abstract

The performance of photovoltaic solar panels is influenced by their temperature, so there is a need for a tool that can accurately and instantly predict the panel temperature. This paper presents an analysis of the panel temperature’s dependence on atmospheric parameters at an [...] Read more.

The performance of photovoltaic solar panels is influenced by their temperature, so there is a need for a tool that can accurately and instantly predict the panel temperature. This paper presents an analysis of the panel temperature’s dependence on atmospheric parameters at an operational photovoltaic park in the semi-arid north of Chile using Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs). We applied the back-propagation algorithm to train the model by using the atmospheric variables tilted solar radiation (TSR), air temperature, and wind speed measured in the park. The ANN model’s effectiveness was evaluated by comparing it to five different deterministic models: the Standard model, King’s model, Faiman’s model, Mattei’s model, and Skoplaki’s model. Additionally, we examined the sensitivity of panel temperature to changes in air temperature, TSR, and wind speed. Our findings show that the ANN model had the best prediction accuracy for panel temperature, with a Root Mean Squared Error (RMSE) of 1.59 °C, followed by Mattei’s model with a higher RMSE of 3.30 °C. We also determined that air temperature has the most significant impact on panel temperature, followed by TSR and wind speed. These results demonstrate that the ANN is a powerful tool for predicting panel temperature with high accuracy. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Photovoltaic Solar Cells and Systems: Fundamentals and Applications)

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18 pages, 350 KiB

Open AccessReview

Klotho Deficiency in Severe COVID-19: A Unifying Hypothesis

by Natalia Campos-Obando, M. Carola Zillikens and Roman F. Macaya

COVID 2024, 4(12), 1833-1850; https://doi.org/10.3390/covid4120129 (registering DOI) - 22 Nov 2024

Abstract

COVID-19 is characterized by a striking similarity to premature aging. Its clinical manifestations range from asymptomatic to critical illness. No single central agent has been demonstrated so far. We present Klotho, an antiaging protein, as a key factor in COVID-19 pathophysiology. There is [...] Read more.

COVID-19 is characterized by a striking similarity to premature aging. Its clinical manifestations range from asymptomatic to critical illness. No single central agent has been demonstrated so far. We present Klotho, an antiaging protein, as a key factor in COVID-19 pathophysiology. There is epidemiological evidence that both acute and chronic uses of Klotho agonists have a beneficial effect in reducing COVID-19 severity and mortality. A review of the PubMed epidemiological, clinical, and mechanistic evidence supports a role for Klotho deficit as a central determinant of severe COVID-19. Clinical data support the idea that chronic use of Klotho agonists protects against severe COVID-19 and that its acute use may be beneficial. We propose a unifying hypothesis that low Klotho levels play a key role in severe COVID-19, while increasing Klotho levels can have a beneficial effect through the prevention of acute kidney injury (AKI) and potential antiviral effects. Further research is needed. Full article

12 pages, 2022 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Impact of Missense Mutations on AFB1 Metabolism in Bovine Cytochrome P4503A Isoforms: A Computational Mutagenesis and Molecular Docking Analysis

by Ludovica Montanucci, Silvia Iori, Maija Lahtela-Kakkonen, Marianna Pauletto, Mery Giantin and Mauro Dacasto

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2024, 25(23), 12529; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms252312529 (registering DOI) - 22 Nov 2024

Abstract

Cytochrome P450 3A (CYP3A) enzymes catalyze the metabolism of a wide range of endogenous and exogenous compounds. Genetic variations in the 3 CYP3A isoforms (CYP3A28, CYP3A74, and CYP3A76) may influence their expression and activity, leading to inter-individual differences in xenobiotic metabolism. In domestic [...] Read more.

Cytochrome P450 3A (CYP3A) enzymes catalyze the metabolism of a wide range of endogenous and exogenous compounds. Genetic variations in the 3 CYP3A isoforms (CYP3A28, CYP3A74, and CYP3A76) may influence their expression and activity, leading to inter-individual differences in xenobiotic metabolism. In domestic cattle, understanding how genetic variations modulate CYP3A activity is crucial for both its therapeutic implications (clinical efficacy and adverse drug effects) and food safety (residues in foodstuff). Here, we updated the variant calling of CYP3As in 300 previously sequenced Piedmontese beef cattle, using the most recent reference genome, which contains an updated, longer sequence for CYP3A28. All but one previously identified missense variants were confirmed and a new variant, R105W in CYP3A28, was discovered. Through computational mutagenesis and molecular docking, we computationally predicted the impact of all identified CYP3A variant enzymes on protein stability and their affinity for aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), a potent carcinogen and food contaminant. For CYP3A28, we also computationally predicted its affinity for the probe substrate nifedipine (NIF). We found that CYP3A28 with R105W variant cannot accommodate NIF nor AFB1 in the binding pocket, thus affecting their metabolism. Our work provides computational foundation and prioritized ranking of CYP3A variants for future experimental validations. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Cytochrome P450: Metabolism, Structure-Function, Evolution and Applications)

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23 pages, 71327 KiB

Open AccessArticle

In Vitro and Computational Response of Differential Catalysis by Phlebia brevispora BAFC 633 Laccase in Interaction with 2,4-D and Chlorpyrifos

by Alan Rolando Ayala Schimpf, Laura Ester Ortellado, Marcelo Daniel Gamarra, María Isabel Fonseca and Pedro Darío Zapata

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2024, 25(23), 12527; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms252312527 (registering DOI) - 22 Nov 2024

Abstract

Enzymes secreted by white rot fungi (WRF), such as laccase, offer a promising approach for the treatment of hazardous xenobiotic compounds. This study conducted a comprehensive analysis of the impact of the pesticides 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and chlorpyrifos on the laccase of Phlebia [...] Read more.

Enzymes secreted by white rot fungi (WRF), such as laccase, offer a promising approach for the treatment of hazardous xenobiotic compounds. This study conducted a comprehensive analysis of the impact of the pesticides 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and chlorpyrifos on the laccase of Phlebia brevispora BAFC 633 through in vitro and bioinformatics analyses. The fungal strain was shown to be tolerant to both pesticides, with notable morphological and ultrastructural alterations in the mycelium. Laccase activity and two isoenzymes (53 and 70 kDa) were detected in all initial treatments. The laccase was concentrated for subsequent catalytic evaluation in the presence of both pesticides, showing high stability at a pH of 3.6 and a temperature range of 50–60 °C. The lacI gene, corresponding to this laccase, was modeled, and its structure revealed a defined catalytic pocket validated with a drug score of 0.61. Molecular docking estimated affinity energies of −5.06 and −9.41 Kcal mol⁻¹ for 2,4-D and chlorpyrifos, respectively. Molecular Mechanics Poisson–Boltzmann Surface Area (MM/PBSA) analysis through 250 ns of molecular dynamics revealed stronger hydrophobic interactions of laccase with chlorpyrifos and highlighted the importance of residue His460 in stabilizing both complexes. Understanding the impact of these agrochemicals on the catalytic function of laccase is crucial for developing future biotechnological strategies involving this enzyme. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Molecular Biology)

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10 pages, 2591 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Mechanical Properties and Microstructural Investigation of AA2024-T6 Reinforced with Al₂O₃ and SiC Metal Matrix Composites

by Hassan Raza Channar, Barkat Ullah, Muhammad Shoaib Naseem, Javed Akhter, Arshad Mehmood and Muhammad Aamir

Eng 2024, 5(4), 3023-3032; https://doi.org/10.3390/eng5040157 (registering DOI) - 22 Nov 2024

Abstract

Aluminium metal matrix composites (AMMCs) using alumina (Al₂O₃) and silicon carbide (SiC) as reinforcement elements are gaining significant interest in various applications because of their excellent properties. In this study, Al₂O₃/SiC with compositions (0.5 wt.%, [...] Read more.

Aluminium metal matrix composites (AMMCs) using alumina (Al₂O₃) and silicon carbide (SiC) as reinforcement elements are gaining significant interest in various applications because of their excellent properties. In this study, Al₂O₃/SiC with compositions (0.5 wt.%, 1.5 wt.%, and 2.5 wt.% for each) were used as reinforcement elements in an aluminium alloy (AA2024-T6). The samples prepared were AA2024-T6 + (0.5Al₂O₃/0.5SiC), AA2024-T6 + (1.5Al₂O₃/1.5SiC), and AA2024-T6 + (2.5Al₂O₃/2.5SiC) using a stir-casting technique. The experimental study included density calculation mechanical properties, such as tensile strength, compressive strength and hardness. The study also included a microstructure examination of the fracture surface of the tensile specimens. The results showed that incorporating Al₂O₃/SiC as reinforcement materials into aluminium AA2024-T6 significantly improved its properties. Hence, increasing the reinforcement with compositions of 2.5Al₂O₃/2.5SiC into AA2024-T6 showed a drop in density and increased mechanical properties, such as ultimate tensile strength, compressive strength and hardness, compared to the base alloy (AA2024-T6). Furthermore, the scanning electron microscopy analysis revealed the uniform distribution of the reinforcement particles resulting in strong bonding with the matrix. The findings suggest that Al₂O₃/SiC reinforced with AA2024-T6 can be used in applications where a combination of lightweight and high strength is needed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Materials Engineering)

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17 pages, 6406 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Life Cycle Assessment and Environmental Impact Evaluation of CCU Technology Schemes in Steel Plants

by Chaoke Yu, Yingnan Li, Lulin Wang, Yifan Jiang, Siyi Wang, Tao Du and Yisong Wang

Sustainability 2024, 16(23), 10207; https://doi.org/10.3390/su162310207 (registering DOI) - 22 Nov 2024

Abstract

Greenhouse gas emissions are significant contributors to global warming, and steel enterprises need to find more efficient and environmentally friendly solutions to reduce CO₂ emissions while maintaining high process efficiency and low production costs. Carbon capture and utilization (CCU) is a promising [...] Read more.

Greenhouse gas emissions are significant contributors to global warming, and steel enterprises need to find more efficient and environmentally friendly solutions to reduce CO₂ emissions while maintaining high process efficiency and low production costs. Carbon capture and utilization (CCU) is a promising approach which can convert captured CO₂ into valuable chemicals, reducing dependence on fossil fuels and mitigating climate change. This study uses life cycle assessment (LCA) to compare the environmental impacts of BF-BOF steel plants with and without CCU. When evaluating seven scenarios, including three carbon capture and two carbon utilization technologies, against a baseline, the results demonstrate significant environmental benefits from implementing CCU technologies. Although the activated carbon TSA route for CO₂-based methanol production showed good environmental performance, its toxicity risks highlight the advantages of combining TSA with steel slag carbonation as a better non-toxic solution. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Energy Use, Storage and Emission Analysis for Industrial Decarbonization)

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16 pages, 4327 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Activated Sludge Combined with Pervious Concrete Micro-Ecosystem for Runoff Rainwater Collection and Pollutant Purification

by Yongsheng Zhang, Xuechen Jia, Pengfei Yuan, Bingqi Li, Wenyan Pan, Jianfei Liu and Weilong Zhao

Toxics 2024, 12(12), 838; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics12120838 (registering DOI) - 22 Nov 2024

Abstract

This study investigated the purification of pollutants in runoff rainwater by constructing a micro-ecosystem using waste-activated sludge (WAS) and riverbed sludge (RBS) as inoculums in combination with pervious concrete. The research results showed that the best hydraulic retention time (HRT) was 9 h. [...] Read more.

This study investigated the purification of pollutants in runoff rainwater by constructing a micro-ecosystem using waste-activated sludge (WAS) and riverbed sludge (RBS) as inoculums in combination with pervious concrete. The research results showed that the best hydraulic retention time (HRT) was 9 h. The COD and ammonia nitrogen (NH₄⁺-N) removal of the waste-activated sludge ecosystem (WASE) was 62.67% and 71.21%, respectively, while the riverbed sludge ecosystem (RBSE) showed COD and NH₄⁺-N removal percentages of 46.05% and 66.55%, respectively. The analysis of the genetic metabolism of microbial genes showed that the system was microbially enhanced with extensive and diverse populations. At the phylum level, the microorganisms responsible for degrading organic matter were mainly Firmicutes and Actinobacteriota. At the genus level, the Trichococcus genus was dominant in the WASE, while the Dietzia, norank_f__Sporomusaceae and norank_f__norank_o__norank_c__BRH-c20a genera were the central bacterial populations in the RBSE. The proliferation of phylum-level bacteria in the WASE was relatively large, and the genus-level bacteria demonstrated a better removal efficiency for pollutants. The overall removal effect of the WASE was better than that of the RBSE. The application analyses showed that a WASE is capable of effectively accepting and treating all rainfall below rainstorm levels and at near-full rainstorm levels under optimal removal efficiency conditions. This study innovatively used wastewater plant waste-activated sludge combined with pervious concrete to construct a micro-ecosystem to remove runoff rainwater pollutants. The system achieved pollutant removal comparable to that of pervious concrete modified with adsorbent materials. An effective method for the collection and pollutant treatment of urban runoff rainwater is provided. Full article

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16 pages, 22800 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Integration of ATAC-Seq and RNA-Seq Reveals VDR–SELENBP1 Axis Promotes Adipogenesis of Porcine Intramuscular Preadipocytes

by Jiawei Zhou, Junjing Wu, Tao Yang, Xinyu Zhang, Mu Qiao, Zhong Xu, Yu Zhang, Yue Feng, Tong Chen, Zipeng Li, Xianwen Peng and Shuqi Mei

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2024, 25(23), 12528; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms252312528 (registering DOI) - 22 Nov 2024

Abstract

Intramuscular fat (IMF) content plays a crucial role in determining pork quality. Recent studies have highlighted transcriptional mechanisms controlling adipogenesis in porcine IMF. However, the changes in chromatin accessibility during adipogenic differentiation are still not well understood. In this study, we performed the [...] Read more.

Intramuscular fat (IMF) content plays a crucial role in determining pork quality. Recent studies have highlighted transcriptional mechanisms controlling adipogenesis in porcine IMF. However, the changes in chromatin accessibility during adipogenic differentiation are still not well understood. In this study, we performed the assay for transposase-accessible chromatin with high-throughput sequencing (ATAC-seq) and transcriptome sequencing (RNA-Seq) analyses on porcine intramuscular preadipocytes to explore their adipogenic differentiation into mature adipocytes. We identified a total of 56,374 differentially accessible chromatin peaks and 4226 differentially expressed genes at day 0 and day 4 during adipogenic differentiation. A combined analysis of the ATAC-seq and RNA-seq data revealed that 1750 genes exhibited both differential chromatin accessibility and differential RNA expression during this process, including selenium-binding protein 1 (SELENBP1), PLIN1, ADIPOQ, and FASN. Furthermore, we found that vitamin D receptor (VDR) could bind to the promoter region of the SELENBP1 gene, activate SELENBP1 transcription, and ultimately promote lipid accumulation during adipogenic differentiation. This study provides a detailed overview of chromatin accessibility and gene expression changes during the adipogenic differentiation of porcine intramuscular preadipocytes. Moreover, we propose a novel regulatory mechanism involving the VDR–SELENBP1 signaling axis in adipogenic differentiation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Molecular Biology)

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25 pages, 314 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Latent Class Analysis of Environmental Behavior and Psychological Well-Being: Insights into Sustainable Well-Being Practices

by Ayşe Bostan, Yavuz Selim Balcıoğlu and Meral Elçi

Sustainability 2024, 16(23), 10205; https://doi.org/10.3390/su162310205 (registering DOI) - 22 Nov 2024

Abstract

This study explores the relationship between environmental behavior, job satisfaction, performance, and burnout using latent class analysis (LCA) to identify distinct behavioral patterns. Data were collected from 537 participants in various sectors, including education and health. Five latent classes were identified based on [...] Read more.

This study explores the relationship between environmental behavior, job satisfaction, performance, and burnout using latent class analysis (LCA) to identify distinct behavioral patterns. Data were collected from 537 participants in various sectors, including education and health. Five latent classes were identified based on the participation of participants in sustainable practices. The analysis revealed significant differences in job satisfaction, with higher participation in sustainable behaviors generally associated with greater job satisfaction. Although performance remained stable across classes, burnout levels varied significantly, with some groups showing higher levels of stress and burnout and others demonstrating better psychological outcomes. The results confirm that sustainable behaviors are linked to psychological well-being, emphasizing the importance of fostering sustainability in the workplace to enhance employee well-being. The study highlights the need for targeted interventions to address burnout and promote sustainability in organizational settings. Future research should explore these dynamics longitudinally and across diverse occupational and cultural contexts. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Insights in Organizational Well-Being and Sustainable Behavior)

14 pages, 1896 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Nobiletin Regulates Lysosome Function in Bovine Endometrial Epithelial Cells

by Karen Koshimizu, Ren Ozawa, Sohei Kuribayashi, Maho Taru, Hisataka Iwata, Ryotaro Miura, Seizo Hamano and Koumei Shirasuna

Dairy 2024, 5(4), 754-767; https://doi.org/10.3390/dairy5040055 (registering DOI) - 22 Nov 2024

Abstract

The existence of repeat breeder cows (RBCs) causes low reproductive performance. The causes of RBCs include low-quality oocytes and embryos, hormonal dysregulation, and unsuitable uterine environments. To improve unsuitable uterine conditions for RBCs, we focused on nobiletin (NOB), a natural citrus flavone with [...] Read more.

The existence of repeat breeder cows (RBCs) causes low reproductive performance. The causes of RBCs include low-quality oocytes and embryos, hormonal dysregulation, and unsuitable uterine environments. To improve unsuitable uterine conditions for RBCs, we focused on nobiletin (NOB), a natural citrus flavone with various beneficial roles. The role of NOB in bovine endometrial epithelial cells (BEECs) was examined. An analysis of BEECs showed that gene expression and altered pathways differed between the control and NOB treatment, with NOB regulating the pathways of steroid biosynthesis, lysosomal function, and inflammatory responses. NOB treatment significantly increased the number and activation of endosomes and lysosomes in BEECs. Moreover, we performed phagocytosis assays using fluorescence-conjugated lipopolysaccharide (LPS) with lysosomes in NOB-treated BEECs, which resulted in an increase in the co-localization of phagocytosed LPS with lysosomes. NOB treatment stimulated the mRNA expression of various lysosomal hydrolases, including cathepsin B and cathepsin K, and suppressed the gene expression of cytokines in inflammation-associated pathways (rheumatoid arthritis, the IL-17 signaling pathway, etc.). NOB significantly suppressed the LPS-induced mRNA expression of the inflammatory cytokine IL-8 and its secretion in BEECs. In conclusion, NOB activates the endosome–lysosomal system via phagocytosis to eliminate the bacterial component LPS and suppress inflammatory responses to defense mechanisms in BEECs. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Reproduction)

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8 pages, 548 KiB

Open AccessCommentary

Tackling Pharmaceutical Pollution Along the Product Lifecycle: Roles and Responsibilities for Producers, Regulators and Prescribers

by Gillian Parker and Fiona A. Miller

Pharmacy 2024, 12(6), 173; https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmacy12060173 (registering DOI) - 22 Nov 2024

Abstract

Pharmaceuticals produce considerable environmental harm. The industry’s resource-intensive nature, coupled with high energy costs for manufacturing and transportation, contribute to the “upstream” harms from greenhouse gas emissions and ecosystem pollution, while factors such as overprescription, overuse, and pharmaceutical waste contribute to the “downstream” [...] Read more.

Pharmaceuticals produce considerable environmental harm. The industry’s resource-intensive nature, coupled with high energy costs for manufacturing and transportation, contribute to the “upstream” harms from greenhouse gas emissions and ecosystem pollution, while factors such as overprescription, overuse, and pharmaceutical waste contribute to the “downstream” harms. Effectively addressing pharmaceutical pollution requires an understanding of the key roles and responsibilities along the product lifecycle. In this commentary, we argue that three actors—producers, regulators, and prescribers—have unique and interdependent responsibilities to address these issues. Producers and market access regulators are upstream actors who can manage and mitigate harms by both shifting manufacturing, business practices, and regulatory requirements and producing transparent, robust data on environmental harms. By contrast, prescribers are downstream actors whose capacity to reduce environmental harms arises principally as a “co-benefit” of reducing inappropriate prescribing and overuse. Potentially complicating the prescriber’s role are the calls for prescribers to recommend “environmentally preferable medicines”. These calls continue to increase, even with the sparsity of transparent and robust data on the impact of pharmaceuticals on the environment. Recognizing the interdependencies among actors, we argue that, rather than being ineffectual, these calls draw needed attention to the critical responsibility for upstream actors to prioritize data production, reporting standards and public transparency to facilitate future downstream efforts to tackle pharmaceutical pollution. Full article

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4 pages, 166 KiB

Open AccessEditorial

Application of Fermentation Technology in Animal Nutrition

by Siran Wang

Fermentation 2024, 10(12), 596; https://doi.org/10.3390/fermentation10120596 (registering DOI) - 22 Nov 2024

Abstract

Fermentation technology has been utilized in animal nutrition worldwide for an extended period, with particular focus on animal feed [...] Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Application of Fermentation Technology in Animal Nutrition)

8 pages, 3953 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Oblique Deposited Ultra-Thin Silver Films on Polymer Gratings for Sensitive SERS Performance

by Yi-Jun Jen and Meng-Jie Lin

Nanomaterials 2024, 14(23), 1871; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano14231871 (registering DOI) - 22 Nov 2024

Abstract

A small amount of silver was obliquely deposited onto a polymer subwavelength grating to form a metasurface that comprised silver split-tubes. An ultra-thin silver film with a monitor-controlled thickness of 20 nm at the corner of each ridge of the grating provided the [...] Read more.

A small amount of silver was obliquely deposited onto a polymer subwavelength grating to form a metasurface that comprised silver split-tubes. An ultra-thin silver film with a monitor-controlled thickness of 20 nm at the corner of each ridge of the grating provided the most sensitive surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) measurements. An excitation laser beam that was incident from the substrate provided similar or better SERS enhancement than did the general configuration with the laser beam incident directly on the surface of the nanostructure. Near-field simulations were conducted to model the localized electric field enhancement and to quantify the SERS performance, demonstrating the effectiveness of this novel deposition method. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances and Innovations in Glancing Angle Deposition and Related Nanostructures)

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17 pages, 3192 KiB

Open AccessReview

Biobank Digitalization: From Data Acquisition to Efficient Use

by Anastasiia S. Bukreeva, Kristina A. Malsagova, Denis V. Petrovskiy, Tatiana V. Butkova, Valeriya I. Nakhod, Vladimir R. Rudnev, Alexander A. Izotov and Anna L. Kaysheva

Biology 2024, 13(12), 957; https://doi.org/10.3390/biology13120957 (registering DOI) - 22 Nov 2024

Abstract

Biobanks are involved in a broad range of studies, including both basic and clinical research, so their functions and roles are evolving. Digital biobanks have emerged due to digitalization in this field; however, it also entails an increasing number of ethical and legal [...] Read more.

Biobanks are involved in a broad range of studies, including both basic and clinical research, so their functions and roles are evolving. Digital biobanks have emerged due to digitalization in this field; however, it also entails an increasing number of ethical and legal issues, in particular those related to the protection of donor data and potential commercial applications. The development of biobanks and the size of stored datasets lay the groundwork for proceeding to digital biobanks that intensely employ artificial intelligence tools. Digital biobanks can simplify the search for and access to biological specimens, thus contributing to the conduction of research and creating new collaborations. They are becoming an increasingly important tool for personalized medicine and an individualized approach to disease treatment, contributing to the elaboration of more accurate diagnostic methods and the development of innovative therapeutic strategies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Bioinformatics)

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15 pages, 1935 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Genomic Regions Associated with Spontaneous Abortion in Holstein Heifers

by Emaly M. Suarez, Victoria C. Kelson, Jennifer N. Kiser, Kimberly M. Davenport, Brenda M. Murdoch and Holly L. Neibergs

Genes 2024, 15(12), 1498; https://doi.org/10.3390/genes15121498 (registering DOI) - 22 Nov 2024

Abstract

Background/Objectives: The dairy industry relies on reproductive efficiency to maintain efficient milk production. Spontaneous abortion (SA), defined as pregnancy loss between gestation days 42 and 260, occurred in 4.5% of the artificially inseminated (AI) Holstein heifers and 31.6% of the embryo transfer (ET) [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: The dairy industry relies on reproductive efficiency to maintain efficient milk production. Spontaneous abortion (SA), defined as pregnancy loss between gestation days 42 and 260, occurred in 4.5% of the artificially inseminated (AI) Holstein heifers and 31.6% of the embryo transfer (ET) recipient Holstein heifers that received in vitro-produced frozen embryos on a single dairy farm in Idaho. Methods: A genome-wide association analysis (GWAA) was performed to identify the associations (FDR p < 0.05) with SA in heifers that were bred by AI (1351 controls that delivered at term and 63 cases that aborted) that conceived following the first insemination, as well as in 59 controls and 273 cases of ET recipient heifers pregnant from the first ET. Results: There were 216 loci and 413 positional candidate genes associated (FDR p < 0.05) with SA in the heifers bred by AI in a recessive model and no loci associated with SA in the ET recipients. Conclusions: The identification of loci associated with SA in the heifers bred by AI may be used to reduce fetal loss through genomic selection. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Functional Genomics and Breeding of Animals)

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14 pages, 1060 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Impact of Salinity and Biostimulants on Cherry Tomato Yield and Quality

by Ida Di Mola, Lucia Ottaiano, Eugenio Cozzolino, Christophe El-Nakhel, Nunzio Fiorentino, Maria Eleonora Pelosi, Youssef Rouphael and Mauro Mori

Horticulturae 2024, 10(12), 1239; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae10121239 (registering DOI) - 22 Nov 2024

Abstract

Salt stress causes several detrimental effects on the growth and production of cultivated plants; therefore, scientists have investigated several strategies to mitigate the adverse effects of salt stress, including the application of biostimulants. In our research, we tested four salinity levels of irrigation [...] Read more.

Salt stress causes several detrimental effects on the growth and production of cultivated plants; therefore, scientists have investigated several strategies to mitigate the adverse effects of salt stress, including the application of biostimulants. In our research, we tested four salinity levels of irrigation water (tap water and water at 3.0, 6.0, and 9.0 dS m⁻¹, EC0, EC3, EC6, and EC9, respectively) and two biostimulant applications (untreated plants—Control and plants treated with an extract from seaweed Ascophyllum nodosum—Bio) on a cherry-type tomato. The marketable tomato yield linearly decreased with increasing salinity stress in both treated and untreated plants. However, biostimulant application boosted the production, on average, by 53.2%, significantly impacting only the Control and EC3 treatments. Regarding qualitative traits, no interaction between the factors was detected, except for color parameters. Nonetheless, salinity, particularly in the two less stressed treatments, led to an increase in total soluble solids, firmness, lipophilic antioxidant activity, and ascorbic acid, while the biostimulant improved plant biomass, total soluble solids, firmness, and hydrophilic antioxidant activity. In conclusion, the seaweed extract of Ascophyllum nodosum elicited a beneficial response in tomato plants subjected to low levels of salt stress, as well as in optimal irrigation condition. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Horticultural Crop Physiological Responses under Biotic and Abiotic Stress)

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15 pages, 1028 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Healthier Lipid Profiles of Japanese Adults, Especially in Women with Elevated High-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol (HDL-C), Are Associated with Low HDL-C Peroxide Content

by Loni Berkowitz-Fiebich, Shelby M. Flaherty, Shinobu Kitayama, Mayumi Karasawa, Norito Kawakami, Attilio Rigotti and Christopher L. Coe

Antioxidants 2024, 13(12), 1434; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox13121434 (registering DOI) - 22 Nov 2024

Abstract

Japanese adults typically have healthier lipid profiles than American and European adults, who have been associated with a lower prevalence of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD). Many Japanese also have uniquely elevated levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C). The following analysis examined the relationship [...] Read more.

Japanese adults typically have healthier lipid profiles than American and European adults, who have been associated with a lower prevalence of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD). Many Japanese also have uniquely elevated levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C). The following analysis examined the relationship between HDL-C level and HDL-C peroxide content, a bioindicator of unhealthy lipid metabolism in Japanese adults. Blood samples were collected from 463 participants, 31–84 years of age, who lived in Tokyo. A second blood sample was collected 5 years later from 241 of the participants, allowing us to evaluate the temporal stability of the inverse correlation between HDL-C level and HDL-C peroxide content. Glucoregulation and inflammatory activity were assessed because both can be associated with dyslipidemia and HDL-C dysfunction. Obesity and central adiposity were also considered. Overall, women had healthier HDL-C profiles than men. Elevated HDL-C (>90 mg/dL) was common (16.6%) and found more often in women. Higher HDL-C peroxide content was associated with older age and central adiposity and incremented further when HA1c and CRP were higher. When assessed 5 years later, lower HDL-C peroxide content continued to be evident in adults with higher HDL-C. While similar associations have been described for other populations, most Japanese adults typically had healthier levels of HDL-C with lower HDL-C peroxide content than previously reported for American adults. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antioxidant Role of High-Density Lipoprotein)

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18 pages, 2450 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Simulation and Experimental Assessment of the Usability of the Phase Angle Method of Examining the State of Shock Absorbers Installed in a Vehicle

by Jacek Drobiszewski, Zbigniew Lozia and Piotr Zdanowicz

Appl. Sci. 2024, 14(23), 10804; https://doi.org/10.3390/app142310804 (registering DOI) - 22 Nov 2024

Abstract

The technical condition of the shock absorbers used in automotive suspension systems is important with respect to vehicle occupants’ comfort and traffic safety. Therefore, much effort has been made for many years to find diagnostic methods that would be more effective. There is [...] Read more.

The technical condition of the shock absorbers used in automotive suspension systems is important with respect to vehicle occupants’ comfort and traffic safety. Therefore, much effort has been made for many years to find diagnostic methods that would be more effective. There is a preference for those methods where the shock absorbers do not have to be dismounted from the vehicle. Among those being in use, the ‘forced vibration methods’ have earned the widest acceptance. One of them is the solution where the angle of phase shift between the vertical displacement of the vibration plate and the tyre–plate interaction force is measured. The authors decided to assess this method’s usability by comparing simulation results with the results of experiments run on a prototype diagnostic test stand. They used two ‘quarter-car’ simulation models (linear and non-linear) and experimentally tested suspension systems of two medium-class cars. In the first stage, computations were made in the frequency domain for the linear model with two degrees of freedom, followed by simulations in the time domain, where an analogous but strongly non-linear model was used. In the latter model, the actual characteristic curves (determined during the laboratory measurements) of shock absorber damping, tyre and suspension elasticity, sliding friction in the suspension system, and tyre bouncing were taken into account. The authors have presented the computation results in the form of curves representing the phase angle as a function of the relative damping in the suspension system under test for the two medium-class cars. The suspensions of the cars had similar inertia properties but different characteristics of the spring and damping forces. The cars also differed from each other in the observed and measured level of the friction forces (twice bigger). The computation results obtained for the linear and non-linear model and the experiment results show a similar qualitative nature. In quantitative terms, however, they differ significantly from each other. The role of non-linearities is important. Nevertheless, the results show monotonicity and noticeable sensitivity to changes in the technical condition of the shock absorbers, which is an essential and desirable feature in diagnostics. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Simulations and Experiments in Design of Transport Vehicles)

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8 pages, 230 KiB

Open AccessReview

Examining Infant and Child Neurodevelopmental Outcomes After Lyme Disease During Pregnancy

by Meagan E. Williams, David A. Schwartz, Roberta L. DeBiasi and Sarah B. Mulkey

Pathogens 2024, 13(12), 1029; https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens13121029 (registering DOI) - 22 Nov 2024

Abstract

Lyme disease is the most common vector-borne disease in the United States. Recent environmental and socioecological changes have led to an increased incidence of Lyme and other tick-borne diseases, which enhances the urgency of identifying and mitigating adverse outcomes of Lyme disease exposure. [...] Read more.

Lyme disease is the most common vector-borne disease in the United States. Recent environmental and socioecological changes have led to an increased incidence of Lyme and other tick-borne diseases, which enhances the urgency of identifying and mitigating adverse outcomes of Lyme disease exposure. Lyme disease during pregnancy, especially when untreated, may lead to adverse pregnancy and neonatal outcomes; however, long-term child outcomes following utero exposure to Lyme disease have not yet been systematically assessed. This concise review describes the current state of knowledge of Lyme disease as a congenital infection and the potential effects of in utero exposure to Lyme disease infection on the neurodevelopment of infants and children. We highlight the importance of distinguishing between acute Lyme disease and a chronic condition termed Post-Treatment Lyme Disease Syndrome, as the impacts of both conditions on the developing fetus and subsequent child development may differ. The importance of placental pathology for patients with acute or chronic symptoms of Lyme disease in pregnancy is explored. Future research aiming to understand and protect neurodevelopment after antenatal Lyme disease must carefully collect potentially confounding variables such as symptomatology and treatment, use clear and standard case definitions, and follow children into school-age and beyond. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Future of Vector-Borne Diseases in a Changing World)

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13 pages, 4985 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Unveiling the Photocatalytic Potential of BiAgOS Solid Solution for Hydrogen Evolution Reaction

by Oumaima Ben Abdelhadi, Majid El Kassaoui, Hajar Moatassim, Ahmed Kotbi, Mohamed Balli, Omar Mounkachi and Mustapha Jouiad

Nanomaterials 2024, 14(23), 1869; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano14231869 (registering DOI) - 22 Nov 2024

Abstract

The growing emphasis on green energy has spurred momentum in research and development within the field of photocatalytic materials, particularly for green hydrogen production. Among the most abundant oxides on Earth, oxychalcogenides stand out for their cost-effectiveness and ease of synthesis. In this [...] Read more.

The growing emphasis on green energy has spurred momentum in research and development within the field of photocatalytic materials, particularly for green hydrogen production. Among the most abundant oxides on Earth, oxychalcogenides stand out for their cost-effectiveness and ease of synthesis. In this context, we present an investigation of the potential use of BiAgOS as an efficient photocatalyst for hydrogen generation. Utilizing density functional theory and ab initio molecular dynamics (AIMD) simulations, we computed its physical properties and assessed its photocatalytic performance. Specifically, using Heyd–Scuseria–Ernzerhof corrections, our calculations yielded an appropriate electronic gap of ~1.47 eV necessary for driving the water-splitting reaction. Additionally, we obtained a very high optical absorption coefficient of ~5 × 10⁵/cm^–1 and an estimation of hydrogen generation yield of ~289.56 µmol∙g^–1. These findings suggest that BiAgOS holds promise for enabling the development of cheap, reliable, and highly efficient photocatalysts for hydrogen production. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Nanomaterials for Photocatalysis)

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12 pages, 255 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Iron Deficiency Anemia and Dyslipidemia Among Hospital Nurses: A Cross-Sectional Study in Turkey

by Volkan Medeni, Rabia Aygür, İrem Medeni, Kübra Nur Türk, Asiye Uğraş Dikmen and Mustafa Necmi İlhan

J. Clin. Med. 2024, 13(23), 7042; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm13237042 (registering DOI) - 22 Nov 2024

Abstract

Introduction: Anemia and dyslipidemia are significant health concerns that affect individual health and societal development. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of iron deficiency anemia and dyslipidemia among nurses in a university hospital in Turkey and explore potential relationships between these [...] Read more.

Introduction: Anemia and dyslipidemia are significant health concerns that affect individual health and societal development. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of iron deficiency anemia and dyslipidemia among nurses in a university hospital in Turkey and explore potential relationships between these conditions. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted among 712 nurses who underwent periodic health examinations. Data on demographic characteristics, hemoglobin, iron parameters, ferritin, transferrin saturation, and lipid profile were analyzed. People with all four hemoglobin, iron, ferritin, and transferrin saturation values lower than normal ranges at the same time were considered to have iron deficiency anemia. Results: Iron deficiency anemia prevalence was 10.7%, with no cases observed in male nurses or those aged 51 and older. Among the nurses, approximately 16.3% had low hemoglobin levels, 16.6% had low hematocrit levels, 30.6% had low ferritin levels, 36.0% had low transferrin saturation, 40.3% had low iron levels, and 24.9% high iron-binding capacity. Elevated total cholesterol was observed in 34.8%, high LDL in 29.6%, low HDL in 27.0%, and elevated triglycerides in 15.0%. Nurses with iron deficiency anemia had significantly lower triglyceride levels than those without. Weak positive correlations were found between triglycerides and hemoglobin, iron, ferritin, and transferrin levels. Additionally, higher total cholesterol, LDL, and triglyceride levels were associated with increased hemoglobin levels. Conclusions: This study highlights the high prevalence of iron deficiency anemia and dyslipidemia among hospital nurses, with a notable association between these conditions and factors such as age, gender, and dietary habits. Our findings underscore the need for healthcare services to prioritize the prevention, diagnosis, and management of these health issues in healthcare workers. A comprehensive approach, including regular screenings, dietary improvements, and addressing workplace factors could improve health outcomes and enhance healthcare delivery. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Epidemiology & Public Health)

19 pages, 1091 KiB

Open AccessReview

Ketogenic Diet and Neuroinflammation: Implications for Neuroimmunometabolism and Therapeutic Approaches to Refractory Epilepsy

by Daniela Guerreiro, Anabela Almeida and Renata Ramalho

Nutrients 2024, 16(23), 3994; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16233994 (registering DOI) - 22 Nov 2024

Abstract

Refractory epilepsy, characterized by seizures that do not respond to standard antiseizure medications, remains a significant clinical challenge. The central role of the immune system on the occurrence of epileptic disorders has been long studied, but recent perspectives on immunometabolism and neuroinflammation are [...] Read more.

Refractory epilepsy, characterized by seizures that do not respond to standard antiseizure medications, remains a significant clinical challenge. The central role of the immune system on the occurrence of epileptic disorders has been long studied, but recent perspectives on immunometabolism and neuroinflammation are reshaping scientific knowledge. The ketogenic diet and its variants have been considered an important medical nutrition therapy for refractory epilepsy and may have a potential modulation effect on the immune system, specifically, on the metabolism of immune cells. In this comprehensive review, we gathered current evidence-based practice, ketogenic diet variants and interventional ongoing clinical trials addressing the role of the ketogenic diet in epilepsy. We also discussed in detail the ketogenic diet metabolism and its anticonvulsant mechanisms, and the potential role of this diet on neuroinflammation and neuroimmunometabolism, highlighting Th17/Treg homeostasis as one of the most interesting aspects of ketogenic diet immune modulation in refractory epilepsy, deserving consideration in future clinical trials. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Impacts of Micronutrients on Immune System and Inflammatory Diseases)

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8 pages, 1106 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Clinical Study of Vitamin D Levels in Hospitalized Children with Acute Respiratory Infections

by Gena Stoykova Petkova, Eleonora Nikolaeva Mineva and Venetsia Tsvetkova Botsova

Pediatr. Rep. 2024, 16(4), 1034-1041; https://doi.org/10.3390/pediatric16040088 (registering DOI) - 22 Nov 2024

Abstract

The aim of our research was to evaluate and analyze serum 25(OH) vitamin D and parathyroid hormone (PTH) levels to investigate whether vitamin D deficiency serves as a risk factor for an increased incidence of acute respiratory infections (ARI) in children. Serum PTH [...] Read more.

The aim of our research was to evaluate and analyze serum 25(OH) vitamin D and parathyroid hormone (PTH) levels to investigate whether vitamin D deficiency serves as a risk factor for an increased incidence of acute respiratory infections (ARI) in children. Serum PTH levels were used as an indicator of vitamin D sufficiency, as normal PTH levels require an optimal concentration of 25(OH) vitamin D. The study included 129 children, divided into five subgroups: children with acute bronchopneumonia (n = 42), acute laryngotracheitis (n = 7), acute bronchiolitis (n = 32), acute bronchitis (n = 18), and a control group (n = 30). No statistically significant differences in 25(OH)D levels were observed between the overall population of children with ARI and the control group (p = 0.073). However, significant differences in 25(OH)D levels were identified between the control group and children with bronchopneumonia, acute bronchitis, and laryngotracheitis (p < 0.01, p < 0.05). Regarding PTH levels, statistical significance was found between the control group and the acute bronchiolitis group, due to the high percentage of children with hypervitaminosis in this subgroup. These results highlight the crucial role of vitamin D in the onset and progression of acute respiratory tract infections in children, emphasizing its impact on their overall respiratory health. Full article

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