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21 pages, 1579 KB  
Article
Sequence Permutation Generated Lysine and Tryptophan-Rich Antimicrobial Peptides with Enhanced Therapeutic Index
by Kuang-Li Peng, Yu-Hsuan Wu, Hsuan-Che Hsu and Jya-Wei Cheng
Antibiotics 2025, 14(11), 1077; https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics14111077 (registering DOI) - 26 Oct 2025
Abstract
Background/Objectives: Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are promising therapeutic agents due to their broad-spectrum activity against bacteria, viruses, and fungi. Unlike traditional antibiotics, AMPs target microbial membranes directly and are less likely to induce resistance. They also possess immunomodulatory and wound-healing properties. However, clinical application [...] Read more.
Background/Objectives: Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are promising therapeutic agents due to their broad-spectrum activity against bacteria, viruses, and fungi. Unlike traditional antibiotics, AMPs target microbial membranes directly and are less likely to induce resistance. They also possess immunomodulatory and wound-healing properties. However, clinical application remains limited by factors such as salt sensitivity, low bioavailability, and poor stability. To address these challenges, researchers have turned to structural optimization strategies. Recently, artificial intelligence (AI) has facilitated peptide drug design by rapidly screening large peptide libraries. Still, AI struggles to predict how subtle sequence changes affect peptide structure and function. Traditional sequence permutation offers a complementary approach by analyzing structural and functional effects without altering amino acid composition. Methods: In this study, we applied a clockwise sequence permutation strategy to the AMP W5K/A9W, generating derivative peptides with identical molecular weight, net charge, and hydrophobicity. We aimed to investigate how lysine and tryptophan distribution affects antimicrobial activity, membrane permeability, and selectivity. We assessed the secondary structures using circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy and evaluated in vitro antimicrobial activity, salt resistance, membrane-permeabilizing ability, hemolysis, and wound healing effects. Results: The results revealed that the sequence arrangement of key residues significantly impacts peptide bioactivity and therapeutic index. Conclusions: This study highlights the importance of sequence order in determining AMP function. It also supports integrating permutation strategies with AI-based design to enhance AMP discovery. Together, these approaches offer new opportunities to combat drug-resistant pathogens and advance next-generation anti-infective therapies. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antimicrobial Peptides: Mechanisms, Engineering, and Therapeutic Development)
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27 pages, 11871 KB  
Article
Experiences Using MediaPipe to Make the Arms of a Humanoid Robot Imitate a Video-Recorded Dancer Performing a Robot Dance
by Eduard Clotet, David Martínez and Jordi Palacín
Robotics 2025, 14(11), 153; https://doi.org/10.3390/robotics14110153 (registering DOI) - 26 Oct 2025
Abstract
This paper presents our first results obtained in the direction of using a humanoid robot to perform a robot dance at a level comparable to that of a human dancer. The scope of this first approach is limited to performing an offline analysis [...] Read more.
This paper presents our first results obtained in the direction of using a humanoid robot to perform a robot dance at a level comparable to that of a human dancer. The scope of this first approach is limited to performing an offline analysis of the movements of the arms of the dancer and to replicating these movements with the arms of the robot. To this end, the movements of a dancer performing a static robot dance (without moving the hips or feet) were recorded. These movements were analyzed offline using the MediaPipe BlazePose framework, adapted to the mechanical configuration of the arms of the humanoid robot, and finally reproduced by the robot. Results showed that MediaPipe has some inaccuracies when detecting sudden movements of the dancer’s arms that appeared blurred in the images. In general, the humanoid robot was capable of replicating the movement of the dancer’s arms but was unable to follow the original rhythm of the robotic dance due to acceleration limitations of its actuators. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Humanoid and Human Robotics)
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15 pages, 647 KB  
Review
A Comprehensive Review of Nanoparticles in the Fight Against Antimicrobial Resistance
by Antonios Mouzakis, Periklis Panagopoulos, Dimitrios Papazoglou and Vasileios Petrakis
Pathogens 2025, 14(11), 1090; https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens14111090 (registering DOI) - 26 Oct 2025
Abstract
(1) Background: The escalating crisis of multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria presents a formidable threat to global public health, necessitating the urgent development of alternative antimicrobial strategies. Nanoparticles (NPs) have emerged as a promising frontier in this effort, leveraging their unique physicochemical properties and multi-modal [...] Read more.
(1) Background: The escalating crisis of multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria presents a formidable threat to global public health, necessitating the urgent development of alternative antimicrobial strategies. Nanoparticles (NPs) have emerged as a promising frontier in this effort, leveraging their unique physicochemical properties and multi-modal mechanisms of action to combat bacterial infections. This systematic review aims to comprehensively evaluate the current body of evidence on the dynamic interplay between nanoparticles and bacterial resistance. (2) Methods: A comprehensive search of electronic databases, including PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science, was performed using a combination of keywords and Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) terms to identify relevant primary research articles. Eligibility criteria focused on studies evaluating the antimicrobial effects of nanoparticles on MDR bacterial strains, reporting on mechanisms of action, efficacy, or resistance development. (3) Results: The synthesis of findings revealed that nanoparticles exert their antimicrobial effects through multiple pathways, including the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), direct disruption of bacterial membranes, and the release of toxic ions. However, the analysis also confirmed that bacteria have evolved sophisticated defense mechanisms against nanoparticles, including surface modifications that prevent adhesion, upregulation of efflux pumps, and chemical neutralization of toxic ions. (4) Conclusions: Nanoparticles represent a potent and versatile tool in the global effort to combat antimicrobial resistance. Their long-term efficacy is not guaranteed, as bacteria have shown a remarkable capacity for adaptation. The future of this field lies in the development of rationally designed nanoparticle systems that not only possess intrinsic antimicrobial activity but also actively disarm bacterial resistance mechanisms. This includes the strategic use of synergistic combinations with conventional antibiotics and the exploration of resistance-agnostic approaches like nanotoxoid vaccines. Full article
13 pages, 16569 KB  
Article
Multi-Layer Prompt Engineering for Intent Recognition in Travel Planning Assistants
by Yijin Huang, Lanlan Ma and Yapeng Wang
Appl. Sci. 2025, 15(21), 11442; https://doi.org/10.3390/app152111442 (registering DOI) - 26 Oct 2025
Abstract
Current travel planning tools suffer from information fragmentation, requiring users to switch between multiple apps for maps, weather, hotels, and other services, which creates a disjointed user experience. While Large Language Models (LLMs) show promise in addressing these challenges through unified interfaces, they [...] Read more.
Current travel planning tools suffer from information fragmentation, requiring users to switch between multiple apps for maps, weather, hotels, and other services, which creates a disjointed user experience. While Large Language Models (LLMs) show promise in addressing these challenges through unified interfaces, they still face issues with hallucinations and accurate intent recognition that require further research. To overcome these limitations, we propose a multi-layer prompt engineering framework for enhanced intent recognition that progressively guides the model to understand user needs while integrating real-time data APIs to verify content accuracy and reduce hallucinations. Our experimental results demonstrate significant improvements in intent recognition accuracy compared to traditional approaches. Based on this algorithm, we developed a Flask-based travel planning assistant application that provides users with a comprehensive one-stop service, effectively validating our method’s practical applicability and superior performance in real-world scenarios. Full article
18 pages, 438 KB  
Article
Natural Antioxidant Boosters for Honey: Effects of Portulaca oleracea and Salicornia perennans Powders and Extracts
by Kadyrzhan Makangali, Tamara Tultabayeva, Gulzhan Tokysheva, Aknur Muldasheva, Aruzhan Shoman, Assem Sagandyk, Gulmira Zhakupova, Kalamkas Dairova and Nuray Battalova
Appl. Sci. 2025, 15(21), 11440; https://doi.org/10.3390/app152111440 (registering DOI) - 26 Oct 2025
Abstract
Honey is a valuable carrier for phytochemicals, yet data on halophyte-based fortification remain scarce. This study evaluated the impact of Portulaca oleracea and Salicornia perennans, applied as powders 1.5–4.5% or ethanol extracts 1.2–1.8%, on the antioxidant and functional properties of rapeseed and [...] Read more.
Honey is a valuable carrier for phytochemicals, yet data on halophyte-based fortification remain scarce. This study evaluated the impact of Portulaca oleracea and Salicornia perennans, applied as powders 1.5–4.5% or ethanol extracts 1.2–1.8%, on the antioxidant and functional properties of rapeseed and multifloral honeys. Antioxidant capacity (DPPH, ABTS), total phenolic (TPC), and flavonoid contents (TFC) increased significantly in a concentration-dependent manner, with powders consistently outperforming extracts. The strongest effects were obtained with 4.5% powders, yielding up to 77.83% DPPH, 99.11% ABTS, 14.85 mg gallic acid equivalents (GAE) per 100 g TPC, and 44.15 mg QE/100 g TFC-values surpassing controls and synthetic standards. Colorimetric and oxidative stability assays confirmed that enriched honeys exhibited slower browning and reduced peroxide/TBARS accumulation during storage. Sensory analysis further indicated improved color, aroma, taste, and overall acceptability. Between species, Salicornia showed slightly stronger effects than Portulaca, while multifloral honey provided greater synergy than rapeseed. These results demonstrate that halophyte powders are effective natural enhancers of honey’s antioxidant, technological, and sensory qualities, supporting their use in functional food development. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Analysis, Characterization and Antioxidant Activity of Natural Products)
24 pages, 2599 KB  
Article
A Computational Model of the Respiratory CPG for the Artificial Control of Breathing
by Lorenzo De Toni, Federica Perricone, Lorenzo Tartarini, Giulia Maria Boiani, Stefano Cattini, Luigi Rovati, Dimitri Rodarie, Egidio D’Angelo, Jonathan Mapelli and Daniela Gandolfi
Bioengineering 2025, 12(11), 1163; https://doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering12111163 (registering DOI) - 26 Oct 2025
Abstract
The human respiratory Central Pattern Generator (CPG) is a complex and tightly regulated network of neurons responsible for the automatic rhythm of breathing. Among the brain nuclei involved in respiratory control, excitatory neurons within the PreBotzinger Complex (PreBötC) are both necessary and sufficient [...] Read more.
The human respiratory Central Pattern Generator (CPG) is a complex and tightly regulated network of neurons responsible for the automatic rhythm of breathing. Among the brain nuclei involved in respiratory control, excitatory neurons within the PreBotzinger Complex (PreBötC) are both necessary and sufficient for generating this rhythmic activity. Although several models of the PreBötC circuit have been proposed, a comprehensive analysis of network behavior in response to physiologically relevant external inputs remains limited. In this study, we present a computational model of the PreBötC consisting of 1000 excitatory neurons, divided into two functional subgroups: the rhythm-generating population and the pattern-forming population. To enable real-time closed-loop simulations, we employed parallelized multi-process computing to accelerate network simulation. The network, composed of asynchronous neurons, could produce bursting activity at a eupneic breathing frequency of 0.22 Hz, which could also reproduce the rapid and stable chemoreception of breathing activated in response to hypercapnia. Additionally, it successfully replicated rapid and stable respiratory responses to elevated carbon dioxide levels (hypercapnia), mediated through simulated chemoreception. External inputs from a carbon dioxide sensor were used to modulate the network activity, allowing the implementation of a real-time respiratory control system. These results demonstrate that a network of asynchronous, non-bursting neurons can emulate the behavior of the respiratory CPG and its modulation by external stimuli. The proposed model represents a step toward developing a closed-loop controller for breathing regulation. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Biosignal Processing)
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21 pages, 7913 KB  
Article
A Novel MIMO SAR Scheme with Intra–Inter-Pulse Phase Coding and Azimuth–Elevation Joint Processing
by Wulin Peng, Wei Wang, Yongwei Zhang, Yihai Wei and Zixuan Zhang
Remote Sens. 2025, 17(21), 3544; https://doi.org/10.3390/rs17213544 (registering DOI) - 26 Oct 2025
Abstract
Echo separation has long been a challenging and prominent research focus for Multiple-Input Multiple-Output Synthetic Aperture Radar (MIMO SAR) systems. Digital beamforming (DBF) plays a critical role in achieving effective echo separation, but it often comes at the cost of high system complexity. [...] Read more.
Echo separation has long been a challenging and prominent research focus for Multiple-Input Multiple-Output Synthetic Aperture Radar (MIMO SAR) systems. Digital beamforming (DBF) plays a critical role in achieving effective echo separation, but it often comes at the cost of high system complexity. This paper proposes a novel MIMO SAR scheme based on phase-coded waveforms applied to both inter-pulses and intra-pulses. By introducing phase coding in both dimensions and performing joint azimuth–elevation processing, the proposed method effectively suppresses interference arising during the echo separation process, thereby significantly improving separation performance. Additionally, the approach allows for a significantly simplified array configuration, reducing both hardware requirements and computational burden. The effectiveness and practicality of the proposed scheme are validated through numerical simulations and distributed scene experiments, highlighting its strong potential for application in MIMO SAR systems—particularly in cost-sensitive scenarios and systems with limited elevation channels. Full article
15 pages, 1420 KB  
Article
Discontinuity Characterization and Low-Complexity Smoothing in RF-PA Polynomial Piecewise Modeling
by Carolina Pedrosa, Dang-Kièn Germain Pham, Peter Rashev, Pierre Almairac, Jean-Christophe Nanan and Patricia Desgreys
Sensors 2025, 25(21), 6593; https://doi.org/10.3390/s25216593 (registering DOI) - 26 Oct 2025
Abstract
Piecewise modeling of power amplifiers (PAs) typically involves assembling different polynomials to capture nonlinear behavior across different operating regions. However, recombining these sub-models can introduce discontinuities at segment boundaries, degrading prediction accuracy and potentially impacting digital predistortion (DPD) performance. This work addresses this [...] Read more.
Piecewise modeling of power amplifiers (PAs) typically involves assembling different polynomials to capture nonlinear behavior across different operating regions. However, recombining these sub-models can introduce discontinuities at segment boundaries, degrading prediction accuracy and potentially impacting digital predistortion (DPD) performance. This work addresses this issue by introducing a statistical framework to detect discontinuities through localized variations in the conditional mean and variance of amplitude and phase responses. Using the Vector-Switched Generalized Memory Polynomial (VS-GMP) as a case study, we propose a low-complexity post-processing smoothing technique based on a raised cosine weighting function applied at model transition regions. Unlike structural approaches, the method requires no retraining and integrates seamlessly into existing workflows as a post-processing tool. Experimental validation across two PA architectures (Doherty and Single-Stage) and multiple 5G/LTE signals (20–200 MHz bandwidth, up to 11 dB PAPR, including carrier aggregation) demonstrates consistent improvements: up to a 3 dB NMSE reduction and notable spectral error suppression. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advancements in Power Amplifier Design and Linearization Techniques for Wireless Communication Systems)
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29 pages, 2092 KB  
Review
Bioengineering Strategies for Corneal Endothelial Cell Injection Therapy: Advances, Challenges, and Clinical Translation
by Yura Choi, Mi-Young Jung, Eunsun Han and Choul Yong Park
Bioengineering 2025, 12(11), 1162; https://doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering12111162 (registering DOI) - 26 Oct 2025
Abstract
Corneal endothelial dysfunction is a leading cause of vision impairment globally, traditionally managed through donor-dependent keratoplasty procedures. However, limitations in donor tissue availability, surgical complexity, and long-term graft survival have prompted the development of cell-based regenerative therapies. Among these, corneal endothelial cells (CECs) [...] Read more.
Corneal endothelial dysfunction is a leading cause of vision impairment globally, traditionally managed through donor-dependent keratoplasty procedures. However, limitations in donor tissue availability, surgical complexity, and long-term graft survival have prompted the development of cell-based regenerative therapies. Among these, corneal endothelial cells (CECs) injection therapy has emerged as a minimally invasive alternative, offering the potential to restore endothelial function. This review provides a comprehensive analysis of recent advances in bioengineering strategies for CECs therapy, including cell sourcing from donor tissue, pluripotent stem cells, and transdifferentiated somatic cells; optimization of culture conditions and substrates; and delivery protocols that enhance cell adhesion and survival. We further examine clinical trial outcomes and propose future directions for clinical translation. The convergence of cell biology, biomaterials engineering, and translational medicine positions CECs injection therapy as a transformative solution to corneal blindness. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bioengineering and the Eye—3rd Edition)
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17 pages, 4066 KB  
Article
Influence Mechanism of Chemically Modified Alumina on the Hydration of Gypsum-Based Self-Leveling Mortar
by Haozhe Ma, Meirong Zong, Nshuti Cedrick, Yuting Sun, Wenhao Wang, Xiancui Yan, Hui Liu, Pinghua Zhu and Minqi Hua
Materials 2025, 18(21), 4898; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma18214898 (registering DOI) - 26 Oct 2025
Abstract
This study investigates the effect of γ-aminopropyltriethoxysilane (KH550)-functionalized nano-active Al2O3 (KH-Al) on the properties of gypsum-based self-leveling mortar (GSL) prepared from industrial by-product gypsum. First, the effects of incorporating KH-Al at dosages of 0.05%, 0.1%, 0.25%, 0.5%, and 1% on [...] Read more.
This study investigates the effect of γ-aminopropyltriethoxysilane (KH550)-functionalized nano-active Al2O3 (KH-Al) on the properties of gypsum-based self-leveling mortar (GSL) prepared from industrial by-product gypsum. First, the effects of incorporating KH-Al at dosages of 0.05%, 0.1%, 0.25%, 0.5%, and 1% on the fluidity, setting time, and mechanical properties of GSL were analyzed. Subsequently, using X-ray diffraction (XRD), hydration heat analysis, thermogravimetric analysis (TG), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), the influences of the nanomaterial on the mortar’s morphology, hydration characteristics, and crystal forms of hydration products were thoroughly examined. Finally, by comparing the modified GSL with ordinary GSL, the mechanism of KH-Al’s action on GSL was elucidated. The results demonstrate that nano-active Al2O3 modified with KH550 exhibits excellent dispersibility in the GSL paste. As the dosage of KH-Al increases, both the fluidity and setting time of GSL decrease. Upon incorporating KH-Al, the mechanical properties of GSL initially improve and then decline, with optimal mechanical performance observed at a 0.5% KH-Al addition. However, when the KH-Al dosage exceeds 0.5%, excess nano-active Al2O3 causes nanoparticle agglomeration, which impedes the hydration process. The nucleation effect of KH-Al promotes the formation of CŜH2 and AFt, refines the crystals of hydration products, and enhances the phase transformation efficiency of the mortar. These findings indicate that KH-Al has significant potential to improve the mechanical strength and hydration kinetics of gypsum mortar and provide theoretical support for the application of nanomaterials in gypsum building materials. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Sustainable Construction and Building Materials (3rd Edition))
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17 pages, 7616 KB  
Article
Development of Infrared Transmission Flame-Retardant Polyethylene Melt Blends and Melt-Blown Nonwovens
by Weizhu An, Yihui Wei, Youkuai Lin, Shihao Wang, Chengjian Li, Haiqian Yu, Xing Wu, Yinchao Zhu, Munir Hussain and Feichao Zhu
Polymers 2025, 17(21), 2854; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym17212854 (registering DOI) - 26 Oct 2025
Abstract
Polyethylene (PE) melt-blown nonwoven materials exhibit excellent infrared transmission properties, making them well-suited for applications in infrared physiotherapy and smart building technologies. However, their high flammability and tendency to generate melting droplets and smoke seriously limit their applications. Herein, phosphorus-silicon flame-retardant PE melt-blown [...] Read more.
Polyethylene (PE) melt-blown nonwoven materials exhibit excellent infrared transmission properties, making them well-suited for applications in infrared physiotherapy and smart building technologies. However, their high flammability and tendency to generate melting droplets and smoke seriously limit their applications. Herein, phosphorus-silicon flame-retardant PE melt-blown blends were prepared by the melt blending of ammonium polyphosphate (APP) and nano-silica (SiO2). Next, the thermal, rheological, and crystallization properties of the blends were investigated. Subsequently, flame-retardant PE melt-blown nonwoven materials were prepared and tested. It was found that APP and SiO2 decreased the melt flowability of the material, while slightly decreasing the melting point, increasing crystallinity and enhancing the thermal stability by shifting the decomposition temperature by 51 °C. Moreover, the presence of flame retardants increased the roughness and diameter of fibers. The limiting oxygen index (LOI) of the PE melt-blown materials with 10% APP and 1% SiO2 reached 28.6%, reaching the flame-retardant level without dripping during combustion. This highlights important guidelines for developing infrared-transmitting, flame-retardant PE nonwovens for safe and sustainable applications. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Polymer Fibers)
28 pages, 8242 KB  
Article
Prediction and Analysis of Spatiotemporal Evolution Trends of Water Quality in Lake Chaohu Based on the WOA-Informer Model
by Junyue Tian, Lejun Wang, Qingqing Tian, Hongyu Yang, Yu Tian, Lei Guo and Wei Luo
Sustainability 2025, 17(21), 9521; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17219521 (registering DOI) - 26 Oct 2025
Abstract
Lakes, as key freshwater reserves and ecosystem cores, supply human water, regulate climate, sustain biodiversity, and are vital for global ecological balance and human sustainability. Lake Chaohu, as a crucial ecological barrier in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River, faces [...] Read more.
Lakes, as key freshwater reserves and ecosystem cores, supply human water, regulate climate, sustain biodiversity, and are vital for global ecological balance and human sustainability. Lake Chaohu, as a crucial ecological barrier in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River, faces significant environmental challenges to regional sustainable development due to water quality deterioration and consequent eutrophication issues. To address the limitations of conventional monitoring techniques, including insufficient spatiotemporal coverage and high operational costs in lake water quality assessment, this study proposes an enhanced Informer model optimized by the Whale Optimization Algorithm (WOA) for predictive analysis of concentration trends of key water quality parameters—dissolved oxygen (DO), permanganate index (CODMn), total phosphorus (TP), and total nitrogen (TN)—across multiple time horizons (4 h, 12 h, 24 h, 48 h, and 72 h). The results demonstrate that the WOA-optimized Informer model (WOA-Informer) significantly improves long-term water quality prediction performance. Comparative evaluation shows that the WOA-Informer model achieves average reductions of 9.45%, 8.76%, 7.79%, 8.54%, and 11.80% in RMSE metrics for 4 h, 12 h, 24 h, 48 h, and 72 h prediction windows, respectively, along with average improvements of 3.80%, 5.99%, 11.23%, 17.37%, and 23.26% in R2 values. The performance advantages become increasingly pronounced with extended prediction durations, conclusively validating the model’s superior capability in mitigating error accumulation effects and enhancing long-term prediction stability. Spatial visualization through Kriging interpolation confirms strong consistency between predicted and measured values for all parameters (DO, CODMn, TP, and TN) across all time horizons, both in concentration levels and spatial distribution patterns, thereby verifying the accuracy and reliability of the WOA-Informer model. This study successfully enhances water quality prediction precision through model optimization, providing robust technical support for water environment management and decision-making processes. Full article
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15 pages, 348 KB  
Article
Solutions of Da Rios Vortex Filament Equation of Cartan Null Curves with Combescure Transformation
by Yanlin Li, Osman Keçilioğlu, Kazım İlarslan and Qingyou Sun
Mathematics 2025, 13(21), 3411; https://doi.org/10.3390/math13213411 (registering DOI) - 26 Oct 2025
Abstract
In this study, Cartan null curves connected via the Combescure transformation are investigated within the framework of Minkowski 3-space, and the necessary conditions for establishing such connections are derived. The relationships between the Frenet vectors and curvatures of these curve pairs are also [...] Read more.
In this study, Cartan null curves connected via the Combescure transformation are investigated within the framework of Minkowski 3-space, and the necessary conditions for establishing such connections are derived. The relationships between the Frenet vectors and curvatures of these curve pairs are also analyzed. Furthermore, when a ruled surface generated by a Cartan null curve provides a solution to the Da Rios equation, the conditions under which the ruled surface generated was by the corresponding Cartan null curve, related through the Combescure transformation, also satisfies the equation. All obtained results are supported with illustrative examples. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Studies in Differential Geometry and Its Applications)
12 pages, 1327 KB  
Article
Characteristics of Stray Current Distribution in the Power Supply System of Subway Tunnels with a Hollow Circular Section Structure
by Junyang Ma, Zihao Wang, Gen Qian, Weihe Lin and Yadong Fan
Energies 2025, 18(21), 5626; https://doi.org/10.3390/en18215626 (registering DOI) - 26 Oct 2025
Abstract
The DC traction power system adopts the track as the return rail. When the track-to-earth insulation in the subway tunnel deteriorates, stray currents will cause electrochemical corrosion to tunnel steel structures and seriously affect the service life and safety of metro tunnels. Stray [...] Read more.
The DC traction power system adopts the track as the return rail. When the track-to-earth insulation in the subway tunnel deteriorates, stray currents will cause electrochemical corrosion to tunnel steel structures and seriously affect the service life and safety of metro tunnels. Stray currents cannot be directly measured and can only be calculated. Therefore, a calculation model with a hollow circular cross-section structure was proposed, and the stray current distribution in tunnel steel structures was calculated. In addition, the effects of different rail-to-ground transition resistances and adjacent buried metallic pipelines on the stray current distribution of the tunnel steel structures were taken into account. The results show that the total amount of stray current dispersed into the tunnel steel structures and soil is similar. The stray current density distribution in each steel tunnel is related to its location. The total stray current carried by the steel structures of the bottom tunnel segment is 102, 15.7 and 3.1 times higher than that of the top, upper and lower side tunnel segments, respectively. The reduction in the transition resistance and increase in the distance of the train from the traction substation increase the total rail leakage current and have a small effect on the percentage distribution of stray current in tunnel structures. The buried metal pipeline parallel to the tunnel has a lower impact on the total stray current leakage, but can reduce the total stray current in steel structures and drainage net, enlarging the positive stray current scope of some tunnel steel bars, further increasing the stray current density on tunnel steel bars. The results of this study can be used to determine the degree of corrosion of the underground steel tunnels and thereby provide support for corrosion prevention. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section F: Electrical Engineering)
15 pages, 2492 KB  
Article
The Barley Glycosyltransferase Gene KOB1 Implicated in β-Glucan Biosynthesis by a Genome-Wide Association Study
by Guangyou Wan, Zonghui Lu, Ruibin Ren, Dan Zhang, Erjing Si, Lixia Yao, Juncheng Wang, Huajun Wang, Xiaole Ma, Hong Zhang, Lirong Yao, Baochun Li, Qijun Bao and Yaxiong Meng
Plants 2025, 14(21), 3269; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14213269 (registering DOI) - 26 Oct 2025
Abstract
β-glucan, a crucial trait in barley breeding programs, serves as a quality determinant of products intended for both human consumption and animal feed. Although genes involved in β-glucan synthesis have been reported, the genetic mechanisms regulating its accumulation in barley grain remain underexplored. [...] Read more.
β-glucan, a crucial trait in barley breeding programs, serves as a quality determinant of products intended for both human consumption and animal feed. Although genes involved in β-glucan synthesis have been reported, the genetic mechanisms regulating its accumulation in barley grain remain underexplored. In this study, we functionally characterized KOB1, a candidate gene identified from a genome-wide association study (GWAS) on barley seed β-glucan content, which encodes a glycosyltransferase. Haplotype analysis showed that haplotype E was associated with significantly elevated grain β-glucan levels compared to other haplotypes. Furthermore, overexpression of KOB1 in rice led to a significant increase in grain β-glucan content relative to the wild-type Zhonghua 11, confirming its critical role in β-glucan biosynthesis. Our findings establish the glycosyltransferase gene KOB1 as a valuable genetic resource for molecular breeding programs aimed at improving grain β-glucan content. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Plant Genetics, Genomics and Biotechnology)
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20 pages, 1054 KB  
Article
“Float[ing] in the Middle” Nurse Navigators and the Interface of Access to Care
by Clare Hannan-Jones, Lisa Fitzgerald, Geoffrey Mitchell and Allyson Mutch
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2025, 22(11), 1631; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph22111631 (registering DOI) - 26 Oct 2025
Abstract
The Australian health care system continues to struggle to meet the needs of people experiencing multiple complex chronic conditions. Australians who report poorer health continue to report poorer access to health care. Inequities in access are attributed to a “mistmatch” between the health [...] Read more.
The Australian health care system continues to struggle to meet the needs of people experiencing multiple complex chronic conditions. Australians who report poorer health continue to report poorer access to health care. Inequities in access are attributed to a “mistmatch” between the health care system and individuals’ clinical and social needs. To address this misalignment at the interface of access, innovative approaches that consider both individual and system-level barriers to care need to be examined. Nurse navigation models designed to support people negotiating complex care and bridge systems and service gaps have been touted as a method to enhance access, but how nurse navigators work at the interface of access in practice is unclear. This qualitative study examined the mechanisms by which nurse navigators facilitate access to care for people experiencing complex care needs through an exploration of key stakeholder perspectives: nurse navigators, nurse navigator patients, and care professionals. Data collection involved in-depth semi-structured interviews, and analysis included reflexive thematic analysis and data triangulation processes. A conceptual framework of access to health care was used to explore nurse navigators’ roles at both system and patient levels. Nurse navigators supported both patients and care professionals by building relationships across the interface of access, challenging norms of care, and facilitating empowerment. Nurse navigators acted as intermediaries to negotiate access, work made possible through their knowledge of systems and capacity to identify and respond to multidimensional care needs and systems challenges. This research highlights the importance of holistic and relational approaches to overcome issues of access for all involved. Full article
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24 pages, 4520 KB  
Review
Esophageal Lichen Planus—Contemporary Insights and Emerging Trends
by Wolfgang Kreisel, Rebecca Diehl, Annegrit Decker, Adhara Lazaro, Franziska Schauer and Annette Schmitt-Graeff
Biomedicines 2025, 13(11), 2621; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines13112621 (registering DOI) - 26 Oct 2025
Abstract
Background: Lichen planus (LP) is a common inflammatory disease affecting skin, mucous membranes, hairs, and nails, with an unpredictable course involving remissions and relapses. LP is a Type-I-Inflammation disease involving IFN-γ and IL-17 as key inflammatory mediators. Materials and Methods: We searched [...] Read more.
Background: Lichen planus (LP) is a common inflammatory disease affecting skin, mucous membranes, hairs, and nails, with an unpredictable course involving remissions and relapses. LP is a Type-I-Inflammation disease involving IFN-γ and IL-17 as key inflammatory mediators. Materials and Methods: We searched PubMed/MEDLINE and Google Scholar search engines for studies on the esophageal manifestation of lichen planus over an unlimited time frame. Articles were searched with combinations of Medical Subject Heading (MeSH) terms. Given the limited number of publications, no exclusion criteria were applied. Results: Esophageal lichen planus (ELP) is an underreported manifestation of LP that primarily affects middle-aged women. Its prevalence among LP patients remains to be defined. Though potentially clinically silent, ELP can significantly impact patient wellbeing and serve as a precursor to esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. While dysphagia is the primary symptom, the condition may also remain subclinical. The endoscopic hallmarks of ELP are mucosal denudation and tearing, trachealization, and hyperkeratosis. Chronic disease progression may lead to scarring esophageal stenosis. Histologically, ELP shows mucosal detachment, T-lymphocytic infiltrations, epithelial cell apoptosis (Civatte bodies), dyskeratosis, and hyperkeratosis. Fibrinogen deposits along the basement membrane zone distinguish ELP from various immunological esophageal diseases. There is currently no standardized therapy available. Topical steroids lead to symptomatic and histologic improvements in two-thirds of patients. Severe or refractory cases require immunosuppressive therapy, whereas JAK-inhibitors represent a promising emerging option. Endoscopic dilation helps symptomatic stenosis. Considering ELP’s precancerous potential, timely diagnosis and treatment are crucial in preventing complications, such as stenosis or invasive esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Conclusions: ELP is an underdiagnosed and underreported manifestation of LP. While it may remain clinically silent, it can nevertheless significantly affect patients’ wellbeing and life expectancy. This narrative review aims to initiate multidisciplinary cooperation among gastroenterologists, dermatologists, oral health professionals, and histopathologists to support clinical diagnosis and management. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue State-of-the-Art Hepatic and Gastrointestinal Diseases in Germany)
18 pages, 2572 KB  
Case Report
Dumbbell Spinal Desmoid Tumor Mimicking a Giant Schwannoma: Case Report and Literature Review
by Hajar Nafidi, Rossella Rispoli, Stefano Pizzolitto, Corrado Iaccarino, Giacomo Pavesi and Barbara Cappelletto
J. Clin. Med. 2025, 14(21), 7596; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm14217596 (registering DOI) - 26 Oct 2025
Abstract
Background/Objectives: Desmoid tumors (DTs) are rare benign soft tissue neoplasms characterized by local aggressiveness and high rate of recurrence. Spinal localization is only anecdotally reported in the literature. When presenting in a dumbbell-shaped configuration, they can mimic neurogenic tumors. Methods: We report a [...] Read more.
Background/Objectives: Desmoid tumors (DTs) are rare benign soft tissue neoplasms characterized by local aggressiveness and high rate of recurrence. Spinal localization is only anecdotally reported in the literature. When presenting in a dumbbell-shaped configuration, they can mimic neurogenic tumors. Methods: We report a rare case of a spinal intracanalar–intrathoracic DT, initially suspected to be a schwannoma, and review the literature. Results: A 24-year-old asymptomatic man was incidentally found to have a mediastinal mass on chest X-ray. CT and MRI revealed a left thoracic paravertebral mass (T9–T12), with intracanalar extension through the T10–T11 foramen, suggestive of a dumbbell-shaped neurogenic tumor. After embolization, the patient underwent surgery via a posterior combined intracanalar and endothoracic approach. Histology and immunohistochemistry analysis identified the tumor as a desmoid type fibromatosis (β catenin positive; S100, CD34, SMA negative). Follow-up MRI at 8, 12, and 18 months showed stable residual intrathoracic mass. Conclusions: To date, only 36 cases of spinal DTs have been reported in the literature, of which only 6 exhibited dumbbell morphology. Immunohistochemical and molecular pathological testing is essential for diagnosis. Although wide resection is preferred, anatomical limitations often necessitate marginal or subtotal surgery, which increases the risk of recurrence (24–77%). Our review showed a 29% overall recurrence rate (50% after subtotal, 29% marginal, 20% wide resection). Adjuvant radiotherapy or systemic therapies may help improve outcomes. Spinal DTs pose significant diagnostic and therapeutic challenges. In the absence of established guidelines, management should be individualized and multidisciplinary. Lifelong follow-up is essential due to the high risk of recurrence. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Clinical Neurology)
20 pages, 11611 KB  
Article
Evaluation of LULC Use Classification for the Municipality of Deva, Hunedoara County, Romania Using Sentinel 2A Multispectral Satellite Imagery—A Comparative Study of GIS Software Analysis and Accuracy Assessment
by Oana Mihaela Bîscoveanu, Gheorghe Badea, Petre Iuliu Dragomir and Ana Cornelia Badea
Appl. Sci. 2025, 15(21), 11437; https://doi.org/10.3390/app152111437 (registering DOI) - 26 Oct 2025
Abstract
The degree of urbanization and the uncontrolled expansion of the built environment play a defining role in shaping contemporary society, contributing significantly to abrupt temperature fluctuations and a declining quality of life. This study aims to analyze land use and land cover (LULC) [...] Read more.
The degree of urbanization and the uncontrolled expansion of the built environment play a defining role in shaping contemporary society, contributing significantly to abrupt temperature fluctuations and a declining quality of life. This study aims to analyze land use and land cover (LULC) patterns in the municipality of Deva, located in the central part of Hunedoara County, Romania (45°52′ N, 22°54′ E). The analysis covers the period from March 2022 to March 2023 and is based on open-source datasets. Supervised classification of LULC was performed using two GIS software platforms: ArcGIS Pro and QGIS. Sentinel-2A satellite imagery, with spatial resolutions of 10 m, 20 m, and 60 m, was processed using two different classification algorithms—the Minimum Distance classifier (via the Semi-Automatic Classification Plugin in QGIS) and the k-Nearest Neighbor (k-NN) algorithm in ArcGIS Pro. The comparative accuracy assessment indicated that the k-NN classifier in ArcGIS Pro performed better, achieving an overall accuracy of 89.7% and a Kappa coefficient of 0.86, while the Minimum Distance classifier in QGIS obtained an overall accuracy of 81.2% and a Kappa coefficient of 0.78. The outputs of both classification workflows were compared, and an accuracy assessment was conducted during the post-processing stage. The best results were obtained using the k-NN algorithm. The classification maps generated in this study can serve as a valuable foundation for local authorities to monitor environmental changes and support urban planning initiatives in Deva. Full article
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16 pages, 325 KB  
Article
An Efficient and Secure Semi-Quantum Secret Sharing Scheme Based on W State Sharing of Specific Bits
by Kai Xing, Rongbo Lu, Sihai Liu and Lu Lan
Entropy 2025, 27(11), 1107; https://doi.org/10.3390/e27111107 (registering DOI) - 26 Oct 2025
Abstract
This paper presents a semi-quantum secret sharing (SQSS) protocol based on three-particle W states, designed for efficient and secure secret sharing in quantum-resource-constrained scenarios. In the protocol, a fully quantum-capable sender encodes binary secrets using W, while receivers with limited quantum capabilities [...] Read more.
This paper presents a semi-quantum secret sharing (SQSS) protocol based on three-particle W states, designed for efficient and secure secret sharing in quantum-resource-constrained scenarios. In the protocol, a fully quantum-capable sender encodes binary secrets using W, while receivers with limited quantum capabilities reconstruct the secret through collaborative Z basis measurements and classical communication, ensuring no single participant can obtain the complete information independently. The protocol employs a four-state decoy photon technique ({|0⟩,|1⟩,|+⟩,|−⟩}) and position randomization, combined with photon number splitting (PNS) and wavelength filtering (WF) technologies, to resist intercept–resend, entanglement–measurement, and double controlled-NOT(CNOT) attacks. Theoretical analysis shows that the detection probability of intercept–resend attacks increases exponentially with the number of decoy photons (approaching 1). For entanglement–measurement attacks, any illegal operation by an attacker introduces detectable quantum state disturbances. Double CNOT attacks are rendered ineffective by the untraceability of particle positions and mixed-basis strategies. Leveraging the robust entanglement of W states, the protocol proves that the mutual information between secret bits and single-participant measurement results is strictly zero, ensuring lossless reconstruction only through authorized collaboration. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Quantum Information Security)
10 pages, 238 KB  
Article
Four-Dimensional Transvaginal Ultrasonography as a First-Line Non-Invasive Follow-Up After Hysteroscopic Metroplasty in Dysmorphic Uterus Cases
by Nurullah Peker, Abdurrahman Sengi, Elif Ucar, Talip Karacor, Ugur Deger, Elif Agacayak and Mehmet Sıddık Evsen
J. Clin. Med. 2025, 14(21), 7597; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm14217597 (registering DOI) - 26 Oct 2025
Abstract
Background/Objectives: This study compared the cost-effectiveness of 4D transvaginal ultrasonography (TVUSG), hysterosalpingography (HSG), and hysteroscopy (HS) in evaluating postoperative uterine correction among patients who underwent hysteroscopic metroplasty for a dysmorphic uterus. Additionally, pregnancy outcomes following surgery were assessed. Materials and Methods: Thirty-one patients [...] Read more.
Background/Objectives: This study compared the cost-effectiveness of 4D transvaginal ultrasonography (TVUSG), hysterosalpingography (HSG), and hysteroscopy (HS) in evaluating postoperative uterine correction among patients who underwent hysteroscopic metroplasty for a dysmorphic uterus. Additionally, pregnancy outcomes following surgery were assessed. Materials and Methods: Thirty-one patients who underwent hysteroscopic metroplasty due to a dysmorphic uterus between July 2023 and June 2024 were retrospectively analysed. Postoperative uterine cavity evaluations were performed exclusively using 4D transvaginal ultrasonography (4D-TVUSG). The characteristics of alternative imaging modalities (HSG and HS) were evaluated conceptually in terms of invasiveness, feasibility, and cost based on official Ministry of Health data and previously published literature, rather than through direct patient-based comparison. One-year postoperative pregnancy outcomes were also recorded. Results: Notably, 4D-TVUSG was considered preferable to HSG and HS due to its non-invasive nature, ease of use, lack of anaesthesia requirement, and lower cost. Postoperatively, 14 patients (45.2%) achieved pregnancy, of whom 3 (21.4%) experienced miscarriages and 11 (78.6%) had ongoing pregnancies or live births. All patients demonstrated a normalised uterine cavity on follow-up and a 100% surgical success rate. Conclusions: It was found that 4D-TVUSG is a reliable, cost-effective, and non-invasive method for postoperative assessment in patients with a dysmorphic uterus undergoing hysteroscopic metroplasty. This is the first study to compare the cost-effectiveness of these three imaging methods, highlighting 4D-TVUSG as a potential first-line follow-up tool in clinical practice. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Obstetrics & Gynecology)
27 pages, 831 KB  
Review
Infrapatellar Fat Pad in Knee Osteoarthritis: A Comprehensive Review of Pathophysiology and Targeted Therapeutic Strategies
by Ilenia Mallia, Antonella Fioravanti and Serena Guiducci
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025, 26(21), 10408; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms262110408 (registering DOI) - 26 Oct 2025
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) is the most common joint disorder globally, affecting approximately 595 million individuals and representing the first cause of chronic pain and disability. Recently, the infrapatellar fat pad (IFP), an intracapsular adipose tissue in the human knee joint, was recognized as an [...] Read more.
Osteoarthritis (OA) is the most common joint disorder globally, affecting approximately 595 million individuals and representing the first cause of chronic pain and disability. Recently, the infrapatellar fat pad (IFP), an intracapsular adipose tissue in the human knee joint, was recognized as an active and metabolically significant contributor to the pathophysiology of OA through the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines, adipokines, and growth factors that sustain inflammatory response, fibrotic remodeling, and neurogenic pain. The present review provides an overview of the pathophysiological significance of the IFP in OA and current and promising therapeutic strategies targeting this adipose structure. We summarize the available preclinical and translational evidence on conservative therapies, minimally invasive interventions, and surgical options as well as IFP-derived mesenchymal stromal cells as a potential cell source for cartilage repair. Overall, preclinical research indicates that the modulation of IFP inflammation and fibrosis could alleviate pain and delay the progression of the disease. The superficial location and its central role in the pathogenesis of OA make the IFP a promising therapeutic target in knee OA (KOA). Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Highlights in Pathophysiology and Treatment of Osteoarthritis)
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26 pages, 7456 KB  
Article
More Accurate and Reliable Phenology Retrieval in Southwest China: Multi-Method Comparison and Uncertainty Analysis
by Feng Tang, Zhongxi Ge and Xufeng Wang
Remote Sens. 2025, 17(21), 3538; https://doi.org/10.3390/rs17213538 (registering DOI) - 26 Oct 2025
Abstract
Accurate phenological information is crucial for evaluating ecosystem dynamics and the carbon budget. As one of China’s largest terrestrial ecosystem carbon pools, Southwest China plays a significant role in achieving the “dual carbon” goals of carbon peaking and carbon neutrality. However, evergreen forests [...] Read more.
Accurate phenological information is crucial for evaluating ecosystem dynamics and the carbon budget. As one of China’s largest terrestrial ecosystem carbon pools, Southwest China plays a significant role in achieving the “dual carbon” goals of carbon peaking and carbon neutrality. However, evergreen forests are widely distributed in this region, and phenology extraction based on vegetation indices has certain limitations, while SIF-based phenology extraction offers a viable alternative. This study first evaluated phenological results derived from three solar-induced chlorophyll fluorescence (SIF) datasets, six curve-fitting methods, and five phenological extraction thresholds at flux sites to determine the optimal threshold and SIF data for phenological indicator extraction. Secondly, uncertainties in phenological indicators obtained from the six fitting methods were quantified at the regional scale. Finally, based on the optimal phenological results, the spatiotemporal variations in phenology in Southwest China were systematically analyzed. Results show: (1) Optimal thresholds are 20% for the start of growing season (SOS) and 30% for the end of growing season (EOS), with GOSIF best for SOS and EOS, and CSIF for the peak of growing season (POS). (2) Cubic Smoothing Spline (CS) has the lowest uncertainty for SOS, while Savitzky–Golay Filter (SG) has the lowest for EOS and POS. (3) Phenology exhibits significant spatial heterogeneity, with SOS and POS generally showing an advancing trend, and EOS and length of growing season (LOS) showing a delaying (extending) trend. This study provides a reference for phenology extraction in regions with frequent cloud cover and widespread evergreen vegetation, supporting effective assessment of regional ecosystem dynamics and carbon balance. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Ecological Remote Sensing)
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18 pages, 3611 KB  
Article
Optimization of the Structural Design of a Vertical Lathe Table in the Context of Minimizing Thermal Deformations
by Janusz Śliwka, Krzysztof Lis and Mateusz Wąsik
Appl. Sci. 2025, 15(21), 11439; https://doi.org/10.3390/app152111439 (registering DOI) - 26 Oct 2025
Abstract
Modern machining industries require high precision and efficiency in machine tools, where thermal deformations significantly impact accuracy. This study focuses on optimizing the structural parameters of a vertical turning center to minimize thermal displacements affecting machining precision. The optimization process is divided into [...] Read more.
Modern machining industries require high precision and efficiency in machine tools, where thermal deformations significantly impact accuracy. This study focuses on optimizing the structural parameters of a vertical turning center to minimize thermal displacements affecting machining precision. The optimization process is divided into parametric and topological methodologies. The parametric approach targets three primary objectives: minimizing mass (q1), maximizing static stiffness (q2), and reducing thermal displacement (q3). Multi-criteria optimization techniques, including Pareto-based and scalarization methods, are applied to balance these conflicting factors. Finite Element Analysis (FEA) models assist in evaluating machine stiffness and displacement, with constraints imposed on structural mass and stiffness to maintain performance. Parametric optimization, using iterative computational algorithms such as Genetic Algorithm (GA) and Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO), refines rib and wall thicknesses of the lathe table to achieve displacement reductions. The optimization process successfully lowers displacement at critical measurement points while maintaining structural integrity. Hybrid PSO (hPSO) outperforms other algorithms in achieving optimal parameter sets with minimal computational effort. Topological optimization, based on the Solid Isotropic Microstructure with Penalization (SIMP) method, further enhances structural efficiency by refining material distribution. The iterative process identifies optimal energy flow paths while ensuring compliance with mechanical constraints. A hybrid approach integrating parametric adjustments with topological refinement leads to superior performance, achieving a 43% reduction in displacement at key measurement points compared to the initial design. The final optimized design reduces mass by 1 ton compared to the original model and 2.5 tons compared to the best rib–wall optimization results. The study’s findings establish a foundation for implementing active deformation compensation systems in machine tools, enhancing machining precision. The integration of parametric and topological optimization presents a robust framework for designing machine tool structures with improved thermal stability and structural efficiency. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Smart Manufacturing and Materials: 3rd Edition)
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25 pages, 3905 KB  
Article
An Enhanced Method for Optical Imaging Computation of Space Objects Integrating an Improved Phong Model and Higher-Order Spherical Harmonics
by Qinyu Zhu, Can Xu, Yasheng Zhang, Yao Lu, Xia Wang and Peng Li
Remote Sens. 2025, 17(21), 3543; https://doi.org/10.3390/rs17213543 (registering DOI) - 26 Oct 2025
Abstract
Space-based optical imaging detection serves as a crucial means for acquiring characteristic information of space objects, with the quality and resolution of images directly influencing the accuracy of subsequent missions. Addressing the scarcity of datasets in space-based optical imaging, this study introduces a [...] Read more.
Space-based optical imaging detection serves as a crucial means for acquiring characteristic information of space objects, with the quality and resolution of images directly influencing the accuracy of subsequent missions. Addressing the scarcity of datasets in space-based optical imaging, this study introduces a method that combines an improved Phong model and higher-order spherical harmonics (HOSH) for the optical imaging computation of space objects. Utilizing HOSH to fit the light field distribution, this approach comprehensively considers direct sunlight, earthshine, reflected light from other extremely distant celestial bodies, and multiple scattering from object surfaces. Through spectral reflectance experiments, an improved Phong model is developed to calculate the optical scattering characteristics of space objects and to retrieve common material properties such as metallicity, roughness, index of refraction (IOR), and Alpha for four types of satellite surfaces. Additionally, this study designs two sampling methods: a random sampling based on the spherical Fibonacci function (RSSF) and a sequential frame sampling based on predefined trajectories (SSPT). Through numerical analysis of the geometric and radiative rendering pipeline, this method simulates multiple scenarios under both high-resolution and wide-field-of-view operational modes across a range of relative distances. Simulation results validate the effectiveness of the proposed approach, with average rendering speeds of 2.86 s per frame and 1.67 s per frame for the two methods, respectively, demonstrating the capability for real-time rapid imaging while maintaining low computational resource consumption. The data simulation process spans six distinct relative distance intervals, ensuring that multi-scale images retain substantial textural features and are accompanied by attitude labels, thereby providing robust support for algorithms aimed at space object attitude estimation, and 3D reconstruction. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Methods and Techniques for Satellite Image Processing and Analysis)
14 pages, 1310 KB  
Article
Sagittal Alignment Correction in Single-Level Minimally Invasive Transforaminal Interbody Fusion with Unilateral vs. Bilateral Facetectomy
by Sergej Telentschak, Eva Fruechtl, Moritz Perrech, Moritz Lenschow, Niklas von Spreckelsen, Dierk-Marko Czybulka, Roland Goldbrunner and Volker Neuschmelting
J. Clin. Med. 2025, 14(21), 7595; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm14217595 (registering DOI) - 26 Oct 2025
Abstract
Objective: Bilateral facetectomy (BF) within minimally invasive transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion (MI-TLIF) remains debated regarding its advantages over unilateral facetectomy (UF) in restoring segmental lordosis, addressing spondylolisthesis and decompressing both neural foramina. The evidence is limited. We sought to determine the benefits of [...] Read more.
Objective: Bilateral facetectomy (BF) within minimally invasive transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion (MI-TLIF) remains debated regarding its advantages over unilateral facetectomy (UF) in restoring segmental lordosis, addressing spondylolisthesis and decompressing both neural foramina. The evidence is limited. We sought to determine the benefits of contralateral facetectomy on radiographic and clinical outcomes. Methods: We conducted a single-center retrospective analysis on patients with lumbar degenerative disease who underwent single-level percutaneous instrumentation and MI-TLIF with either UF or BF. Plain radiographs, CT and MRI were utilized for comparative radiographic analysis. Various intraoperative and clinical parameters were evaluated to assess surgical effort and clinical outcomes. Results: We included 81 UF and 23 BF cases; complete radiological data were available for 27 and 13 patients, respectively. Both techniques demonstrated a comparable increase in segmental lordosis (UF 2.1° ± 5.3° vs. BF 4.3° ± 5.4°, p > 0.1), which is below the study’s minimum detectable effect (MDE ≈ 5.1° at 80% power). Spondylolisthesis reduction was similar, with UF achieving a mean of 2.8 ± 2.2 mm and BF 2.4 ± 1.9 mm (p > 0.1). Mean posterior disc height did not differ significantly between groups (p > 0.1). The mean intraoperative blood loss was significantly higher with BF (803 ± 347 mL) compared to UF (437 ± 207 mL, p < 0.001). The mean duration of surgery was significantly longer for BF (240 ± 48 min) compared to UF (197 ± 37 min, p = 0.001). Conclusions: This study found no evidence of a large advantage of BF over UF in restoring segmental lordosis, spondylolisthesis and posterior disc height in monosegmental MI-TLIF surgery. Given the higher blood loss and longer operative time observed with BF, its use should be selective for specific indications. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Latest Advances in Minimally Invasive Spine Surgery)
23 pages, 5266 KB  
Article
Satellite-Based Assessment of Intertidal Vegetation Dynamics in Continental Portugal with Sentinel-2 Data
by Ingrid Cardenas, Manuel Meyer, José Alberto Gonçalves, Isabel Iglesias and Ana Bio
Remote Sens. 2025, 17(21), 3540; https://doi.org/10.3390/rs17213540 (registering DOI) - 26 Oct 2025
Abstract
Vegetated intertidal ecosystems, such as seagrass meadows, salt marshes, and macroalgal beds, are vital for biodiversity, coastal protection, and climate regulation; however, they remain highly vulnerable to anthropogenic and climate-induced stressors. This study aims to assess interannual changes in intertidal vegetation cover along [...] Read more.
Vegetated intertidal ecosystems, such as seagrass meadows, salt marshes, and macroalgal beds, are vital for biodiversity, coastal protection, and climate regulation; however, they remain highly vulnerable to anthropogenic and climate-induced stressors. This study aims to assess interannual changes in intertidal vegetation cover along the Portuguese mainland coast from 2015 to 2024 using Sentinel-2 satellite imagery calibrated with high-resolution multispectral unoccupied aerial vehicle (UAV) data, to determine the most accurate index for mapping intertidal vegetation. Among the 16 indices tested, the Atmospherically Resilient Vegetation Index (ARVI) showed the highest predictive performance. Based on a model relating intertidal vegetation cover to this index, an ARVI value greater than or equal to 0.214 was established to estimate the area covered with intertidal vegetation. Applying this threshold to time-series data revealed considerable spatial and temporal variability in vegetation cover, with estuarine systems such as the Ria de Aveiro and the Ria Formosa showing the greatest extents and marked fluctuations. At the national level, no consistent overall trend was identified for the study period. Despite limitations related to satellite image resolution and single-site validation, the results demonstrate the feasibility and utility of combining UAV data and satellite indices for long-term, large-scale monitoring of intertidal vegetation. Full article
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