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Recent Articles  

27 pages, 4910 KB  
Article
Reducing Maximum Punching Force in Sheet Cold Forming: A Numerical Study of a New Punch Design (Part II)
by Abdelwaheb Zeidi, Mabrouka Akrout, Khaled Elleuch and António Pereira
Metals 2025, 15(12), 1353; https://doi.org/10.3390/met15121353 (registering DOI) - 9 Dec 2025
Abstract
Punching is a widely adopted cold sheet metal forming process, prized for its cost-effectiveness and high production efficiency. However, premature tool failure remains a persistent challenge, leading to increased downtime and maintenance costs. This study investigates solutions to mitigate tool failure through a [...] Read more.
Punching is a widely adopted cold sheet metal forming process, prized for its cost-effectiveness and high production efficiency. However, premature tool failure remains a persistent challenge, leading to increased downtime and maintenance costs. This study investigates solutions to mitigate tool failure through a combination of 3D design optimization, Finite Element Modeling (FEM), and Response Surface Methodology (RSM). Specifically, FEM was used to analyze stress distribution and deformation in the punch under varying geometric and operational parameters, while RSM optimized the design space to identify key factors influencing tool life. The findings reveal that each proposed solution, including modifications to punch geometry, clearance, and material treatment, offers distinct advantages and trade-offs. A comparative analysis of these solutions highlighted one optimal design, which was then further analyzed using FEM to predict damage progression. While this study provides a framework for reducing tool failure, experimental validation of the damage prediction model is recommended for future work to confirm the numerical results. This research aims to provide industrial practitioners with actionable insights and methodologies to enhance punch durability, ultimately reducing production interruptions and costs. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Editorial Board Members’ Collection Series: “Laser Welding and Additive Manufacturing”)
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12 pages, 242 KB  
Article
Fibrotic Patterns and Diagnostic Correlates in Hypersensitivity Pneumonitis: Clinical, Radiologic, and Hematologic Insights
by Esma Sevil Akkurt, Berna Akıncı Ozyurek, Kerem Ensarioglu, Tugce Sahin Ozdemirel, Ozlem Duvenci Birben, Hakan Erturk and Tunahan Dolmus
Diagnostics 2025, 15(24), 3137; https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics15243137 (registering DOI) - 9 Dec 2025
Abstract
Background: Hypersensitivity pneumonitis (HP) is an interstitial lung disease characterized by immune-mediated inflammation and variable degrees of fibrosis. Aims: To evaluate the clinical, radiological, and hematological features of patients diagnosed with HP. Study Design: Retrospective cross-sectional study. Methods: We included 100 patients diagnosed [...] Read more.
Background: Hypersensitivity pneumonitis (HP) is an interstitial lung disease characterized by immune-mediated inflammation and variable degrees of fibrosis. Aims: To evaluate the clinical, radiological, and hematological features of patients diagnosed with HP. Study Design: Retrospective cross-sectional study. Methods: We included 100 patients diagnosed and followed for HP between 2020 and 2024. Demographic characteristics, pulmonary function test results, diffusing capacity, six-minute walk test findings, antigen exposure history, and high-resolution computed tomography (HRCT) patterns were retrospectively analyzed. Results: The mean age was 63 ± 14 years, with equal sex distribution. Sixty-five percent of patients had identifiable antigen exposure, predominantly related to birds or bird products (86.4%). Surgical lung biopsy confirmed the diagnosis in 29% of cases. The most common HRCT findings were reticulation (87%), ground-glass opacities (84.7%), and centrilobular nodules (75%); fibrotic features were present in 48% of patients. Glucocorticoids were the main treatment (77%), and antifibrotic therapy was used in 20% of cases. Neutrophil count showed a modest positive correlation with honeycombing (r = 0.27, p = 0.025). Basophil count demonstrated a mild association with bird-related antigen exposure (r = 0.26, p = 0.035). Conclusions: Peripheral neutrophil and basophil counts showed weak but statistically significant associations with fibrotic HRCT features and exposure patterns. These exploratory findings suggest that routinely available hematologic parameters may provide supportive information alongside radiologic and clinical data. Prospective studies are needed to validate their diagnostic and prognostic relevance in HP. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Clinical Diagnosis and Prognosis)
47 pages, 17387 KB  
Article
Numerical Evaluation and Assessment of Key Two-Phase Flow Parameters Using Four-Sensor Probes in Bubbly Flow
by Guillem Monrós-Andreu, Carlos Peña-Monferrer, Raúl Martínez-Cuenca, Salvador Torró and Sergio Chiva
Sensors 2025, 25(24), 7490; https://doi.org/10.3390/s25247490 (registering DOI) - 9 Dec 2025
Abstract
Intrusive phase-detection probes remain a standard tool for local characterization of gas–liquid bubbly flows, but their accuracy is strongly affected by probe geometry and bubble–probe interaction kinematics. This work presents a Monte Carlo-based framework to evaluate four-sensor intrusive probes in bubbly flow, relaxing [...] Read more.
Intrusive phase-detection probes remain a standard tool for local characterization of gas–liquid bubbly flows, but their accuracy is strongly affected by probe geometry and bubble–probe interaction kinematics. This work presents a Monte Carlo-based framework to evaluate four-sensor intrusive probes in bubbly flow, relaxing the classical assumptions of spherical bubbles and purely axial trajectories. Bubbles are represented as spheres or ellipsoids, a broad range of non-dimensional probe geometries are explored, and local quantities such as interfacial area concentration, bubble and flux velocities, and chord lengths are recovered from synthetic four-sensor signals. The purpose of the framework is threefold: (i) it treats four-sensor probes in a unified way for interfacial area, velocity, and chord length estimation; (ii) it includes ellipsoidal bubbles and statistically distributed incidence angles; and (iii) it yields compact correction laws and design maps expressed in terms of the spacing-to-diameter ratio ap/D, the dimensionless probe radius rp/D, and the missing ratio mr (defined as the fraction of bubbles that cross the probe footprint without being detected), which can be applied to different intrusive four-sensor probes. The numerical results show that, within a recommended geometric range 0.5≤ap/D≤2 and rp/D≤0.25 and for missing ratios mr≤0.7, the axial velocity Vz estimates the bubble centroid velocity and its projection with typical errors within ±10%, while a chord length correction CLcorr(mr) recovers the underlying chord length distribution with a residual bias of only a few percent. The proposed interfacial area correction, written solely in terms of mr, remains accurate in polydisperse bubbly flows. Outside the recommended (ap/D,rp/D) range, large probe radius or extreme tip spacing lead to velocity and chord length errors that can exceed 20–30%. Overall, the framework provides quantitative guidelines for designing and using four-sensor intrusive probes in bubbly flows and for interpreting their measurements through geometry-aware correction factors. Full article
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31 pages, 6651 KB  
Article
Integrated Approach to Design and Additive Manufacturing of Solar Unmanned Aerial Vehicles
by Ioana Nistor and Sebastian-Marian Zaharia
Appl. Sci. 2025, 15(24), 12964; https://doi.org/10.3390/app152412964 (registering DOI) - 9 Dec 2025
Abstract
The development of solar-powered UAVs offers major advantages, such as extended mission autonomy, marking a significant technological advance in the aerospace industry. In this context, the study demonstrated the feasibility of additive manufacturing of a solar-powered UAV by successfully completing all the steps [...] Read more.
The development of solar-powered UAVs offers major advantages, such as extended mission autonomy, marking a significant technological advance in the aerospace industry. In this context, the study demonstrated the feasibility of additive manufacturing of a solar-powered UAV by successfully completing all the steps necessary for the development of an aeronautical product. The conceptual design was the initial phase in which the needs were defined, and the basic vision of the UAV model was outlined, exploring multiple possible solutions to identify the concept capable of meeting the mission requirements (search and rescue and surveillance). The preliminary design stage included aerodynamic analysis of the aircraft and preliminary sizing of the propulsion system and solar cells. The preliminary design stage included aerodynamic analysis of the UAV model, resulting in a lift coefficient of 1.05 and a drag coefficient of 0.08 at an angle of attack of 15°. A major advantage of the design is the integration of the electrical circuit, where solar input reduced battery consumption from 92.5 W to just 40.4 W in standard operational conditions, thereby more than doubling the UAV’s autonomy (from 48 min to approximately 110 min). The detailed design stage consisted of the final design of the solar UAV model for additive manufacturing, after which the final electrical architecture of the energy system was established. The model was subsequently validated by a finite element analysis, which confirmed the strength of the wing structure by achieving a safety factor of 6.6. The use of additive manufacturing allowed the rapid and accurate production of the structural components of the UAV model, ensuring that their subsequent physical assembly would be straightforward. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Aerospace Science and Engineering)
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25 pages, 5399 KB  
Article
Formulation and Evaluation of Alginate Microcapsules Containing an Uncompetitive Nanomolar Dimeric Indenoindole Inhibitor of the Human Breast Cancer Resistance Pump ABCG2 with Different Excipients
by Krisztina Bodnár, Christelle Marminon, Florent Perret, Ádám Haimhoffer, Boglárka Papp, Pálma Fehér, Zoltán Ujhelyi, Joachim Jose, Marc Le Borgne, Ildikó Bácskay and Liza Józsa
Pharmaceutics 2025, 17(12), 1587; https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics17121587 (registering DOI) - 9 Dec 2025
Abstract
Background/Objectives: The ABCG2 transporter actively effluxes anticancer drugs, reducing their efficacy and promoting multidrug resistance (MDR). Developing oral formulations of poorly soluble ABCG2 inhibitors remains challenging due to their low solubility and intestinal permeability. This study aimed to formulate and evaluate an [...] Read more.
Background/Objectives: The ABCG2 transporter actively effluxes anticancer drugs, reducing their efficacy and promoting multidrug resistance (MDR). Developing oral formulations of poorly soluble ABCG2 inhibitors remains challenging due to their low solubility and intestinal permeability. This study aimed to formulate and evaluate an ABCG2 inhibitor using micro- and nanoscale drug delivery systems. Methods: To address the poor solubility and bioavailability of the corresponding active ingredient, a self-nanoemulsifying drug delivery system (SNEDDS) was developed. The SNEDDS was encapsulated into microcapsules using sodium alginate crosslinked with calcium chloride. Five microcapsule formulations were developed, varying in the inclusion of polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP), Transcutol® HP and SNEDDS. The effects of the excipients on encapsulation efficiency, swelling capacity, enzymatic stability, dissolution, cytocompatibility, and permeability were systematically evaluated. Results: The SNEDDS exhibited monodisperse particle sizes and efficient drug entrapment. Results revealed that formulations incorporating PVP and SNEDDS improved encapsulation efficiency and bioavailability. SNEDDS-containing formulations demonstrated superior enzymatic stability in simulated gastric and intestinal fluids and provided the highest cumulative drug release in vitro. Cytotoxicity studies conducted on Caco-2 and MCF-7 cells demonstrated that our formulations were well tolerated, indicating favorable biocompatibility. Conclusions: Our findings demonstrate that SNEDDS-loaded alginate microcapsules offer an efficient platform for oral delivery of dimeric ABCG2 inhibitors, combining enhanced solubility, stability, and controlled release. The optimized formulation can be regarded as a promising strategy to enhance the oral bioavailability of efflux pump inhibitors and other poorly soluble drugs. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Emerging Strategies to Enhance Solubility of Poorly Soluble Drugs: From Nanosystems to Molecular Innovations)
19 pages, 2272 KB  
Article
The Influence of Reactive Iron on Organic Carbon Preservation in Sediment of the Mississippi River-Influenced Shelf
by Manab Kumar Dutta, Neha A. Ghaisas and Kanchan Maiti
Water 2025, 17(24), 3485; https://doi.org/10.3390/w17243485 (registering DOI) - 9 Dec 2025
Abstract
Reactive iron is a key driver of organic carbon preservation in marine sediments, but its participation in organic carbon remineralization complicates efforts to mechanistically constrain its role in preservation. To address this, we investigated the dual role of iron in the Mississippi River-influenced [...] Read more.
Reactive iron is a key driver of organic carbon preservation in marine sediments, but its participation in organic carbon remineralization complicates efforts to mechanistically constrain its role in preservation. To address this, we investigated the dual role of iron in the Mississippi River-influenced shelf sediment during low discharge (August 2016) and high discharge (May 2017). Duplicate sediment cores (30 cm depth) were collected from two stations; one core served as a natural reference, while the other was used for an incubation experiment. In the natural cores, reactive iron concentrations in the upper 9 cm were lower in August 2016 than in May 2017, whereas iron-bound organic carbon exhibited the opposite temporal pattern. Post incubation, approximately 10% of iron-bound organic carbon was lost at the offshore stations compared to a substantially greater loss (~59%) at the near-shore station. These results suggest that offshore regions may sustain more efficient organic carbon preservation via reactive iron, whereas the mechanism is considerably less effective in near-shore settings. Such spatial heterogeneity introduces significant uncertainty into current assessments of iron-mediated long-term organic carbon preservation on a global scale and underscores the need for more comprehensive investigations of iron–organic carbon interactions in continental shelve sediments. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Oceans and Coastal Zones)
25 pages, 2319 KB  
Systematic Review
Impact of Dietary Patterns on Skeletal Health: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Bone Mineral Density, Fracture, Bone Turnover Markers, and Nutritional Status
by Adhithya Mullath Ullas, Joseph Boamah, Amir Hussain, Ioanna Myrtziou and Ioannis Kanakis
Nutrients 2025, 17(24), 3845; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17243845 (registering DOI) - 9 Dec 2025
Abstract
Background/Objectives: Dietary patterns play a crucial role in musculoskeletal health; however, the effects of different diets on bone mineral density (BMD), fracture risk, and bone metabolism remain inconsistent across studies. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to evaluate the impact of Mediterranean, calorie [...] Read more.
Background/Objectives: Dietary patterns play a crucial role in musculoskeletal health; however, the effects of different diets on bone mineral density (BMD), fracture risk, and bone metabolism remain inconsistent across studies. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to evaluate the impact of Mediterranean, calorie restriction, high-protein, low-carbohydrate, and ketogenic diets on skeletal outcomes in adults. Methods: A comprehensive search of PubMed/MEDLINE, CENTRAL, and Web of Science was conducted for studies published between January 2000 and June 2025. Eligible randomised controlled trials (RCTs) and cohort studies involving adults (≥18 years) and reporting outcomes related to BMD, fractures, bone turnover markers, and vitamin D or calcium status were included. Risk of bias was assessed using the Cochrane’s Risk of Bias tool for RCTs and the Joanna Briggs Institute checklist for observational studies. Random-effects meta-analyses were performed for outcomes reported by ≥3 comparable studies, presenting standardised mean differences (SMDs) for BMD and hazard ratios (HRs) for fractures. Results: Thirty studies met inclusion criteria, comprising 14 RCTs and 16 observational studies with over 500,000 participants. Pooled analyses showed no significant differences in BMD at the femoral neck (SMD = 0.12, 95% CI −0.80 to 1.04), lumbar spine (SMD = 0.04, 95% CI: −1.12 to 1.03), total hip (SMD = −0.07, 95% CI −0.36 to 0.21), or whole body (SMD = 0.03, 95% CI −0.07 to 0.14) across diet categories. However, adherence to a Mediterranean diet was associated with a significantly reduced hazard of hip and overall fractures (pooled HR = 0.95, 95% CI 0.93–0.96). Calorie restriction consistently increased bone resorption markers, whereas Mediterranean and high-protein diets showed neutral or modestly favourable effects. Vitamin D and calcium status were minimally affected across interventions. Conclusions: While dietary patterns exert diverse effects on skeletal health, consistent evidence supports Mediterranean-style diets as protective against fractures. Calorie restriction may elevate bone turnover, whereas ketogenic and high-protein diets show mixed effects on bone. However, across all analyses, high heterogeneity was observed. Further high-quality RCTs are warranted to clarify these relationships and inform dietary guidance for bone health. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutritional Intervention and Clinical Management for Musculoskeletal Diseases)
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25 pages, 3781 KB  
Systematic Review
Urban Building Carbon Sinks Under the Carbon Neutrality Goal: Research Hotspots, Measurement Frameworks, and Optimization Strategies
by Tianshuo Liu and Congyue Zhou
Buildings 2025, 15(24), 4445; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15244445 (registering DOI) - 9 Dec 2025
Abstract
In the context of urban carbon neutrality, buildings are shifting from carbon emission sources to potential urban carbon-sink units. Yet existing studies mostly examine single materials or isolated technologies, and a systematic integration of building carbon sinks is still missing. To address this [...] Read more.
In the context of urban carbon neutrality, buildings are shifting from carbon emission sources to potential urban carbon-sink units. Yet existing studies mostly examine single materials or isolated technologies, and a systematic integration of building carbon sinks is still missing. To address this gap, this study reviews literature from 2007–2025 using statistical analysis, bibliometrics, and network analysis to identify research priorities, technological pathways, and development trends. The results show that: (1) Publications have grown steadily, surging after 2020; research has evolved from material carbonation mechanisms to building-system carbon sinks and then to active carbon-capture technologies, indicating strong multidisciplinary integration. (2) A three-stage framework for quantifying and monitoring building carbon sinks has been formed, but current methods differ by scale and no unified standard exists for urban building carbon-sink assessment. (3) A life-cycle enhancement strategy is summarized, including improving carbonation performance with solid-waste utilization, increasing building exposure area, integrating ecological attached sinks with active capture technologies, and reusing crushed construction waste. This review integrates fragmented findings on the carbon-sequestration efficiency of urban buildings and provides references for future urban emission reduction and climate-neutrality goals. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Climate Change and the Built Environment: Pathways to Resilience, Sustainability, and Equity)
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20 pages, 7052 KB  
Article
Wear and Friction Reduction on Polyethersulfone Matrix Composites Containing Polytetrafluoroethylene Coated with ZrW2O8 Particles at Elevated Temperatures
by Andrey I. Dmitriev, Sergei Yu. Tarasov, Dmitry G. Buslovich, Sergey V. Panin, Nikolai L. Savchenko, Lyudmila A. Kornienko, Evgeny Yu. Filatov, Evgeny N. Moskvichev and Dmitry V. Lychagin
Lubricants 2025, 13(12), 535; https://doi.org/10.3390/lubricants13120535 (registering DOI) - 9 Dec 2025
Abstract
Polymer matrix composites (PMCs) have been prepared having a polyethersulfone (PES) matrix loaded with polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) particles coated with negative thermal expansion zirconium tungstate (ZT) with an aim to reduce the thermal mismatch stresses at the PES/PTFE interfaces and, thus, reduce wear rate [...] Read more.
Polymer matrix composites (PMCs) have been prepared having a polyethersulfone (PES) matrix loaded with polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) particles coated with negative thermal expansion zirconium tungstate (ZT) with an aim to reduce the thermal mismatch stresses at the PES/PTFE interfaces and, thus, reduce wear rate when sliding against a ball bearing AISI 52100 steel counterpart at elevated temperatures. The zirconium tungsten particles were synthesized using thermal decomposition from hydrothermally prepared precursors. The PMCs have been obtained using compression molding at 370 °C and contained, according to XRD, only the hexagonal α-ZrW2O8 phase. Wear testing was carried out at 25, 120, and 180 °C using a ball-on-disk scheme at 5 N and 0.3 m/s. The resulting wear tracks’ radial profiles were registered by means of profilometry, which was then used for calculating the wear rate. It was shown that both wear rate and friction reduced in testing the PES/PTFE/ZT samples at 180 °C compared to those of PES/PTFE containing only neat PTFE particles. Wear mechanism transitions have been observed from low-temperature generation of the tribological layer by the PTFE smearing to flow and abrasion wear at high temperatures. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Tribological Behaviours of Advanced Polymeric Materials)
19 pages, 1577 KB  
Article
Tree Ring Width of Styphnolobium japonicum Reveals Summer Maximum Temperature Variations in Northwestern Yan Mountains over the Past 433 Years
by Shengxiang Mao, Long Ma, Bolin Sun, Qiang Zhang, Xing Huang, Chang Lu, Ziyue Zhang and Jiamei Yuan
Atmosphere 2025, 16(12), 1390; https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos16121390 (registering DOI) - 9 Dec 2025
Abstract
In the context of global warming, hydroclimatic conditions in the monsoon marginal zone are governed by two primary drivers: the East Asian monsoon and the westerly winds. As a sensitive indicator of climatic change, this region experiences disproportionately amplified adverse effects of climate [...] Read more.
In the context of global warming, hydroclimatic conditions in the monsoon marginal zone are governed by two primary drivers: the East Asian monsoon and the westerly winds. As a sensitive indicator of climatic change, this region experiences disproportionately amplified adverse effects of climate change are markedly amplified, positioning it as a focal area for climatological research. However, the limited temporal coverage of instrumental records poses significant challenges for understanding historical hydroclimatic variability and its underlying mechanisms. To address this limitation, tree-ring width indices derived from 73 cores of Styphnolobium japonicum ((L.) Schott (1830)) are hereby employed to reconstruct summer maximum temperatures over a 433-year period in the central monsoon fringe zone—specifically, the northwestern Yan Mountains. Results confirm a strong correlation between the tree-ring width index of Styphnolobium japonicum and local summer maximum temperatures (r = 0.770, p < 0.01). Compared to the 19th century, the frequency of temperature fluctuations has increased substantially, with four abrupt regime shifts identified in the reconstructed series (1707, 1817, 1878, and 1994). Spectral analysis reveals cyclical patterns at interannual (2–7 years), decadal (10–30 years), and multidecadal (50 years) timescales. These oscillations align closely with known climate modes, including the EI Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO), the Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO), and the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation (AMO). Among them, the AMO presents particularly strong coherence with the reconstructed temperature variability. These outcomes improve insights into long-term temperature dynamics in the region and highlight the value of dendroclimatic proxies in reconstructing past climate conditions. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Climatology)
17 pages, 955 KB  
Article
The Effect of Organic Loading and Mode of Operation in a Sequencing Batch Reactor Producing PHAs from a Medium Corresponding to Condensate from Food Waste Drying
by Konstantina Filippou, Konstantina Diamantopoulou, Melisa Gatzia, Ioanna Ntaikou, Konstantina Papadopoulou and Gerasimos Lyberatos
Polymers 2025, 17(24), 3270; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym17243270 (registering DOI) - 9 Dec 2025
Abstract
This study evaluated polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) production from a medium corresponding to the condensate derived from food waste drying, using a mixed microbial culture in a 15 L Sequencing Batch Reactor (SBR). The reactor operation comprised two distinct periods to investigate the impact of [...] Read more.
This study evaluated polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) production from a medium corresponding to the condensate derived from food waste drying, using a mixed microbial culture in a 15 L Sequencing Batch Reactor (SBR). The reactor operation comprised two distinct periods to investigate the impact of varying organic loading rates on biomass performance and polymer accumulation. In Period 1, when the soluble Chemical Oxygen Demand (sCOD) was 6.8 ± 1.4 g/L, efficient nitrogen limitation promoted complete urea consumption and stable biomass growth, yielding higher intracellular PHA accumulation (11.74 ± 6.01%). The microbial community exhibited a balanced copolymer production (HB:HV ratio of approximately 54:46). Conversely, Period 2, characterized by higher organic loads (sCOD 12.1 ± 2.9 g/L), displayed incomplete urea utilization, reduced biomass viability, and significantly lower PHA accumulation (5.26 ± 2.53%). A second set of experiments aiming at the assessment of the impact of operation mode (with and without inclusion of a settling phase) demonstrated that removal of settling leads to a stable long-term steady-state operation with enriched PHA-accumulating bacteria and increased polymer storage capacity. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in Sustainable and Recyclable Polymer Materials from Renewable Resources)
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18 pages, 635 KB  
Article
The Organizational Halo: How Perceived Philanthropy Awareness Curbs Abusive Supervision via Moral Pride
by Dong Ju, Yan Tang, Shu Geng, Ruobing Lu and Weifeng Wang
Behav. Sci. 2025, 15(12), 1706; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs15121706 (registering DOI) - 9 Dec 2025
Abstract
Abusive supervision remains a pervasive and damaging phenomenon in organizations, prompting a critical need to understand preventive mechanisms. We adopt a leader-centric, actor-focused perspective to investigate how a positive organizational context can inhibit leaders’ destructive behaviors. Drawing on Affective Events Theory (AET), we [...] Read more.
Abusive supervision remains a pervasive and damaging phenomenon in organizations, prompting a critical need to understand preventive mechanisms. We adopt a leader-centric, actor-focused perspective to investigate how a positive organizational context can inhibit leaders’ destructive behaviors. Drawing on Affective Events Theory (AET), we propose that leaders’ awareness of their organization’s philanthropic activities serves as a positive, morally salient event that generates feelings of moral pride. This pride, in turn, is theorized to reduce the likelihood of abusive supervision. Furthermore, we posit that this process is contingent on leaders’ moral reputation maintenance concerns, such that the negative relationship between moral pride and abusive supervision is stronger for leaders who are highly concerned with being perceived as moral. We tested this model using a three-wave survey study involving 434 leaders. The results support our hypotheses, indicating that perceived philanthropy awareness is positively associated with moral pride, which, in turn, predicts lower abusive supervision. This indirect effect is significantly stronger for leaders with high moral reputation maintenance concerns. Our findings contribute to the literature by identifying a novel, positive, and self-regulatory pathway for preventing abusive supervision and showing that applying AET to understand how macro-level organizational good deeds can translate into improved micro-level leader conduct. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Organizational Behaviors)
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18 pages, 1427 KB  
Article
Pinus L. Species Richness in Europe: Distribution, Patterns, and Conservation Status
by Junjie Yue, Huayong Zhang and Xiangyi Xue
Forests 2025, 16(12), 1836; https://doi.org/10.3390/f16121836 (registering DOI) - 9 Dec 2025
Abstract
Unraveling large-scale species richness patterns and drivers is central to ecology. While climate, soil, topography, and human activities are widely recognized as key drivers, their relative contributions to Pinus L. diversity (especially in Europe) remain inconclusive due to scale dependence and methodological variations. [...] Read more.
Unraveling large-scale species richness patterns and drivers is central to ecology. While climate, soil, topography, and human activities are widely recognized as key drivers, their relative contributions to Pinus L. diversity (especially in Europe) remain inconclusive due to scale dependence and methodological variations. This study integrates distribution data for 17 European Pinus species along with climatic, soil, topographic, and anthropogenic variables and employs Random Forest and Structural Equation Modeling to analyze spatial patterns of overall, wide-ranged, and narrow-ranged species richness, quantifying factor importance and driving pathways. Additionally, diversity hotspots were identified using the complementarity algorithm and top 5% richness methods. Results indicate higher species richness in topographically complex western Europe. Climatic seasonality emerges as the primary direct driver of overall and wide-ranged species richness. Human activities exert strong positive direct effects on all species groups and produce substantial indirect effects by altering the environment, with a relatively prominent influence on narrow-ranged species richness patterns. Although existing European Pinus hotspots are generally well-protected, conservation gaps in southwestern Europe necessitate targeted strategies. This study elucidates the regulatory mechanisms of Pinus species richness patterns across different distribution ranges, highlighting the need for differentiated conservation under ongoing climate change and anthropogenic pressures. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Forest Biodiversity)
20 pages, 920 KB  
Article
Analytical Assessment of Pedestrian Crashes on Low-Speed Corridors
by Therezia Matongo and Deo Chimba
Safety 2025, 11(4), 123; https://doi.org/10.3390/safety11040123 (registering DOI) - 9 Dec 2025
Abstract
This study presents a comprehensive statewide analysis of pedestrian-involved crashes recorded in Tennessee between 2002 and 2025. We evaluated the influence of roadway, traffic, environmental, and socioeconomic factors on pedestrian crash frequency and severity with substantial components focused on lighting impacts including dark [...] Read more.
This study presents a comprehensive statewide analysis of pedestrian-involved crashes recorded in Tennessee between 2002 and 2025. We evaluated the influence of roadway, traffic, environmental, and socioeconomic factors on pedestrian crash frequency and severity with substantial components focused on lighting impacts including dark and nighttime. A multi-method analytical framework was implemented, combining descriptive statistics, non-parametric tests, regression analysis, and advanced machine learning techniques including the Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System (ANFIS) and the gradient boosting model (XGBoost). Results indicated that dark and nighttime conditions accounted for a disproportionate share of severe crashes—fatal and serious injuries under dark conditions reached over 40%, compared to less than 20% during daylight. The statistical tests revealed statistically significant differences in both total injuries and fatalities between low-speed (≤35 mph) and higher-speed (40–45 mph) corridors. The regression result identified AADT and the number of lanes as the strongest predictors of crash frequency, showing that greater traffic exposure and wider cross-sections substantially elevate pedestrian risk, while terrain and peak-hour traffic exhibited negative associations with severe injuries. The XGBoost model, consisting of 300 trees, achieved R2 = 0.857, in which the SHAP analysis revealed that AADT, the roadway functional class, and the number of lanes are the most influential variables. The ANFIS model demonstrated that areas with higher population density and greater proportions of households without vehicles experience more pedestrian crashes. These findings collectively establish how pedestrian crash risks are correlated with traffic exposure, roadway geometry, lighting, and socioeconomic conditions, providing a strong analytical foundation for data-driven safety interventions and policy development. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Safety of Vulnerable Road Users at Night)
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19 pages, 2909 KB  
Article
Learning and Transfer of Graphomotor Skills in Three 7- to 10-Year-Old Children with Developmental Coordination Disorder: Case Reports
by Laureen Josseron, Jérôme Clerc and Caroline Jolly
Children 2025, 12(12), 1674; https://doi.org/10.3390/children12121674 (registering DOI) - 9 Dec 2025
Abstract
Background/Objectives: Children with Developmental Coordination Disorder (DCD) frequently experience handwriting difficulties, or dysgraphia. The association between DCD and dysgraphia has long been observed and described. However, few studies have examined the acquisition and transfer of graphomotor skills in these children, i.e., their ability [...] Read more.
Background/Objectives: Children with Developmental Coordination Disorder (DCD) frequently experience handwriting difficulties, or dysgraphia. The association between DCD and dysgraphia has long been observed and described. However, few studies have examined the acquisition and transfer of graphomotor skills in these children, i.e., their ability to learn new graphic gestures and reuse them in new tasks. The objective of this study was to evaluate the acquisition of pseudo-letters and their transfer to different types of tasks in children with DCD. Methods: Three case studies of children with DCD, with or without an associated dysgraphia, were compared to an age-matched control group. Participants learned to produce six pseudo-letters during an acquisition phase, then transferred their learning to two tasks: the first assessed the transfer of learned strokes to new pseudo-letters, and the second assessed the transfer of stroke sequences to combinations of two or three pseudo-letters. Performances were analyzed on the basis of four variables: handwritten product quality, and three measures reflecting the handwriting process, i.e., velocity, fluency, and the number of stops during writing. Results: Acquisition and transfer abilities differed depending on the presence and severity of dysgraphia. Only the presence of a severe dysgraphia associated with DCD led to a lower quality and a greater on-paper velocity than typically developing children during the learning test. As to transfer, DCD children were able to transfer their learning, even in the presence of a dysgraphia. Only in the case of the second, more distant, transfer task, the presence of a severe dysgraphia led to an increase in velocity and in fluency, and a decrease in the number of stops, in addition to the lower quality. This pattern is typical of handwriting in DCD children with dysgraphia. Conclusions: The acquisition of de novo graphomotor skills depends on the presence and severity of a dysgraphia associated with DCD, but not on the severity of other motor impairments. The further transfer of these skills is preserved in DCD children. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Neurodevelopmental Disorders in Pediatrics: 2nd Edition)
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24 pages, 1940 KB  
Article
YOLO-SR: A Modified YOLO Model with Strip Pooling and a Rectangular Self-Calibration Module for Defect Segmentation in Smart Card Surfaces
by Tianshui Yao, F. M. Fahmid Hossain, Sung-Hoon Kim and Kwan-Hee Yoo
Appl. Sci. 2025, 15(24), 12980; https://doi.org/10.3390/app152412980 (registering DOI) - 9 Dec 2025
Abstract
Detecting fine, weak-textured defects with discontinuous boundaries on complex industrial surfaces is challenging due to interference from background textures and characters, as well as the scarcity of labeled data. To address this issue, we propose YOLO-SR, an engineering modification of YOLO11 tailored to [...] Read more.
Detecting fine, weak-textured defects with discontinuous boundaries on complex industrial surfaces is challenging due to interference from background textures and characters, as well as the scarcity of labeled data. To address this issue, we propose YOLO-SR, an engineering modification of YOLO11 tailored to defect segmentation on smart-card surfaces. Rather than introducing a new detection architecture, YOLO-SR reuses the backbone–neck–head design of YOLO11 and only adjusts a few modules to better capture elongated, low-contrast defects. The approach comprises two key components: first, embedding Strip Pooling (SP) within the C3K2 module to form C3K2_SP; second, a Rectangular Self-Calibration Module (RCM) is interposed after the top-level semantic layer. RCM generates rectangular gates to spatially recalibrate local responses, suppressing interference from complex textures and characters. To mitigate data scarcity and distributional bias, a texture-adaptive procedural defect synthesis strategy was developed. This strategy generates defect samples that conform to the background texture statistics of high-quality backgrounds. Experiments on the integrated circuit chip (ICChip) and signature plate (SignPlate) datasets show that YOLO-SR outperforms the YOLO11 baseline. Results indicate that SP and RCM complement each other by integrating directional priors from mid-to-high layers with top-level shape self-calibration. This enhances the visibility and localization stability of elongated defects while maintaining efficient inference. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Computing and Artificial Intelligence)
21 pages, 602 KB  
Article
Exploring the Impact Mechanism on Collaborative Governance of Urban–Rural Integrated Development in the Yangtze River Delta Region
by Ke Xu, Shiping Wen, Kaifeng Duan and Wenwen Hua
Land 2025, 14(12), 2393; https://doi.org/10.3390/land14122393 (registering DOI) - 9 Dec 2025
Abstract
The urban–rural relationships in China are experiencing a dual structure period, balancing an urban–rural development period and coordinated urban–rural development period, and urban–rural integrated development has become the current strategy. Urban–rural integrated development has become an important measure to address the unbalanced development [...] Read more.
The urban–rural relationships in China are experiencing a dual structure period, balancing an urban–rural development period and coordinated urban–rural development period, and urban–rural integrated development has become the current strategy. Urban–rural integrated development has become an important measure to address the unbalanced development between urban and rural areas. Despite proactive explorations by governments at various levels to promote integrated urban–rural development, the anticipated outcomes remain difficult to achieve due to multiple constraints, such as inefficient flow of production factors and unequal provision of basic public services between urban and rural areas. There is an urgent need to re-examine how to advance deeper urban–rural integration from the perspective of collaborative governance. Taking the Yangtze River Delta region as a case study, this research reviews related policy documents, official texts, and development plans regarding urban–rural integrated development, social (urban–rural community) collaborative governance, and urban development at the central and regional levels in recent years. Meanwhile, this study interviews experts in the field of public administration and government officials, and visits the experimental area and demonstration area of integrated development in the Yangtze River Delta region. Through grounded theory method and multi-level coding, concepts, initial categories, main categories are clear, and six core categories in total are identified: policy planning capability, public participation, participation of non-governmental organization, openness of government information, supervision and evaluation, and implementation capacity. This bottom-up construction of the theoretical framework serves as an extension and enrichment of collaborative governance theory. Based on the six core elements identified through the research, the Yangtze River Delta region may implement targeted policy adjustments across these dimensions to enhance the effectiveness of collaborative governance, and it may provide referential insights for urban–rural development practices in other regions. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Urbanization: Urban-Rural Coordination and Sustainable Development)
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27 pages, 1212 KB  
Systematic Review
Enhancing Cybersecurity Readiness in Non-Profit Organizations Through Collaborative Research and Innovation—A Systematic Literature Review
by Maryam Roshanaei, Premkumar Krishnamurthy, Anivesh Sinha, Vikrant Gokhale, Faizan Muhammad Raza and Dušan Ramljak
Computers 2025, 14(12), 539; https://doi.org/10.3390/computers14120539 (registering DOI) - 9 Dec 2025
Abstract
Non-profit organizations (NPOs) are crucial for building equitable and thriving communities. The majority of NPOs are small, community-based organizations that serve local needs. Despite their significance, NPOs often lack the resources to manage cybersecurity effectively, and information about them is usually found in [...] Read more.
Non-profit organizations (NPOs) are crucial for building equitable and thriving communities. The majority of NPOs are small, community-based organizations that serve local needs. Despite their significance, NPOs often lack the resources to manage cybersecurity effectively, and information about them is usually found in nonacademic or practitioner sources rather than in the academic literature. The recent surge in cyberattacks on NPOs underscores the urgent need for investment in cybersecurity readiness. The absence of robust safeguards and cybersecurity preparedness not only exposes NPOs to risks and vulnerabilities but also erodes trust and diminishes the value donors and volunteers place on them. Through this systematic literature review (SLR) mapping framework, the existing work on cyber threat assessment and mitigation is leveraged to make a framework and data collection plan to address the significant cybersecurity vulnerabilities faced by NPOs. The research aims to offer actionable guidance that NPOs can implement within their resource constraints to enhance their cybersecurity posture. This systematic literature review (SLR) adheres to PRISMA 2020 guidelines to examine the state of cybersecurity readiness in NPOs. The initial 4650 records were examined on 6 March 2025. We excluded studies that did not answer our research questions and did not discuss the cybersecurity readiness in NPOs. The quality of the selected studies was assessed on the basis of methodology, clarity, completeness, and transparency, resulting in the final number of 23 included studies. Further, 37 studies were added investigating papers that referenced relevant studies or that were referenced by the relevant studies. Results were synthesized through quantitative topic analysis and qualitative analysis to identify key themes and patterns. This study makes the following contributions: (i) identify and synthesize the top cybersecurity risks for NPOs, their service impacts, and mitigation methods; (ii) summarize affordable cybersecurity practices, with an emphasis on employee training and sector-specific knowledge gaps; (iii) analyze organizational and contextual factors (e.g., geography, budget, IT skills, cyber insurance, vendor dependencies) that shape cybersecurity readiness; and (iv) review and integrate existing assessment and resilience frameworks applicable to NPOs. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section ICT Infrastructures for Cybersecurity)
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16 pages, 706 KB  
Article
Interactions Between Sarcopenia, Physical Frailty and Resting Energy Expenditure in Cirrhosis and Portal Hypertension
by Rachael Jacob, Joanne Craik, Aviv Pudipeddi, Laura Park, Grace Aw, Natalie L. Y. Ngu, Prahalath Sundaram, Helen Vidot, Talal Valliani, Madeleine Gill, Dominic Staudenmann, David Bowen, Simone I. Strasser, Geoffrey W. McCaughan and Ken Liu
Nutrients 2025, 17(24), 3844; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17243844 (registering DOI) - 9 Dec 2025
Abstract
Background/Objectives: Sarcopenia and frailty are prevalent and independently prognostic in cirrhosis. Few studies have evaluated both together to ascertain their interaction and phenotypic differences. None have studied their relationship with resting energy expenditure (REE). We simultaneously examined sarcopenia, frailty and REE in a [...] Read more.
Background/Objectives: Sarcopenia and frailty are prevalent and independently prognostic in cirrhosis. Few studies have evaluated both together to ascertain their interaction and phenotypic differences. None have studied their relationship with resting energy expenditure (REE). We simultaneously examined sarcopenia, frailty and REE in a cohort of patients with cirrhosis and portal hypertension—a novel approach. Methods: We retrospectively studied consecutive patients with cirrhosis and portal hypertension, prospectively recruited between 2015 and 2018 to undergo sarcopenia (transversal psoas muscle thickness [TPMT]/height), frailty (Fried Frailty Index [FFI]), and REE assessments via indirect calorimetry. The primary outcome was transplant-free survival (TFS). Results: Ninety-seven patients were recruited with sarcopenia and frailty present in 26% and 40%, respectively. Patients with sarcopenia or frailty alone were phenotypically similar except those with sarcopenia had lower median body mass index (BMI) (23 vs. 28 kg/m2, p = 0.032) and were more likely to be hypermetabolic (60% vs. 0%, p = 0.017). Median TFS was lower in patients with sarcopenia (3.6 months) or frailty (4.5 months), compared to those with neither (10.3 months), while patients with both sarcopenia and frailty exhibited the worst TFS (1.8 months, log-rank p = 0.001). Independent predictors of death or liver transplant were sarcopenia, hepatic encephalopathy, and a higher model for end-stage liver disease score. Conclusions: In patients with cirrhosis and portal hypertension, sarcopenia and physical frailty are related but have differences in BMI and REE. The deleterious impact of sarcopenia and frailty on TFS are additive. Sarcopenia remains an independent predictor of TFS after adjusting for frailty. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Clinical Nutrition)
16 pages, 883 KB  
Article
An Exploratory, Retrospective Study of the CYPRI Score for Pharmacogenetic Testing Among Mental Health Patients
by Samira Marie Comtesse, Ivana Tašková, Nicole Safářová and Martina Hahn
Genes 2025, 16(12), 1479; https://doi.org/10.3390/genes16121479 (registering DOI) - 9 Dec 2025
Abstract
Background/Objectives: Pharmacogenetic (PGx) testing is gaining importance in optimizing psychiatric pharmacotherapy, yet routine use remains limited due to cost and unclear patient selection criteria. The CYP Pharmacogenetic Risk Score (CYPRI) is a clinical tool designed to identify psychiatric patients most likely to [...] Read more.
Background/Objectives: Pharmacogenetic (PGx) testing is gaining importance in optimizing psychiatric pharmacotherapy, yet routine use remains limited due to cost and unclear patient selection criteria. The CYP Pharmacogenetic Risk Score (CYPRI) is a clinical tool designed to identify psychiatric patients most likely to benefit from PGx testing, based on medication profile, adverse drug reactions (ADRs), and therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) results. This study aimed to evaluate the clinical relevance of the CYPRI by identifying its weaknesses and gaps in a clinical setting, propose targeted modifications to address those limitations, and assess the applicability of the improved version in a routine clinical setting. Methods: In a retrospective analysis, data from 92 patients with depression at Frankfurt University Hospital were evaluated using the CYPRI score. Its association with the clinical impact of PGx testing, measured by the IMPACT score, was analyzed using ordinal regression and Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) analysis. Based on the findings, a revised version of CYPRI was developed and applied to the retrospective cohorts of Frankfurt and Prague. Results: The original CYPRI score was significantly associated with increased IMPACT score, suggesting its clinical value in detecting non-normal CYP2D6 and/or CYP2C19 metabolizers. However, the corrected version (hereafter referred to as CYPRI_cor), which emphasized clinically relevant pharmacokinetic factors, showed improved clinical specificity while maintaining similar discriminative performance. In the Frankfurt cohort, the area under the curve (AUC) for CYPRI_cor was 0.68 (95% CI 0.56–0.79), and in the Prague cohort, the AUC for CYPRI_cor was 0.71 (95% CI 0.60–0.81). While the overall discriminative ability in Frankfurt was slightly lower, CYPRI_cor achieved a specificity of 0.69, enabling more precise identification of patients most likely to benefit from PGx testing. A CYPRI Cut-off of ≥4 was determined to indicate clinical impact. Conclusions: The CYPRI_cor score was designed to optimize and to rule out potential limitations of the original score, particularly regarding the attribution of ADRs and the weighting of TDM results. Although the modifications did not improve discriminative performance in the Frankfurt dataset, the proposed changes remain meaningful. Prospective clinical studies need to verify the clinical utility of the CYPRI_cor. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Psychiatric Pharmacogenomics)
20 pages, 935 KB  
Article
Comparative Efficacy of Ultrasound and Cold Plasma (DBD, Glow, Corona) for the Simultaneous Degradation of Aldrin and Dieldrin
by Mairlane Silva de Alencar and Fabiano André Narciso Fernandes
Processes 2025, 13(12), 3982; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr13123982 (registering DOI) - 9 Dec 2025
Abstract
The persistence of organochlorine pesticides, such as Aldrin and Dieldrin, in water bodies worldwide necessitates the development of efficient Advanced Oxidation Processes (AOPs) for water treatment or remediation. However, comparative studies evaluating the performance of distinct plasma discharge geometries against acoustic cavitation for [...] Read more.
The persistence of organochlorine pesticides, such as Aldrin and Dieldrin, in water bodies worldwide necessitates the development of efficient Advanced Oxidation Processes (AOPs) for water treatment or remediation. However, comparative studies evaluating the performance of distinct plasma discharge geometries against acoustic cavitation for the mineralization of these specific chlorinated cyclodienes remain scarce. This study investigates the comparative efficacy of four non-thermal technologies, ultrasound, dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) plasma, glow discharge plasma, and corona discharge plasma, for the simultaneous degradation of Aldrin and Dieldrin in a model contaminated aqueous solution (5 μg/L). All experiments followed a 32-factorial design, and the residual concentrations of these pesticides were quantified by GC-MS after Solid-Phase Microextraction (SPME). All four methods achieved high degradation efficiencies, ranging from 92.5% to 100% for Aldrin and 92.6% to 99.2% for Dieldrin. Corona discharge plasma achieved the highest performance, resulting in 100% removal of Aldrin. However, ultrasound proved to be the most advantageous, achieving a 98% removal efficiency for both pesticides under its mildest conditions (3125 W/L ultrasonic power density for 3 min). The study confirmed that while Aldrin is highly susceptible to these technologies, Dieldrin remains the limiting factor for regulatory compliance. Chemical analysis did not conclusively identify any organic degradation by-products, suggesting that these AOPs may promote complete mineralization of the pollutants. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Plasma Technology for Environmental and Energy Process Engineering)
23 pages, 1355 KB  
Article
Spatiotemporal Dynamics and Structural Drivers of Urban Inclusive Green Development in Coastal China
by Pengchen Wang, Bo Chen, Chenhuan Kou and Yongsheng Wang
Sustainability 2025, 17(24), 11031; https://doi.org/10.3390/su172411031 (registering DOI) - 9 Dec 2025
Abstract
In China’s rapidly urbanizing coastal areas, inclusive green development (IGD) has become an important way to achieve a reduction in economic development disparities, environmental sustainability, and social equity. This study investigates the spatiotemporal dynamics and structural drivers of IGD across 54 coastal cities [...] Read more.
In China’s rapidly urbanizing coastal areas, inclusive green development (IGD) has become an important way to achieve a reduction in economic development disparities, environmental sustainability, and social equity. This study investigates the spatiotemporal dynamics and structural drivers of IGD across 54 coastal cities within three marine economic zones (MEZs) using a hybrid analytical framework that integrates evaluation techniques, inequality decomposition, spatial factor detection, and spatial econometrics. The result shows that a distinctive “four-pillar” spatial structure has emerged, centered on the Shandong Peninsula, Yangtze River Delta (YRD), West Coast of the Taiwan Strait, and Pearl River Delta (PRD). Spatial autocorrelation has intensified since 2020, indicating the cumulative effect of China’s post-2020 regional integration policies and digital infrastructure investments, which accelerated resource flows between cities. Spatial econometric analysis further reveals that economic development and equitable public service provision are the most influential drivers, while public investment in R&D and digital transformation exhibit significant cross-city spillover effects. The findings highlight the importance of regionally adaptive and digitally integrated strategies to promote inclusive and sustainable urban development in coastal economies. Therefore, efforts should be intensified to strengthen the role of core cities as diffusion engines for neighboring areas, with a strategic focus on regional digital transformation and R&D investment, to advance inclusive and sustainable development in coastal economies. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Driving Force behind Sustainable Green Development & Technology Innovation)
19 pages, 5612 KB  
Article
Sliding Mode Observer-Based Sensor Fault Diagnosis in a Photovoltaic System
by Karim Dahech, Anis Boudabbous and Ahmed Ben Atitallah
Sustainability 2025, 17(24), 11030; https://doi.org/10.3390/su172411030 (registering DOI) - 9 Dec 2025
Abstract
This work focuses on the development of a diagnostic approach for detecting and localizing sensor faults in an autonomous photovoltaic system. The considered system is composed of a photovoltaic module and a resistive load. However, an adaptation stage formed by a DC/DC voltage [...] Read more.
This work focuses on the development of a diagnostic approach for detecting and localizing sensor faults in an autonomous photovoltaic system. The considered system is composed of a photovoltaic module and a resistive load. However, an adaptation stage formed by a DC/DC voltage boost converter is necessary to transfer energy from the source to the load. The diagnostic scheme is based on a sliding mode observer (SMO) that is robust to uncertainties and parametric variations. The SMO incorporates adaptive gains optimized via parametric adaptation laws, with stability rigorously verified through Lyapunov analysis. The method effectively identifies both independent and simultaneous sensor faults, employing an optimized threshold selection strategy to balance detection sensitivity and false alarm resistance. Simulation results under varying environmental conditions, system parameter fluctuations, and noisy measurement demonstrate the approach’s superior performance, achieving a 20% reduction in mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) and 90% faster settling time compared to existing techniques. These enhancements immediately increase the dependability, efficiency, and lifetime of the PV system, which are critical for lowering carbon emissions and ensuring the economic feasibility of solar energy investments. Key innovations include a novel residual generation mechanism, seamless integration with backstepping sliding mode maximum power point tracking (MPPT) control, and enhanced transient response characteristics. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Energy Sustainability)
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12 pages, 354 KB  
Article
Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Microbial Contamination in Traditional Pork Meat Products: Implications for Food Safety
by Alexandra Tabaran, Oana Lucia Crisan-Reget, Dana Alina Magdas, Mihai Borzan, Sergiu Condor, Caroline Lǎcǎtuş and Sorin Daniel Dan
Microorganisms 2025, 13(12), 2805; https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms13122805 (registering DOI) - 9 Dec 2025
Abstract
Traditional pork meat products produced through artisanal smoking and drying techniques are highly appreciated for their distinctive sensory characteristics; however, such practices may raise concerns regarding both chemical and microbiological safety. The present study aimed to assess the occurrence of selected polycyclic aromatic [...] Read more.
Traditional pork meat products produced through artisanal smoking and drying techniques are highly appreciated for their distinctive sensory characteristics; however, such practices may raise concerns regarding both chemical and microbiological safety. The present study aimed to assess the occurrence of selected polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and hygiene- and safety-related microorganisms in traditionally processed pork meat products collected from local markets and small-scale producers. A total of 140 samples were analyzed for four marker PAHs—benzo[a]pyrene (BaP), benz[a]anthracene (BaA), benzo[b]fluoranthene (BbF), and chrysene (Chr)—using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS). Microbiological contamination was evaluated through standard plate count techniques, and the presence of Listeria monocytogenes and Salmonella serovars was determined using selective isolation methods, followed by PCR confirmation of pathogenic strains. PAH concentrations varied widely: BaP (0.3–1.8 µg/kg), BaA (0.5–2.4 µg/kg), BbF (0.8–3.1 µg/kg) and Chr (0.4–2.0 µg/kg), with ΣPAH4 (Sum of PAH4, referring to the total concentration of the four-priority polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons) ranging from 2.5 to 8.3 µg/kg. Smoked sausages showed the highest contamination (BaP: 1.8 µg/kg; ΣPAH4: 8.3 µg/kg), significantly exceeding levels in dry-cured ham (BaP: 1.2 µg/kg; ΣPAH4: 6.1 µg/kg) and smoked bacon (BaP: 0.9 µg/kg; ΣPAH4: 5.4 µg/kg) (Kruskal–Wallis, p < 0.0001). Although all samples complied with the EU ΣPAH4 limit (12 µg/kg), 15% exceeded the BaP limit of 2.0 µg/kg, primarily among artisanal sausages. Microbiological analyses revealed total coliform counts between 1.5 × 102 and 6.2 × 104 CFU/g, while Enterobacteriaceae ranged from 2.0 × 102 to 4.9 × 104 CFU/g. Samples obtained from unregulated producers exhibited higher bacterial loads, indicating suboptimal hygiene during processing and storage. A moderate positive correlation was identified between total coliform and Enterobacteriaceae counts (r = 0.59, p < 0.05). Moreover, Salmonella serovars was detected in ten sausage samples, and Listeria monocytogenes was confirmed in three samples of traditional products. Overall, the findings suggest that although PAH contamination generally complied with EU safety limits, occasional exceedances of benzo[a]pyrene and elevated microbial indicators underscore the need for stricter control of smoking parameters, fuel sources, and hygienic handling. Implementation of standardized smoking protocols and good manufacturing practices (GMP) is recommended to enhance the safety and quality of traditional pork meat products Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Accelerated Topics in Public Health Microbiology and Microbial Food Safety)
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15 pages, 779 KB  
Article
Carbon Fraction Distribution in Forest Soils and Leaf Litter Across Vegetation Types in El Chico National Park, Mexico
by Otilio A. Acevedo-Sandoval, Aline Romero-Natale, Claudia Romo-Gómez, César Camacho-López, José Belisario Leyva-Morales, Fernando Salas-Martínez and César A. González-Ramírez
Sustainability 2025, 17(24), 11028; https://doi.org/10.3390/su172411028 (registering DOI) - 9 Dec 2025
Abstract
Soils are the largest terrestrial carbon (C) reservoirs and play a key role in regulating the global C cycle and supporting essential ecosystem services. Soil C sequestration is a viable strategy to reduce atmospheric CO2 concentrations and mitigate climate change. This study [...] Read more.
Soils are the largest terrestrial carbon (C) reservoirs and play a key role in regulating the global C cycle and supporting essential ecosystem services. Soil C sequestration is a viable strategy to reduce atmospheric CO2 concentrations and mitigate climate change. This study quantified soil C fractions and litter C stocks across five vegetation types in El Chico National Park, Hidalgo, Mexico (2015.55 ha): pine–oak, oyamel–oak, cedar, oyamel–Tlaxcal, and oyamel forests, all occurring under comparable climatic and edaphic conditions. Soil organic matter (SOM) was quantified as the organic fraction originating from decomposed plant and animal residues. No statistically significant differences (p > 0.05) were found among vegetation types for organic matter, total C, oxidizable C, or recalcitrant (non-oxidizable) C, indicating relative homogeneity across strata. Significant differences (p < 0.05) were detected in organo-mineral C (Cp) and poorly oxidizable C (Cdox), with oyamel–Tlaxcal and oyamel forests showing the highest values, respectively, suggesting enhanced potential for C stabilization and turnover. Oyamel forests stored 32.94% of total soil organic C and contributed disproportionately to park-wide C stocks given their dominance (85.6% of the total area). Leaf litter contained on average 6.60 Mg C ha−1, representing 13,302.63 Mg C and 48,836.8 Mg CO2 across the park. When integrated with soil C to 60 cm depth, total C and CO2 stocks reached 643,474.26 Mg and 2,361,566.66 Mg, respectively. These findings highlight the critical role of oyamel forests as the main carbon sink in the park and reinforce the importance of conserving these ecosystems as a nature-based solution for climate change mitigation. Full article
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11 pages, 455 KB  
Article
The Prevalence of Lung Carcinoma Among the Population in Bulgaria and Its Association with Radon Exposure in Residential Buildings
by Evgenia Todorova
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2025, 22(12), 1841; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph22121841 (registering DOI) - 9 Dec 2025
Abstract
Background: Lung carcinoma remains the leading cause of cancer-related mortality worldwide, with smoking as the primary risk factor and radon exposure as the second, and the first among non-smokers. The combined effect of tobacco smoke and indoor radon increases disease risk up to [...] Read more.
Background: Lung carcinoma remains the leading cause of cancer-related mortality worldwide, with smoking as the primary risk factor and radon exposure as the second, and the first among non-smokers. The combined effect of tobacco smoke and indoor radon increases disease risk up to 2.5 times, emphasizing the need for prevention and environmental risk assessment. Methods: This study analyzed the incidence of lung carcinoma in Bulgaria during 2013–2022 and examined its association with indoor radon exposure across different regions. Annual data were obtained from the National Statistical Institute and the National Survey of Indoor Radon Concentrations in Residential Buildings (2015–2016). Results: The average annual incidence was 43.5 per 100,000 population, showing a 3.4% annual decline, while the average prevalence was 131.7 per 100,000, decreasing by 1.4% per year. Considerable interregional variation was observed, with incidence ranging from 25.5 to 62.4 per 100,000. A moderate positive correlation was found between lung carcinoma incidence and mean indoor radon concentration, and a stronger to very strong correlation with the proportion of dwellings exceeding 300 Bq/m3 and 200 Bq/m3. Conclusions: These findings indicate a positive association between residential radon exposure and lung cancer morbidity and support maintaining the WHO-recommended reference level of 200 Bq/m3. Full article
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