MDPI - Publisher of Open Access Journals

22 pages, 1853 KB

Open AccessArticle

Estimations of Production Capacity Based on Simulation Models: A Case Study of Furniture Manufacturing Systems

by Damian Kolny and Robert Drobina

Appl. Sci. 2026, 16(4), 1683; https://doi.org/10.3390/app16041683 (registering DOI) - 7 Feb 2026

This article presents the concept of building a discrete event simulation model of a production system in terms of statistical and probabilistic models, which is based on a fragment of a broader production process in the furniture industry. The purpose of the study [...] Read more.

This article presents the concept of building a discrete event simulation model of a production system in terms of statistical and probabilistic models, which is based on a fragment of a broader production process in the furniture industry. The purpose of the study was to evaluate the efficiency of a single-shift production process during the start-up phase and to determine the impact of implementing two- and three-shift systems. The discrete event simulation model was developed using actual production data collected during a single-shift operation. Scenarios were then designed to identify and quantify the necessary process adjustments required for the successful implementation of two- and three-shift systems. The authors demonstrated that simulation modeling of production processes based on probabilistic distributions provides information that is essential for effective capacity planning. The proposed percentile grids enabled clear visualization and precise assessment of production resource utilization in various shift configurations, facilitating decision-making regarding capacity expansion based on previously assumed data. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Technologies in Intelligent Manufacturing and Industrial Engineering, 2nd Edition)

16 pages, 417 KB

Open AccessArticle

A Multidimensional Approach to Support Industrial Symbiosis: Reuse of Olive Oil Mill Wastewater in Bread Production

by Giada La Scalia, Rosa Micale, Concetta Manuela La Fata, Lino Sciurba and Luca Settanni

Sustainability 2026, 18(4), 1726; https://doi.org/10.3390/su18041726 (registering DOI) - 7 Feb 2026

Abstract

Industrial Symbiosis (IS) represents a key strategy within the Circular Economy (CE) paradigm, enabling firms located near enhance competitiveness through the collective exchange and valorisation of resources. By fostering the reuse of water, energy, and materials, IS contributes to the sustainable optimization of [...] Read more.

Industrial Symbiosis (IS) represents a key strategy within the Circular Economy (CE) paradigm, enabling firms located near enhance competitiveness through the collective exchange and valorisation of resources. By fostering the reuse of water, energy, and materials, IS contributes to the sustainable optimization of manufacturing processes. Nevertheless, the implementation of IS, as a distinct business model, requires the active collaboration of heterogeneous stakeholders, which often generates critical challenges in aligning interests and achieving equitable benefits. This study explores an innovative approach to agri-food symbiosis by evaluating the incorporation of Olive Oil Mill Wastewater (OOMW), a by-product of olive oil production, into bread formulations. This strategy not only mitigates the environmental burden associated with OOMW disposal but also promotes resource efficiency within the olive oil supply chain. Bread samples were produced by varying the concentration of OOMW, and each formulation was assessed according to quality characteristics, consumer acceptability parameters, and sustainability aspects. The selection of the best-performing formulation was conducted through a Multi-Criteria Decision-Making (MCDM) framework, specifically applying the VIKOR method. The findings highlight how the integration of OOMW into bread production can generate a dual benefit, improving food quality while advancing sustainable practices in both the olive oil and bakery sectors. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Economic and Business Aspects of Sustainability)

15 pages, 727 KB

Open AccessArticle

Filiality in Print: Material and Visual Strategies of Buddhist–Confucian Integration in the Joseon Dynasty

by Jin Son and Hogui Kim

Religions 2026, 17(2), 204; https://doi.org/10.3390/rel17020204 (registering DOI) - 7 Feb 2026

Abstract

During the Joseon Dynasty, Korean Buddhism intentionally negotiated its survival and ongoing relevance in response to the predominance of Neo-Confucian state ideology by aligning Buddhist teaching with Confucian ethical ideals, especially filial piety. This process can be clearly observed in two well-known apocryphal [...] Read more.

During the Joseon Dynasty, Korean Buddhism intentionally negotiated its survival and ongoing relevance in response to the predominance of Neo-Confucian state ideology by aligning Buddhist teaching with Confucian ethical ideals, especially filial piety. This process can be clearly observed in two well-known apocryphal texts—the Bulseol daebo bumo eunjung gyeong (佛說大報父母恩重經, Eunjung gyeong) and the Bulseol jangsu myeoljoe hojedongja darani gyeong (佛說長壽滅罪護諸童子陀羅尼經, Jangsu gyeong)—whose acceptance in Joseon Korea was largely dependent on their Confucian-inspired ethical substance. This article explores how the material aspects of these texts—such as woodblock printing methods, visual programs, book formats, and meticulous colophons—operated as means for integrating Buddhist doctrinal themes with Confucian moral standards. By focusing on the 1452 woodblock editions produced at Wŏnamsa Temple, this research highlights materiality as an influential factor in enabling the visual and ritual spread of Buddhist filial ethics and thereby supporting Buddhism’s cultural legitimacy in a Confucian-dominated environment. Using a material culture lens, this study addresses a notable gap in the current research—which has typically emphasized textual interpretation at the expense of material dimensions—and offers insight into how religious groups strategically utilized materiality to adapt within changing socio-cultural contexts. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Old Texts, New Insights: Exploring Buddhist Manuscripts)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

16 pages, 1343 KB

Open AccessArticle

Extraction Components and Dyeing Effect of Cotinus coggygria Scop. in Water–Ethanol Systems

by Yuhe Liu, Zheng Xie, Yanan Tang, Zixin Dai, Liangjun Xia, Yunli Wang, Dan Sheng and Weilin Xu

Materials 2026, 19(4), 647; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma19040647 (registering DOI) - 7 Feb 2026

Abstract

As a highly representative traditional plant dye, the pigment composition of Cotinus coggygria Scop. (CCS) and its dyeing mechanisms require further study. In this work, pigments were extracted from the trunk of CCS using environmentally friendly solvents, namely ethanol and water. A systematic [...] Read more.

As a highly representative traditional plant dye, the pigment composition of Cotinus coggygria Scop. (CCS) and its dyeing mechanisms require further study. In this work, pigments were extracted from the trunk of CCS using environmentally friendly solvents, namely ethanol and water. A systematic analysis of the components in the CCS extract and the stripping solutions from dyed cotton fabrics was conducted using LC-MS and UV-Vis spectroscopy, enabling an exploration of how different solvents influence the dissolution of CCS pigments and their dyeing effects on cotton fibers. The results indicated that water is more effective for extracting flavonoid glycosides and proanthocyanidins, whereas ethanol demonstrated superior efficacy in extracting flavonols and flavonol glycosides. Additionally, the dyed samples exhibited significant antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus. The water–ethanol extraction and dyeing technology developed in this study aligns with the principles of sustainable development in green chemistry, providing an environmentally friendly solution for the industrial application of CCS and offering substantial ecological and economic value. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Green Materials)

21 pages, 4572 KB

Open AccessArticle

No-Reference Quality Assessment of Dermoscopic Images Using Minimal Expert Supervision

by Andrea Ferraris, Francesco Branciforti, Kristen M. Meiburger, Federica Veronese, Elisa Zavattaro, Paola Savoia and Massimo Salvi

Appl. Sci. 2026, 16(4), 1682; https://doi.org/10.3390/app16041682 (registering DOI) - 7 Feb 2026

Abstract

Background: Assessing image quality is critical in medical imaging to ensure diagnostic reliability. Traditional no-reference image quality assessment (IQA) metrics designed for natural images often fail to address the complexities of medical images. This study proposes DermaIQA, a novel no-reference metric for [...] Read more.

Background: Assessing image quality is critical in medical imaging to ensure diagnostic reliability. Traditional no-reference image quality assessment (IQA) metrics designed for natural images often fail to address the complexities of medical images. This study proposes DermaIQA, a novel no-reference metric for dermoscopic images that aligns quality scores with clinical perception. Methods: We developed a degradation pipeline simulating realistic artifacts without requiring extensive manual labeling. From 812 expert-classified images, we generated a comprehensive dataset (>125,000 images) using controlled blur and compression techniques. An iterative ranking procedure converted these degradations into a continuous quality scale, which was used to train a vision transformer model. Results: The proposed IQA metric outperformed both heuristic and deep learning techniques, achieving 92% accuracy in distinguishing high-quality vs. low-quality images. The approach demonstrated robust generalization when tested on external datasets with different acquisition characteristics, confirming its relevance across varied imaging conditions. Conclusions: DermaIQA represents the first dermatology-specific quality metric that minimizes expert annotation requirements while maintaining clinical relevance. This tool enhances workflows through real-time acquisition feedback and acts as a gatekeeper for AI diagnostic systems, ensuring only high-quality images are processed. The trained model and inference scripts are publicly available. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Age of Transformers: Emerging Trends and Applications)

17 pages, 15258 KB

Open AccessCommunication

Magnetic Bead-Guided Assembly of 3D Primary Human Islet Cells in Decellularized Pancreatic Scaffolds

by Marluce da Cunha Mantovani, Ana Claudia Oliveira Carreira, Nilsa Regina Damaceno-Rodrigues, Elia Garcia Caldini and Mari Cleide Sogayar

Cells 2026, 15(4), 317; https://doi.org/10.3390/cells15040317 (registering DOI) - 7 Feb 2026

Abstract

Background: Three-dimensional (3D) cell cultures are increasingly recognized as effective models for studying diseases and developing cell therapies. In the endocrine pancreas field, organoids/spheroids derived from human islet cells enable advances in diabetes research, drug screening, and tissue engineering. While various 3D culture [...] Read more.

Background: Three-dimensional (3D) cell cultures are increasingly recognized as effective models for studying diseases and developing cell therapies. In the endocrine pancreas field, organoids/spheroids derived from human islet cells enable advances in diabetes research, drug screening, and tissue engineering. While various 3D culture methods exist, approaches such as magnetic bead-assisted aggregation remain underexplored for endocrine pancreatic cells. Additionally, the use of biological scaffolds, especially those derived from decellularized pancreatic extracellular matrix, provides a biomimetic environment that promotes adhesion, proliferation, and functionality of pancreatic cells. This study presents a protocol for magnetic bead-guided 3D culture of human islet cells within decellularized pancreatic scaffolds. Methods: Human pancreas from adult brain-dead donors was harvested for both islets’ isolation processing and decellularization to generate an acellular pancreatic bioscaffold. Primary human pancreatic islets were first grown in two-dimensional adherent cultures, then enzymatically harvested from the surface and reassembled into three-dimensional clusters using different initial cell amounts (small clusters 0.5 × 10⁴–1 × 10⁴ and larger clusters 2.5 × 10⁴–5 × 10⁴ cells) and then placed within acellular pancreatic slices of different thickness, namely 50 and 90 μm. Optic microscopic examination, scanning electron microscopy analysis, and assessment of insulin and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) levels were used to evaluate these 3D islet-like cluster cultures. Results: We report the establishment of 3D cultures derived from primary pancreatic islet cells using a magnetic approach in a remarkable 18 h period for the complete formation of 3D clusters. The small clusters (0.5 × 10⁴–1 × 10⁴ cells) exhibited a faster attachment to the acellular matrix, with cells visibly spreading outside the cluster interacting with the bioscaffold slice, when compared to the larger clusters (2.5 × 10⁴–5 × 10⁴ cells). These cells continued to produce insulin, and no statistically significant differences in LDH levels were found under these different conditions. Conclusions: Here, we demonstrate that a magnetic bead-based protocol can be successfully applied to endocrine pancreatic cells, enabling the rapid formation of compact, viable, and functional 3D structures. Despite limitations such as higher cost and prolonged retention of magnetic particles, the approach supports size-dependent interactions with decellularized pancreatic scaffolds. These findings are valuable for researchers designing experiments tailored to specific objectives and underscore the potential of this platform for advancing diabetes research and pancreatic tissue engineering. Full article

20 pages, 622 KB

Open AccessReview

Machine Learning and Non-Invasive Monitoring Technologies for Training Load Management in Women’s Volleyball: A Scoping Review

by Héctor Gabriel Sanhueza Tapia, Frano Giakoni Ramirez, Josivaldo de Souza-Lima and Arturo Diaz Suarez

Sports 2026, 14(2), 74; https://doi.org/10.3390/sports14020074 (registering DOI) - 7 Feb 2026

Abstract

Training load monitoring in women’s volleyball is a challenge for optimizing performance and mitigating injury risk. Non-invasive monitoring technologies and machine learning (ML) can support decision-making, but the evidence remains heterogeneous. This scoping review mapped and integrated the evidence on training load management, [...] Read more.

Training load monitoring in women’s volleyball is a challenge for optimizing performance and mitigating injury risk. Non-invasive monitoring technologies and machine learning (ML) can support decision-making, but the evidence remains heterogeneous. This scoping review mapped and integrated the evidence on training load management, fatigue, and performance in women’s volleyball and identified gaps. The PRISMA Extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR) and the Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) framework were followed. A systematic search was conducted in Scopus, Web of Science, and PubMed, covering January 2020 to September 2025. We included studies in female players at any competitive level, including mixed-sex studies meeting a minimum threshold of female participation, that evaluated external and/or internal load, neuromuscular or perceptual fatigue, and/or performance, using standardized data extraction and narrative/thematic synthesis. Fifty-three studies were included. Inertial measurement units (IMUs), force platforms, heart rate (HR) and heart rate variability (HRV), wellness questionnaires, and global/local positioning systems (GPSs/LPSs) were most prevalent. External-load intensity indicators (e.g., high-intensity jumps and accelerations) were reported as more sensitive to fatigue-related changes than accumulated volume. Machine learning models were less frequent and were mainly applied to multi-source integration and fatigue/readiness prediction, with recurring limitations in external validation and interpretability. Women-specific biological moderators, such as the menstrual cycle, were rarely addressed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Exercise Physiological Responses and Performance Analysis)

25 pages, 1391 KB

Open AccessReview

3D Printing with Tragacanth-Gum-Based Bioinks: A New Frontier in Bioprinting Materials

by Shivani Dogra, Bhupendra Koul, Ananta Prasad Arukha and Muhammad Fazle Rabbee

Gels 2026, 12(2), 152; https://doi.org/10.3390/gels12020152 (registering DOI) - 7 Feb 2026

Abstract

Extrusion-based bioprinting is widely used for fabricating cell-laden constructs; however, its success is highly dependent on the rheological and biological performance of the bioink. Natural polysaccharide gums have emerged as promising bioink components due to their biocompatibility and tunable properties. Among them, tragacanth [...] Read more.

Extrusion-based bioprinting is widely used for fabricating cell-laden constructs; however, its success is highly dependent on the rheological and biological performance of the bioink. Natural polysaccharide gums have emerged as promising bioink components due to their biocompatibility and tunable properties. Among them, tragacanth gum (TG), a complex anionic heteropolysaccharide composed of tragacanthin and bassorin fractions, has gained increasing attention for extrusion bioprinting applications. TG exhibits pronounced shear-thinning behavior, high water uptake, and spontaneous gel-forming ability, which collectively enhance the printability, shape fidelity, and structural stability of bioinks. This review critically summarizes recent advances in TG-based hydrogels and bioinks, with emphasis on their molecular characteristics, rheological and physicochemical properties, and biological performance in extrusion bioprinting systems. The role of TG as a functional component in composite bioinks, particularly in improving mechanical integrity, extrusion consistency, and cytocompatibility, is discussed. Finally, current challenges and future research directions are highlighted to support the development and clinical translation of TG-based bioinks for tissue engineering applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue 3D Printing of Gel-Based Materials (2nd Edition))

18 pages, 3492 KB

Open AccessArticle

A Testbed for the Development and Validation of Contactless Vital Signs Monitoring Systems

by Zaid Farooq Pitafi, He Yang, Jiayu Chen, Yingjian Song, Jin Ye, Zion Tse, Kenan Song and WenZhan Song

Sensors 2026, 26(4), 1092; https://doi.org/10.3390/s26041092 (registering DOI) - 7 Feb 2026

Abstract

Contactless monitoring of vital signs such as heart rate (HR) and respiratory rate (RR) has gained significant attention, with vibration-based sensors like geophones showing promise for accurate, non-invasive monitoring. However, most existing systems are developed with healthy subjects and may not generalize well [...] Read more.

Contactless monitoring of vital signs such as heart rate (HR) and respiratory rate (RR) has gained significant attention, with vibration-based sensors like geophones showing promise for accurate, non-invasive monitoring. However, most existing systems are developed with healthy subjects and may not generalize well to extreme physiological ranges, such as those observed in infants or patients with arrhythmia. Moreover, the underlying mechanisms of cardiorespiratory vibration dynamics remain insufficiently understood, limiting clinical adoption of these systems. To address these challenges, we present a programmable cardiorespiratory testbed capable of generating realistic HR and RR signals across a wide range (HR: 40–240 bpm, RR: 8–40 bpm). Our system uses a voice coil motor that acts as the vibration source, driven by a Raspberry Pi-based control circuit. Unlike similar systems that use separate modules for heart and lung signals, our setup generates both signals using a single motor. The synthetic signals exhibit a strong correlation of 0.85 compared with data from 75 human subjects. We use this system to design signal processing-based algorithms for vital signs monitoring and demonstrate their robustness for extreme physiological ranges. The proposed system enhances the understanding of cardiorespiratory vibration dynamics while significantly reducing the time and effort required to collect real-world data. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Sensor Networks)

13 pages, 386 KB

Open AccessArticle

Robot-Assisted Radical Prostatectomy Beyond the Learning Curve: Does Prior Laparoscopic Experience Influence Surgical Outcomes?

by Alberto Zambudio-Munuera, Irene Millán-Ramos, Patricia Rodríguez-Parras, Francisco Gutiérrez-Tejero, María Teresa Melgarejo-Segura, Miguel Arrabal-Martin and Miguel Ángel Arrabal-Polo

Cancers 2026, 18(4), 548; https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers18040548 (registering DOI) - 7 Feb 2026

Abstract

Background/Objectives Robot-assisted radical prostatectomy (RARP) is widely used in contemporary prostate cancer surgery; however, surgeons enter robotic practice through heterogeneous training pathways. This study aimed to compare early oncological and functional outcomes after RARP between two experienced robotic surgeons with different surgical backgrounds [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives Robot-assisted radical prostatectomy (RARP) is widely used in contemporary prostate cancer surgery; however, surgeons enter robotic practice through heterogeneous training pathways. This study aimed to compare early oncological and functional outcomes after RARP between two experienced robotic surgeons with different surgical backgrounds after completion of the learning curve. Methods: We conducted a retrospective, consecutive, single-center study including patients undergoing RARP after completion of the learning curve (> 40 cases) by two experienced robotic surgeons with different surgical backgrounds. Baseline characteristics, perioperative variables, and early oncological and functional outcomes were compared between surgeons. Pentafecta achievement was assessed as an exploratory composite outcome. Appropriate non-parametric and categorical statistical tests were applied as appropriate. Results: Ninety-three patients were included (55 operated on by surgeon A and 38 by surgeon B). Preoperative clinical and pathological characteristics were largely comparable between groups, except for prostate volume. Median operative time was significantly shorter for surgeon A (70 vs. 120 min, p < 0.001). Postoperative morbidity was low, with no major complications and no differences in length of hospital stay. At 6 months, urinary continence and erectile function recovery rates were high and comparable between surgeons. Oncological outcomes, including positive surgical margin rates and biochemical recurrence, did not differ significantly, although recurrence events were infrequent and follow-up was limited. Overall pentafecta achievement was modest and similar between groups (23.6% vs. 21.1%, p = 0.77), with positive surgical margins emerging as the main limiting factor. Conclusions: In this exploratory post-learning curve analysis, early oncological and functional outcomes after RARP were similar between surgeons with different surgical backgrounds. These findings should be interpreted cautiously and considered hypothesis-generating. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Clinical Trials and Evolving Treatment Paradigms in Urologic Cancers)

36 pages, 17374 KB

Open AccessArticle

Performance Impact of the Nano-Colloidal Aphron-Based Drilling Fluids on Rheological and Filtration Properties

by Raboon Dizayee, Jagar Ali and Hewa Omar

Processes 2026, 14(4), 587; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr14040587 (registering DOI) - 7 Feb 2026

Abstract

Severe fluid loss in fractured, depleted reservoirs usually defeat conventional water-based drilling fluids (WBDFs), and rigid lost-circulation materials (LCMs) struggle to form durable, conformal seals. We report an eco-oriented colloidal gas aphron (CGA) fluid built from a nanostructured corn biopolymer (NCBP) and a [...] Read more.

Severe fluid loss in fractured, depleted reservoirs usually defeat conventional water-based drilling fluids (WBDFs), and rigid lost-circulation materials (LCMs) struggle to form durable, conformal seals. We report an eco-oriented colloidal gas aphron (CGA) fluid built from a nanostructured corn biopolymer (NCBP) and a biodegradable peanut-oil-derived surfactant, benchmarked against a reference fluid (RF) and aphron-only baselines (aphron based fluid, ABF). NCBP, produced by ball milling, was confirmed nanostructured by x-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), electron and atomic microscopies. Performance was evaluated from 25 to 90 °C for rheology, aphron stability and filtration at low temperature and low pressure (LTLP) of 100 psi and 25 °C, with post-test mud cake imaging. The optimized formulation, NCBP-2, showed stronger shear-thinning and higher gel strengths with heat, sustained stable and uniform aphrons for at least 120 min with foam persistence beyond 24 h, and delivered 3.0 mL filtrate with a 0.8 mm mud cake. These outcomes correspond to 60% less filtrate and approximately 73% thinner mud cakes than RF (7.5 mL; 3.0 mm), and about 14% and 33% improvements over the best ABF (3.5 mL; 1.2 mm). Micrographs revealed denser, finer-pored mud cakes, consistent with a mechanism in which deformable aphrons bridge micro-fractures while nano-scale polymeric fillers tighten the mud cake network. The results demonstrate decisive loss-control gains with temperature-tolerant rheology, supporting bio-based CGA fluids for depleted and fractured formations. Full article

► Show Figures

Figure 1

13 pages, 2300 KB

Open AccessArticle

Range of Motion and Intensity Achieved During a Single Session of Targeted Robot-Assisted Exercise in Individuals with Parkinson’s Disease: A Pilot Study

by Meredith D. Wells, Matthew Lamsey, Arielle Wallenstein, Jerry Feldman, Charles C. Kemp and Madeleine E. Hackney

Sensors 2026, 26(4), 1091; https://doi.org/10.3390/s26041091 (registering DOI) - 7 Feb 2026

Abstract

The goal of this study was to determine if a robot-assisted exercise system could lead individuals with Parkinson’s disease (PD) through different joint ranges of motion in a fun and effective manner. Eleven individuals with PD participated. A novel robotic system placed a [...] Read more.

The goal of this study was to determine if a robot-assisted exercise system could lead individuals with Parkinson’s disease (PD) through different joint ranges of motion in a fun and effective manner. Eleven individuals with PD participated. A novel robotic system placed a target at different places in space for participants to tap with their hand, foot or knee. The range of motion (ROM) was collected by inertial measurement units (APDM), and was extracted using a custom code (Matlab). ROM was dependent upon the exercise and joint of interest. Participants illustrated acceptable levels of fatigue during each session, based on an average ending heart rate of 107.0 ± 11.9 bpm (~70% of maxHR) and an ending RPE of 6.5 ± 1.8 on a 10-point scale, indicating that the sessions were appropriately challenging. Standing forward reach, used to assess static balance and flexibility, improved by an average of 1.7 inches (p < 0.01), demonstrating immediate improvements from exercising with the robot. The results demonstrate the potential benefits of exercising with a robotic exercise system. The number of sessions spent with a PT can be limited by availability, so this system could be a fun way to encourage individuals with PD to complete their PT exercises at home. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Biomedical Sensors)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

23 pages, 2965 KB

Open AccessArticle

Molecular Mechanisms of Temperature-Regulated Cordycepin Biosynthesis in Cordyceps militaris

by Jiaxing Shao, Ziwei Zhang, Guanhui Liu, Jinsheng Lin, Ziping Zhang, Xuelin Dai, Ning Jiang and Jie Tu

J. Fungi 2026, 12(2), 118; https://doi.org/10.3390/jof12020118 (registering DOI) - 7 Feb 2026

Abstract

Cordycepin is a key active component of Cordyceps militaris, but the molecular mechanism underlying temperature-regulated biosynthesis remains unclear. In this study, Cordyceps militaris strain KN-1 was used as experimental material, with low-temperature (15 °C), control (20 °C), and high-temperature (25 °C) treatments [...] Read more.

Cordycepin is a key active component of Cordyceps militaris, but the molecular mechanism underlying temperature-regulated biosynthesis remains unclear. In this study, Cordyceps militaris strain KN-1 was used as experimental material, with low-temperature (15 °C), control (20 °C), and high-temperature (25 °C) treatments applied during the fruiting body stage. Transcriptomics, untargeted metabolomics, weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA), and Reverse Transcription quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) validation were integrated to elucidate the molecular mechanism of temperature-mediated cordycepin biosynthesis. The results showed that 25 °C increased fruiting body cordycepin content by 84%, while 15 °C reduced it. Transcriptomic analysis identified differentially expressed genes (DEGs) enriched in transmembrane transport and fatty acid metabolism, and untargeted metabolomics revealed differential metabolites (DAMs) enriched in lipids and organic acids, indicating that temperature primarily affects Cordyceps militaris membrane function. WGCNA showed that the MEblue module was positively correlated with cordycepin (r = 0.93), with Major Facilitator Superfamily (MFS) members accounting for the highest proportion (47.1%) that may affect cordycepin transmembrane transport. Multi-omics analysis indicated that high temperature promotes cordycepin accumulation through the synergistic regulation of multiple pathways: upregulating genes in the pentose phosphate pathway, purine metabolism, and cordycepin biosynthetic gene cluster (Cns1–Cns3), increasing protective agent pentostatin content, downregulating cordycepin-degrading genes, and enhancing cordycepin transmembrane transport. This study clarifies the molecular mechanism of temperature-mediated cordycepin accumulation, providing a theoretical basis for improving cordycepin production via temperature regulation, optimizing Cordyceps militaris strain quality, and facilitating efficient industrial production. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Fungal Cell Biology, Metabolism and Physiology)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

66 pages, 58479 KB

Open AccessReview

3D Skeletal Scaffolds of Marine Keratosan Demosponges Origin as Renewable Sources for Bioinspiration in Modern Structural Biomimetics and Tissue Engineering

by Hermann Ehrlich, Jagoda Litowczenko, Anna Szczurek, Alona Voronkina, Daria Pakuła, Miłosz Frydrych, Robert E. Przekop, Igor Smirnov, Stanislav Petrov, Ihor Sieliverstov, Martyna Kotula, Anita Kubiak, Bartosz Leśniewski, Izabela Dziedzic, Liubov Muzychka, Hartmut Stöker, Zineb Souiba, Armin Springer, Korbinian Heimler, Carla Vogt, Adelajda Flont, Marta Przymuszała, Dmitry Tsurkan and Krzysztof Nowacki Show full author list Hide full author list

Biomimetics 2026, 11(2), 124; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomimetics11020124 (registering DOI) - 7 Feb 2026

Abstract

This experimental review discusses evolutionarily approved, naturally pre-designed skeletal architectures of marine keratosan sponges in the form of 3D scaffolds, which have garnered increasing interest in the fields of structural and functional biomimetics as well as in tissue engineering. It has been demonstrated [...] Read more.

This experimental review discusses evolutionarily approved, naturally pre-designed skeletal architectures of marine keratosan sponges in the form of 3D scaffolds, which have garnered increasing interest in the fields of structural and functional biomimetics as well as in tissue engineering. It has been demonstrated that these renewable, ready-to-use natural scaffolds can undergo further modifications through specialized treatments such as metallization and carbonization, enabling the creation of functional biomaterials while maintaining the species-specific hierarchical 3D structure. The study presented remarkable findings, including the demonstration of the unique shape-memory behavior of these scaffolds even after two months of exposure to high mechanical pressure at temperatures exceeding 100 °C. Additionally, the cytocompatibility and biological performance of natural and carbonized (1200 °C) spongin scaffolds, derived from selected bath sponges, were comparatively investigated with respect to growth and proliferation of human MG-63 osteoblastic cells. Understanding whether carbonization universally enhances osteogenic capabilities or selectively amplifies the inherent architectural advantages remains to be critical for the rational design of sponge-derived scaffolds in bone and structural tissue engineering applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biomimetic Three-Dimensional (3D) Scaffolds from Sustainable Biomaterials)

► Show Figures

Graphical abstract

18 pages, 788 KB

Open AccessSystematic Review

The Use of Radiotherapy in Leptomeningeal Carcinomatosis: A Systematic Review and Random-Effects Proportions Meta-Analysis

by Pamela Ochoa-Lantigua, Mauricio Moreno-Bejarano, Cayetana Guarderas-Arias, José Bueno-Miño and Jose E. Leon-Rojas

Cancers 2026, 18(4), 547; https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers18040547 (registering DOI) - 7 Feb 2026

Abstract

Objective: Leptomeningeal carcinomatosis (LMC) is a rare but devastating complication of advanced cancer, particularly in patients with breast and lung malignancies. This systematic review provides a descriptive synthesis of radiotherapy approaches used in patients with leptomeningeal metastases, with a quantitative proportions meta-analysis [...] Read more.

Objective: Leptomeningeal carcinomatosis (LMC) is a rare but devastating complication of advanced cancer, particularly in patients with breast and lung malignancies. This systematic review provides a descriptive synthesis of radiotherapy approaches used in patients with leptomeningeal metastases, with a quantitative proportions meta-analysis focused on treatment-related toxicity. Materials and methods: A systematic search was conducted in PubMed, Scopus, and the virtual health library (BVS) databases following PRISMA 2020 guidelines. Studies including patients diagnosed with LMC and treated with RT were selected. Outcomes included overall survival (OS), adverse events (toxicities), and functional response. Results: A total of 39 studies comprising 2822 patients were included; the most frequent primary tumors were lung (n = 1337) and breast (n = 990) cancers. The mean time from cancer diagnosis to LMC was 22.4 months. Radiotherapy regimens included whole-brain radiotherapy (WBRT, n = 1054), craniospinal irradiation (CSI, n = 148), and focal RT (n = 27); RT was administered alone or in combination with systemic treatments. Toxicity was reported in 462 patients, primarily fatigue (n = 115), nausea/vomiting (n = 72), and hematological events (notably in CSI). The pooled toxicity prevalence was 50.8% (95% CI, 26.1–75.4; I² = 96.1; p < 0.0001) for all RT modalities, and 31.6% (95%CI, 15.0–50.8; I² = 90.7; p < 0.0001) for WBRT. CSI toxicity estimates were based on a limited number of studies and did not reach statistical significance, and should therefore be interpreted as exploratory. Mean OS from LMC diagnosis was 18.2 weeks; OS by treatment was 21.5 weeks and 20.3 weeks, for RT by itself and combined, respectively. Conclusions: LMC predominantly affects patients with advanced-stage lung and breast cancers and presents with variable clinical timelines and functional impairment. Radiotherapy represents a frequently utilized and clinically important component of the palliative management of leptomeningeal disease, particularly for symptom control and neurological stabilization, rather than a treatment associated with superior survival outcomes. Prognosis is more closely linked to patient-specific factors than to treatment type. Radiotherapy toxicity is prevalent; however, most are categorized as type 1 toxicities with insignificant to little damaging effects on patients. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Radiotherapy for the Management of Brain Metastases)

14 pages, 717 KB

Open AccessData Descriptor

In Situ Crop and Soil Data and UAV Imagery from Winter Wheat Fields in a Bulgarian Site

by Petar Dimitrov, Eugenia Roumenina, Georgi Jelev, Lachezar Filchev, Alexander Gikov, Ilina Kamenova, Iliana Ilieva, Dessislava Ganeva, Milena Kercheva, Martin Banov, Veneta Krasteva, Viktor Kolchakov, Emil Dimitrov and Nevena Miteva

Data 2026, 11(2), 35; https://doi.org/10.3390/data11020035 (registering DOI) - 7 Feb 2026

Abstract

This data descriptor presents a dataset comprising crop and soil parameters measured in winter wheat fields near the town of Knezha, Bulgaria. The data were collected as part of a project evaluating the potential of vegetation indices derived from Sentinel-2 satellite imagery to [...] Read more.

This data descriptor presents a dataset comprising crop and soil parameters measured in winter wheat fields near the town of Knezha, Bulgaria. The data were collected as part of a project evaluating the potential of vegetation indices derived from Sentinel-2 satellite imagery to predict biophysical and biochemical crop parameters. The core dataset consists of measurements obtained from 20 m × 20 m field plots and includes a broad range of parameters: leaf area index, fraction of absorbed photosynthetically active radiation, vegetation cover fraction, chlorophyll content, above-ground biomass, plant nitrogen content, biological yield, surface soil moisture, spectral reflectance, plant density, crop height, visual assessments of disease or pest damage, and data on weed occurrence. The dataset is complemented by unmanned aerial vehicle imagery, crop calendars, and field management information. The main soil types in the study area were characterized through soil profiles, while meteorological data were obtained from an automated weather station. The data were collected during the 2016–2017 and 2017–2018 agricultural seasons. The dataset is freely available for download and serves as a valuable resource for researchers in remote sensing—particularly for validating satellite-derived products—as well as for specialists involved in winter wheat monitoring, modeling, and agronomic studies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Spatial Data Science and Digital Earth)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

11 pages, 1923 KB

Open AccessArticle

Seroprevalence and Risk Factors of Toxoplasma gondii Infection in Buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) from Sohag, Egypt

by Alsagher O. Ali, Wael Qossa, Fatma A. Khalifa, Caroline F. Frey and Ragab M. Fereig

Vet. Sci. 2026, 13(2), 166; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci13020166 (registering DOI) - 7 Feb 2026

Abstract

Toxoplasmosis is a globally prevalent protozoan parasitic disease of livestock, among others, with significant zoonotic potential. This study aimed to assess the seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii antibodies in serum samples from water buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis) in Sohag governorate, Upper Egypt. In [...] Read more.

Toxoplasmosis is a globally prevalent protozoan parasitic disease of livestock, among others, with significant zoonotic potential. This study aimed to assess the seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii antibodies in serum samples from water buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis) in Sohag governorate, Upper Egypt. In addition, several factors related to animals, management, and environment were analyzed to identify the risk factors for T. gondii infection. A cross-sectional epidemiological approach was employed, with samples collected from various locations across the region and tested using a commercially available indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (iELISA). Animal and environmental factors were evaluated to identify potential risk factors for the disease. The overall seroprevalence of T. gondii among the tested buffaloes was 7% (24/342). Seasonal variations were observed, with the highest seropositivity recorded in spring (10.7%; 11/103), followed by autumn (8%; 2/25), summer (5.6%; 7/125), and winter (2.2%; 2/89). High seropositivity was detected in aborted females, at 19% (4/21), and in repeated breeders, at 10.5% (4/38), in relation to buffaloes showing anestrus (no positive cases), although the differences were not statistically significant. Our findings suggest that T. gondii is endemic in Sohag, with water buffaloes serving as sentinel animals for the disease. The spring season appears to be a risk factor for infection. Further studies are needed to assess the potential risk to humans, particularly regarding the consumption of raw or undercooked buffalo meat infected with T. gondii. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Veterinary Epidemiology and One Health: Integrating Data-Driven Surveillance and Risk Assessment to Combat Infectious Diseases and Antimicrobial Resistance)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

16 pages, 507 KB

Open AccessArticle

LC-ESI-MS/MS Analysis of Echium asperrimum from the Algerian Aurès Region: Antioxidant, Antimicrobial, Cholinesterase Inhibitory, and Antiproliferative Activities

by Amina Guetteche, Hamza Fadel, Mohammed Esseddik Toumi, Khawla Kerbab, Aslı Yıldırım Kocaman, İlyas Yıldız, Süleyman Muhammed Çelik, Noor Nayel, Tevfik Ozen, Ibrahim Demirtas, Hichem Hazmoune, Ramazan Erenler, Lahcene Zaiter, Maria D’Elia and Luca Rastrelli

Molecules 2026, 31(4), 584; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules31040584 (registering DOI) - 7 Feb 2026

Abstract

The aim of the present study was to characterize the phenolic profile of hydroethanolic (EAEE) and ethyl acetate (EAAE) extracts of Echium asperrimum and to evaluate their antibacterial, antioxidant, anti-Alzheimer-related (cholinesterase inhibitory) activity, and antiproliferative activities. The DPPH radical scavenging activity of EAEE [...] Read more.

The aim of the present study was to characterize the phenolic profile of hydroethanolic (EAEE) and ethyl acetate (EAAE) extracts of Echium asperrimum and to evaluate their antibacterial, antioxidant, anti-Alzheimer-related (cholinesterase inhibitory) activity, and antiproliferative activities. The DPPH radical scavenging activity of EAEE and EAAE showed IC₅₀ values of 32.53 ± 1.25 and 97.85 ± 2.31 µg/mL, respectively. In addition, both extracts exhibited phosphomolybdenum reduction capacity, with A_0.50 values of 61.60 ± 2.97 µg/mL for EAEE and 23.20 ± 1.55 µg/mL for EAAE. Acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase inhibition assays revealed IC₅₀ values comparable to the reference compound galantamine. Both extracts also showed antimicrobial activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacterial strains. LC-ESI-MS/MS analysis indicated that p-coumaric acid (5.12 mg/g), vanillic acid (11.6 mg/g), hydroxybenzaldehyde (3.82 mg/g), and gentisic acid (1.66 mg/g) were the major phenolic constituents of EAAE, whereas p-coumaric acid (0.13 mg/g), salicylic acid (0.141 mg/g), sinapic acid (0.20 mg/g), and trans-ferulic acid (0.20 mg/g) predominated in EAEE. Furthermore, EAAE exhibited dose-dependent antiproliferative activity at concentrations of 50 and 100 µg/mL, with an IC₅₀ value of 83.09 ± 6.50 µg/mL. Taken together, these findings suggest that E. asperrimum represents a promising source of bioactive compounds with potential relevance for future pharmaceutical and nutraceutical research. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Pharmacological Effects of Natural Products: Antioxidant, Anti-Inflammatory and Anticancer Activities)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

23 pages, 2792 KB

Open AccessArticle

Classification of SINE Tails in the Porcine Genome and Its Potential Impact on VWA8 Gene

by Yao Zheng, Shasha Shi, Naisu Yang, Chengyu Zhou, Rui Zhou, Hepan Gan, Zhanpeng Gu, Songyu Zuo, Cai Chen, Xiaoyan Wang and Chengyi Song

Genes 2026, 17(2), 200; https://doi.org/10.3390/genes17020200 (registering DOI) - 7 Feb 2026

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Short Interspersed Nuclear Elements (SINEs) constitute major components of mammalian genomes, but the structural diversity and evolutionary dynamics of their characteristic 3′ poly(A) tails have not been fully characterized. Methods: Based on the custom-developed SINEtail-scan pipeline, 1,018,332 SINEs with tail in the [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Short Interspersed Nuclear Elements (SINEs) constitute major components of mammalian genomes, but the structural diversity and evolutionary dynamics of their characteristic 3′ poly(A) tails have not been fully characterized. Methods: Based on the custom-developed SINEtail-scan pipeline, 1,018,332 SINEs with tail in the pig reference genome (Sus scrofa 11.1) were identified and systematically classified, revealing the diversity of tail sequence structures. According to nucleotide composition and microsatellite repeat patterns, the tail sequences were divided into 16 different structural types. Results: A-rich sequences predominated (66.3%), while non-A-rich tails exhibited characteristic architectures including AT-format, AC-format, and AG-format repeats. Temporal analysis spanning 85 million years demonstrated progressive tail modification, with A-rich proportions declining from 84.2% in recent insertions to 31.9% in ancient elements, accompanied by accumulation of complex non-A-rich structures. Comparative genomic analysis across 10 pig genome assemblies identified 308 SINE tail insertions within protein-coding sequences, of which 45 (14.6%) exhibited inter-individual structural polymorphism. Detailed investigation of a polymorphic insertion in the VWA8 gene revealed a 16-bp tail variant causing a frameshift mutation and C-terminal protein structure divergence. Conclusions: These findings establish SINE tail sequences as dynamic evolutionary substrates undergoing continuous modification through slippage-mediated mechanisms, with implications for genome evolution, population genetics, and gene function modulation in mammals. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Bioinformatics)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

33 pages, 2103 KB

Open AccessReview

Chromatin Remodeling in VSMC Phenotype Switching During Vascular Remodeling: From Mechanism to Therapeutic Potential

by Xiaozhu Ma, Shuai Mei, Qidamugai Wuyun, Li Zhou, Hu Ding and Jiangtao Yan

Biomolecules 2026, 16(2), 265; https://doi.org/10.3390/biom16020265 (registering DOI) - 7 Feb 2026

Abstract

Vascular remodeling is a characteristic pathological feature of various vascular diseases, including atherosclerosis, restenosis following vascular injury, hypertension, and aneurysms. The phenotypic switching of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) acts as a key driver of vascular remodeling. Under specific pathological stimuli, VSMCs rapidly [...] Read more.

Vascular remodeling is a characteristic pathological feature of various vascular diseases, including atherosclerosis, restenosis following vascular injury, hypertension, and aneurysms. The phenotypic switching of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) acts as a key driver of vascular remodeling. Under specific pathological stimuli, VSMCs rapidly transition from a contractile to a dedifferentiated phenotype, characterized by enhanced proliferation, migration, and secretory activity. Chromatin remodeling, a core mechanism of epigenetic regulation, orchestrates dynamic changes in chromatin structure and function through ATP-dependent remodeling complexes, histone-modifying enzymes, and DNA methyltransferases. These components collectively translate mechanical stress, metabolic disturbances, and inflammatory signals into reversible epigenetic modifications, thereby precisely regulating VSMC phenotypic switching. As such, chromatin remodeling represents a critical node for therapeutic intervention in vascular remodeling-related diseases. In recent years, a growing body of research has focused on the role of chromatin remodelers in regulating VSMC phenotype. In this review, we focus on the roles of ATP-dependent chromatin-remodeling factors and chromatin-modifying enzymes in the control of gene expression of VSMC phenotype switching. Firstly, we summarize the latest insights into chromatin remodeling and VSMC phenotypic switching, and then discuss recent advances in the identification and functional characterization of chromatin remodeling molecules, emphasizing their implications for VSMC behavior. Finally, we highlight the translational potential of targeting chromatin remodelers in the development of clinical therapies for vascular remodeling diseases and outline future directions for research in this field. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Epigenetic Regulation of Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells During Development and Disease)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

16 pages, 2191 KB

Open AccessArticle

A Co-Fermentation Strategy from Corncob Hydrolysate to Enhance Simultaneous Co-Production of Lactic Acid and Ethanol

by Xiaona Wang, Yongsheng Li, Yuanchun Zhang, Yuanyuan Ren, Hongzhi Ma, Jianguo Liu and Qunhui Wang

Fermentation 2026, 12(2), 95; https://doi.org/10.3390/fermentation12020095 (registering DOI) - 7 Feb 2026

Abstract

Efficient co-utilization of mixed sugars from lignocellulosic hydrolysates is often hindered by carbon catabolite repression and pretreatment-derived inhibitors. In this study, a co-fermentation strategy using Saccharomyces cerevisiae (S. cerevisiae) and Enterococcus mundtii (E. mundtii) was developed to simultaneously produce [...] Read more.

Efficient co-utilization of mixed sugars from lignocellulosic hydrolysates is often hindered by carbon catabolite repression and pretreatment-derived inhibitors. In this study, a co-fermentation strategy using Saccharomyces cerevisiae (S. cerevisiae) and Enterococcus mundtii (E. mundtii) was developed to simultaneously produce ethanol and lactic acid from non-detoxified corncob hydrolysate. Co-fermentation performed at 39 °C significantly improved substrate utilization compared with monoculture systems, achieving pentose and total sugar utilization percentages of 67.1% and 83.7%, respectively. S. cerevisiae preferentially consumed glucose and effectively detoxified furfural and 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (5-HMF), thereby alleviating inhibitory stress and carbon catabolite repression on E. mundtii. By optimizing the inoculation sequence, a 3 h delayed inoculation of E. mundtii significantly enhanced pentose utilization from 68.6% to 80.2% and increased total sugar utilization to 90.4%. This synergistic co-fermentation strategy provides an effective approach for improving mixed-sugar utilization and multi-product bioconversion efficiency in lignocellulosic biorefineries. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Separation Techniques and Circular Economy)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

29 pages, 7242 KB

Open AccessArticle

Groundwater Baseline Values Using the 95–95 Upper Tolerance Limit in an Iron Ore Tailing Disposal Pit, Iron Quadrangle, Brumadinho, Brazil

by Raphael Vicq Ferreira Costa, Marianna Lopes Soares, Felipe de Souza Cologna, Nathalia Froiman Carmona, Ludmilla Lage, Fabianna Resende Vieira, Gabriela Maria Arantes Rodrigues, Vitor Brognaro Pimenta, Maurício José da Silva Soares and Teresa Valente

Mining 2026, 6(1), 12; https://doi.org/10.3390/mining6010012 (registering DOI) - 7 Feb 2026

Abstract

The rupture of the B-I dam at the Córrego do Feijão mine in Brumadinho, Minas Gerais, Brazil, on 25 January 2019, prompted the implementation of environmental remediation actions. Among these actions is the need for groundwater quality monitoring in the Feijão Pit (“Cava [...] Read more.

The rupture of the B-I dam at the Córrego do Feijão mine in Brumadinho, Minas Gerais, Brazil, on 25 January 2019, prompted the implementation of environmental remediation actions. Among these actions is the need for groundwater quality monitoring in the Feijão Pit (“Cava de Feijão”) area due to the disposal of tailings from dams B-I, B-IV, and B-IVA at this site. In order to assess potential impacts on groundwater, the determination of baseline values for elements of interest was proposed for ten monitoring wells installed in and around the pit, with monitoring results from 2019 to 2024, totaling 854 samples. Due to the lack of hydrochemistry data and local hydrogeological complexity of the existing aquifers within the context of the Iron Quadrangle (IQ), it was necessary to evaluate and determine individual baseline values for each monitoring well, assessing data variability and population distribution. For this purpose, the 95–95 Upper Tolerance Limit (UTL) method was applied to establish baseline values providing a robust statistical approach that encompasses 95% of observations with a 95% confidence interval as it is a widely used standard in statistics due to its practical balance between confidence and precision. This methodology proved effective and has potential for application in groundwater monitoring in areas that may present high compositional variability due to the chemical heterogeneity of the groundwater. The baseline values obtained for the main elements of interest, which are iron (Fe) and manganese (Mn), were consistent with findings from previous studies conducted in the hydrogeological units of the study area, also demonstrating that the adopted methodology was effective in identifying representative concentrations for the region. Full article

► Show Figures

Figure 1

20 pages, 409 KB

Open AccessArticle

The Relationship Between Biodiversity and Ecosystem Functioning in an Experimental Species-Poor Saltmarsh Community: The Roles of Physical Stress and Disturbance

by Pei-Shan Ji and Cheng-Huan Wang

Diversity 2026, 18(2), 106; https://doi.org/10.3390/d18020106 (registering DOI) - 7 Feb 2026

Abstract

Although the central focus of ecology has long been the relationship between biodiversity and ecosystem functioning, this relationship has rarely been explored in species-poor communities such as salt marshes, which have the potential to shed new light on this debate. We conducted two [...] Read more.

Although the central focus of ecology has long been the relationship between biodiversity and ecosystem functioning, this relationship has rarely been explored in species-poor communities such as salt marshes, which have the potential to shed new light on this debate. We conducted two microcosm experiments, each testing a different environmental variable (salinity or disturbance) and its interaction with the plant community’s richness and species composition, using all possible combinations of the three sedge species found in the pioneer plant community in the Yangtze River Estuary. The relationships between diversity and productivity were weak and non-significant, possibly due to intense competition among the sedges. Species composition played a more important role in determining productivity. Moreover, biodiversity effects were found to be environment-dependent. Salinity stress increased the selection effect, while disturbance tended to increase both selection and complementarity effects. Interestingly, the correlation between biodiversity and stability was non-linear and presented different patterns in the salinity and disturbance experiments. Our results show that species-poor systems with low functional group diversity may exhibit weak relationships between biodiversity and ecosystem functioning during the establishment phase under controlled experimental conditions. In this ecosystem, species richness rarely impacted biomass, which was instead primarily driven by species composition and environmental conditions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Plant Diversity)

19 pages, 4770 KB

Open AccessArticle

Powder Manufacturing-Driven Variations in Flowability and Deformation Behavior of Pure Copper Powders for Cold Spray Additive Manufacturing

by Niloofar Eftekhari and Hamid Jahed

Metals 2026, 16(2), 197; https://doi.org/10.3390/met16020197 (registering DOI) - 7 Feb 2026

Abstract

The quality of the feedstock powder plays a key role in determining the properties of coatings produced by cold spray (CS). However, most commercially available powders are not specifically designed for CS, which makes it difficult to tailor powder characteristics for optimal performance. [...] Read more.

The quality of the feedstock powder plays a key role in determining the properties of coatings produced by cold spray (CS). However, most commercially available powders are not specifically designed for CS, which makes it difficult to tailor powder characteristics for optimal performance. In this study, we examined the cold sprayability of five copper (Cu) powders manufactured using electrolysis, gas atomization, and mechanical grinding. The powders were characterized in terms of their microstructure, particle shape, and size distribution to evaluate how the production method influences powder properties. Powder flowability was measured using a shear cell test, while mechanical properties and deformability relevant to CS were assessed through nano-indentation. The results showed that gas-atomized powders with equiaxed grain structures offered the best combination of flowability and deformability, making them the most suitable for CS. Their spherical particle shape resulted in a lower surface area compared to the irregular electrolytic powder, which reduced inter-particle surface forces and allowed for smoother powder flow. Nano-indentation measurements indicated that the mechanically ground powder with ultra-fine grains and the gas-atomized powder containing fine dendrites had the highest nano-hardness values (HIT = 2.1 ± 0.15 GPa and 1.6 ± 0.1 GPa, respectively). In contrast, the porous electrolytic Cu powder showed the lowest hardness (HIT = 0.7 ± 0.2 GPa). These trends were confirmed by microstructural analysis of the deposited coatings. Coatings produced from the irregular electrolytic powder exhibited limited particle deformation, weak inter-particle bonding, and the highest porosity. Conversely, spherical gas-atomized powders produced much denser coatings. In particular, the powder with the most uniform spherical shape and no microsatellite particles resulted in the lowest coating porosity due to its superior deformation behavior upon impact. Full article

► Show Figures

Figure 1

18 pages, 1302 KB

Open AccessArticle

Synergistic Effect of Constructed Wetland-Microbial Fuel Cell in the Treatment of Agricultural Non-Point Source Pollution

by Qingqing Dai, Songhe Jiang, Mingji Jin and Yue Quan

Sustainability 2026, 18(4), 1723; https://doi.org/10.3390/su18041723 (registering DOI) - 7 Feb 2026

Abstract

In this study, we employed a constructed wetland-microbial fuel cell (CW-MFC) for the treatment of agricultural non-point source pollution, and the impacts of CW-MFC, constructed wetland (CW), and microbial fuel cell (MFC) on agricultural non-point source pollution processing performance, electrical performance, and changes [...] Read more.

In this study, we employed a constructed wetland-microbial fuel cell (CW-MFC) for the treatment of agricultural non-point source pollution, and the impacts of CW-MFC, constructed wetland (CW), and microbial fuel cell (MFC) on agricultural non-point source pollution processing performance, electrical performance, and changes in the microbial community within the system were compared and analyzed to explore the synergistic effect of CW-MFC coupling. The findings indicated that the coupling of CW and MFC effectively enhanced the processing performance, electrical performance, and enzyme activity of CW-MFC. The electric field’s promotion of the removal rate of chemical oxygen demand (COD) and total nitrogen (TN) was greater than that of plants, while the electric field’s promotion of the removal rate of total phosphorus (TP) was smaller than that of plants. The promoting effect on the removal rate of atrazine was greater than that of plants at a low concentration of atrazine, but smaller than that of plants at medium and high concentrations of atrazine. The promoting effect of the electric field on urease (UE) and catalase (CAT) activities was generally greater than that of plants, while the promoting effect on alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity was greater in plants. Affected by the coupling of CW and MFC, the microbial community diversity of CW-MFC and the abundance of bacterial phyla, classes, and genera such as Acidobacteria, Deltaproteobacteria, Aquabacterium, Geobacter, and Subgroup_6 were detected. The abundance of terpenoids and polyketides increased to varying extents. The results of this study laid a solid theoretical foundation for the advancement of agricultural non-point source pollution control technology and provided strong support for the expansion of CW to new application fields. It has profound significance for effectively controlling agricultural non-point source pollution and ensuring the sustainable development of agriculture. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Pollution Prevention, Mitigation and Sustainability)

17 pages, 14645 KB

Open AccessArticle

Chloroplast Genome Evolution in Pleurothallidinae (Orchidaceae): Lineage-Specific Selection, Codon Usage Patterns, and Phylogenetic Implications

by Yuxue Liu, Qiang Zhang, Zhenhua Wu, Zhenping Shi and Shuo Wang

Genes 2026, 17(2), 199; https://doi.org/10.3390/genes17020199 (registering DOI) - 7 Feb 2026

Abstract

Background: The subtribe Pleurothallidinae is a diverse group within Orchidaceae with a complex taxonomic history. Comparative plastome analysis can provide insights into genome evolution and facilitate phylogenetic reconstruction. Methods: Here we analyzed 25 complete chloroplast genomes representing 15 genera, including 14 newly assembled [...] Read more.

Background: The subtribe Pleurothallidinae is a diverse group within Orchidaceae with a complex taxonomic history. Comparative plastome analysis can provide insights into genome evolution and facilitate phylogenetic reconstruction. Methods: Here we analyzed 25 complete chloroplast genomes representing 15 genera, including 14 newly assembled genomes, to investigate plastome evolution in this subtribe. Results: All genomes exhibited the typical quadripartite structure (148, 246–158, 138 bp) with conserved gene content (128–134 genes). While most protein-coding genes were under purifying selection, we detected signatures of positive selection in specific lineages. Notably, ndhF in Lepanthes tachirensis showed a markedly elevated Ka/Ks ratio (3.65), which may be associated with adaptation to an extensive distributional range. ENC-plot analysis indicated that natural selection, rather than mutation pressure alone, shapes codon usage bias, with patterns varying among species from different geographic regions. Nucleotide diversity analysis identified eight hypervariable intergenic regions (psbK-psbI, atpI-rps2, petN-psbM, psbB-psbT, petD-rpoA, rpoA-rps11, rps3-rpl22, ccsA-ndhD) suitable as candidate molecular markers. Phylogenetic analysis confirmed that Lepanthes and Pleurothallis are non-monophyletic as traditionally defined. Conclusions: These findings expand plastome resources for Pleurothallidinae, reveal lineage-specific patterns of selection, and provide molecular markers for future taxonomic and evolutionary studies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Plant Genetics and Genomics)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

Recent Articles

Open Access Journals

Highly Accessed Articles

Latest Books

News

Blog Posts

Topics

Selected Special Issues

Selected Collections

Journals by Subject

Further Information

Guidelines

MDPI Initiatives

Follow MDPI