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21 pages, 7053 KB  
Article
Dry–Wet Cycle Fracture Performance of Recycled Concrete Sulfate Based on Computerized Tomographic Images
by Kefan Chen, Zhaoyi He and Hongxia Qiao
Materials 2025, 18(17), 3998; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma18173998 (registering DOI) - 26 Aug 2025
Abstract
To investigate the damage degradation of recycled concrete under mesoscale morphology and the critical expansion force of concrete cracking following sulfate wet–dry cycles, an experimental sulfate wet–dry cycle was designed. In situ scanning of recycled concrete was conducted using X-ray computed tomography (CT). [...] Read more.
To investigate the damage degradation of recycled concrete under mesoscale morphology and the critical expansion force of concrete cracking following sulfate wet–dry cycles, an experimental sulfate wet–dry cycle was designed. In situ scanning of recycled concrete was conducted using X-ray computed tomography (CT). Analysis of the CT images revealed the relationship between the gray scale changes and the sulfate salt wet–dry cycle, along with pore alterations and crack propagation in recycled concrete. A CT image analysis method based on grayscale inversion for crack propagation was developed. By integrating sulfate attack with fracture mechanics, this study explored the phenomenon of pore expansion in recycled concrete subjected to dry–wet cycling tests. The concrete fracture criterion provided the basis for determining the critical expansion force of recycled concrete after the wet–dry cycles. Results indicated that as the duration of sulfate wet–dry cycles increased, the gray scale first increased and then decreased. On the 40th day of the cycling test, the average grayscale value increased by 10.4%. The number of pores in recycled concrete continuously decreased, pore size diminished, and cracks appeared on the specimen’s weak surface. The use of gray scale changes to reveal the degradation of recycled concrete after sulfate wet–dry cycles proved to be both feasible and effective. As the length of the interface crack increased, the stress intensity factor at the crack tip also increased, while the critical expansion force decreased. Additionally, as the pore diameter increased, the stress intensity factor at the crack tip rose. The critical expansion force of a symmetric crack at the edge of a pore was 53 times greater than that of a single crack. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Construction and Building Materials)
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18 pages, 1376 KB  
Article
Design and Evaluation of a Multisensory Tangible Game Device for Inclusive Pre-Braille Literacy
by Manuel J. Ibarra-Cabrera, Roel Waldiry Gamarra Chipa, Hesmeralda Rojas Enriquez, Yonatan Mamani-Coaquira, Herwin Alayn Huillcen Baca and David Calderon Vilca
Educ. Sci. 2025, 15(9), 1110; https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci15091110 (registering DOI) - 26 Aug 2025
Abstract
This paper presents the design and evaluation of a multisensory tangible game device aimed at promoting pre-Braille literacy in children with varying visual abilities, including those who are blind, partially sighted, and sighted. The prototype integrates tactile, auditory, and visual elements to provide [...] Read more.
This paper presents the design and evaluation of a multisensory tangible game device aimed at promoting pre-Braille literacy in children with varying visual abilities, including those who are blind, partially sighted, and sighted. The prototype integrates tactile, auditory, and visual elements to provide an inclusive and engaging learning experience. The device combines educational content with game-based learning, allowing users to interact with Braille characters through touch while receiving auditory feedback and visual cues. A focus group evaluation was conducted to assess the prototype’s effectiveness, engagement, and educational value. Results indicated that the device successfully captured users’ attention, with 83% recognizing its potential as a valuable educational tool for teaching pre-Braille literacy, 92% of participants reporting high engagement, and 75% of participants agreeing with the serious game approach. Feedback also highlighted areas for improvement, including the need for clearer tactile differentiation and more adaptive learning features. This study demonstrates the potential of combining multisensory feedback and serious gaming to enhance literacy education in children with visual impairments and provides insights into the further development of inclusive educational technologies. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Teachers and Teaching in Inclusive Education)
22 pages, 4408 KB  
Article
Early Caffeine Exposure Causes Metabolic and Hormonal Changes Differently According to the Window of Exposure (Gestation or Lactation), Sex, and Age in a Rat Model
by Luana Lopes de Souza, Rosiane Aparecida Miranda, Iala Milene Bertasso, Beatriz Souza da Silva, Mayara da Silva Almeida, Reinaldo Röpke-Junior, Beatriz Ribeiro de Oliveira, Leandro Miranda-Alves, Egberto Gaspar Moura and Patricia Cristina Lisboa
Nutrients 2025, 17(17), 2763; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17172763 (registering DOI) - 26 Aug 2025
Abstract
Background/Objectives: Many women report restrictions on caffeine intake during gestation, but some of these restrictions are withdrawn during the lactation period. Given that both periods have elevated epigenetic plasticity, our aim was to compare the effects of caffeine exposure during each isolated period [...] Read more.
Background/Objectives: Many women report restrictions on caffeine intake during gestation, but some of these restrictions are withdrawn during the lactation period. Given that both periods have elevated epigenetic plasticity, our aim was to compare the effects of caffeine exposure during each isolated period on offspring metabolism and susceptibility to obesity in response to metabolic overload. Methods: Pregnant Wistar rats received orogastric caffeine (CAF) (25 mg/kg/day) or vehicle during gestation (CAF G) or lactation (CAF L) periods. We evaluated the body mass, adiposity, hormone levels, and food behavior of offspring of both sexes at different ages. Adult animals were subjected to metabolic overload, with fructose solution (10%) offered for ten days. Results/Discussion: CAF G and CAF L dams presented lower T3 levels (−70 and −52%) because of reduced TSH activity in the thyroid gland (−28 and −29%), despite unchanged gland morphology. At weaning, CAF G and CAF L males presented lower T3 levels (−75 and −80%), as did CAF L females (−85%). At puberty, females in the CAF L group showed glucose intolerance. In adulthood, CAF G males exhibited a greater preference for palatable food. In addition, CAF G and CAF L males showed increased feed efficiency, suggesting a greater susceptibility to obesity development. To test this susceptibility, the animals were subjected to fructose overload. Indeed, we observed that despite the absence of a fructose effect in the control group, male CAF G and female CAF L animals showed greater adiposity in response to fructose overload (+43% and +37%, respectively). Conclusions: Caffeine exposure during lactation increases the risk of obesity development among female offspring. However, for male offspring, gestation seems more critical. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Role of Maternal Nutrition During Breastfeeding)
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17 pages, 1540 KB  
Article
The Cognitive and Mood-Related Costs of Loneliness: Why Marital Status Matters in Old Age
by Maristella Belfiori, Francesco Salis, Benedetta Puxeddu and Antonella Mandas
Geriatrics 2025, 10(5), 117; https://doi.org/10.3390/geriatrics10050117 (registering DOI) - 26 Aug 2025
Abstract
Background: The 21st century is characterized by a significant and ongoing rise in the aging population across Europe. In this context, marital status may act as a relevant social factor influencing health trajectories in later life. This study explores the association between marital [...] Read more.
Background: The 21st century is characterized by a significant and ongoing rise in the aging population across Europe. In this context, marital status may act as a relevant social factor influencing health trajectories in later life. This study explores the association between marital status and various health-related outcomes in community-dwelling older adults. Methods: We enrolled 1201 patients ≥ 65 years (median age: 81, interquartile range (IQR): 76–84) attending the Geriatric Outpatient Service at the University Hospital of Cagliari. Each participant underwent a Comprehensive Geriatric Assessment (CGA). Results: Married individuals were significantly less likely to report depressive symptoms (Risk Ratio (RR) = 0.82; 95% Confidence Interval (CI): 0.73 to 0.92; p = 0.0004) and had a 1.26-point reduction in Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS) scores (β = –1.26; 95% CI: −2.03 to −0.50; p = 0.0013). Separate/Single participants exhibited significantly higher Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) scores (β = 1.60; 95% CI: 0.19 to 3.01; p = 0.0262). In contrast, Widowed individuals showed significantly poorer cognitive performance (RR = 1.12; 95% CI: 1.02 to 1.23; p = 0.0204), with lower MMSE scores (β = −1.10; 95% CI: −2.08 to 0.12; p = 0.0279). They also had a higher likelihood of depressive symptoms (RR = 1.16; 95% CI: 1.04 to 1.30; p = 0.0072) and a 1.19-point increase in GDS scores (β = 1.19; 95% CI: 0.38 to 1.99; p = 0.0039). Conclusions: Although observational design precludes causal inference, our findings highlight the significance of marital status as a social factor associated with cognitive function and mood in older adults. Integrating this dimension into the CGA may enhance its ability to capture social vulnerabilities in later life. Full article
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22 pages, 1569 KB  
Article
Microplastic Distribution in a Small-Scale Aquatic System with Limited Anthropogenic Influence: A Case Study in Sasebo City, Japan
by Huiho Jeong, Daigo Fukuda, Ahmed Elwaleed, Quynh Thi Nguyen, Pyae Sone Soe, Byeong Kyu Min, Hyeon Seo Cho, Tetsuro Agusa and Yasuhiro Ishibashi
Microplastics 2025, 4(3), 55; https://doi.org/10.3390/microplastics4030055 (registering DOI) - 26 Aug 2025
Abstract
This study presents the first investigation into the distribution of microplastics (MPs) in Sasebo City, Japan, using principal component analysis (PCA) in conjunction with water flow velocity and salinity variables. The mean MP abundance was 82.4 ± 47.7 items/m3 (SSB1–SSB4), showing no [...] Read more.
This study presents the first investigation into the distribution of microplastics (MPs) in Sasebo City, Japan, using principal component analysis (PCA) in conjunction with water flow velocity and salinity variables. The mean MP abundance was 82.4 ± 47.7 items/m3 (SSB1–SSB4), showing no significant difference among sampling points. The fragment-to-fiber ratio was 76:24, and polypropylene and polyethylene (each 41%) were the main polymers. Fragment abundance increased with decreasing particle size, while fibers were rare below 700 μm. PCA indicated distinct MP polymer and shape distributions corresponding to stagnant water (SSB1), high-flow conditions (SSB2 and SSB3), and seawater (SSB4). Based on the literature, the study area represents a case of a small-scale aquatic system with limited anthropogenic influence due to moderate population, short river length, efficient effluent discharge, minimal industry, good water quality, and the absence of significant spatial variation in MP abundance. The infrequent precipitation during the sampling event supports the findings of the present study as a reliable baseline for objectively assessing MP contamination. Compared to aquatic systems of varying scales and anthropogenic influence, this baseline is applicable to both small-scale and large-scale aquatic systems with significant influences. This will serve as a valuable reference for future MP studies across diverse freshwater environments. Full article
(This article belongs to the Collection Feature Papers in Microplastics)
15 pages, 392 KB  
Article
An Educational Conceptual Framework for Reducing Epilepsy-Related Stigma in Primary Schools of Limpopo and Mpumalanga Province, South Africa
by Thendo Gertie Makhado and Rachel Tsakani Lebese
Disabilities 2025, 5(3), 74; https://doi.org/10.3390/disabilities5030074 (registering DOI) - 26 Aug 2025
Abstract
Education about epilepsy plays a vital role in reducing stigma, improving seizure response, and preventing school dropout among affected learners. Despite this importance, there is a lack of a structured conceptual framework guiding epilepsy education in primary schools, where children’s foundational learning and [...] Read more.
Education about epilepsy plays a vital role in reducing stigma, improving seizure response, and preventing school dropout among affected learners. Despite this importance, there is a lack of a structured conceptual framework guiding epilepsy education in primary schools, where children’s foundational learning and social development take place. This study aims to develop a conceptual framework that integrates epilepsy education into the life skills curriculum to reduce epilepsy-related stigma from an early age. A qualitative multi-methods approach was employed during the empirical phase, which was conducted in two stages using an exploratory–descriptive design. Data were collected from teachers, life skills education advisors (LEAs), and learners to explore their views on incorporating epilepsy education into the life skills curriculum of primary schools. The findings informed the development of a conceptual framework guided by the Three-Legged Stool Model and Dickoff’s Practice-Oriented Theory. This educational framework is tailored for primary school settings and highlights the roles of learners and teachers in promoting self-esteem through knowledge acquisition, value formation, and skill development, all underpinned by the Ubuntu philosophy. Full article
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19 pages, 9845 KB  
Article
TriQuery: A Query-Based Model for Surgical Triplet Recognition
by Mengrui Yao, Wenjie Zhang, Lin Wang, Zhongwei Zhao and Xiao Jia
Sensors 2025, 25(17), 5306; https://doi.org/10.3390/s25175306 (registering DOI) - 26 Aug 2025
Abstract
Artificial intelligence has shown great promise in advancing intelligent surgical systems. Among its applications, surgical video action recognition plays a critical role in enabling accurate intraoperative understanding and decision support. However, the task remains challenging due to the temporal continuity of surgical scenes [...] Read more.
Artificial intelligence has shown great promise in advancing intelligent surgical systems. Among its applications, surgical video action recognition plays a critical role in enabling accurate intraoperative understanding and decision support. However, the task remains challenging due to the temporal continuity of surgical scenes and the long-tailed, semantically entangled distribution of action triplets composed of instruments, verbs, and targets. To address these issues, we propose TriQuery, a query-based model for surgical triplet recognition and classification. Built on a multi-task Transformer framework, TriQuery decomposes the complex triplet task into three semantically aligned subtasks using task-specific query tokens, which are processed through specialized attention mechanisms. We introduce a Multi-Query Decoding Head (MQ-DH) to jointly model structured subtasks and a Top-K Guided Query Update (TKQ) module to incorporate inter-frame temporal cues. Experiments on the CholecT45 dataset demonstrate that TriQuery achieves improved overall performance over existing baselines across multiple classification tasks. Attention visualizations further show that task queries consistently attend to semantically relevant spatial regions, enhancing model interpretability. These results highlight the effectiveness of TriQuery for advancing surgical video understanding in clinical environments. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Intelligent Sensors)
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10 pages, 574 KB  
Article
Malignant Local Seeding in Procedure Tracts of Pleural Mesothelioma: Incidence and Novel Risk Factors in 308 Patients
by Moshe Lapidot, Emanuele Mazzola and Raphael Bueno
Cancers 2025, 17(17), 2786; https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers17172786 (registering DOI) - 26 Aug 2025
Abstract
Background/Objectives: Unlike other thoracic malignancies, seeding malignant cells along surgical tracts is a known complication of invasive diagnostic or therapeutic procedures for pleural mesothelioma (PM). We report the tract dissemination rate and risk factors in 308 consecutive patients treated over 9 years [...] Read more.
Background/Objectives: Unlike other thoracic malignancies, seeding malignant cells along surgical tracts is a known complication of invasive diagnostic or therapeutic procedures for pleural mesothelioma (PM). We report the tract dissemination rate and risk factors in 308 consecutive patients treated over 9 years in a single institution who underwent pleurectomy decortication (PD). Methods: Clinical and outcome data were reviewed. Fisher’s exact test, Kaplan–Meier estimators, and log-rank tests were used to identify significant risk factors for surgical tract dissemination and to compare overall survival. Results: There were 233 males (75.6%), 187 right-sided operations (61%), 190 (61.7%) epithelioid histology cases, and the median age was 69 (29–84). During the study, malignant cell dissemination in resected surgical tracts was diagnosed in 69 (22.4%) patients. The dissemination rates in epithelioid, biphasic, and sarcomatoid tumors were 24.7%, 20.4%, and 0%, respectively. Disseminated malignant surgical tract was associated with advanced nodal status (p = 0.001), advanced staging by the American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC 8th edition, p = 0.03), female sex (0.02), side of surgery (p = 0.03), and the number of video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery (VATS) ports (p = 0.003). In epithelioid mesothelioma, the median survival from diagnosis was 19.7 months in patients with tract seeding versus 36.3 months in patients without seeding (hazard ratio, 1.9; p = 0.001). Conclusions: Procedure tract dissemination occurs in almost every fourth patient with pleural mesothelioma and is associated with shorter overall survival in the epithelioid subtype. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Emerging Concepts in Mesothelioma)
15 pages, 2292 KB  
Article
Optimized and Reliable Protoplast Isolation for Transient Gene Expression Studies in the Gymnosperm Tree Species Pinus densiflora
by Tram Thi Thu Nguyen, Na-Young Choi, Seung-Won Pyo, Young-Im Choi and Jae-Heung Ko
Forests 2025, 16(9), 1373; https://doi.org/10.3390/f16091373 (registering DOI) - 26 Aug 2025
Abstract
Efficient protoplast isolation and gene transfection remain significant challenges in gymnosperms, particularly in Pinus species, where stable transformation is highly limited. Conventional pine protoplast preparation methods have resulted in extremely low transfection efficiencies, hindering functional genomic studies. This study presents an optimized method [...] Read more.
Efficient protoplast isolation and gene transfection remain significant challenges in gymnosperms, particularly in Pinus species, where stable transformation is highly limited. Conventional pine protoplast preparation methods have resulted in extremely low transfection efficiencies, hindering functional genomic studies. This study presents an optimized method for isolating high-yield, viable protoplasts from Pinus densiflora (Korean red pine), providing a robust system for transient gene expression assays. Splitting one-month-old cotyledons produced the highest mesophyll protoplast yield (5.0 × 106 cells/g FW), which further increased to 1.2 × 107 cells/g FW after optimizing the enzyme mixture (4.5% cellulase, 0.7% pectinase, 3% hemicellulase), maintaining viability above 86%. Developing xylem and whole-stem protoplasts were also successfully isolated by mitigating resin leakage and debris contamination, with a 17% sucrose gradient yielding 7.4 × 104 cells/g FW at 81.9% viability. Overcoming prior inefficiencies, this protocol significantly enhances gene transfection efficiency, achieving 94.1% GFP transformation with 82.9% viability. Furthermore, transient activation assays confirmed strong activation of pine-derived reporters by native effectors, underscoring the assay’s suitability for studying gymnosperm-specific gene regulation. Given the limited stable transformation strategies available for Pinus species, this optimized protoplast transient gene expression system provides a practical and reliable platform for transient gene expression analysis, offering valuable opportunities for studying gene function and regulation in gymnosperms. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Genetics and Molecular Biology)
22 pages, 1199 KB  
Article
An Efficient Job Insertion Algorithm for Hybrid Human–Machine Collaborative Flexible Job Shop Scheduling with Random Job Arrivals
by Jiaye Song, Yiping Shen, Liping Wang, Changchun Liu, Dunbing Tang and Qingwei Nie
Electronics 2025, 14(17), 3397; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics14173397 (registering DOI) - 26 Aug 2025
Abstract
Human–machine collaborative scheduling has been widely applied in the modern manufacturing industry. Traditional scheduling algorithms often rely on frequent rescheduling when new jobs arrive, resulting in low responsiveness and difficulty in meeting the demands of high-paced production scenarios. Aiming at the hybrid human–machine [...] Read more.
Human–machine collaborative scheduling has been widely applied in the modern manufacturing industry. Traditional scheduling algorithms often rely on frequent rescheduling when new jobs arrive, resulting in low responsiveness and difficulty in meeting the demands of high-paced production scenarios. Aiming at the hybrid human–machine collaborative flexible job shop scheduling problem (HHCFJSP) with random job arrivals, this paper proposes a hybrid algorithm based on improved job insertion strategy (HAIJI) dedicated to coping with sudden job insertion demands during the scheduling process. The algorithm constructs a two-dimensional evaluation vector based on minimum scheduling delay and residual scheduling flexibility to jointly assess potential insertion positions for each operation. A non-dominated sorting mechanism is employed to identify a set of promising insertion candidates, which are further evaluated using a tailored evaluation function. During the construction of the insertion plan, an A*-inspired greedy search strategy is adopted to guide the search process, followed by a backtracking mechanism to recover the globally optimal insertion sequence. Finally, the proposed algorithm is applied to the pre-scheduling phase and the dynamic rescheduling phase of a hybrid human–machine collaborative flexible job shop. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed method achieves higher scheduling efficiency and stability in both stages and outperforms benchmark algorithms in terms of makespan and response time. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Human–Robot Interaction and Communication Towards Industry 5.0)
24 pages, 2247 KB  
Article
Exploring MQTT Broker-Based, End-to-End Models for Security and Efficiency
by Hung-Yu Chien, An-Tong Shih and Yuh-Ming Huang
Sensors 2025, 25(17), 5308; https://doi.org/10.3390/s25175308 (registering DOI) - 26 Aug 2025
Abstract
MQTT is a publisher–broker–subscriber architecture in which a broker forwards the messages to interested subscribers, which facilitates the broker’s capacity to peek at the message contents; therefore, both academia and industry design and develop end-to-end (E2E) channels to protect the privacy against a [...] Read more.
MQTT is a publisher–broker–subscriber architecture in which a broker forwards the messages to interested subscribers, which facilitates the broker’s capacity to peek at the message contents; therefore, both academia and industry design and develop end-to-end (E2E) channels to protect the privacy against a curious broker which honestly follows the protocols but would peek at the contents for its benefits. However, we notice that the double-encryption issue of the conventional MQTT broker-based E2E models and the heavy broker-decrypt-re-encrypt overhead undermine MQTT efficiency strengths. In this study, we highlight the weaknesses, propose several solutions, implement the schemes, and experiment with them in the simulated scenarios. Security analysis and formal security proofs are verified to ensure the security goals. The analysis and the evaluations on the implementations confirm both the group key-based approach and the client–broker-channel, integrity-only approach could improve the efficiency performance while preserving security strengths. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Intelligence, Security, Trust and Privacy Advances in IoT, Bigdata and 5G Networks (2nd Edition))
22 pages, 348 KB  
Article
The Church and the Law: Catholic Ecclesiology and Its Influence on Bioethical Legislation in Contemporary Europe
by Katarzyna Kowalik, Kewin Konrad Bach, Agnieszka Żylińska and Dagmara Kowalik
Religions 2025, 16(9), 1106; https://doi.org/10.3390/rel16091106 (registering DOI) - 26 Aug 2025
Abstract
This article examines the normative influence of the Catholic Church on contemporary legal systems in Europe, with particular emphasis on bioethical legislation concerning abortion, euthanasia, and same-sex marriage. Referring to ecclesiology and the tradition of natural law, this study explores how Catholic moral [...] Read more.
This article examines the normative influence of the Catholic Church on contemporary legal systems in Europe, with particular emphasis on bioethical legislation concerning abortion, euthanasia, and same-sex marriage. Referring to ecclesiology and the tradition of natural law, this study explores how Catholic moral doctrine shapes or challenges public law in countries with a strong Catholic heritage. A comparative legal method is applied to the legislation of three countries—Poland, France, and the Netherlands—representing distinct models of the relationship between religion and law. The analysis also addresses the tensions between the Church’s teachings and the case law of the European Court of Human Rights, highlighting differences in the understanding of human rights, moral authority, and legal pluralism. The findings suggest that, although the Church maintains significant influence in certain jurisdictions, its normative authority is increasingly challenged by secular and pluralistic approaches, particularly in the context of protecting individual dignity and enacted law. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Ecclesiology in Context: Exploring the Historical, Cultural, and Theological Dimensions of the Church)
16 pages, 1034 KB  
Article
Reduction in ARGs and Mobile Genetic Elements Using 2-Bromoethane Sulfonate in an MFC-Powered Fenton System
by Weiye Wang, Jian Wei, Zhuang Guo, Xiaodong Bai and Yonghui Song
Molecules 2025, 30(17), 3502; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules30173502 (registering DOI) - 26 Aug 2025
Abstract
The integration of an MFC-powered Fenton (MFC-Fenton) system into the traditional anaerobic composting process can promote excess dewatered sludge (ES) decomposition. However, the antibiotic resistance gene (ARG) profiles in ES treated by MFC-Fenton systems remain poorly understood; in addition, the effect of adding [...] Read more.
The integration of an MFC-powered Fenton (MFC-Fenton) system into the traditional anaerobic composting process can promote excess dewatered sludge (ES) decomposition. However, the antibiotic resistance gene (ARG) profiles in ES treated by MFC-Fenton systems remain poorly understood; in addition, the effect of adding 2-bromoethane sulfonate (BES, a methane inhibitor) during ES treatment using an MFC-Fenton system on ARG levels is largely unexplored. The present work focused on investigating the effects of BES and bioelectrochemical processes on ARG and MGE abundances and unraveling the ARG attenuation mechanism. According to our findings, adding BES promoted ARG reduction in ES in an MFC-Fenton system. The average ARG levels in the MFC-Fenton samples containing high BES contents (0.4 or 0.5 g BES/g VSS) markedly declined relative to those in samples containing lower BES levels. Moreover, macrolide transporter ATP-binding protein, macrolide-efflux protein, and macB levels markedly decreased as BES levels increased. BES supplementation and bioelectrochemical assistance were crucial for altering the ARG composition in the MFC-Fenton system. Changes in the microbial community composition had the greatest effect on the variation in ARG composition. Furthermore, the Actinobacteria and Firmicutes levels accounted for 52.8% of the overall ARG variation. Among MGEs, plasmids, insertion sequences, and integrons showed lower levels within the sludge metagenomes. Typically, sulI, sulII, tetG, and bla TEM levels were positively correlated with metal resistance genes (MRGs), and their levels markedly declined following the MFC-Fenton process. Thus, the collective evidence indicates that BES synergizes with bioelectrogenesis to reduce ARG abundance. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Oxidation/Reduction Processes in Water Treatment)
23 pages, 1806 KB  
Article
Confirmation of Significant Iron Formations During “Boring Billion” in Altyn Region, China: A Case Study of the Dimunalike Iron Deposit
by Wencheng Liu, Fanqi Kong, Haibo Ding, Jing Zhang and Mingtian Zhu
Minerals 2025, 15(9), 905; https://doi.org/10.3390/min15090905 (registering DOI) - 26 Aug 2025
Abstract
It is generally believed that the ancient oceans during the “boring billion” (1.85–0.8 Ga) lacked the capacity to form large-scale iron formations (IFs), though localized small-scale IFs deposition persisted. The Altyn region of China hosts abundant IFs, with the Dimunalike IFs being the [...] Read more.
It is generally believed that the ancient oceans during the “boring billion” (1.85–0.8 Ga) lacked the capacity to form large-scale iron formations (IFs), though localized small-scale IFs deposition persisted. The Altyn region of China hosts abundant IFs, with the Dimunalike IFs being the largest and most representative, characterized by typical banded iron–silica layers. Detailed fieldwork identified a tuff layer conformably contacting the IFs at the roof rocks of IFs and a ferruginous mudstone layer at the floor rocks of IFs in drill core ZK4312. Geochemical and zircon U-Pb-Hf isotopic analyses were performed. The tuff has a typical tuff structure, mostly made of quartz, and contains a significant amount of natural sulfur. It also has high SiO2 content (77.90%–80.49%) and sulfur content (0.78%–3.06%). The ferruginous mudstone has a volcanic clastic structure and is mainly composed of quartz and chlorite, with abundant coeval pyrite. It shows lower SiO2 content (53.83%–60.32%) and higher TFe2O3 content (10.29%–16.24%). Both layers share similar rare earth element (REE) distribution patterns and trace element compositions, with light REE enrichment and negative Eu, Nb, and Ti anomalies, consistent with arc volcanic geochemistry. Zircon U-Pb ages indicate crystallization of the tuff at 1102 ± 13 Ma and maximum deposition of the mudstone at 1110 ± 41 Ma. These data suggest formation during different stages of the same volcanic–sedimentary process. The ɛHf(t) values (3.60–12.35 for tuff, 2.92–8.19 for mudstone) resemble those of Algoma-type IF host rocks, implying derivation from re-melted new crust. The Dimunalike IFs likely formed in a submarine volcanic–sedimentary environment. In conclusion, although the Mesoproterozoic ocean was generally in a low-oxygen state, which was not conducive to large-scale IF deposition, localized submarine volcanic–hydrothermal activity could still lead to IF formation. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Geochemical, Isotopic, and Biotic Records of Banded Iron Formations)
25 pages, 4202 KB  
Article
Real-Time Paddle Stroke Classification and Wireless Monitoring in Open Water Using Wearable Inertial Nodes
by Vladut-Alexandru Dobra, Ionut-Marian Dobra and Silviu Folea
Sensors 2025, 25(17), 5307; https://doi.org/10.3390/s25175307 (registering DOI) - 26 Aug 2025
Abstract
This study presents a low-cost wearable system for monitoring and classifying paddle strokes in open-water environments. Building upon our previous work in controlled aquatic and dryland settings, the proposed system consists of ESP32-based embedded nodes equipped with MPU6050 accelerometer–gyroscope sensors. These nodes communicate [...] Read more.
This study presents a low-cost wearable system for monitoring and classifying paddle strokes in open-water environments. Building upon our previous work in controlled aquatic and dryland settings, the proposed system consists of ESP32-based embedded nodes equipped with MPU6050 accelerometer–gyroscope sensors. These nodes communicate via the ESP-NOW protocol in a master–slave architecture. With minimal hardware modifications, the system implements gesture classification using Dynamic Time Warping (DTW) to distinguish between left and right paddle strokes. The collected data, including stroke type, count, and motion similarity, are transmitted in real time to a local interface for visualization. Field experiments were conducted on a calm lake using a paddleboard, where users performed a series of alternating strokes. In addition to gesture recognition, the study includes empirical testing of ESP-NOW communication range in the open lake environment. The results demonstrate reliable wireless communication over distances exceeding 100 m with minimal packet loss, confirming the suitability of ESP-NOW for low-latency data transfer in open-water conditions. The system achieved over 80% accuracy in stroke classification and sustained more than 3 h of operational battery life. This approach demonstrates the feasibility of real-time, wearable-based motion tracking for water sports in natural environments, with potential applications in kayaking, rowing, and aquatic training systems. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sensors for Human Activity Recognition: 3rd Edition)
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21 pages, 2140 KB  
Review
Oxidative Stress and Inflammation in Uterine–Vascular Adaptation During Pregnancy
by Maurizio Mandalà
Antioxidants 2025, 14(9), 1051; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox14091051 (registering DOI) - 26 Aug 2025
Abstract
During pregnancy, uterine circulation undergoes profound structural and functional adaptations to accommodate the dramatically increased metabolic demands of the growing fetus. Oxidative stress (OS) and inflammation have emerged as central regulators both physiologically, to drive vascular remodeling and angiogenesis, and pathologically, when dysregulated, [...] Read more.
During pregnancy, uterine circulation undergoes profound structural and functional adaptations to accommodate the dramatically increased metabolic demands of the growing fetus. Oxidative stress (OS) and inflammation have emerged as central regulators both physiologically, to drive vascular remodeling and angiogenesis, and pathologically, when dysregulated, to promote endothelial dysfunction, maladaptive extracellular matrix (ECM) remodeling, and heightened arterial stiffness. This review synthesizes insights into the molecular sources of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the uterine vasculature, endothelial and immune-mediated inflammatory pathways, the bidirectional crosstalk between OS and inflammation, and their combined impact on vascular stiffness. We further discuss clinical implications for conditions such as preeclampsia and intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR), highlight circulating and imaging biomarkers of redox–inflammatory imbalance, and evaluate antioxidant and anti-inflammatory therapeutic strategies. Finally, we identify critical knowledge gaps and propose future research directions aimed at translating mechanistic understanding into personalized maternal–fetal care. For this narrative review, we searched the PubMed and Web of Science databases to identify all human and animal studies investigating OS and inflammation on uterine vasculature remodeling during pregnancy. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Health Outcomes of Antioxidants and Oxidative Stress)
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16 pages, 672 KB  
Article
No Correlation Between Chronic Cough and Radiographic Signs of Bronchial Narrowing in Dogs with Cardiomegaly and Left Atrial Dilation Secondary to Primary Mitral Valve Regurgitation
by Kira Y. van Opstal, Mark D. Kittleson, Erik Teske, Edoardo Auriemma, Henk van den Broek, Giliola Spattini, Federico R. Vilaplana Grosso and Viktor Szatmári
Animals 2025, 15(17), 2510; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15172510 (registering DOI) - 26 Aug 2025
Abstract
Background: Some dogs with severe mitral valve regurgitation can have chronic cough, but its cause is unclear. Many of these dogs exhibit left principal (synonym mainstem) bronchial collapse or compression. Some clinicians believe that an enlarged heart, particularly the dilated left atrium, compresses [...] Read more.
Background: Some dogs with severe mitral valve regurgitation can have chronic cough, but its cause is unclear. Many of these dogs exhibit left principal (synonym mainstem) bronchial collapse or compression. Some clinicians believe that an enlarged heart, particularly the dilated left atrium, compresses the left principal bronchus, while others argue that a healthy bronchus cannot be compressed and that the cough is due to concurrent airway disease, such as bronchomalacia. In this study, we aimed to investigate the correlation between chronic cough and radiographic signs of bronchial narrowing in dogs with cardiomegaly secondary to primary mitral valve regurgitation. Methods: Four radiologists independently evaluated 51 sets of thoracic radiographs from client-owned dogs with cardiomegaly due to severe mitral valve regurgitation, including 26 sets of radiographs belonging to dogs with chronic (>8 weeks) cough and 25 without cough. The presence or absence of bronchial narrowing was assessed while the radiologists were blinded to patient characteristics and each other’s findings. Results: Interobserver variability was high, and the radiologists could not reliably predict which dogs had a chronic cough. Dogs with left atrial enlargement and airway narrowing sometimes coughed and sometimes did not. Likewise, some dogs with left atrial enlargement but no signs of airway compression or collapse coughed, and some did not. It was impossible to distinguish the groups based on these features. Conclusion: Bronchial compression by an enlarged heart and left atrium is an unlikely cause of chronic cough in dogs with severe primary mitral valve regurgitation. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Respiratory Diseases of Companion Animals)
24 pages, 1739 KB  
Review
Unlocking the Therapeutic Potential of DNA-PKcs in Cancer: Comprehensive Insights into Mechanisms and Clinical Applications
by Tong Zheng, Chao Sun, Cijun Yun, Hui Wang and Xiongxiong Liu
Cancers 2025, 17(17), 2787; https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers17172787 (registering DOI) - 26 Aug 2025
Abstract
Cancer remains one of the most pressing global health challenges, with current therapies often hindered by limited efficacy and the emergence of resistance. The DNA-dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit (DNA-PKcs), a key regulator of DNA repair and cell cycle progression, plays a critical [...] Read more.
Cancer remains one of the most pressing global health challenges, with current therapies often hindered by limited efficacy and the emergence of resistance. The DNA-dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit (DNA-PKcs), a key regulator of DNA repair and cell cycle progression, plays a critical role in maintaining genomic stability, and growing evidence indicates its dysregulation in various cancers, with overexpression frequently associated with aggressive tumor phenotypes. To evaluate DNA-PKcs as a therapeutic target, we systematically analyzed literature from PubMed and Web of Science (2000–2024) using keywords including DNA-PKcs, targeted therapy, DNA repair, and tumor resistance following PRISMA guidelines, with 185 of 1250 initial records meeting inclusion criteria after screening. The review explores the multifaceted roles of DNA-PKcs in tumor biology and resistance mechanisms, evaluates the current landscape of DNA-PKcs inhibitors, including their clinical progress and combination strategies with radiotherapy and chemotherapy, and discusses key determinants of therapeutic efficacy, such as tumor type and mutation status. Additionally, it uniquely integrates emerging insights into the roles of DNA-PKcs in immunomodulation and metabolism, critically assesses next-generation inhibitors, and proposes strategies to address remaining challenges. Through this comprehensive analysis, we highlight the therapeutic potential of DNA-PKcs inhibition as a novel strategy to circumvent treatment resistance, providing innovative insights for optimizing cancer management, especially for aggressive tumor subtypes, thereby advancing drug discovery efforts and paving the way for more effective therapeutic interventions in clinical practice. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Molecular Cancer Biology)
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19 pages, 5749 KB  
Article
The Social Light Field in Eco-Centric Outdoor Lighting
by Helga Iselin Wåseth, Veronika Zaikina and Sylvia Pont
Buildings 2025, 15(17), 3052; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15173052 (registering DOI) - 26 Aug 2025
Abstract
This study examined how different lighting characteristics of conventional and eco-friendly lighting and environmental conditions, particularly snow cover, influenced the luminous environment and, in relation to that, pedestrian perception of faces on footpaths. The analysis was based on a dataset comprising both subjective [...] Read more.
This study examined how different lighting characteristics of conventional and eco-friendly lighting and environmental conditions, particularly snow cover, influenced the luminous environment and, in relation to that, pedestrian perception of faces on footpaths. The analysis was based on a dataset comprising both subjective evaluations and objective measurements. The spatial and directional light field above a footpath was measured for the two types of road lighting, of which the “eco-centric” luminaire had a lumen output of 4820 lm and reduced blue-light component (correlated color temperature (CCT) of 2200 K) compared to the conventional luminaire with 14,000 lm and 4000 K. The luminaires were analyzed under snowy and non-snowy conditions. Snow cover significantly increased light diffuseness and density (directionally averaged illuminance at a point), resulting in more uniform light and higher subjective ratings. Also, face visibility ratings were generally higher and more uniform, while non-snowy conditions led to more pronounced differences between positions and luminaire types. Regression analysis revealed that vertical illuminance at eye height was the strongest predictor of perceived facial friendliness and well-lighted-ness and contributed to more favorable ratings for the environment lighting too. The eco-centric luminaire was found to positively influence face lighting ratings but received lower ratings for environmental visibility. Increased horizontal illuminance did not consistently result in enhanced subjective evaluations, which points to limitations of traditional illuminance-based lighting standards, often considering horizontal illuminance at ground level as one of the main metrics. The “social light field” concept emphasizes a holistic approach to urban lighting design that integrates social perception and environmental sustainability by considering the distribution of the actual, resulting light throughout the urban space, especially vertical illuminance at the face and its effects on visual appearance, as well as contributing interactions with the environment and materials in it. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Lighting in Buildings—2nd Edition)
16 pages, 366 KB  
Article
Serum Growth Differentiation Factor 15 (GDF15) Levels Reflect Ischemic Etiology in Heart Failure Patients with Iron Deficiency: A Cross-Sectional Study
by Marta Tajes, Maria del Mar Ras-Jiménez, Josefa Girona, Raúl Ramos-Polo, Montse Guardiola, José Manuel García-Pinilla, Josep Ribalta, Marta Cobo-Marcos, Lluís Masana, Javier de Juan-Bagudá, Cândida Fonseca, Cristina Enjuanes, Manuel Vázquez-Carrera, Josep Comin-Colet and Ricardo Rodríguez-Calvo
Biomolecules 2025, 15(9), 1234; https://doi.org/10.3390/biom15091234 (registering DOI) - 26 Aug 2025
Abstract
Heart failure (HF), particularly of an ischemic etiology, is steadily increasing worldwide. Non-anemic iron deficiency (ID) is highly prevalent among HF patients, and it has been related to worse outcomes. Growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF15) has been related to atherosclerotic cardiovascular (CV) disease, [...] Read more.
Heart failure (HF), particularly of an ischemic etiology, is steadily increasing worldwide. Non-anemic iron deficiency (ID) is highly prevalent among HF patients, and it has been related to worse outcomes. Growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF15) has been related to atherosclerotic cardiovascular (CV) disease, HF and iron pathophysiology. Nevertheless, the specific potential role of GDF15 in HF patients with ID has not been fully explored. In this cross-sectional study we determined serum GDF15 levels in 60 HF patients with ID from the IRON-PATH II study. The discriminative capacity of GDF15 in logistic regression models for classifying these patients according to ischemic etiology was defined as the primary endpoint. Additionally, relationships between GDF15 levels and impaired right ventricle function, impaired functional capacity and HF were included as secondary endpoints. GDF15 was inversely related to tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion (TAPSE) and the six-minute walking test (6MWT), and positively related to hallmarks of HF [i.e., N-terminal prohormone of brain natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP)] and other molecules influenced by HF progression [i.e., creatinine and ferritin]. Moreover, GDF15 was inversely related to hemoglobin, suggesting a potential link to iron homeostasis. Furthermore, GDF15 showed good classification capacity and improved the accuracy of a logistic regression model for ischemic HF classification in patients with ID. Overall, the findings of this study propose serum GDF15 levels as a potential tool for the classification of HF patients with ID according to the ischemic etiology. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Chronic Heart Failure: From Molecular Mechanisms to Therapies Strategies)
20 pages, 864 KB  
Article
What Is There to Buy? An Analysis of the Food Environment in Public and Private Schools in the Federal District
by Giovanna Soutinho Araújo, Vivian S. S. Gonçalves, Ariene Silva do Carmo, Maurício T. L. de Vasconcellos and Natacha Toral
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2025, 22(9), 1331; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph22091331 (registering DOI) - 26 Aug 2025
Abstract
This descriptive ecological study evaluated the food environment of 18 public and private schools in the Federal District (DF), Brazil, by analyzing food availability within schools and in their surroundings (250 m, 400 m, and 800 m buffers). Food retail outlets (FROs) were [...] Read more.
This descriptive ecological study evaluated the food environment of 18 public and private schools in the Federal District (DF), Brazil, by analyzing food availability within schools and in their surroundings (250 m, 400 m, and 800 m buffers). Food retail outlets (FROs) were georeferenced and classified according to the NOVA food classification. School principals were interviewed to assess the in-school food environment. Analyses considered the Social Vulnerability Index (SVI; low or medium/high) and school type. Among 911 FROs identified, 40.2% predominantly sold ultra-processed products. Most schools (83.3% within a 250 m radius) had at least one nearby FRO. Private schools—mostly in low-SVI areas—had higher densities of surrounding FROs at all buffer distances, with significance for total density at 400 m (p = 0.03) and for unhealthy outlets at 800 m (p < 0.01). Low-SVI areas had higher densities of both healthy (p = 0.01) and unhealthy (p < 0.01) outlets, with differences across multiple buffers. In canteens, sugar-sweetened beverages were the most common ultra-processed items (75%). The median ratio of ultra-processed to minimally processed food subgroups was 2.7 (0.5–6.0), and all private schools with a canteen sold at least one item prohibited by current regulations. Overall, the DF school food environment was characterized by a predominance of unhealthy foods, with disparities by school type and social vulnerability. Full article
17 pages, 5357 KB  
Article
Identifying Molecular Changes in Giardia lamblia Stages Using Hyperspectral Raman Microscopy
by Felicia S. Manciu, Breanna C. Pence, Blessing A. Ibechenjo, Marian Manciu, Sudhir Bhattarai and Siddhartha Das
Diagnostics 2025, 15(17), 2161; https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics15172161 (registering DOI) - 26 Aug 2025
Abstract
Background/Objectives: Giardiasis is one of the oldest-reported infectious diseases worldwide. It affects individuals with weakened immune systems and progresses into chronic infection if untreated. Morphological analysis and visualization of cell shapes using unlabeled or fluorophore-labeled samples are commonly employed to identify the parasite. [...] Read more.
Background/Objectives: Giardiasis is one of the oldest-reported infectious diseases worldwide. It affects individuals with weakened immune systems and progresses into chronic infection if untreated. Morphological analysis and visualization of cell shapes using unlabeled or fluorophore-labeled samples are commonly employed to identify the parasite. Methods: To distinguish molecular content variations between trophozoites and infectious type I cysts, the current research presents an alternative approach based on label-free Raman microscopy. Results: Constituents responsible for plasma membrane thickening and cyst wall formation during encystation, such as N-acetylgalactosamine (GalNAc) and N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) were detected. Although these two coexisting compounds have similar molecular structures, their spectroscopic distinction and visual localization through Raman microscopy are achievable. While immature and non-viable cysts contain a larger amount of GlcNAc, a potential transition of this moiety to GalNAc might occur as the cysts mature and become infectious. Other Raman results revealed changes in the oxidation states of heme-binding proteins and in lipid–protein metabolism, each serving as an additional protection mechanism that the parasite employs for survival. Complementary bright field and confocal fluorescence microscopy results corroborate the Raman outcomes. Conclusions: The molecular-level findings of this work, which presents a detailed spectroscopic analysis of Giardia’s encystation and excystation stages, substantiate the need to use complementary methods for monitoring the parasite’s dynamics and efficacy in terms of self-protection. This alternative method provides accurate insights for further understanding the multifaceted factors involved in Giardia’s encystation process and its acquired resistance to external stimuli. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Clinical Diagnosis, Prognosis and Data Analysis of Medical Parasites and Arthropods)
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27 pages, 3118 KB  
Article
Adapting Energy Conservation Building Code-2023 for the Diverse Climates of Pakistan: A Path to Affordable Energy Efficiency and Sustainable Living
by Tahir Mehmood, Tanzeel ur Rashid, Muhammad Usman, Muzaffar Ali, Daud Mustafa Minhas and Georg Frey
Buildings 2025, 15(17), 3053; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15173053 (registering DOI) - 26 Aug 2025
Abstract
In Pakistan and most other developing nations, the residential building sector is one of the highest energy-consuming domains. The residential sector has the highest share of 50% of final electricity use of the country. Though Energy Conservation Building Codes (ECBC-2023) provide structured energy [...] Read more.
In Pakistan and most other developing nations, the residential building sector is one of the highest energy-consuming domains. The residential sector has the highest share of 50% of final electricity use of the country. Though Energy Conservation Building Codes (ECBC-2023) provide structured energy guidelines, no work has been performed to quantify the actual energy-saving potential of code-compliant retrofits in residential buildings. This study investigates the performance of ECBC-compliant retrofitting strategies for residential buildings under Pakistan’s diverse climatic conditions. The Passive House Planning Package (PHPP), a validated simulation tool, was used to assess energy performance improvements through building envelope interventions such as thermal insulation, solar shading, window glazing, and optimal orientation. Field data were collected from three representative cities, Multan (hot desert), Taxila (humid subtropical), and Quetta (cold semi-arid), to simulate both conventional and energy-efficient building scenarios. The results showed substantial seasonal energy savings in all three climates. During the heating period, energy savings were 48%, 50%, and 60% for Taxila, Multan, and Quetta, respectively. Similarly, energy savings during the cooling season were 44%, 33%, and 16%. Life cycle economic analysis revealed that these retrofits yielded Net Present Values (NPVs) of USD 752 (Taxila), USD 1226 (Multan), and USD 1670 (Quetta) over a 30-year period, with discounted payback periods ranging from 6 to 10 years. Furthermore, a life cycle assessment demonstrated that retrofitted buildings yielded up to 26% reduction in overall carbon emissions, combining both embodied and operational sources. The findings highlight that ECBC-2023 is not only a technically viable solution for energy savings but also financially attractive in residential retrofitting. By incorporating localized climate responsiveness into ECBC-compliant building design, the study provides a practical roadmap for achieving Pakistan’s energy efficiency goals. Additionally, the outcomes serve as a basis for informing policy initiatives, supporting building code adaptation, and raising public awareness of sustainable housing practices. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Building Energy-Saving Technology—3rd Edition)
19 pages, 600 KB  
Article
Effect of Phytoregulatory Substances on Adventitious Rooting of Grapevine Rootstock Paulsen 1103 Cuttings Under Hydroponic Conditions
by Ioannis Daskalakis, Argiro Kanellopoulou, Despoina Bouza, Katerina Biniari and Maritina Stavrakaki
Agriculture 2025, 15(17), 1819; https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture15171819 (registering DOI) - 26 Aug 2025
Abstract
In the present study, the propagation ability of rootstock 1103 Paulsen in a hydroponic system was investigated. In the first part of the experiment, the effects of indolebutyric acid (IBA), dopamine (L-DOPA), and their combination on rhizogenesis were examined. The experiment was conducted [...] Read more.
In the present study, the propagation ability of rootstock 1103 Paulsen in a hydroponic system was investigated. In the first part of the experiment, the effects of indolebutyric acid (IBA), dopamine (L-DOPA), and their combination on rhizogenesis were examined. The experiment was conducted under controlled conditions in a hydroponic system. Key parameters evaluated included rooting percentage, average root diameter, average number of roots per cutting, total root area, total root length, and moisture content of the cuttings. Results showed that L-DOPA treatment, followed by the IBA + L-DOPA combination, exhibited the most favorable outcomes across these parameters. The hydroponic system proved highly effective for root formation compared to other substrates (e.g., peat, perlite, sand, or their combinations), provided that continuous aeration of the water was ensured for adequate oxygenation. The second part of the experiment focused on the response of phenolic compounds, antioxidants, sugars, and starch in woody cuttings subjected to different treatments (control, IBA, L-DOPA, and IBA + L-DOPA) and how these compounds varied over time. The objective was to assess the influence of the treatments on both the rhizogenesis process and the biochemical profile of the cuttings throughout the experiment. This research aims to contribute to the understanding of the rooting behavior of 1103 Paulsen in hydroponic systems and to evaluate the physiological and biochemical responses of cuttings under different treatments. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Crop Genetics, Genomics and Breeding)
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14 pages, 758 KB  
Article
Deep Learning for Cervical Spine Radiography: Automated Measurement of Intervertebral and Neural Foraminal Distances
by Ya-Yun Huang, Hong-Kai Wang, Tsun-Kuang Chi, Chao-Shin Liu, Sung-Hsin Tsai, Sze-Teng Liong, Tsung-Yi Chen, Kuo-Chen Li, Wei-Chen Tu and Patricia Angela R. Abu
Diagnostics 2025, 15(17), 2162; https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics15172162 (registering DOI) - 26 Aug 2025
Abstract
Background/Objectives: The precise localization of cervical vertebrae in X-ray imaging was essential for effective diagnosis and treatment planning, particularly as the prevalence of cervical degenerative conditions increased with an aging population. Vertebrae from C2 to C7 were commonly affected by disorders such as [...] Read more.
Background/Objectives: The precise localization of cervical vertebrae in X-ray imaging was essential for effective diagnosis and treatment planning, particularly as the prevalence of cervical degenerative conditions increased with an aging population. Vertebrae from C2 to C7 were commonly affected by disorders such as ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament (OPLL) and nerve compression caused by posterior osteophytes, necessitating thorough evaluation. However, manual annotation remained a major aspect of traditional clinical procedures, making it challenging to manage increasing patient volumes and large-scale medical imaging data. Methods: To address this issue, this study presented an automated approach for localizing cervical vertebrae and measuring neural foraminal distance. The proposed technique analyzed the neural foramen distance and intervertebral space using image enhancement to determine the degree of nerve compression. YOLOv8 was employed to detect and segment the cervical vertebrae. Moreover, by integrating automated cervical spine analysis with advanced imaging technologies, the system enabled rapid detection of abnormal intervertebral disc gaps, facilitating early identification of degenerative changes. Results: According to the results, the system achieved a spine localization accuracy of 99.5%, representing an 11.7% improvement over existing approaches. Notably, it outperformed previous methods by 66.67% in recognizing the C7 vertebra, achieving a perfect 100% accuracy. Conclusions: Furthermore, the system significantly streamlined the diagnostic workflow by processing each X-ray image in just 17.9 milliseconds. This approach markedly improved overall diagnostic efficiency. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Machine Learning and Artificial Intelligence in Diagnostics)
15 pages, 614 KB  
Article
Metagenomic Analysis of the Fecal Virome in Wild Mammals Hospitalized in Pisa, Italy
by Maria Irene Pacini, Mario Forzan, Micaela Sgorbini, Dania Cingottini and Maurizio Mazzei
Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(9), 820; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12090820 (registering DOI) - 26 Aug 2025
Abstract
Emerging infectious diseases, particularly those of zoonotic origin, often originating from wildlife reservoirs represent a growing threat to global health. Human-driven environmental changes such as habitat fragmentation, climate change, and urban expansion have intensified interactions at the wildlife–domestic animal–human interface, facilitating cross-species viral [...] Read more.
Emerging infectious diseases, particularly those of zoonotic origin, often originating from wildlife reservoirs represent a growing threat to global health. Human-driven environmental changes such as habitat fragmentation, climate change, and urban expansion have intensified interactions at the wildlife–domestic animal–human interface, facilitating cross-species viral transmission. Despite their epidemiological importance, systematic virological surveillance of wildlife remains challenging. In this study, we employed shotgun metagenomic sequencing to characterize the virome of wild animals rescued in the Pisa area and hospitalized at the “Mario Modenato” Veterinary Teaching Hospital (VTH) at the University of Pisa. Fecal samples collected from injured wildlife admitted between September 2020 and September 2021 were analyzed to detect both known and novel viruses. This approach builds upon previous PCR-based investigations of the same biological material, enabling a more comprehensive assessment of viral diversity. We adopted a shotgun approach for analyzing six sample pools—four were positive for at least one viral target—identifying diverse viral families, including Astroviridae, Circoviridae, Picornaviridae, Adenoviridae, and Retroviridae, in asymptomatic wildlife admitted to a veterinary hospital, highlighting their potential role as reservoirs. Our findings provide insights into the influence of environmental and anthropogenic factors on wildlife virome composition and highlight the value of hospital-based sampling strategies for urban viral surveillance. The results contribute to the development of integrated monitoring and prevention strategies within a One Health framework. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Veterinary Microbiology, Parasitology and Immunology)
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