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Recent Articles  

21 pages, 11773 KiB  
Article
Lateral Displacement and Distance of Vehicles in Freeway Overtaking Scenario Based on Naturalistic Driving Data
by Cunshu Pan, Yuhao Zhang, Heshan Zhang and Jin Xu
Appl. Sci. 2025, 15(5), 2370; https://doi.org/10.3390/app15052370 (registering DOI) - 22 Feb 2025
Abstract
The design of passenger-dedicated lane width is essential for freeway reconstruction and expansion projects. However, the technical standard of lane width established in China is based on trucks. This study aims to propose a passenger-dedicated lane width calculation method for freeways based on [...] Read more.
The design of passenger-dedicated lane width is essential for freeway reconstruction and expansion projects. However, the technical standard of lane width established in China is based on trucks. This study aims to propose a passenger-dedicated lane width calculation method for freeways based on overtaking behavior. Computer vision technology was used to extract vehicle trajectories and dimensions from videos captured by an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV). Statistical methods such as cumulative frequency statistics, typical percentile statistics and regression analysis were employed to elaborate on the lateral displacement and distance of vehicles during overtaking. The results show that vehicles’ lateral displacements are mainly related to behaviors such as lane changing, lateral distance maintenance and lane keeping. The body width sum of parallel vehicles has little effect on the geometric center distance but significantly reduces the wheel distance when increasing. The general value of the passenger-dedicated lane width on freeways is recommended to be 3.5 m, and the limit value is 3.25 m. Compared with existing lane width calculation methods, this study pays more attention to the relationship between vehicle width and lateral distance, which can better cope with the challenges caused by vehicle diversity in lane width design. Full article
9 pages, 539 KiB  
Case Report
A Novel CCM3 Mutation Associated with a Severe Clinical Course in a Child with Multiple Cerebral Cavernous Malformations
by Olga Belousova, Denis Semenov, Eugenia Boulygina, Svetlana Tsygankova and Alexander Konovalov
J. Vasc. Dis. 2025, 4(1), 8; https://doi.org/10.3390/jvd4010008 (registering DOI) - 22 Feb 2025
Abstract
Background: Cerebral cavernous malformations (CCMs) are vascular lesions linked to mutations in the CCM1, CCM2, and CCM3 genes, resulting in angiogenesis dysregulation. This case study highlights the clinical course of a child with severe CCMs and explores the genetic basis of the [...] Read more.
Background: Cerebral cavernous malformations (CCMs) are vascular lesions linked to mutations in the CCM1, CCM2, and CCM3 genes, resulting in angiogenesis dysregulation. This case study highlights the clinical course of a child with severe CCMs and explores the genetic basis of the condition. Methods: We used comprehensive clinical assessment and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to monitor the patient’s neurological status and CCM progression and genetic analysis by whole-exome sequencing to identify mutations in CCM-related genes. Results: The patient presented with developmental delays, multiple CCMs, and recurrent hemorrhagic events, requiring five surgical interventions. Genetic analysis revealed a novel frameshift mutation in the PDCD10 gene. Despite surgical efforts, the patient developed significant disability by age 13. Conclusions: This case illustrates the aggressive clinical course associated with CCMs, particularly in patients with CCM3 mutations. It underscores the importance of genetic screening and monitoring in understanding hereditary CCM progression and guiding treatment strategies. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Neurovascular Diseases)
21 pages, 1828 KiB  
Article
MD Simulation Reveals a Trimerization-Enhanced Interaction of CD137L with CD137
by Hefeng Wang, Jianhua Wu, Ying Fang and Quhuan Li
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025, 26(5), 1903; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms26051903 (registering DOI) - 22 Feb 2025
Abstract
CD137 is a prominent costimulatory molecule of the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptor superfamily that activates T cells through a complex bidirectional signaling process involving CD137L. The clinical value of immunotherapies underscores the potential of CD137L/CD137 as an effective target for boosting antitumor [...] Read more.
CD137 is a prominent costimulatory molecule of the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptor superfamily that activates T cells through a complex bidirectional signaling process involving CD137L. The clinical value of immunotherapies underscores the potential of CD137L/CD137 as an effective target for boosting antitumor immune responses; however, the intricate mechanisms governing these interactions have not been fully elucidated. Herein, we constructed various oligomeric states of CD137L (monomeric, dimeric, and trimeric CD137L) and explored their interactions with CD137 using molecular dynamics simulations. Our findings revealed that trimeric CD137L exhibits higher thermal stability but reduced binding affinity for CD137 compared with the dimer form, with the A’B’ loop of CD137L playing a critical role in both structural stability and promoting CD137 interactions. Notably, the formation of hexameric structures enhanced the binding affinity and stability. This study provides valuable insights into the CD137L/CD137 bidirectional signaling mechanisms, which may inform the design of next-generation CD137 agonists. Ultimately, these advancements may improve cancer immunotherapy strategies, aiming to enhance therapeutic outcomes for patients through more effective and targeted therapies. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Structure, Function and Dynamics in Proteins: 2nd Edition)
36 pages, 3582 KiB  
Article
Legacy Vegetation and Drainage Features Influence Sediment Dynamics and Tidal Wetland Recovery After Managed Dyke Realignment
by Samantha Crowell, Megan Elliott, Kailey Nichols, Danika van Proosdij, Emma Poirier, Jennie Graham, Tony Bowron and Jeremy Lundholm
Land 2025, 14(3), 456; https://doi.org/10.3390/land14030456 (registering DOI) - 22 Feb 2025
Abstract
Managed dyke realignment (MR) is a nature-based technique that shifts dyke systems farther inland, allowing for restoration of tidal flow and tidal wetland vegetation. While restoration of tidal flow can result in rapid sediment accretion and vegetation recovery, dykelands on the east coast [...] Read more.
Managed dyke realignment (MR) is a nature-based technique that shifts dyke systems farther inland, allowing for restoration of tidal flow and tidal wetland vegetation. While restoration of tidal flow can result in rapid sediment accretion and vegetation recovery, dykelands on the east coast of Canada are often agricultural, with legacy vegetation and ditches present upon initiation of MR. We combined measurements of sediment flux and accretion, digital surface and drainage network models, and vegetation mapping to understand the effects of legacy features on geomorphological evolution and restoration trajectory at a Bay of Fundy MR site. Removal of legacy vegetation and channels in a borrow pit allowed comparison with unaltered areas. Magnitudes of volumetric change from erosion at the channel mouth were similar to gains on the borrow pit, suggesting that channel mouth erosion could represent a significant sediment subsidy for restoring the marsh platform. Pre-existing pasture vegetation is likely to have slowed wetland vegetation establishment, suggesting that mowing prior to MR may speed recovery. Repeated high resolution vertically precise aerial surveys allowed understanding of the effects of elevation and proximity to the drainage network on spatial and temporal variability in marsh surface elevation increase and vegetation recovery. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Ecosystem Services and Coastal Management: Tools to Counteract Sediment Losses)
26 pages, 4267 KiB  
Article
The Impact of MERRA-2 and CAMS Aerosol Reanalysis Data on FengYun-4B Geostationary Interferometric Infrared Sounder Simulations
by Weiyi Peng, Fuzhong Weng and Chengzhi Ye
Remote Sens. 2025, 17(5), 761; https://doi.org/10.3390/rs17050761 (registering DOI) - 22 Feb 2025
Abstract
Aerosols significantly impact the brightness temperature (BT) in thermal infrared (IR) channels, and ignoring their effects can lead to relatively large observation-minus-background (OMB) bias in radiance calculations. The accuracy of aerosol datasets is essential for BT simulations and bias reduction. This study incorporated [...] Read more.
Aerosols significantly impact the brightness temperature (BT) in thermal infrared (IR) channels, and ignoring their effects can lead to relatively large observation-minus-background (OMB) bias in radiance calculations. The accuracy of aerosol datasets is essential for BT simulations and bias reduction. This study incorporated aerosol reanalysis datasets from the Modern-Era Retrospective Analysis for Research and Applications, Version 2 (MERRA-2) and Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service (CAMS) into the Advanced Radiative Transfer Modeling System (ARMS) to compare their impacts on BT simulations from the Geostationary Interferometric Infrared Sounder (GIIRS) and their effectiveness in reducing OMB biases. The results showed that, for a sandstorm event on 10 April 2023, incorporating total aerosol data from the MERRA-2 improved the BT simulations by 0.56 K on average, surpassing CAMS’s 0.11 K improvement. Dust aerosols notably impacted the BT, with the MERRA-2 showing a 0.17 K improvement versus CAMS’s 0.06 K due to variations in the peak aerosol level, thickness, and column mass density. Improvements for sea salt and carbonaceous aerosols were concentrated in the South China Sea and Bay of Bengal, where the MERRA-2 outperformed CAMS. For sulfate aerosols, the MERRA-2 excelled in the Bohai Sea and southern Bay of Bengal, while CAMS was better in the northern Bay of Bengal. These findings provide guidance for aerosol assimilation and retrieval, emphasizing the importance of quality control and bias correction in data assimilation systems. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Atmospheric Remote Sensing)
23 pages, 9814 KiB  
Article
Analysis and Optimization of Thermal Storage Performance of Thermocline Storage Tank with Different Water Distribution Structures
by Xinwei Wang, Longbin Duan, Genying Gao, Weibo Zheng, Dong Sun, Jinyu Li, Jing Fu and Riyi Lin
Processes 2025, 13(3), 629; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr13030629 (registering DOI) - 22 Feb 2025
Abstract
Energy storage is essential for solar energy utilization, and thermocline storage tanks are commonly used. To improve temperature stratification and storage efficiency, we investigated the effect of different water distributor configurations on tank stratification. We numerically analyzed the heat storage processes in hot [...] Read more.
Energy storage is essential for solar energy utilization, and thermocline storage tanks are commonly used. To improve temperature stratification and storage efficiency, we investigated the effect of different water distributor configurations on tank stratification. We numerically analyzed the heat storage processes in hot water tanks with three water distribution configurations: star, antenna, and octagonal. Temperature stratification was evaluated based on thermocline thickness and storage efficiency. Thermal storage efficiency improves by 0.45% when the outlet direction of the water distributor matches the fluid’s motion direction during natural stratification. The energy storage process is categorized into three stages based on efficiency changes, with different factors affecting efficiency at each stage. In the initial stage, antenna-type and octagonal water distribution improve temperature uniformity along the axial section, reduce thermocline thickness, and enhance stratification. Final efficiency during this stage is primarily influenced by energy loss resulting from the mixing of hot and cold water. In the development stage, energy storage efficiency decreases mainly because the lower boundary of the thermocline reaches the exit, causing partial discharge of hot water. Among the three configurations, the octagonal water distribution exhibits the lowest energy loss, 6.4% lower than that of the star-type distribution. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Multiphase Flow Process and Separation Technology)
25 pages, 34451 KiB  
Article
Mapping Groundwater Potential Zones in the Widyan Basin, Al Qassim, KSA: Analytical Hierarchy Process-Based Analysis Using Sentinel-2, ASTER-DEM, and Conventional Data
by Ragab A. El Sherbini, Hosni H. Ghazala, Mohammed A. Ahmed, Ismael M. Ibraheem, Hussain F. Al Ajmi and Mohamed A. Genedi
Remote Sens. 2025, 17(5), 766; https://doi.org/10.3390/rs17050766 (registering DOI) - 22 Feb 2025
Abstract
Groundwater availability in semi-arid regions like the Widyan Basin, the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA), is a critical challenge due to climatic, topographic, and hydrological variations. The accurate identification of groundwater zones is essential for sustainable development. Therefore, this study combines remote-sensing datasets [...] Read more.
Groundwater availability in semi-arid regions like the Widyan Basin, the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA), is a critical challenge due to climatic, topographic, and hydrological variations. The accurate identification of groundwater zones is essential for sustainable development. Therefore, this study combines remote-sensing datasets (Sentinel-2 and ASTER-DEM) with conventional data using Geographic Information System (GIS) and analytical hierarchy process (AHP) techniques to delineate groundwater potential zones (GWPZs). The basin’s geology includes Pre-Cambrian rock units of the Arabian Shield in the southwest and Cambrian–Ordovician units in the northeast, with the Saq Formation serving as the main groundwater aquifer. Six soil types were identified: Haplic and Calcic Yermosols, Calcaric Regosols, Cambic Arenosols, Orthic Solonchaks, and Lithosols. The topography varies from steep areas in the southwest and northwest to nearly flat terrain in the northeast. Hydrologically, the basin is divided into 28 sub-basins with four stream orders. Using GIS-based AHP and weighted overlay methods, the GWPZs were mapped, achieving a model consistency ratio of 0.0956. The zones were categorized as excellent (15.21%), good (40.85%), fair (43.94%), and poor (0%). The GWPZ model was validated by analyzing data from 48 water wells distributed in the study area. These wells range from fresh water to primary saline water, with water depths varying between 13.98 and 130 m. Nine wells—with an average total dissolved solids (TDS) value of 597.2 mg/L—fall within the excellent zone, twenty-one wells are categorized in the good zone, fifteen wells are classified in the fair zone, and the remaining wells fall into the poor zone, with TDS values reaching up to 2177 mg/L. The results indicate that the central zone of the study area is suitable for drilling new water wells. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Remote Sensing Approaches to Groundwater Resource Assessment and Sustainable Management)
17 pages, 1944 KiB  
Article
Abundant Elliptic, Trigonometric, and Hyperbolic Stochastic Solutions for the Stochastic Wu–Zhang System in Quantum Mechanics
by Wael W. Mohammed, Ekram E. Ali, Athar I. Ahmed and Marwa Ennaceur
Mathematics 2025, 13(5), 714; https://doi.org/10.3390/math13050714 (registering DOI) - 22 Feb 2025
Abstract
In this article, we look at the stochastic Wu–Zhang system (SWZS) forced by multiplicative Brownian motion in the Itô sense. The mapping method, which is an effective analytical method, is employed to investigate the exact wave solutions of the aforementioned equation. The proposed [...] Read more.
In this article, we look at the stochastic Wu–Zhang system (SWZS) forced by multiplicative Brownian motion in the Itô sense. The mapping method, which is an effective analytical method, is employed to investigate the exact wave solutions of the aforementioned equation. The proposed scheme provides new types of exact solutions including periodic solitons, kink solitons, singular solitons and so on, to describe the wave propagation in quantum mechanics and analyze a wide range of essential physical phenomena. In the absence of noise, we obtain some previously found solutions of SWZS. Additionally, using the MATLAB program, the impacts of the noise term on the analytical solution of the SWZS were demonstrated. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Analytical Methods and Qualitative Analysis for Differential Equations)
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19 pages, 7033 KiB  
Article
Study on Demulsification via Vacuum Filtration with Superamphiphilic Diatomite/G-C3N4/Rice Husk Charcoal Composite Filter Layer
by Yue Wang, Tianxin Chen, Yu Jia, Feng Qin, Junhui Gao, Xingyang Zhang, Jiahong He and Jian He
Nanomaterials 2025, 15(5), 344; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15050344 (registering DOI) - 22 Feb 2025
Abstract
The primary extraction way for unconventional oil/gas resources is hydraulic fracturing to alter the reservoir for commercial production. However, hydraulic fracturing technology consumes a large amount of water, and the flowback water can easily be mixed with hydrocarbon substances to form emulsions. To [...] Read more.
The primary extraction way for unconventional oil/gas resources is hydraulic fracturing to alter the reservoir for commercial production. However, hydraulic fracturing technology consumes a large amount of water, and the flowback water can easily be mixed with hydrocarbon substances to form emulsions. To achieve the recycling of water, it is necessary to develop an efficient continuous demulsification method for treating the flowback fluid. In this study, a composite filtration layer with superhydrophilic and superoleophilic properties was successfully prepared using water-based polyurethane as a binder. The g-C3N4 was used to improve the affinity of the filtration layer to water and oil. The diatomite and rice husk carbon were used as an adsorbent and a filter aid, respectively. The contact angles (CA) of both oil and water on the surface of the filtration layer were measured to be 0°. During the demulsification process, vacuum filtration was employed to increase the pressure difference across the filtration layer, thereby improving the treatment flux of flowback fluid. The experimental results showed that the filtration flux with the addition of rice husk charcoal increased from 160.58 L∙m−2∙h−1 to 174.68 L∙m−2∙h−1 compared to the filter layer without rice husk charcoal. Based on the composite filtration layer, the apparent demulsification efficiency exceeded 90.6% for various types of emulsion. The mechanism of demulsification was investigated by the molecular dynamics method. The results showed that the adsorption layer density of water molecules reached 1.5 g/cm3, and the adsorption layer density of oil molecules exceeded 2.5 g/cm3. The porous structure wall has a strong adsorption effect on both oil and water molecules, resulting in deformation and destruction of the oil–water interface, so that the dispersed phase is adsorbed and aggregated by the filter layer at the same time and permeates from the filter layer after reaching saturation, thus separating the two phases. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Synthesis, Interfaces and Nanostructures)
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15 pages, 2178 KiB  
Article
Effects of Aqua-Glycerol Uptake Facilitator Protein GlpF on Spore Germination of Bacillus subtilis
by Tianlin Cui, Zequn Zhang, Kangyi Mu, Yicong Shi, Fang Chen, Li Dong and Xiaosong Hu
Foods 2025, 14(5), 750; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods14050750 (registering DOI) - 22 Feb 2025
Abstract
Killing spores is an important challenge for the development of the food industry. After germination, the resistance of spores disappears and they are more easily killed, which is currently the main strategy for their destruction. Therefore, study of the mechanism of spore germination [...] Read more.
Killing spores is an important challenge for the development of the food industry. After germination, the resistance of spores disappears and they are more easily killed, which is currently the main strategy for their destruction. Therefore, study of the mechanism of spore germination is of great significance for improving methods of spore inactivation. Previous studies have shown that the hydration of the spore core region, accompanied by the disappearance of bacterial spore resistance, is a key step in the germination pathway of bacterial spores. However, the specific mechanism of this process has been studied very little. In this study, Bacillus subtilis PY79 was used as a model strain, and its single water glycerol channel protein (GlpF) was regarded as a starting point to explore the mechanism of water transport during spore germination. First, we constructed glpF mutants and overexpression strains and discovered that the deletion of glpF did not affect the growth of bacterial vegetative cells and spores. Further germination experiments on the spores of the glpF-deficient strain through detecting calcium dipicolinate and absorbance of spores showed that the germination rate of the mutant strain spores increased, while increasing the water activity did not affect the results caused by glpF deletion. Meanwhile, overexpressed glpF affected the permeability of the spore coat. Finally, when treating spores with ultra-high pressure, the spores lacking glpF were more likely to be inactivated. The above results have suggested that the glpF gene plays an important role in spore germination. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Food Microbiology)
22 pages, 1457 KiB  
Article
Computational Identification and Characterization of Glycosyltransferase 47 (GT47) Gene Family in Sorghum bicolor and Their Expression Profile in Internode Tissues Based on RNA-Seq Data
by Rehana Rehana, Muhammad Anwar, Sarmad Frogh Arshad and Muhammad Asif Saleem
Processes 2025, 13(3), 628; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr13030628 (registering DOI) - 22 Feb 2025
Abstract
Sorghum is an essential crop for biofuel. Many glycosyltransferase (GT) families, including GT47, are involved in the production of both types of polysaccharides. However, a comprehensive study related to the GT47 gene family is needed. The glycosyltransferase (GT) [...] Read more.
Sorghum is an essential crop for biofuel. Many glycosyltransferase (GT) families, including GT47, are involved in the production of both types of polysaccharides. However, a comprehensive study related to the GT47 gene family is needed. The glycosyltransferase (GT) 47 family helps in the synthesis of xylose, pectin, and xyloglucan and plays an essential role in the formation of the proper shape of the plant cell wall. In this study, we performed identification, phylogenetic tree, physiochemical properties, subcellular localization, protein–protein interaction network, detection of motif analysis, gene structure, secondary structure, functional domain, gene duplication, Cis-acting elements, sequence logos, and gene expression profiles based on RNA-sequence analyses in the GT47 gene family. As a result, we identified thirty-one members of the GT47 gene family. The phylogenetic analysis grouped them into three distinct clusters. According to their physiochemical properties, all GT47 proteins were hydrophilic, and their molecular weights ranged from 22.7 to 88.6 kDa. Three essential motifs were identified via motif and conserved domain analysis, emphasizing structural conservation. Subcellular localization was proposed for the various functional roles across cellular compartments. While gene structure analysis showed significant variation in introns–exons, promoter study verified susceptibility to phytohormones like ABA. RNA sequencing revealed that several GT47 genes were highly expressed in internodes, and this was linked to biomass accumulation, cell wall manufacturing, and stem elongation. Analysis of networks of protein–protein interactions and Cis-elements confirmed involvement in stress adaptation and growth regulation. These results contribute to a better understanding of the functional and evolutionary significance of the GT47 gene family in sorghum. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Biological Processes and Systems)
14 pages, 277 KiB  
Essay
Systemic Creative Problem-Solving: On the Poverty of Ideas and the Generative Power of Prototyping
by Frédéric Vallée-Tourangeau
Systems 2025, 13(3), 150; https://doi.org/10.3390/systems13030150 (registering DOI) - 22 Feb 2025
Abstract
In this paper, I argue against the prevailing cognitivist view of creativity, proposing instead a systemic approach, and illustrate how from such a systemic perspective, creative problem-solving can be investigated under laboratory conditions. A cognitivist approach explains creativity from an ideation ground zero [...] Read more.
In this paper, I argue against the prevailing cognitivist view of creativity, proposing instead a systemic approach, and illustrate how from such a systemic perspective, creative problem-solving can be investigated under laboratory conditions. A cognitivist approach explains creativity from an ideation ground zero and assumes a diffusion model of ideas. In such a model, the explanandum is an initial idea, formed at a given moment in time, a position that implicitly promotes creative exceptionalism (to explain so-called Big-C creativity compared to little-c creativity) and the concomitant quest to discover the equally exceptional neural substate that ‘explains’ it. Borrowing from science and technology studies, I propose instead a translation model of ideas that proceeds on the basis of interactivity and prototyping. In this model, the explanandum is the resulting dialogue between people and prototypes (treated symmetrically as actants in a system of creation). I outline a methodology that emphasises the co-determination of ideation and the material enactment of ideas in generating creative solutions, illustrated by a study of insight problem-solving. This approach shifts the focus from exceptional cognitive abilities to the material and interactive processes that underpin creative problem-solving. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Cognitive and Practical Perspectives on Resilience, Organization and Entangled Systems)
23 pages, 6308 KiB  
Article
How Generative AI Enables an Online Project-Based Learning Platform: An Applied Study of Learning Behavior Analysis in Undergraduate Students
by Yi Dai, Jia-Ying Xiao, Yizhe Huang, Xuesong Zhai, Fan-Chun Wai and Ming Zhang
Appl. Sci. 2025, 15(5), 2369; https://doi.org/10.3390/app15052369 (registering DOI) - 22 Feb 2025
Abstract
Using Generative Artificial Intelligence (GAI) in education has opened new avenues for innovation, yet its role as an interactive tool with learners remains underexplored. Research in this domain faces challenges from pedagogical complexities and the variability of AI tools. To address these gaps, [...] Read more.
Using Generative Artificial Intelligence (GAI) in education has opened new avenues for innovation, yet its role as an interactive tool with learners remains underexplored. Research in this domain faces challenges from pedagogical complexities and the variability of AI tools. To address these gaps, this study developed an online project-based learning (PBL) platform incorporating a GAI plug-in and conducted a year-long experiment to analyze its impact. Three sets of experimental analyses were performed to examine learners’ methods, cognitive processes, and learning effectiveness. The findings reveal that GAI significantly influenced students’ learning approaches, cognitive engagement, and learning effectiveness. Additionally, the study demonstrates that PBL offers an effective framework for investigating the educational implications of GAI, providing new insights for future research in this evolving field. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Applications of Smart Learning in Education)
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23 pages, 3944 KiB  
Article
Evapotranspiration Partitioning of the Populus euphratica Forest Ecosystem in the Drylands of Northwestern China
by Qi Zhang, Qi Feng, Yonghong Su and Cuo Jian
Plants 2025, 14(5), 680; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14050680 (registering DOI) - 22 Feb 2025
Abstract
The comprehension of seasonal patterns of evapotranspiration (ET), as well as the interactive response to environmental factors, holds paramount importance for illuminating the intricate interaction within the carbon–water cycle of desert riparian forest ecosystems. Nonetheless, the driving mechanism behind ET changes is complex, [...] Read more.
The comprehension of seasonal patterns of evapotranspiration (ET), as well as the interactive response to environmental factors, holds paramount importance for illuminating the intricate interaction within the carbon–water cycle of desert riparian forest ecosystems. Nonetheless, the driving mechanism behind ET changes is complex, and different components show significant differences in response to the same factor. Moreover, water resources are scarce in the region, and sustainable water resources management in arid regions usually aims to maximize transpiration (T) and minimize evaporation (E); therefore, reasonable calculation of ET components is urgent to effectively assess water resources consumption and improve water use efficiency. This discussion assessed the suitability and reliability of different methods for partitioning ET within the desert oasis in Northwestern China, calculated water use efficiency (WUE), and explored the differences in the response patterns of ET, transpiration (T), and WUE to environmental elements of constructive Populus euphratica forests in this region during the growing season. Continuous measurements of meteorological, soil, and vegetation factors were collected from 2014 to 2021 to facilitate this investigation. This study demonstrated that the underlying water use efficiency (uWUE) method effectively partitions ET into vegetation T and soil evaporation (E). Seasonal variations in ET and T were predominantly driven by temperature (Ta), radiation (Rn), soil moisture, and leaf area index (LAI). In addition, the exchange of water and carbon across different scales was governed by distinct regulatory mechanisms, where canopy-level WUE (WUEc) primarily depended on climatic conditions, while ecosystem-level WUE (WUEe) was more strongly influenced by vegetation structural characteristics. This study provided valuable insights into the ET characteristics, influencing factors, and water–carbon consumption mechanisms of desert vegetation in arid regions, and the conclusions of the discussion may provide theoretical insights for policymakers and ecosystem managers interested in preserving the ecological balance of arid regions. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Plant Ecology)
18 pages, 893 KiB  
Article
Baseline Cost Analysis of Energy Wastewater Treatment with Preliminary Feasibility Analysis of Critical Mineral Recovery
by Chad Able, Thomas Schmitt, Nicholas Siefert and Alison Fritz
Minerals 2025, 15(3), 213; https://doi.org/10.3390/min15030213 (registering DOI) - 22 Feb 2025
Abstract
Critical mineral recovery from wastewater is an enhancement of conventional mining that can help meet growing demand. This work investigates two energy wastewaters that have previously been shown to be enriched in critical minerals, oil and gas produced water in the Permian Basin [...] Read more.
Critical mineral recovery from wastewater is an enhancement of conventional mining that can help meet growing demand. This work investigates two energy wastewaters that have previously been shown to be enriched in critical minerals, oil and gas produced water in the Permian Basin and combustion residual leachate. Treatment of these two wastewaters using reverse osmosis or thermal-based methods concentrates critical minerals, which improves the economic viability of critical mineral recovery. Revenue from mineral recovery could also offset treatment costs for operators. This work evaluates the cost of treatment for each wastewater and evaluates the potential revenue from critical minerals concentrated in the brine. The levelized cost of water for combustion residual leachate ranges from USD 1.90 to USD 16.20 (USD 2023/m3 permeate) and for produced water ranges from USD 14.40 to USD 24.30 (USD 2023/m3 distillate). Recovery opportunities range from USD 0.11 to USD 1.13 (USD 2023/m3 permeate) for leachate and from USD 8.28 to USD 42.10 (USD 2023/m3 distillate) for produced water, dominated by the value of magnesium and lithium. Comparing the maximum value of critical minerals contained in produced water and the maximum treatment costs, the value of critical minerals exceeds the cost of treatment by USD 17.80/m3 distillate, which signals a potential revenue opportunity. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Critical Minerals and Associated Elements in Mine Effluent and Treatment Residuals: Management Strategies and Technologies for Resource Recovery)
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17 pages, 925 KiB  
Article
Influence of Geometric Parameters on Journal Bearing Wear: A Finite Element Analysis and Elastic Foundation Approach
by Saad M. S. Mukras
Appl. Sci. 2025, 15(5), 2368; https://doi.org/10.3390/app15052368 (registering DOI) - 22 Feb 2025
Abstract
This study investigates the influence of geometric parameters on wear of journal bearings within a multibody system framework. While extensive research has explored the impact of wear on journal bearing performance, limited attention has been given to the role of geometric parameters in [...] Read more.
This study investigates the influence of geometric parameters on wear of journal bearings within a multibody system framework. While extensive research has explored the impact of wear on journal bearing performance, limited attention has been given to the role of geometric parameters in wear progression. To address this gap, this study examines the effects of bushing depth, internal and external bushing diameters, and bushing rim thickness on wear in a non-lubricated journal bearing joint within a slider–crank mechanism. The joint consists of a 347 stainless steel journal and a PTFE bushing operating under moderate loading conditions (0.25 MPa to 5 MPa) and low sliding velocities (1 mm/s to 10 mm/s). Wear predictions are conducted using the elastic foundation model (EFM) and finite element method (FEM), with multibody dynamics analysis providing joint force estimations. The results from both approaches reveal that (1) increasing bushing depth reduces both wear volume and maximum wear depth, (2) bushing outer diameter has little to no effect on wear volume and maximum wear depth, (3) smaller bushing rim thicknesses lead to greater wear volume, and (4) larger bushing depths reduce both wear volume and maximum wear depth. Consequently, it is recommended that journal bearings designed to minimize wear should have smaller inner diameters, with attention to the stress effects on the journal due to the reduced diameter. Additionally, small bushing rim thicknesses should be avoided, and larger bushing depths should be considered to reduce wear. These insights contribute to the optimization of journal bearing design for improved durability and performance in mechanical systems. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Mechanical Engineering)
37 pages, 14811 KiB  
Article
Phytotherapeutic Analysis of Chloroform-Based Fractions of Alstonia scholaris and Wrightia tinctoria Extracts Reveals Potent Anti-Psoriatic Activity: An In Vitro and In Vivo Study
by Madhavi Ojha, Nilanshu Manocha, Vinod Kumar, Ganeshan Karthikeyan and Devinder Toor
Pharmaceuticals 2025, 18(3), 304; https://doi.org/10.3390/ph18030304 (registering DOI) - 22 Feb 2025
Abstract
Background/Objectives: Psoriasis, a prevalent dermatological disorder, poses therapeutic challenges due to limited effective treatments or adverse side-effects. Traditional medicinal plants like Alstonia scholaris and Wrightia tinctoria, historically used in Ayurvedic and Siddha practices, show potential in treating inflammatory skin diseases. This study [...] Read more.
Background/Objectives: Psoriasis, a prevalent dermatological disorder, poses therapeutic challenges due to limited effective treatments or adverse side-effects. Traditional medicinal plants like Alstonia scholaris and Wrightia tinctoria, historically used in Ayurvedic and Siddha practices, show potential in treating inflammatory skin diseases. This study aims to explore their in vitro and in vivo anti-psoriatic properties to develop safer and more effective therapies. Methods: Chloroform:methanol fractions from ethanol extracts of Alstonia scholaris and Wrightia tinctoria were evaluated for anti-psoriatic activity. In vitro assays using HaCaT cells assessed cell viability, apoptosis, and inflammatory markers. In vivo studies utilized an IMQ-induced psoriasis mouse model, evaluating skin lesions, histopathology, and cytokine profiles. Results: Chloroform fractions significantly reduced HaCaT cell viability and induced apoptosis. They also dose-dependently downregulated IL-8 and RANTES levels. In vivo, these fractions reduced skin inflammation, edema, and psoriasis scores. Histopathological analysis showed decreased epidermal thickness and dermal inflammation. Key psoriasis biomarkers IL-17 and IL-23 were significantly reduced. Conclusions: Chloroform:methanol fractions from Alstonia scholaris and Wrightia tinctoria demonstrated potent anti-psoriatic effects in vitro and in vivo. These findings support their potential as novel phytotherapeutic agents for managing psoriasis, offering promise for further development and clinical application. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Plant-Based Bioactive Products for Pharmaceutical Applications)
23 pages, 1749 KiB  
Article
IVU-AutoNav: Integrated Visual and UWB Framework for Autonomous Navigation
by Shuhui Bu, Jie Zhang, Xiaohan Li, Kun Li and Boni Hu
Drones 2025, 9(3), 162; https://doi.org/10.3390/drones9030162 (registering DOI) - 22 Feb 2025
Abstract
To address the inherent scale ambiguity and positioning drift in monocular visual Simultaneous Localization and Mapping (SLAM), this paper proposes a novel localization method that integrates monocular visual SLAM with Ultra-Wideband (UWB) ranging information. This method enables high-precision localization for unmanned aerial vehicles [...] Read more.
To address the inherent scale ambiguity and positioning drift in monocular visual Simultaneous Localization and Mapping (SLAM), this paper proposes a novel localization method that integrates monocular visual SLAM with Ultra-Wideband (UWB) ranging information. This method enables high-precision localization for unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) in complex environments without global navigation information. The proposed framework, IVU-AutoNav, relies solely on distance measurements between a fixed UWB anchor and the UAV’s UWB device. Initially, it jointly solves for the position of the UWB anchor and the scale factor of the SLAM system using the scale-ambiguous SLAM data and ranging information. Subsequently, a pose optimization equation is formulated, which integrates visual reprojection errors and ranging errors, to achieve precise localization with a metric scale. Furthermore, a global optimization process is applied to enhance the global consistency of the localization map and optimize the positions of the UWB anchors and scale factor. The proposed approach is validated through both simulation and experimental studies, demonstrating its effectiveness. Experimental results show a scale error of less than 1.8% and a root mean square error of 0.23 m, outperforming existing state-of-the-art visual SLAM systems. These findings underscore the potential and efficacy of the monocular visual-UWB coupled SLAM method in advancing UAV navigation and localization capabilities. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Drones Navigation and Orientation)
17 pages, 9918 KiB  
Article
Authentication of EU-Authorized Edible Insect Species in Food Products by DNA Barcoding and High-Resolution Melting (HRM) Analysis
by Michaela Wildbacher, Julia Andronache, Katharina Pühringer, Stefanie Dobrovolny, Rupert Hochegger and Margit Cichna-Markl
Foods 2025, 14(5), 751; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods14050751 (registering DOI) - 22 Feb 2025
Abstract
The consumption of edible insects is a promising approach to meet the increasing global demand for food. Commercialization of edible insects in the EU is regulated by the Novel Food regulation. To date, the yellow mealworm (Tenebrio molitor larva), the migratory locust [...] Read more.
The consumption of edible insects is a promising approach to meet the increasing global demand for food. Commercialization of edible insects in the EU is regulated by the Novel Food regulation. To date, the yellow mealworm (Tenebrio molitor larva), the migratory locust (Locusta migratoria), the house cricket (Acheta domesticus), and the buffalo worm (Alphitobius diaperinus larva) have been authorized in the EU for human consumption. We aimed to develop a method based on DNA barcoding and high-resolution melting (HRM) analysis for the identification and differentiation of these four EU-authorized edible insect species in food. A primer pair previously designed for DNA metabarcoding, targeting a ~200 bp sequence of mitochondrial 16S rDNA, allowed discrimination between the four insect species in highly processed food. However, house cricket and migratory locust could not unambiguously be differentiated from tropical house cricket, desert locust, superworm, cowpea weevil, and sago worm, respectively. This problem could be solved by designing primers specific for house cricket and migratory locust. By combining these primers with the insect primers, additional polymerase chain reaction (PCR) products for house cricket and migratory locust were obtained, resulting in more complex melt curves compared to the unauthorized insect species. The optimized PCR-HRM assay is a very cost-efficient screening tool for authentication of EU-authorized edible insect species in food. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Techniques for Food Authentication: Trends and Emerging Approaches—Volume II)
12 pages, 657 KiB  
Article
Barriers to Long-Term Adherence in Botulinum Toxin Therapy for Post-Stroke Spasticity: Insights and Implications from a Single-Center Study in North Italy
by Ester Cecchella, Nicola Luigi Bragazzi, Filippo Cotellessa, William Campanella, Luca Puce, Lucio Marinelli, Antonio Currà, Cristina Schenone, Laura Mori and Carlo Trompetto
Toxins 2025, 17(3), 102; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins17030102 (registering DOI) - 22 Feb 2025
Abstract
Stroke is a leading cause of long-term disability worldwide, often resulting in spasticity. Botulinum toxin injections have emerged as a cornerstone in the management of post-stroke spasticity. However, despite their clinical efficacy, maintaining long-term adherence to botulinum toxin therapy remains a significant challenge. [...] Read more.
Stroke is a leading cause of long-term disability worldwide, often resulting in spasticity. Botulinum toxin injections have emerged as a cornerstone in the management of post-stroke spasticity. However, despite their clinical efficacy, maintaining long-term adherence to botulinum toxin therapy remains a significant challenge. This retrospective observational study analyzed 106 patients undergoing botulinum toxin therapy for post-stroke spasticity to identify the key factors influencing treatment continuation. The mean age of the cohort at the time of stroke was 57.7 years, with ischemic strokes accounting for 61.3% of cases and hemorrhagic strokes for 38.7%. A total of 61.3% of patients continued therapy, while 38.7% discontinued therapy due to a variety of reasons. The most common reasons included logistical barriers (43.9%) and comorbidities (36.6%), followed by perceived lack of benefit (24.4%) and clinical resolution (12.2%). Among those citing a lack of benefit, muscular fibrosis was a notable contributor. In the multivariable Cox regression analysis, logistical challenges, such as access to healthcare facilities and administrative difficulties, were associated with discontinuation (HR = 13.95, 95% CI: 5.57–34.94, p < 0.001). Comorbidities also significantly increased the likelihood of discontinuation (HR = 3.51, 95% CI: 1.56–7.87, p = 0.002), as did the lack of benefit (HR = 14.34, 95% CI: 5.65–36.38, p < 0.001) and condition resolution (HR = 19.20, 95% CI: 5.58–66.02, p < 0.001). In contrast, demographic and clinical factors, including age at the time of stroke, gender, stroke type, affected side, and baseline spasticity severity, did not significantly influence treatment continuation. These findings underscore the importance of addressing logistical barriers and mitigating the burden of comorbidities to enhance treatment adherence. A shift toward patient-centered approaches that integrate robust rehabilitation services and streamline healthcare accessibility is critical for optimizing outcomes. Full article
20 pages, 6751 KiB  
Article
Altered Directed-Connectivity Network in Temporal Lobe Epilepsy: A MEG Study
by Chen Zhang, Wenhan Hu, Yutong Wu, Guangfei Li, Chunlan Yang and Ting Wu
Sensors 2025, 25(5), 1356; https://doi.org/10.3390/s25051356 (registering DOI) - 22 Feb 2025
Abstract
Temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) is considered a network disorder rather than a localized lesion, making it essential to study the network mechanisms underlying TLE. In this study, we constructed directed brain networks based on clinical MEG data using the Granger Causality Analysis (GCA) [...] Read more.
Temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) is considered a network disorder rather than a localized lesion, making it essential to study the network mechanisms underlying TLE. In this study, we constructed directed brain networks based on clinical MEG data using the Granger Causality Analysis (GCA) method, aiming to provide new insights into the network mechanisms of TLE. MEG data from 13 lTLE and 21 rTLE patients and 14 healthy controls (HCs) were analyzed. The preprocessed MEG data were used to construct directed brain networks using the GCA method and undirected brain networks using the Pearson Correlation Coefficient (PCC) method. Graph theoretical analysis extracted global and local topologies from the binary matrix, and SVM classified topologies with significant differences (p < 0.05). Comparative studies were performed on connectivity strengths, graph theory metrics, and SVM classifications between GCA and PCC, with an additional analysis of GCA-weighted network connectivity. The results show that TLE patients showed significantly increased functional connectivity based on GCA compared to the control group; similarities of the hub brain regions between lTLE and rTLE patients and the cortical–limbic–thalamic–cortical loop were identified; TLE patients exhibited a significant increase in GCA-based Global Clustering Coefficient (GCC) and Global Local Efficiency (GLE); most brain regions with abnormal local topological properties in TLE patients overlapped with their hub regions. The directionality of brain connectivity has played a significantly more pivotal role in research on TLE. GCA may be a potential tool in MEG analysis to distinguish TLE patients and HC effectively. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Biomedical Sensors)
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16 pages, 5543 KiB  
Article
A Risk Assessment of Water Inrush in Deep Mining in Metal Mines Based on the Coupling Methods of the Analytic Hierarchy Process and Entropy Weight Method: A Case Study of the Huize Lead–Zinc Mine in Northeastern Yunnan, China
by Ronghui Xia, Hongliang Wang, Ticai Hu, Shichong Yuan, Baosheng Huang, Jianguo Wang and Zhouhong Ren
Water 2025, 17(5), 643; https://doi.org/10.3390/w17050643 (registering DOI) - 22 Feb 2025
Abstract
Deep mining in metal mines faces more and more complex geological conditions, such as “three highs and one disturbance” (high ground stress, high permeability, high temperature, and mining-induced disturbance), which can easily trigger water inrush disasters and seriously affect the safety and efficiency [...] Read more.
Deep mining in metal mines faces more and more complex geological conditions, such as “three highs and one disturbance” (high ground stress, high permeability, high temperature, and mining-induced disturbance), which can easily trigger water inrush disasters and seriously affect the safety and efficiency of deep mining. This paper focuses on the deep hydrogeological structural characteristics of the Huize lead–zinc mine. Firstly, two main factors affecting the production safety of the mining area, namely the water source and water channel of the mine, were analyzed. Based on this analysis, nine factors were determined as indicators for the risk assessment of water inrush, including the water head difference, water-bearing capacity, permeability coefficient, aquifer thickness, water pressure, fault type, fault scale, fault water conductivity, and karst zoning characteristics. Then, a water inrush risk assessment model for the deep mine was constructed, and the weights of the individual factors were determined using the analytic hierarchy process (AHP) and entropy weight method (EWM). Combined with the multi-factor spatial fitting function of the GIS, a zoning map of the risk assessment of water inrush was developed. The results showed that the aquifer groups of the Permian Liangshan Formation and the Carboniferous Maping Formation (P1l + C3m) were relatively safe, whereas the karst fissure aquifer of the Qixia–Maokou Formation (P1q + m) posed a high risk of water inrush, necessitating advanced exploration and water drainage in the area. These findings provide guidance for water control measures in the Huize lead–zinc mine and offer valuable insights into the prediction and prevention of mine water hazards associated with ore body mining in karst aquifers. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Hydrogeology)
19 pages, 7431 KiB  
Article
Potential Chondroprotective Effect of Artemisia annua L. Water Extract on SW1353 Cell
by Min Jung Kim, Ye Jin Yang, Ji Woong Heo, Jae-dong Son, Young Zoo You, Ju-Hye Yang and Kwang Il Park
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025, 26(5), 1901; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms26051901 (registering DOI) - 22 Feb 2025
Abstract
Inflammation plays a critical role in the pathogenesis of osteoarthritis (OA). The objective of this study was to investigate the anti-inflammatory and chondroprotective properties of Artemisia annua L. water extract (AWE) following the induction of inflammation in cartilage cells (SW1353 cell) through the [...] Read more.
Inflammation plays a critical role in the pathogenesis of osteoarthritis (OA). The objective of this study was to investigate the anti-inflammatory and chondroprotective properties of Artemisia annua L. water extract (AWE) following the induction of inflammation in cartilage cells (SW1353 cell) through the administration of interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β). We demonstrated significant antioxidant activity, as evidenced by elevated total phenolic and flavonoid content, in addition to robust free radical scavenging capacity, as assessed through DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) and ABTS (2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) assays. Its cytotoxic effects were assessed at a concentration of 200 μg/mL, where no cytotoxic signs were observed in SW1353 cells treated with IL-1β; the levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) were notably reduced in a dose-dependent manner. The principal inflammatory markers, cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), were significantly diminished by AWE treatment. AWE administration led to a dose-dependent reduction in the expression of key proteins involved in the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cell (NF-κB) signaling pathways, ultimately resulting in a decrease in the release of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), specifically MMP-1 and MMP-13, which are known to contribute to cartilage degradation. Additionally, the levels of degraded collagen type II in the cartilage cells were restored. These findings suggest that reducing oxidative stress and inflammation, along with inhibiting activated MAPK and NF-κB signaling pathways, may ameliorate the progression of IL-1β-induced OA. Furthermore, a molecular docking analysis revealed a strong binding affinity of MMP-13, a critical mediator in the pathogenesis of OA. Six compounds were identified in AWE, corroborating its potential antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. Therefore, AWE may serve as a potentially useful therapeutic agent against OA by modulating inflammation-related mechanisms. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Molecular Biology)
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25 pages, 6071 KiB  
Article
A Multi-Scale Spatio-Temporal Fusion Network for Occluded Small Object Detection in Geiger-Mode Avalanche Photodiode LiDAR Systems
by Yuanxue Ding, Dakuan Du, Jianfeng Sun, Le Ma, Xianhui Yang, Rui He, Jie Lu and Yanchen Qu
Remote Sens. 2025, 17(5), 764; https://doi.org/10.3390/rs17050764 (registering DOI) - 22 Feb 2025
Abstract
The Geiger-Mode Avalanche Photodiode (Gm-APD) LiDAR system demonstrates high-precision detection capabilities over long distances. However, the detection of occluded small objects at long distances poses significant challenges, limiting its practical application. To address this issue, we propose a multi-scale spatio-temporal object detection network [...] Read more.
The Geiger-Mode Avalanche Photodiode (Gm-APD) LiDAR system demonstrates high-precision detection capabilities over long distances. However, the detection of occluded small objects at long distances poses significant challenges, limiting its practical application. To address this issue, we propose a multi-scale spatio-temporal object detection network (MSTOD-Net), designed to associate object information across different spatio-temporal scales for the effective detection of occluded small objects. Specifically, in the encoding stage, a dual-channel feature fusion framework is employed to process range and intensity images from consecutive time frames, facilitating the detection of occluded objects. Considering the significant differences between range and intensity images, a multi-scale context-aware (MSCA) module and a feature fusion (FF) module are incorporated to enable efficient cross-scale feature interaction and enhance small object detection. Additionally, an edge perception (EDGP) module is integrated into the network’s shallow layers to refine the edge details and enhance the information in unoccluded regions. In the decoding stage, feature maps from the encoder are upsampled and combined with multi-level fused features, and four prediction heads are employed to decode the object categories, confidence, widths and heights, and displacement offsets. The experimental results demonstrate that the MSTOD-Net achieves mAP50 and mAR50 scores of 96.4% and 96.9%, respectively, outperforming the state-of-the-art methods. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Remote Sensing Target Recognition and Detection: Theory and Applications)
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26 pages, 6573 KiB  
Article
Effective and Affordable Methodologies for the Optical Characterization of Envelope Materials Within Urban Contexts
by Noelia Alchapar, Fernando Martín-Consuegra, Ayelén Villalba, Carmen Alonso, Cláudia Pezzuto, Borja Frutos and Gloria Pérez
Urban Sci. 2025, 9(3), 57; https://doi.org/10.3390/urbansci9030057 (registering DOI) - 22 Feb 2025
Abstract
The optical properties of urban envelope materials play a significant role in determining the energy balance of cities. The effective management of solar energy through these materials can help mitigate the urban heat island effect (UHI) and improve thermal comfort in urban spaces. [...] Read more.
The optical properties of urban envelope materials play a significant role in determining the energy balance of cities. The effective management of solar energy through these materials can help mitigate the urban heat island effect (UHI) and improve thermal comfort in urban spaces. The main objective of this study is to determine reliable methodologies for the optical characterization of opaque façade and pavement materials within urban enclosures. These methodologies should be cost-effective for implementation in emerging economies, enabling the collection of precise data for the development of urban energy simulation models. A social neighborhood in the city of Mendoza, Argentina, was selected as the case study. The optical properties of façade and pavement materials were characterized by spectrometric analysis (solar and visible reflectance, color coordinates) and in situ thermal emissivity. This research provides essential data for the development of more precise building and city simulation models, as well as for the identification of optimal materials to replace existing ones in the pursuit of strategies to reduce energy demand and enhance the urban microclimate. Full article
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