MDPI - Publisher of Open Access Journals

19 pages, 5911 KB

Open AccessArticle

Influence of Acid-Modification on Physical and Photocatalytic Properties of TiO₂ Powders Prepared by Sol–Gel Method

by Bingwu Jiang, Mamatrishat Mamat, Yiliyasi Baikeli and Yilin Jiang

Crystals 2026, 16(2), 109; https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst16020109 (registering DOI) - 31 Jan 2026

In this work, TiO₂ powders modified with different acids (hydrochloric, nitric and sulfuric) were prepared using the sol–gel method. The XRD spectra demonstrated that the proportion of TiO₂ anatase phase was significantly increased after modification with different acids. SEM confirmed that [...] Read more.

In this work, TiO₂ powders modified with different acids (hydrochloric, nitric and sulfuric) were prepared using the sol–gel method. The XRD spectra demonstrated that the proportion of TiO₂ anatase phase was significantly increased after modification with different acids. SEM confirmed that the grain size was significantly refined, a porous structure was formed, and the agglomeration of the powders was improved. XPS confirmed that the different acids broke the Ti-O bond of the original TiO₂, and the new bond formation inhibited the transformation of the rutile phase during the annealing process. The results of photocatalytic activity tests confirmed that the degradation efficiencies were significantly improved for the all samples after modified by the acids, where the 5% H₂SO₄-TiO₂ shows the best degradation efficiency of 79.5% for tetracycline (TC) antibiotic under 500 W mercury lamp irradiation within 28 min, compare to the hydrochloric, nitric acids. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Inorganic Crystalline Materials)

23 pages, 3865 KB

Open AccessArticle

Distinct Regulatory Genomic Architectures Distinguish Early-Onset from Late-Onset Alzheimer’s Disease

by Iliannis Yisel Roa-Bruzón, Celeste Patricia Gazcón-Rivas, Asbiel Felipe Garibaldi-Ríos, Luis Félix Duany-Almira, Martha Patricia Gallegos-Arreola, Claudia Azucena Palafox-Sánchez, Daniel Ortuño-Sahagún, Luis Eduardo Figuera, Manuel Alejandro Rico-Méndez and Yeminia Valle

Genes 2026, 17(2), 186; https://doi.org/10.3390/genes17020186 (registering DOI) - 31 Jan 2026

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Alzheimer’s disease (AD) exhibits marked genetic heterogeneity between early-onset (EOAD) and late-onset (LOAD) forms. EOAD is typically associated with highly penetrant variants, whereas LOAD follows a polygenic architecture dominated by non-coding variation. However, the tissue-specific regulatory consequences of these variants remain insufficiently [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Alzheimer’s disease (AD) exhibits marked genetic heterogeneity between early-onset (EOAD) and late-onset (LOAD) forms. EOAD is typically associated with highly penetrant variants, whereas LOAD follows a polygenic architecture dominated by non-coding variation. However, the tissue-specific regulatory consequences of these variants remain insufficiently characterized. This study aimed to compare the regulatory genomic architectures underlying EOAD and LOAD using a multi-tissue integrative approach. Methods: GWAS-associated variants for EOAD and LOAD were retrieved from the GWAS Catalog using a relaxed significance threshold (p < 1 × 10⁻⁵). Variants were functionally annotated and integrated with GTEx v8 eQTL data across 13 neurologically relevant tissues and peripheral blood. Regulatory effects were evaluated using eQTL slope estimates. Basal gene expression patterns were assessed using GTEx RNA-seq data, and protein–protein interaction and functional enrichment analyses were performed using the STRING database. Results: A total of 287 variants were analyzed (32 EOAD, 255 LOAD), with minimal overlap. EOAD exhibited a highly focal regulatory profile, identifying GSE1 as the sole eQTL-regulated gene, restricted to the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (BA9). In contrast, LOAD displayed a broad multi-tissue regulatory architecture involving APH1B, APOE, CEP63, and HAVCR2, with heterogeneous tissue-specific effects. LOAD-regulated genes converged on pathways related to γ-secretase activity, amyloid precursor protein processing, and Notch signaling, whereas GSE1-associated interactions were enriched for chromatin organization and epigenetic repression. Conclusions: EOAD and LOAD exhibit distinct regulatory genomic architectures, with EOAD characterized by focal, region-specific regulation and LOAD by widespread, tissue-dependent effects, highlighting stage-specific molecular mechanisms contributing to AD heterogeneity. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Genetic Insights and Molecular Pathways in Alzheimer's Disease: Unveiling the Complexity of Neurodegeneration)

33 pages, 3035 KB

Open AccessArticle

Counterintuitive PM_2.5 Increases During COVID-19 Lockdown in Ilo, Peru: Coastal Meteorology and Cardiovascular Implications

by José Antonio Valeriano-Zapana, Mario Román Flores-Roque, Leonel Alonso Paccosonco-Sucapuca, Yudith Milagros Cari-Cari, Daniel Álvarez-Tolentino and Alex Huaman De La Cruz

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2026, 23(2), 191; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph23020191 (registering DOI) - 31 Jan 2026

Abstract

The COVID-19 pandemic created a natural experiment to assess air quality responses to emission reductions, yet evidence from Latin American coastal industrial cities remains scarce. This study examined how meteorological variability modulated the effects of COVID-19 restrictions on air quality in Ilo, a [...] Read more.

The COVID-19 pandemic created a natural experiment to assess air quality responses to emission reductions, yet evidence from Latin American coastal industrial cities remains scarce. This study examined how meteorological variability modulated the effects of COVID-19 restrictions on air quality in Ilo, a medium-sized coastal industrial city in southern Peru (~67,000 inhabitants). We analyzed daily concentrations of PM₁₀, PM_2.5, NO₂, O₃, and SO₂ across six pandemic phases (January–December 2020) using multiple linear regression, variance decomposition, and Random Forest models. A health impact assessment translated PM_2.5 changes into cardiovascular mortality estimates using Global Burden of Disease 2021 coefficients. Despite reduced anthropogenic activity, PM_2.5 increased by 34% during early reopening (May–June: 16.9 vs. 12.6 µg/m³ baseline), whereas NO₂ decreased consistently (13–19%), SO₂ declined up to 65%, and O₃ more than doubled (+108%) in austral winter. Variance decomposition revealed that O₃ variability was almost entirely meteorology-driven (98%), while PM_2.5 and NO₂ showed balanced contributions from meteorology and restrictions (~50% each). The PM_2.5 increase corresponded to approximately 3 additional cardiovascular deaths per 100,000 population annually. Coastal meteorology can counteract emission reductions, generating counterintuitive air quality responses and underscoring the need for meteorological normalization in policy evaluation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Environmental Health)

38 pages, 2562 KB

Open AccessReview

Advances in Solid Lubricating Layers for Gears: A Review

by Hongyang Zhang, Shuchong Wu, Jinghua Li and Yang Li

Lubricants 2026, 14(2), 66; https://doi.org/10.3390/lubricants14020066 (registering DOI) - 31 Jan 2026

Abstract

As a core component of industrial power transmission and motion control, the surface quality and dynamic performance of gears are pivotal to the transmission efficiency, durability, and reliability of mechanical equipment. Driven by extreme service conditions and the demands of high-precision applications, surface [...] Read more.

As a core component of industrial power transmission and motion control, the surface quality and dynamic performance of gears are pivotal to the transmission efficiency, durability, and reliability of mechanical equipment. Driven by extreme service conditions and the demands of high-precision applications, surface lubrication failures (such as contact fatigue and scuffing) have become a critical bottleneck limiting gear performance, making the development of advanced surface-strengthening technologies a vital direction for industrial innovation. This paper provides a systematic review of research progress in gear-related surface-strengthening technologies, with a particular focus on techniques for preparing solid lubricant layers. It elaborates on the microstructures, lubrication mechanisms, and application performance of typical solid lubricant layers (e.g., iron sulfides, nitrides, molybdenum disulfide (MoS₂), diamond-like carbon (DLC) films, and graphite-like carbon (GLC) films) in gear systems. Furthermore, it offers an in-depth analysis of the synergistic mechanisms between single-surface treatments and composite-strengthening processes. Additionally, it outlines innovative applications of additive manufacturing (AM) in gear manufacturing. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Corrosion and Wear Resistant Surfaces Through Advanced Surface Treatments)

21 pages, 825 KB

Open AccessArticle

Sulfonated Graphene Oxide Doped Imidazolium-Functionalized PVDF Ion Exchange Membrane with Enhanced Ion Conductivity

by Jiangtao Yu, Wenkang Li, Wei Niu, Manman Zhang, Junqing Bai, Pengtao Li, Liang Wang, Yuqing Cui, Shuanfang Cui, Xueyan Que, Jun Ma and Long Zhao

Membranes 2026, 16(2), 55; https://doi.org/10.3390/membranes16020055 (registering DOI) - 31 Jan 2026

Abstract

A novel membrane was synthesized in this work by grafting 1-vinyl-3-ethylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate ([C₂VIm][BF₄]) onto a polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) backbone, followed by the introduction of a sulfonated graphene oxide (SGO) dispersion into the polymer solution. This composite was transformed into [...] Read more.

A novel membrane was synthesized in this work by grafting 1-vinyl-3-ethylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate ([C₂VIm][BF₄]) onto a polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) backbone, followed by the introduction of a sulfonated graphene oxide (SGO) dispersion into the polymer solution. This composite was transformed into a composite proton-conducting membrane via a solution casting process and subsequently underwent protonation. Successful grafting was confirmed using analytical techniques including Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), ¹H Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) and X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS). Scanning Electron Microscopy with Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (SEM-EDS) analysis verified the homogeneous distribution of the SGO filler. Analysis reveals that incorporating SGO as a filler substantially augments the performance of anion exchange membranes. Key enhancements include a tensile strength increase to 37.97 MPa, water uptake of 10.34%, an ion exchange capacity of 1.68 mmol/g, and the through-plane proton conductivity of 15.47 mS/cm. While vanadium permeability rose marginally to 2.02 × 10⁻⁷ cm²/min, it remains drastically lower than that of Nafion 115. The composite proton-conducting membrane also displayed robust chemical stability. The membrane was finally integrated into a vanadium redox flow battery (VRFB) for performance evaluation. At a current density of 100 mA/cm², it exhibits a satisfactory coulombic efficiency (CE) of 97.84%, excellent capacity retention, and superior cycling stability. These results demonstrate that the PVDF-g-IL/SGO-based composite proton-conducting membrane is an ideal candidate material for vanadium flow battery applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Membranes for Fuel Cells and Redox Flow Batteries: 2nd Edition)

► Show Figures

Graphical abstract

23 pages, 1569 KB

Open AccessReview

Extraction, Purification and Current Status of Biocompatibility Applications of Fish Collagen

by Shujie Yang, Shuangling Zhang, Min Chen, Dongxiao Ma, Yuxuan Sun, Xiao Zhang, Jing Zhang, Xiaohang Zheng and Han Zheng

Biophysica 2026, 6(1), 10; https://doi.org/10.3390/biophysica6010010 (registering DOI) - 31 Jan 2026

Abstract

Fish collagen is derived from processing residues of marine and freshwater fish (such as fish skin, scales, and bones), primarily composed of amino acids including glycine, proline, and hydroxyproline. It functions include maintaining tissue integrity and promoting cell proliferation and repair. Extraction methods [...] Read more.

Fish collagen is derived from processing residues of marine and freshwater fish (such as fish skin, scales, and bones), primarily composed of amino acids including glycine, proline, and hydroxyproline. It functions include maintaining tissue integrity and promoting cell proliferation and repair. Extraction methods primarily include acid, alkali, enzymatic, and physical approaches, while purification techniques involve gel filtration chromatography, ultrafiltration, and precipitation. Furthermore, thermal instability, insufficient mechanical strength, immunological concerns, and biocompatibility limitations restrict its application across various fields. This review summarizes the composition, extraction, purification, and existing challenges of fish collagen, proposing improvement strategies. It systematically addresses issues related to fish collagen's biocompatibility, filling a gap in the literature. However, effectively enhancing its biocompatibility remains an urgent priority. Approaches such as nanotechnology and composite material development offer novel avenues for improving biocompatibility and future applications. Full article

14 pages, 1233 KB

Open AccessArticle

Pupils’ Acceptance and Plate Waste of Sorghum-Based Breakfasts in South African School Feeding Programmes: A Mixed-Methods Study Across Five Provinces

by Hema Kesa, Eridiong Onyenweaku and Alex Dimitri Tchuenchieu Kamgain

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2026, 23(2), 192; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph23020192 (registering DOI) - 31 Jan 2026

Abstract

Sorghum-based porridges are a key component of breakfast meals in South African school feeding programmes. While these meals support learner nutrition and educational outcomes, their effectiveness depends on learner acceptance and the extent of plate waste. This study assessed acceptance and plate waste [...] Read more.

Sorghum-based porridges are a key component of breakfast meals in South African school feeding programmes. While these meals support learner nutrition and educational outcomes, their effectiveness depends on learner acceptance and the extent of plate waste. This study assessed acceptance and plate waste of two sorghum-based porridges—Mabele (100% sorghum) and Morvite (pre-cooked sorghum, 75–100% depending on flavour, with possible inclusion of soya, cow’s milk, and wheat/gluten)—compared with instant maize meal, Jungle Oats (100% wholegrain oats), within the Tiger Brands Foundation breakfast programme. Patterns of waste and underlying reasons were examined across five provinces. A mixed-methods approach was used in 25 primary schools across Gauteng, KwaZulu-Natal, Limpopo, North West, and Northern Cape. Quantitative data were collected through 10-day food waste diaries completed by Volunteer Food Handlers and analysed using descriptive statistics, ANOVA, and regression models. Qualitative data were obtained from 75 semi-structured staff interviews and 25 learner focus groups, analysed thematically using ATLAS.ti version 22. Overall, food waste was low, with “no food waste” reported in over half of the observations. Acceptance of sorghum-based products varied. Morvite was generally well accepted, whereas Mabele was frequently disliked in some provinces. Key drivers of waste included food dislike, poor preparation, bland flavour, and learner absenteeism, with serving conditions and a lack of utensils as secondary factors. Although waste was modest, variability in acceptance of sorghum-based porridges suggests the need to improve preparation quality, flavour, and serving conditions to enhance programme effectiveness. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Indigenous Foods: Bridging Tradition and Innovation for Global Nutrition and Health)

20 pages, 2222 KB

Open AccessArticle

A Mechanism of PF-Deletion Under the Probe–Goal System

by Nobu Goto

Languages 2026, 11(2), 28; https://doi.org/10.3390/languages11020028 (registering DOI) - 31 Jan 2026

Abstract

This paper develops a mechanism of PF-deletion within a probe–goal system that incorporates C-to-T feature inheritance. I propose that the phase head C enters the derivation not only with an edge feature (EF) and agree (φ-)features but also with a delete-feature, which licenses [...] Read more.

This paper develops a mechanism of PF-deletion within a probe–goal system that incorporates C-to-T feature inheritance. I propose that the phase head C enters the derivation not only with an edge feature (EF) and agree (φ-)features but also with a delete-feature, which licenses the deletion of an element at PF (PF-deletion). When C-to-T feature inheritance applies, the target of PF-deletion is determined through φ-probing from T; when it does not, it is determined through EF-probing from C. By linking PF-deletion to phase-internal probing, this approach dispenses with pro, traditionally assumed to exist in the lexicon of null subject languages such as Italian, as a theoretical primitive. Crucially, it offers a unified account of the distribution of null arguments in both Italian (a pro-drop language) and German (a topic-drop language), two language types that have traditionally resisted unified analysis under the principles-and-parameters approach. In addition to the synchronic study of the distribution of null arguments, I further argue that diachronic evidence from old languages such as Old French and Old English lends additional support to the proposal, and conclude that whether C-to-T inheritance applies or not is a crucial factor in explaining crosslinguistic variation in null argument phenomena. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Current Issues in Ellipsis and Ellipsis Mismatch: Studies in Japanese and Beyond)

24 pages, 2603 KB

Open AccessArticle

Geochemical Signatures and Economic Evaluation of Rare Earth Element Enrichment in the Şahinali Coals, Western Anatolia

by Neslihan Ünal-Kartal

Minerals 2026, 16(2), 167; https://doi.org/10.3390/min16020167 (registering DOI) - 31 Jan 2026

Abstract

The horst and graben system in Western Anatolia lies on the eastern boundary of the Aegean extensional system, one of the most active extensional zones in the world. The Şahinali coal basin is located south of the Büyük Menderes Graben, which is part [...] Read more.

The horst and graben system in Western Anatolia lies on the eastern boundary of the Aegean extensional system, one of the most active extensional zones in the world. The Şahinali coal basin is located south of the Büyük Menderes Graben, which is part of this system. This study examines the rare earth elements and yttrium (REY) geochemistry, accumulation conditions, and economic potential of the Şahinali coals. Compared to world coals, the REE concentration in Şahinali coals (208.3 ppm) is quite high, and all REY groups are slightly enriched. Light REY (LREY) is dominant compared to medium REY (MREY) and heavy REY (HREY). The most abundant element in this group is Ce, reaching a concentration of 123.3 ppm. REY distribution patterns indicate H-type enrichment in most samples and, to a lesser extent, M-H-type enrichment. Element ratios (Al₂O₃/TiO₂, TiO₂/Zr, La/Sc, Co/Th) and REY anomalies (Ce, Eu, Gd) indicate that the sedimentary input is predominantly derived from felsic rocks, with limited intermediate to mafic contributions. SEM-EDS findings and correlation analyses indicate that REY are predominantly associated with aluminosilicate minerals. LREY-Th and MREY/HREY-Y relationships are supported by monazite and Y-rich illitic K-aluminosilicates. Paleoenvironmental indicators (V/Cr, Ni/Co, U/Th, Sr/Cu, Rb/Sr, Sr/Ba) indicate that the coal accumulated under oxic–suboxic, warm and humid conditions. The average REY oxide (REO) content slightly exceeds the commonly cited 1000 ppm screening threshold for coal ash. The majority of samples contain elevated proportions of critical REY (30.7%–54.3%) and show promising outlook coefficients (C_outl: 0.8–1.7). Together, these results indicate a favourable compositional signature for preliminary REY resource screening in the Şahinali coals, particularly with respect to elements relevant for high-technology applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Mineral Geochemistry and Geochronology)

22 pages, 1078 KB

Open AccessReview

Molecular Programming of Stem-Cell Differentiation: From Soluble Factors to Agonist Antibodies

by Hyukmin In and Kyung Ho Han

Immuno 2026, 6(1), 11; https://doi.org/10.3390/immuno6010011 (registering DOI) - 31 Jan 2026

Abstract

Stem-cell differentiation technologies have traditionally relied on recombinant growth factors, cytokines, and morphogens to initiate and guide lineage specification toward clinically relevant cell types. These approaches have enabled substantial progress in regenerative medicine, as exemplified by recent advances in cell-replacement therapies for Parkinson’s [...] Read more.

Stem-cell differentiation technologies have traditionally relied on recombinant growth factors, cytokines, and morphogens to initiate and guide lineage specification toward clinically relevant cell types. These approaches have enabled substantial progress in regenerative medicine, as exemplified by recent advances in cell-replacement therapies for Parkinson’s disease, type 1 diabetes, and retinal degeneration. However, protein-based ligands and soluble factors are often limited by short half-lives, pleiotropic signaling, condition-dependent effects, and challenges in achieving precise spatial and temporal control in scalable systems. In this review, we survey differentiation strategies driven by administered substances, organizing the field into five material-centric modules: recombinant growth factors, cytokines, morphogens, exogenous ligands, and agonist antibodies. For each module, we summarize mechanistic principles, representative studies, controllable variables, and translational considerations. While growth factors, cytokines, morphogens, and exogenous ligands remain central tools for directing lineage commitment and maturation, recent studies indicate that agonist antibodies offer an additional and distinct means of controlling differentiation outcomes. These antibodies can function as receptor agonists while also imparting tissue-selective effects, enabling lineage specification with coordinated spatial targeting. By focusing on differentiation methods driven by administered molecules and excluding direct physical stimulation or complex 3D constructs, this review provides a framework that is particularly relevant to immunology and translational practice. We highlight agonist antibody-based induction as an emerging strategy that complements established ligand-based approaches and may broaden the design space for clinically applicable stem-cell differentiation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Role of Cytokines and Autoantibodies Against Cytokines in Health and Disease)

14 pages, 665 KB

Open AccessArticle

From the Variational Principle to the Legendre Transform: A Revisit of the Wulff Construction and Its Computational Realization

by Hao Wu and Zhong-Can Ou-Yang

Crystals 2026, 16(2), 108; https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst16020108 (registering DOI) - 31 Jan 2026

Abstract

The equilibrium shape of a crystal is a fundamental problem in materials science and condensed matter physics. The Wulff construction, a cornerstone of crystal morphology prediction, is traditionally presented and utilized as a powerful geometric algorithm to derive equilibrium shapes from anisotropic surface [...] Read more.

The equilibrium shape of a crystal is a fundamental problem in materials science and condensed matter physics. The Wulff construction, a cornerstone of crystal morphology prediction, is traditionally presented and utilized as a powerful geometric algorithm to derive equilibrium shapes from anisotropic surface energy

γ (n)

. While its application across materials science is vast, the profound mathematical physics underpinning it, specifically its intrinsic identity as a manifestation of the Legendre transform, is often relegated to a passing remark. This work recenters the focus on this fundamental duality. We present a comprehensive, step-by-step derivation of the Wulff shape from the variational principle of surface energy minimization under a constant volume, employing the language of support functions and differential geometry. We then rigorously demonstrate that the equilibrium shape, defined by the support function

h (n)

, and the surface energy density

γ (n)

are conjugate variables linked by a Legendre transformation; the Wulff shape

W

is precisely the zero-sublevel set of the dual function

γ^{*} (x) = {sup}_{n} [x \cdot n - γ (n)]

. This perspective elevates the Wulff construction from a mere graphical tool to a canonical example of convex duality in thermodynamic systems, connecting it to deeper principles in convex analysis and statistical mechanics. To bridge theory and computation, we provide a robust computational algorithm implemented in pseudocode capable of generating Wulff shapes for two-dimensional (2D) crystals with arbitrary N-fold symmetry. Finally, we discuss the relevance and extensions of the classical theory in contemporary research, including non-equilibrium growth, nanoscale effects, and machine learning approaches. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Inorganic Crystalline Materials)

16 pages, 2600 KB

Open AccessArticle

Insights into the Function of a Conserved Cys120 in Human Neuroglobin in Oxidative Stress Regulation of Breast Cancer Cells

by Shu-Qin Gao, Wen Shi, Si-Qi Xia, Zi-Lei He and Ying-Wu Lin

Biomolecules 2026, 16(2), 215; https://doi.org/10.3390/biom16020215 (registering DOI) - 31 Jan 2026

Abstract

Human neuroglobin (Ngb) is a globin featuring a disulfide bond (Cys46–Cys55) and a redox-active cysteine residue (Cys120) and plays a dual role in cellular stress responses. In this study, we investigated how wild-type (WT) Ngb and its two mutants, C120S Ngb, in which [...] Read more.

Human neuroglobin (Ngb) is a globin featuring a disulfide bond (Cys46–Cys55) and a redox-active cysteine residue (Cys120) and plays a dual role in cellular stress responses. In this study, we investigated how wild-type (WT) Ngb and its two mutants, C120S Ngb, in which Cys120 is replaced by serine, and A15C Ngb, which contains an engineered Cys15–Cys120 disulfide bridge, modulate oxidative stress in triple-negative breast cancer (MDAMB231) and hormone receptor-positive breast cancer (MCF-7) cells. In both cell lines, WT Ngb enhanced cell survival under H₂O₂-induced oxidative stress by scavenging reactive oxygen species (ROS) through oxidation of Cys120. In contrast, the C120S and A15C mutants lost this protective capacity and instead promoted apoptosis. Mass spectrometry analysis confirmed the oxidation of Cys120 to sulfenic acid in WT Ngb, whereas both mutants exhibited impaired redox activity, leading to elevated ROS levels, lipid peroxidation, and activation of caspase-9/3. AO/EB staining further revealed that WT Ngb attenuated DNA damage, while the mutants exacerbated apoptosis in both MDAMB231 and MCF-7 cells. These results demonstrate that Cys120 acts as a critical redox switch, dictating whether Ngb exerts cytoprotective or pro-apoptotic effects across different breast cancer cell types. Our findings suggest that WT Ngb may help protect normal tissues during cancer therapy, whereas engineered Ngb mutants could be used to selectively sensitize both triple-negative and hormone receptor-positive breast cancer cells to oxidative damage, offering a novel redox-targeted therapeutic strategy. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Cysteine and Selenocysteine in Antioxidant Defense, Protein Synthesis and Signaling Pathways)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

28 pages, 9229 KB

Open AccessArticle

A Hybrid Offline–Online Kalman–RBF Framework for Accurate Relative Humidity Forecasting

by Athanasios Donas, George Galanis, Ioannis Pytharoulis and Ioannis Th. Famelis

Atmosphere 2026, 17(2), 162; https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos17020162 (registering DOI) - 31 Jan 2026

Abstract

Accurate humidity forecasts are crucial for environmental and operational applications, yet Numerical Weather Prediction systems frequently exhibit systematic and random errors. To address this problem, this study introduces a modified hybrid post-processing approach that extends a previously developed methodology, enabling a direct comparison [...] Read more.

Accurate humidity forecasts are crucial for environmental and operational applications, yet Numerical Weather Prediction systems frequently exhibit systematic and random errors. To address this problem, this study introduces a modified hybrid post-processing approach that extends a previously developed methodology, enabling a direct comparison of computational efficiency and predictive capacity. The proposed framework integrates a quadratic Kalman Filter with a Radial Basis Function Neural Network trained via the Orthogonal Least Squares algorithm and updated online through Recursive Least Squares. This modified method was evaluated via a time-window process, using forecasts from the Weather Research and Forecasting model and recorded observations from stations in northern Greece. The results show substantial improvements in forecast accuracy, as the Bias was reduced by over 85%, and the MAE and RMSE decreased by approximately 65% and 58%, respectively, compared with the baseline model. Furthermore, the proposed framework also demonstrates enhanced computational efficiency, reducing processing time by more than 95% relative to the initial methodology. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feature Papers in Atmospheric Techniques, Instruments, and Modeling (2nd Edition))

20 pages, 4571 KB

Open AccessReview

Advances in CRISPR-Cas12a/13a-Based Nucleic Acid Detection for Porcine Viral Diseases: A Comprehensive Review

by Xianyu Zhang, Xin Zhao, Yating Song, Yuewen Luo, Li Yao, Qiaolin Wu, Tingzhang Ye, Wanqin Liang, Xiaoyu Zhang, Yingyu Liang, Baizheng Liang, Jingyan Zhang and Xiangyang Li

Vet. Sci. 2026, 13(2), 141; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci13020141 (registering DOI) - 31 Jan 2026

Abstract

The global swine industry suffers persistent economic losses and health challenges due to major viral pathogens such as African swine fever virus (ASFV), porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV), classical swine fever virus (CSFV), and porcine circovirus (PCV). Traditional diagnostic methods, including [...] Read more.

The global swine industry suffers persistent economic losses and health challenges due to major viral pathogens such as African swine fever virus (ASFV), porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV), classical swine fever virus (CSFV), and porcine circovirus (PCV). Traditional diagnostic methods, including virus isolation, serology, and quantitative PCR (qPCR), are limited by time, equipment requirements, and field applicability. Recent advances in CRISPR-based diagnostics, particularly those leveraging the collateral cleavage activity of Cas12a and Cas13a, have enabled rapid, sensitive, and field-deployable nucleic acid detection. This review outlines the principles of CRISPR-Cas12a/13a systems, their integration with isothermal amplification techniques, and their application in detecting major swine viruses. Cas12a-based platforms (e.g., DETECTR) and Cas13a-based systems (e.g., SHERLOCK) achieve detection limits as low as single-copy/μL within 25–60 min at 37 °C, offering high specificity and compatibility with visual readouts. Applications include ASFV, PRRSV, CSFV, PCV, foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV), porcine rotavirus (PoRV), and porcine parvovirus 7 (PPV7). Despite significant advances, challenges remain, notably the reliance on nucleic acid extraction and the need for fully integrated “sample-in, result-out” systems. Ongoing innovations in extraction-free methods, lyophilized reagents, and multiplex detection will strengthen the role of CRISPR diagnostics in swine disease surveillance and control. From an application standpoint, the technology offers a low-capital, field-adaptable alternative to qPCR, with its value proposition rooted in early outbreak containment and loss prevention. Its adoption pathway is expected to vary across production systems—serving as a sentinel tool in intensive settings, a leapfrogging solution in rapidly intensifying regions, and through shared-service models in resource-limited contexts. However, translation to routine use still requires overcoming standardization hurdles, regulatory validation, and workflow integration. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Diagnostic Strategies in Veterinary Internal Medicine: From Molecular Biomarkers to Imaging Innovations)

► Show Figures

Graphical abstract

19 pages, 1815 KB

Open AccessArticle

A Model for Assessing Rail Freight Performance Using Global Empirical Analysis to Guide Railway Development

by Lakna Lalanjee Warnapura and Amal S. Kumarage

Future Transp. 2026, 6(1), 33; https://doi.org/10.3390/futuretransp6010033 (registering DOI) - 31 Jan 2026

Abstract

The development of the railway system has emerged as an imperative in strengthening the freight transportation system, particularly considering the inherent restrictions of road transport. Road congestion, limited carrying capacity, cost inefficiencies, speed constraints, and numerous socio-environmental concerns are common limitations. Nevertheless, the [...] Read more.

The development of the railway system has emerged as an imperative in strengthening the freight transportation system, particularly considering the inherent restrictions of road transport. Road congestion, limited carrying capacity, cost inefficiencies, speed constraints, and numerous socio-environmental concerns are common limitations. Nevertheless, the effectiveness of railway development initiatives varies across nations owing to distinct macro-scale influences. Accordingly, developing rail freight requires a systematic evaluation of both its constraining elements and strategic imperatives, tailored to a country’s specific context and competencies in rail freight operations. In response to this necessity, a comprehensive model assessing rail freight performance has been formulated in this research by employing a unique methodology targeting the underlying causal factors. The model consists of an initial phase of problem analysis, identification of rail freight performance drivers, followed by a study of rail freight performance in 64 countries and a subsequent non-linear multiple regression analysis. Key findings from the model emphasize the importance of evaluating controllable and uncontrollable variables, strategic considerations, and factors leading towards degradation of rail freight performance in formulating strategies to enhance rail freight system in a country. Full article

26 pages, 3848 KB

Open AccessArticle

OA-YOLOv8: A Multiscale Feature Optimization Network for Remote Sensing Object Detection

by Jiahao Shi, Jian Liu, Jianqiang Zhang, Lei Zhang and Sihang Sun

Appl. Sci. 2026, 16(3), 1467; https://doi.org/10.3390/app16031467 (registering DOI) - 31 Jan 2026

Abstract

Object recognition in remote sensing images is essential for applications such as land resource monitoring, maritime vessel detection, and emergency disaster assessment. However, detection accuracy is often limited by complex backgrounds, densely distributed targets, and multiscale variations. To address these challenges, this study [...] Read more.

Object recognition in remote sensing images is essential for applications such as land resource monitoring, maritime vessel detection, and emergency disaster assessment. However, detection accuracy is often limited by complex backgrounds, densely distributed targets, and multiscale variations. To address these challenges, this study aims to improve the detection of small-scale and densely distributed objects in complex remote sensing scenes. An improved object detection network is proposed, called omnidirectional and adaptive YOLOv8 (OA-YOLOv8), based on the YOLOv8 architecture. Two targeted enhancements are introduced. First, an omnidirectional perception refinement (OPR) network is embedded into the backbone to strengthen multiscale feature representation through the incorporation of receptive-field convolution with a triplet attention mechanism. Second, an adaptive channel dynamic upsampling (ACDU) module is designed by combining DySample, the Haar wavelet transform, and a self-supervised equivariant attention mechanism (SEAM) to dynamically optimize channel information and preserve fine-grained features during upsampling. Experiments on the satellite imagery multi-vehicle dataset (SIMD) demonstrate that OA-YOLOv8 outperforms the original YOLOv8 by 4.6%, 6.7%, and 4.1% in terms of mAP@0.5, precision, and recall, respectively. Visualization results further confirm its superior performance in detecting small and dense targets, indicating strong potential for practical remote sensing applications. Full article

76 pages, 17115 KB

Open AccessReview

Robust and Integrable Time-Varying Metamaterials: A Systematic Survey and Coherent Mapping

by Ioannis Koutzoglou, Stamatios Amanatiadis and Nikolaos V. Kantartzis

Nanomaterials 2026, 16(3), 195; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano16030195 (registering DOI) - 31 Jan 2026

Abstract

Time-varying or temporal metamaterials and metasurfaces, in which electromagnetic parameters are deliberately modulated in time, have emerged as a powerful route to engineer wave–matter interaction beyond what is possible in static media. By enabling the controlled exchange of energy and momentum with the [...] Read more.

Time-varying or temporal metamaterials and metasurfaces, in which electromagnetic parameters are deliberately modulated in time, have emerged as a powerful route to engineer wave–matter interaction beyond what is possible in static media. By enabling the controlled exchange of energy and momentum with the fields, they underpin magnet-free nonreciprocity, low-loss frequency conversion, temporal impedance matching beyond Bode-Fano limit, and unconventional parametric gain and noise control. This survey provides a coherent framework that unifies the main theoretical and experimental developments in the area, from early analyses of velocity-modulated dielectrics to recent demonstrations of temporal photonic crystals, non-Foster temporal boundaries, and spatiotemporally driven metasurfaces relevant to nanophotonic platforms. We systematically compare time-varying permittivity, joint

ε

-

μ

modulation, time-varying conductivity, plasmas, and circuit-equivalent implementations, including stochastic and rapidly sign-switching regimes, and relate them to acoustic and quantum analogs using common figures of merit, such as conversion efficiency, isolation versus insertion loss, modulation depth and speed, dynamic range, and stability. Our work concludes by outlining key challenges, loss and pump efficiency, high-speed modulation at the nanoscale, dispersion engineering for broadband operation, and fair benchmarking, which must be addressed for robust, integrable temporal metasurfaces. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Transformation Optics and Metamaterials)

34 pages, 5227 KB

Open AccessArticle

Histological and Microstructural Evaluation of Strontium Apatite-Reinforced Mineral Trioxide Aggregate Composites in Experimental Rat Tibial Bone Defects

by Faruk Öztekin, Cevher Kürşat Macit, Turan Gürgenç, Zeynep Toprak, Serkan Dündar, Merve Ayık, Bünyamin Aksakal and İbrahim Hanifi Özercan

Crystals 2026, 16(2), 107; https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst16020107 (registering DOI) - 31 Jan 2026

Abstract

Mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) is a calcium silicate-based endodontic biomaterial widely used for its biocompatibility, sealing ability, and osteoconductive potential; however, further enhancement of its bone regenerative capacity without compromising structural stability remains of interest. Strontium apatite (SrAp), a bioactive calcium phosphate phase [...] Read more.

Mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) is a calcium silicate-based endodontic biomaterial widely used for its biocompatibility, sealing ability, and osteoconductive potential; however, further enhancement of its bone regenerative capacity without compromising structural stability remains of interest. Strontium apatite (SrAp), a bioactive calcium phosphate phase structurally analogous to bone mineral, may promote osteogenic activity and bone regeneration. In this study, standardized cylindrical defects (2.5 mm diameter, 4 mm depth) were created in the right tibial metaphysis of systemically healthy rats and allocated to four groups: empty defect (control), pure MTA, 25SrAp–MTA, and 50SrAp–MTA. SrAp nanoparticles were synthesized hydrothermally and incorporated into the MTA matrix at predefined weight fractions. Materials were characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX). After 8 weeks, tibial specimens were harvested and processed for H&E histology; fibrous tissue formation, new bone formation, and osteoblastic cell presence were semi-quantitatively scored. XRD and FT-IR confirmed that SrAp incorporation preserved the fundamental Ca-silicate phase architecture and hydration chemistry of MTA, indicating chemical and crystallographic stability. SEM–EDX demonstrated progressive microstructural densification with increasing SrAp content, with reduced intergranular porosity and homogeneous SrAp distribution. Histologically, both SrAp–MTA groups exhibited significantly higher new bone formation and osteoblastic activity than untreated controls (p < 0.05), while fibrotic tissue formation did not differ significantly among groups. Although SrAp–MTA composites did not show statistically significant superiority over pure MTA after multiple-comparison adjustment, they demonstrated consistent osteogenic trends relative to empty defects. Overall, SrAp reinforcement yields a chemically compatible and structurally stable MTA-based composite that supports an enhanced osteogenic response in vivo without increasing fibrosis, suggesting potential utility in endodontic surgery and bone defect repair; longer-term and quantitative analyses are warranted to optimize SrAp content and confirm long-term performance. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Crystalline Metals and Alloys)

11 pages, 519 KB

Open AccessArticle

Evaluation of the Immunocrit Technique as an On-Farm Method to Evaluate Immune Passive Transfer in Katahdin-Easycare Crossbreed Lambs

by Hunter G. Perez, Alyssa Lancaster, Andrew Byron, Tayla Lubinsky, Sunday O. Peters, Amy N. Abrams and Aridany Suarez-Trujillo

Ruminants 2026, 6(1), 10; https://doi.org/10.3390/ruminants6010010 (registering DOI) - 31 Jan 2026

Abstract

Small ruminants, such as newborn lambs, rely on timely colostrum intake to acquire passive immunity through the absorption of immunoglobulin (Ig). Evaluating Ig transfer is important for ensuring lamb health and survival. However, current methods such as enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and radial [...] Read more.

Small ruminants, such as newborn lambs, rely on timely colostrum intake to acquire passive immunity through the absorption of immunoglobulin (Ig). Evaluating Ig transfer is important for ensuring lamb health and survival. However, current methods such as enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and radial immunodiffusion (RID) are widely used but remain costly and require specialized facilities. The immunocrit assay has been proposed as a lower-cost alternative for evaluating serum Ig concentrations. This study aimed to evaluate the immunocrit method in lambs by comparing it with ELISA, RID, and total serum protein. Serum was collected from 135 Katahdin-Easycare lambs 24–36 h after birth. Samples were analyzed using sheep immunoglobulin G ELISA, Sheep immunoglobulin G RID, serum protein, and the immunocrit method. Pearson’s correlation was used to assess linear relationships between the methods, and Receiver Operating Characteristics (ROC) analysis was used to evaluate test accuracy, with RID as the gold standard (15 mg/mL cutoff). The immunocrit showed a high correlation with RID (r = 0.870), moderate correlation with serum protein (r = 0.725), and good correlation with ELISA (r = 0.607). The ROC analysis showed that the immunocrit had a sensitivity of 100% at a cutoff of 4.34%. These results indicate that the immunocrit method provides comparable accuracy to RID and serum protein, and could serve as a reliable, practical, and inexpensive tool for on-farm evaluation of passive transfer in Katahdin-Easycare crossbred lambs between 24 and 36 h after birth. Full article

► Show Figures

Graphical abstract

17 pages, 2263 KB

Open AccessArticle

Pathogenic Species of Botryosphaeriaceae Involved in Tree Dieback in an Urban Forest Affected by Climate Change

by Alessandra Benigno, Viola Papini and Salvatore Moricca

Pathogens 2026, 15(2), 155; https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens15020155 (registering DOI) - 31 Jan 2026

Abstract

Urban forests are highly valued for the multiple benefits they provide to city dwellers. The strategic provision of ecosystem services by these forests is threatened by climate change, warming conditions being responsible for heat waves and chronic droughts that inflict stress and mortality [...] Read more.

Urban forests are highly valued for the multiple benefits they provide to city dwellers. The strategic provision of ecosystem services by these forests is threatened by climate change, warming conditions being responsible for heat waves and chronic droughts that inflict stress and mortality on trees. A three-year study (2011–2013) conducted at Parco Nord Milano (PNM) (Milano, Italy) assessed the impact of thinning interventions on the dynamics of fungal pathogens in declining forest plots. Symptomatic trees of the genera Alnus, Acer, Fraxinus, Platanus, Quercus and Ulmus, exhibited in thinned subplot pronounced decline/dieback, exhibiting symptoms like microphyllia, leaf yellowing, leaf shedding, sunken cankers, shoot wilting and branch dieback. Comparative analyses between the thinned and unthinned subplots revealed a significantly higher incidence of pathogens in the thinned one. Five species of Botryosphaeriaceae, namely Botryosphaeria dothidea, Diplodia corticola, Diplodia seriata, Dothiorella omnivora and Neofusicoccum parvum, were consistently isolated from tissues of declining hosts. There is evidence that thinning altered plot-level microclimate conditions and microbial equilibrium, favoring the proliferation of latent, pathogenic Botryosphaeriaceae. In fact, during the study period, the presence of N. parvum increased tenfold and that of B. dothidea fivefold in thinned subplot. Conversely, in unthinned subplot, the same pathogenic taxa maintained stable proportions. These results demonstrate that thinning altered ecological balances increasing tree susceptibility to harmful, cosmopolitan botryosphaeriaceous fungi. Our findings challenge assumptions about thinning as a universally beneficial practice, emphasizing the need for silvicultural strategies that take into account host and pathogen ecology and the microclimatic resilience of forest stands. This study emphasizes the importance of adaptive management in urban forestry to mitigate the unintended ecological consequences of climate change. Full article

► Show Figures

Graphical abstract

42 pages, 7319 KB

Open AccessReview

A Comprehensive Survey on VANET–IoT Integration Toward the Internet of Vehicles: Architectures, Communications, and System Challenges

by Khalid Kandali, Said Nouh, Lamyae Bennis and Hamid Bennis

Future Transp. 2026, 6(1), 32; https://doi.org/10.3390/futuretransp6010032 (registering DOI) - 31 Jan 2026

Abstract

The convergence of Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks (VANETs) and the Internet of Things (IoT) is giving rise to the Internet of Vehicles (IoV), a key enabler of next-generation intelligent transportation systems. This survey provides a comprehensive analysis of the architectural, communication, and computing [...] Read more.

The convergence of Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks (VANETs) and the Internet of Things (IoT) is giving rise to the Internet of Vehicles (IoV), a key enabler of next-generation intelligent transportation systems. This survey provides a comprehensive analysis of the architectural, communication, and computing foundations that support VANET–IoT integration. We examine the roles of cloud, edge, and in-vehicle computing, and compare major V2X and IoT communication technologies, including DSRC, C-V2X, MQTT, and CoAP. The survey highlights how sensing, communication, and distributed intelligence interact to support applications such as collision avoidance, cooperative perception, and smart traffic management. We identify four central challenges—security, scalability, interoperability, and energy constraints—and discuss how these issues shape system design across the network stack. In addition, we review emerging directions including 6G-enabled joint communication and sensing, reconfigurable surfaces, digital twins, and quantum-assisted optimization. The survey concludes by outlining open research questions and providing guidance for the development of reliable, efficient, and secure VANET–IoT systems capable of supporting future transportation networks. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Autonomous Vehicles and Urban Evolution: Technological, Social and Environmental Perspectives)

14 pages, 1966 KB

Open AccessArticle

Evolution of rDNA-Linked Segmental Duplications as Lineage-Specific Mosaics in Great Apes

by Luciana de Gennaro, Rosaria Magrone, Claudia Rita Catacchio and Mario Ventura

Genes 2026, 17(2), 185; https://doi.org/10.3390/genes17020185 (registering DOI) - 31 Jan 2026

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Segmental duplications (SDs) are major drivers of genome evolution and structural variation in primates, particularly within acrocentric chromosomes, where rDNA arrays and duplicated sequences are densely clustered. However, the evolutionary dynamics of rDNA-linked SDs across great ape lineages have remained poorly [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Segmental duplications (SDs) are major drivers of genome evolution and structural variation in primates, particularly within acrocentric chromosomes, where rDNA arrays and duplicated sequences are densely clustered. However, the evolutionary dynamics of rDNA-linked SDs across great ape lineages have remained poorly characterized due to longstanding technical limitations in genome assembly. Here, we investigate the organization, copy number variation, and evolutionary conservation of acrocentric SDs in great apes by integrating fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) with comparative analyses of telomere-to-telomere (T2T) genome assemblies. Methods: Using eight human-derived fosmid probes targeting SD-enriched regions flanking rDNA arrays, we analyzed multiple individuals from chimpanzee, bonobo, gorilla, and both Bornean and Sumatran orangutans. Results: Our FISH analyses revealed extensive lineage-specific variation in SD copy number and chromosomal distribution, with pronounced heteromorphism in African great apes, particularly gorillas, and more conserved patterns in orangutans. Several SDs showed fixed duplications across species, while others exhibited high levels of polymorphism and individual-specific organization. Conclusions: Comparison with T2T assemblies confirmed consistent genomic localization for a subset of probes, whereas others displayed partial discordance, highlighting the persistent challenges in resolving highly repetitive and structurally dynamic regions even with state-of-the-art assemblies. Genome-wide analyses further revealed species-specific enrichment of SDs on rDNA-bearing chromosomes, with chimpanzees and bonobos showing higher proportions than gorillas, and contrasting patterns between the two orangutan species. Overall, our results demonstrate that rDNA-linked SDs represent highly dynamic genomic compartments that have undergone differential expansion and remodeling during great ape evolution. These regions contribute substantially to inter- and intra-species structural variation and provide a mechanistic substrate for lineage-specific genome evolution, underscoring the importance of integrating cytogenetic and T2T-based approaches to fully capture the complexity of duplicated genomic landscapes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue 15th Anniversary of Genes: Feature Papers in the “Cytogenomics” Section)

15 pages, 4588 KB

Open AccessArticle

The Study of Allergic Reactions in Mice Induced by Particulate Matter from Duck Houses

by Zhaopeng Zhang, Meiling Liu, Zhengxiu Qu, Peiqiang Dai, Zhiyun Guo, Hairong Wang, Tongjie Chai and Ning Li

Vet. Sci. 2026, 13(2), 142; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci13020142 (registering DOI) - 31 Jan 2026

Abstract

Although particulate matter (PM) is strongly associated with allergic reactions, the potential risk of the ability of PM derived from poultry houses to induce allergic reactions remains unclear. This study investigated the effects of duck housing PM on allergic reactions in mice. PM [...] Read more.

Although particulate matter (PM) is strongly associated with allergic reactions, the potential risk of the ability of PM derived from poultry houses to induce allergic reactions remains unclear. This study investigated the effects of duck housing PM on allergic reactions in mice. PM samples and fungi were collected from a duck farm. Ovalbumin (OVA) was used as a positive control, with ambient-level concentrations of PM, high-concentration PM (HPM), and fungal experimental groups. Aerosol exposure was performed on the mice. Serum IgE, allergic mediators (histamines and leukotrienes), cytokines, and pulmonary histopathology were analyzed. Furthermore, HPM-induced metabolic profiles in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid were measured. The results revealed that all the treatment groups of mice presented allergic symptoms, including sneezing and coughing; higher concentrations of IgE, His, and LTs in the serum; upregulation of allergic reaction-related cytokines, such as IL4, IL5, and IL33; and microscopic lesions of the lungs characterized by inflammatory cell infiltration were observed in all the treatment groups, indicating that PM and fungi can cause allergic reactions. Notably, allergic reactions were more pronounced in the HPM and fungal groups than in the PM group. In addition, metabolomics analyses revealed that HPM exposure caused metabolic disorders in mouse lungs. The key pathway with the highest correlation to metabolite differences was pyrimidine metabolism, which is associated with allergic reactions. In conclusion, this study demonstrated that exposure to PM in duck houses can cause allergic reactions in mice and significant metabolomic changes in the lungs, especially HPM. Moreover, the contribution of fungal components in the PM cannot be ignored. These findings highlight the potential health risks associated with PM from the poultry industry. Full article

► Show Figures

Figure 1

20 pages, 3232 KB

Open AccessArticle

Comparative Analysis of VOC Profiles in Populus deltoides cv. Harvard I-63/51 and P. × canadensis cv. Conti 12 Poplars Attacked by Megaplatypus mutatus

by Celeste Arancibia, Laura Mitjans, María Victoria Bertoldi, Andrés Morales, Magdalena Gantuz, Leonardo Bolcato, Patricia Piccoli, Natalia Naves, Juan Alberto Bustamante and Ricardo Williams Masuelli

Stresses 2026, 6(1), 6; https://doi.org/10.3390/stresses6010006 (registering DOI) - 31 Jan 2026

Abstract

Megaplatypus mutatus, a major poplar pest in South America, tunnels into the xylem, weakening trunks and reducing wood quality. Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are key mediators of plant–insect interactions and may reflect genotype-specific defence strategies. This study analysed VOC profiles of young [...] Read more.

Megaplatypus mutatus, a major poplar pest in South America, tunnels into the xylem, weakening trunks and reducing wood quality. Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are key mediators of plant–insect interactions and may reflect genotype-specific defence strategies. This study analysed VOC profiles of young and adult Populus deltoides cv. Harvard and P. × canadensis cv. Conti 12 under natural M. mutatus infestation. Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry putatively annotated 31 VOCs, including green leaf volatiles (GLVs), pentyl leaf volatiles (PLVs), terpenes, alcohols, aromatics and phenolics, 12 of which, to our knowledge, have not been previously reported in Populus VOC profiles. Harvard trees showed ~14.5-fold higher total VOC abundance than Conti trees. In Conti, constitutive VOC emissions remained stable regardless of infestation status or age. In contrast, under infestation, Harvard trees emitted10-fold higher constitutive VOCs than non-infested Harvard trees and ~52-fold higher than Conti, a pattern consistent with increased defensive activity. GLVs and PLVs relatively dominated both genotypes, although Harvard showed higher emissions. Terpenes were not detected in young Conti trees under our analytical conditions but were abundant and diverse in infested Harvard trees, which may indicate a stronger terpene-associated response in this clone. Several compounds were detected only under specific genotype–condition combinations in our dataset and therefore represent candidate volatiles for future behavioural and functional studies. These results are consistent with differences in VOC emission patterns between genotypes and age classes, improve our understanding of putative chemical cues in the interaction between Populus and M. mutatus, and provide a basis for future work towards sustainable pest management strategies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic New Insights into Plant Biotic and Abiotic Stress)

29 pages, 8631 KB

Open AccessArticle

From PSNR to Frequency Evidence: Evaluating Super-Resolution Reliability on Low-SNR Fluorescence Channels

by Haoxuan Huang and Hasan Abbas

Photonics 2026, 13(2), 143; https://doi.org/10.3390/photonics13020143 (registering DOI) - 31 Jan 2026

Abstract

Existing super-resolution evaluation systems for fluorescence microscopy images struggle to effectively detect potential artifacts in weak signal reconstruction. This study aims to establish a multi-dimensional evaluation framework that integrates frequency-domain evidence to verify the reliability of super-resolution techniques under low signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) [...] Read more.

Existing super-resolution evaluation systems for fluorescence microscopy images struggle to effectively detect potential artifacts in weak signal reconstruction. This study aims to establish a multi-dimensional evaluation framework that integrates frequency-domain evidence to verify the reliability of super-resolution techniques under low signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) conditions. All ground-truth (HR) images used in this study are experimentally acquired fluorescence microscopy data; the corresponding low-quality inputs are simulated from HR via controlled degradations (e.g., bicubic downsampling and frequency-truncation-based degradation) to enable paired quantitative evaluation. We designed a hierarchical comparative experiment to systematically evaluate the performance differences of CNN (SRCNN/FSRCNN), GAN (Real-ESRGAN), and Transformer (SwinIR) architectures on nucleus and whole-cell structure datasets. This study reveals a significant decoupling between “visual sharpness” and “signal fidelity”: while Real-ESRGAN can generate highly impactful high-frequency textures, its checkerboard effect in the spectrum and random residuals in the error map expose serious “illusion” risks, making it unsuitable for precise quantitative analysis. All ground-truth (HR) images used in this study are experimentally acquired fluorescence microscopy data; the corresponding low-quality inputs are simulated from HR via controlled degradations (e.g., bicubic downsampling and frequency-truncation-based degradation) to enable paired quantitative evaluation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Biophotonics and Biomedical Optics)

19 pages, 2311 KB

Open AccessReview

From Sequences to Food Webs: DNA Metabarcoding Reshapes Fish Trophic Ecology

by Lin Liang, Jiajie Li, Shiyun Fang, Cheng Jiang, Sheng Bi and Lei Zhou

Animals 2026, 16(3), 443; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani16030443 (registering DOI) - 31 Jan 2026

Abstract

Fish occupy pivotal trophic positions in aquatic ecosystems, mediating energy transfer and shaping community structure through their feeding interactions. Unraveling these dietary relationships is therefore fundamental for understanding ecosystem functioning and supporting sustainable fisheries management. Traditional morphological analyses, while informative, often fall short [...] Read more.

Fish occupy pivotal trophic positions in aquatic ecosystems, mediating energy transfer and shaping community structure through their feeding interactions. Unraveling these dietary relationships is therefore fundamental for understanding ecosystem functioning and supporting sustainable fisheries management. Traditional morphological analyses, while informative, often fall short in resolving fine-scale prey diversity and trophic linkages. In contrast, DNA metabarcoding has revolutionized dietary studies by enabling comprehensive, high-resolution, and non-invasive characterization of prey assemblages. This review synthesizes recent progress in applying DNA metabarcoding to fish trophic ecology, emphasizing technical innovations, methodological standardization, and ecological insights. We discuss how DNA metabarcoding has advanced the understanding of food web complexity, species interactions, and ecological responses to environmental change. However, challenges persist in quantification accuracy, reference database completeness, and cross-source contamination. Future research integrating multi-marker approaches, standardized workflows, and multi-method integration holds promise for transforming DNA metabarcoding into a powerful, reliable and mechanistic tool for trophic ecology. Collectively, these developments will bridge molecular data with ecological theory, strengthening the scientific foundation for ecosystem-based fisheries management. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Ecology and Conservation of Marine Fish)

Recent Articles

Open Access Journals

Highly Accessed Articles

Latest Books

News

Blog Posts

Topics

Selected Special Issues

Selected Collections

Journals by Subject

Further Information

Guidelines

MDPI Initiatives

Follow MDPI