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7 pages, 671 KiB  
Article
Correlation Between Modified Functional Reach Test and Medio-Lateral Center of Pressure in Paraplegic Individuals With Motor-Complete Spinal Cord Injury
by Valeska Gatica-Rojas, Juan Claudio López-Monardez and Ricardo Cartes-Velásquez
Bioengineering 2024, 11(12), 1185; https://doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering11121185 (registering DOI) - 25 Nov 2024
Abstract
The Modified Functional Reach Test (mFRT) was developed to assess sitting balance in individuals with spinal cord injury (SCI). No studies have explored which mFRT reach directions correlate with the center of pressure (CoP) variables in patients with motor-complete SCI (mcSCI). Addressing this [...] Read more.
The Modified Functional Reach Test (mFRT) was developed to assess sitting balance in individuals with spinal cord injury (SCI). No studies have explored which mFRT reach directions correlate with the center of pressure (CoP) variables in patients with motor-complete SCI (mcSCI). Addressing this gap is important for improving the clinical usefulness of the mFRT. Thus, this study aims to determine the correlation between seated balance parameters based on CoP and the mFRT in individuals with MCSCI. A total of 10 individuals with mcSCI (9 males and 1 female; range 20–42 years; 4 high paraplegia and 6 low paraplegia). Individuals were tested using a force platform during the sitting postural balance test (SPBT) and the mFRT with/without force plate with three measures of reach: forward (FR), right (RR), and left (LR). The sway parameters investigated were the area CoP sway (CoPSway), the average velocity of CoP displacements along the anterior–posterior (VAP) and medial-lateral (VML) directions, and standard deviation in both directions (SDAP and SDML). The Pearson correlation test was used to analyze the data. Significant correlations were found between the mediolateral reaches of the mFRT and corresponding CoP variables. The rightward and leftward reaches of the mFRT both showed strong correlations with CoP variables during the leftward reach. Additionally, the leftward mFRT exhibited moderate correlations with CoP variables in the same, rightward, and forward directions. The mFRT medio-lateral direction correlates with CoP at medio-lateral directions in paraplegic individuals with mcSCI. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Biomechanics and Sports Medicine)
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12 pages, 625 KiB  
Article
Evaluation of Bone Biomarkers in Renal Osteodystrophy
by Alinie Pichone, Carlos Perez Gomes, Carolina Aguiar Moreira, Maria Lucia Fleiuss Farias and Maurilo Leite, Jr.
Life 2024, 14(12), 1540; https://doi.org/10.3390/life14121540 (registering DOI) - 25 Nov 2024
Abstract
Renal osteodystrophy (ROD) represents histological bone changes in patients with chronic kidney disease and is classified according to turnover and mineralization. This cross-sectional study evaluates several bone biomarkers and their ability to discriminate turnover and mineralization defects in hemodialysis (HD) patients. Bone-specific [BSAP] [...] Read more.
Renal osteodystrophy (ROD) represents histological bone changes in patients with chronic kidney disease and is classified according to turnover and mineralization. This cross-sectional study evaluates several bone biomarkers and their ability to discriminate turnover and mineralization defects in hemodialysis (HD) patients. Bone-specific [BSAP] and total [tAP] alkaline phosphatase, procollagen-1 N-terminal propeptide [P1NP], C-terminal cross-linking telopeptide [CTX], intact [iPTH] and whole [wPTH] parathyroid hormone, sclerostin [SOST], fibroblast growth factor 23 [FGF-23], vitamin D, osteoprotegerin [OPG], and receptor activator of nuclear factor κB ligand [RANKL] were collected before the bone biopsy. Thirty-two patients were evaluated by bone histomorphometry, which identified mineralization defects and low and high turnover in 47%, 50%, and 41% of patients, respectively. Bone biomarkers (tAP, BSAP, CTX, P1NP) and hormones (iPTH, wPTH, and SOST) were capable of identifying low and high turnover (AUC > 0.877 and >0.857, respectively, p < 0.001). PTH plus AP had the best accuracy for identifying high turnover. BSAP > 2x, iPTH > 8x, and wPTH > 6x upper limit of normal range identified high turnover. Lower calcium values (Ca < 8.7 mg/dL) were correlated with mineralization defects. On the other hand, FGF-23, OPG, and RANKL did not impact the turnover and mineralization. While bone histomorphometry is not widely available, bone biomarkers such as BSAP, P1NP, PTH, and calcium allow the assessment of turnover and mineralization defects in HD patients. Then, using bone biomarkers may help clinicians define treatments for ROD and osteoporosis and monitor therapeutic response. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Medical Research)
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15 pages, 1137 KiB  
Article
Breeding Season Habitat Selection of the Eurasian Collared Dove in a Dry Mediterranean Landscape
by Alan Omar Bermúdez-Cavero, Edgar Bernat-Ponce, José Antonio Gil-Delgado and Germán Manuel López-Iborra
Birds 2024, 5(4), 737-751; https://doi.org/10.3390/birds5040050 (registering DOI) - 24 Nov 2024
Abstract
Birds select habitats to optimize resources and maximize fitness, with some species recently colonizing new areas, like the Eurasian collared dove (ECD) in the Iberian Peninsula. The ECD spread across Europe in the early 20th century from South Asia. This study reanalyzes data [...] Read more.
Birds select habitats to optimize resources and maximize fitness, with some species recently colonizing new areas, like the Eurasian collared dove (ECD) in the Iberian Peninsula. The ECD spread across Europe in the early 20th century from South Asia. This study reanalyzes data from the Atlas of Breeding Birds in the Province of Alicante (SE Spain) to identify macrohabitat-level environmental variables related to its occurrence and abundance in this semi-arid Mediterranean landscape during the breeding season. We performed Hierarchical Partitioning analyses to identify important environmental variables for the species associated with natural vegetation, farming, topography, hydrographical web, urbanization, and climate. Results show that ECD has a higher occurrence probability near anthropic areas (isolated buildings, suburban areas), water points (medium-sized ponds), larger crop surfaces (total cultivated area), and warmer localities (thermicity index). The species avoids natural habitats like pine forests and scrublands. Abundance is positively linked to anthropic features like larger suburban areas and urban-related land uses. These findings can help predict its expansion in regions with a Mediterranean climate in South America, North America, or Australia, and its continuous natural expansion and population increase within the Mediterranean basin and Europe. Full article
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18 pages, 4256 KiB  
Article
Cloning and Functional Analysis of Skin Host Defense Peptides from Yakushima Tago’s Brown Frog (Rana tagoi yakushimensis) and Development of Serum Endotoxin Detection System
by Taichi Aono, Saki Tamura, Yua Suzuki, Taichi Imanara, Ryosei Niwa, Yoshie Yamane, Tetsuya Kobayashi, Sakae Kikuyama, Itaru Hasunuma and Shawichi Iwamuro
Antibiotics 2024, 13(12), 1127; https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics13121127 (registering DOI) - 24 Nov 2024
Abstract
Background/Objective: Amphibian skin is a valuable source of host defense peptides (HDPs). This study aimed to identify HDPs with novel amino acid sequences from the skin of Rana tagoi yakushimensis and analyze their functions. Methods: cDNAs encoding HDP precursors were cloned and sequenced [...] Read more.
Background/Objective: Amphibian skin is a valuable source of host defense peptides (HDPs). This study aimed to identify HDPs with novel amino acid sequences from the skin of Rana tagoi yakushimensis and analyze their functions. Methods: cDNAs encoding HDP precursors were cloned and sequenced using RT-PCR and 3′-RACE. The novel HDPs were synthesized to evaluate their antimicrobial activity, antioxidant activity, and cytotoxicity. Antimicrobial activity was evaluated by way of broth microdilution and endotoxin- and β-glucan-binding capacity using an enzyme-linked endotoxin binding assay (ELEBA) and a modified ELEBA, respectively. Results: Nine cDNAs encoding precursors for various HDP families, including temporin, ranatuerin-2, brevinin-1, amurin-9, and a novel yakushimin peptide, were identified. Brevinin-1TYa exhibited antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus, and brevinin-1TYa and amurin-9TYa induced morphological changes in Escherichia coli and S. aureus. Yakushimin-TYa, amurin-9TYa, and brevinin-1TYa showed concentration-dependent antibacterial effects against the plant pathogens Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae and Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. michiganensis. Amurin-9TYa demonstrated strong binding affinity to lipopolysaccharide, lipoteichoic acid, and β-glucan, exhibited antioxidant activity, and lacked cytotoxicity, making it a promising therapeutic candidate. Moreover, brevinin-1TYa showed strong cytotoxicity, whereas yakushimin-TYa exhibited weak cytotoxicity. Conclusions: These findings highlight the potential of these peptides, particularly amurin-9TYa, for future applications as antimicrobial and therapeutic agents. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Development of Antimicrobial Peptides from Amphibian, 2nd Edition)
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15 pages, 5385 KiB  
Article
The Synergistic Effect of Pore Architect and Reducibility in Ceria-Promoted Ni Molecular Sieve for Methane Dry Reforming
by Norah Alwadai, Abdulaziz A. M. Abahussain, Vijay Kumar Shrivastava, Salma A. Al-Zahrani, Anis H. Fakeeha, Naif Alarifi, Mohammed O. Bayazed, Khaled M. Banabdwin, Rawesh Kumar and Ahmed Al-Fatesh
Catalysts 2024, 14(12), 852; https://doi.org/10.3390/catal14120852 (registering DOI) - 24 Nov 2024
Abstract
Methane and carbon dioxide, the primary contributors to global warming, are now at critical levels, threatening the extinction of numerous organisms on our planet. In this regard, dry reforming of methane reactions have gained considerable attention because of the conversion capacity of CH [...] Read more.
Methane and carbon dioxide, the primary contributors to global warming, are now at critical levels, threatening the extinction of numerous organisms on our planet. In this regard, dry reforming of methane reactions have gained considerable attention because of the conversion capacity of CH4 and CO2 into synthetic/energy-important syngas (H2 and CO). Herein, a molecular sieve (CBV3024E; SiO2/Al2O3 = 30) with ZSM-8-type pore architect, is utilized as the support for the active site of Ni and Ce promoters. Catalysts are characterized by surface area and porosity, X-ray diffraction study, Raman and infrared spectroscopy, thermogravimetry analysis, and temperature-programmed reduction/desorption techniques. A total of 2 wt.% ceria is added over 5Ni/CBV3024E to induce the optimum connectivity of aluminum in the silicate framework. NiO residing in these porous cages are mostly under “prominent interaction with support” which is reduced easily into metallic Ni as the active sites for DRM reactions. The active sites over 5Ni2Ce/CBV3024E remain stable during the DRM reaction and achieve ~58% H2 yield after 300 min TOS at 42,000 mL/(gcat.h) GHSV and ~70% H2 yield after 20 h at 26,000 mL/(gcat.h) GHSV. The high activity after a longer time stream justifies using CBV3024E molecular sieves as the support and ceria as the promoter for Ni-based catalyst towards the DRM reaction. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Catalytic Dry Reforming of Methane)
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25 pages, 1007 KiB  
Article
The Spatial Spillover Effect and Mechanism of Carbon Emission Trading Policy on Pollution Reduction and Carbon Reduction: Evidence from the Pearl River–West River Economic Belt in China
by Zhigao Liao, Yufeng Bai, Kerong Jian and Wongvanichtawee Chalermkiat
Sustainability 2024, 16(23), 10279; https://doi.org/10.3390/su162310279 (registering DOI) - 24 Nov 2024
Abstract
Abstract: China faces issues such as air pollution and global climate change, and the Carbon Emission Trading Policy (CETP) has attracted considerable attention as a core policy tool for achieving the "dual carbon" goals. Based on panel data from the Pearl River–West [...] Read more.
Abstract: China faces issues such as air pollution and global climate change, and the Carbon Emission Trading Policy (CETP) has attracted considerable attention as a core policy tool for achieving the "dual carbon" goals. Based on panel data from the Pearl River–West River Economic Belt (PRWREB) from 2008 to 2021, we use the Synthetic Control Method (SCM) and Spatial Difference-in-Differences (S-DID) models to explore the pollution reduction and carbon reduction effects of the CETP and its spatial heterogeneity. Our analysis reveals several interesting insights. First, the CETP has promoted a 34.1% overall reduction in pollution and carbon levels in the pilot areas, with sustained effects. Moreover, spatial spillover effects can reduce the pollution and carbon levels in the economic belt by 29.9%. Second, the pollution and carbon reduction effects of the CETP are more significant in regions with better economic development and active carbon trading. It has the best synergistic reduction effects on CO2 and SO2 but is less effective in reducing PM2.5. Third, the spillover effects of the CETP on technological innovation are greater than the direct effects, with the most noticeable pollution and carbon reduction outcomes. The overall negative effect on industrial structure is that it fails to promote pollution and carbon reduction. The emission reduction mechanisms vary for different targets: CO2 and PM2.5 are related to energy efficiency, SO2 to advancing industrial structure, and smoke and dust to technological innovation. Based on the research conclusions, we propose to improve the coordinated governance system for carbon and pollution, advance pollution and carbon reduction according to local conditions, and implement targeted emission reduction and efficiency enhancement. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Resources and Sustainable Utilization)
13 pages, 2016 KiB  
Article
Characterization of Somatostatin Receptor 2 Gene Expression and Immune Landscape in Sinonasal Malignancies
by Elisabetta Xue, Dara Bracken-Clarke, Harris Krause, Tolulope Adeyelu, Mark G. Evans, Dilara Akbulut, Martha Quezado, Nishant Gandhi, Alex Farrell, Heloisa P. Soares, Emil Lou, Minh Phan, Rusha Patel, Ari M. Vanderwalde, Andrew Elliott, Conor E. Steuer, Nabil F. Saba, Daniel J. Lubin, Nyall R. London, Jr., James L. Gulley and Charalampos S. Floudasadd Show full author list remove Hide full author list
Cancers 2024, 16(23), 3931; https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers16233931 (registering DOI) - 24 Nov 2024
Abstract
Olfactory neuroblastoma (ONB), sinonasal undifferentiated carcinoma (SNUC), and sinonasal neuroendocrine carcinoma (SNEC) are rare malignancies arising from the sinonasal tract with limited therapeutic options. The expression of the somatostatin receptor 2 gene (SSTR2), which is expressed in other neuroendocrine neoplasms and [...] Read more.
Olfactory neuroblastoma (ONB), sinonasal undifferentiated carcinoma (SNUC), and sinonasal neuroendocrine carcinoma (SNEC) are rare malignancies arising from the sinonasal tract with limited therapeutic options. The expression of the somatostatin receptor 2 gene (SSTR2), which is expressed in other neuroendocrine neoplasms and is therapeutically actionable, has been reported in these tumors. Here, we analyzed SSTR2 gene expression and its associations with genomic features, established biomarkers predicting of immune response, and the tumor immune microenvironment in a cohort of ONB, SNUC, and SNEC tumor samples (26, 13, and 8 samples, respectively) from a real-world database. SSTR2 gene expression was high in neural-type ONB and low in basal-type ONB and in most of the SNUC and SNEC cases; there was no difference in expression between primary and metastatic tumors. The T cell-inflamed (TCI) score analysis classified 38.5% of SNUC cases as T cell-inflamed compared to only 3.9% of ONB and 0% of SNEC cases; 26.9% of ONB cases were classified as intermediate TCI; and SNEC had the lowest relative immune cell infiltration by deconvolution. In high SSTR2-expressing ONB, there was a higher proportion of infiltrating of Natural Killer cells and dendritic cells by deconvolution. Additionally, high SSTR2-expressing ONB was enriched for proliferation pathways, including E2F and Myc targets and G2M checkpoints. In conclusion, our findings delineate significant differences between these three types of sinonasal malignancies that were examined. In ONB, relative to SNUC and SNEC, the SSTR2 expression profile, combined with its immune profiles, indicates potential novel therapeutic strategies and combinations for this unmet clinical need. Conversely, the inflammatory microenvironment of SNUC may be targetable using immuno-oncologic therapies. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Radioligand Therapy (RLT) in Neuroendocrine Neoplasms)
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21 pages, 343 KiB  
Review
Hepatocellular Carcinoma Surveillance Strategies: Major Guidelines and Screening Advances
by Gavin Wu, Nojan Bajestani, Nooruddin Pracha, Cindy Chen and Mina S. Makary
Cancers 2024, 16(23), 3933; https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers16233933 (registering DOI) - 24 Nov 2024
Abstract
Background/Objectives: Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a leading cause of cancer-related deaths globally, with prognosis and treatment outcomes that are significantly influenced by the stage at diagnosis. Early detection through regular surveillance is crucial for improving patient outcomes, especially in high-risk groups such as [...] Read more.
Background/Objectives: Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a leading cause of cancer-related deaths globally, with prognosis and treatment outcomes that are significantly influenced by the stage at diagnosis. Early detection through regular surveillance is crucial for improving patient outcomes, especially in high-risk groups such as those with cirrhosis or chronic hepatitis B. Geographic variations in HCC risk factors, including viral hepatitis and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), have led to the development of different international surveillance guidelines. This review aims to compare and evaluate the surveillance strategies proposed by the Asian Pacific Association for the Study of the Liver (APASL), the American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases (AASLD), and the European Association for the Study of the Liver and European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer (EASL–EORTC). Methods: The review examined and compared major international guidelines on HCC surveillance, focusing on patient selection, imaging modalities, and the integration of biomarkers. We also explored recent advancements in screening techniques, including artificial intelligence and emerging biomarkers, to identify future directions for improving surveillance strategies. Results: Our analysis identified key differences in the guidelines, particularly in imaging modality preferences and the use of biomarkers for early detection. While all guidelines place emphasis on high-risk populations, the inclusion criteria and surveillance intervals vary. Additionally, novel technologies such as artificial intelligence show potential to enhance the accuracy and efficiency of HCC detection. Conclusions: This review highlights the need to harmonize the international guidelines, particularly in regard to patients with non-cirrhotic NAFLD who remain under-represented in current surveillance protocols. Future research should focus on integrating emerging technologies and biomarkers to improve early detection and overall patient outcomes. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Screening, Early Detection and Prevention of Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary (HPB) Cancers)
16 pages, 947 KiB  
Article
The Impact of Rebalancing Strategies on ETF Portfolio Performance
by Attila Bányai, Tibor Tatay, Gergő Thalmeiner and László Pataki
J. Risk Financial Manag. 2024, 17(12), 533; https://doi.org/10.3390/jrfm17120533 (registering DOI) - 24 Nov 2024
Abstract
This research explores the efficacy of rebalancing strategies in a diversified portfolio constructed exclusively with exchange-traded funds (ETFs). We selected five ETF types: short-term U.S. Treasury bonds, U.S. equities, global commodities, U.S. real estate investment trusts (REITs), and a multi-strategy hedge fund. Using [...] Read more.
This research explores the efficacy of rebalancing strategies in a diversified portfolio constructed exclusively with exchange-traded funds (ETFs). We selected five ETF types: short-term U.S. Treasury bonds, U.S. equities, global commodities, U.S. real estate investment trusts (REITs), and a multi-strategy hedge fund. Using a 10-year historical period, we applied a unique simulation model to generate random portfolios with varying asset weights and rebalancing tolerance bands, assessing the impact of rebalancing premiums on portfolio performance. Our study reveals a significant positive correlation (r = 0.6492, p < 0.001) between rebalancing-weighted returns and the Sharpe ratio, indicating that effective rebalancing enhances risk-adjusted returns. Support vector regression (SVR) analysis shows that rebalancing premiums have diverse effects. Specifically, equities and commodities benefit from rebalancing with improved risk-adjusted returns, while bonds and REITs demonstrate a negative relationship, suggesting that rebalancing might be less effective or even detrimental for these assets. Our findings also indicate that negative portfolio rebalancing returns combined with positive rebalancing-weighted returns yield the highest average Sharpe ratio of 0.4328, highlighting a distinct and reciprocal relationship between rebalancing effects at the asset and portfolio levels. This research highlights that while rebalancing can enhance portfolio performance, its effectiveness varies by asset class and market conditions. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Financial Funds, Risk and Investment Strategies)
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23 pages, 2816 KiB  
Article
Improving Flood Streamflow Estimation of Ungauged Small Reservoir Basins Using Remote Sensing and Hydrological Modeling
by Fangrong Zhou, Nan Wu, Yuning Luo, Yuhao Wang, Yi Ma, Yifan Wang and Ke Zhang
Remote Sens. 2024, 16(23), 4399; https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16234399 (registering DOI) - 24 Nov 2024
Abstract
Small- and medium-sized reservoirs significantly alter natural flood processes, making it essential to understand their impact on runoff for effective water resource management. However, the lack of measured data for most small reservoirs poses challenges for accurately simulating their behavior. This study proposes [...] Read more.
Small- and medium-sized reservoirs significantly alter natural flood processes, making it essential to understand their impact on runoff for effective water resource management. However, the lack of measured data for most small reservoirs poses challenges for accurately simulating their behavior. This study proposes a novel method that utilizes readily available satellite observation data, integrating hydraulic, hydrological, and mathematical formulas to derive outflow coefficients. Based on the Grid-XinAnJiang (GXAJ) model, the enhanced GXAJ-R model accounts for the storage and release effects of ungauged reservoirs and is applied to the Tunxi watershed. Results show that the original GXAJ model achieved a stable performance with an average NSE of 0.88 during calibration, while the NSE values of the GXAJ and GXAJ-R models during validation ranged from 0.78 to 0.97 and 0.85 to 0.99, respectively, with an average improvement of 0.03 in the GXAJ-R model. This enhanced model significantly improves peak flow simulation accuracy, reduces relative flood peak error by approximately 10%, and replicates the flood flow process with higher fidelity. Additionally, the area–volume model derived from classified small-scale data demonstrates high accuracy and reliability, with correlation coefficients above 0.8, making it applicable to other ungauged reservoirs. The OTSU-NDWI method, which improves the NDWI, effectively enhances the accuracy of water body extraction from remote sensing, achieving overall accuracy and kappa coefficient values exceeding 0.8 and 0.6, respectively. This study highlights the potential of integrating satellite data with hydrological models to enhance the understanding of reservoir behavior in data-scarce regions. It also suggests the possibility of broader applications in similarly ungauged basins, providing valuable tools for flood management and risk assessment. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Remote Sensing for Terrestrial Hydrologic Variables)
11 pages, 884 KiB  
Article
Nonlinear Relationship Between Coronary Perfusion Pressure and In-Hospital Outcomes After Infant Congenital Heart Surgery
by Tongkai Ge, Dandong Luo, Qiuji Wang, Jimei Chen, Huanlei Huang and Chongjian Zhang
Children 2024, 11(12), 1419; https://doi.org/10.3390/children11121419 (registering DOI) - 24 Nov 2024
Abstract
Objectives: Our goal was to evaluate the associations between postoperative coronary perfusion pressure (CPP) values and in-hospital outcomes in infants after congenital cardiac surgery. Our goal was to assess the relationship between postoperative coronary perfusion pressure (CPP) values and in-hospital outcomes in infants [...] Read more.
Objectives: Our goal was to evaluate the associations between postoperative coronary perfusion pressure (CPP) values and in-hospital outcomes in infants after congenital cardiac surgery. Our goal was to assess the relationship between postoperative coronary perfusion pressure (CPP) values and in-hospital outcomes in infants following congenital cardiac surgery. Methods: In this study, we conducted a retrospective analysis on a cohort of 296 consecutive infant patients (aged 31–120 days) who underwent congenital cardiac surgery between 1 January 2019 and 30 April 2019. A total of 208 patients undergoing congenital cardiac surgery were included. The primary poor in-hospital outcome was prolonged recovery. The association between CPP level and in-hospital outcomes was determined using logistic regression analysis. We also used restricted cubic splines (RCSs) to evaluate the nonlinear relationship. Results: Our study included 208 participants, among whom the mortality rate was 1%. Prolonged hospital length of stay (LOS) was defined as more than 15 days, prolonged mechanical ventilation (MV) stay as more than 96 h, and prolonged intensive care unit (ICU) LOS as more than 403 h. In univariate analyses, we found that prolonged recovery was associated with both low CPP levels (p < 0.001, OR 4.28, 95% CI 1.94–9.46) and high CPP levels (p = 0.003, OR 3.39, 95% CI 1.52–7.58). In multivariable logistic regression analysis, after full adjustment, low CPP levels and high CPP levels were significantly associated with prolonged recovery (p = 0.005, OR = 3.72, 95% CI 1.48–9.35 and p < 0.001, OR = 6.04, 95% CI 2.32–15.72, respectively). We observed that the relationship between CPP level and poor in-hospital outcomes was U-shaped in a two-piecewise linear regression analysis. We found that the inflection point of CPP level for prolonged recovery was 47 mm Hg. Conclusion: The CPP levels exhibited a nonlinear relationship with poor in-hospital outcomes. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Pediatric Cardiology)
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33 pages, 3222 KiB  
Article
Harnessing Deep Learning for Real-Time Water Quality Assessment: A Sustainable Solution
by Selma Toumi, Sabrina Lekmine, Nabil Touzout, Hamza Moussa, Noureddine Elboughdiri, Reguia Boudraa, Ouided Benslama, Mohammed Kebir, Subhan Danish, Jie Zhang, Abdeltif Amrane and Hichem Tahraoui
Water 2024, 16(23), 3380; https://doi.org/10.3390/w16233380 (registering DOI) - 24 Nov 2024
Abstract
This study presents an innovative approach utilizing artificial intelligence (AI) for the prediction and classification of water quality parameters based on physico-chemical measurements. The primary objective was to enhance the accuracy, speed, and accessibility of water quality monitoring. Data collected from various water [...] Read more.
This study presents an innovative approach utilizing artificial intelligence (AI) for the prediction and classification of water quality parameters based on physico-chemical measurements. The primary objective was to enhance the accuracy, speed, and accessibility of water quality monitoring. Data collected from various water samples in Algeria were analyzed to determine key parameters such as conductivity, turbidity, pH, and total dissolved solids (TDS). These measurements were integrated into deep neural networks (DNNs) to predict indices such as the sodium adsorption ratio (SAR), magnesium hazard (MH), sodium percentage (SP), Kelley’s ratio (KR), potential salinity (PS), exchangeable sodium percentage (ESP), as well as Water Quality Index (WQI) and Irrigation Water Quality Index (IWQI). The DNNs model, optimized through the selection of various activation functions and hidden layers, demonstrated high precision, with a correlation coefficient (R) of 0.9994 and a low root mean square error (RMSE) of 0.0020. This AI-driven methodology significantly reduces the reliance on traditional laboratory analyses, offering real-time water quality assessments that are adaptable to local conditions and environmentally sustainable. This approach provides a practical solution for water resource managers, particularly in resource-limited regions, to efficiently monitor water quality and make informed decisions for public health and agricultural applications. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Potential of Artificial Intelligence in Addressing Critical Challenges Related to Water Resources)
26 pages, 6225 KiB  
Review
A Review of Plume Research in the Collection Process of Deep-Sea Polymetallic Nodules
by Lixin Xu, Xiu Li, Yajiao Liu, Peilin Dou, Zhichao Hong and Chaoshuai Han
Water 2024, 16(23), 3379; https://doi.org/10.3390/w16233379 (registering DOI) - 24 Nov 2024
Abstract
The plumes generated during the collection of polymetallic nodules in the deep sea may have a significant impact on the marine ecosystem. Therefore, this article reviews the progress in deep-sea mining and monitoring technologies related to plumes. It is suggested that specific areas [...] Read more.
The plumes generated during the collection of polymetallic nodules in the deep sea may have a significant impact on the marine ecosystem. Therefore, this article reviews the progress in deep-sea mining and monitoring technologies related to plumes. It is suggested that specific areas of environmental interest (APEIs) and positive altitude characteristic regions (such as seamounts and hills) in the process of polymetallic nodule collection can serve as refuges for benthic organisms and provide a biological basis for the recovery of biodiversity in mining areas. Water-supported vessels, pipeline lifting systems, and hydraulic collection methods are the least disruptive and most promising methods. By sorting out the deep-sea mining process, plumes can be roughly classified into seabed disturbance plumes and tailing plumes. The best way to address plume formation is at the source when developing environmentally friendly mining vehicles. The evaluation of plumes is crucial for the sustainable development of the environment and seabed resources. However, the mechanism is not clear at present. Therefore, laboratory simulation and in situ monitoring need to be coordinated, and attention should be paid to the impact on benthic marine organisms as much as possible during original operations. Plume research in the deep-sea mining process will also provide favorable support for the possible future development of seabed resources. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Emerging Challenges in Ocean Engineering and Environmental Effects)
17 pages, 5987 KiB  
Article
Towards Mineralogy 4.0? Atlas of 3D Rocks and Minerals: Digitally Archiving Interactive and Immersive 3D Data for Rocks and Minerals
by Andrei Ionuţ Apopei
Minerals 2024, 14(12), 1196; https://doi.org/10.3390/min14121196 (registering DOI) - 24 Nov 2024
Abstract
Mineralogy 4.0 can play a significant role in the future of geological research, education, and exploration by providing a more comprehensive and interactive understanding of rocks and minerals. This paper explores the application of digital photogrammetry and augmented reality (AR) technologies as part [...] Read more.
Mineralogy 4.0 can play a significant role in the future of geological research, education, and exploration by providing a more comprehensive and interactive understanding of rocks and minerals. This paper explores the application of digital photogrammetry and augmented reality (AR) technologies as part of Mineralogy 4.0. An atlas of 3D rocks and minerals with 915 high-quality models was created to showcase the potential of photogrammetry in the mineral sciences. The repository contains a wide range of sample types, featuring transparency, metallic luster, fluorescence, or millimetric-scale crystals. The three-dimensional rocks and minerals can also be accessed on-the-go through a mobile application that was developed for Android devices. Additionally, web applications have been developed with specific three-dimensional collections as well as three-dimensional storytelling. AR technology was also integrated into the 3D repository, allowing users to superimpose virtual 3D models of rocks and minerals onto real-world surfaces through their device’s camera. Also, a digital solution with 3D holograms of rocks and minerals was effectively implemented to provide an interactive and immersive experience. The 3D datasets of rocks and minerals can play a significant role in the geoscience community’s research, developing not only in-depth knowledge of specimens but also opening new frontiers in mineral sciences, leading towards a more advanced era of mineralogy. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Geomaterials and Cultural Heritage)
18 pages, 4661 KiB  
Article
Pilot Study on a Liquid Mineral Foliar Fertilizer Mixed with Herbicides for Maize Protection and Nutrition
by Camelia Hodoșan, Lucica Nistor, Paula Poşan, Sorin Iulius Bărbuică, Daniela Ianiţchi, Gabriela Luţă and Lizica Szilagyi
Agriculture 2024, 14(12), 2129; https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture14122129 (registering DOI) - 24 Nov 2024
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to develop a complex composition of a foliar liquid mineral fertilizer containing NPK macroelements and microelements including Fe, Mg, B, S, Zn, Cu, Mo, Ni, V, and Cr. This complex fertilizer aims to support the optimal development [...] Read more.
The purpose of this study was to develop a complex composition of a foliar liquid mineral fertilizer containing NPK macroelements and microelements including Fe, Mg, B, S, Zn, Cu, Mo, Ni, V, and Cr. This complex fertilizer aims to support the optimal development and maturation of maize crops, thereby enhancing both the quality and quantity of production. In our study, an original recipe was established for a complex composition of foliar liquid mineral fertilizer, and a technological process was developed in order to obtain the recipe at the laboratory level. The designed fertilizer was a complex mixture of fertilizers with herbicides with multiple purposes, which can be used in different pedo-climatic areas and which present, at the same time, low toxicity and minimal ecological impact. A wide-spectrum mixture DICOPUR TOP containing 2,4-D acid and Dicamba was chosen as a systemic herbicide which is absorbed by plants both in the root system and also on the leaves. For conditioning the complex mixture of fertilizers with herbicides, different types of polyvinyl alcohol with different degrees of hydrolysis were used. The liquid fertilizer mixture with DICOPUR TOP was applied over two years (2021 and 2022) to the Felix maize hybrid, demonstrating significant positive effects on grain yield while effectively controlling both dicotyledonous and monocotyledonous weeds. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Crop Protection, Diseases, Pests and Weeds)
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18 pages, 1880 KiB  
Article
Effects of Three Modification Methods on the In Vitro Gastrointestinal Digestion and Colonic Fermentation of Dietary Fiber from Lotus Leaves
by Hui Zheng, Yao Xu, Yuhang Wu, Xuantong Huangfu, Wenxiu Chen, Kai He and Yong Yang
Foods 2024, 13(23), 3768; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods13233768 (registering DOI) - 24 Nov 2024
Abstract
Shear emulsifying (SE), ball milling (BM), and autoclave treatment (AT) were utilized for the modification of lotus leaves, and the effects on in vitro gastrointestinal digestion and colonic fermentation of insoluble dietary fiber (IDF) from lotus leaves were compared. Compared with SEIDF and [...] Read more.
Shear emulsifying (SE), ball milling (BM), and autoclave treatment (AT) were utilized for the modification of lotus leaves, and the effects on in vitro gastrointestinal digestion and colonic fermentation of insoluble dietary fiber (IDF) from lotus leaves were compared. Compared with SEIDF and ATIDF, BMIDF released more polyphenols and exhibited better antioxidant capacity during in vitro gastrointestinal digestion. The IDF of lotus leaves changed the gut microbiota composition during in vitro colonic fermentation. SEIDF was beneficial to the diversity of gut microbiota compared with BMIDF and ATIDF. Among the three IDF groups of lotus leaves, six significant differences of OTUs were all in ATIDF; however there was the highest relative abundance of Escherichia-Shigella in ATIDF. In addition, the concentrations of butyric acid and valeric acid produced by SEIDF were significantly higher than that of BMIDF and ATIDF. Overall, SE modification improved the colonic fermentation characteristics of IDFs in lotus leaves more effectively; while BM modification helped to promote the release of polyphenols from IDFs in lotus leaves during in vitro gastrointestinal digestion. The research lays the foundation for the application of the dietary fiber of lotus leaves as a premium fiber additive in functional food. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Research and Development of Carbohydrate from Foods)
18 pages, 1213 KiB  
Article
Sustainable Health and Well-Being: Guidelines for Integrating Therapeutic Gardens for Holistic Hospital Care
by Katharina Nieberler-Walker, Cheryl Desha, Anne Roiko, Savindi Caldera and Caryl Bosman
Sustainability 2024, 16(23), 10288; https://doi.org/10.3390/su162310288 (registering DOI) - 24 Nov 2024
Abstract
Therapeutic hospital gardens (THGs) need to be purposefully designed for hospital users and well-integrated into the clinical hospital treatment plan to be effective. Healthcare decision-makers are critically important in establishing therapeutic gardens in hospitals and healthcare facilities because they have the ultimate decision-making [...] Read more.
Therapeutic hospital gardens (THGs) need to be purposefully designed for hospital users and well-integrated into the clinical hospital treatment plan to be effective. Healthcare decision-makers are critically important in establishing therapeutic gardens in hospitals and healthcare facilities because they have the ultimate decision-making power to include such gardens for the holistic care of their patients, staff, and visitors. This study aims to establish how THGs can be successfully created by investigating the professional experiences of 12 global healthcare decision-makers in hospital administration, executive government, and senior consultancy to government on the role of THGs in creating a healthy and sustainable hospital environment. This article shows how these decision-makers, who have already worked with healthcare designers and clinical practitioners to design and establish THGs, have been selected and interviewed. The qualitative analysis of these semi-structured interviews uncovered why and how these healthcare decision-makers made THGs a reality in their hospitals. This analysis informed the development of the THG Healthcare Decision-maker Guidelines, which were designed to guide all hospital CEOs, government executives, and senior consultants to the government to both design and then establish THGs successfully. These guidelines include five systematic steps: 1. design for hospital cohorts; 2. purposefully design and integrate THGs well; 3. facilitate inclusive and defined stakeholder engagement; 4. evaluate the garden visitor experience; and 5. understand the benefits and values of THGs. These five systematic steps can be used immediately by healthcare decision-makers to work with healthcare designers and clinical experts to implement such gardens in hospitals successfully. When the three sectors, healthcare governance, healthcare design, and clinical health, work together, more THGs can be established in hospitals for better patient care, visitor well-being, and a healthy and sustainable hospital environment. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Health, Well-Being and Sustainability)
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19 pages, 7556 KiB  
Article
Deep Learning-Enhanced Autoencoder for Multi-Carrier Wireless Systems
by Md Abdul Aziz, Md Habibur Rahman, Rana Tabassum, Mohammad Abrar Shakil Sejan, Myung-Sun Baek and Hyoung-Kyu Song
Mathematics 2024, 12(23), 3685; https://doi.org/10.3390/math12233685 (registering DOI) - 24 Nov 2024
Abstract
In a multi-carrier (MC) system, the transmitted data are split across several sub-carriers as a crucial approach for achieving high data rates, reliability, and spectral efficiency. Deep learning (DL) enhances MC systems by improving signal representation, leading to more efficient data transmission and [...] Read more.
In a multi-carrier (MC) system, the transmitted data are split across several sub-carriers as a crucial approach for achieving high data rates, reliability, and spectral efficiency. Deep learning (DL) enhances MC systems by improving signal representation, leading to more efficient data transmission and reduced bit error rates. In this paper, we propose an MC system supported by DL for operation on fading channels. Deep neural networks are utilized to model the modulation block, while a gated recurrent unit (GRU) network is used to model the demodulation blocks, acting as the encoder and decoder within an autoencoder (AE) architecture. The proposed scheme, known as MC-AE, differs from existing AE-based systems by directly processing channel state information and the received signal in a fully data-driven way, unlike traditional methods that rely on channel equalizers. This approach enables MC-AE to improve diversity and coding gains in fading channels by simultaneously optimizing the encoder and decoder. In this experiment, we evaluated the performance of the proposed model under both perfect and imperfect channel conditions and compared it with other models. Additionally, we assessed the performance of the MC-AE system against index modulation-based MC systems. The results demonstrate that the GRU-based MC-AE system outperforms the others. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Algorithms in Wireless Communication and Internet of Things (IoT))
17 pages, 648 KiB  
Article
Using Participatory Narrative Inquiry to Assess Experiences and Self-Experimentation with Diet Interventions in Inflammatory Bowel Disease Patients
by Celine Hos, Merel Tebbens, Tjitske Bezema, Jos A. Bosch, Aletta D. Kraneveld, Corinne E. G. M. Spooren, Marie Claire de Haas, Pieter C. F. Stokkers, Marjolijn Duijvestein, Gerd Bouma and Anje A. te Velde
Nutrients 2024, 16(23), 4027; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16234027 (registering DOI) - 24 Nov 2024
Abstract
Background and Aims: To improve quality of life (QoL), patients with inflammatory bowel diseases (Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis) often self-experiment with lifestyle changes such as dietary modifications. The nature (e.g., type of interventions, expectations, perceived efficacy) of these single-subject experiments has not [...] Read more.
Background and Aims: To improve quality of life (QoL), patients with inflammatory bowel diseases (Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis) often self-experiment with lifestyle changes such as dietary modifications. The nature (e.g., type of interventions, expectations, perceived efficacy) of these single-subject experiments has not been systematically investigated. Method: We used Participatory Narrative Inquiry (PNI), a structured qualitative method, to obtain information about these experiments through patient stories. Results: We demonstrate that PNI can be a method to collect and analyze IBD patient ideas and experiences regarding lifestyle and nutritional factors in a structured manner to reveal valuable insights for personal and scientific follow-up research. Patients report rest, (psychological) balance, and a change in diet when describing times when they experienced a better QoL. When focusing on diet, patients reported a considerable number of food products that were experienced as beneficial by one person but detrimental by another. Conclusions: PNI is a suitable method to obtain information about self-experimentation. An insight that was attained was that personalized (dietary) guidance that supports the individual is needed. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Nutritional Immunology)
9 pages, 274 KiB  
Article
Extraperitoneal Open Radical Cystectomy: A New Standard in Frail Patients with Muscle-Invasive Bladder Cancer?
by Daniel Porav-Hodade, Silvestru-Alexandru Big, Vlad-Ilie Barbos, Bogdan Gherle, Ernő Jerzicska, Victor Ona and Bogdan-Ovidiu Feciche
Clin. Pract. 2024, 14(6), 2559-2567; https://doi.org/10.3390/clinpract14060201 (registering DOI) - 24 Nov 2024
Abstract
Background/Objectives: Radical cystectomy (RC) represents one of the most complex and morbid surgical procedures in the field of Urology. Extraperitoneal open RC has emerged as an alternative to the traditional transperitoneal approach for the treatment of muscle-invasive bladder cancer. Frailty is one [...] Read more.
Background/Objectives: Radical cystectomy (RC) represents one of the most complex and morbid surgical procedures in the field of Urology. Extraperitoneal open RC has emerged as an alternative to the traditional transperitoneal approach for the treatment of muscle-invasive bladder cancer. Frailty is one of the most important risk factors for perioperative morbidity and mortality, and this category of patients can benefit the most from the extraperitoneal approach. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the feasibility and the safety of extraperitoneal open RC in our experience; Methods: We retrospectively collected the data of 75 frail patients who underwent an extraperitoneal open RC, performed by a single experienced surgeon. We assessed their frailty status using the simplified frailty index (sFI). We recorded data regarding general characteristics, intraoperative, pathological, and postoperative complications, and mortality (within 90 days); Results: We analyzed 61 males and 14 females with an sFI equal to or higher than 3. The median age was 77 years. Fifty-one patients had an ASA score of 3 or more. Sixty procedures were with radical intention, while fifteen were palliative. Cutaneous ureterostomy was performed in 70 cases and extraperitonized ileal conduit in five cases. The median operative time was 150 min. The median blood loss was 400 mL. The median time to flatus was 2 days. The median postoperative stay was 7 days. Thirteen patients had Clavien–Dindo III or IV complications. Two patients died in first 90 days postoperatively; Conclusions: The extraperitoneal open RC in frail patients was demonstrated to be a feasible and safe alternative approach in definitive treatment or a palliative setting in our experience. Full article
30 pages, 1378 KiB  
Article
A Theoretical Review of Area Production Rates as Test Statistics for Detecting Nonequilibrium Dynamics in Ornstein–Uhlenbeck Processes
by Alexander Strang
Axioms 2024, 13(12), 820; https://doi.org/10.3390/axioms13120820 (registering DOI) - 24 Nov 2024
Abstract
A stochastic process is at thermodynamic equilibrium if it obeys time-reversal symmetry; forward and reverse time are statistically indistinguishable at a steady state. Nonequilibrium processes break time-reversal symmetry by maintaining circulating probability currents. In physical processes, these currents require a continual use and [...] Read more.
A stochastic process is at thermodynamic equilibrium if it obeys time-reversal symmetry; forward and reverse time are statistically indistinguishable at a steady state. Nonequilibrium processes break time-reversal symmetry by maintaining circulating probability currents. In physical processes, these currents require a continual use and exchange of energy. Accordingly, signatures of nonequilibrium behavior are important markers of energy use in biophysical systems. In this article, we consider a particular signature of nonequilibrium behavior: area production rates. These are the average rate at which a stochastic process traces out signed area in its projections onto coordinate planes. Area production is an example of a linear observable: a path integral over an observed trajectory against a linear vector field. We provide a summary review of area production rates in Ornstein–Uhlenbeck (OU) processes. Then, we show that, given an OU process, a weighted Frobenius norm of the area production rate matrix is the optimal test statistic for detecting nonequilibrium behavior in the sense that its coefficient of variation decays faster in the length of time observed than the coefficient of variation of any other linear observable. We conclude by showing that this test statistic estimates the entropy production rate of the process. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Research on Stochastic Analysis and Applied Statistics)
17 pages, 590 KiB  
Article
Co-Digestion of Dehydrated Sewage Sludge (DSS) and Organic Fraction of Municipal Solid Waste (OFMSW): Analysis of the Process and Economic Evaluations
by Carlo Limonti, Adolfo Le Pera, Miriam Sellaro, Giulia Grande, Giulia Maria Curcio, Tiziana Andreoli, Elvis Gribaldo Aucancela Rivera and Alessio Siciliano
Fermentation 2024, 10(12), 600; https://doi.org/10.3390/fermentation10120600 (registering DOI) - 24 Nov 2024
Abstract
This study aimed to assess the efficacy of anaerobic digestion (AD) in the co-digestion of the organic fraction of municipal solid waste (OFMSW) and municipal dehydrated sewage sludge (DSS). The experiments were conducted in batch and continuous mode under mesophilic conditions (T = [...] Read more.
This study aimed to assess the efficacy of anaerobic digestion (AD) in the co-digestion of the organic fraction of municipal solid waste (OFMSW) and municipal dehydrated sewage sludge (DSS). The experiments were conducted in batch and continuous mode under mesophilic conditions (T = 37 ± 2 °C). The results of batch tests indicated that the use of DSS in co-digestion with OFMSW led to a biomethane production of 422 NmLCH4/gVS with a production yield of 450 NmLCH4/gVSremoved. Nevertheless, the findings of the tests conducted with OFMSW alone demonstrated superior performance. A pilot plant reactor with a volume of approximately 2 m3 was employed in the continuous tests. The results corroborated the trends observed in the batch tests. In particular, the specific methane production yields decreased from 0.47 Nm3/kgVS when OFMSW was the sole substrate to 0.44 Nm3/kgVS when DSS was introduced, with a DSS/OFMSW ratio (RDO) of 0.1. Despite the reduction in methane production yield observed in both batch and continuous tests, a techno-economic assessment of the process indicated the potential profitability of DSS in co-digestion with OFMSW. Notably, the estimated profit from utilizing DSS in a percentage of 10% (RDO = 0.1) is 108 EUR/ton, compared to 102 EUR/ton when only OFMSW is employed. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Anaerobic Digestion of Sewage Sludge: New Insights and Future Challenges)
23 pages, 4420 KiB  
Article
Casein Kinase 2 Inhibitor, CX-4945, Induces Apoptosis and Restores Blood-Brain Barrier Homeostasis in In Vitro and In Vivo Models of Glioblastoma
by Valentina Bova, Deborah Mannino, Ayomide E. Salako, Emanuela Esposito, Alessia Filippone and Sarah A. Scuderi
Cancers 2024, 16(23), 3936; https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers16233936 (registering DOI) - 24 Nov 2024
Abstract
Background: In oncology, casein kinase 2 (CK2), a serine/threonine kinase, has a dual action, regulating cellular processes and acting as an oncogenic promoter. Methods: This study examined the effect of CX-4945, a selective CK2 inhibitor, in a human U-87 glioblastoma (GBM) cell [...] Read more.
Background: In oncology, casein kinase 2 (CK2), a serine/threonine kinase, has a dual action, regulating cellular processes and acting as an oncogenic promoter. Methods: This study examined the effect of CX-4945, a selective CK2 inhibitor, in a human U-87 glioblastoma (GBM) cell line, treated with CX-4945 (5, 10, and 15 μM) for 24 h. Similarly, the hCMEC/D3 cell line was used to mimic the blood–brain barrier (BBB), examining the ability of CX-4945 to restore BBB homeostasis, after stimulation with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and then treated with CX-4945 (5, 10, and 15 μM). Results: We reported that CX-4945 reduced the proliferative activity and modulated the main pathways involved in tumor progression including apoptosis. Furthermore, in confirmation of the in vitro study, performing a xenograft model, we demonstrated that CX-4945 exerted promising antiproliferative effects, also restoring the tight junctions’ expression. Conclusions: These new insights into the molecular signaling of CK2 in GBM and BBB demonstrate that CX-4945 could be a promising approach for future GBM therapy, not only in the tumor microenvironment but also at the BBB level. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Targeting the Tumor Microenvironment (Volume II))
22 pages, 684 KiB  
Article
Hybrid Quantum–Classical Neural Networks for Efficient MNIST Binary Image Classification
by Deepak Ranga, Sunil Prajapat, Zahid Akhtar, Pankaj Kumar and Athanasios V. Vasilakos
Mathematics 2024, 12(23), 3684; https://doi.org/10.3390/math12233684 (registering DOI) - 24 Nov 2024
Abstract
Image classification is a fundamental task in deep learning, and recent advances in quantum computing have generated significant interest in quantum neural networks. Traditionally, Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) are employed to extract image features, while Multilayer Perceptrons (MLPs) handle decision making. However, parameterized [...] Read more.
Image classification is a fundamental task in deep learning, and recent advances in quantum computing have generated significant interest in quantum neural networks. Traditionally, Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) are employed to extract image features, while Multilayer Perceptrons (MLPs) handle decision making. However, parameterized quantum circuits offer the potential to capture complex image features and define sophisticated decision boundaries. In this paper, we present a novel Hybrid Quantum–Classical Neural Network (H-QNN) for image classification, and demonstrate its effectiveness using the MNIST dataset. Our model combines quantum computing with classical supervised learning to enhance classification accuracy and computational efficiency. In this study, we detail the architecture of the H-QNN, emphasizing its capability in feature learning and image classification. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed H-QNN model outperforms conventional deep learning methods in various training scenarios, showcasing its effectiveness in high-dimensional image classification tasks. Additionally, we explore the broader applicability of hybrid quantum–classical approaches in other domains. Our findings contribute to the growing body of work in quantum machine learning, and underscore the potential of quantum-enhanced models for image recognition and classification. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mathematical Perspectives on Quantum Computing and Communication)
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