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10 pages, 1143 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Numerical Model for Inelastic Buckling in Cold Upset Forging: Stress Analysis and Optimal Billet Geometry

by Dan Lagat, Huzeifa Munawar, Alfayo Alugongo and Hilary Rutto

Processes 2025, 13(7), 2078; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr13072078 (registering DOI) - 1 Jul 2025

The forging industry has increasingly emphasised quality and reproducibility, making computer simulations essential for predicting and improving the process. A major challenge in cold upset forging is billet buckling, which leads to defective products. Existing numerical models, such as the Euler and Rankine-Gordon [...] Read more.

The forging industry has increasingly emphasised quality and reproducibility, making computer simulations essential for predicting and improving the process. A major challenge in cold upset forging is billet buckling, which leads to defective products. Existing numerical models, such as the Euler and Rankine-Gordon formulas, mainly focus on elastic buckling. This study aimed to develop a numerical model that defined inelastic buckling during forging, particularly in cold upset forging, which could be used to determine the buckled billets and their stresses, identify the deflection point for different billet geometries, and specify the optimum billet geometry for aluminium. A numerical approach was used to model the forging operation and obtain simulation data for stress variation against die strokes. Seven billet geometries (10–40 mm in diameter, each with a length of 120 mm) and three frictional conditions (µ = 0.12, 0.16, and 0.35) were applied. The simulation results showed that the billet geometry and the strain hardening exponent had a crucial impact on the buckling behaviour, while friction seemed to alter the overall billet stresses. Rigorous non-linear regression and iterations showed that the numerical model successfully estimated the buckling stresses but failed to identify the buckling points through stress differences. Full article

(This article belongs to the Collection Selected Papers from the International Electronic Conference on Processes)

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15 pages, 7056 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effects of Packaging Constraints on Vibration Damage of ‘Huangguan’ Pear During Simulated Transport

by Lijun Wang, Zechen Xie, Yumeng Wu, Jinguo Gao and Haiyan Song

Horticulturae 2025, 11(7), 749; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae11070749 (registering DOI) - 1 Jul 2025

Abstract

Fruit is typically transported in stacked packaging units, where external packaging constraints play a critical role in influencing mechanical damage during transit. This study primarily investigated the effects of external packaging constraints on vibration-induced damage and response vibration in ‘Huangguan’ pears (Pyrus [...] Read more.

Fruit is typically transported in stacked packaging units, where external packaging constraints play a critical role in influencing mechanical damage during transit. This study primarily investigated the effects of external packaging constraints on vibration-induced damage and response vibration in ‘Huangguan’ pears (Pyrus bretschneideri Rehd. ‘Huangguan’). Three external packaging constraint types—free constraint, elastic constraint, and fixed constraint—were applied to a two-layer stacked packaging system to limit vertical movement. The pears inside the containers were divided by a corrugated paperboard. Vibration excitation was simulated using the ASTM D4169 spectrum at three vibration levels. Damage indicators, including damage area, flesh firmness, respiratory rate, weight loss, titratable acidity, ascorbic acid, and tissue microstructure, were analyzed after vibration experiments. The results demonstrated that external packaging constraint type significantly affects the mechanical damage of ‘Huangguan’ pears, with damage severity being closely related to constraint strength. Comprehensive analysis revealed that the most severe damage occurred under free constraint, while the least damage was observed under fixed constraint. Stacking position also influenced damage, as pears on the top layer exhibited more severe damage compared to those on the bottom layer. The response vibration results aligned with the observed damage patterns. SEM analysis further revealed that vibration disrupted the tissue microstructure and damaged stone cells, which decreased in number and even disappeared at higher vibration levels. This study provides valuable insights for improving postharvest transport packaging designs and minimizing fruit loss during logistics. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Postharvest Treatments and Storage Technologies Applied to Ensure the Quality and Shelf-Life of Fruits and Vegetables)

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15 pages, 1101 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Impact of Co-Fermentation on the Soluble Pentosan, Total Phenol, Antioxidant Activity, and Flavor Properties of Wheat Bran

by Yan Chen, Li Zhang, Yifan Chen, Hongling Wang, Wenpei Ge, Zhanying Xue, Xinran Cui, Xin Wang, Aimei Liao, Yuansen Hu and Na Liu

Microorganisms 2025, 13(7), 1546; https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms13071546 (registering DOI) - 1 Jul 2025

Abstract

Most wheat bran in China is used as animal feed due to its coarse taste. However, fermentation can degrade cellulose in wheat bran, improving its taste and flavor. The effects of co-fermentation with Lactiplantibacillus plantarum and Monascus purpureus on wheat bran remain unclear. [...] Read more.

Most wheat bran in China is used as animal feed due to its coarse taste. However, fermentation can degrade cellulose in wheat bran, improving its taste and flavor. The effects of co-fermentation with Lactiplantibacillus plantarum and Monascus purpureus on wheat bran remain unclear. In this study, we evaluated soluble pentosan, total phenol content, and antioxidant activity in co-fermented wheat bran. Following treatment, the soluble pentosan content was 6.03-fold higher than in raw bran. The total phenol content increased by 5.74-fold, and antioxidant activity was enhanced as well. The flavor profile of wheat bran co-fermented with L. plantarum and M. purpureus changed significantly, with alcohols and pyrazines increasing by 3- to 20-fold and aldehydes decreasing by 52.76%, resulting in a fruity, sweet, and nutty aroma. This study supports the comprehensive utilization of wheat bran and provides novel insights into improving its functionality and quality. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Food Microbiology)

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48 pages, 9186 KiB

Open AccessReview

A Review on Design, Synthesis and Application of Composite Materials Based on MnO₂ for Energy Storage

by Loukia Plakia and Ioannis A. Kartsonakis

Energies 2025, 18(13), 3455; https://doi.org/10.3390/en18133455 (registering DOI) - 1 Jul 2025

Abstract

The design, synthesis, and application of composite materials based on manganese dioxide (MnO₂) for energy storage are pivotal in advancing efficient, sustainable, and high-performance energy storage systems. The MnO₂ is widely recognized for its abundance, low cost, environmental friendliness, and [...] Read more.

The design, synthesis, and application of composite materials based on manganese dioxide (MnO₂) for energy storage are pivotal in advancing efficient, sustainable, and high-performance energy storage systems. The MnO₂ is widely recognized for its abundance, low cost, environmental friendliness, and excellent electrochemical properties, making it a promising candidate for use in supercapacitors, batteries, fuel cells, and other energy storage systems. This study offers a comprehensive overview of how various materials influence the performance of MnO₂ as an energy storage medium. Specifically, the design of composite materials is examined with respect to morphological control, integration with conductive additives, doping strategies, and structural engineering, all of which impact the final material properties. Additionally, the influence of diverse synthetic techniques—including hydrothermal synthesis, electrochemical deposition, sol–gel processing, co-precipitation, and templating methods—is evaluated. The latest attempts through which the developed composites showcase improved structural stability, inherent conductivity, and electron mobility compared to the original first material are presented in this review article. The presented results have been quite promising for the synthesis of great-performing materials with improved electrochemical data compared to that of MnO₂ alone, competing with other significant energy storage materials. This review highlights future prospects for the development of state-of-the-art devices, large-scale production applications, and the use of environmentally friendly materials and methods. It is anticipated that this research will provide valuable insights to facilitate further improvements in performance and broaden the scope of practical applications in this rapidly evolving field of composite materials. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Electrochemical Power Sources: Systems and Applications)

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35 pages, 1399 KiB

Open AccessSystematic Review

Congestion Forecasting Using Machine Learning Techniques: A Systematic Review

by Mehdi Attioui and Mohamed Lahby

Future Transp. 2025, 5(3), 76; https://doi.org/10.3390/futuretransp5030076 (registering DOI) - 1 Jul 2025

Abstract

Traffic congestion constitutes a substantial global issue, adversely impacting economic productivity and quality of life, with associated costs estimated at approximately 2% of GDP in various nations. This systematic review investigates the application of machine learning (ML) in traffic congestion forecasting from 2010 [...] Read more.

Traffic congestion constitutes a substantial global issue, adversely impacting economic productivity and quality of life, with associated costs estimated at approximately 2% of GDP in various nations. This systematic review investigates the application of machine learning (ML) in traffic congestion forecasting from 2010 to 2024, adhering to the PRISMA 2020 guidelines. A comprehensive search of three major databases (IEEE Xplore, SpringerLink, and ScienceDirect) yielded 9695 initial records, with 115 studies meeting the inclusion criteria following rigorous screening. Data extraction encompassed methodological approaches, ML techniques, traffic characteristics, and forecasting periods, with quality assessment achieving near-perfect inter-rater reliability (Cohen’s

κ

= 0.89). Deep Neural Networks were the predominant technical approach (47%), with supervised learning being the most prevalent (57%). Classification tasks were the most common (42%), primarily addressing recurrent congestion scenarios (76%) and passenger vehicles (90%). The quality of publications was notably high, with 85% appearing in Q1-ranked journals, demonstrating exponential growth from minimal activity in 2010 to 18 studies in 2022. Significant research gaps persist: reinforcement learning is underutilized (8%), rural road networks are underrepresented (2%), and industry–academia collaboration is limited (3%). Future research should prioritize multimodal transportation systems, real-time adaptation mechanisms, and enhanced practical implementation to advance intelligent transportation systems (ITSs). This review was not registered because it focused on mapping the research landscape rather than intervention effects. Full article

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15 pages, 1134 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Cross-Shore Microplastic Accumulation on Sri Lanka’s West Coast One Year After the Catastrophic X-Press Pearl Pollution Event

by Paula Masiá Lillo, Susantha Udagedara, Ross Williamson and Daniel Gorman

Microplastics 2025, 4(3), 37; https://doi.org/10.3390/microplastics4030037 (registering DOI) - 1 Jul 2025

Abstract

Understanding how marine debris accumulates within coastal ecosystems is a crucial aspect of predicting its long-term environmental and biological consequences. The release and subsequent dispersion of 50 billion microplastic pellets from the fire and subsequent sinking of the container ship X-Press Pearl along [...] Read more.

Understanding how marine debris accumulates within coastal ecosystems is a crucial aspect of predicting its long-term environmental and biological consequences. The release and subsequent dispersion of 50 billion microplastic pellets from the fire and subsequent sinking of the container ship X-Press Pearl along the western coast of Sri Lanka in 2021 provides an important case study. Here, we present a three-dimensional assessment of pellet accumulation (number density) along affected beaches and compare this with other common microplastic particles one year following the incident. Surveys confirmed that pellets were still widely present in the surface sediments of ocean beaches, with some locations returning average densities of 588 pellets m² (very high according to the global Pellet Pollution Index [PPI]). Profiling deeper into beach sediments showed pellets were present to depths of 30 cm; however, most were restricted to the top 10 cm. Our observations of persistent pellet contamination of beaches along Sri Lanka’s west coast emphasize the need for continued monitoring of these types of events to assess the magnitude and persistence of risks to the environment, wildlife, and human well-being. Full article

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26 pages, 2184 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Analyzing the Criteria of Private Equity Investment in Emerging Markets: The Case of Tunisia

by Amira Neffati, Wided Khiari, Azhaar Lajmi and Farah Mejri

J. Risk Financial Manag. 2025, 18(7), 358; https://doi.org/10.3390/jrfm18070358 (registering DOI) - 1 Jul 2025

Abstract

Restrictive conditions that financial institutions require on credit allocation remain the main constraints to developing and creating new businesses. In this context, the concept of private equity came to fill this problem. However, because it is a riskier business, investors thoroughly assess before [...] Read more.

Restrictive conditions that financial institutions require on credit allocation remain the main constraints to developing and creating new businesses. In this context, the concept of private equity came to fill this problem. However, because it is a riskier business, investors thoroughly assess before investing in a firm’s capital. This work aims to analyze the criteria of private equity investment and explore how Tunisian private equity investors make investment decisions. The methodology applied aligns with prior works studying investment criteria used by private equity investors. Results show that 100% of investors prefer to invest in firms that aim to achieve some growth and are in the development phase. In addition, under informational asymmetry between entrepreneurs and investors, the latter place greater importance on the business plan, information gathered during interviews with promoters, and information on the products. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Emerging Trends and Innovations in Corporate Finance and Governance)

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13 pages, 310 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Antibacterial In Vitro Properties of Silver Sulfadiazine in Combination with Tris-EDTA and N-Acetylcysteine Against Pseudomonas aeruginosa Isolates from Dogs with Suppurative Otitis

by Ioanna Papadogiannaki, Rosario Cerundolo, Jennifer Plant, Elizabeth Villiers, Jenny Littler, Anika Wisniewska and Panagiotis Sgardelis

Microbiol. Res. 2025, 16(7), 138; https://doi.org/10.3390/microbiolres16070138 (registering DOI) - 1 Jul 2025

Abstract

Pseudomonas aeruginosa otitis is common in dogs and antibiotic-resistant strains are often isolated. We are unaware of reports evaluating the combination of silver sulfadiazine (SSD) with a biofilm disruptor solution containing Tris-EDTA (tromethamine-ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid) and N-acetylcysteine (Tris-NAC). Forty-eight P. aeruginosa strains from dogs [...] Read more.

Pseudomonas aeruginosa otitis is common in dogs and antibiotic-resistant strains are often isolated. We are unaware of reports evaluating the combination of silver sulfadiazine (SSD) with a biofilm disruptor solution containing Tris-EDTA (tromethamine-ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid) and N-acetylcysteine (Tris-NAC). Forty-eight P. aeruginosa strains from dogs with suppurative otitis were analysed using the agar well diffusion method. A volume of 70 μL of Tris-NAC, a water solution of 10% SSD and their combination in equal amount was pipetted into the designated wells. After incubation, the diameter of the inhibition zone was measured. A synergy experiment using the checkerboard assay was performed to look at any potential synergistic effects of SSD and Tris-NAC against only 10 randomly selected isolates of P. aeruginosa. The samples tested with Tris-NAC + 10% SSD solution, compared with the samples tested with 10% SSD alone, demonstrated significantly higher inhibition zones against P. aeruginosa, p < 0.00001. The checkerboard assay results showed an additive effect between the two compounds. The use of 10% SSD could be evaluated as a therapeutic tool against strains of P. aeruginosa if combined with Tris-NAC. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Veterinary Microbiology and Diagnostics)

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17 pages, 7582 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effects of Feeding Calcium Salts from a Mixture of Linseed and Fish Oil on Productive Response, Metabolic Status, and Reproductive Parameters in Early-Lactation Dairy Cows

by Pablo M. Roskopf, Alejandra Cuatrin, Matías Stangaferro, Gino Storani, Emmanuel Angeli, Gustavo J. Hein and Eloy E. Salado

Dairy 2025, 6(4), 34; https://doi.org/10.3390/dairy6040034 (registering DOI) - 1 Jul 2025

Abstract

This study evaluated the effects of supplementing early-lactation Holstein cows with rumen-protected omega-3 fatty acids (calcium salts) on productive and reproductive performance. Thirty-six multiparous cows were randomly assigned to one of two treatments from 21 ± 2 days before calving to 105 ± [...] Read more.

This study evaluated the effects of supplementing early-lactation Holstein cows with rumen-protected omega-3 fatty acids (calcium salts) on productive and reproductive performance. Thirty-six multiparous cows were randomly assigned to one of two treatments from 21 ± 2 days before calving to 105 ± 5 days in milk (DIM): a Control group (C) or an Omega-3-supplemented group (O-3), receiving a blend of linseed and fish oil (60:40). Both groups were fed isoenergetic diets, with ground corn as the control supplement. Total dry matter and net energy intake did not differ between treatments. A treatment-by-time interaction was observed for milk yield, with cows in the O-3 group producing more milk than controls at specific time points. Additionally, O-3 cows had higher overall protein yield and improved feed efficiency. No differences were found in body weight, BCS, glucose, insulin, IGF-1, or urea concentrations, but a tendency toward higher plasma NEFA and BHBA concentrations and lower energy balance was observed in the O-3 group. Supplementation increased plasma cholesterol and progesterone concentrations and was associated with a higher proportion of cows being pregnant at 130 DIM. These findings suggest that omega-3 supplementation may improve specific aspects of lactational performance and reproductive efficiency without compromising metabolic status. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Dairy Animal Nutrition and Welfare)

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14 pages, 6253 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Does Forest Structure Influence the Abundance of Predators and Habitat Competitors of the Endangered Pyrenean Capercaillie?

by Adrián Moreno, Inmaculada Navarro, Rubén Chamizo, Carlos Martínez-Carrasco and Carlos Sánchez-García

Ecologies 2025, 6(3), 46; https://doi.org/10.3390/ecologies6030046 (registering DOI) - 1 Jul 2025

Abstract

The Pyrenean capercaillie (Tetrao urogallus aquitanicus) is a forest obligate grouse that has experienced a marked population decline in recent decades owing to the lack of optimal habitats. However, the effect of forest structure on potential predators and habitat competitors has [...] Read more.

The Pyrenean capercaillie (Tetrao urogallus aquitanicus) is a forest obligate grouse that has experienced a marked population decline in recent decades owing to the lack of optimal habitats. However, the effect of forest structure on potential predators and habitat competitors has not been well-studied. We conducted a camera-trapping study at three conservation areas in Huesca province (northeastern Spain), which were classified as ‘optimal’, ‘favorable’, and ‘unfavorable’ based on habitat suitability for the capercaillie. This study was conducted for 3417 days at a total of 130 camera locations in autumn–winter and spring–summer, capturing 8757 valid photos. In total, 36 different species were recorded. The most frequently detected species were Southern chamois (Rupicapra pyrenaica pyrenaica; 32.6%), roe deer (Capreolus capreolus; 18%), wild boar (Sus scrofa; 9.6%), red squirrel (Sciurus vulgaris; 6.1%), mustelids (5.6%), and red fox (Vulpes vulpes; 4.8%). Capercaillies were photographed in the optimal and favorable habitat areas. Nest predators, such as mustelids and red fox, were more frequently detected in the favorable area during autumn–winter and in the optimal area in spring–summer, while corvids were more frequently detected in the unfavorable habitat area during both periods. No clear pattern was found for wild boar (nest predator and habitat competitor) or cervids (competitors). As capercaillie coexist with a wide range of predators and competitors, and habitat structure may not always explain species relative abundance, factors such as disturbance and food resources should be also taken into account when aiming to develop targeted management for the benefit of the capercaillie. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feature Papers of Ecologies 2024)

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27 pages, 1713 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Vitamin B12 and Folate in Adherent and Non-Adherent Individuals with Phenylketonuria: A Cross-Sectional Study, Systematic Review, and Meta-Analysis

by Kamila Bokayeva, Małgorzata Jamka, Dariusz Walkowiak, Monika Duś-Żuchowska, Łukasz Kałużny, Natalia Wichłacz-Trojanowska, Agnieszka Chrobot, Renata Mozrzymas, Gulnara Sultanova, Karl-Heinz Herzig and Jarosław Walkowiak

Metabolites 2025, 15(7), 438; https://doi.org/10.3390/metabo15070438 (registering DOI) - 1 Jul 2025

Abstract

Background/Objectives: The impact of dietary adherence and regular formula intake on the vitamin levels in individuals with phenylketonuria (PKU) remains unclear. This study aimed to assess the influence of both adherence to dietary management and regular formula intake on the vitamin B12 and [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: The impact of dietary adherence and regular formula intake on the vitamin levels in individuals with phenylketonuria (PKU) remains unclear. This study aimed to assess the influence of both adherence to dietary management and regular formula intake on the vitamin B12 and folate levels in individuals with PKU. Methods: This cross-sectional multicentre study included 63 patients with PKU aged 12–41 years. The participants were classified as adherent or non-adherent based on their mean plasma phenylalanine levels or as regular or irregular formula consumers. The participants’ vitamin B12 and folate levels were compared across these groups. In addition, a systematic search of PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, and Cochrane Library identified 11,631 studies comparing vitamin B12 and folate levels between adherent vs. non-adherent patients and regular vs. irregular formula intake groups, of which eight met the inclusion criteria. Analyses were conducted using random-effects and fixed-effects models and effect sizes were expressed as standardised mean differences (SMDs). Results: This cross-sectional study showed significantly higher vitamin B12 and folate levels in adherent vs. non-adherent individuals (767.6 ± 264.5 vs. 524.7 ± 216.4 pg/mL; 13.44 ± 1.96 vs. 10.62 ± 3.36 ng/mL, both p < 0.001) and in regular vs. irregular formula consumers (746.7 ± 228.4 vs. 527.4 ± 281.9 pg/mL; 13.32 ± 2.25 vs. 10.48 ± 3.23 ng/mL, p < 0.0001 and p < 0.001 respectively). The meta-analysis found no significant differences between the adherent and non-adherent groups, which were defined based on their phenylalanine levels, but showed higher vitamin B12 levels (fixed-effects model, SMD: 1.080, 95% CI: 0.754, 1.405, p < 0.0001) and a near-significant trend toward higher folate levels (random-effects model, SMD: 0.729, 95% CI: −0.032, 1.490, p = 0.061) in regular formula consumers. Conclusions: Regular formula intake is a key determinant of vitamin B12 in patients with PKU. These findings highlight the importance of consistent formula use in dietary management and warrant further research. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Effects of Micronutrients on Human Metabolism)

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27 pages, 2129 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Efficiency of Multi-Terminators Method to Reveal Seismic Precursors in Sub-Ionospheric VLF Transmitter Signals: Case Study of Turkey–Syria Earthquakes Mw7.8 of 6 February 2023

by Mohammed Y. Boudjada, Patrick H. M. Galopeau, Sami Sawas, Giovanni Nico, Hans U. Eichelberger, Pier F. Biagi, Michael Contadakis, Werner Magnes, Helmut Lammer and Wolfgang Voller

Geosciences 2025, 15(7), 245; https://doi.org/10.3390/geosciences15070245 (registering DOI) - 1 Jul 2025

Abstract

This work presents an analysis of the sub-ionospheric VLF transmitter signal disturbances which were detected more than one week before the Turkey–Syria EQ occurrence. We have applied the multi-terminator method when considering amplitude and phase variations of the TBB transmitter signal (Turkey), selected [...] Read more.

This work presents an analysis of the sub-ionospheric VLF transmitter signal disturbances which were detected more than one week before the Turkey–Syria EQ occurrence. We have applied the multi-terminator method when considering amplitude and phase variations of the TBB transmitter signal (Turkey), selected because of a good signal to noise ratio for the amplitude, a stable phase variation, and a ray-path propagation crossing the pre-seismic sensitive region, estimated from the combination of the Dobrovolsky area and the Fresnel zone. New spectral features, i.e., inflexions and jumps, are considered in this study, besides the minima and maxima investigated in. The spectral occurrence probabilities are derived at three specific locations: Graz facility, TBB station and EQ epicenter. We show that two main precursors occurred from 27 to 30 January, and from 31 January to 3 February. More important are the prior precursors detected from 23 January to 25/26 January, where anomaly fluctuations were found to be similar to those at the EQ epicenter area, approximately. A forecasting model is proposed, in which the main steps can provide, in the presence of spectral anomalies, first hints regarding the longitudinal locations of the seismic preparation zone. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Precursory Phenomena Prior to Earthquakes (2nd Edition))

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20 pages, 2264 KiB

Open AccessReview

Green Human Resource Management System Development in Africa: A Systematic Literature Review

by Jinghan Wang, Lijun Tang, Jinhua Zhang, Bong-Keun Choi and Chris Phillips

Systems 2025, 13(7), 526; https://doi.org/10.3390/systems13070526 (registering DOI) - 1 Jul 2025

Abstract

Green Human Resource Management (GHRM) has garnered widespread international attention, yet the GHRM practices implementation and the challenges they face in African organisations remain underexplored. Given that the majority of GHRM studies in the African context have been published over the past four [...] Read more.

Green Human Resource Management (GHRM) has garnered widespread international attention, yet the GHRM practices implementation and the challenges they face in African organisations remain underexplored. Given that the majority of GHRM studies in the African context have been published over the past four years, there is a clear need for a systematic review of the literature on GHRM in this region. This review examines 23 studies to identify which GHRM topics have been explored in the African context and what theories and methodologies have been adopted in these studies. Drawing from the selected literature, a conceptual framework is established to facilitate a more structured understanding of GHRM practices within the African context, which finds that GHRM works as an organisational subsystem embedded within broader institutional, environmental, and socio-economic systems. In the concluding section, this review paper further highlights the key gaps in the existing research and offers recommendations for future studies related to GHRM implementation in African organisations. This review paper contributes to the growing body of knowledge in both the theoretical and practical areas of GHRM, while also contributing to the broader goal of sustainable development in Africa. Full article

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34 pages, 723 KiB

Open AccessArticle

ESG, Climate Risk, and Debt Management—Evidence from Chinese Listed Companies

by Yang Zhao, Kamarul Bahrain bin Abdul Manaf and Hazeline bt Ayoup

Int. J. Financial Stud. 2025, 13(3), 118; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijfs13030118 (registering DOI) - 1 Jul 2025

Abstract

The United Nations Sustainable Development Goals emphasize the need to assist developing countries in achieving long-term debt sustainability. Global corporate debt has repeatedly reached record levels, and the associated financial costs pose a significant threat to sustainable development. This study uses panel data [...] Read more.

The United Nations Sustainable Development Goals emphasize the need to assist developing countries in achieving long-term debt sustainability. Global corporate debt has repeatedly reached record levels, and the associated financial costs pose a significant threat to sustainable development. This study uses panel data from Chinese listed companies for regression analysis. The findings show that ESG reduces the interest-bearing debt ratio, the equity pledge of controlling shareholders, and the deviation from the target debt ratio, all of which contribute to improved debt management. Climate risk further strengthens the impact of ESG on debt management. Additionally, green credit policies help reduce the interest-bearing debt ratio in high-pollution industries through ESG practices. Full article

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14 pages, 228 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Extracting Information from Unstructured Medical Reports Written in Minority Languages: A Case Study of Finnish

by Elisa Myllylä, Pekka Siirtola, Antti Isosalo, Jarmo Reponen, Satu Tamminen and Outi Laatikainen

Data 2025, 10(7), 104; https://doi.org/10.3390/data10070104 (registering DOI) - 1 Jul 2025

Abstract

In the era of digital healthcare, electronic health records generate vast amounts of data, much of which is unstructured, and therefore, not in a usable format for conventional machine learning and artificial intelligence applications. This study investigates how to extract meaningful insights from [...] Read more.

In the era of digital healthcare, electronic health records generate vast amounts of data, much of which is unstructured, and therefore, not in a usable format for conventional machine learning and artificial intelligence applications. This study investigates how to extract meaningful insights from unstructured radiology reports written in Finnish, a minority language, using machine learning techniques for text analysis. With this approach, unstructured information could be transformed into a structured format. The results of this research show that relevant information can be effectively extracted from Finnish medical reports using classification algorithms with default parameter values. For the detection of breast tumour mentions from medical texts, classifiers achieved high accuracy, almost 90%. Detection of metastasis mentions, however, proved more challenging, with the best-performing models Support Vector Machine (SVM) and logistic regression achieving an F1-score of 81%. The lower performance in metastasis detection is likely due to the more complex problem, ambiguous labeling, and the smaller dataset size. The results of classical classifiers were also compared with FinBERT, a domain-adapted Finnish BERT model. However, classical classifiers outperformed FinBERT. This highlights the challenge of medical language processing when working with minority languages. Moreover, it was noted that parameter tuning based on translated English reports did not significantly improve the detection rates, likely due to linguistic differences between the datasets. This larger translated dataset used for tuning comes from a different clinical domain and employs noticeably simpler, less nuanced language than the Finnish breast cancer reports, which are written by native Finnish-speaking medical experts. This underscores the need for localised datasets and models, particularly for minority languages with unique grammatical structures. Full article

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27 pages, 1156 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Novel Conformable Fractional Order Unbiased Kernel Regularized Nonhomogeneous Grey Model and Its Applications in Energy Prediction

by Wenkang Gong and Qiguang An

Systems 2025, 13(7), 527; https://doi.org/10.3390/systems13070527 (registering DOI) - 1 Jul 2025

Abstract

Grey models have attracted considerable attention as a time series forecasting tool in recent years. Nevertheless, the linear characteristics of the differential equations on which traditional grey models rely frequently result in inadequate predictive accuracy and applicability when addressing intricate nonlinear systems. This [...] Read more.

Grey models have attracted considerable attention as a time series forecasting tool in recent years. Nevertheless, the linear characteristics of the differential equations on which traditional grey models rely frequently result in inadequate predictive accuracy and applicability when addressing intricate nonlinear systems. This study introduces a conformable fractional order unbiased kernel-regularized nonhomogeneous grey model (CFUKRNGM) based on statistical learning theory to address these limitations. The proposed model initially uses a conformable fractional-order accumulation operator to derive distribution information from historical data. A novel regularization problem is then formulated, thereby eliminating the bias term from the kernel-regularized nonhomogeneous grey model (KRNGM). The parameter estimation of the CFUKRNGM model requires solving a linear equation with a lower order than the KRNGM model, and is automatically calibrated through the Bayesian optimization algorithm. Experimental results show that the CFUKRNGM model achieves superior prediction accuracy and greater generalization performance compared to both the KRNGM and traditional grey models. Full article

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29 pages, 5986 KiB

Open AccessArticle

How Humans Evaluate AI Systems for Person Detection in Automatic Train Operation: Not All Misses Are Alike

by Romy Müller

Future Transp. 2025, 5(3), 78; https://doi.org/10.3390/futuretransp5030078 (registering DOI) - 1 Jul 2025

Abstract

If artificial intelligence (AI) is to be applied in safety-critical domains, its performance needs to be evaluated reliably. The present study investigated how humans evaluate AI systems for person detection in automatic train operation. In three experiments, participants viewed image sequences of people [...] Read more.

If artificial intelligence (AI) is to be applied in safety-critical domains, its performance needs to be evaluated reliably. The present study investigated how humans evaluate AI systems for person detection in automatic train operation. In three experiments, participants viewed image sequences of people moving in the vicinity of railway tracks. A simulated AI system highlighted all detected people—sometimes correctly and sometimes not. Participants had to provide a numerical rating of the AI’s performance and then verbally explain their rating. The experiments manipulated several factors that might influence human ratings: the types and plausibility of AI mistakes, the number of affected images, the number of people present in an image, the position of people relevant to the tracks, and the methods used to elicit human evaluations. While all these factors influenced human ratings, some effects were unexpected or deviated from normative standards. For instance, the factor with the strongest impact was people’s position relative to the tracks, although participants had explicitly been instructed that the AI could not process such information. Taken together, the results suggest that humans may sometimes evaluate more than the AI’s performance on the assigned task. Such mismatches between AI capabilities and human expectations should be taken into consideration when conducting safety audits of AI systems. Full article

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11 pages, 225 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Analyzing Climate Change Exposure and CEO Turnover: Evidence from U.S. Firms

by Dmitriy Chulkov

Int. J. Financial Stud. 2025, 13(3), 117; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijfs13030117 (registering DOI) - 1 Jul 2025

Abstract

This work explores the link between CEO turnover patterns and firms’ climate change exposure in a data set of over two thousand U.S. publicly traded firms. The findings demonstrate that CEO turnover is negatively associated with measures of climate change exposure developed with [...] Read more.

This work explores the link between CEO turnover patterns and firms’ climate change exposure in a data set of over two thousand U.S. publicly traded firms. The findings demonstrate that CEO turnover is negatively associated with measures of climate change exposure developed with machine learning based on the frequency of discussions linked to climate change in the firms’ earnings conference calls. The results further indicate that this significant negative relationship exists in the year after the CEO’s departure from the firm, not before their departure. CEO turnover scenarios differ in their impact on a firm’s climate change exposure and sentiment. The focus of a firm’s management and financial analysts covering the firm can shift away from the issues of climate change. The negative and significant relationship with firms’ climate change exposure is observed particularly for forced CEO departures in firings or resignations, as well as for outsider CEO replacements. No significant relationship is found for CEO departures due to retirement or for cases of internal CEO succession. The results provide insights for decision makers, investors and boards of directors trying to evaluate the role of CEO turnover in climate change exposure at firms. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Investing and Financial Services)

16 pages, 1981 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effect of Dielectric Constant on Interaction Between Charged Macroions in Asymmetric Electrolyte

by Khawla Qamhieh

Colloids Interfaces 2025, 9(4), 43; https://doi.org/10.3390/colloids9040043 (registering DOI) - 1 Jul 2025

Abstract

The mean force between two highly like-charged macroions in the presence of monovalent counterions and added multivalent salt within solvents of varying dielectric constants was studied using Monte Carlo simulations. Without additional salt, the mean force is strongly repulsive at all macroion separations [...] Read more.

The mean force between two highly like-charged macroions in the presence of monovalent counterions and added multivalent salt within solvents of varying dielectric constants was studied using Monte Carlo simulations. Without additional salt, the mean force is strongly repulsive at all macroion separations in solvents with a dielectric constant

ϵ_{r}

≥ 30. However, in solvents with

ϵ_{r}

≤ 30, macroions experience effective attraction, indicating that attractive interactions between highly charged macroions can occur even without multivalent salt in nonpolar solvents with low dielectric constants. The total multivalent counterion charge-to-total macroion charge ratio is defined as β which determines the amount of salt that is added to the system. At β = 0.075, the mean force becomes attractive at short separations in solvents with

ϵ_{r}

= 54 containing 1:3 salt, as well as in all solvents with 1:5 salt, while still exhibiting significant repulsion at longer separations. In contrast, for solvents with 1:3 salt and dielectric constants

ϵ_{r}

= 68 and

ϵ_{r}

= 78.4, the mean force turns attractive at a higher salt concentration, around β = 0.225. The shift in the mean force to an attractive state at short separations signifies charge inversion on the macroion surface when a sufficient amount of salt is present. At a stoichiometric ratio of multivalent counterions, long-range repulsion vanishes, and attraction becomes significant. However, with excess salt, the strength of the attractive mean force diminishes. Additionally, the attractive force at a given salt concentration increases as the dielectric constant decreases and is stronger in systems with 1:5 salt than in those with 1:3 salt. Full article

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32 pages, 3910 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Rapid Assessment Method for Evaluating the Seismic Risk of Individual Buildings in Lisbon

by Francisco Mota de Sá, Mário Santos Lopes, Carlos Sousa Oliveira and Mónica Amaral Ferreira

Sustainability 2025, 17(13), 6027; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17136027 (registering DOI) - 1 Jul 2025

Abstract

Assessing the seismic performance of buildings from various epochs is essential for guiding retrofitting policies and educating occupants about their homes’ conditions. However, limited resources pose challenges. Some approaches focus on detailed analyses of a limited number of buildings, while others favor broader [...] Read more.

Assessing the seismic performance of buildings from various epochs is essential for guiding retrofitting policies and educating occupants about their homes’ conditions. However, limited resources pose challenges. Some approaches focus on detailed analyses of a limited number of buildings, while others favor broader coverage with less precision. This paper presents a seismic risk assessment method that balances and integrates the strengths of both, using a comprehensive building survey. We propose a low-cost indicator for evaluating the structural resilience of individual buildings, designed to inform both authorities and property owners, support building rankings, and raise awareness. This indicator classifies buildings by their taxonomy and uses analytical capacity curves (2D or 3D studies) obtained from consulting hundreds of studies to determine the ultimate acceleration (agu) that each building type can withstand before collapse. It also considers irregularities found during the survey (to the exterior and interior) through structural modifiers Δ, and adjusts the peak ground acceleration the building can withstand, agu, based on macroseismic data from past events and based on potential retrofitting, Δ+. Although this method may not achieve high accuracy, it provides a significant approximation for detailed analysis with limited resources and is easy to replicate for similar constructions. The final agu value, considered as resistance, is then compared to the seismic demand at the foundation of the building (accounting for hazard and soil conditions at the building location), resulting in a final R-value. This paper provides specificities to the methodology and applies it to selected areas of the City of Lisbon, clearly supporting the advancement of a more sustainable society. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Hazards and Sustainability)

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17 pages, 1176 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Diet of the Common Eagle Ray, Myliobatis aquila (Linnaeus, 1758) in the Northern Adriatic Sea

by Lovrenc Lipej, Riccardo Battistella, Borut Mavrič and Danijel Ivajnšič

Fishes 2025, 10(7), 311; https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes10070311 (registering DOI) - 1 Jul 2025

Abstract

We studied the feeding habits of the common eagle ray (Myliobatis aquila) in the shallow northern Adriatic Sea. Altogether we analysed the contents of 122 stomachs of specimens caught as by-catch in the Gulf of Trieste and along the west Istrian [...] Read more.

We studied the feeding habits of the common eagle ray (Myliobatis aquila) in the shallow northern Adriatic Sea. Altogether we analysed the contents of 122 stomachs of specimens caught as by-catch in the Gulf of Trieste and along the west Istrian coast. Shelled molluscs (N% = 75.17), mainly bivalves and gastropods, were the most prominent prey categories, while crustaceans, sipunculids, echinoderms and polychaets (N% < 10) represented considerably smaller numbers. With increasing size (and age) the eagle rays tend to become more experienced in preying molluscs and specialized to this prey category. The obtained results are in general in agreement with the limited existing reports on the diet of the common eagle ray in the Mediterranean Sea and adjacent areas. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Biology and Ecology)

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31 pages, 8397 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Research on APF-Dijkstra Path Planning Fusion Algorithm Based on Steering Model and Volume Constraints

by Xizheng Wang, Gang Li and Zijian Bian

Algorithms 2025, 18(7), 403; https://doi.org/10.3390/a18070403 (registering DOI) - 1 Jul 2025

Abstract

For the local oscillation phenomenon of the APF algorithm in the face of static U-shaped obstacles, the path cusp phenomenon caused by the vehicle corner and path curvature constraints is not taken into account, as well as the low path safety caused by [...] Read more.

For the local oscillation phenomenon of the APF algorithm in the face of static U-shaped obstacles, the path cusp phenomenon caused by the vehicle corner and path curvature constraints is not taken into account, as well as the low path safety caused by ignoring the vehicle volume constraints. Therefore, an APF-Dijkstra path planning fusion algorithm based on steering model and volume constraints is proposed to improve it. First, perform an expansion treatment on the obstacles in the map, optimize the search direction of the Dijkstra algorithm and its planned global path, ensuring that the distance between the path and the expanded grid is no less than 1 m, and use the path points as temporary target points for the APF algorithm. Secondly, a Gaussian function is introduced to optimize the potential energy function of the APF algorithm, and the U-shaped obstacle is ellipticized, and a virtual target point is used to provide the gravitational force. Again, the three-point arc method based on the steering model is used to determine the location of the predicted points and to smooth the paths in real time while constraining the steering angle. Finally, a 4.5 m × 2.5 m vehicle rectangle is used instead of the traditional mass points to make the algorithm volumetrically constrained. Meanwhile, a model for detecting vehicle collisions is established to cover the rectangle boundary with 14 envelope circles, and the combined force of the computed mass points is transformed into the combined force of the computed envelope circles to further improve path safety. The algorithm is validated by simulation experiments, and the results show that the fusion algorithm can avoid static U-shaped obstacles and dynamic obstacles well; the curvature change rate of the obstacle avoidance path is 0.248, 0.162, and 0.169, and the curvature standard deviation is 0.16, which verifies the smoothness of the fusion algorithm. Meanwhile, the distances between the obstacles and the center of the rear axle of the vehicle are all higher than 1.60 m, which verifies the safety of the fusion algorithm. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Combinatorial Optimization, Graph, and Network Algorithms)

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21 pages, 837 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effects of Privacy Regulatory Protection on Users’ Data Sharing in Mobile Apps

by Jun Kang, Jingyi Lan, Suping Huang and Libin Chen

J. Theor. Appl. Electron. Commer. Res. 2025, 20(3), 153; https://doi.org/10.3390/jtaer20030153 (registering DOI) - 1 Jul 2025

Abstract

While data-driven digital technologies (e.g., mobile applications) have brought convenience to users, they have also raised data privacy concerns. Regulators have taken various actions that ensure user data privacy to balance the protection and exploitation of personal data. However, the effect of privacy [...] Read more.

While data-driven digital technologies (e.g., mobile applications) have brought convenience to users, they have also raised data privacy concerns. Regulators have taken various actions that ensure user data privacy to balance the protection and exploitation of personal data. However, the effect of privacy regulatory protection in preparing mobile users for data sharing remains unclear. This research develops and empirically tests an integrative model of how mobile users adjust their intention to share personal data in response to privacy regulatory protection. The results indicate that privacy regulatory protection can increase users’ intention to share personal data through enhancing psychological ownership of data (i.e., entitlement effect) and decreasing privacy concerns (i.e., reassurance effect). Moreover, the entitlement effect can be attenuated as app control over data increases, while the reassurance effect can be accentuated as users’ privacy efficacy increases. This research provides new insights into the role of privacy regulatory protection in promoting user data sharing by highlighting the psychological mechanisms underlying users’ responses to such regulations. It provides implications for digital platforms seeking to balance the challenges of user data protection with the benefits of data-driven marketing. Full article

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24 pages, 4087 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Optimization of Nozzle Diameter and Printing Speed for Enhanced Tensile Performance of FFF 3D-Printed ABS and PLA

by I. S. ELDeeb, Ehssan Esmael, Saad Ebied, Mohamed Ragab Diab, Mohammed Dekis, Mikhail A. Petrov, Abdelhameed A. Zayed and Mohamed Egiza

J. Manuf. Mater. Process. 2025, 9(7), 221; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmmp9070221 (registering DOI) - 1 Jul 2025

Abstract

Fused Filament Fabrication (FFF) is a widely adopted additive manufacturing technique, yet its mechanical performance is highly dependent on process parameters, particularly nozzle diameter and printing speed. This study evaluates the influence of these parameters on the tensile behavior of Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene [...] Read more.

Fused Filament Fabrication (FFF) is a widely adopted additive manufacturing technique, yet its mechanical performance is highly dependent on process parameters, particularly nozzle diameter and printing speed. This study evaluates the influence of these parameters on the tensile behavior of Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene (ABS) and Polylactic Acid (PLA), aiming to determine optimal conditions for enhanced strength. ASTM D638-Type IV specimens were printed using nozzle diameters ranging from 0.05 to 0.25 mm and speeds from 15 to 80 mm/s. For ABS, tensile strength increased from 56.46 MPa to 60.74 MPa, representing a 7.6% enhancement, as nozzle diameter increased, with the best performance observed at 0.25 mm and 45 mm/s, attributed to improved melt flow and interlayer fusion. PLA exhibited a non-linear response, reaching a maximum strength of 89.59 MPa under the same conditions, marking a 22.3% enhancement over the minimum value. The superior performance of PLA was linked to optimal thermal management that enhanced crystallinity and interlayer bonding. Fractographic analysis revealed reduced porosity and smoother fracture surfaces under optimized conditions. Overall, PLA consistently outperformed ABS across all settings, with an average tensile strength advantage of 47.5%. The results underscore the need for material-specific parameter tuning in FFF and offer practical insights for optimizing mechanical performance in applications demanding high structural integrity, including biomedical, aerospace, and functional prototyping. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in Optimization of Additive Manufacturing Processes)

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20 pages, 291 KiB

Open AccessReview

Nationalism and Global Citizenship in the Face of the COVID-19 Pandemic: Addressing Inequality and Fostering “Glo-Ubuntu” Citizenship

by Senyo Dotsey, Holly Oberle, Audrey Lumley-Sapanski and Morten Fiete Peters

World 2025, 6(3), 87; https://doi.org/10.3390/world6030087 (registering DOI) - 1 Jul 2025

Abstract

This article examines how the COVID-19 pandemic exposed and intensified global inequalities, particularly through the lens of vaccine distribution, thereby challenging the ideals of global citizenship. While the pandemic highlighted humanity’s interconnectedness and shared vulnerability, the unequal access to vaccines and resources revealed [...] Read more.

This article examines how the COVID-19 pandemic exposed and intensified global inequalities, particularly through the lens of vaccine distribution, thereby challenging the ideals of global citizenship. While the pandemic highlighted humanity’s interconnectedness and shared vulnerability, the unequal access to vaccines and resources revealed enduring structural disparities between nations. Drawing on a review of the existing literature from three national contexts, this study critiques the limitations of global citizenship as a framework for addressing such inequalities. In response, it proposes “glo-ubuntu citizenship”—a reimagined concept rooted in African philosophy and the idea of shared humanity—as a more culturally grounded and ethically responsive approach. This model blends the global and local dimensions of citizenship while emphasizing solidarity and mutual care. The article argues that while glo-ubuntu citizenship is not without its challenges, it holds greater potential than conventional models for fostering equity in global health governance and guiding more inclusive responses to future crises. Full article

25 pages, 1264 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Potential Assessment of Electrified Heavy-Duty Trailers Based on the Methods Developed for EU Legislation (VECTO Trailer)

by Stefan Present and Martin Rexeis

Future Transp. 2025, 5(3), 77; https://doi.org/10.3390/futuretransp5030077 (registering DOI) - 1 Jul 2025

Abstract

Since 1 January 2024, newly produced heavy-duty trailers are subject to the assessment of their performance regarding CO₂ and fuel consumption according to Implementing Regulation (EU) 2022/1362. The method is based on the already established approach for the CO₂ and energy [...] Read more.

Since 1 January 2024, newly produced heavy-duty trailers are subject to the assessment of their performance regarding CO₂ and fuel consumption according to Implementing Regulation (EU) 2022/1362. The method is based on the already established approach for the CO₂ and energy consumption evaluation of trucks and buses, i.e., applying a combination of component testing and vehicle simulation using the software VECTO (Vehicle Energy Consumption calculation TOol). For the evaluation of trailers, generic conventional towing vehicles in combination with the specific CO₂ and fuel consumption-relevant properties of the trailer, such as mass, aerodynamics, rolling resistance etc., are simulated in the “VECTO Trailer” software. The corresponding results are used in the European HDV CO₂ standards with which manufacturers must comply to avoid penalty payments (2030: −10% for semitrailers and −7.5% for trailers compared with the baseline year 2025). Methodology and legislation are currently being extended to also cover the effects of electrified trailers (trailers with an electrified axle and/or electrically supplied auxiliaries) on CO₂, electrical energy consumption, and electric range extension (special use case in combination with a battery-electric towing vehicle). This publication gives an overview of the developed regulatory framework and methods to be implemented in a future extension of VECTO Trailer as well as a comparison of different e-trailer configurations and usage scenarios regarding their impact on CO₂, energy consumption, and electric range by applying the developed methods in a preliminary potential analysis. Results from this analysis indicate that e-trailers that use small batteries (5–50 kWh) to power electric refrigeration units achieve a CO₂ reduction of 5–10%, depending primarily on battery capacity. In contrast, e-trailers designed for propulsion support with larger batteries (50–500 kWh) and e-axle(s) (50–500 kW) demonstrate a reduction potential of up to 40%, largely determined by battery capacity and e-axle rating. Despite their reduction potential, market acceptance of e-trailers remains uncertain as the higher number of trailers compared with towing vehicles could lead to slow adoption, especially of the more expensive configurations. Full article

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