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24 pages, 5066 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Physicochemical and Mineralogical Characterizations of Two Natural Laterites from Burkina Faso: Assessing Their Potential Usage as Adsorbent Materials

by Corneille Bakouan, Louise Chenoy, Boubié Guel and Anne-Lise Hantson

Minerals 2025, 15(4), 379; https://doi.org/10.3390/min15040379 (registering DOI) - 4 Apr 2025

Abstract

In the framework of lateritic material valorization, we demonstrated how the geological environment determines the mineralogical characterizations of two laterite samples, KN and LA. KN and LA originate from the Birimian and Precambrian environments, respectively. We showed that the geological criterion alone does [...] Read more.

In the framework of lateritic material valorization, we demonstrated how the geological environment determines the mineralogical characterizations of two laterite samples, KN and LA. KN and LA originate from the Birimian and Precambrian environments, respectively. We showed that the geological criterion alone does not determine the applicability of these laterites as potential adsorbents but must be associated with their physicochemical properties. The characterizations were carried out using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Thermal analysis, and Atomic Emission Spectrometry Coupled with an Inductive Plasma Source. The major mineral phases obtained by X-ray diffraction analysis coupled with infrared analysis showed that the KN and LA laterite samples were composed of quartz (33.58% to 45.77%), kaolinite (35.64% to 17.05%), hematite (13.36% to 11.43%), and goethite (7.44% to 6.31%). The anionic exchange capacity of the KN and LA laterites ranged from 86.50 ± 3.40 to 73.91 ± 9.94 cmol(-)·kg⁻¹ and from 73.59 ± 3.02 to 64.56 ± 4.08 cmol(-)·kg⁻¹, respectively, and the cation exchange capacity values are in the order of 52.3 ± 2.3 and 58.7 ± 3.4 cmol(+)/Kg for the KN and LA samples, respectively. The specific surface values determined by the BET method were 58.65 m²/g and 41.15 m²/g for the KN and LA samples, respectively. The effects of adsorbent doses on As(III,V), Pb(II), and Cu(II) adsorption were studied. At 5 mg/L As and 15 g/L adsorbent (pH 6.5–7), arsenate removal was 99.72 ± 0.35% and 99.58 ± 0.45% for KN and LA, respectively, whereas arsenite removal reached 83.52 ± 2.21% and 98.59 ± 0.64% for LA and KN, respectively. The Pb(II) and Cu(II) removal rates were 74.20 ± 0.95% for 2.4 g/L KN and 54.18 ± 0.01% for 8 g/L KN, respectively. Based on their physicochemical and mineralogical characteristics, the KN and LA laterite samples were shown to possess a high potential as adsorbent material candidates for removing heavy metals and/or anionic species from groundwater. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Clay Minerals: From Paleoclimatic and Paleoenvironmental Indicators to Industrial Raw Materials)

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10 pages, 649 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Association of Tinnitus with Benign Paroxysmal Positional Vertigo

by Hwa Sung Rim, Rugyeom Lee, In-Hwan Oh, Seung Geun Yeo and Sang Hoon Kim

J. Clin. Med. 2025, 14(7), 2473; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm14072473 (registering DOI) - 4 Apr 2025

Abstract

Background/Objectives: The purpose of this study is to investigate the potential association between tinnitus and benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV) using large-scale population data to assess the risk of developing one condition in patients who have the other condition. Methods: Using [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: The purpose of this study is to investigate the potential association between tinnitus and benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV) using large-scale population data to assess the risk of developing one condition in patients who have the other condition. Methods: Using claims data from the National Health Insurance Corporation spanning 2008 to 2021, we conducted a comprehensive analysis to estimate the risk of developing BPPV in patients with tinnitus and vice versa. This study involved 580,531 patients with tinnitus, 572,937 patients with benign paroxysmal positional vertigo, and their corresponding controls. We used propensity score matching and statistical analyses, including Cox proportional hazard models to assess the association between these conditions. Results: The incidence of BPPV in patients with tinnitus was significantly higher (12.3 per 1000 individuals per year) than that of controls (5.1 per 1000 individuals per year), with an adjusted hazard ratio of 2.474. Additionally, the incidence of tinnitus was significantly higher in patients with BPPV (11.7 per 1000 individuals per year) than in controls (5.5 per 1000 individuals per year), with an adjusted hazard ratio of 2.048. Subgroup analysis showed the risk of developing BPPV in people with tinnitus, and vice versa, was higher in young vs. old people (<39 years) and in men vs. women (p<0.0001). These findings remained significant even after adjusting for sex, age, medical benefits, disability, and health habits. Conclusions: This study provides substantial evidence for a bidirectional association between tinnitus and benign paroxysmal positional vertigo, suggesting an interconnected pathophysiology. Further research is warranted to understand the underlying mechanisms. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in Diagnosis and Treatment of Vestibular Disorders—2nd Edition)

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17 pages, 6278 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Efficient Removal of Mercury Ions Stabilized by Gold Solution Using Chitosan–Guar Gum Polymer Blend in Basic Media

by Azwifunimunwe Tshikovhi, Shivani B. Mishra, Ajay K. Mishra, Mokgaotsa J. Mochane and Tshwafo E. Motaung

Polymers 2025, 17(7), 985; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym17070985 (registering DOI) - 4 Apr 2025

Abstract

The highly efficient removal of mercury metal ions at a higher pH (basic media) is barely reported in the literature. In this study, we developed a novel adsorbent by blending chitosan with guar gum, designed to effectively remove mercury ions from basic media [...] Read more.

The highly efficient removal of mercury metal ions at a higher pH (basic media) is barely reported in the literature. In this study, we developed a novel adsorbent by blending chitosan with guar gum, designed to effectively remove mercury ions from basic media by stabilizing them with a gold (Au³⁺) solution. The FTIR confirmed the compatibility of chitosan and guar gum through hydrogen bonding. The morphology of the blend exhibited an amorphous and porous structure. A mesoporous structure with a surface area, volume, and diameter of 11.843 (m²/g), 0.184 (cm²/g), and 17.072 nm, respectively, was confirmed by BET. The adsorption behavior was analyzed using isotherms and kinetics models, which best fitted with the pseudo-second-order kinetic model and Freundlich adsorption isotherm model, respectively. The adsorbent was shown to be an excellent candidate for the removal of mercury ions in water, with an adsorption efficiency of 92% at pH 12 in 60 min and a maximum adsorption capacity of 370.37 (mg/g). Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advancements in the Development of Polymer Composites: Design, Fabrication, Properties and Application)

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14 pages, 6205 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Numerical Analysis of Flow Dynamics Improvement in a Blower via Simple Integration of Bell Mouth and Nose Cone Structures

by Junseon Park, Jiun Yeom, Seongyeol Baeck, Seungjin Lee and Joong Yull Park

Energies 2025, 18(7), 1830; https://doi.org/10.3390/en18071830 (registering DOI) - 4 Apr 2025

Abstract

Blowers, essential for aerator operation, are pivotal mechanical devices that induce airflow through an impeller. Extensive research has explored impeller geometrical parameters, such as size, angle, and blade count. However, limited attention has been paid to the synergic effect of optimizing the bell [...] Read more.

Blowers, essential for aerator operation, are pivotal mechanical devices that induce airflow through an impeller. Extensive research has explored impeller geometrical parameters, such as size, angle, and blade count. However, limited attention has been paid to the synergic effect of optimizing the bell mouth of the blower inlet and the nose cone of the impeller eye. This study utilized computational fluid dynamics (CFDs) to analyze the impact of the bell mouth and nose cone on the blower through a geometric case study and evaluate the synergy between these components. A bell mouth decreases the wake by 91.76%, and a nose cone decreases the stagnation at the impeller eye and expands the effective impeller area by 76.29%. Moreover, this study demonstrated a significant synergistic effect between the bell mouth and nose cone, which reduced the head loss by 81.4% compared with the base model. This study presents a simple and effective method to improve blower efficiency and reduce power consumption by applying aerodynamically designed bell mouths and nose cones to blowers. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section B: Energy and Environment)

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21 pages, 4708 KiB

Open AccessReview

Challenges to the Sustainability of Urban Cultural Heritage in the Anthropocene: The Case of Suzhou, Yangtze River Delta, China

by Yong Huang and Michael Edward Meadows

Land 2025, 14(4), 778; https://doi.org/10.3390/land14040778 (registering DOI) - 4 Apr 2025

Abstract

Among the diverse challenges to the sustainability of China’s rich tangible cultural heritage, climate change, associated with increased temperatures, altered precipitation regimes, and the augmented frequency and magnitude of extreme events, is regarded as one of the most prominent. However, there is a [...] Read more.

Among the diverse challenges to the sustainability of China’s rich tangible cultural heritage, climate change, associated with increased temperatures, altered precipitation regimes, and the augmented frequency and magnitude of extreme events, is regarded as one of the most prominent. However, there is a diverse range of rapidly emerging environmental and socio-economic hazards that threaten cultural heritage in the country but have thus far received scant attention in this context. Without adequate attention and intervention, the sustainability of the country’s historic urban heritage is highly vulnerable. Anthropocene threats to this important legacy include climate change, sea level rise, land subsidence, water and air pollution, rampant urbanization, and tourism. Suzhou, situated in the low-elevation Yangtze River delta within one or two meters of current sea level, lies in the heart of one of the fastest socio-economically developing and urbanizing regions in the world and is especially vulnerable to the range of threats. As one of the jewels in the crown of China’s architectural heritage, Suzhou represents a model case in which to consider the conflicting interests of socio-economic development and environmental and cultural conservation in the context of rapidly changing environmental conditions. In this review, we consider the diverse risks to the sustainability of Suzhou’s cultural heritage posed by these circumstances, highlight key problems, and prioritize the most urgent issues requiring attention. In recognizing the spatial and temporal nature of these multiple challenges, we highlight the need for integrated approaches to safeguard the sustainability of such valuable resources. Moreover, considering the imperative of accelerating progress towards the UN Sustainable Development Goals and reflecting on current theories of sustainable management of urban cultural heritage, we outline the potential policy and practice implications for the conservation of Suzhou’s historic buildings, canals, and gardens. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Regional Sustainable Development of Yangtze River Delta, China (3rd Edition))

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19 pages, 3752 KiB

Open AccessReview

Artificial Intelligence Driving Innovation in Textile Defect Detection

by Ahmet Ozek, Mine Seckin, Pinar Demircioglu and Ismail Bogrekci

Textiles 2025, 5(2), 12; https://doi.org/10.3390/textiles5020012 (registering DOI) - 4 Apr 2025

Abstract

The cornerstone of textile manufacturing lies in quality control, with the early detection of defects being crucial to ensuring product quality and sustaining a competitive edge. Traditional inspection methods, which predominantly depend on manual processes, are limited by human error and scalability challenges. [...] Read more.

The cornerstone of textile manufacturing lies in quality control, with the early detection of defects being crucial to ensuring product quality and sustaining a competitive edge. Traditional inspection methods, which predominantly depend on manual processes, are limited by human error and scalability challenges. Recent advancements in artificial intelligence (AI)—encompassing computer vision, image processing, and machine learning—have transformed defect detection, delivering improved accuracy, speed, and reliability. This article critically examines the evolution of defect detection methods in the textile industry, transitioning from traditional manual inspections to AI-driven automated systems. It delves into the types of defects occurring at various production stages, assesses the strengths and weaknesses of conventional and automated approaches, and underscores the pivotal role of deep learning models, especially Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs), in achieving high precision in defect identification. Additionally, the integration of cutting-edge technologies, such as high-resolution cameras and real-time monitoring systems, into quality control processes is explored, highlighting their contributions to sustainability and cost-effectiveness. By addressing the challenges and opportunities these advancements present, this study serves as a comprehensive resource for researchers and industry professionals seeking to harness AI in optimizing textile production and quality assurance amidst the ongoing digital transformation. Full article

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19 pages, 587 KiB

Open AccessReview

The Relationship Between Nurses’ Emotional Competence and Evidence-Based Nursing: A Scoping Review

by Dora Ribeiro Machado, Manuel Morais Brás, Assunção Laranjeira de Almeida and Carlos Vilela

Nurs. Rep. 2025, 15(4), 124; https://doi.org/10.3390/nursrep15040124 (registering DOI) - 4 Apr 2025

Abstract

Background: Emerging evidence suggests that emotions significantly influence clinical decision-making among healthcare professionals. Given that evidence-based nursing (EBN) relies heavily on clinical reasoning, and emotions play a critical role in shaping its quality, exploring the relationship between emotional competence and EBN is essential. [...] Read more.

Background: Emerging evidence suggests that emotions significantly influence clinical decision-making among healthcare professionals. Given that evidence-based nursing (EBN) relies heavily on clinical reasoning, and emotions play a critical role in shaping its quality, exploring the relationship between emotional competence and EBN is essential. Objective: This scoping review aims to map and synthesize existing knowledge on the relationship between nurses’ emotional competence and EBN, while identifying research methodologies and integration challenges. Methods: Following the Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) methodology and PRISMA-ScR guidelines, a scoping review was conducted. The search strategy included studies from databases such as Scopus and CINAHL, as well as grey literature. Eligibility criteria included primary and secondary research articles in Portuguese, English, Spanish, and French, published since 1990, focusing on the relationship between emotional competence and EBN in nurses. Data were synthesized thematically. Results: Of 751 publications identified, 11 met the inclusion criteria. Three themes emerged: (1) the relationship between emotional competence and EBN in different healthcare contexts; (2) research methodologies used; and (3) integration challenges and suggestions. Findings suggest that nurses with higher emotional competence are more likely to adopt safer, evidence-based practices, facilitating EBN implementation and improving care quality and safety. Conclusions: The evidence highlights the importance of integrating emotional intelligence and EBN in nursing education and practice. Combined educational programs are recommended to enhance professional safety, performance, and well-being. Future research should further explore this relationship to develop practice models that reconcile emotional competencies with evidence-based nursing. Full article

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11 pages, 2249 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Synergistic Antinociceptive Effects of Ketorolac and Ascorbic Acid in a Formalin-Induced Pain Model

by Josué Vidal Espinosa-Juárez, Erika Florecita Hoover-Lazo, Sergio de Jesús Rubio-Trujillo, Citlaly Natali de la Torre-Sosa, Nereida Violeta Vega-Cabrera, Josselin Carolina Corzo-Gómez, Refugio Cruz-Trujillo and Osmar Antonio Jaramillo-Morales

Future Pharmacol. 2025, 5(2), 15; https://doi.org/10.3390/futurepharmacol5020015 (registering DOI) - 4 Apr 2025

Abstract

Pain is a widespread global issue and one of the most common disabling conditions in daily life. A wide range of medications are available to reduce or eliminate pain, with nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) being among those most commonly used. Additionally, new analgesic [...] Read more.

Pain is a widespread global issue and one of the most common disabling conditions in daily life. A wide range of medications are available to reduce or eliminate pain, with nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) being among those most commonly used. Additionally, new analgesic approaches, such as antioxidants (Ascorbic Acid), have been explored for their potential to relieve acute pain after surgery, cancer-related pain, and chronic pain not related to cancer with fewer adverse effects. Furthermore, the use of pharmacological combinations is an alternative treatment strategy to obtain a higher efficacy using lower drug concentrations, at which side effects are minimal. Background/Objectives: The aim of this study was to evaluate the pharmacological synergism of ketorolac and ascorbic acid in an inflammatory pain model. Methods: The individual and combined effects of ketorolac and ascorbic acid were evaluated in a formalin-induced pain model in mice. Four experimental groups were established: control (vehicle), ketorolac (KET), ascorbic acid (AA), and combination (KET/AA). Results: The combination of ketorolac and ascorbic acid produced a greater antinociceptive effect compared to the vehicle and individual treatments in the formalin model. Notably, even the lowest dose of the combination (KET 6.26/AA 3.21 µg/paw) exhibited a stronger effect than the maximum doses of each individual treatment KET (100 µg/paw) and AA (100 µg/paw). The effective concentration that produced 30% of antinociception (EC₃₀) for the tested treatments were determined, and an isobologram analysis confirmed the presence of a synergistic interaction in these combinations. Conclusions: These findings suggest that the combination of ketorolac and ascorbic acid produces a synergistic antinociceptive effect in the formalin-induced pain model. The enhanced efficacy of the combination indicates a potential therapeutic advantage in pain management by reducing the required dosage of each compound while maintaining or improving analgesic effects. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Novel Therapeutic Approach to Inflammation and Pain)

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14 pages, 1395 KiB

Open AccessSystematic Review

Electrocardiographic Changes in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus—A Meta-Analysis

by Teodora-Gabriela Alexescu, Antonia Nechita, Paula Alexander, Mirela-Georgiana Perné, Mircea-Vasile Milaciu, George Ciulei, Ioana Para, Vasile Negrean, Ana-Florica Chiș, Doina-Adina Todea, Dan Vălean, Simina-Felicia Țărmure and Olga-Hilda Orășan

J. Mind Med. Sci. 2025, 12(1), 14; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmms12010014 (registering DOI) - 4 Apr 2025

Abstract

Background: Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a chronic metabolic disorder significantly associated with cardiovascular complications. Electrocardiographic (ECG) abnormalities are common in patients with type 2 diabetes (T2DM) and can serve as early markers for cardiovascular risk. Objective: This meta-analysis aims to evaluate the impact [...] Read more.

Background: Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a chronic metabolic disorder significantly associated with cardiovascular complications. Electrocardiographic (ECG) abnormalities are common in patients with type 2 diabetes (T2DM) and can serve as early markers for cardiovascular risk. Objective: This meta-analysis aims to evaluate the impact of T2DM on electrocardiographic changes, focusing on major ECG abnormalities, fragmented QRS (fQRS) complexes, and prolonged corrected QT (QTc) intervals. Materials and Methods: A systematic review of observational studies published between 2017 and 2022 was conducted using databases such as PubMed, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, Embase, and ClinicalTrials.gov. The inclusion criteria required studies to focus on patients with T2DM and report ECG changes. A total of 13 studies comprising 25,530 participants met the criteria and were included in the meta-analysis. The statistical analysis was performed using RevMan 5.4 with a random-effects model. Results: T2DM patients were 1.74 times more likely to develop major ECG abnormalities than non-diabetic individuals (crude OR = 1.74, 95% CI = 1.17–2.57, p = 0.006). The prevalence of fQRS complexes was significantly higher among T2DM patients (crude OR = 2.48, 95% CI = 2.09–2.957, p < 0.00001). Additionally, T2DM patients exhibited a higher likelihood of QTc interval prolongation (crude OR = 1.38, 95% CI = 1.09–1.74, p = 0.008). Conclusions: This meta-analysis demonstrates that T2DM patients have a significantly higher risk of ECG abnormalities, including major changes, fQRS complexes, and prolonged QTc intervals. Regular ECG monitoring is essential for early detection and management of cardiovascular risks in T2DM patients. Full article

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25 pages, 975 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Quantum Classical Algorithm for the Study of Phase Transitions in the Hubbard Model via Dynamical Mean-Field Theory

by Anshumitra Baul, Herbert Fotso, Hanna Terletska, Ka-Ming Tam and Juana Moreno

Quantum Rep. 2025, 7(2), 18; https://doi.org/10.3390/quantum7020018 (registering DOI) - 4 Apr 2025

Abstract

Modeling many-body quantum systems is widely regarded as one of the most promising applications for near-term noisy quantum computers. However, in the near term, system size limitation will remain a severe barrier for applications in materials science or strongly correlated systems. A promising [...] Read more.

Modeling many-body quantum systems is widely regarded as one of the most promising applications for near-term noisy quantum computers. However, in the near term, system size limitation will remain a severe barrier for applications in materials science or strongly correlated systems. A promising avenue of research is to combine many-body physics with machine learning for the classification of distinct phases. We present a workflow that synergizes quantum computing, many-body theory, and quantum machine learning (QML) for studying strongly correlated systems. In particular, it can capture a putative quantum phase transition of the stereotypical strongly correlated system, the Hubbard model. Following the recent proposal of the hybrid quantum-classical algorithm for the two-site dynamical mean-field theory (DMFT), we present a modification that allows the self-consistent solution of the single bath site DMFT. The modified algorithm can be generalized for multiple bath sites. This approach is used to generate a database of zero-temperature wavefunctions of the Hubbard model within the DMFT approximation. We then use a QML algorithm to distinguish between the metallic phase and the Mott insulator phase to capture the metal-to-Mott insulator phase transition. We train a recently proposed quantum convolutional neural network (QCNN) and then utilize the QCNN as a quantum classifier to capture the phase transition region. This work provides a recipe for application to other phase transitions in strongly correlated systems and represents an exciting application of small-scale quantum devices realizable with near-term technology. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Theoretical, Quantum and Computational Chemistry—2nd Edition)

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20 pages, 980 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Age, Growth, and Mortality of the Common Pandora (Pagellus erythrinus, L. 1758) in the Central Aegean Sea: Insights into Population Dynamics

by Alexandros Theocharis, Sofia Vardali and Dimitris Klaoudatos

Fishes 2025, 10(4), 160; https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes10040160 (registering DOI) - 4 Apr 2025

Abstract

This study investigates the age, growth, and mortality of the common pandora (Pagellus erythrinus) in the Central Aegean Sea, providing critical insights into its population dynamics and sustainability. A total of 589 specimens were analyzed, identifying nine age cohorts with mean [...] Read more.

This study investigates the age, growth, and mortality of the common pandora (Pagellus erythrinus) in the Central Aegean Sea, providing critical insights into its population dynamics and sustainability. A total of 589 specimens were analyzed, identifying nine age cohorts with mean total lengths ranging from 13.18 cm to 32.94 cm. Growth parameters, estimated using the von Bertalanffy growth model, yielded an asymptotic length (L∞) of 39.53 cm and a growth coefficient (k) of 0.16 year⁻¹, indicating moderate growth rates. The population exhibited non-isomorphic growth (b = 2.49, R² = 98.4), suggesting slower weight gain relative to length. Mortality estimates indicated natural mortality (M) at 0.321 year⁻¹, total mortality (Z) at 0.52 year⁻¹, and fishing mortality (F) at 0.2 year⁻¹, resulting in an exploitation rate (E) of 0.38. The fishing mortality at maximum sustainable yield (FMSY) was estimated at 0.33, with an exploitation rate at MSY (EMSY) of 0.51, suggesting that the population is currently harvested sustainably but close to the threshold of overexploitation. These findings provide essential reference points for fisheries management and highlight the need for continuous monitoring to ensure the long-term sustainability of P. erythrinus in Greek waters. Full article

15 pages, 734 KiB

Open AccessSystematic Review

Utilizing VR Visual Novels Incorporating Social Stories for Learning in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Systematic Literature Review

by Katerina Atsalaki and Ioannis Kazanidis

Multimodal Technol. Interact. 2025, 9(4), 32; https://doi.org/10.3390/mti9040032 (registering DOI) - 4 Apr 2025

Abstract

Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental condition that impacts social, communication, and emotional skills, presenting significant challenges in learning and social interaction. Traditional teaching approaches often fail to engage children with ASD, highlighting the need for innovative solutions. This study investigates the [...] Read more.

Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental condition that impacts social, communication, and emotional skills, presenting significant challenges in learning and social interaction. Traditional teaching approaches often fail to engage children with ASD, highlighting the need for innovative solutions. This study investigates the potential of virtual reality (VR) visual novels, incorporating social stories, as a tool to enhance social skills in children with ASD Level 1. Through a comprehensive literature review, the research evaluates VR environments that blend the interactive, choice-based structure of visual novels with immersive social narratives. Key aspects such as empathy, communication, and emotional regulation are analyzed to assess whether VR-based social stories provide better learning outcomes compared to conventional 2D methods. The findings aim to inform about the application of VR technologies in educational interventions, demonstrating how immersive learning experiences can promote essential social competencies in children with ASD. Full article

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28 pages, 320 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Situating Place and Wellbeing Within Heritage Interactions for Older Adults

by Jessica Bowden, Ryan Woolrych and Craig J. Kennedy

Heritage 2025, 8(4), 131; https://doi.org/10.3390/heritage8040131 (registering DOI) - 4 Apr 2025

Abstract

As the global population ages, more older adults are engaging with the historic environment than ever before. However, the needs of this population may not always be met by local and national heritage sites and organizations. Here, eight professionals working in the UK [...] Read more.

As the global population ages, more older adults are engaging with the historic environment than ever before. However, the needs of this population may not always be met by local and national heritage sites and organizations. Here, eight professionals working in the UK heritage, health and well-being and aging sectors were interviewed to gather their views on how older adults interact with the historic environment. Three key themes emerged from these interviews: barriers to accessing the historic environment; positive well-being implications of engaging with the historic environment; and the need to develop a wider knowledge base. Barriers to accessing the historic environment include physiological barriers, such as mobility issues, psychological barriers, and financial barriers. Positive well-being derived from engaging with the historic environment are explored in two key themes: communal well-being, and personal well-being. Attention is drawn to activities developed by heritage organizations to engage with older adults, and how these can be better coordinated and implemented to maximize the benefits the historic environment can offer, and minimize the barriers. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Cultural Heritage)

22 pages, 5710 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Experimental Characterization of Cast Explosive Charges Used in Studies of Blast Effects on Structures

by Anselmo S. Augusto, Girum Urgessa, Caio B. Amorim, Robison E. Lopes Júnior, Fausto B. Mendonça, José A. F. F. Rocco and Koshun Iha

CivilEng 2025, 6(2), 20; https://doi.org/10.3390/civileng6020020 (registering DOI) - 4 Apr 2025

Abstract

Structural research teams face significant challenges when conducting studies with explosives, including the costs and inherent risks associated with field detonation tests. This study presents a replicable method for loading spherical and bare TNT-based cast explosive charges, offering reduced costs and minimal risks. [...] Read more.

Structural research teams face significant challenges when conducting studies with explosives, including the costs and inherent risks associated with field detonation tests. This study presents a replicable method for loading spherical and bare TNT-based cast explosive charges, offering reduced costs and minimal risks. Over eighty TNT and Composition B charges (comprising 60% RDX, 39% TNT, and 1% wax) were prepared using spherical molds made of thin aluminum, which are low-cost, off-the-shelf solutions. The charges were bare, meaning they lacked any casing, as the molds were designed to be easily removed after casting. The resulting charges were safer due to their smaller dimensions and the absence of hazardous metallic debris. Composition B charges demonstrated promising results, with their performance characterized through blast and thermochemical experiments. Comprehensive data are provided for Composition B charges, including TNT equivalence, pressures, velocity of detonation, DSC/TGA curves at four different heating rates, activation energy, peak decomposition temperatures, X-ray analysis, and statistics on masses and densities. A comparison between detonation and deflagration processes, captured in high-speed footage, is also presented. This explosive characterization is crucial for structural teams to precisely understand the blast loads produced, ensuring a clear and accurate knowledge of the forces acting on structures. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Structural and Earthquake Engineering)

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26 pages, 1985 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Inter- and Intra-Estuarine Comparison of the Feeding Ecology of Keystone Fish Species in the Elbe and Odra Estuaries

by Jesse Theilen, Sarah Storz, Sofía Amieva-Mau, Jessica Dohr, Elena Hauten, Raphael Koll, Christian Möllmann, Andrej Fabrizius and Ralf Thiel

Fishes 2025, 10(4), 161; https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes10040161 (registering DOI) - 4 Apr 2025

Abstract

Food webs in estuarine ecosystems serve as important biological indicators. The feeding ecology of four keystone fish species, pikeperch (Sander lucioperca L.), smelt (Osmerus eperlanus L.), ruffe (Gymnocephalus cernua L.) and flounder (Platichthys flesus L.), in the Elbe and [...] Read more.

Food webs in estuarine ecosystems serve as important biological indicators. The feeding ecology of four keystone fish species, pikeperch (Sander lucioperca L.), smelt (Osmerus eperlanus L.), ruffe (Gymnocephalus cernua L.) and flounder (Platichthys flesus L.), in the Elbe and Odra estuaries was analyzed using stomach content analyses. Important prey of pikeperch were fishes and mysids in both estuaries. Amphipods were especially important as prey for smelt in the Elbe estuary, whereas smelt caught in the Odra estuary mainly consumed mysids. Ruffe fed mainly on amphipods in the Elbe estuary, while annelids (lower section) and insect larvae (upper section) were the most important prey in the Odra estuary. Flounder favored copepods as prey in the Elbe estuary, while bivalves were preferred in the Odra estuary. Higher dietary overlaps were found in the Elbe estuary between smelt vs. ruffe, pikeperch vs. ruffe, and pikeperch vs. smelt. In the Elbe estuary, a shift in the diet composition of pikeperch, smelt, and ruffe was observed from 2021 to 2022 compared to food analyses from the 1990s. These shifts included an increased consumption of amphipods, while mysids and copepods had recently decreased in their diets. These changes indicate a restructuring of the food web, potentially linked to environmental changes, which highlights the sensitivity of estuarine ecosystems. Full article

16 pages, 4912 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Characterization of Laser-Ablated Bound Metal Deposition (laBMD)

by Alexander Watson, Masoud Rais-Rohani, John Belding, Jasper McGill and Brett D. Ellis

J. Manuf. Mater. Process. 2025, 9(4), 119; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmmp9040119 (registering DOI) - 4 Apr 2025

Abstract

Additive manufacturing of metals is limited by a fundamental tradeoff between deposition rates and manufacturability of fine-scale features. To overcome this problem, a laser-ablated bound metal deposition (laBMD) process is demonstrated in which 3D-printed green-state bound metal deposition (BMD) parts are post-processed via [...] Read more.

Additive manufacturing of metals is limited by a fundamental tradeoff between deposition rates and manufacturability of fine-scale features. To overcome this problem, a laser-ablated bound metal deposition (laBMD) process is demonstrated in which 3D-printed green-state bound metal deposition (BMD) parts are post-processed via laser ablation prior to conventional BMD debinding and sintering. The laBMD process is experimentally characterized via a full-factorial design of experiments to determine the effect of five factors—number of laser passes (one pass, three passes), laser power (25%, 75%), scanning speed (50%, 100%), direction of laser travel (perpendicular, parallel), and laser resolution (600 dpi, 1200 dpi)—on as-sintered ablated depth, surface roughness, width, and angle between ablated and non-ablated regions. The as-sintered ablation depth/pass ranged from 3 to 122 µm/pass, the ablated surface roughness ranged from 3 to 79 µm, the angle between ablated and non-ablated regions ranged from 1° to 68°, and ablated bottom widths ranged from 729 to 1254 µm. This study provides novel insights into as-manufactured ablated geometries and surface finishes produced via laser ablation of polymer–metallic composites. The ability to inexpensively and accurately manufacture fine-scale features with tailorable geometric tolerances and surface finishes is important to a variety of applications, such as manufacturing molds for microfluidic devices. Full article

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17 pages, 24696 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Energy Transition and Heritage in Anthropocene Era—Proposal for a Methodological Analysis at Local Scale

by Belén Pérez-Pérez and Eva Chacón-Linares

Urban Sci. 2025, 9(4), 112; https://doi.org/10.3390/urbansci9040112 (registering DOI) - 4 Apr 2025

Abstract

In the Anthropocene era, climate change highlights the need to abandon the centralized energy generation model using large installations located far from consumption centers, and to move towards an urban energy transition based on decentralized self-consumption models—both individual and collective—and local energy communities. [...] Read more.

In the Anthropocene era, climate change highlights the need to abandon the centralized energy generation model using large installations located far from consumption centers, and to move towards an urban energy transition based on decentralized self-consumption models—both individual and collective—and local energy communities. These approaches reduce emissions and external dependency, strengthening resilience, urban sustainability, and promoting energy justice and citizen participation. This work aims to develop a model for integrating photovoltaic solar systems in urban centers of high heritage value, combining the protection of cultural legacy with climate change adaptation strategies. A methodology is designed to integrate solar energy into urban areas while respecting cultural heritage in the most reasonable way possible. The proposed methodology consists of carrying out a characterization of the municipalities under study, considering legal, demographic, energy, and heritage aspects. Next, a territorial zoning is proposed that differentiates between protected and unprotected areas in each municipality. Visibility maps are developed to assess the impact of the installations by sector from the main visual consumption points, facilitating differentiated decisions to protect the most sensitive environments. In addition, specific measures are proposed, such as locating the installations in non-visible areas and using materials and techniques adapted to the construction typology, to preserve areas of higher cultural value and to implement energy communities and collective self-consumption outside culturally protected zones. This methodology is applied to two urban areas in the province of Jaén (South of Andalusia): Alcalá la Real and Cazorla, which, due to their different characteristics, demonstrate its versatility and adaptability. It is concluded that the transition toward decentralized models is an effective way to adapt cities to climate change, reinforcing social cohesion, contributing to the fight against energy vulnerability, and protecting historical heritage. Full article

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21 pages, 370 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Study of a Nonlocal Coupled Integral Boundary Value Problem for Nonlinear Hilfer–Hadamard-Type Fractional Langevin Equations

by Bashir Ahmad, Hafed A. Saeed and Sotiris K. Ntouyas

Fractal Fract. 2025, 9(4), 229; https://doi.org/10.3390/fractalfract9040229 (registering DOI) - 4 Apr 2025

Abstract

We discuss the existence criteria and Ulam–Hyers stability for solutions to a nonlocal integral boundary value problem of nonlinear coupled Hilfer–Hadamard-type fractional Langevin equations. Our results rely on the Leray–Schauder alternative and Banach’s fixed point theorem. Examples are included to illustrate the results [...] Read more.

We discuss the existence criteria and Ulam–Hyers stability for solutions to a nonlocal integral boundary value problem of nonlinear coupled Hilfer–Hadamard-type fractional Langevin equations. Our results rely on the Leray–Schauder alternative and Banach’s fixed point theorem. Examples are included to illustrate the results obtained. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Fractional Initial and Boundary Value Problems)

16 pages, 2325 KiB

Open AccessReview

Central and Peripheral Immunity Responses in Parkinson’s Disease: An Overview and Update

by Ghaidaa Ebrahim, Hunter Hutchinson, Melanie Gonzalez and Abeer Dagra

Neuroglia 2025, 6(2), 17; https://doi.org/10.3390/neuroglia6020017 (registering DOI) - 4 Apr 2025

Abstract

Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by motor and non-motor symptoms, with increasing evidence supporting the role of immune dysregulation in its pathophysiology. Neuroinflammation, mediated by microglial activation, pro-inflammatory cytokine production, and blood–brain barrier dysfunction, plays a crucial role in [...] Read more.

Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by motor and non-motor symptoms, with increasing evidence supporting the role of immune dysregulation in its pathophysiology. Neuroinflammation, mediated by microglial activation, pro-inflammatory cytokine production, and blood–brain barrier dysfunction, plays a crucial role in dopaminergic neuronal degeneration. Furthermore, peripheral immune changes, including T cell infiltration, gut microbiota dysbiosis, and systemic inflammation, contribute to disease progression. The bidirectional interaction between the central and peripheral immune systems suggests that immune-based interventions may hold therapeutic potential. While dopaminergic treatments remain the standard of care, immunomodulatory therapies, monoclonal antibodies targeting α-synuclein, and deep brain stimulation (DBS) have demonstrated immunological effects, though clinical efficacy remains uncertain. Advances in immune phenotyping offer new avenues for personalized treatment approaches, optimizing therapeutic responses by stratifying patients based on inflammatory biomarkers. This review highlights the complexities of immune involvement in PD and discusses emerging strategies targeting immune pathways to develop disease-modifying treatments. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Multifaceted Roles of Glia: From Cellular Functions to Neurological Implications)

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26 pages, 17793 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Study on the Spatial and Temporal Evolution of Hydrogen-Blended Natural Gas Leakage and Flare-Up in the Typical Semi-Open Space

by Xu Wang, Saitao Hu, Shengzhu Zhang, Yingquan Duo, Jinhuai Xu and Tong Zhao

Fire 2025, 8(4), 146; https://doi.org/10.3390/fire8040146 (registering DOI) - 4 Apr 2025

Abstract

Numerical simulations reveal the combustion dynamics of hydrogen-blended natural gas (H-BNG) in semi-open spaces. In the typical semi-open space scenario, increasing the hydrogen blending ratio from 0% to 60% elevates peak internal pressure by 107% (259.3 kPa → 526.0 kPa) while reducing pressure [...] Read more.

Numerical simulations reveal the combustion dynamics of hydrogen-blended natural gas (H-BNG) in semi-open spaces. In the typical semi-open space scenario, increasing the hydrogen blending ratio from 0% to 60% elevates peak internal pressure by 107% (259.3 kPa → 526.0 kPa) while reducing pressure rise time by 56.5% (95.8 ms → 41.7 ms). A vent size paradox emerges: 0.5 m openings generate 574.6 kPa internal overpressure, whereas 2 m openings produce 36.7 kPa external overpressure. Flame propagation exhibits stabilized velocity decay (836 m/s → 154 m/s, 81.6% reduction) at hydrogen concentrations ≥30% within 2–8 m distances. In street-front restaurant scenarios, 80% H-BNG leaks reach alarm concentration (0.8 m height) within 120 s, with sensor response times ranging from 21.6 s (proximal) to 40.2 s (distal). Forced ventilation reduces hazard duration by 8.6% (151 s → 138 s), while door status shows negligible impact on deflagration consequences (412 kPa closed vs. 409 kPa open), maintaining consistent 20.5 m hazard radius at 20 kPa overpressure threshold. These findings provide crucial theoretical insights and practical guidance for the prevention and management of H-BNG leakage and explosion incidents. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Hydrogen Safety: Challenges and Opportunities)

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15 pages, 1291 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Optimizing Silage Efficiency: The Role of Ryegrass Varieties, Harvest Time, and Additives in Enhancing Perennial Ryegrass (Lolium perenne) Fermentation

by Tianyi Guo, Tong Niu, Katrin Kuka and Nils Tippkötter

Fermentation 2025, 11(4), 192; https://doi.org/10.3390/fermentation11040192 (registering DOI) - 4 Apr 2025

Abstract

The increasing demand for bio-based chemicals and sustainable materials has placed biomass-derived lactic acid in the spotlight as a key building block for biodegradable polylactic acid (PLA). Perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne) is a promising feedstock due to its high dry matter [...] Read more.

The increasing demand for bio-based chemicals and sustainable materials has placed biomass-derived lactic acid in the spotlight as a key building block for biodegradable polylactic acid (PLA). Perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne) is a promising feedstock due to its high dry matter (DM) yield, adaptability, and widespread agricultural use. This study investigates an integrated lactic acid–silage cascade process, focusing on how pH regulation, harvest timing, and biomass characteristics influence lactic acid production while maintaining agronomic efficiency. The results highlighted the crucial role of pH management and silage duration in optimizing lactic acid production. A silage period of 21 days was found to be optimal, as peak lactic acid yields were consistently observed at this stage. Maintaining a pH range of 4.5 to 6 proved essential for stabilizing fermentation, with citrate buffering at pH 6 leading to the highest lactic acid yields and minimizing undesirable by-products. Harvest timing also significantly affected lactic acid yield per hectare. While later harvesting increased total DM yield, it led to a decline in lactic acid concentration per kg DM. Tetraploid ryegrass (Explosion) maintained stable lactic acid yields due to higher biomass accumulation, whereas diploid varieties (Honroso) experienced a net reduction. From an agronomic perspective, optimizing harvest timing and variety selection is key to balancing biomass yield and fermentation efficiency. While tetraploid varieties offer greater flexibility, diploid varieties require precise harvest timing to avoid losses. These findings contribute to sustainable forage management, improving lactic acid production, silage efficiency, and agricultural resource use. Full article

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23 pages, 3022 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Induction of Antifungal Tolerance Reveals Genetic and Phenotypic Changes in Candida glabrata

by Christy Chedraoui, Nour Fattouh, Setrida El Hachem, Maria Younes and Roy A. Khalaf

J. Fungi 2025, 11(4), 284; https://doi.org/10.3390/jof11040284 (registering DOI) - 4 Apr 2025

Abstract

Candida glabrata is an opportunistic, pathogenic fungus that is increasingly isolated from hospitalized patients. The incidence of drug tolerance, heteroresistance, and resistance is on the rise due to an overuse of antifungal drugs. The aim of this study was to expose a sensitive [...] Read more.

Candida glabrata is an opportunistic, pathogenic fungus that is increasingly isolated from hospitalized patients. The incidence of drug tolerance, heteroresistance, and resistance is on the rise due to an overuse of antifungal drugs. The aim of this study was to expose a sensitive C. glabrata strain to sequentially increasing concentrations of two antifungal drugs, fluconazole, an azole that targets ergosterol biosynthesis, or caspofungin, an echinocandin that targets cell wall glucan synthesis. Analysis of the drug-exposed isolates showed development of antifungal tolerance, chromosomal abnormalities, decreased adhesion, attenuated virulence, and an increase in efflux pump activity. Furthermore, whole genome sequencing of all isolates exposed to different concentrations of fluconazole or caspofungin was performed to determine mutations in key genes that could correlate with the observed phenotypes. Mutations were found in genes implicated in adhesion, such as in the AWP, PWP, and EPA family of genes. Isolates exposed to higher drug concentrations displayed more mutations than those at lower concentrations. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Fungal Genomics, Genetics and Molecular Biology)

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18 pages, 2703 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Altered Effective Connectivity of the Attentional Network in Temporal Lobe Epilepsy with EEG Data

by Xiaojie Wei, Haojun Yang, Ruochen Dang, Bingliang Hu, Li Feng, Yuanyuan Xie and Quan Wang

Bioengineering 2025, 12(4), 387; https://doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering12040387 (registering DOI) - 4 Apr 2025

Abstract

Existing studies have shown that the attentional function of epilepsy is prone to be impaired. However, the characterization of brain connectivity behind this impairment remains uncertain. This study investigates attention-related brain connectivity in 92 patients with temporal lobe epilepsy and 78 healthy controls [...] Read more.

Existing studies have shown that the attentional function of epilepsy is prone to be impaired. However, the characterization of brain connectivity behind this impairment remains uncertain. This study investigates attention-related brain connectivity in 92 patients with temporal lobe epilepsy and 78 healthy controls using a 32-channel EEG monitor during an attention network test. Compared to controls, patients showed reduced temporal–occipital connectivity in the alerting and orienting networks, but increased frontal–occipital connectivity in the executive network. Additionally, this study showed that patients and healthy individuals exhibited similar network topologies in the alerting and orienting networks, but the executive networks in patients showed altered topology properties, with a larger clustering coefficient in the theta band and a longer characteristic path length in the delta and theta bands. These findings reveal distinct characteristics of attention network connectivity in patients with temporal lobe epilepsy, offering valuable insights into the underlying mechanisms of epilepsy and providing clinical guidance for long-term monitoring and intervention. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Multiclass Prediction and Assisted Diagnosis of Mental Disorders Based on Eye Movement and Other Physiological Signals)

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33 pages, 6047 KiB

Open AccessReview

Advanced Aerogels for Water Remediation: Unraveling Their Potential in Fats, Oils, and Grease Sorption—A Comprehensive Review

by Adina-Elena Segneanu, Dumitru-Daniel Herea, Gabriela Buema, Ionela Amalia Bradu, Melinda Cepan and Ioan Grozescu

Gels 2025, 11(4), 268; https://doi.org/10.3390/gels11040268 (registering DOI) - 4 Apr 2025

Abstract

The increasing contamination of water bodies by fats, oils, and grease (FOG) poses significant environmental and operational challenges, necessitating the development of advanced remediation technologies. Aerogels, with their ultra-lightweight structure, high porosity, and tunable surface chemistry, have emerged as promising sorbents for efficient [...] Read more.

The increasing contamination of water bodies by fats, oils, and grease (FOG) poses significant environmental and operational challenges, necessitating the development of advanced remediation technologies. Aerogels, with their ultra-lightweight structure, high porosity, and tunable surface chemistry, have emerged as promising sorbents for efficient FOG removal. This comprehensive review explores recent advancements in aerogel materials, highlighting novel formulations, functional modifications, and nanotechnology integrations that enhance sorption capacity and reusability. It delves into the mechanistic aspects of FOG sorption, providing insights into how surface interactions and structural properties influence performance. The sustainability of aerogels is emphasized, particularly the use of bio-based and eco-friendly materials that align with green remediation strategies. A comparative analysis with conventional sorbents underscores the advantages of aerogels in terms of efficiency, environmental impact, and cost-effectiveness. Furthermore, real-world applications, including oil spill cleanup and wastewater treatment, are discussed alongside challenges, regulatory considerations, and future research directions. By offering a holistic perspective on the potential of aerogels in water remediation, this review serves as a valuable resource for researchers and industry professionals seeking innovative and sustainable solutions for FOG management. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Aerogels: From Design to Application)

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16 pages, 2180 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Multi-Stage Financial Distress Early Warning System: Analyzing Corporate Insolvency with Random Forest

by Katsuyuki Tanaka, Takuo Higashide, Takuji Kinkyo and Shigeyuki Hamori

J. Risk Financial Manag. 2025, 18(4), 195; https://doi.org/10.3390/jrfm18040195 (registering DOI) - 4 Apr 2025

Abstract

As corporate sector stability is crucial for economic resilience and growth, machine learning has become a widely used tool for constructing early warning systems (EWS) to detect financial vulnerabilities more accurately. While most existing EWS research focuses on bankruptcy prediction models, bankruptcy signals [...] Read more.

As corporate sector stability is crucial for economic resilience and growth, machine learning has become a widely used tool for constructing early warning systems (EWS) to detect financial vulnerabilities more accurately. While most existing EWS research focuses on bankruptcy prediction models, bankruptcy signals often emerge too late and provide limited early-stage insights. This study employs a random forest approach to systematically examine whether a company’s insolvency status can serve as an effective multi-stage financial distress EWS. Additionally, we analyze how the financial characteristics of insolvent companies differ from those of active and bankrupt firms. Our empirical findings indicate that highly accurate insolvency models can be developed to detect status transitions from active to insolvent and from insolvent to bankrupt. Furthermore, our analysis reveals that the financial determinants of these transitions differ significantly. The shift from active to insolvent is primarily driven by structural and operational ratios, whereas the transition from insolvent to bankrupt is largely influenced by further financial distress in operational and profitability ratios. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Role of Digitization in Corporate Finance)

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