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23 pages, 290 KB

Open AccessArticle

Minorities Who Advocate White Supremacist and Nazi Ideology in the United States

by Sharon K. Moses

Humans 2025, 5(4), 28; https://doi.org/10.3390/humans5040028 (registering DOI) - 9 Nov 2025

This article highlights the phenomenon of marginalized populations and minorities who espouse white supremacist ideology despite their own ethnic and cultural backgrounds within the USA. This study focusses on how non-Caucasian individuals are attracted to this ideology, its organizations, and how this contradiction [...] Read more.

This article highlights the phenomenon of marginalized populations and minorities who espouse white supremacist ideology despite their own ethnic and cultural backgrounds within the USA. This study focusses on how non-Caucasian individuals are attracted to this ideology, its organizations, and how this contradiction is reconciled. Of particular interest is the rise in gun violence or the advocacy of gun violence by non-white individuals in the United States harboring white supremacist ideals and identifying with those principles. Statistical data for national violence is limited to general categories by state and federal law enforcement. This article examines public comments made by high-profile individuals as examples reflecting current attitudes under examination as well as violent acts resulting in deaths perpetrated by minorities motivated by supremacist ideals. Findings suggest that non-Caucasian or minority individuals from multivariant ethnic groups who espouse Nazi ideals are not following a singular objective or unified under one rubric but have mixed motivations rooted in establishing legitimacy and “white proximity”. White supremacist ideology is redefined to suit personal grievances unique to an individuals’ cultural group and/or needs. Full article

14 pages, 954 KB

Open AccessArticle

Comparison of K-Means and Hierarchical Clustering Methods for Buffalo Milk Production Data

by Lucia Trapanese, Giovanna Bifulco, Matteo Santinello, Nicola Pasquino, Giuseppe Campanile and Angela Salzano

Animals 2025, 15(22), 3246; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15223246 (registering DOI) - 9 Nov 2025

Abstract

This study investigated the use of K-means and hierarchical clustering, to group Italian Mediterranean buffalo using routinely collected test-day records. The analysis was first conducted on a combined dataset comprising three buffalo herds and subsequently on each herd individually. The main objective was [...] Read more.

This study investigated the use of K-means and hierarchical clustering, to group Italian Mediterranean buffalo using routinely collected test-day records. The analysis was first conducted on a combined dataset comprising three buffalo herds and subsequently on each herd individually. The main objective was to determine whether data-driven groupings could be implemented to support improvements in general herd management strategies. Results indicated that K-means consistently outperformed hierarchical clustering across all datasets, as reflected by average silhouette scores (0.17–0.18 vs. 0.10–0.12 for K-means and hierarchical, respectively), favorable Davies–Bouldin Index (DBI; 2.05–2.16 vs. 2.11–2.5 for K-means and hierarchical, respectively) and Calinski–Harabasz Index values (CHI; 1034–3877 vs. 729–2109 for K-means and hierarchical, respectively). K-means identified two clusters in the combined dataset and in two of the three herds, while three clusters were identified in the remaining herd. Cluster composition analysis revealed that days in milk and milk yield were the main discriminating factors when two clusters were formed. When three clusters emerged, K-means also identified a subgroup of animals that differed from the others in both age and lactation stage. These findings were supported by the analysis of variance (ANOVA), which showed statistically significant differences among most of the evaluated variables. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Machine Learning Methods and Statistics in Ruminant Farming)

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16 pages, 2112 KB

Open AccessArticle

Nondestructive Detection of Soluble Solids Content in Apples Based on Multi-Attention Convolutional Neural Network and Hyperspectral Imaging Technology

by Yan Tian, Jun Sun, Xin Zhou, Sunli Cong, Chunxia Dai and Lei Shi

Foods 2025, 14(22), 3832; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods14223832 (registering DOI) - 9 Nov 2025

Abstract

Soluble solids content is the most important attribute related to the quality and price of apples. The objective of this study was to detect the soluble solids content (SSC) in ‘Fuji’ apples using hyperspectral imaging combined with a deep learning algorithm. The hyperspectral [...] Read more.

Soluble solids content is the most important attribute related to the quality and price of apples. The objective of this study was to detect the soluble solids content (SSC) in ‘Fuji’ apples using hyperspectral imaging combined with a deep learning algorithm. The hyperspectral images of 570 apple samples were obtained and the whole region of apple sample hyperspectral data was collected and preprocessed. In addition, a method involving multi-attention convolutional neural network (MA-CNN) is proposed, which extracts spectral and spatial features from hyperspectral images by embedding channel attention (CA) and spatial attention (SA) modules in a convolutional neural network. The CA and SA modules help the network adaptively focus on important spectral–spatial features while reducing the interference of redundant information. Additionally, the Bayesian optimization algorithm (BOA) is used for model hyperparameter optimization. A comprehensive evaluation is conducted by comparing the proposed model with CA-CNN models, SA-CNN, and the current mainstream models. Furthermore, the best prediction performances for detecting SSC in apple samples were obtained from the MA-CNN model, with an

R_{p}^{2}

value of 0.9602 and an RMSEP value of 0.0612 °Brix. The results of this study indicated that the MA-CNN algorithm combined with hyperspectral imaging technology can be used as an effective method for rapid detection of apple quality parameters. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Hyperspectral Imaging and Other Nondestructive Methods for Analyzing Food Quality)

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20 pages, 5465 KB

Open AccessArticle

Deep Residual Learning for Hyperspectral Imaging Camouflage Detection with SPXY-Optimized Feature Fusion Framework

by Qiran Wang and Jinshi Cui

Appl. Sci. 2025, 15(22), 11902; https://doi.org/10.3390/app152211902 (registering DOI) - 9 Nov 2025

Abstract

Camouflage detection in hyperspectral imaging is hindered by the spectral similarity between artificial materials and natural vegetation. This study proposes a non-destructive classification framework integrating optimized sample partitioning, spectral preprocessing, and residual deep learning to address this challenge. Hyperspectral data of camouflage fabrics [...] Read more.

Camouflage detection in hyperspectral imaging is hindered by the spectral similarity between artificial materials and natural vegetation. This study proposes a non-destructive classification framework integrating optimized sample partitioning, spectral preprocessing, and residual deep learning to address this challenge. Hyperspectral data of camouflage fabrics and natural grass (389.06–1005.10 nm) were acquired and preprocessed using principal component analysis, standard normal variate (SNV) transformation, Savitzky–Golay (SG) filtering, and derivative-based enhancement. The Sample set Partitioning based on joint X–Y distance (SPXY) algorithm was applied to improve representativeness of training subsets, and several classifiers were constructed, including support vector machine (SVM), random forest (RF), k-nearest neighbors (KNN), convolutional neural network (CNN), and residual network (ResNet). Comparative evaluation demonstrated that the SPXY-ResNet model achieved the best performance, with 99.17% accuracy, 98.89% precision, and 98.82% recall, while maintaining low training time. Statistical analysis using Kullback–Leibler divergence and similarity measures confirmed that SPXY improved distributional consistency between training and testing sets, thereby enhancing generalization. The confusion matrix and convergence curves further validated stable learning with minimal misclassifications and no overfitting. These findings indicate that the proposed SPXY-ResNet framework provides a robust, efficient, and accurate solution for hyperspectral camouflage detection, with promising applicability to defense, ecological monitoring, and agricultural inspection. Full article

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15 pages, 3231 KB

Open AccessArticle

Target-Tree Management Enhances Understory Biodiversity and Productivity in Larix principis-rupprechtii Plantations

by Yuxuan Wang, Zhongbao Zhao, Ping Zheng, Shu Wu and Liqiang Mu

Diversity 2025, 17(11), 787; https://doi.org/10.3390/d17110787 (registering DOI) - 9 Nov 2025

Abstract

Northern artificial forests play a vital role in enhancing carbon sequestration and ecosystem services, yet quantitative evidence on how different management measures affect understory biodiversity and productivity remains limited. This study focused on Larix gmelinii var. principis-rupprechtii (Mayr) Pilg. plantations in Weichang, Hebei [...] Read more.

Northern artificial forests play a vital role in enhancing carbon sequestration and ecosystem services, yet quantitative evidence on how different management measures affect understory biodiversity and productivity remains limited. This study focused on Larix gmelinii var. principis-rupprechtii (Mayr) Pilg. plantations in Weichang, Hebei Province, and compared three forest management regimes: target-tree management, homogeneous management, and un-managed stands. We systematically examined understory plant diversity indices (Shannon, Simpson, Margalef, Gleason, and Pielou), shrub–herb layer biomass, soil organic carbon (SOC), and total nitrogen (TN), and employed correlation analysis and random forest modeling to identify the main driving factors. Results showed that target-tree management significantly enhanced both understory biodiversity and shrub–herb biomass, followed by homogeneous management, while unmanaged stands had the lowest values. Differences in SOC and TN among treatments were not significant. Stand structural factors were the dominant drivers: stand density and basal area were negatively correlated with diversity and biomass, while community evenness (Pielou) was positively correlated with biomass. Random forest analysis further indicated that basal area and stand density had the highest relative importance, followed by evenness, whereas soil factors contributed less. Mechanistically, target-tree management improved light availability and spatial distribution by reducing stand density, thereby increasing evenness and promoting biomass accumulation. Overall, optimizing stand structure, rather than merely increasing species richness, proved more effective in simultaneously enhancing biodiversity and productivity in light-limited Larix plantations. From a management perspective, target-tree management combined with density regulation and structural optimization is recommended to achieve near-natural management goals and enhance multiple ecological functions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Plant Diversity)

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17 pages, 2720 KB

Open AccessArticle

The Influence of Microstructural Heterogeneities on the Thermal Response of CFRTP Composite Tapes at the Ply-Scale

by Mabel Palacios and Anaïs Barasinski

J. Compos. Sci. 2025, 9(11), 617; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs9110617 (registering DOI) - 9 Nov 2025

Abstract

The thermal response of Carbon Fiber Reinforced Thermoplastic (CFRTP) tapes under short-term localized heating is critical for automated manufacturing processes. Conventional homogenized models often overlook microstructural heterogeneities that can promote non-uniform heating and affect the quality of the consolidated part. In this work, [...] Read more.

The thermal response of Carbon Fiber Reinforced Thermoplastic (CFRTP) tapes under short-term localized heating is critical for automated manufacturing processes. Conventional homogenized models often overlook microstructural heterogeneities that can promote non-uniform heating and affect the quality of the consolidated part. In this work, we combine insights from infrared thermography with finite element simulations at the fiber scale built on micrographs extracted from real tapes to quantify the effect of individual heterogeneities—including surface roughness, thickness variation, fiber agglomeration, and porosity—on thermal propagation. Three modeling configurations were compared under identical conditions: a full microstructure model; a simplified geometry-aware model (where the real geometry is taken into the account, including the surface roughness and thickness variability, but the properties of the domain are considered as a homogeneous-equivalent material); and a homogeneous-equivalent baseline with flat borders and uniform thickness. Results show that porosity effects depend strongly on location and orientation: large, horizontally aligned pores near the heated surface produce the highest gradients. Surface roughness, on the other hand, exerts dominant effects on surface temperature non-uniformity with respect to thickness variation and fiber distribution. These findings demonstrate that accounting for microscale heterogeneities is essential to achieve more accurate, optimized, and application-tailored analyses of CFRTP tapes in advanced manufacturing. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Advanced Composites Manufacturing and Plastics Processing, 2nd Volume)

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14 pages, 2733 KB

Open AccessProtocol

A Protocol for the In Vitro Culturing of Vascularized Pancreatic Islet Organoids

by Pengkun Song, Yue Wang, Junya Peng, Lei Liu and Lei Du

Bioengineering 2025, 12(11), 1222; https://doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering12111222 (registering DOI) - 9 Nov 2025

Abstract

This study presents a protocol for co-culturing pancreatic islet cell clusters derived from pancreatic tissue with human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) on Matrigel using a specialized culture medium to form vascularized pancreatic islet organoids. We established a novel culture system for vascularized [...] Read more.

This study presents a protocol for co-culturing pancreatic islet cell clusters derived from pancreatic tissue with human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) on Matrigel using a specialized culture medium to form vascularized pancreatic islet organoids. We established a novel culture system for vascularized pancreatic islet organoids and compared the survival and insulin secretion capabilities of pancreatic islet cells in the presence and absence of glucose stimulation. Our results indicate that matrix adhesive materials can effectively facilitate the self-assembly of the vascularized endothelial cell–pancreatic islet organoids complex. Vascularized HUVEC prolongs the survival of pancreatic islet organoids in vitro. Moreover, the interaction between vascularized HUVEC and pancreatic islets significantly enhances the insulin secretion ability in response to glucose stimulation. This study reports a protocol for the long-term in vitro culture of pancreatic islet organoids, offering methods for the vascularization of pancreatic islet organoids on Matrigel. These data contribute to the understanding of how vascularization impacts the fate and function of pancreatic islet organoids, although the specific mechanism still requires further clarification. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue 3D Cell Culture Systems: Current Technologies and Applications)

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15 pages, 373 KB

Open AccessArticle

Whittaker-Type Differential Equation: A Solution via Integral Functions

by M. S. Abu Zaytoon, Hannah Al Ali and M. H. Hamdan

AppliedMath 2025, 5(4), 161; https://doi.org/10.3390/appliedmath5040161 (registering DOI) - 9 Nov 2025

Abstract

In this study, we consider and analyze an inhomogeneous Whittaker-type differential equation of the form [...] Read more.

In this study, we consider and analyze an inhomogeneous Whittaker-type differential equation of the form

\frac{d^{2} y (x)}{d x^{2}} + \frac{1}{x} \frac{d y (x)}{d x} - α^{2} (x^{2} - β^{2}) y (x) = g (x)

, where

α

and

β

are given parameters. We investigate the analytical structure of its solution through the application of the Whittaker integral representation. The analysis encompasses both initial value problems (IVPs) and boundary value problems (BVPs), wherein appropriate conditions are imposed within a unified analytical framework. Furthermore, a systematic methodology is developed for constructing explicit solutions within the framework of Whittaker function theory. This approach not only elucidates the functional behaviour of the solutions but also provides a foundation for extending the analysis to more general classes of second-order linear differential equations. Full article

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18 pages, 1684 KB

Open AccessArticle

Physical-Guided Dynamic Modeling of Ultra-Supercritical Boiler–Turbine Coordinated Control System Under Wet-Mode Operation

by Ge Yin, He Fan, Xianyong Peng, Yongzhen Wang, Yuhan Wang, Zhiqian He, Ke Zhuang, Guoqing Chen, Zhenming Zhang, Xueli Sun, Wen Sheng, Min Xu, Hengrui Zhang, Yuxuan Lu and Huaichun Zhou

Processes 2025, 13(11), 3625; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr13113625 (registering DOI) - 9 Nov 2025

Abstract

To accommodate the high penetration of intermittent renewable energy sources like wind and solar power into the grid, coal-fired units are required to operate with enhanced deep peak-shaving and variable load capabilities. This study develops a dynamic model of the boiler–turbine coordinated control [...] Read more.

To accommodate the high penetration of intermittent renewable energy sources like wind and solar power into the grid, coal-fired units are required to operate with enhanced deep peak-shaving and variable load capabilities. This study develops a dynamic model of the boiler–turbine coordinated control system (BTCCS) for ultra-supercritical once-through boiler (OTB) coal-fired units operating under wet conditions. A mechanistic model framework is established based on mass and energy conservation. In case of missing steady-state data, this work proposes a mechanism-integrated parameter identification method that determines model parameters using only dynamic running data while incorporating physical constraints. Model validation demonstrates that the proposed approach accurately reproduces the variable-load operation of the BTCCS within the range of 50–350 MW. Mean relative errors of output variables are all less than 7.5%, and root mean square errors of output variables are less than 0.3 MPa, 1.4 kg/s, 0.25 m, and 20.7 MW, respectively. Open-loop simulations further confirm that the model captures the essential dynamic characteristics of the system, making it suitable for simulation studies and control system design aimed at improving operational flexibility and safety of OTB coal-fired units under wet conditions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Energy Systems)

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17 pages, 2106 KB

Open AccessArticle

Effects of Light Quality on Anthocyanin Biosynthesis and Related Gene Expression in Camellia sinensis ‘Ziyan’

by Wei Li, Xiaoqin Tan, Jiacheng Huang, Wei Chen, Liqiang Tan and Qian Tang

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025, 26(22), 10860; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms262210860 (registering DOI) - 9 Nov 2025

Abstract

The purple-leaf tea cultivar ‘Ziyan’ is characterized by its high anthocyanin levels, which confer unique visual traits and health benefits. However, the effects of light quality on anthocyanin production remain poorly understood. This study explored the effects of red and blue light on [...] Read more.

The purple-leaf tea cultivar ‘Ziyan’ is characterized by its high anthocyanin levels, which confer unique visual traits and health benefits. However, the effects of light quality on anthocyanin production remain poorly understood. This study explored the effects of red and blue light on anthocyanin biosynthesis in ‘Ziyan’, with white light as the control, using transcriptomic analysis, enzyme assays, and anthocyanin content measurements. The results showed that anthocyanin content increased under blue and red light, with blue light being the most effective, as the total anthocyanin content reached 81.79 mg/100 g FW, a 29.64% increase compared with white light. Delphinidin, cyanidin, and pelargonidin increased by 27.52%, 42.58%, and 102.72%, respectively. Transcriptome analysis showed red and blue light influenced photoreceptors and light signaling components, with decreased COP1 and increased SPA1 expression. Blue light upregulated key anthocyanin structural genes despite downregulating their transcription factors; it enhanced CHS, F3′H, F3′5′H, and ANS activities but decreased LAR and ANR activities, similar to the effect of red light. This research showed that the underlying mechanism may be achieved by coordinating light perception, gene expression, and enzyme activity. This study provides a theoretical basis for optimizing the light quality in purple tea plant cultivation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Tea Tree Genetics and Breeding: 2nd Edition)

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25 pages, 8667 KB

Open AccessArticle

An Efficient Method for Simulating High-Velocity Non-Darcy Gas Flow in Fractured Reservoirs Based on Diffusive Time of Flight

by Jingjin Bai, Qingquan Li, Jiazheng Liu, Wenzhuo Zhou and Bailu Teng

Energies 2025, 18(22), 5891; https://doi.org/10.3390/en18225891 (registering DOI) - 9 Nov 2025

Abstract

In gas reservoirs, high gas velocity causes significant inertial effects, leading to a nonlinear relationship between pressure gradient and velocity, especially near wellbores or fractures. In such cases, Darcy’s law is inadequate, and the Forchheimer equation is commonly used to model nonlinear flow [...] Read more.

In gas reservoirs, high gas velocity causes significant inertial effects, leading to a nonlinear relationship between pressure gradient and velocity, especially near wellbores or fractures. In such cases, Darcy’s law is inadequate, and the Forchheimer equation is commonly used to model nonlinear flow behavior. Although the Forchheimer equation improves simulation accuracy for high-velocity flow in porous media, incorporating it into conventional numerical simulations greatly increases computational time, as nonlinear flow equations must be solved over the entire reservoir. This difficulty is exacerbated in heterogeneous fractured reservoirs, where complex fracture–matrix interactions and localized high-velocity flow complicate solving nonlinear equations. To address this, this work proposes a fast numerical simulation method based on diffusive time of flight (DTOF). By using DTOF as a spatial coordinate, the original three-dimensional flow equations incorporating the Forchheimer equation are reduced to a one-dimensional form, enhancing computational efficiency. DTOF represents the diffusive time for a pressure disturbance from a well to reach a specific reservoir location and can be efficiently computed by solving the Eikonal equation via the fast marching method (FMM). Once the DTOF field is obtained, the three-dimensional problem is transformed into a one-dimensional problem. This dimensionality reduction enables fast and reliable modeling of nonlinear high-velocity gas transport in complex reservoirs. The proposed method’s results show good agreement with those from COMSOL Multiphysics, confirming its accuracy in capturing nonlinear gas flow behavior. Full article

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15 pages, 2469 KB

Open AccessReview

The Effect of Lumen-Apposing Metal Stent (LAMS) in Acute Cholecystitis Unfit for Surgery: Good Tidings

by Valentina Zadro, Giulia Bertoncini, Giuliano Francesco Bonura, Pablo Cortegoso Valdivia, Noemi Gualandi, Paola Soriani, Tommaso Gabbani and Mauro Manno

Diagnostics 2025, 15(22), 2835; https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics15222835 (registering DOI) - 9 Nov 2025

Abstract

Acute cholecystitis in patients unfit for surgery presents a significant therapeutic challenge, often requiring alternatives to traditional cholecystectomy. In recent years, endoscopic ultrasound (EUS)-guided gallbladder drainage using Lumen-Apposing Metal Stents (LAMSs) has emerged as a promising minimally invasive approach. This umbrella review synthesizes [...] Read more.

Acute cholecystitis in patients unfit for surgery presents a significant therapeutic challenge, often requiring alternatives to traditional cholecystectomy. In recent years, endoscopic ultrasound (EUS)-guided gallbladder drainage using Lumen-Apposing Metal Stents (LAMSs) has emerged as a promising minimally invasive approach. This umbrella review synthesizes evidence from existing systematic reviews and meta-analyses evaluating the efficacy and safety of EUS-guided gallbladder drainage with LAMSs in high-surgical-risk patients. The pooled data demonstrate that this approach provides effective symptomatic relief, with high technical and clinical success rates and a low incidence of adverse events. The use of EUS allows real-time visualization and precise access to the gallbladder, contributing to the safety and efficacy of the procedure. These results reinforce the expanding role of endoscopic techniques in managing complex biliary conditions, suggesting that the use of diagnostic EUS in combination with LAMS placement can lead to a significant reduction in the need for surgical intervention among frail patients. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Role of Endoscopic Ultrasound in Clinical Medicine)

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25 pages, 1494 KB

Open AccessArticle

Bioactive Phenolic Compounds from Rambutan (Nephelium lappaceum L.) Shell: Encapsulation, Structural Stability, and Multifunctional Activities

by Carlos Barba-Ostria, Orestes López, Alexis Debut, Arianna Mayorga-Ramos, Johana Zúñiga-Miranda, Elena Coyago-Cruz, Rebeca Gonzalez-Pastor, Kevin Cartuchi, Antonella Viteri, Ana Belén Peñaherrera-Pazmiño and Linda P. Guamán

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025, 26(22), 10859; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms262210859 (registering DOI) - 9 Nov 2025

Abstract

Rambutan (Nephelium lappaceum) shell, an agro-industrial by-product, is a rich source of phenolic acids and minor anthocyanins, but its direct use is limited by instability and low bioavailability. We extracted phenolic-rich fractions and produced maltodextrin microcapsules by spray drying, then confirmed [...] Read more.

Rambutan (Nephelium lappaceum) shell, an agro-industrial by-product, is a rich source of phenolic acids and minor anthocyanins, but its direct use is limited by instability and low bioavailability. We extracted phenolic-rich fractions and produced maltodextrin microcapsules by spray drying, then confirmed chemical entrapment and amorphization by FTIR, SEM, and XRD. The formulation showed high encapsulation efficiency and high antioxidant capacity (DPPH), selective bactericidal activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Burkholderia cepacia, and strong inhibition of Staphylococcus aureus and Listeria monocytogenes biofilms, while exhibiting negligible hemolysis (<2%) across tested concentrations. Antitumor effects were moderate with low selectivity in vitro, indicating that phenolic-acid-driven redox modulation may require fractionation or delivery optimization for oncology applications. Overall, spray-dried microcapsules provided structural stability and safety while concentrating multifunctional activities relevant to food and biomedical uses. By valorizing a tropical waste stream into a bioactive, hemocompatible ingredient, this work aligns with societal goals on health and sustainable production (SDG 3 and SDG 12) and offers a scalable route to deploy underutilized phenolic resources. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bioactive Phenolics and Polyphenols 2025)

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18 pages, 523 KB

Open AccessArticle

Epilepsy Surgery in Kazakhstan: Outcomes and the Role of Advanced Imaging

by Dina Kalinina, Nazira Bekenova, Alimzhan Muxunov, Zhassulan Utebekov, Gaziz Kyrgyzbay, Darkhan Kimadiev, Guldana Zhumabaeva and Antonio Sarria-Santamera

J. Clin. Med. 2025, 14(22), 7932; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm14227932 (registering DOI) - 8 Nov 2025

Abstract

Background and Objectives: Evidence on epilepsy surgery from Central Asia is limited, reflecting the real-world challenges of developing this service in low- and middle-income settings. We evaluated one-year seizure outcomes after resective surgery for drug-resistant focal epilepsy at a single center in Kazakhstan, [...] Read more.

Background and Objectives: Evidence on epilepsy surgery from Central Asia is limited, reflecting the real-world challenges of developing this service in low- and middle-income settings. We evaluated one-year seizure outcomes after resective surgery for drug-resistant focal epilepsy at a single center in Kazakhstan, and we assessed whether the use of advanced presurgical imaging was associated with seizure freedom. Materials and Methods: A retrospective cohort study was conducted, including consecutive adults who underwent curative-intent resective epilepsy surgery from 2017 to 2023. Outcomes at 12 months or more post-surgery were classified using the Engel criteria. Logistic regression was used to examine associations between the advanced presurgical diagnostic tool and achieving an Engel class I outcome. Crude and adjusted risk ratios (RRs) for not achieving Engel I were estimated using modified Poisson regression with robust SEs. Results: Among 112 patients (median age 31 years; median epilepsy duration 19 years), 76% underwent temporal lobe procedures and 71% had lobectomies. At one year, 74 patients were seizure-free (Engel II: 15.2%, III: 11.6%, IV: 7.1%). Year-to-year Engel I rates varied without a significant linear trend from 2018 to 2023. In bivariable analyses, MRI-defined atrophy (RR, 3.14) and mixed lesions (RR, 2.62) were associated with a higher risk of not achieving Engel I, whereas longer epilepsy duration was linked to a lower risk (RR, 0.97 per year). In adjusted models, predictors of not achieving Engel I included generalized tonic–clonic seizures (aRR, 1.96), atrophy (aRR, 2.98), mixed lesions (aRR, 2.45), and undergoing any advanced diagnostic test (aRR, 3.38). Longer epilepsy durations remained protective (aRR 0.95 per year). In modality-specific logistic models, fMRI use was associated with higher odds of Engel I (aOR 3.39), and MR spectroscopy was associated with lower odds (aOR 0.33). Conclusions: In this Central Asian single-center cohort, about two-thirds of adults achieved complete seizure freedom one year after resective surgery—comparable to international benchmarks. Advanced imaging modalities showed divergent associations with outcomes, likely reflecting confounding by indication. These findings support the feasibility of effective epilepsy surgery in a low-resource context and the value of targeted use of advanced imaging. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Clinical Neurology)

18 pages, 17094 KB

Open AccessArticle

Dynamic Analysis of a Fractional-Order Economic Model: Chaos and Control

by Ali Aloui, Louiza Diabi, Omar Kahouli, Adel Ouannas, Lilia El Amraoui and Mohamed Ayari

Fractal Fract. 2025, 9(11), 724; https://doi.org/10.3390/fractalfract9110724 (registering DOI) - 8 Nov 2025

Abstract

Fractional calculus in discrete-time is a recent field that has drawn much interest for dealing with multidisciplinary systems. A result of this tremendous potential, researchers have been using constant and variable-order fractional discrete calculus in the modelling of financial and economic systems. This [...] Read more.

Fractional calculus in discrete-time is a recent field that has drawn much interest for dealing with multidisciplinary systems. A result of this tremendous potential, researchers have been using constant and variable-order fractional discrete calculus in the modelling of financial and economic systems. This paper explores the emergence of chaotic and regular patterns of the fractional four-dimensional (4D) discrete economic system with constant and variable orders. The primary aim is to compare and investigate the impact of two types of fractional order through numerical solutions and simulation, demonstrating how modifications to the order affect the behavior of a system. Phase space orbits, the 0-1 test, time series, bifurcation charts, and Lyapunov exponent analysis for different orders all illustrate the constant and variable-order systems’ behavior. Moreover, the spectral entropy (SE) and

C_{0}

complexity exhibit fractional-order effects with variations in the degree of complexity. The results provide new insights into the influence of fractional-order types on dynamical systems and highlight their role in promoting chaotic behavior. Additionally, two types of control strategies are devised to guide the states of a 4D fractional discrete economic system with constant and variable orders to the origin within a specified amount of time. MATLAB simulations are presented to demonstrate the efficacy of the findings. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Modeling and Dynamic Analysis of Fractional-Order Systems)

20 pages, 3594 KB

Open AccessArticle

Effects of Indica Black Rice, Konjac Powder and Water on the Quality Characteristics of Gluten-Free Taichung Sen 17 Rice Bread

by Jin-Kuan Jiang, Shin-Yu Chen, Chih-Wei Yang, Hui-Shan Shen and Sheng-Dun Lin

Foods 2025, 14(22), 3831; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods14223831 (registering DOI) - 8 Nov 2025

Abstract

Rice is a safe and widely consumed gluten-free grain; however, breads prepared from white rice flour, such as Taichung Sen 17 (TS17), are prone to rapid staling and typically lack sufficient dietary fiber and bioactive compounds. To address these limitations, this study investigated [...] Read more.

Rice is a safe and widely consumed gluten-free grain; however, breads prepared from white rice flour, such as Taichung Sen 17 (TS17), are prone to rapid staling and typically lack sufficient dietary fiber and bioactive compounds. To address these limitations, this study investigated the effects of partially replacing TS17 flour with indica black rice (B) flour, varying water content, and incorporating the natural hydrocolloid konjac glucomannan (K) on the quality of rice batter and bread. Compared with TS17 flour, B flour contained higher levels of total dietary fiber, total phenols, total anthocyanins, and antioxidant capacity. Substituting 15% of TS17 with B flour slightly increased the bread volume from 1032 mL to 1042 mL under 92% water addition (1.01-fold). More notably, it significantly increased the volume from 872 mL to 917 mL under 107% water (1.05-fold), and from 642 mL to 775 mL under 122% water (1.21-fold). However, higher substitution levels of B flour resulted in a reduction in loaf volume. Further incorporation of 2% K under 122% water conditions (TS17B15K2.0-122) resulted in the highest loaf volume of 1063 mL, representing a significant 1.37-fold increase compared to TS17B15-122 (775 mL), and exhibited the slowest staling rate after 24 h. Although K significantly improved bread texture and moisture retention, excessive addition may accelerate staling due to insufficient water availability in the formulation. These findings highlight that combining TS17 flour, B flour, and konjac gum represents a feasible and sustainable strategy for developing functional gluten-free baked products targeted at health-conscious and gluten-intolerant consumers. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Effect of Processing and Cooking on Physicochemical, Sensory, and Functional Properties of Food: 3rd Edition)

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24 pages, 2769 KB

Open AccessArticle

Hybrid Linear–Nonlinear Model with Adaptive Regularization for Accurate X-Ray Fluorescence Determination of Total Iron Ore Grade

by Lanhao Wang, Zhenyu Zhu, Lixia Li, Zhaopeng Li, Wei Dai and Hongyan Wang

Minerals 2025, 15(11), 1179; https://doi.org/10.3390/min15111179 (registering DOI) - 8 Nov 2025

Abstract

In mineral processing and metallurgy, total iron grade serves as a critical indicator guiding the entire production chain from crushing to smelting, directly influencing the quality and yield of steel products. To address the limitations of conventional matrix effect correction methods in X-ray [...] Read more.

In mineral processing and metallurgy, total iron grade serves as a critical indicator guiding the entire production chain from crushing to smelting, directly influencing the quality and yield of steel products. To address the limitations of conventional matrix effect correction methods in X-ray fluorescence (XRF) analysis—such as low accuracy, high time consumption, and labor-intensive procedures—this study proposes a novel hybrid model (DSCN-LS) integrating least squares (LS) with dynamically regularized stochastic configuration networks (DSCNs) for total iron ore grade quantification. Through feature analysis, we decompose the grade modeling problem into a linear structural component and nonlinear residual terms. The linear component is resolved by means of LS, while the nonlinear terms are processed by the DSCN with a dynamic regularization strategy. This strategy implements node-specific weighted regularization: weak constraints preserve salient features in high-weight-norm nodes, while strong regularization suppresses redundant information in low-weight-norm nodes, collectively enhancing model generalizability and robustness. Notably, the model was trained and validated using datasets collected directly from industrial sites, ensuring that the results reflect real-world production scenarios. Industrial validation demonstrates that the proposed method achieves an average absolute error of 0.3092, a root mean square error of 0.5561, and a coefficient of determination (R²) of 99.91% in total iron grade estimation. All metrics surpass existing benchmarks, confirming significant improvements in accuracy and operational practicality for XRF detection under complex industrial conditions Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Mineral Processing and Extractive Metallurgy)

15 pages, 3863 KB

Open AccessArticle

Spatial Distribution Patterns of Dominant Tree Species and Their Associations with Soil Factors in Subalpine Secondary Forests of Western Sichuan

by Jingdong Zhao, Xin Liu, Le Wang, Qiuhong Feng, Chang Gou, Jianhua Bai and Xiaohui Yang

Plants 2025, 14(22), 3424; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14223424 (registering DOI) - 8 Nov 2025

Abstract

Spatial pattern analysis is essential for understanding forest structure and successional dynamics. Focusing on natural secondary forests in the subalpine region of western Sichuan, China, we established two 1-hectare permanent plots to investigate the spatial distribution of dominant tree species and assess the [...] Read more.

Spatial pattern analysis is essential for understanding forest structure and successional dynamics. Focusing on natural secondary forests in the subalpine region of western Sichuan, China, we established two 1-hectare permanent plots to investigate the spatial distribution of dominant tree species and assess the soil’s water-holding properties, aiming to clarify the relationship between species spatial patterns and edaphic conditions. The pioneer species Betula albosinensis exhibited a unimodal diameter distribution with scarce seedling presence, indicating limited regeneration. In contrast, Abies fargesii var. faxoniana showed a typical inverse J-shaped diameter distribution, suggesting stable population recruitment. At fine spatial scales, dominant species generally exhibited aggregated distributions, with A. fargesii var. faxoniana seedlings showing the strongest clumping; however, as the spatial scale increased, distributions tended toward randomness, likely due to self-thinning and density-dependent interactions. Bivariate spatial association analysis revealed that B. albosinensis was positively associated with A. fargesii var. faxoniana and Picea asperata at small scales, suggesting a potential facilitative effect of B. albosinensis on Pinaceae species. Moreover, capillary water-holding capacity was significantly higher in areas with greater conifer dominance, underscoring the strong environmental filtering effect of microhabitat moisture on community spatial structure. Collectively, our results suggest an ongoing mid- to late-successional shift from pioneer broadleaved to shade-tolerant conifer dominance, with concurrent changes in species composition and soil conditions. This study provides empirical insight into spatial successional processes and highlights their ecological implications for hydrological regulation in subalpine secondary forests. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Dendrological Research: Celebrating the 40th Anniversary of the Dendrology Branch of the Chinese Society of Forestry)

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24 pages, 2008 KB

Open AccessArticle

Cyberthreats to Smart Inverters in Household Photovoltaic Systems

by Bartosz Toś, Lina Montuori, Andrés Ondó Oná Ayécaba and Piotr Olczak

Sustainability 2025, 17(22), 10000; https://doi.org/10.3390/su172210000 (registering DOI) - 8 Nov 2025

Abstract

This paper presents threats emerging from the rise in implementation of emerging technologies, such as smart inverters, on everyday human life and their impact on sustainability. Focusing on household photovoltaic systems, this study provides a detailed analysis of the energy production and the [...] Read more.

This paper presents threats emerging from the rise in implementation of emerging technologies, such as smart inverters, on everyday human life and their impact on sustainability. Focusing on household photovoltaic systems, this study provides a detailed analysis of the energy production and the trends in the photovoltaic market. A specific application on household photovoltaic systems located in Poland has been carried out in order to assess the potential danger arising from cyberattacks. As the number of distributed energy resources {XE “distributed energy resources”} on the grid increases, the need for smart inverter functionality has grown. In this framework, the present work includes a review of past cyberattacks and their repercussions on technologic developments of smart inverters and on society in general. Additionally, measures to ensure that smart inverter capabilities can be fully realized and to prevent cyberattacks are also discussed. Through the simulation of multiple experimental scenarios, remaining existing threats to the penetration of smart technologies aimed at enhancing grid reliability are identified. The results achieved provide strategic tools to address cybersecurity issues, including those of photovoltaic installations, as well as to promote countries’ energy independence. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Microgrids, Electrical Power and Sustainable Energy Systems)

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23 pages, 1169 KB

Open AccessArticle

Field Measurement and 2.5D FE Analysis of Ground Vibrations Induced by High-Speed Train Moving on Embankment and Cutting

by Junwei Bi, Guangyun Gao, Zhaoyang Chen, Jiyan Zhang, Juan Chen and Yuhan Li

Buildings 2025, 15(22), 4034; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15224034 (registering DOI) - 8 Nov 2025

Abstract

Field measurements of ground vibrations were conducted along the Paris–Brussels high-speed railway (HSR) to systematically analyze vibration characteristics generated by embankment and cutting sections. Utilizing the 2.5D finite element method (FEM), numerical models were developed for both earthworks to evaluate the influences of [...] Read more.

Field measurements of ground vibrations were conducted along the Paris–Brussels high-speed railway (HSR) to systematically analyze vibration characteristics generated by embankment and cutting sections. Utilizing the 2.5D finite element method (FEM), numerical models were developed for both earthworks to evaluate the influences of design parameters on ground vibration responses. Results demonstrate that train axle load dominates vibration amplitude in the near-track zone, while the superposition effect of adjacent wheelsets and bogies becomes predominant at larger distances. Vibration energy attenuates progressively with increasing distance from the track, with medium- and high-frequency components decaying more rapidly than low-frequency components. The dominant vibration frequency is determined by the fundamental train-loading frequency (f₁), which increases with train speed. Distinct attenuation patterns are identified between earthwork types: embankments exhibit a two-stage attenuation process, whereas cuttings undergo three stages, including a vibration rebound phenomenon at the slope crest. Furthermore, greater embankment height or cutting depth reduces ground vibrations, but beyond a critical threshold, further increases yield negligible benefits. A higher elastic modulus of the embankment material correlates with reduced vibrations, and steeper cutting slopes, while ensuring slope stability, contribute to additional mitigation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Soil–Structure Interactions for Civil Infrastructure)

20 pages, 1065 KB

Open AccessArticle

Symmetry–Asymmetry Framework for Rubberized Concrete: Correlations Between Mixture Design and Rubber Properties and Concrete Flowability and Mechanical Characteristics, and Three-Stage Transition of Compressive Strength

by Tetsuya Kouno, Yu Qiu and Rui Tang

Symmetry 2025, 17(11), 1917; https://doi.org/10.3390/sym17111917 (registering DOI) - 8 Nov 2025

Abstract

This study systematically investigated the effects of mix design conditions (water–cement ratio) and rubber properties (particle size, surface area, and mixing ratio) on the flowability and mechanical characteristics of rubberized concrete, in which rubber particles were incorporated as part of the fine aggregate. [...] Read more.

This study systematically investigated the effects of mix design conditions (water–cement ratio) and rubber properties (particle size, surface area, and mixing ratio) on the flowability and mechanical characteristics of rubberized concrete, in which rubber particles were incorporated as part of the fine aggregate. The fresh properties (slump and air content) and hardened properties (compressive strength and Young’s modulus) were measured, and their correlations with rubber surface area and mixing ratio were analyzed. The results showed that slump and air content converged to constant values with increasing rubber surface area, exhibiting symmetric behavior. These characteristics were accurately approximated using logistic and exponential functions. In contrast, compressive strength did not decrease monotonically with increasing rubber content but could be divided into three distinct regions: a low-substitution region (Region I), an intermediate transition region (Region II), and a high-substitution region (Region III). Particularly in Region II, where the rate of strength reduction increased sharply, the logistic function was found to describe the asymmetric behavior more appropriately than the conventional exponential function. Furthermore, an estimation formula incorporating a correction term into the logistic function was proposed to account for the influence of the W/C ratio on compressive strength. This two-stage estimation model achieved higher predictive accuracy than conventional equations, eliminating the 0.88 bias observed in previous models. Finally, a practical design methodology based on this two-stage model was presented, demonstrating its applicability to concrete with various mixture ratios and water–cement ratios. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feature Papers in Section "Engineering and Materials" 2025)

23 pages, 631 KB

Open AccessArticle

The Effect of Corporate Governance on the Firm’s Cost of Capital: Evidence from the Taiwan Corporate Governance Evaluation System

by Jiang-Chuan Huang, Hueh-Chen Lin and Daniel Huang

Sustainability 2025, 17(22), 9991; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17229991 (registering DOI) - 8 Nov 2025

Abstract

This study investigates how corporate governance and changes in governance rankings influence firms’ cost of capital. Using data from 1723 Taiwanese listed firms, comprising 11,940 firm-year observations between 2017 and 2024, the analysis applies Taiwan’s corporate governance evaluation system, published by government-affiliated institutions. [...] Read more.

This study investigates how corporate governance and changes in governance rankings influence firms’ cost of capital. Using data from 1723 Taiwanese listed firms, comprising 11,940 firm-year observations between 2017 and 2024, the analysis applies Taiwan’s corporate governance evaluation system, published by government-affiliated institutions. The results reveal a significant negative relationship between corporate governance and firms’ cost of capital, indicating that higher governance rankings are associated with lower financing costs. Moreover, when firms’ governance rankings improve, their cost of capital decreases, whereas downgrades lead to increases. These findings suggest that capital markets adjust firms’ cost of capital inversely in response to changes in governance rankings. The study further shows that the ability to reduce capital costs depends on firms’ governance levels; a downgrade results in a more pronounced cost increase for well-governed firms. Overall, this research provides empirical evidence from an emerging market and offers practical implications for firms, creditors, investors, and regulators aiming to enhance sustainable development, strengthen risk management, optimize investment selection, and improve corporate governance practices. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Research on Sustainable Business Ecosystems and Corporate Governance)

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15 pages, 6294 KB

Open AccessArticle

First Characterization of Megafire Refugia in a South American Subtropical Mountain Forest

by Daihana Soledad Argibay, Ana María Cingolani, Javier Sparacino, Ricardo Suárez, Isabell Hensen and Daniel Renison

Forests 2025, 16(11), 1705; https://doi.org/10.3390/f16111705 (registering DOI) - 8 Nov 2025

Abstract

Fire refugia play an important role in post-fire ecosystem recovery because they preserve areas that represent a persistent legacy in the landscape and serve as propagule sources for forest regeneration. Our objective was to identify the pre-fire topographic and land cover conditions that [...] Read more.

Fire refugia play an important role in post-fire ecosystem recovery because they preserve areas that represent a persistent legacy in the landscape and serve as propagule sources for forest regeneration. Our objective was to identify the pre-fire topographic and land cover conditions that determine the presence and quality of megafire refugia in the mountains of central Argentina. In 208 1-ha field-based plots, we assessed pre-fire topographic and land cover variables along with post-fire vegetation responses two years after the megafires. Based on these assessments, we developed a fire refugia quality index ranging from 0 (no refugia) to 5 (high-quality refugia). Using ordinal logistic regression and a model selection approach, we found that high-quality fire refugia were associated with the more humid east mountain flank and east- and north-facing slopes, as well as with smooth terrain, high topographic positions, greater rock cover, steep slopes, and higher tree-to-grass cover proportions. Our findings highlight the importance of topographic and land cover variables in shaping fire refugia and provide insights into post-fire management and the conservation of biodiversity in mountain ecosystems. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Forest Fire Detection, Prevention and Management)

17 pages, 1291 KB

Open AccessArticle

Lost Futures: The Human and Economic Cost of Suicide in Türkiye, 2012–2023

by Sevil Akbulut Zencirci, Emrah Atay, Muhammed Fatih Önsüz and Selma Metintaş

Healthcare 2025, 13(22), 2841; https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare13222841 (registering DOI) - 8 Nov 2025

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Suicide is a critical public health issue that leads to premature mortality among young people and requires substantial public health interventions. Demonstrating the importance of developing effective suicide prevention programs through health indicators can be valuable. This study aims to examine [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Suicide is a critical public health issue that leads to premature mortality among young people and requires substantial public health interventions. Demonstrating the importance of developing effective suicide prevention programs through health indicators can be valuable. This study aims to examine the change in suicide rates and Years of Life Lost (YLL) in Türkiye over the 2013–2023 period—a country that displays characteristics of both developed and developing nations—and to reveal the productivity losses using the human capital approach. Methods: The data for this descriptive study were obtained from the Turkish Statistical Institute between 2012 and 2023. YLL was computed by determining the difference between the age at which an individual died by suicide and their expected age of death for both males and females. Years of Potential Life Lost (YPLL) was estimated using the same method as YLL for individuals aged 15–64 (working age). The time trend of suicide and YLL rates was calculated using Annual Percentage Change and the Average Annual Percent Change values, based on a Poisson-based Generalized Linear Model and the Joinpoint regression method. Using the human capital approach, the economic cost of the labor force lost due to suicide was estimated. Results: The YLL per death was 33.57 years for males, 47.73 years for females, and 37.06 years overall. The age group with the highest YLL percentage is 20–24 among males (23.55%) and 15–19 among females (33.06%). An increase of 7.8% was observed among males from 2018 to 2021. The mean changes in the overall time trend were found to be significant in male suicides. Among females, there was a 5.3% decrease until 2017, followed by a 4.5% increase from 2017 onwards. Combined, male and female suicide rates have significantly increased since 2017. The financial loss associated with suicide over a 12-year period totaled USD 10,775,943,197 with an annual loss of USD 897,995,266. The premature mortality cost per death was estimated at USD 278,400.84 for men and USD 186,625.16 for women, while the premature mortality cost per YLL was USD 8292.23 for men and USD 3910.36 for women. Conclusions: Changes in the temporal trend of suicide may be associated with societal events. The study reveals that premature deaths due to suicide in Türkiye are a multidimensional public health problem that significantly affects not only individuals but also the overall productivity and economic structure of society. Full article

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19 pages, 397 KB

Open AccessReview

Methylarginine Levels in Chronic Inflammatory Skin Diseases—The Role of L-Arginine/Nitric Oxide Pathway

by Clara Matei, Mircea Tampa, Madalina Irina Mitran, Cristina Iulia Mitran, Ilinca Nicolae, Corina Daniela Ene, Andrei Marin, Ecaterina Rinja, Adrian Dumitru, Constantin Caruntu, Carolina Constantin, Monica Neagu and Simona Roxana Georgescu

J. Clin. Med. 2025, 14(22), 7934; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm14227934 (registering DOI) - 8 Nov 2025

Abstract

In recent years, the L-arginine/nitric oxide (NO) pathway has garnered increasing attention across a range of pathological conditions, including skin diseases. NO is an important modulator of skin homeostasis, being actively involved in numerous processes such as vasodilation, keratinocyte proliferation, melanogenesis and cell [...] Read more.

In recent years, the L-arginine/nitric oxide (NO) pathway has garnered increasing attention across a range of pathological conditions, including skin diseases. NO is an important modulator of skin homeostasis, being actively involved in numerous processes such as vasodilation, keratinocyte proliferation, melanogenesis and cell signaling. Under inflammatory conditions, post-translational changes in L-arginine take place, resulting in the synthesis of methylarginines including monomethylarginine (MMA), asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA), and symmetric dimethylarginine (SDMA). Once ADMA and MMA are generated, they compete with L-arginine to bind to the active site of NO synthase, which reduces the production of NO. Additionally, SDMA inhibits the transport of L-arginine, leading to a lower concentration of this amino acid within cells. Consequently, by impacting both the availability of L-arginine and the production of NO, conditions favoring oxidative stress and endothelial dysfunction are created. Dysregulation of L-arginine/NO pathway is closely related to inflammation and oxidative stress, two events that play a cardinal role in the pathogenesis of chronic inflammatory skin diseases. We conducted a narrative review that synthesizes current evidence on methylarginine levels in patients with chronic inflammatory skin diseases. Our aim was to enhance our knowledge about the role of these compounds in pathogenesis and provide new insights into the mechanisms underlying these conditions that can be the basis for novel diagnostic biomarkers and therapies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in Inflammatory and Infectious Skin Diseases (Second Edition))

10 pages, 399 KB

Open AccessArticle

Treatment of Post-Traumatic Diaphyseal and Distal Tibial Bone Defects by Distraction Osteogenesis: A Monocentric Experience

by Danilo Leonetti, Lorenza Siracusano, Viktor Dietrich Schick, Giovanni Marrara, Leone Larizza, Massimo Brigandì, Angela Alibrandi, Ilaria Sanzarello, Matteo Nanni and Biagio Zampogna

J. Clin. Med. 2025, 14(22), 7933; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm14227933 (registering DOI) - 8 Nov 2025

Abstract

Background: Distraction osteogenesis (DO) and the Masquelet technique are currently the preferred treatment options for bone defects larger than 5 cm. Methods: Between January 2019 and December 2023, 19 patients were treated with DO for post-traumatic tibial defects at our institution. The results [...] Read more.

Background: Distraction osteogenesis (DO) and the Masquelet technique are currently the preferred treatment options for bone defects larger than 5 cm. Methods: Between January 2019 and December 2023, 19 patients were treated with DO for post-traumatic tibial defects at our institution. The results were evaluated using the Association for the Study and Application of the Method of Ilizarov (ASAMI) scoring system. Results: Patients’ mean age was 32.42 years. The mean defect size was 4.8 cm (range 3.2–8.1 cm), and the mean external fixation time was 21.31 weeks. Bone union was reached on average after 25.9 weeks. The mean follow-up time was 3.7 years. The mean leg length discrepancy at the final follow-up was 0.83 cm. Using the ASAMI system, the functional results were excellent in eight patients, good in eight, and fair in two, with one case of failure; the bone results were excellent in ten patients, good in six, fair in two, and poor in one. Conclusions: DO for the treatment of tibial defects has the potential to yield favourable outcomes, provided that the method is performed correctly. Multicentre prospective studies would allow for more definitive conclusions to be made. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Orthopedics)

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18 pages, 916 KB

Open AccessArticle

SelectVote Byzantine Fault Tolerance for Evidence Custody: Virtual Voting Consensus with Environmental Compensation

by Belinda I. Onyeashie, Petra Leimich, Sean McKeown and Gordon Russell

Sensors 2025, 25(22), 6846; https://doi.org/10.3390/s25226846 (registering DOI) - 8 Nov 2025

Abstract

Digital evidence custody requires consensus protocols that guarantee immediate and deterministic finality. Legal admissibility depends on proof that no party can alter or delay confirmation of evidence transfers. Conventional Byzantine fault tolerance protocols scale poorly because of quadratic communication overhead, while probabilistic ledger [...] Read more.

Digital evidence custody requires consensus protocols that guarantee immediate and deterministic finality. Legal admissibility depends on proof that no party can alter or delay confirmation of evidence transfers. Conventional Byzantine fault tolerance protocols scale poorly because of quadratic communication overhead, while probabilistic ledger systems such as IOTA and SPECTRE produce confirmation uncertainty that weakens custody verification. This paper introduces SelectVote Byzantine Fault Tolerance, a deterministic consensus protocol that infers virtual votes from graph structure instead of exchanging explicit messages. The protocol operates in permissioned forensic networks and assigns validation witnesses through a fixed, hash-based selection process. Empirical evaluation demonstrates sub-quadratic communication scaling (

O (n^{1.7})

) compared to traditional

O (n^{2})

Byzantine protocols and maintains Byzantine resilience. To ensure physical integrity, the paper also presents an environmental compensation framework for precision weight verification. The framework models temperature, humidity, and pressure effects on load cells and corrects measurement drift to preserve sub-gram accuracy across normal storage conditions. Experimental evaluation confirms that the integrated system sustains high throughput with deterministic finality and maintains consistent measurement precision under environmental variation. The combined result supports reliable, legally defensible custody of digital evidence across distributed institutions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advancing Cyber Security in the IoT Era: Distributed Ledger and AI Solutions for Enhancing Security and Privacy)

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