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24 pages, 311 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Impact of Relationship Breakdown, Including Abuse and Negotiation of Co-Parenting Arrangements, on Fathers’ Mental Health, Help-Seeking, and Coping

by Benjamin Hine, Eilish Mairi Roy, Ching-Yu Huang and Elizabeth Bates

Soc. Sci. 2025, 14(4), 232; https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci14040232 (registering DOI) - 7 Apr 2025

Abstract

Background: This study explores the impact of family breakdown, separation, post-separation abuse, and negotiating of co-parenting arrangements on fathers’ physical and mental health, as well as their coping mechanisms and experiences of support, both informal and formal. Methods: Using data from a survey [...] Read more.

Background: This study explores the impact of family breakdown, separation, post-separation abuse, and negotiating of co-parenting arrangements on fathers’ physical and mental health, as well as their coping mechanisms and experiences of support, both informal and formal. Methods: Using data from a survey of 141 fathers and interviews with 30 participants, we examined the impact of family breakdown on fathers and their children and how they coped and were supported. The data were analysed using reflexive thematic analysis to identify key themes. Results: Findings highlighted four primary themes: the impact on fathers, the impact on children, fathers’ strategies for coping, and fathers’ experience of formal and informal support. Conclusions: The results indicate that fathers need greater support mechanisms post-separation, in ways that specifically appreciate their unique experiences as men and fathers. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Lost Dads: The Fathers and Family Breakdown, Separation, and Divorce Project)

31 pages, 412 KiB

Open AccessReview

Visual Function After Schlemm’s Canal-Based MIGS

by Masayuki Kasahara and Nobuyuki Shoji

J. Clin. Med. 2025, 14(7), 2531; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm14072531 (registering DOI) - 7 Apr 2025

Abstract

Filtration surgery is highly effective in lowering intraocular pressure; however, it is associated with a higher risk of severe complications. Visual dysfunction may persist in relatively uneventful cases because of induced astigmatism or worsening optical aberrations. Therefore, for early- to moderate-stage glaucoma, an [...] Read more.

Filtration surgery is highly effective in lowering intraocular pressure; however, it is associated with a higher risk of severe complications. Visual dysfunction may persist in relatively uneventful cases because of induced astigmatism or worsening optical aberrations. Therefore, for early- to moderate-stage glaucoma, an increasing number of surgeons are prioritizing surgical safety and preserving postoperative visual function by opting for minimally invasive glaucoma surgery (MIGS). Among the various MIGS techniques, canal-opening surgery—targeting aqueous outflow through the Schlemm’s canal (Schlemm’s canal-based MIGS, CB-MIGS)—has gained increasing popularity. Unlike filtration surgery, CB-MIGS does not require creating an aqueous outflow pathway between the intraocular and extraocular spaces. Consequently, it is considered a minimally invasive procedure with a reduced risk of severe complications and is increasingly being chosen for suitable cases. Although this surgical technique has limitations in lowering intraocular pressure, it avoids the manipulation of the conjunctiva or sclera and is primarily performed through a small corneal incision. Therefore, a minimal impact on induced astigmatism or postoperative refractive changes is expected. However, few reviews comprehensively summarize postoperative changes in visual function. Therefore, this study reviews the literature on visual function after CB-MIGS, focusing on changes in best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA), refraction, astigmatism, and the effectiveness of visual field preservation to assess the extent of these postoperative changes. Hyphema is the primary cause of early postoperative vision loss and is often transient in cases in which other complications would have led to visual impairment. Severe complications that threaten vision are rare. Additionally, compared with filtration surgery, postoperative visual recovery tends to be faster, and the degree of induced astigmatism is comparable to that of standalone cataract surgery. When combined with cataract surgery, the refractive error is at the same level as that of cataract surgery alone. However, in some cases, mild hyperopic shifts may occur because of axial length shortening, depending on the extent of intraocular pressure reduction. This possibility has been highlighted in several studies. Regarding the effectiveness of slowing the progression of visual field defects, most studies have focused on short- to medium-term postoperative outcomes. Many of these studies have reported the sufficient suppression of progression rates. However, studies with large sample sizes and long-term prospective designs are limited. To establish more robust evidence, future research should focus on conducting larger-scale, long-term investigations. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Clinical Debates in Minimally Invasive Glaucoma Surgery (MIGS))

16 pages, 1350 KiB

Open AccessArticle

An Efficient System for Mesophyll Protoplast Isolation, Purification, and Transformation in Loquat: Studies on Fluorescent Marker Analysis and Subcellular Localization

by Shuming Wang, Liyun Wang, Zhixiang Liu, Yan Xia, Danlong Jing, Qigao Guo, Guolu Liang and Qiao He

Horticulturae 2025, 11(4), 391; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae11040391 (registering DOI) - 7 Apr 2025

Abstract

Loquat (Eriobotrya japonica Lindl.) is one of the most important subtropical evergreen fruit trees. However, due to the lack of widely applicable genetic transformation platforms, the research about gene functional characterization and molecular mechanisms is largely confined. In this study, the efficient [...] Read more.

Loquat (Eriobotrya japonica Lindl.) is one of the most important subtropical evergreen fruit trees. However, due to the lack of widely applicable genetic transformation platforms, the research about gene functional characterization and molecular mechanisms is largely confined. In this study, the efficient protocol of protoplast isolation (the enzyme solution composed of 2.4% macerozyme R-10, 4.8% cellulase RS, dissolved in a 0.6 M mannitol solution) and the method of protoplast purification (CPW solution containing 5% sucrose and 11% mannitol) have been achieved with protoplast yields of 12.6×10⁶/g·FW, reaching a viability rate of up to 91%. A protoplast transient gene expression system has been established with an efficiency of approximately 40% using GFP reporter gene. Using this reliable and efficient system, the protein localization characteristics of transcription factor EjDELLA, EjbHLH79, and marker gene OsPHT4 were also utilized for further analysis. To our knowledge, this is the first report on establishing an efficient system for protoplast isolation, purification, and transformation of loquat mesophyll. The system reported here will definitely promote rapid progress in breeding, genetic transformation, and molecular research. Full article

25 pages, 1456 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Unsupervised Particle Tracking with Neuromorphic Computing

by Emanuele Coradin, Fabio Cufino, Muhammad Awais, Tommaso Dorigo, Enrico Lupi, Eleonora Porcu, Jinu Raj, Fredrik Sandin and Mia Tosi

Particles 2025, 8(2), 40; https://doi.org/10.3390/particles8020040 (registering DOI) - 7 Apr 2025

Abstract

We study the application of a neural network architecture for identifying charged particle trajectories via unsupervised learning of delays and synaptic weights using a spike-time-dependent plasticity rule. In the considered model, the neurons receive time-encoded information on the position of particle hits in [...] Read more.

We study the application of a neural network architecture for identifying charged particle trajectories via unsupervised learning of delays and synaptic weights using a spike-time-dependent plasticity rule. In the considered model, the neurons receive time-encoded information on the position of particle hits in a tracking detector for a particle collider, modeled according to the geometry of the Compact Muon Solenoid Phase-2 detector. We show how a spiking neural network is capable of successfully identifying in a completely unsupervised way the signal left by charged particles in the presence of conspicuous noise from accidental or combinatorial hits, opening the way to applications of neuromorphic computing to particle tracking. The presented results motivate further studies investigating neuromorphic computing as a potential solution for real-time, low-power particle tracking in future high-energy physics experiments. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Selected Papers from the 4th MODE Workshop on Differentiable Programming for Experiment Design)

22 pages, 7284 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Casting Process and Quality Control Analysis of Zr705C Zirconium Alloy

by Youwei Zhang, Zhongde Shan, Yong Zang, Dehua Jin, Chunling Bao, Xiao Liang and Qian Yao

Metals 2025, 15(4), 417; https://doi.org/10.3390/met15040417 (registering DOI) - 7 Apr 2025

Abstract

Basic research on and the industrial development of zirconium alloys in China started relatively late, with insufficient domestic production capacity for zirconium alloy castings; especially for large-sized zirconium alloy castings, there is little production experience and significant challenges in quality control. Therefore, the [...] Read more.

Basic research on and the industrial development of zirconium alloys in China started relatively late, with insufficient domestic production capacity for zirconium alloy castings; especially for large-sized zirconium alloy castings, there is little production experience and significant challenges in quality control. Therefore, the production and research and development of zirconium alloy castings have received widespread attention from academia and industrial production sectors. This article analyzes the production status of domestic zirconium alloy castings, examines the casting process characteristics of valve body castings, and optimizes the casting process based on ProCAST simulation analysis results, using a lost foam precision casting process to cast a large-sized, high-pressure zirconium alloy casting for chemical use. The phase composition and microstructure were tested and analyzed, and the results showed the following: there is a certain thickness of the diffusion contamination layer on the surface of the castings. Finally, key points regarding zirconium alloy casting surface quality control and welding quality control were proposed, effectively improving the quality of the castings. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Preparation, Formation and Application of Light Alloys and Their Composites)

17 pages, 16835 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Evaluation of Biomechanical Effects of Mandible Arch Types in All-on-4 and All-on-5 Dental Implant Design: A 3D Finite Element Analysis

by Sema Nur Sevinç Gül, Fahri Murat and Abdullah Tahir Şensoy

J. Funct. Biomater. 2025, 16(4), 134; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb16040134 (registering DOI) - 7 Apr 2025

Abstract

This study evaluates the biomechanical effects of different implant configurations in various mandibular arch types using finite element analysis (FEA). Stress distribution and deformation patterns were analyzed under different loading conditions in square, U-shaped, and V-shaped arches. The results indicate that increasing the [...] Read more.

This study evaluates the biomechanical effects of different implant configurations in various mandibular arch types using finite element analysis (FEA). Stress distribution and deformation patterns were analyzed under different loading conditions in square, U-shaped, and V-shaped arches. The results indicate that increasing the number of implants generally reduces cortical bone stress, particularly in U and V arches, while implant-level stress tends to increase. Under molar loading, cortical bone stress in the square arch decreased by 16.9% (from 90.61 MPa to 75.27 MPa) with the All-on-5 system, while implant stress in the V arch dropped by 46.26% (from 142.35 MPa to 76.5 MPa). Additionally, the cantilever effect in All-on-4 configurations resulted in higher stress on the prosthesis and implants, particularly in V arches. While the All-on-5 system provided better load distribution, the study highlights the importance of optimizing implant positioning based on mandibular anatomy. Despite limitations such as the use of static forces and standardized arch types, these findings offer valuable insights into the biomechanical performance of full-arch implant rehabilitations, supporting future clinical applications and research. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Dental Biomaterials)

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10 pages, 1000 KiB

Open AccessCommunication

Nutritional Trade-Offs in Drosophila melanogaster

by Juliano Morimoto

Biology 2025, 14(4), 384; https://doi.org/10.3390/biology14040384 (registering DOI) - 7 Apr 2025

Abstract

Animals often regulate their nutrient intake according to their physiological needs. There is evidence that different traits require specific nutrient blends, and that animals cannot always maximize all traits with a single diet (“nutritional trade-offs”). However, we still do not have a clear [...] Read more.

Animals often regulate their nutrient intake according to their physiological needs. There is evidence that different traits require specific nutrient blends, and that animals cannot always maximize all traits with a single diet (“nutritional trade-offs”). However, we still do not have a clear understanding of which traits might be involved in nutritional trade-offs. I compiled data from the Geometric Framework of Nutrition literature on the ratio of proteins and carbohydrates that maximize (best PC ratios) or minimize (worst PC ratios) several larval and adult traits in Drosophila melanogaster. Best and worst PC ratios clustered into three regions in the protein-carbohydrate nutrient space: (1) Low PC ratios (1:8 or higher) are best for lifespan but worst for growth or reproductive traits; (2) High PC ratios (1:1 or lower) are best for adult body mass, male reproduction, and larval developmental time but worst for lifespan; and (3) Intermediate PC ratios (<1:1 and >1:8) are best for female lifetime egg production, female reproductive rate, and larval survival. These findings support lifespan–reproduction nutritional trade-offs, highlight the potential for metamorphosis to solve nutritional trade-offs across life stages, and underscore the potential for intralocus sexual conflict to emerge over the expression of metabolic genes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feeding Biology and Nutrition in Insects)

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14 pages, 1022 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Potential of the Copernicus Product “Imperviousness Classified Change” to Assess Soil Sealing in Agricultural Areas in Poland and Norway

by Wendy Fjellstad, Agata Hościło, Svein Olav Krøgli, Jonathan Rizzi and Milena Chmielewska

Land 2025, 14(4), 794; https://doi.org/10.3390/land14040794 (registering DOI) - 7 Apr 2025

Abstract

Many countries have goals to reduce soil sealing of agricultural land to preserve food production capacity. To monitor progress, reliable data are needed to quantify soil sealing and changes over time. We examined the potential of the Imperviousness Classified Change (IMCC) 2015–2018 product [...] Read more.

Many countries have goals to reduce soil sealing of agricultural land to preserve food production capacity. To monitor progress, reliable data are needed to quantify soil sealing and changes over time. We examined the potential of the Imperviousness Classified Change (IMCC) 2015–2018 product provided by the Copernicus Land Monitoring Service (CLMS) to assess soil sealing in agricultural areas in Poland and Norway. We found very high overall accuracy due to the dominance of the area with no change. When we focused on areas classified as change, we found low user accuracy, with over-estimation of soil sealing. The producer accuracy was generally much higher, meaning that real cases of soil sealing were captured. This is better than under-estimation of soil sealing because it highlights areas where sealing may have occurred, allowing the user to carry out further control of this much smaller area, without having to assess the great expanse of unchanged area. We concluded that the datasets provide useful information for Europe. They are standardized and comparable across countries, which can enable comparison of the effects of policies intended to prevent soil sealing. Some distinctions between classes are not reliable, but the general information about increase or decrease is useful. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Land Use and Land Cover Mapping (Second Edition))

19 pages, 5893 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Influence of the Addition of Multi-Scale Zirconia on the Properties of Ultra-High-Performance Concretes

by Qilin Wang, Haifeng Liu, Yongtao Zhang, Peishuai Chen, Jianwu Gong, Yu Zhong, Ran Gao, Jinnan Lei, Haiyang Yu and Lingya Tang

Buildings 2025, 15(7), 1207; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15071207 (registering DOI) - 7 Apr 2025

Abstract

This study explores an innovative application of ultra-high-performance concrete (UHPC) by partially substituting cement with nano-zirconia (NZ) and micro-zirconia (MZ). A series of experiments were conducted to explore the influence of zirconia particle size (3860 nm and 320 nm) and varying replacement levels [...] Read more.

This study explores an innovative application of ultra-high-performance concrete (UHPC) by partially substituting cement with nano-zirconia (NZ) and micro-zirconia (MZ). A series of experiments were conducted to explore the influence of zirconia particle size (3860 nm and 320 nm) and varying replacement levels (0%, 0.5%, 1%, and 1.5%) on the workability, mechanical behavior, and microstructural characteristics of UHPC, utilizing the particle packing density model as a basis. Findings reveal that replacing 0.5% of the cement with MZ and NZ results in workability and mechanical performance comparable to the control mix. However, at 1.5 wt% MZ and 1.5 wt% NZ substitution levels, flowability declines by 22.01% and 24.71%, respectively, accompanied by a substantial increase in viscosity. The wet packing density of UHPC exhibits a linear rise with increasing zirconia content, with nano-sized particles exerting a more pronounced effect than their micro-sized counterparts. Specifically, at a 0.5% MZ replacement level, the 28-day compressive and flexural strengths show marginal improvements of 1.82% and 4.48%, respectively. The NZ1MZ0.5 mix achieves the highest 28-day compressive strength increase, reaching 9.45%, with an absolute gain of 11.92 MPa. Analyses using XRD, FTIR, and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) demonstrate that zirconia incorporation has a negligible influence on the hydration process and does not alter the composition of hydration products in N-UHPC. Although zirconia effectively reduces porosity, excessive amounts (1.5%) increase pore size within the cement matrix, ultimately compromising mechanical properties. Based on these findings, the optimal NZ dosage for UHPC, when used in combination with MZ, is determined to be 0.5%. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Sustainable Materials and Resilient Structures: Interdisciplinary Approaches)

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21 pages, 3919 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Impacts of Wastewater Management and Enhancing the Landscape of the Mae Kha Canal: A Quasi-Experimental Study

by Vongkot Owatsakul, Prajuab Panput, Punyaphol Jaisuda and Damrongsak Rinchumphu

Water 2025, 17(7), 1105; https://doi.org/10.3390/w17071105 (registering DOI) - 7 Apr 2025

Abstract

The Mae Kha Canal in Chiang Mai, Thailand, has long suffered from severe water quality deterioration due to rapid urbanization, population growth, and inadequate waste management practices. This article describes an integrated water resource management approach, started in February 2018, with the goal [...] Read more.

The Mae Kha Canal in Chiang Mai, Thailand, has long suffered from severe water quality deterioration due to rapid urbanization, population growth, and inadequate waste management practices. This article describes an integrated water resource management approach, started in February 2018, with the goal of guaranteeing sustainable urban living conditions and improving the water quality of the canal. This study was a quasi-experimental study, with key interventions including garbage net installation, coconut-fiber mattress weir installation, and Free Water Surface Wetland treatment using vetiver grass. An interrupted time-series analysis of the monthly biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) and dissolved oxygen (DO) levels were applied to examine the trends and changes after the full implementation of wastewater management in March 2021. The results demonstrated significant improvements in water quality, indicated by reduced BOD levels (from 17.00–38.70 to 9.00–12.67 mg/L) and increased DO levels (from 0.00–2.40 to 0.80–6.00 mg/L). However, the decreases in BOD and increases in DO levels were not stable during the year. The post-intervention trend of BOD level decreased after the wastewater management implementation at SriDonChai Road (coefficient of trend: = −0.75 [95% confidence interval: −1.44 to −0.06]). This project highlights the effectiveness of integrated management strategies in addressing urban water quality issues and emphasizes the importance of community involvement in sustainable environmental management. The findings underscore the necessity for integrated approaches to wastewater management in urban environments to address both ecological health and public welfare. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Driving Water Reuse by New Technologies, Land Use and Infrastructure Planning, and Legislation Policies)

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Graphical abstract

18 pages, 1629 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Ageing in Place—The Key to Receiving a Superaged Society

by Paulin Straughan, Yi Wen Tan, Zidane Tiew, Zeyu Zheng, Rachel Ngu and Wei Tin Hiah

Populations 2025, 1(2), 7; https://doi.org/10.3390/populations1020007 (registering DOI) - 7 Apr 2025

Abstract

Ageing in place is the ability to remain in one’s community, where living conditions foster a sense of attachment that enhances holistic well-being. To facilitate this, both the built and social environments within which the home is nested must be conducive to successful [...] Read more.

Ageing in place is the ability to remain in one’s community, where living conditions foster a sense of attachment that enhances holistic well-being. To facilitate this, both the built and social environments within which the home is nested must be conducive to successful ageing. This paper deconstructs the merits of ageing in place, specifically how attachment to the lived environment contributes to holistic well-being. We analysed data from 6020 participants in the Singapore Life Panel^® using path models, where we examined three dimensions of ageing in place: place identity, continuity, and social inclusion. Five path analyses show that two dimensions of ageing in place mediated the relationship between well-being and factors such as social isolation, number of close neighbours, social support, and satisfaction with amenities, but not living arrangements. Social inclusion consistently showed no significant relationship with well-being across all models. These findings suggest that the quality of social connections, rather than physical living arrangements, is important for well-being, and that social inclusion needs to be more appropriately contextualised. Our study contributes to policy discussions on how supporting older adults to age in place can enhance their overall well-being. Full article

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15 pages, 1399 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Exponential Stability of a Wave Equation with Boundary Delay Control

by Yaru Xie, Congyue Tian and Yanfang Li

Axioms 2025, 14(4), 280; https://doi.org/10.3390/axioms14040280 (registering DOI) - 7 Apr 2025

Abstract

In this paper, we investigate the stability of a 1-d wave equation with boundary difference-type delay control. We utilize the idea of system equivalence to find a system with known stability characteristics and select an appropriate regulation mechanism, ensuring that the original system [...] Read more.

In this paper, we investigate the stability of a 1-d wave equation with boundary difference-type delay control. We utilize the idea of system equivalence to find a system with known stability characteristics and select an appropriate regulation mechanism, ensuring that the original system becomes equivalent to the stable one. In this method, we adopt integral-type feedback control, utilizing integral kernel functions as parameters, and determine appropriate parameter functions. The specific steps are as follows: To begin with, an exponentially convergent system is selected as the desired target reference model. Next, we construct a bounded, reversible linear mapping to equate the studied system with the target model. During this process, we derive the expressions for the integral controller and the corresponding kernel function. Subsequently, we prove the solvability of the kernel function. By establishing equations for the kernel function and linear transformations, we find that the initial system exhibits equivalence to the desired model. Ultimately, based on the equivalence between the two systems, we conclude that the original system attains exponential stability under the integral-type feedback controller. Full article

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13 pages, 1008 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Elevated Unfractionated Heparin Requirement in COVID-19 ICU Patients: Exploring Influencing Factors

by L. I. van der Wal, H. C. J. Eikenboom, M. Bosma, F. A. Klok and E. de Jonge

COVID 2025, 5(4), 51; https://doi.org/10.3390/covid5040051 (registering DOI) - 7 Apr 2025

Abstract

Patients with COVID-19-associated pulmonary embolism have been reported to require higher doses of unfractionated heparin (UFH) to achieve therapeutic activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT) levels. This study aimed to compare the UFH dose in ICU patients with COVID-19 and control ICU patients, exploring [...] Read more.

Patients with COVID-19-associated pulmonary embolism have been reported to require higher doses of unfractionated heparin (UFH) to achieve therapeutic activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT) levels. This study aimed to compare the UFH dose in ICU patients with COVID-19 and control ICU patients, exploring possible explanatory factors. In this retrospective cohort study at Leiden University Medical Center, 162 COVID-19 ICU patients (admitted between 15 March 2020 and 1 January 2022) and 1006 control patients (admitted from 1 January 2014 to 1 January 2020) were included. All patients had an indication for therapeutic UFH. The primary endpoint was the UFH dose. A mixed linear model was used to assess the relationship between UFH dose, APTT, antithrombin (AT), c-reactive protein (CRP), and BMI. COVID-19 patients received a median UFH dose of 383 IU/kg/day compared to 308 IU/kg/day in controls (p < 0.001). Median APTT was lower in COVID-19 patients (63 vs. 66 s, p < 0.001). Median CRP was lower and median AT higher in COVID-19 patients. In the mixed linear model, only UFH dose showed a significant relationship with APTT (p = 0.0316). COVID-19 patients received higher UFH doses but had lower APTT values compared to controls. These differences could not be explained by BMI, CRP, or AT levels, suggesting other patient-related factors may influence heparin dosing, for example, factor VIII and fibrinogen. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section COVID Clinical Manifestations and Management)

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42 pages, 845 KiB

Open AccessSystematic Review

Diagnostic and Prognostic Value of Hematological Parameters in Necrotizing Enterocolitis: A Systematic Review

by Rozeta Sokou, Petros Mantzios, Alexia Eleftheria Palioura, Andreas G. Tsantes, Alexandra Lianou, Daniele Piovani, Konstantina A. Tsante, Katerina Lampropoulou, Nicoletta Iacovidou and Stefanos Bonovas

J. Clin. Med. 2025, 14(7), 2530; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm14072530 (registering DOI) - 7 Apr 2025

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) is a severe, potentially fatal gastrointestinal disease that primarily affects preterm neonates, especially those with very low birth weight (<1500 g). Despite extensive research, its pathophysiology remains unclear, with NEC considered a spectrum of disorders driven by systemic [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) is a severe, potentially fatal gastrointestinal disease that primarily affects preterm neonates, especially those with very low birth weight (<1500 g). Despite extensive research, its pathophysiology remains unclear, with NEC considered a spectrum of disorders driven by systemic inflammation, microbiota dysregulation, and intestinal hypoxic injury. Diagnosis is challenging due to its subtle presentation and reliance on clinical and radiographic findings, underscoring the urgent need for reliable early biomarkers. Complete blood count (CBC) is one of the most frequently performed laboratory tests in neonatal care, providing valuable insights associated with hematologic alterations associated with NEC. Given its cost-effectiveness, accessibility, and rapid turnaround time, CBC parameters have been increasingly investigated for their diagnostic and prognostic potential in NEC. This systematic review consolidates existing evidence on the diagnostic and prognostic utility of CBC parameters in NEC, examining their association with disease onset, progression, and outcomes. Methods: A systematic review of the literature in PubMed and Scopus databases was conducted, between February 25 and December 2024. Results: Following a PRISMA-compliant search strategy, 77 eligible studies were included, analyzing data from 295,195 neonates, of whom 14,570 had NEC. Among the 77 studies, 17 examined NEC-associated mortality as a primary outcome, while 13 studies focused on the development of predictive models incorporating CBC parameters alongside other clinical and laboratory data to assess NEC severity and prognosis in neonates. The findings highlight the potential of CBC-derived markers to facilitate early NEC detection and risk stratification. However, variations in study design and diagnostic criteria highlight the need for prospective studies to validate their clinical use. Conclusions: Despite advancements in understanding NEC, its diagnosis remains challenging due to the absence of fully reliable biomarkers. CBC parameters show promise in offering early diagnostic and prognostic insights. However, further validation is needed for their routine integration into NICU practice. Given the persistent challenges in NEC diagnosis and management, our findings highlight the necessity for integrated scoring systems that combine hematologic, clinical, and radiologic data to enhance early detection and optimize neonatal care. Further research is essential to refine these predictive models, enabling timely interventions and improving survival rates in NEC-affected neonates. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Clinical Pediatrics)

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16 pages, 2564 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Genome-Wide Identification and Analysis of Chitinase GH18 Gene Family in Valsa mali

by Gulnaz Kahar, Yakupjan Haxim, Xuechun Zhang, Xiaojie Liu, Huawei Liu, Xuejing Wen, Xiaoshuang Li and Daoyuan Zhang

J. Fungi 2025, 11(4), 290; https://doi.org/10.3390/jof11040290 (registering DOI) - 7 Apr 2025

Abstract

Chitinases are enzymes that catalyze the hydrolysis of chitin and play a significant biophysiological role in fungal growth, development, and pathogenesis. Valsa mali is a necrotrophic fungus that is a primary contributor to apple Valsa canker. Our study focused on the identification of [...] Read more.

Chitinases are enzymes that catalyze the hydrolysis of chitin and play a significant biophysiological role in fungal growth, development, and pathogenesis. Valsa mali is a necrotrophic fungus that is a primary contributor to apple Valsa canker. Our study focused on the identification of chitinase gene families from V. mali and the analysis of their expression profiles during infection and nutritional growth. A phylogenetic analysis and conservation of catalytic domains were used to classify these genes into three classes, and their chromosome distribution was random. The qRT-PCR analysis identified five differentially expressed VmGH18 genes during infection and nutritional growth. GH18 chitinases use glutamate, whereas VmGH18-4 (VM1G_05900) and VmGH18-10 (VM1G_03597) use glutamine as the catalytic motif. To further test whether it can induce cell death in apple, the recombinant protein was produced in E. coli. It showed that the purified VmGH18-4 recombinant protein retained cell-death inducing activity, and it could also induce cell death in apple. But the enzyme activity shows that neither VmGH18-4 nor VmGH18-10 have chitinases enzyme activity. These results suggest that VmGH18-4 can elicit cell death in multiple plant species, while VmGH18-10 cannot. Full article

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23 pages, 785 KiB

Open AccessReview

Seed-Borne Endophytes and Their Host Effects

by Hongyan Hu, Shucun Geng, Youyong Zhu, Xiahong He, Xiaoxia Pan and Mingzhi Yang

Microorganisms 2025, 13(4), 842; https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms13040842 (registering DOI) - 7 Apr 2025

Abstract

In the process of long-term co-evolution, endophytes and host plants benefit from and interact with each other, resulting in positive effects such as promoting plant growth, enhancing resistance, producing beneficial secondary metabolites, and negative effects such as carrying pathogens and producing toxins. In [...] Read more.

In the process of long-term co-evolution, endophytes and host plants benefit from and interact with each other, resulting in positive effects such as promoting plant growth, enhancing resistance, producing beneficial secondary metabolites, and negative effects such as carrying pathogens and producing toxins. In addition to the vegetative organs, plant seeds are also colonized by diverse endophytes and serve as vectors for the transmission of endophytes across plant generations. Seed endophytes, termed seed-borne endophytes (SBEs), have attracted much attention because these endophytes are involved in the assembly of the plant association microbiome and exert effects on progeny plants through vertical transfer. However, the importance of SBEs may still be underestimated. The present paper reviews the diversity, origin, and vertical transmission of seed endophytes, as well as their interaction and function with hosts, so as to provide a reference for future research and application of seed endophytes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Plant Microbe Interactions)

14 pages, 2037 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Two Fragments of the Old Uyghur Saṃyuktāgama from the Berlin Turfan Collection

by Binghan Sun

Religions 2025, 16(4), 473; https://doi.org/10.3390/rel16040473 (registering DOI) - 7 Apr 2025

Abstract

The Āgamas hold significant importance in the context of Old Uyghur Buddhism, as evidenced by the discovery of over 100 fragments of Old Uyghur translations from Turfan and Dunhuang. Of particular significance are the two fragments housed in the Berlin Turfan Collection, [...] Read more.

The Āgamas hold significant importance in the context of Old Uyghur Buddhism, as evidenced by the discovery of over 100 fragments of Old Uyghur translations from Turfan and Dunhuang. Of particular significance are the two fragments housed in the Berlin Turfan Collection, U 5464 and U 5501, which contain an Old Uyghur translation of the Chinese Saṃyuktāgama, inscribed on both sides of a repurposed Manichaean manuscript. These fragments correspond to the 22nd and 23rd fascicles of the Chinese source text. This study provides a comprehensive introduction and an edition of these two fragments, accompanied by a comparative analysis with a parallel Old Uyghur translation from Manuscript N, housed in Tokyo. The analysis reveals significant variations, particularly in translation strategies, suggesting the existence of multiple Old Uyghur versions of the text. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Reviving Ancient Wisdom on the Northern Silk Road: Research on Old Uyghur Buddhism and Buddhist Scriptures)

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47 pages, 950 KiB

Open AccessReview

Hidden in the Fat: Unpacking the Metabolic Tango Between Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Steatotic Liver Disease and Metabolic Syndrome

by Mariana Boulos, Rabia S. Mousa, Nizar Jeries, Elias Simaan, Klode Alam, Bulus Bulus and Nimer Assy

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025, 26(7), 3448; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms26073448 (registering DOI) - 7 Apr 2025

Abstract

Metabolic syndrome (MetS) and metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) are closely related, with rapidly increasing prevalence globally, driving significant public health concerns. Both conditions share common pathophysiological mechanisms such as insulin resistance (IR), adipose tissue dysfunction, oxidative stress, and gut microbiota dysbiosis, [...] Read more.

Metabolic syndrome (MetS) and metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) are closely related, with rapidly increasing prevalence globally, driving significant public health concerns. Both conditions share common pathophysiological mechanisms such as insulin resistance (IR), adipose tissue dysfunction, oxidative stress, and gut microbiota dysbiosis, which contribute to their co-occurrence and progression. While the clinical implications of this overlap, including increased cardiovascular, renal, and hepatic risk, are well recognized, current diagnostic and therapeutic approaches remain insufficient due to the clinical and individuals’ heterogeneity and complexity of these diseases. This review aims to provide an in-depth exploration of the molecular mechanisms linking MetS and MASLD, identify critical gaps in our understanding, and highlight existing challenges in early detection and treatment. Despite advancements in biomarkers and therapeutic interventions, the need for a comprehensive, integrated approach remains. The review also discusses emerging therapies targeting specific pathways, the potential of precision medicine, and the growing role of artificial intelligence in enhancing research and clinical management. Future research is urgently needed to combine multi-omics data, precision medicine, and novel biomarkers to better understand the complex interactions between MetS and MASLD. Collaborative, multidisciplinary efforts are essential to develop more effective diagnostic tools and therapies to address these diseases on a global scale. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Steatotic Liver Disease: From Basic Science to Therapy)

11 pages, 421 KiB

Open AccessReview

Brief Review: Racial Disparities in the Presentation and Outcomes of Patients with Thoracic Aortic Aneurysms

by Nora Bacour, Rutger T. Theijsse, Simran Grewal, Robert J. M. Klautz and Nimrat Grewal

J. Cardiovasc. Dev. Dis. 2025, 12(4), 140; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcdd12040140 (registering DOI) - 7 Apr 2025

Abstract

(1) Background: Thoracic aortic aneurysms (TAAs) pose critical health risks and are often asymptomatic until a rupture or dissection occurs. Guidelines recommend surgical repair based on specific aortic diameters and risk factors, emphasizing the importance of early detection and intervention. Despite established clinical [...] Read more.

(1) Background: Thoracic aortic aneurysms (TAAs) pose critical health risks and are often asymptomatic until a rupture or dissection occurs. Guidelines recommend surgical repair based on specific aortic diameters and risk factors, emphasizing the importance of early detection and intervention. Despite established clinical risk factors for the early detection of TAAs, the influence of racial disparities on TAAs remains underexplored. This study aims to provide a comprehensive summary of existing research on racial disparities in the presentation and outcomes of TAAs. (2) Methods: This literature review was conducted using a systematic search strategy to explore racial differences in the presentation and surgical outcomes of patients with TAAs. (3) Results: The findings demonstrated that black patients were younger at presentation and had a higher incidence of ruptured TAAs than non-black patients. Furthermore, compared to non-black patients, black patients had higher rates of cardiac arrhythmia and COPD, as well as comorbidities such as diabetes, hypertension, and renal insufficiency. For black patients undergoing open surgery, the surgical results showed improved 5-year survival rates after repair but higher perioperative mortality rates. All-cause or in-hospital mortality did not significantly differ between the racial groups, according to four studies. (4) Discussion: This review highlights significant racial disparities in TAA presentation and outcomes, underscoring the need for personalized risk stratification models. Standardized racial and ethnic definitions are essential for consistent and reliable research. Future studies should focus on identifying the underlying mechanisms driving racial disparities and on refining risk assessment models to enhance diagnostic and therapeutic strategies, ultimately improving patient outcomes across diverse populations. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Risk Factors and Prevention of Cardiovascular Diseases—Second Edition)

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19 pages, 7329 KiB

Open AccessArticle

An Investigative Study on Mixed Waste Feedstock-Derived Biochar as Active Electrode Material for Supercapacitor Applications

by Sudhakar Pabba, Rajkamal Balu, Arun Krishna Vuppaladadiyam, Ganesh Veluswamy, Manoj Kumar Jena, Ibrahim Gbolahan Hakeem, Namita Roy Choudhury, Abhishek Sharma, Michael Thomas, Aravind Surapaneni, Savankumar Patel and Kalpit Shah

Energies 2025, 18(7), 1864; https://doi.org/10.3390/en18071864 (registering DOI) - 7 Apr 2025

Abstract

This work demonstrates the feasibility of using biochars derived from a variety of waste feedstocks, such as food organics and garden organics (FOGOs), garden organics (GOs), and biosolids (BSs), provided by Barwon Water (BW) and South East Water (SEW), as active electrode material [...] Read more.

This work demonstrates the feasibility of using biochars derived from a variety of waste feedstocks, such as food organics and garden organics (FOGOs), garden organics (GOs), and biosolids (BSs), provided by Barwon Water (BW) and South East Water (SEW), as active electrode material for supercapacitor application. Four different biochars were produced by the co-pyrolysis of pre-treated mixed waste feedstocks, which were fabricated into a two-electrode symmetric supercapacitor set-up to evaluate their energy storage potential. Two different approaches, (i) carbon nanoparticle coating/modification and (ii) thermochemical activation, were employed to improve the electrochemical properties of the biochars. Potassium hydroxide-activated biochar derived from BW’s triple waste feedstock mixture (comprising 70% GOs, 20% FOGOs, and 10% BSs) demonstrated the highest specific capacitance (30.33 F/g at 0.1 A/g), energy density (4.21 Wh/kg), and power density (2.15 kW/kg) among the tested samples. Such waste-derived biochar offers several benefits for energy storage, including cost-efficiency and sustainable alternatives to traditional electrode materials. The biochar’s electrochemical performance can be further improved by improving the feedstock quality by different pre-treatments. Full article

(This article belongs to the Collection Feature Papers in Energy, Environment and Well-Being)

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14 pages, 1447 KiB

Open AccessReview

The Role of Methyl Canthin-6-one-2-carboxylate in Targeting the NLRP3 Inflammasome in Rheumatoid Arthritis Treatment

by Chung-Che Tsai, Tin-Yi Chu, Po-Chih Hsu and Chan-Yen Kuo

Curr. Issues Mol. Biol. 2025, 47(4), 254; https://doi.org/10.3390/cimb47040254 (registering DOI) - 7 Apr 2025

Abstract

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic autoimmune disorder characterized by persistent synovial inflammation, joint destruction, and systemic complications. The nucleotide-binding domain, leucine-rich repeat family, pyrin domain-containing-3 (NLRP3) inflammasome plays a pivotal role in RA pathogenesis by driving the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines and [...] Read more.

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic autoimmune disorder characterized by persistent synovial inflammation, joint destruction, and systemic complications. The nucleotide-binding domain, leucine-rich repeat family, pyrin domain-containing-3 (NLRP3) inflammasome plays a pivotal role in RA pathogenesis by driving the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines and exacerbating oxidative stress. Recent studies identified methyl canthin-6-one-2-carboxylate (Cant) as a potential therapeutic agent that modulates the NLRP3 inflammasome pathway. This review explores the mechanistic role of Cant in RA treatment, particularly its effect on oxidative stress, synovial macrophages, and inflammatory signaling pathways. Additionally, we discuss alternative and complementary approaches, such as gut microbiota modulation and mesenchymal stem cell-based therapies, in the management of RA. Although preliminary findings suggest that Cant exhibits promising anti-inflammatory effects, further preclinical and clinical studies are necessary to validate its therapeutic efficacy. Future research should focus on optimizing dosage, exploring combination therapies, and elucidating the broader implications of targeting the NLRP3 inflammasome for RA treatment. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Role of Bioactives in Inflammation)

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21 pages, 918 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Decomposed Gaussian Processes for Efficient Regression Models with Low Complexity

by Anis Fradi, Tien-Tam Tran and Chafik Samir

Entropy 2025, 27(4), 393; https://doi.org/10.3390/e27040393 (registering DOI) - 7 Apr 2025

Abstract

In this paper, we address the challenges of inferring and learning from a substantial number of observations (

N ≫ 1

) with a Gaussian process regression model. First, we propose a flexible construction of well-adapted covariances originally derived from specific differential operators. [...] Read more.

In this paper, we address the challenges of inferring and learning from a substantial number of observations (

N ≫ 1

) with a Gaussian process regression model. First, we propose a flexible construction of well-adapted covariances originally derived from specific differential operators. Second, we prove its convergence and show its low computational cost scaling as

O (N m^{2})

for inference and

O (m^{3})

for learning instead of

O (N^{3})

for a canonical Gaussian process where

N ≫ m

. Moreover, we develop an implementation that requires less memory

O (m^{2})

instead of

O (N^{2})

. Finally, we demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method with simulation studies and experiments on real data. In addition, we conduct a comparative study with the aim of situating it in relation to certain cutting-edge methods. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Gaussian Fields and Their Application in Computational Engineering and Mathematical Physics)

8 pages, 730 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Variation in Ovine KRTAP13-3 and Its Association with Wool Characteristics in Chinese Tan Sheep

by Lingrong Bai, Huitong Zhou, Jinzhong Tao and Jon G. H. Hickford

Animals 2025, 15(7), 1069; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15071069 (registering DOI) - 7 Apr 2025

Abstract

Understanding the genetic factors that influence wool quality is essential for enhancing wool quality and uniformity. This study investigated the KRTAP13-3 gene in Chinese Tan sheep, a breed known for its unique wool characteristics. We analysed 232 sheep and revealed five previously identified [...] Read more.

Understanding the genetic factors that influence wool quality is essential for enhancing wool quality and uniformity. This study investigated the KRTAP13-3 gene in Chinese Tan sheep, a breed known for its unique wool characteristics. We analysed 232 sheep and revealed five previously identified sequence variants of KRTAP13-3 and then modelled to ascertain whether there was any association between the nucleotide sequence variation and variation in mean fibre diameter (MFD), fibre diameter standard deviation (FDSD), coefficient of variation of fibre diameter (CVFD), and mean fibre curvature (MFC). Twelve genotypes were observed, with the five variants having frequencies that ranged from 64.0% to 1.1%. Among the four variants with frequencies above 5%, nucleotide sequence variation was associated with heterotypic hair fibre diameter variation. The most common variant (A) was linked to increased FDSD and CVFD, while two other variants (B and D) revealed trends towards being associated with decreased CVFD. No associations were found with variation in the fine wool fibres from the Tan sheep. This suggests that KRTAP13-3 plays a role in regulating heterotypic hair fibre diameter variability and that it could possibly be a gene marker for improving wool traits. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Advances in Molecular Genetics and Breeding of Cattle, Sheep, and Goats)

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12 pages, 9526 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Design of Omnidirectional Antennas Using TM₂₂ and Quasi-TM₁₁ Modes with Characteristic Mode Analysis

by Wei Hu, Tao Tang, Liangfu Peng, Maged A. Aldhaeebi, Thamer S. Almoneef and Dongming Tang

Electronics 2025, 14(7), 1480; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics14071480 (registering DOI) - 7 Apr 2025

Abstract

This study presents the design of two high-gain omnidirectional antennas with minimal pattern ripple. Antenna I is based on a conventional microstrip patch structure, while Antenna II integrates a modified design with four metal probes. Characteristic mode theory (CMT) was applied to analyze [...] Read more.

This study presents the design of two high-gain omnidirectional antennas with minimal pattern ripple. Antenna I is based on a conventional microstrip patch structure, while Antenna II integrates a modified design with four metal probes. Characteristic mode theory (CMT) was applied to analyze the far-field radiation patterns of both antennas, with a focus on the distinct radiation modes. The analysis revealed that Antenna I operates in the TM₂₂ mode and Antenna II in the quasi-TM₁₁ mode, both exhibiting omnidirectional radiation characteristics. A comparative investigation of four different feeding techniques was conducted to ensure equal amplitude and phase excitation at each port, resulting in a low pattern ripple for both designs. A 1:4 power divider was implemented to validate the designs, and the performance of Antennas I and II was experimentally assessed. The measurement results showed that the −10 dB operating bandwidths of Antennas I and II spanned 2.42–2.50 GHz and 2.34–2.57 GHz, respectively, with corresponding peak gains of 8.0 dBi and 4.55 dBi at a frequency of 2.45 GHz. Full article

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47 pages, 1662 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Optimization of Logistics Distribution Centers Based on Economic Efficiency and Sustainability: Data Support from the Hohhot–Baotou–Ordos–Ulanqab Urban Agglomeration

by Kewei Wang, Kekun Fan and Yuhong Chen

Sustainability 2025, 17(7), 3273; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17073273 (registering DOI) - 7 Apr 2025

Abstract

This study proposes a nonlinear 0-1 mixed-integer programming model for optimizing the location of logistics distribution centers within the Hohhot–Baotou–Ordos–Ulanqab urban agglomeration, integrating transportation costs, carbon emissions, and operational coefficients. The optimization problem is solved using a genetic algorithm (GA), whose robustness is [...] Read more.

This study proposes a nonlinear 0-1 mixed-integer programming model for optimizing the location of logistics distribution centers within the Hohhot–Baotou–Ordos–Ulanqab urban agglomeration, integrating transportation costs, carbon emissions, and operational coefficients. The optimization problem is solved using a genetic algorithm (GA), whose robustness is systematically validated through comparative analyses with linear programming (LP) and alternative heuristic optimization methods including simulated annealing (SA) and particle swarm optimization (PSO). Comprehensive sensitivity analyses are conducted on critical parameters—including transportation costs, demand fluctuations, carbon pricing mechanisms, the logistics center capacity, land use impact, and water resource constraints—to evaluate the model’s adaptability under diverse operational scenarios. The research methodology incorporates environmental impact factors, including carbon emission costs, land resource utilization, and water resource management, thereby extending traditional optimization frameworks to address region-specific ecological sensitivity concerns. The empirical results demonstrate that the optimized location configuration significantly reduces logistics operational costs while simultaneously enhancing both the economic efficiency and environmental sustainability, thus fostering regional economic coordination. This study makes several key contributions: (1) developing an integrated decision-making framework that balances economic efficiency and environmental sustainability; (2) systematically incorporating environmental impact factors into the optimization model; (3) establishing calibration methods specifically tailored for ecologically sensitive regions; and (4) demonstrating the potential for the synergistic optimization of economic and environmental objectives through strategic logistics network planning. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Green Logistics and Intelligent Transportation)

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