MDPI - Publisher of Open Access Journals

5 pages, 335 KiB

Open AccessCommunication

Synthesis of a 2-(2-Trifluoroethoxyphenyl)oxazoline

by R. Alan Aitken and Andrew D. Harper

Molbank 2025, 2025(2), M1989; https://doi.org/10.3390/M1989 (registering DOI) - 2 Apr 2025

The title compound has been prepared in four steps starting from ethyl 2-fluorobenzoate. The final product as well as the intermediates are fully characterised by spectroscopic methods with the ¹H and ¹³C NMR spectra, featuring coupling to ¹⁹F being particularly informative. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Organic Synthesis and Biosynthesis)

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12 pages, 412 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Risk of Cardiovascular Disease According to the Precedence Relationship Between Hypertension and Diabetes Mellitus

by Junhee Park, Kyungdo Han, Kyuna Lee, Yoosoo Chang and Dong Wook Shin

Healthcare 2025, 13(7), 796; https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare13070796 (registering DOI) - 2 Apr 2025

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk may be based on the sequence of hypertension (HTN) and diabetes mellitus (DM) occurrence since the pathophysiological mechanisms might not be the same. The present study examined the risk of CVD according to the precedent relationship between HTN [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk may be based on the sequence of hypertension (HTN) and diabetes mellitus (DM) occurrence since the pathophysiological mechanisms might not be the same. The present study examined the risk of CVD according to the precedent relationship between HTN and DM. Methods: Participants with both HTN and DM in a national health screening program in 2015–2016 were divided into two groups based on the order of HTN and DM occurrence: ‘HTN → DM’ and ‘DM → HTN’. The primary outcomes were newly diagnosed myocardial infarction (MI) and ischemic stroke based on the International Classification of Diseases, 10th revision code. Results: Among 914,338 participants, there were 28,368 MI events and 35,632 ischemic stroke events during the follow-up period. The DM → HTN group showed a higher risk of MI (adjusted hazard ratio [aHR]: 1.13 [95% CI: 1.10–1.15]) and ischemic stroke (aHR: 1.06 [95% CI: 1.04–1.09]) than the HTN → DM group. The increased risk of MI in the DM → HTN group was more prominent in females than in males and in those without dyslipidemia than in those with dyslipidemia. A higher risk of MI and ischemic stroke in the DM-HTN group was found in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) than in patients without CKD. Conclusions: MI and ischemic stroke were more frequent in patients in the DM → HTN group than in those of the HTN → DM group. When approaching HTN and DM clinically and epidemiologically, two phenotypes based on the order of occurrence should be considered. Given the generalization limitations of Asian patients, who develop DM at an early age compared to other groups, future studies are needed to reveal the underlying mechanism in the precedence relationship between HTN and DM. Full article

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17 pages, 285 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Analysis of W₃ Curvature Tensor in Modified Gravity and Its Cosmological Implications

by Mohabbat Ali, Mohd Vasiulla and Meraj Ali Khan

Symmetry 2025, 17(4), 542; https://doi.org/10.3390/sym17040542 (registering DOI) - 2 Apr 2025

Abstract

In this study, we investigated the geometric and physical implications of the

W_{3}

curvature tensor within the framework of

f (R, G)

gravity. We found the sufficient conditions for

W_{3}

flat spacetimes with constant scalar curvature to be [...] Read more.

In this study, we investigated the geometric and physical implications of the

W_{3}

curvature tensor within the framework of

f (R, G)

gravity. We found the sufficient conditions for

W_{3}

flat spacetimes with constant scalar curvature to be de Sitter (

R > 0

) or Anti-de Sitter (

R < 0

) models. The properties of isotropic spacetime in the modified gravity framework were also investigated. Furthermore, we explored spacetimes with a divergence-free

W_{3}

curvature tensor. The necessary and sufficient condition for a

W_{3}

Ricci recurrent and parallel spacetime to transform into an Einstein spacetime was determined. Finally, we analyzed the role of the

W_{3}

curvature tensor in black hole thermodynamics within

f (R, G)

gravity. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advance in Mathematical Physics II)

21 pages, 997 KiB

Open AccessReview

Polymorphisms Involved in Insulin Resistance and Metabolic Inflammation: Influence of Nutrients and Dietary Interventions

by Graziela Biude Silva Duarte, Gabriela de Freitas Laiber Pascoal and Marcelo Macedo Rogero

Metabolites 2025, 15(4), 245; https://doi.org/10.3390/metabo15040245 (registering DOI) - 2 Apr 2025

Abstract

Insulin resistance (IR) is a metabolic disorder characterized by an impaired response to insulin. This condition is associated with excess adiposity and metabolic inflammation, contributing to an increased risk for related chronic diseases. Single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) can affect genes related to metabolic pathways [...] Read more.

Insulin resistance (IR) is a metabolic disorder characterized by an impaired response to insulin. This condition is associated with excess adiposity and metabolic inflammation, contributing to an increased risk for related chronic diseases. Single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) can affect genes related to metabolic pathways which are related to IR and the individual response to nutrients and dietary patterns, affecting metabolic inflammation and insulin sensitivity. This narrative review explores the current evidence on interactions between genetic variants and dietary factors, specifically their effects in modulating IR and metabolic inflammation. A comprehensive search of the literature was conducted in PubMed, Google Scholar, and Web of Science, and a total of 95 articles were reviewed. The key findings reveal that SNPs in the TCF7L2, ADIPOQ, and TNF genes significantly influence metabolic responses and modulate the effects of the Mediterranean diet on biomarkers of inflammation and IR. Genotype-dependent variations in IR and inflammation biomarkers were observed in the response to different diets for SNPs in the TCF7L2, ADIPOQ, and TNF genes. Additionally, polygenic risk scores (PRSs) can also predict the response to the intake of nutrients and specific diets, and offer a promising tool for assessing genetic predisposition to IR. This review underscores the pivotal role of an individual’s genetic background in the effects of their nutrient intake and in the responses to dietetic interventions, thereby laying the foundation for personalized and effective nutritional strategies tailored to each individual’s necessity in mitigating IR and its associated risk factors for chronic diseases. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bioactive Food Ingredients in Prevention and Alleviation of Metabolic Diseases)

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26 pages, 5021 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Protoplanet and Proto-Brown Dwarf Clumps in Gravitationally Unstable Protoplanetary Disks of Various Metallicity

by Eduard Vorobyov and Carina Schoenhacker

Universe 2025, 11(4), 116; https://doi.org/10.3390/universe11040116 (registering DOI) - 2 Apr 2025

Abstract

Gravitational fragmentation of a protoplanetary disk is considered a possible mechanism for the formation of planets and brown dwarfs. In this process, transitory objects are formed that are known as clumps, which are compact gas–dust condensations with a size of several astronomical units. [...] Read more.

Gravitational fragmentation of a protoplanetary disk is considered a possible mechanism for the formation of planets and brown dwarfs. In this process, transitory objects are formed that are known as clumps, which are compact gas–dust condensations with a size of several astronomical units. The contraction of these clumps to planetary sizes via the dissociation of molecular hydrogen or tidal downsizing can ultimately lead to planet or brown dwarf formation. Here, we present a comprehensive numerical and statistical study of the clump properties in protoplanetary disks formed from cloud cores of similar mass (0.9–1.0

M_{⊙}

). We focus on possible differences in their characteristics depending on the metallicity of the parental disk. We show that notable differences can be expected in the clump characteristics in terms of their number, internal energetics, mass, and distance to the star. For all metallicities considered, the propensity to forming planets or brown dwarfs via disk fragmentation is challenged by large amounts of gravitationally unbound clumps. We conclude that giant planet formation via disk fragmentation is possible down to 1/100 solar metallicity but it should be a rare outcome. Brown dwarf formation via disk fragmentation is possible only down to 1/10 solar metallicity. Our results stand for similar masses of the central star on the order of the Sun. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Planetary Sciences)

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13 pages, 578 KiB

Open AccessReview

Plasmid Dissemination in Multispecies Carbapenemase-Producing Enterobacterales Outbreaks Involving Clinical and Environmental Strains: A Narrative Review

by Louis Alglave, Karine Faure and Catherine Mullié

Microorganisms 2025, 13(4), 810; https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms13040810 (registering DOI) - 2 Apr 2025

Abstract

Outbreaks involving carbapenemase-producing enterobacteria (CPE) have become a common occurrence in healthcare settings. While clonal dissemination is firmly established as a cause for these outbreaks, horizontal gene transfers (HGTs) between different species of Enterobacterales found in clinical and environmental isolates are less so. [...] Read more.

Outbreaks involving carbapenemase-producing enterobacteria (CPE) have become a common occurrence in healthcare settings. While clonal dissemination is firmly established as a cause for these outbreaks, horizontal gene transfers (HGTs) between different species of Enterobacterales found in clinical and environmental isolates are less so. To gather evidence backing up this hypothesis, a review covering the 2013–2024 period was performed. HGTs between different species of clinical and environmental Enterobacterales were identified in thirteen papers, half of those published within the last three years. A combination of short- and long-read whole genome sequencing (WGS) was predominantly used to identify mobile genetic elements and plasmids. The more frequently reported carbapenemases were KPCs, followed by NDMs and IMPs. Predictably, broad-host-range plasmids were responsible for over 50% of HGTs, with the IncA/C group being in the lead. Klebsiella pneumoniae and Enterobacter cloacae complexes were the most frequent species identified in clinical samples, while Citrobacter freundii dominated environmental ones. Drains and pipework frequently constituted CPE reservoirs in protracted outbreaks, alternating epidemic outbursts with silent phases. Including WGS in a systematic environmental surveillance would help in swiftly identifying those CPE reservoirs and possibly help better control plasmid outbursts by allowing the implementation of adequate infection prevention and control measures. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Antibiotic and Antifungal Resistance and Related Alternative Therapies, Second Edition)

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48 pages, 14870 KiB

Open AccessReview

Mechanisms of Action of AGuIX as a Pan-Cancer Nano-Radiosensitizer: A Comprehensive Review

by Clémentine Aubrun, Tristan Doussineau, Léna Carmès, Aurélien Meyzaud, Fabien Boux, Sandrine Dufort, Adeline Delfour, Olivier De Beaumont, Céline Mirjolet and Géraldine Le Duc

Pharmaceuticals 2025, 18(4), 519; https://doi.org/10.3390/ph18040519 (registering DOI) - 2 Apr 2025

Abstract

Objective: This review provides an overview of the current knowledge regarding the mechanisms of action of AGuIX, a clinical-stage theranostic nano-radiosensitizer composed of gadolinium. It covers the steps following the administration, from the internalization in tumor cells to the interaction with X-rays and [...] Read more.

Objective: This review provides an overview of the current knowledge regarding the mechanisms of action of AGuIX, a clinical-stage theranostic nano-radiosensitizer composed of gadolinium. It covers the steps following the administration, from the internalization in tumor cells to the interaction with X-rays and the subsequent physical, chemical, biological, and immunological events. Results: After intravenous injection, AGuIX accumulates in tumors through the enhanced permeability and retention (EPR) effect, and its specific retention properties allow its persistence in tumors for several days. At the cellular level, the nanomedicine is internalized by endocytic processes and mainly located in the cytoplasm, especially in lysosomes. AGuIX enhances the effects of radiotherapy (RT) at several levels, starting from radiation–matter interactions to a chemical stage of reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, followed by a cascade of biological events leading to tumor cell death and immune response. Indeed, AGuIX induces a local increase in radiation dose deposition through the emission of Auger electrons, leading to a subsequent increase in ROS generation. AGuIX also impacts RT-induced biological mechanisms, including DNA damage and cell death mechanisms such as apoptosis, autophagic cell death, and ferroptosis. Last, the combination of AGuIX and RT stimulates an antitumor immune response through the induction of immunogenic cell death (ICD), the activation of dendritic and T cells, and the reprogramming of tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) into a pro-inflammatory phenotype. Conclusions: AGuIX is a clinical-stage nanoparticle (NP) intravenously administered with pan-cancer potential due to its specific biodistribution properties and a strong ability to amplify RT-induced mechanisms. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Radiopharmaceutical Sciences)

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15 pages, 489 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practices About Parkinson’s Disease Among the General Population of the Eastern Province of Saudi Arabia

by Meshari Lafi Alshammari, Aseel Hameed Al-Banaqi, Ahmad Sulaiman Almutairi, Sami Sharkan Alqahtani, Meshal Mohammed Alharbi, Esraa M. Haji, Mohammed Nazrul Islam, Mohammed Salem Alshammari and Ashfaq Ahmad

Healthcare 2025, 13(7), 795; https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare13070795 (registering DOI) - 2 Apr 2025

Abstract

Background: Understanding how sociodemographic factors influence knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) related to Parkinson’s disease (PD) is essential for developing targeted interventions. This study examines the associations between KAP components and variables such as gender, age, education, and marital status. Methods: A [...] Read more.

Background: Understanding how sociodemographic factors influence knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) related to Parkinson’s disease (PD) is essential for developing targeted interventions. This study examines the associations between KAP components and variables such as gender, age, education, and marital status. Methods: A cross-sectional survey was conducted among the general population from October 2024 to February 2025. Data on sociodemographic characteristics and KAP related to PD were collected using structured questionnaires. The analysis was done by SPSS version 28. Results: Male participants demonstrated higher mean knowledge scores (4.16 ± 0.7) compared to females (3.93 ± 0.7), with a significant difference (p = 0.01). Participants aged 50–59 years had the highest mean knowledge scores (4.53 ± 0.8), while those aged 21–29 years had the lowest (3.85 ± 0.6), with a significant difference (p = 0.01). High school-educated participants exhibited the highest mean knowledge scores (4.51 ± 0.7), whereas those without formal education had the lowest (3.89 ± 0.5), with a significant difference (p = 0.01). Regarding attitudes, participants aged 40–49 years scored highest (8.24 ± 1.5), and those over 60 years scored lowest (7.10 ± 1.1), with a significant difference (p = 0.03). Single participants had higher attitude scores (8.16 ± 1.3) than married ones (7.60 ± 1.6), with a significant difference (p = 0.01). In practice, males scored higher (4.16 ± 0.7) than females (3.93 ± 0.7), with a significant difference (p = 0.01). Participants aged 50–59 years had the highest practice scores (4.53 ± 0.8), and those aged 21–29 years had the lowest (3.85 ± 0.6), with a significant difference (p = 0.01). Conclusions: Sociodemographic factors significantly influence KAP related to PD. Tailored educational interventions, considering these variables, are crucial for enhancing PD awareness and management. Our study indicates that the general population has moderate knowledge regarding PD. Most participants have a positive attitude regarding helping and supporting people who are suffering from PD. Educational attainment emerged as a critical determinant, with those having a high school education showing the highest mean scores in both knowledge and practices, underscoring the role of education in health literacy and proactive health behaviors. Furthermore, marital status influenced attitudes toward PD, with single participants displaying more positive attitudes than their married counterparts. Full article

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16 pages, 724 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Non-Perturbative Quantum Yang–Mills at Finite Temperature Beyond Lattice: A Dyson–Schwinger Approach

by Marco Frasca, Anish Ghoshal and Stefan Groote

Symmetry 2025, 17(4), 543; https://doi.org/10.3390/sym17040543 (registering DOI) - 2 Apr 2025

Abstract

Using a Dyson–Schwinger approach, we perform an analysis of the non-trivial ground state of thermal

S U (N)

Yang–Mills theory in the non-perturbative regime where chiral symmetry is dynamically broken by a mass gap. Basic thermodynamic observables such as energy density [...] Read more.

Using a Dyson–Schwinger approach, we perform an analysis of the non-trivial ground state of thermal

S U (N)

Yang–Mills theory in the non-perturbative regime where chiral symmetry is dynamically broken by a mass gap. Basic thermodynamic observables such as energy density and pressure are derived analytically, using Jacobi elliptic functions. The results are compared with the lattice results. Good agreement is found at low temperatures, providing a viable scenario for a gas of massive glue states populating higher levels of the spectrum of the theory. At high temperatures, a scenario without glue states consistent with a massive scalar field is observed, showing an interesting agreement with lattice data. The possibility is discussed that the results derived in this analysis open up a novel pathway beyond lattice to precision studies of phase transitions with false vacuum and cosmological relics that depend on the equations of state in strong coupled gauge theories of the type of Quantum Chromodynamics (QCD). Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Benefits That Physics Derives from the Concept of Symmetry)

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13 pages, 793 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Molecular Detection of Colistin-Resistant E. coli in Village Chickens from Kelantan, Malaysia

by Habiba Lawal, Shamsaldeen Ibrahim Saeed, Nor Fadhilah Kamaruzzaman, Zarizal Suhaili, Gaddafi Mohammed Sani, Mulu Lemlem, Qiya Yang and Erkihun Aklilu

Bacteria 2025, 4(2), 19; https://doi.org/10.3390/bacteria4020019 (registering DOI) - 2 Apr 2025

Abstract

Pathogenic Escherichia coli can cause a variety of intestinal and extra-intestinal infections in humans and animals. The availability and subsequent misuse of antimicrobials, especially in poultry production systems, has contributed immensely to the emergence and spread of multidrug-resistant E. coli. This study [...] Read more.

Pathogenic Escherichia coli can cause a variety of intestinal and extra-intestinal infections in humans and animals. The availability and subsequent misuse of antimicrobials, especially in poultry production systems, has contributed immensely to the emergence and spread of multidrug-resistant E. coli. This study investigated the genotypic characterization of colistin-resistant E. coli and selected antimicrobial-resistance encoding genes along with their phenotypic resistant pattern and the multiple antimicrobial resistant (MAR) index from village chickens in Kelantan. Sixty E. coli isolates obtained from a previous study’s stock culture were enriched and analyzed using routine microbiological methods: Kirby–Bauer disc diffusion method, minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), and PCR amplification of E. coli species-specific and multidrug-resistance mcr-positive E. coli. All the isolates were confirmed as E. coli and 16.6% (10/60) were positive for mcr. Five isolates were positive for mcr-1, three for mcr-4, and two for mcr-9. The mcr-positive isolates showed varying degrees of resistance to different antimicrobials. The isolates were resistant to gentamicin (100%), chloramphenicol (100%), and tetracycline (89.4%) and susceptible to ceftaxidime (2.26%) and imipenem (18%). Furthermore, 100%, 94.7%, and 89.4% of isolates from village chickens belonged to phylogroup C, B2, and E, while 21.0% and 42.1% of the isolates belonged to phylogroup A and B1, respectively. Sequence types (STs) of selected E. coli isolates were further analyzed using multi-locus sequence typing, and 10 different STs were identified. This study showed the emerging threats of multidrug-resistant mcr-positive E. coli gene in village chickens that are believed to be raised with minimal or no antibiotics. Full article

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19 pages, 4615 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Ultrasound-Assisted Synthesis of Glycerol Carbonate Using Potassium-Modified Silicalite-1 as a Catalyst

by Jolanta Kowalska-Kuś, Ewa Janiszewska, Agnieszka Held, Aldona Jankowska, Anetta Hanć and Stanisław Kowalak

Molecules 2025, 30(7), 1590; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules30071590 (registering DOI) - 2 Apr 2025

Abstract

This study investigates the use of potassium-modified silicalite-1 as a catalyst for the transesterification of glycerol to glycerol carbonate (Glyc. Carbonate) with dimethyl carbonate (DMC). Silicalite-1, typically inactive due to the absence of extra-framework cations, was modified with potassium compounds (fluoride, chloride, and [...] Read more.

This study investigates the use of potassium-modified silicalite-1 as a catalyst for the transesterification of glycerol to glycerol carbonate (Glyc. Carbonate) with dimethyl carbonate (DMC). Silicalite-1, typically inactive due to the absence of extra-framework cations, was modified with potassium compounds (fluoride, chloride, and hydroxide), which create basic sites by interacting with structural defects formed through silicon removal. This modification significantly enhances the catalyst’s performance in glycerol transesterification. The reaction was conducted in both conventional batch reactor and ultrasound-assisted systems, including an ultrasonic bath and an ultrasonic probe, either within the bath or directly in the reactor. The direct ultrasound probe application yielded the most remarkable results, achieving a 96% Glyc. Carbonate yield at 70 °C in just 15 min—dramatically surpassing the batch reactor, which reached approximately 5%. These findings highlight the synergistic effect of potassium modification and ultrasound-assisted transesterification, offering a highly efficient and sustainable approach for glycerol valorization. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in Porous Materials)

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21 pages, 1163 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Improved Maneuver Detection-Based Multiple Hypothesis Bearing-Only Target Tracking Algorithm

by Xinan Liu, Panlong Wu, Yuming Bo, Chunhao Liu, Haitao Hu and Shan He

Electronics 2025, 14(7), 1439; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics14071439 (registering DOI) - 2 Apr 2025

Abstract

In ground-based bearing-only tracking of multiple maneuvering targets, there are difficulties in data association due to the reliance solely on azimuth information, making it challenging to distinguish and identify multiple targets. This problem is particularly pronounced when targets are close or overlapping, leading [...] Read more.

In ground-based bearing-only tracking of multiple maneuvering targets, there are difficulties in data association due to the reliance solely on azimuth information, making it challenging to distinguish and identify multiple targets. This problem is particularly pronounced when targets are close or overlapping, leading to disassociation or target loss. Moreover, bearing-only information struggles to accurately capture the dynamic changes in maneuvering targets, significantly affecting tracking accuracy. To address these issues, this paper proposes an Improved Maneuver Detection-Based Multiple Hypothesis Bearing-Only Target Tracking (IMD-MHRPCKF) algorithm. To begin with, the observation range is segmented into multiple sub-intervals through a distance parameterization technique, and within each sub-interval, a Cubature Kalman Filter (CKF) is applied. The Multiple Hypothesis Tracking (MHT) algorithm is then used for data association, solving the measurement ambiguity problem. To detect target maneuvers, the sliding window average of the innovation sequence is calculated. When a target maneuver is detected, the sub-filter parameters are reinitialized to ensure filter stability. In contrast, if no maneuver is detected, the filter parameters remain unchanged. Finally, simulations are used to compare this algorithm with various other algorithms. The results show that the proposed algorithm significantly improves system robustness, reduces tracking errors, and effectively tracks bearing-only multiple maneuvering targets. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Trends in AI-Assisted Computer Vision)

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14 pages, 2268 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Interactions of Laurylated and Myristoylated KR12 Fragment of the LL37 Peptide with Polyoxidovanadates

by Martyna Kapica, Elżbieta Kamysz, Ola Grabowska, Aleksandra Tesmar, Marek Pająk, Katarzyna Chmur, Jakub Brzeski, Sergey A. Samsonov and Dariusz Wyrzykowski

Molecules 2025, 30(7), 1589; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules30071589 (registering DOI) - 2 Apr 2025

Abstract

Isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC), circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy, and molecular dynamics simulations were applied to describe interactions between lipopeptides and decavanadate ions ([V₁₀O₂₈]⁶⁻). The selected lipopeptides are conjugates of the amide of the KR12 peptide, the smallest [...] Read more.

Isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC), circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy, and molecular dynamics simulations were applied to describe interactions between lipopeptides and decavanadate ions ([V₁₀O₂₈]⁶⁻). The selected lipopeptides are conjugates of the amide of the KR12 peptide, the smallest antimicrobial peptide derived from human cathelicidin LL-37, with lauric acid (C12-KR12) and myristic acid (C14-KR12). The smaller sizes of C12-KR12 and C14-KR12 compared to proteins allow for the rigorous characterization of their non-covalent interactions with highly negatively charged [V₁₀O₂₈]⁶⁻ ions. The stoichiometry of the resulting decavanadate–peptide complexes and the thermodynamic parameters (ΔG, ΔH, and TΔS) of the interactions were determined. The ITC results, supported by the MD simulation, showed that the binding of cationic lipopeptides for decavanadate is rather non-specific and is driven by enthalpic contributions resulting from electrostatic interactions between the positively charged residues of the peptides and the anionic decavanadate. Furthermore, the influence of temperature and the interactions with decavanadate ions on the stability of the α-helical structure of the lipopeptides were assessed based on CD spectra. Under the experimental conditions (50 mM sodium cacodylate buffer, pH 5), the peptides adopt an α-helical conformation, with C14-KR12 showing greater thermal stability. The interactions with vanadium species disrupt the α-helical structure and reduce its thermal stability. Full article

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15 pages, 685 KiB

Open AccessReview

An Updated Repository of Sub-mJy Extragalactic Source-Count Measurements in the Radio Domain

by Vincenzo Galluzzi, Meriem Behiri, Marika Giulietti and Andrea Lapi

Galaxies 2025, 13(2), 34; https://doi.org/10.3390/galaxies13020034 (registering DOI) - 2 Apr 2025

Abstract

We present an updated repository of sub-mJy extragalactic radio source counts between 150 MHz and 10 GHz, incorporating recent advances in radio surveys and observational techniques. By compiling and refining previous datasets, we provide a comprehensive catalog that enhances the understanding of faint [...] Read more.

We present an updated repository of sub-mJy extragalactic radio source counts between 150 MHz and 10 GHz, incorporating recent advances in radio surveys and observational techniques. By compiling and refining previous datasets, we provide a comprehensive catalog that enhances the understanding of faint radio-source populations, including Dusty Star-Forming Galaxies (DSFGs) and Radio-Quiet Active Galactic Nuclei (RQAGNs), from intermediate to high redshifts. Our analysis accounts for observational biases, such as resolution effects and Eddington bias, ensuring improved accuracy in flux-density estimations. We also discuss the implications of new-generation radio telescopes, such as the Square-Kilometer Array Observatory (SKAO) and its precursors and pathfinders, to further resolve these populations. Our collection contributes to constraining evolutionary models of radio sources, highlighting the increasing role of polarization studies in distinguishing different classes. This work serves as a key reference for future deep radio surveys targeting the faintest end of the extragalactic radio sky. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Observation and Detection of Dusty Star-Forming Galaxies)

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30 pages, 5651 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Centrifugal Differential Mobility Analysis—Validation and First Two-Dimensional Measurements

by Torben Norbert Rüther, Sebastian Gröne, Christopher Dechert and Hans-Joachim Schmid

Powders 2025, 4(2), 11; https://doi.org/10.3390/powders4020011 (registering DOI) - 2 Apr 2025

Abstract

To obtain a more comprehensive understanding of the specific properties of complex-shaped technical aerosols—such as partially sintered aggregates formed in combustion processes or structured particles resulting from complex synthesis processes—it is essential to measure more than a single equivalent size. This study examines [...] Read more.

To obtain a more comprehensive understanding of the specific properties of complex-shaped technical aerosols—such as partially sintered aggregates formed in combustion processes or structured particles resulting from complex synthesis processes—it is essential to measure more than a single equivalent size. This study examines a novel method for determining a two-dimensional distribution of two distinct particle properties within the size range from

50 nm

to

1000 nm

: the Centrifugal Differential Mobility Analyzer (CDMA). The CDMA enables the simultaneous measurement of both mobility and Stokes equivalent diameters, providing a detailed two-dimensional particle property distribution. This, in turn, allows for the extraction of shape-related information, which is essential for characterizing particles in terms of their chemical composition, reactivity, and other physicochemical properties. This paper presents a detailed evaluation of a first CDMA prototype. First, CFD simulations of the flow field within the classifier are presented in order to assess and understand non-idealities arising from the exact geometry. Subsequently, the transfer function is evaluated by particle trajectory calculations based on the simulated flow field. It can be demonstrated that the simulated transfer functions agree quite well with transfer functions derived from streamlines of an ideal flow field, indicating that the non-idealities in the classifying region are almost negligible in their effect on the classification result. An experimental determination of the transfer function shows additional effects not covered by the previous simulations, like broadening by diffusion and losses due to diffusion and precipitation within the in- and outlet of the classifier. Finally, the determined transfer functions are used to determine the full two-dimensional distribution with regard to the mobility and Stokes equivalent diameter of real aerosols, like spherical particles and aggregates at different sintering stages, respectively. Full article

(This article belongs to the Collection Multidimensional Particle Properties: Characterization, Description, Separation)

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21 pages, 7557 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Typical Crop Classification of Agricultural Multispectral Remote Sensing Images by Fusing Multi-Attention Mechanism ResNet Networks

by Zongpu Li, Zhiyun Xiao, Yulong Zhou and Tengfei Bao

Sensors 2025, 25(7), 2237; https://doi.org/10.3390/s25072237 (registering DOI) - 2 Apr 2025

Abstract

Traditional crop classification methods have three critical limitations: (1) dependency on labor-intensive field surveys with limited spatial coverage, (2) susceptibility to human subjectivity during manual data collection, and (3) the inability to capture fine-grained spectral variations due to the lack of multispectral analysis. [...] Read more.

Traditional crop classification methods have three critical limitations: (1) dependency on labor-intensive field surveys with limited spatial coverage, (2) susceptibility to human subjectivity during manual data collection, and (3) the inability to capture fine-grained spectral variations due to the lack of multispectral analysis. This research introduces an enhanced crop classification and identification model based on a residual ResNet network. This model leverages multispectral remote sensing images from unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) to accurately classify complex crop planting structures. The research focuses on four typical crops: sunflower, corn, beet, and pepper. By acquiring and preprocessing multispectral remote sensing image data, an improved ResNet50 model integrating the ACmix self-attention module and a coordinate attention mechanism is developed to enhance the classification and recognition accuracy of these crops. Experimental results demonstrate that the improved model achieves a classification accuracy of 97.8% on multispectral images, outperforming both RGB images and traditional methods. This research highlights the potential of combining UAV multispectral remote sensing technology with deep learning for precise crop classification, offering valuable technical support for precision agriculture management. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Smart Agriculture)

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16 pages, 2481 KiB

Open AccessReview

Quercetin as a Potential Therapeutic Agent for Malignant Melanoma—A Review of Current Evidence and Future Directions

by Teodora Hoinoiu, Victor Dumitrascu, Daniel Pit, David-Alexandru Schipor, Madalina Jabri-Tabrizi, Bogdan Hoinoiu, David Emanuel Petreuș and Corina Seiman

Medicina 2025, 61(4), 656; https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina61040656 (registering DOI) - 2 Apr 2025

Abstract

Neoplastic disorders, particularly malignant carcinomas, are complex systemic diseases characterized by unregulated cellular proliferation, the invasion of adjacent tissues, and potential metastasis to distant bodily sites. Among the diverse spectrum of cancer subtypes, malignant melanoma is a highly aggressive form of cutaneous cancer [...] Read more.

Neoplastic disorders, particularly malignant carcinomas, are complex systemic diseases characterized by unregulated cellular proliferation, the invasion of adjacent tissues, and potential metastasis to distant bodily sites. Among the diverse spectrum of cancer subtypes, malignant melanoma is a highly aggressive form of cutaneous cancer originating in melanocytes, the pigment-producing cells resident in the skin. This malignancy is distinguished by its rapid and uncontrolled growth, as well as its propensity for metastasis to vital organs, thereby posing significant challenges to therapeutic intervention and prognostication. Early detection of melanoma is crucial for optimizing patient outcomes, as diagnosis at an advanced stage often yields a poor prognosis and limited treatment options. Diagnostic modalities for melanoma encompass comprehensive clinical evaluations by dermatologists; radiological imaging techniques such as ultrasonography, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), computed tomography (CT) scans; and excisional biopsies for accurate histopathological assessment. Malignant melanoma is typically treated with surgery to remove the tumor, followed by immunotherapy to enhance the immune response, targeted therapy for tumors with specific genetic mutations, chemotherapy for advanced stages, radiation therapy to manage metastasis, and other adjunct therapies. This review presents the properties and possible adjunct therapeutic effects against malignant melanoma of quercetin found in the literature and explores, based on the observed physicochemical properties and biological activity, its potential development as a topical formulation for cutaneous application. Quercetin is a naturally occurring flavonoid compound abundant in various plant-based food sources, including apples, onions, berries, and citrus fruits, and has exhibited promising antiproliferative, antioxidant, and anticancer properties. Its distinctive biochemical structure enables quercetin to effectively neutralize reactive oxygen species and modulate key carcinogenic pathways, thereby rendering it a potential candidate for therapeutic intervention in managing malignant tumors, including melanoma. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in the Diagnosis, Prevention and Treatment of Skin Tumors)

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23 pages, 1176 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Risk Mitigation Effect of Social Responsibility: Evidence from International Construction Projects

by Xiaoxu Dang, Liyuan Liu, Xiaopeng Deng, Na Zhang and Mengyuan Cheng

Sustainability 2025, 17(7), 3149; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17073149 (registering DOI) - 2 Apr 2025

Abstract

The purpose of this study is to explore the relationship between social responsibility and risk in international construction projects using corporate reputation and customer satisfaction as mediating variables. This study collected 141 valid data using the questionnaire method and used partial least squares [...] Read more.

The purpose of this study is to explore the relationship between social responsibility and risk in international construction projects using corporate reputation and customer satisfaction as mediating variables. This study collected 141 valid data using the questionnaire method and used partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) and fuzzy set qualitative comparative analysis (fsQCA) to analyze the data. The PLS-SEM results showed that, in international construction projects, social responsibility has no direct impact on risk but has a positive impact on corporate reputation and customer satisfaction. Customer satisfaction mediated the relationship between social responsibility and risk in international construction projects, but corporate reputation did not mediate this relationship. This study also found that corporate reputation and customer satisfaction have a serial mediating role in this relationship. In addition, the fsQCA results further confirmed that improving customer satisfaction is a necessary condition for mitigating risks in international construction projects. In terms of the different dimensions of social responsibility, the protection of shareholders’ rights is a core condition for mitigating risks in international construction projects. This study provides useful insights for international construction project managers to develop risk mitigation plans from the perspective of social responsibility. Full article

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45 pages, 5583 KiB

Open AccessReview

From Tweets to Threats: A Survey of Cybersecurity Threat Detection Challenges, AI-Based Solutions and Potential Opportunities in X

by Omar Alsodi, Xujuan Zhou, Raj Gururajan, Anup Shrestha and Eyad Btoush

Appl. Sci. 2025, 15(7), 3898; https://doi.org/10.3390/app15073898 (registering DOI) - 2 Apr 2025

Abstract

The pervasive use of social media platforms, such as X (formerly Twitter), has become a part of our daily lives, simultaneously increasing the threat of cyber attacks. To address this risk, numerous studies have explored methods to detect and predict cyber attacks by [...] Read more.

The pervasive use of social media platforms, such as X (formerly Twitter), has become a part of our daily lives, simultaneously increasing the threat of cyber attacks. To address this risk, numerous studies have explored methods to detect and predict cyber attacks by analyzing X data. This study specifically examines the application of AI techniques for predicting potential cyber threats on X. DeepNN consistently outperforms competing methods in terms of overall and average figure of merit. While character-level feature extraction methods are abundant, we contend that a semantic focus is more beneficial for this stage of the process. The findings indicate that current studies often lack comprehensive evaluations of critical aspects such as prediction scope, types of cybersecurity threats, feature extraction techniques, algorithm complexity, information summarization levels, scalability over time, and performance measurements. This review primarily focuses on identifying AI methods used to detect cyber threats on X and investigates existing gaps and trends in this area. Notably, over the past few years, limited review articles have been published on detecting cyber threats on X, especially those concentrating on recent journal articles rather than conference papers. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Data and Text Mining: New Approaches, Achievements and Applications)

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16 pages, 5333 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Influence of Interleukin 6 Knockout on Age-Related Degenerative Changes in the Cerebellar Cortex of Mice

by Magdalena Wiktoria Cieślińska, Izabela Bialuk, Magdalena Dziemidowicz, Beata Szynaka, Joanna Reszeć-Giełażyn, Maria Małgorzata Winnicka and Tomasz Andrzej Bonda

Cells 2025, 14(7), 532; https://doi.org/10.3390/cells14070532 (registering DOI) - 2 Apr 2025

Abstract

This study investigates age-related neurodegeneration in the cerebellar cortex, emphasizing the role of IL-6 deficiency in preserving Purkinje cells. We found that apoptosis plays a minimal role in Purkinje cell loss by using 4-month- and 24-month-old wild-type (WT) and IL-6 knockout (IL-6KO) mice. [...] Read more.

This study investigates age-related neurodegeneration in the cerebellar cortex, emphasizing the role of IL-6 deficiency in preserving Purkinje cells. We found that apoptosis plays a minimal role in Purkinje cell loss by using 4-month- and 24-month-old wild-type (WT) and IL-6 knockout (IL-6KO) mice. At 24 months, WT mice exhibited severe Purkinje cell degeneration, including atrophic cell bodies, eosinophilic cytoplasm, pyknotic nuclei, mitochondrial disruption, and increased levels of lipofuscin-rich lysosomes. In contrast, IL-6KO mice showed fewer lysosomes, reduced mitochondrial damage, and less neuronal atrophy, indicating a neuroprotective effect. Lower p53 expression and decreased levels of its downstream effectors (p21, and Bax) in IL-6KO mice correlated with reduced cellular stress. Minimal changes in apoptotic markers (Bax and caspase-3) further reinforce the limited role of apoptosis. Neuroinflammation, marked by elevated GFAP, was prominent in aged WT mice but attenuated in IL-6KO mice. Reduced p53 accumulation, less severe neuroinflammation, and preserved metabolic homeostasis in IL-6KO mice correlated with improved Purkinje cell survival. These findings suggest that IL-6 accelerates neurodegeneration via p53-associated stress and inflammation, while IL-6 deficiency mitigates these effects. Targeting IL-6 signaling through anti-inflammatory strategies or IL-6 inhibition may offer a therapeutic approach for age-related neurodegenerative disorders. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Cells of the Nervous System)

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12 pages, 547 KiB

Open AccessStudy Protocol

A Pilot Study Comparing Intraoral and Transcutaneous Photobiomodulation for Oral Mucositis in Head and Neck Cancer Patients Undergoing Radiotherapy or Chemoradiotherapy

by Jordan Eber, Anna Schohn, Hélène Carinato, Youssef Brahimi, Martin Schmitt and Georges Noël

J. Clin. Med. 2025, 14(7), 2430; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm14072430 (registering DOI) - 2 Apr 2025

Abstract

Background: Photobiomodulation (PBM) therapy has shown potential in managing oral mucositis (OM), a frequent and painful side effect of radiotherapy or chemoradiotherapy in head and neck cancer patients. Although PBM is increasingly used in clinical settings, the optimal delivery method—transcutaneous or intraoral—remains [...] Read more.

Background: Photobiomodulation (PBM) therapy has shown potential in managing oral mucositis (OM), a frequent and painful side effect of radiotherapy or chemoradiotherapy in head and neck cancer patients. Although PBM is increasingly used in clinical settings, the optimal delivery method—transcutaneous or intraoral—remains undetermined. Methods: This prospective, single-center, randomized pilot study (clinicaltrials.gov NCT06458517) aims to compare the efficacy of transcutaneous versus intraoral PBM in preventing and managing OM in patients undergoing radiotherapy or chemoradiotherapy for cancers of the oral cavity or oropharynx. Participants will be randomized into two groups: one receiving intraoral PBM with the CareMin650™ device, and the other receiving transcutaneous PBM with the ATP38^® device. Results: Primary and secondary outcomes will include the incidence and severity of OM, treatment interruptions, patient-reported pain levels, and quality of life, assessed using validated tools. Conclusions: This study will provide comparative data on two PBM modalities, contributing to the development of standardized PBM protocols in supportive oncology care and informing future multicenter trials aimed at improving patient outcomes during radiotherapy for head and neck cancer. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Harnessing Photobiomodulation Light for Therapeutic or Prevention of Human Diseases)

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16 pages, 1307 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Characterization of Per- and/or Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFASs) in Reclaimed Water in Three Arizona Communities

by Kalealani M. Gurfield, Madeline G. Molzahn, Jack Welchert, Vasiliki Karanikola and Jani C. Ingram

Environments 2025, 12(4), 108; https://doi.org/10.3390/environments12040108 (registering DOI) - 2 Apr 2025

Abstract

Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) are a class of manufactured organic chemicals that are widely employed for their heat-, oil-, and water-resistant properties. Studies have shown that the bioaccumulation of PFASs in living organisms and their related health effects are sufficient for classifying [...] Read more.

Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) are a class of manufactured organic chemicals that are widely employed for their heat-, oil-, and water-resistant properties. Studies have shown that the bioaccumulation of PFASs in living organisms and their related health effects are sufficient for classifying them as a group of toxicants worthy of great concern and further study. While PFASs travel through the air and soil, their contamination of water pathways proves to be the most common route for exposure. We analyzed PFASs from three different wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) throughout Arizona to show that, despite treatment efforts, they persist as contaminants in water sources. Using U.S. Environmental Protection Agency method 1633, seasonally obtained field samples were prepared for analysis through liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. A total of 24 samples were taken at different stages of the treatment process to assess the proficiency of the removal processes during remediation. Duplicate samples were each taken from Tucson’s WWTP and Flagstaff’s WWTP before and after chlorination, and from three sites in Yuma County, upstream effluent, downstream effluent, and WWTP, before chlorination. From the samples obtained in Yuma, perfluorooctanesulfonic acid, perfluorooctanoic acid, and perfluorohexanesulfonic acid were detected but at levels below their limits of quantification. PFBS was detected at the Yuma and Tucson WWTP at levels up to 4.52 ng/L and 73.53 ng/L, respectively. The samples obtained from Flagstaff’s WWTP were below the instrument level of detection and, therefore, characterized as non-detects. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Occurrence, Fate, and Environmental Risk Assessment of Organic Pollutants in Water)

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17 pages, 10793 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Revealing the Molecular Mechanisms of Ozone-Induced Pulmonary Inflammatory Injury: Integrated Analysis of Metabolomics and Transcriptomics

by Xiaolei Zhou, Yunnian Guo, Xiaotong Jian, Xinyi Miao, Pengpeng Wang, Xiaoke Wang, Ling Wang, Huaiyong Chen and Feifei Feng

Toxics 2025, 13(4), 271; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics13040271 (registering DOI) - 2 Apr 2025

Abstract

O₃ (ozone) is an environmental pollutant that can exacerbate inflammatory damage and contribute to respiratory diseases. However, the molecular mechanisms and potential targets for intervention in ozone-induced lung inflammatory injury are not yet known. To address this, our study exposed mice to [...] Read more.

O₃ (ozone) is an environmental pollutant that can exacerbate inflammatory damage and contribute to respiratory diseases. However, the molecular mechanisms and potential targets for intervention in ozone-induced lung inflammatory injury are not yet known. To address this, our study exposed mice to 0.6 ppm and 1.0 ppm of O₃ (3 h/d, 14 d), evaluating lung inflammation through histopathological examinations, lung function assessments, and analyses of white blood cells and inflammatory factors in BALF. Furthermore, we employed transcriptomic and non-targeted metabolomic approaches to decipher differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and metabolites in mouse lung tissue from the 1.0 ppm O₃ exposure group. A comprehensive integration analysis of these omics data was conducted using Pearson correlation analysis. Finally, our findings show that ozone exposure indeed elicits pulmonary inflammation. Transcriptomic analysis identified 311 differentially expressed genes, predominantly implicated in circadian rhythm, IL-17 signaling pathway, and PPAR signaling. Meanwhile, metabolomic profiling revealed 41 differentially regulated metabolites, mainly associated with riboflavin metabolism, glutathione metabolism, and ABC transporter pathways. Integrated multi-omics analysis through Pearson correlation identified three key components (Pla2g10, O-phosphoethanolamine, and phosphorylcholine) showing significant enrichment in glycerophospholipid metabolism. Collectively, our findings suggest that glycerophospholipid metabolism may serve as potential therapeutic targets and diagnostic biomarkers for ozone-induced pulmonary inflammatory injury. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Ozone Pollution and Adverse Health Impacts)

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30 pages, 1707 KiB

Open AccessReview

Controlled Dry Adhesion of Bio-Inspired Fibrillar Polymers: Mechanics, Strategies, and Recent Advances

by Shuo Xu, Anahita Emami and Meysam Khaleghian

Materials 2025, 18(7), 1620; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma18071620 (registering DOI) - 2 Apr 2025

Abstract

Recent advancements in tunable adhesion technologies have broadened the scope of applications for bio-inspired fibrillar adhesives. This review highlights the latest developments in controlled adhesion mechanisms, with a focus on bio-inspired fibrillar systems. We examine key theoretical foundations and progress in controllable adhesion, [...] Read more.

Recent advancements in tunable adhesion technologies have broadened the scope of applications for bio-inspired fibrillar adhesives. This review highlights the latest developments in controlled adhesion mechanisms, with a focus on bio-inspired fibrillar systems. We examine key theoretical foundations and progress in controllable adhesion, including contact mechanics, contact splitting efficiency, fracture mechanics, and the interplay between adhesion and friction. Various factors influencing adhesion strength are discussed alongside optimization approaches and innovative designs that enhance performance. The review also covers recent research on switchable adhesion strategies, with an emphasis on methods for regulating surface contact, stress distribution, and shear force control. Finally, we identify the primary challenges and future directions in the field, outlining areas that require further exploration and technological development. This paper aims to provide a comprehensive overview of current advancements and offer insights to guide future research in the evolving field of tunable adhesion technologies. Full article

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22 pages, 5056 KiB

Open AccessReview

Neurosciences and Sports Rehabilitation in ACLR: A Narrative Review on Winning Alliance Strategies and Connecting the Dots

by Rocco Salvatore Calabrò, Andrea Calderone and Nicola Fiorente

J. Funct. Morphol. Kinesiol. 2025, 10(2), 119; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfmk10020119 (registering DOI) - 2 Apr 2025

Abstract

This narrative review explores the significant evolution of sports rehabilitation, tracing its trajectory from basic exercise therapies of the early 20th century to the advanced, neuroplasticity-driven approaches of the 21st century, with a specific focus on anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR). The primary [...] Read more.

This narrative review explores the significant evolution of sports rehabilitation, tracing its trajectory from basic exercise therapies of the early 20th century to the advanced, neuroplasticity-driven approaches of the 21st century, with a specific focus on anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR). The primary aim is to understand how neuroplasticity, motor control, and sensorimotor retraining can optimize recovery, reduce reinjury risk, and enhance long-term athletic performance, and to synthesize current rehabilitation strategies that integrate innovative technologies, such as robotics, virtual reality (VR), and biofeedback systems, to address the neurocognitive deficits that contribute to the alarmingly high reinjury rates (9–29%) observed in young athletes post-ACLR. These deficits include impaired proprioception, motor control, and psychological factors like fear of reinjury. The methodology employed involves a narrative review of peer-reviewed literature from databases including PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science. The synthesis of findings underscores the importance of holistic rehabilitation approaches, including targeted proprioceptive exercises, dual-task drills, and immersive VR training, in enhancing sensorimotor integration, decision-making, and athlete confidence. Furthermore, this review highlights the critical need for long-term monitoring and interdisciplinary collaboration between neuroscientists, physiotherapists, and engineers to refine rehabilitation protocols and ensure sustained recovery. By leveraging neuroplasticity and advanced technologies, the field can shift from a focus on purely physical restoration to comprehensive recovery models that significantly reduce reinjury risks and optimize athletic performance. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biomechanical Properties of Muscle and Tendon in Neurological Conditions)

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