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21 pages, 2415 KB

Open AccessArticle

Reframing Government Science Communication in the Digital Era: A Multi-Model Study of BRIN (Indonesia)

by Yutainten, Engkus Kuswarno, Uud Wahyudin and Ira Mirawati

Publications 2025, 13(3), 45; https://doi.org/10.3390/publications13030045 (registering DOI) - 19 Sep 2025

In governmental agencies, science communication often focuses on one-way knowledge transfer, even on digital platforms designed for interaction and engagement. This study examines the strategies used by Indonesia’s National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN) across four science communication models—deficit, dialogue, participatory, and scientific [...] Read more.

In governmental agencies, science communication often focuses on one-way knowledge transfer, even on digital platforms designed for interaction and engagement. This study examines the strategies used by Indonesia’s National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN) across four science communication models—deficit, dialogue, participatory, and scientific agency—to identify shortcomings and opportunities for more inclusive public engagement. Using a qualitative case study approach, we analyzed digital content produced by BRIN, conducted 25 semi-structured interviews, held focus group discussions, and observed digital data. The data were thematically coded using NVivo software 12. Our findings show that BRIN mainly adopts the deficit model, using digital platforms primarily for broadcasting rather than genuine engagement. While some dialogue occurs, it often takes the form of “Controlled Dialogue”—a performative use of interactive tools limited by institutional and bureaucratic obstacles. These barriers impede genuine participation. We recommend a strategic hybrid model that aligns communication methods with specific objectives, offering actionable strategies for public research institutions in the Global South to enhance meaningful public engagement. Full article

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14 pages, 985 KB

Open AccessArticle

Targeted Heart Rate Control with Landiolol in Hemodynamically Unstable, Non-Surgical Intensive Care Unit Patients: A Comparative Study

by Lyuboslav Katov, Jessica Gierak, Yannick Teumer, Federica Diofano, Carlo Bothner, Wolfgang Rottbauer and Karolina Weinmann-Emhardt

Medicina 2025, 61(9), 1703; https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina61091703 (registering DOI) - 19 Sep 2025

Abstract

Background and Objectives: Atrial fibrillation (AF) in critically ill patients (CIP) is associated with worse outcomes and increased mortality in the intensive care unit (ICU). Rhythm control strategies are often unfeasible due to underlying comorbidities, making rate control the preferred initial approach. However, [...] Read more.

Background and Objectives: Atrial fibrillation (AF) in critically ill patients (CIP) is associated with worse outcomes and increased mortality in the intensive care unit (ICU). Rhythm control strategies are often unfeasible due to underlying comorbidities, making rate control the preferred initial approach. However, conventional beta-blockers may worsen hemodynamics through negative inotropic effects and peripheral vasodilation. Landiolol, an ultra-short-acting adrenoreceptor antagonist, may offer an alternative due to its high β₁-cardioselectivity and minimal blood pressure (BP) impact. This study evaluated the efficacy and feasibility of landiolol in hemodynamically unstable CIP with tachyarrhythmia, used as add-on therapy after failure of standard treatments. Materials and Methods: Ten CIP, admitted for non-postoperative reasons, were prospectively enrolled for landiolol treatment (L-group) in the ICU of Ulm University Heart Center between July and December 2017. The control group contained 41 patients who had received standard therapy without landiolol (NL-group). The primary composite endpoint was defined as heart rate (HR) reduction while maintaining mean arterial pressure (MAP) above 65 mmHg. Results: The most frequent reason for ICU admission was hemodynamic instability related to tachyarrhythmia in patients with cardiogenic or septic shock. At therapy initiation, all patients exhibited a compromised hemodynamic status, with a median MAP of 68.0 (IQR 60.0–80.0) mmHg and a median HR of 160.0 (IQR 144.0–176.0) bpm. After a three-hour observation period, no significant differences in BP values were observed between the groups. The primary composite endpoint was achieved at comparable rates in both groups (p = 0.525). However, patients in the L-group achieved a greater reduction in HR compared to those in the NL-group (25.3% vs. 21.9%, p < 0.001). Conclusions: Landiolol achieved more effective HR control than standard therapy without adversely affecting BP stability. These findings suggest that landiolol may be a feasible and effective option for HR control in ICU CIP. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Cardiology)

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17 pages, 2175 KB

Open AccessArticle

From Thermal Conversion to Cathode Performance: Acid-Activated Walnut Shell Biochar in Li–S Batteries and Its Impact on Air Quality

by Fabricio Aguirre, Guillermina Luque, Gabriel Imwinkelried, Fernando Cometto, Clara Saux, Mariano Teruel and María Belén Blanco

Thermo 2025, 5(3), 34; https://doi.org/10.3390/thermo5030034 (registering DOI) - 19 Sep 2025

Abstract

The thermal processing of walnut shells was investigated through pyrolysis within the range of 100–650 °C, highlighting the influence of thermal engineering parameters on biomass conversion. The resulting biochar was subjected to chemical activation with phosphoric acid, and its physicochemical properties were evaluated [...] Read more.

The thermal processing of walnut shells was investigated through pyrolysis within the range of 100–650 °C, highlighting the influence of thermal engineering parameters on biomass conversion. The resulting biochar was subjected to chemical activation with phosphoric acid, and its physicochemical properties were evaluated to determine how thermal processing enhances its performance as a cathode material for lithium–sulfur (Li–S) batteries. This approach underscores the role of thermal engineering in bridging biomass valorization with energy storage technologies. In parallel, the gaseous fraction generated during walnut shell fast pyrolysis was collected, and for the first time, volatile organic compounds (VOCs) under atmospheric conditions were identified using solid-phase microextraction (SPME) coupled with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS). The composition of the VOCs was characterized, quantifying aromatic compounds, hydrocarbons, furans, and oxygenated species. This study further linked the thermal decomposition pathways of these compounds to their atmospheric implications by estimating tropospheric lifetimes and evaluating their potential contributions to air quality degradation at the local, regional, and global scales. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Thermodynamic Analysis and Modeling in Biomass Thermal Conversion Processes)

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25 pages, 1851 KB

Open AccessArticle

Predicting Gene Expression Responses to Cold in Arabidopsis thaliana Using Natural Variation in DNA Sequence

by Margarita Takou, Emily S. Bellis and Jesse R. Lasky

Genes 2025, 16(9), 1108; https://doi.org/10.3390/genes16091108 (registering DOI) - 19 Sep 2025

Abstract

Background/Objectives: The evolution of gene expression responses is a critical component of population adaptation to variable environments. Predicting how DNA sequence influences expression is challenging because the genotype-to-phenotype map is not well resolved for cis-regulatory elements, transcription factor binding, regulatory interactions, [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: The evolution of gene expression responses is a critical component of population adaptation to variable environments. Predicting how DNA sequence influences expression is challenging because the genotype-to-phenotype map is not well resolved for cis-regulatory elements, transcription factor binding, regulatory interactions, and epigenetic features, not to mention how these factors respond to the environment. Methods: We tested if flexible machine learning models could learn some of the underlying cis-regulatory genotype-to-phenotype map to predict expression response to a specific environment. We tested this approach using cold-responsive transcriptome profiles in five Arabidopsis thaliana natural accessions. Results: We first tested for evidence that cis regulation plays a role in environmental response, finding 14 and 15 motifs that were significantly enriched within the up- and downstream regions of cold-responsive differentially regulated genes (DEGs). We next applied convolutional neural networks (CNNs), which learn de novo cis-regulatory motifs in DNA sequences to predict expression response to cold. We found that CNNs predicted differential expression with moderate accuracy, with evidence that predictions were hindered by the biological complexity of regulation and the large potential regulatory code. Conclusions: Overall, approaches for predicting DEGs between specific environments based only on proximate DNA sequences require further development. It may be necessary to incorporate additional biological information into models to generate accurate predictions that will be useful to population biologists. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Population and Evolutionary Genetics and Genomics)

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21 pages, 4780 KB

Open AccessArticle

Influence of Soil Physical and Hydraulic Properties on Cacao Productivity Under Agroforestry Systems in the Amazonian Piedmont

by Fabio Buriticá, José Iván Vanegas and Juan Carlos Suárez

Agriculture 2025, 15(18), 1973; https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture15181973 (registering DOI) - 19 Sep 2025

Abstract

In the Amazonian piedmont, cacao-based agroforestry systems (cAFSs) were significantly influenced by the soil’s physical, hydraulic, and structural characteristics, which largely determined agricultural productivity. A total of 122 plots with cocoa-based agroforestry systems measuring 1000 m² were randomly selected from different farms [...] Read more.

In the Amazonian piedmont, cacao-based agroforestry systems (cAFSs) were significantly influenced by the soil’s physical, hydraulic, and structural characteristics, which largely determined agricultural productivity. A total of 122 plots with cocoa-based agroforestry systems measuring 1000 m² were randomly selected from different farms located in the Amazonian foothills in the department of Caquetá. Different variables related to soil physics and hydrology, as well as production, were determined for each plot. Soil characteristics explain 33% of the total variance in cocoa yield. Sand content (71.2%) correlated positively with yield, while clay (22.62%) and silt (23.99%) correlated negatively. Three soil types were identified: sandy loam (high productivity, yield 1129.07 g) and two variants of sandy clay loam (lower yield, 323.97 g). Hydraulic properties were important, with total porosity of 56.04% and hydraulic conductivity of 20.45 mm h⁻¹. The CCN-51 and ICS-60 clones performed better in sandy loam soils, while ICS-95 and TSH-565 adapted better to sandy clay loam soils with medium stability. The physical and hydric soil properties are crucial factors that directly influence cocoa productivity in agroforestry systems of the Amazon piedmont, where the appropriate selection of clones according to soil characteristics is fundamental to optimize crop productivity and sustainability. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Agricultural Soils)

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8 pages, 608 KB

Open AccessCase Report

Pulmonary Embolism Associated with Olaparib in BRCA2-Mutated Prostate Cancer: A Case Report

by Shuhei Ishii, Shigekatsu Maekawa, Fumiko Amano, Daichi Kikuchi, Daiki Ikarashi, Renpei Kato, Mitsugu Kanehira, Ryo Takata, Jun Sugimura and Wataru Obara

Curr. Oncol. 2025, 32(9), 523; https://doi.org/10.3390/curroncol32090523 (registering DOI) - 19 Sep 2025

Abstract

Olaparib, a poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitor approved for treating metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC) with BRCA mutations, has significant clinical benefits. However, evidence suggests an increased risk of venous thromboembolism, including pulmonary embolism (PE), particularly in patients with PC. However, no case [...] Read more.

Olaparib, a poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitor approved for treating metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC) with BRCA mutations, has significant clinical benefits. However, evidence suggests an increased risk of venous thromboembolism, including pulmonary embolism (PE), particularly in patients with PC. However, no case reports of olaparib-associated PE in mCRPC have been published. Here, we report the case of a 70-year-old man with mCRPC harboring a BRCA2 mutation, who developed PE during olaparib therapy. Diagnostic evaluations included contrast-enhanced computed tomography and serum D-dimer level measurement. Clinical decision tools, such as the Wells score and the Khorana score, were used to support the diagnosis and risk assessment. The patient developed acute dyspnea and chest pain 7 months after olaparib initiation. Imaging confirmed multiple pulmonary emboli; laboratory testing revealed markedly elevated D-dimer levels. Anticoagulation therapy with apixaban led to rapid clinical and radiological improvement. However, mCRPC eventually progressed after olaparib discontinuation, and the patient died 15 months after olaparib initiation. This is the first reported case of olaparib-associated PE in mCRPC. It underscores the importance of vigilance for thromboembolic complications during PARP inhibitor therapy. The integration of clinical scoring systems and biomarkers may facilitate timely PE diagnosis and management, potentially improving patient outcomes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Genitourinary Oncology)

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27 pages, 3225 KB

Open AccessArticle

Assembly or Subdivision? Comparative Institutional Analysis of Culture-Led Urban Regeneration Projects from Xi’an, China

by Chen Shi and Luowen Sun

Urban Sci. 2025, 9(9), 382; https://doi.org/10.3390/urbansci9090382 (registering DOI) - 19 Sep 2025

Abstract

Culture-led urban regeneration represents a potent strategy for revitalizing post-industrial cities but necessitates navigating complex property rights fragmentation and competing stakeholder interests. This research interrogates how different institutional arrangements mediate this process, balancing economic development with cultural preservation and social sustainability. Through a [...] Read more.

Culture-led urban regeneration represents a potent strategy for revitalizing post-industrial cities but necessitates navigating complex property rights fragmentation and competing stakeholder interests. This research interrogates how different institutional arrangements mediate this process, balancing economic development with cultural preservation and social sustainability. Through a comparative case study of two seminal projects in Xi’an, China—the Yisu Opera Society and the Old Food Market—this paper examines the divergent outcomes of two property rights reconfiguration strategies: land assembly and rights subdivision. Findings reveal a fundamental trade-off: while the land assembly model facilitates efficient, large-scale redevelopment and economic revitalization, it often precipitates gentrification and the erosion of socio-cultural fabric. Conversely, the rights subdivision approach, though incurring higher ongoing transaction costs, fosters more equitable and embedded regeneration by preserving community networks and authentic character. Grounded in Property Rights and Transaction Cost theories, this study con-structs an analytical framework to evaluate how governance structures, stakeholder dynamics, and contextual factors shape project outcomes. The research concludes that there is no universal solution; the optimal pathway depends on the specific heritage context and social embeddedness of a site. It contributes to urban scholarship by highlighting the critical role of flexible, hybrid governance models in managing urban complexity and offers practical policy insights for designing regeneration frameworks that can more equitably distribute the benefits of urban development. Full article

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27 pages, 2124 KB

Open AccessReview

Emerging Digitalization in Property/Facility Management: A State-of-the-Art Review and Future Directions

by Colin Yu Shing Chui, Tarek Zayed, Jiduo Xing and Shihui Ma

Intell. Infrastruct. Constr. 2025, 1(2), 7; https://doi.org/10.3390/iic1020007 (registering DOI) - 19 Sep 2025

Abstract

Digitalization has become a driving force for significant advancements in property/facility management (PFM). It is necessary to identify the research gaps and future research directions, which could enable the effective development of digital technologies (DTs) in the context of PFM. This paper aims [...] Read more.

Digitalization has become a driving force for significant advancements in property/facility management (PFM). It is necessary to identify the research gaps and future research directions, which could enable the effective development of digital technologies (DTs) in the context of PFM. This paper aims to review how DTs emerge to drive digitalization in PFM and identify gaps that need to be addressed in future research. The findings reveal that research on integrating BIM, IoT, AR, AI, and big data in sustainable transformations, real-time data, and energy optimization is limited, with challenges in data security, privacy, and system interoperability. Future research should focus on BIM for sustainability, real-time data, and AR applications, alongside IoT and blockchain integration for security. Investigating VR in maintenance, AI for energy optimization, improved prediction accuracy, and enhanced NLP for chatbots are also critical areas for exploration. This state-of-the-art review summarized the gaps from the existing literature of property management digitalization and provides an update on research gaps and directions for the digitalization in PFM. Full article

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18 pages, 8102 KB

Open AccessReview

The Early History of Visual Virtuality with Two Eyes

by Nicholas J. Wade

Virtual Worlds 2025, 4(3), 41; https://doi.org/10.3390/virtualworlds4030041 (registering DOI) - 19 Sep 2025

Abstract

Visual virtuality can be seen as involving the processing and perception of pictorial images. The production of such representations has a longer history than speculations about their perception. Pictorial images of objects and scenes lack two dimensions present in their subject matter—depth and [...] Read more.

Visual virtuality can be seen as involving the processing and perception of pictorial images. The production of such representations has a longer history than speculations about their perception. Pictorial images of objects and scenes lack two dimensions present in their subject matter—depth and motion. Instruments to investigate stereoscopic depth and apparent motion were invented in the early 1830s. Wheatstone devised stereoscopes and conducted experiments with them; Plateau and Stampfer independently crafted devices for presenting sequences of slightly different patterns that created the impression of motion. Wheatstone later proposed how moving and stereoscopic images could be combined. Thereafter, interpretations of virtual depth and motion perception became more concerned with central processing rather than being based on geometrical optics. Full article

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16 pages, 904 KB

Open AccessArticle

Sardine Inclusion in a Food Waste-Based Substrate for Rearing Black Soldier Fly (Hermetia illucens) Larvae: Effects on Growth Performance, Body Composition, and Gut Microbiome

by Seong-Mok Jeong, Byung Hwa Min, Sang Woo Hur, Jinho Bae, Ki Hwan Park and Kang Woong Kim

Insects 2025, 16(9), 977; https://doi.org/10.3390/insects16090977 (registering DOI) - 19 Sep 2025

Abstract

The drastic surge in Sardine landings in Korea underscores the urgent need for sustainable upcycling strategies. However, research on the feasibility of using sardine (SD) in food waste (FW)-based substrates during the cultivation of black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) larvae (BSFL) [...] Read more.

The drastic surge in Sardine landings in Korea underscores the urgent need for sustainable upcycling strategies. However, research on the feasibility of using sardine (SD) in food waste (FW)-based substrates during the cultivation of black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) larvae (BSFL) remains limited. Thus, we aimed to investigate the effect of incorporating varying SD contents (0, 25, 50, 75, and 100%), into which 4-day-old (third-instar) larvae weighing approximately 0.02 g were introduced and reared for 12 days in triplicate. SD inclusion in the substrate had a dose-dependent effect on BSFL growth; higher concentrations (≥50%) markedly inhibited key growth indices, including a significant reduction in total biomass (p < 0.05). Incorporating SD into the diet dose-dependently enriched the biomass with eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid while reducing the relative proportions of saturated and monounsaturated fatty acids (p < 0.05). Proteobacteria and Firmicutes were the dominant phyla in the intestinal microbiota of BSFL. Further, SD inclusion altered the gut microbial community structure. Increased SD concentration in the diet led to a progressive reduction in unique genera, indicating decreased microbial diversity at higher inclusion levels. Overall, incorporating SD into FW for BSFL cultivation is feasible; however, optimizing substrate composition—particularly moisture and nutrient balance—is necessary to enhance larval growth and productivity. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Insects as the Nutrition Source in Animal Feed)

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28 pages, 3033 KB

Open AccessArticle

Impact of Panel Tilt Angle and Tracking Configuration on Solar PV and Energy Storage Capacity for a Carbon-Neutral Grid in Arizona

by Haider Nadeem, Ryan J. Milcarek, Clark A. Miller and Ellen B. Stechel

Energies 2025, 18(18), 4974; https://doi.org/10.3390/en18184974 (registering DOI) - 19 Sep 2025

Abstract

Arizona has committed to reducing emissions by 50–52% by 2030 and achieving net-zero emissions by 2050, requiring major changes to its electricity infrastructure. This study develops a MATLAB model with hourly electricity load and solar insolation data to determine the solar PV and [...] Read more.

Arizona has committed to reducing emissions by 50–52% by 2030 and achieving net-zero emissions by 2050, requiring major changes to its electricity infrastructure. This study develops a MATLAB model with hourly electricity load and solar insolation data to determine the solar PV and energy storage infrastructure required to replace all utility-scale non-renewable generation. Whereas PV tilt angle is typically optimized to maximize solar capture, this study instead links tilt and tracking configuration to land use, storage requirements, and total system cost to identify the optimal configuration. Results show that a 76 GW_DC 0° fixed-tilt system requires ~0.15% (438 km²) of Arizona’s land to achieve a carbon-neutral grid. Increasing tilt decreases the land required to 287 km² at 54° for fixed-tilt systems and 221 km² at 65° for single-axis tracking systems. A minimum of 320 GWh of annual energy storage is required based on TMY solar insolation data, which increases to 430 GWh for the 2022 time synchronized analysis. A 0° fixed-tilt angle system with energy storage is the cheapest configuration at USD 218 billion. At this tilt, PV generation produces ~80,000 GWh of excess electricity annually, 47% of which could achieve 80% decarbonization across all sectors of the economy. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section A2: Solar Energy and Photovoltaic Systems)

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16 pages, 685 KB

Open AccessArticle

Long-Term Outcomes Following Reconstruction of Diaphyseal Defects of the Upper and Lower Extremities Using Diaphyseal Implants: A Retrospective Study with Focus on Fixation Technique

by Tymoteusz Budny, Anna Maria Rachbauer, Georg Gosheger, Felix Lückel, Marieke De Vaal, Sebastian Klingebiel, Jan Christoph Theil and Niklas Deventer

Cancers 2025, 17(18), 3059; https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers17183059 (registering DOI) - 19 Sep 2025

Abstract

Background: The reconstruction of diaphyseal bone defects following tumor resection offers various biological and endoprosthetic treatment options. The present study analyzes the impact of the fixation method (cemented; uncemented; with locking screw; without locking screw) of the diaphyseal implant on clinical outcomes. Factors [...] Read more.

Background: The reconstruction of diaphyseal bone defects following tumor resection offers various biological and endoprosthetic treatment options. The present study analyzes the impact of the fixation method (cemented; uncemented; with locking screw; without locking screw) of the diaphyseal implant on clinical outcomes. Factors such as patient age and weight as well as tumor type and location are also considered. Methods: This study included 39 patients who underwent intercalary endoprosthetic reconstruction of the humerus (n = 4); femur (n = 29); and tibia (n = 6) between 1998 and 2020. Prosthetic complications, fixation methods and the MSTS score for functional outcome were statistically analyzed using SPSS and R. Results: The event-free probability in the competing risk model was 61% (95% CI 43–74%) after one year and 11% (95% CI 3–28%) after five years. The complication rate in the patient cohort was 54%. Cementless prosthesis fixation was associated with a statistically significant better functional outcome. Additionally, higher body weight and older patient age were associated with lower MSTS scores. Conclusions: Patients requiring rapid remobilization or adjuvant radiation therapy may benefit more from diaphyseal implants compared to biological reconstructions. However, the complication and revision rates of diaphyseal implants are elevated. The chosen fixation method shows a statistically significant influence on functional outcome. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Soft Tissue and Bone Sarcoma (2nd Edition))

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17 pages, 836 KB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Nanobubble- and Microbubble Aeration Affect Leaf Quality Without Changing Yield of Lettuce Grown in Floating Systems

by Leonardo Fiore, Mariateresa Cardarelli, José Carlos Laban Lliuya, Paolo Bonini, Piero Santelli and Giuseppe Colla

Horticulturae 2025, 11(9), 1141; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae11091141 (registering DOI) - 19 Sep 2025

Abstract

Dissolved oxygen (DO) concentration in nutrient solution is critical for maximizing yield and optimizing quality traits of lettuce plants grown in floating systems. This study evaluated the effects of two aeration systems—a Venturi system (V) and a Venturi system combined with a nanobubble [...] Read more.

Dissolved oxygen (DO) concentration in nutrient solution is critical for maximizing yield and optimizing quality traits of lettuce plants grown in floating systems. This study evaluated the effects of two aeration systems—a Venturi system (V) and a Venturi system combined with a nanobubble generator using electromagnetic waves (VN)—compared with a non-aerated control (C), on quali-quantitative traits of lettuce plants grown in a floating system over two consecutive harvests. Both aeration treatments significantly increased DO levels in the nutrient solution compared to C, with the VN treatment maintaining the highest value throughout the crop cycle. Although no significant differences in lettuce yield were observed, both aeration treatments enhanced the leaf concentration of P, Mn, Zn, and Cu in the second harvest, and Mg in both harvests. Moreover, the VN treatment lowered leaf nitrate concentration in both harvests compared to the other treatments. The increase in DO in the nutrient solution delayed leaf senescence, as evidenced by higher chlorophyll index and lower anthocyanin levels in the lettuce leaves harvested at the end of the trial for both aeration systems. These results suggest that aeration, particularly with nanobubbles, can be an effective and sustainable strategy to enhance the quality traits of lettuce grown in a floating system. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Productivity and Quality of Vegetable Crops under Climate Change)

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Graphical abstract

24 pages, 1916 KB

Open AccessReview

The Potential of Bioethanol from Agricultural Crop Residues: A Case Study of Algeria

by Monirul Islam Miskat, Aditta Chowdhury, Sadiq M. Sait and Rabiul Islam

Bioresour. Bioprod. 2025, 1(1), 3; https://doi.org/10.3390/bioresourbioprod1010003 (registering DOI) - 19 Sep 2025

Abstract

Due to the ever-increasing energy demand, Algeria’s sustainable energy crisis is a significant problem. Plant and crop residues can be a solution to this problem if they are used for bioethanol production, a viable alternative to fossil fuels. This study explores the potential [...] Read more.

Due to the ever-increasing energy demand, Algeria’s sustainable energy crisis is a significant problem. Plant and crop residues can be a solution to this problem if they are used for bioethanol production, a viable alternative to fossil fuels. This study explores the potential of existing agricultural crop residues to overcome the sustainable energy crisis in Algeria. Agricultural residues such as cereals, roots and tubers, pulses, oil crops, vegetables, and fruits have great potential to solve the problem. The agricultural residues that are normally wasted can be utilized to produce bioethanol, which provides sustainable energy and also help to obtain a clean environment. It has been found that 1.65 million tons of bioethanol can be produced from Algeria’s available residues, which is equivalent to 44.10 petajoule of energy. Cereal and fruit residues contribute to most bioethanol generation, about 47.22% and 23.38%, respectively. In addition, bioethanol generated from residue can be used in Algeria’s transportation sector. Considering Algeria’s current energy condition, gasoline blended with ethanol such as E10 and E5 can be used in Algerian vehicles since no modification of vehicles is needed for utilizing these fuels. Research indicates that lignocellulosic biomass sources in Algeria, such as Alfa, olive pomace, and cereal straw, could provide up to 0.67 million tons of oil equivalent (Mtoe), representing approximately 4.37% of the energy consumption of the transport sector in Algeria. Algeria has the potential to produce up to 73.5 Mtoe and 57.9 Mtoe of renewable energy utilizing the energy crops. This study will also encourage relevant policymakers to develop sustainable energy policies that will enhance the renewable energy share in Algerian energy dynamics. Full article

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11 pages, 2575 KB

Open AccessArticle

The Tribological Properties of the CoCrFeNiMn High-Entropy Alloy Matrix Composites with Solid Lubrication

by Zhiming Guo, Xiaoyan Ren, Jingdan Li and Guowei Zhang

Coatings 2025, 15(9), 1098; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings15091098 (registering DOI) - 19 Sep 2025

Abstract

CoCrFeNiMn HEA-based composites with Cr₃C₂, 15% Ag, and different mass fractions of CaF₂/BaF₂ eutectic fluoride were fabricated by spark plasma sintering. The tribological properties and wear mechanism of the composites were investigated from RT to 800 [...] Read more.

CoCrFeNiMn HEA-based composites with Cr₃C₂, 15% Ag, and different mass fractions of CaF₂/BaF₂ eutectic fluoride were fabricated by spark plasma sintering. The tribological properties and wear mechanism of the composites were investigated from RT to 800 °C. The friction coefficients of CoCrFeNiMn-Cr₃C₂-Ag-CaF₂/BaF₂ composites decrease from RT to 800 °C except for 400 °C. At 800 °C, with the increasing mass fraction of the eutectic fluoride, the friction coefficient of the composite decreases from 0.53 to 0.25. The wear rates of the composite with 15% CaF₂/BaF₂ eutectic fluoride decrease significantly at high temperatures. The CoCrFeNiMn-Cr₃C₂-Ag-15%CaF₂/BaF₂ composite exhibits the lowest wear rates at 400 °C, 600 °C, and 800 °C, which are 4.47 × 10⁻⁶ mm³/N·m, 5.15 × 10⁻⁶ mm³/N·m, and 2.42 × 10⁻⁶ mm³/N·m, respectively. At low temperatures, the tribological mechanisms of the composites are micro-plowing and micro-cutting, and Ag is formed as a lubricating film to reduce the friction coefficient. At high temperature, fluorides form a transfer film on the wear scar surface, providing a lubricating effect. Also, the oxide layers and chromate are formed on the worn surfaces of the composites, which are beneficial for improving the wear resistance. Based on the mechanical properties and tribological behavior, the CoCrFeNiMn-Cr₃C₂-Ag-15%CaF₂/BaF₂ composite demonstrates the best comprehensive properties. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Microstructure and Corrosion Behavior of High-Entropy Coatings)

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27 pages, 1236 KB

Open AccessArticle

Does Institutional Quality Shape Agricultural Credit Orientation? Evidence from D-8 Nations

by Ömer Keskin, Batuhan Medetoğlu, Yusuf Bahadır Kavas and Musa Gün

Agriculture 2025, 15(18), 1975; https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture15181975 (registering DOI) - 19 Sep 2025

Abstract

The agricultural sector, which has long been overshadowed by industrialization, has reemerged with renewed strategic significance in the face of global crises, including pandemics and armed conflicts. This study examines the causal relationship between institutional quality and agricultural credit orientation in the Developing-Eight [...] Read more.

The agricultural sector, which has long been overshadowed by industrialization, has reemerged with renewed strategic significance in the face of global crises, including pandemics and armed conflicts. This study examines the causal relationship between institutional quality and agricultural credit orientation in the Developing-Eight countries from 2002 to 2023. Using the agriculture orientation index for credit as a key indicator, this study investigates how disaggregated institutional dimensions—control of corruption, government effectiveness, political stability and absence of violence, rule of law, regulatory quality, and voice and accountability—affect the allocation of commercial bank credit to agriculture. Both the standard Kónya panel causality test and its time-varying extension are employed to capture static and dynamic causal patterns. The findings demonstrate that institutional quality exerts a substantial effect on credit orientation, although the magnitude and characteristics of this influence differ across countries. Türkiye, Indonesia, Nigeria, and Egypt exhibit consistent causal relationships, whereas other countries reveal episodic or latent effects linked to specific political or legal shifts. By combining dynamic methodology with a policy-relevant indicator, this study offers novel insights into how governance shapes agricultural finance. The results underscore the need for country-specific and institution-sensitive credit strategies to increase resilience and equity in financial systems. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Agricultural Economics, Policies and Rural Management)

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18 pages, 3356 KB

Open AccessArticle

Retinoprotective Effects of Abscisic Acid in Ischemic Retinopathy Mouse Model

by Inez Bosnyak, Agnes Nagy, Dorottya Molitor, Balazs Meresz, Edina Szabo, Dora Reglodi, Tamas Atlasz and Alexandra Vaczy

Antioxidants 2025, 14(9), 1133; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox14091133 (registering DOI) - 19 Sep 2025

Abstract

The prevalence of hypoxia-caused eye diseases is increasing, but effective, non-invasive treatment options are not available. Abscisic acid (ABA) is a plant hormone with anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects. ABA is also present in various mammalian tissues and plays an important role in metabolic [...] Read more.

The prevalence of hypoxia-caused eye diseases is increasing, but effective, non-invasive treatment options are not available. Abscisic acid (ABA) is a plant hormone with anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects. ABA is also present in various mammalian tissues and plays an important role in metabolic processes. Therefore, we aimed to investigate the potential protective role of ABA eye drops in ischemic retinopathy. Retinal ischemia was induced by permanent unilateral common carotid artery occlusion (UCCAO) in mice. Half of the animals received ABA eye drops two times a day for two weeks. Optical coherence tomography (OCT) was used to follow the changes in retinal thickness. Moreover, immunohistochemistry and molecular biology methods were used to explore the morphological changes and the underlying mechanisms, respectively. Based on OCT measurements, ischemic retinopathy was successfully developed. The decrease in the thickness of numerous retinal layers could be prevented with ABA eye drops. The ganglion cell number decreased significantly after UCCAO in the central and peripheral regions of the retina. ABA treatment could moderate the damage in both regions. Furthermore, our apoptosis array results suggest that ABA regulates the apoptotic pathways under hypoxic conditions. In conclusion, ABA eye drops may represent a new potential therapeutic option for the treatment of ischemic retinopathy. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antioxidants and Retinal Diseases—2nd Edition)

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16 pages, 5677 KB

Open AccessArticle

The Effect of Radon Concentration on MS Prevalence: A Door-to-Door Survey in the Fault Zone in Afyonkarahisar, Turkey

by Ülkü Türk Börü, Ahmet Yıldız, Metin Bağcı, Ayla Sandıkçıoğlu Gümüş, Elif Simin Issı, Furkan İncebacak, Hakan Acar and Cem Bölük

Toxics 2025, 13(9), 797; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics13090797 (registering DOI) - 19 Sep 2025

Abstract

Background: Despite the identification of various environmental factors that increase the risk of multiple sclerosis (MS), the effects of many factors on the etiology of MS remain to be elucidated. In this study, we aimed to investigate the effects of radon, a factor [...] Read more.

Background: Despite the identification of various environmental factors that increase the risk of multiple sclerosis (MS), the effects of many factors on the etiology of MS remain to be elucidated. In this study, we aimed to investigate the effects of radon, a factor previously studied in relation to various other neurodegenerative diseases, on the epidemiology of MS. Methods: A door-to-door field study was conducted in residential areas with relatively high and low radon gas concentrations to determine the prevalence of MS. The study area comprises the Bolvadin and İhsaniye regions, which have different geological characteristics, such as seismic activity, active faults, and distributions of volcanic rocks. CR-39 detectors, with an accepted limit of 300 Bq/m³, were utilized to measure radon gas concentrations. During the screening field, the patients diagnosed with multiple sclerosis were confirmed with their hospital records. Mc Donald’s revised diagnostic criteria were used for multiple sclerosis diagnosis. Results: The regions were grouped into higher radon areas and lower radon areas. The İhsaniye city center, Kayıhan, Kemerkaya, Döğer, and Bolvadin city center were classified as higher radon regions, whereas Dişli, Yaylabağı, Gazlıgöl, and Özburun were identified as lower radon regions. A total of 40,841 individuals were surveyed in the field. The crude MS prevalence was 41.8/100,000 in settlements with high radon gas concentrations and 20.5/100,000 in settlements with low radon gas concentrations. Conclusions: In this study, we revealed that the prevalence of MS was greater in settlements with high radon gas concentrations than in settlements with low radon gas concentrations. These results demonstrated that radon gas is an important environmental risk factor in the etiopathogenesis of MS. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Neuronal Injury and Disease Induced by Environmental Toxicants)

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Graphical abstract

26 pages, 4789 KB

Open AccessArticle

Spectroscopic and Chemometric Evaluation of the Stability of Timolol, Naphazoline, and Diflunisal in the Presence of Reactive Excipients Under Forced Degradation Conditions

by Anna Gumieniczek, Marek Wesolowski, Anna Berecka-Rycerz and Edyta Leyk

Molecules 2025, 30(18), 3807; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules30183807 (registering DOI) - 19 Sep 2025

Abstract

It was previously demonstrated that timolol (TIM), naphazoline (NAPH), and diflunisal (DIF) are susceptible to degradation when exposed to extreme pH conditions and UV/Vis light. However, their stability in the presence of pharmaceutical excipients remains largely unexplored. Thus, their binary mixtures (1:1 ratio, [...] Read more.

It was previously demonstrated that timolol (TIM), naphazoline (NAPH), and diflunisal (DIF) are susceptible to degradation when exposed to extreme pH conditions and UV/Vis light. However, their stability in the presence of pharmaceutical excipients remains largely unexplored. Thus, their binary mixtures (1:1 ratio, w/w) with five excipients, hydroxyethyl cellulose (HCA), mannitol (MAN), poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA), poly(vinylpyrrolidone) (PVP), and Tris HCl (TRIS), were subjected to forced degradation (70 °C/80% RH and UV/Vis light in the dose 94.510 kJ/m²). Forced degradation was designed to accelerate potential interactions between these compounds, allowing the earlier identification of degradation risk compared to formal stability studies. FT-IR/ATR and NIR spectroscopy, along with chemometric evaluation using Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Hierarchical Cluster Analysis (HCA), was applied to assess changes in the spectra, compared to individual compounds and the non-stressed mixtures. A hybrid approach, combining visual assessment with chemometric evaluation of the spectral data, enabled the detection of changes that were not clearly observable using a single analytical method. In particular, interactions of TIM, NAPH, and DIF with MAN and TRIS were clearly identified, while the mixtures of NAPH with excipients proved to be the least sensitive to forced degradation. Full article

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14 pages, 218 KB

Open AccessArticle

Integration of Information and Communication Technology in Curriculum Practices: The Case of Preservice Accounting Teachers

by Lineo Mphatsoane-Sesoane, Loyiso Currell Jita and Molaodi Tshelane

Computers 2025, 14(9), 398; https://doi.org/10.3390/computers14090398 (registering DOI) - 19 Sep 2025

Abstract

This empirical paper explores South African preservice accounting teachers’ perceptions of ICT integration in secondary schools’ accounting curriculum practices. Since 2020, curriculum practices have been characterised by disruptions to traditional teaching and learning methods, including those brought on by the COVID-19 pandemic. Curriculum [...] Read more.

This empirical paper explores South African preservice accounting teachers’ perceptions of ICT integration in secondary schools’ accounting curriculum practices. Since 2020, curriculum practices have been characterised by disruptions to traditional teaching and learning methods, including those brought on by the COVID-19 pandemic. Curriculum practices in accounting were not unnoticed. These sparked discussions about pedagogical changes, academic continuity, and the future of accounting curriculum practices. The theoretical framework used to guide the research process is connectivism. The theory is about forming connections between people and technology and teaching and learning in a connectivist learning environment. Connectivism promotes a lifelong learning perspective by training teachers and students to adapt to a fast-changing environment. An interpretive paradigm underpins this qualitative research paper. The data were collected from semi-structured interviews with five preservice accounting teachers about how they navigated pedagogy while switching to digital curriculum practices. Thematic analysis was used. The findings revealed that preservice accounting teachers faced challenges in ICT integration during school-based training, including limited resources, inadequate infrastructure, and insufficient hands-on training. While ICT tools enhanced learner engagement, barriers such as low digital skills and a lack of technical support hindered effective use. Participants highlighted a disconnect between theoretical training and classroom practice, prompting self-directed learning to bridge skill gaps. The study underscores the need for teacher education programs to provide practical, immersive ICT training to equip future educators for technology-driven classrooms. Full article

13 pages, 282 KB

Open AccessReview

Radiotherapy and Its Consequences in Relation to Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma—A Narrative Review

by Gal Feller, Duvern Ramiah, Faiza Mahomed, Liviu Feller and Razia A. G. Khammissa

Radiation 2025, 5(3), 26; https://doi.org/10.3390/radiation5030026 (registering DOI) - 19 Sep 2025

Abstract

Oral squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) is typically found in middle-aged or elderly individuals, is more common in men than women, can occur at any mucosal site, and is associated with a poor prognosis. The primary risk factors for oral SCC include the use [...] Read more.

Oral squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) is typically found in middle-aged or elderly individuals, is more common in men than women, can occur at any mucosal site, and is associated with a poor prognosis. The primary risk factors for oral SCC include the use of tobacco, betel nut, or areca nut, and excessive alcohol consumption. A comprehensive management plan for oral SCC typically involves a multidisciplinary team approach with surgery being the primary treatment approach, with or without radiotherapy. Radiotherapy is an essential component in the management of oral SCC, with its application guided by both tumour- and patient-related factors. It may be employed as a definitive, adjuvant, or palliative modality, depending on tumour stage, resectability, surgical margins, histopathological characteristics, as well as the patient’s overall health, financial considerations, and personal preferences. Effective radiotherapy for oral SCC inevitably leads to various tissue toxicities, which can vary among patients. These variations are primarily influenced by patient-specific characteristics, tumour-specific factors, and aspects related to the radiotherapy itself. Some of the complications resulting from ionizing radiation (IR) include oral mucositis, facial dermatitis, salivary gland dysfunction, trismus, and osteoradionecrosis, along with their management strategies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Radiation and Its Application in Oncology and Radiation Protection)

19 pages, 3450 KB

Open AccessArticle

De Novo Transcriptome Sequencing and Profiling of Ovarian Development of Argas persicus Along the Trophogonic Cycle

by Fen Yan, Deyong Duan, Jinzhu Meng and Tianyin Cheng

Genes 2025, 16(9), 1107; https://doi.org/10.3390/genes16091107 (registering DOI) - 19 Sep 2025

Abstract

Background: Argas persicus is a hematophagous ectoparasite of poultry and is the vector of several agents infectious to poultry. This study aims to explore the key genes affecting the ovarian development of A. persicus. Methods: RNA-seq was performed on the [...] Read more.

Background: Argas persicus is a hematophagous ectoparasite of poultry and is the vector of several agents infectious to poultry. This study aims to explore the key genes affecting the ovarian development of A. persicus. Methods: RNA-seq was performed on the ovaries of A. persicus before blood-feeding, on the day of engorgement, and 6 days post-engorgement. Utilizing the threshold padj < 0.05 and|log₂(foldchange)| > 1, differentially expressed genes were identified, and hub genes were determined by constructing protein–protein interaction (PPI) networks. Results: A total of 1008 differentially expressed genes were obtained during the feeding period, including 448 up-regulated and 560 down-regulated genes. Further, 2179 differentially expressed genes were screened in the preoviposition stage, including 1957 up-regulated and 222 down-regulated genes. These genes are mainly annotated in functions such as peptidase activity (especially serine protease activity), protein folding, protein assembly, and cell component assembly, and enriched in pathways such as protein processing in endoplasmic reticulum, lysosome, glutathione metabolism, and sphingolipid metabolism. In addition, some proteins that are closely related to ovarian development, including heat shock protein 70, protein disulfide isomerase, paramyosin, troponin I, hexosaminidase, serine protease, Kunitz serine protease inhibitors, and vitellogenin, were obtained. Conclusions: These findings fill the gap in the biological data for the ovarian development of soft ticks, provide a reference database for subsequent proteomics research, and offer fundamental support for the screening and development of candidate antigens for anti-tick vaccines. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Animal Genetics and Genomics)

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15 pages, 528 KB

Open AccessArticle

Systemic Inflammation in Hip Fracture and Osteoarthritis: Insights into Pathways of Immunoporosis

by Bernardo Abel Cedeno-Veloz, Alba María Rodriguez-Garcia, Fabricio Zambom-Ferraresi, Soledad Domínguez-Mendoza, Irene Guruceaga-Eguillor, Virginia Ruiz-Izquieta, Juan Jose Lasarte and Nicolás Martinez-Velilla

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025, 26(18), 9138; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms26189138 (registering DOI) - 19 Sep 2025

Abstract

Inflammaging has been implicated in age-related bone loss and fragility fractures through immune-mediated effects on bone turnover. We aimed to explore the relationship between systemic inflammatory markers and bone health in older adults, focusing on the differences between patients with osteoporotic fractures and [...] Read more.

Inflammaging has been implicated in age-related bone loss and fragility fractures through immune-mediated effects on bone turnover. We aimed to explore the relationship between systemic inflammatory markers and bone health in older adults, focusing on the differences between patients with osteoporotic fractures and non-fractured controls. We retrospectively analyzed 40 older patients (20 with hip fractures and 20 with osteoarthritis without prior fragility fractures). We compared routine inflammatory markers, including red cell distribution width (RDW), C-reactive protein (CRP), neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), systemic immune-inflammation index (SII), and the composite CRP–albumin–lymphocyte index (CALLY), between groups. Bone mineral density (BMD) at the hip, lumbar spine, and wrist, as well as the FRAX score, were assessed. Correlations between inflammatory markers, BMD, and FRAX scores were evaluated using Spearman’s coefficient. Patients with fractures exhibited significantly elevated CRP (66.2 ± 70.3 vs. 3.8 ± 4.0 mg/L, p = 0.0008) and SII (1399.7 ± 1143.4 vs. 751.4 ± 400.8, p = 0.025) compared to controls. RDW, NLR, and CALLY scores did not differ significantly between the groups. Higher CRP levels were associated with lower BMD at all sites (hip: r ≈ −0.63, p = 0.002; spine: r ≈ −0.60, p = 0.005; wrist: r ≈ −0.60, p = 0.005). No significant correlations were observed between the SII and BMD or FRAX values. Elevated systemic inflammation, particularly indicated by CRP and SII, was associated with osteoporotic fracture status and low bone density in our cohort. These findings support the concept that inflammatory pathways may contribute to osteoporosis and fracture risk and suggest that inflammatory markers could serve as adjunctive tools in fracture risk assessment. Further studies are required to clarify the causality and evaluate whether targeting chronic inflammation can improve bone health in older adults. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Musculoskeletal Disorders: From Molecular Pathology to Novel Therapeutic Approach)

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24 pages, 6026 KB

Open AccessArticle

An Expendable Player in Positive Vascular Remodeling? ADAMTS13 Deficiency Does Not Affect Arteriogenesis or Angiogenesis

by Carolin Baur, Amanda Geml, Kira-Sofie Wimmer, Franziska Heim, Anja Holschbach, Katharina Elbs, Michael R. Rohrmoser, Dominic van den Heuvel, Alexander T. Bauer, Stefan W. Schneider, Daphne Merkus and Elisabeth Deindl

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025, 26(18), 9137; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms26189137 (registering DOI) - 19 Sep 2025

Abstract

Peripheral artery disease is a common manifestation of atherosclerosis, characterized by insufficient tissue perfusion and chronic ischemia. Arteriogenesis and angiogenesis are essential endogenous mechanisms to restore blood flow and limit ischemic injury. The metalloprotease ADAMTS13, known for cleaving ultra-large von Willebrand factor, has [...] Read more.

Peripheral artery disease is a common manifestation of atherosclerosis, characterized by insufficient tissue perfusion and chronic ischemia. Arteriogenesis and angiogenesis are essential endogenous mechanisms to restore blood flow and limit ischemic injury. The metalloprotease ADAMTS13, known for cleaving ultra-large von Willebrand factor, has been implicated in thrombotic and inflammatory regulation. However, its role in ischemic vascular remodeling remains unclear. Using a murine hind limb ischemia model, we investigated the effect of ADAMTS13 deficiency on arteriogenesis and angiogenesis by comparing male ADAMTS13^−/− and wild-type control mice. Perfusion recovery, vascular cell proliferation, immune cell infiltration, and thrombotic activity were evaluated using laser Doppler measurements, immunohistochemical analysis of adductor and gastrocnemius muscle tissues, and in vivo microscopy. ADAMTS13 deficiency did not impair perfusion recovery, collateral artery growth, or capillarization. While platelet adhesion was slightly increased in ADAMTS13^−/− mice, no thrombotic occlusions were observed. Inflammatory responses, including macrophage and neutrophil infiltration as well as macrophage polarization, were largely unaffected. Despite previous in vitro evidence indicating an angiogenic role for ADAMTS13, its absence did not compromise angiogenesis in vivo. Our findings suggest that ADAMTS13 does not play a critical role in ischemia-related angiogenesis and arteriogenesis under sterile conditions and may be relevant only in contexts involving acute and sufficiently strong thromboinflammatory stimuli. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Molecular Pathology, Diagnostics, and Therapeutics)

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35 pages, 1103 KB

Open AccessArticle

Improving the Performance of Constructed Neural Networks with a Pre-Train Phase

by Ioannis G. Tsoulos, Vasileios Charilogis and Dimitrios Tsalikakis

Symmetry 2025, 17(9), 1567; https://doi.org/10.3390/sym17091567 (registering DOI) - 19 Sep 2025

Abstract

A multitude of problems in the contemporary literature are addressed using machine learning models, the most widespread of which are artificial neural networks. Furthermore, in recent years, evolutionary techniques have emerged that identify both the architecture of artificial neural networks and their corresponding [...] Read more.

A multitude of problems in the contemporary literature are addressed using machine learning models, the most widespread of which are artificial neural networks. Furthermore, in recent years, evolutionary techniques have emerged that identify both the architecture of artificial neural networks and their corresponding parameters. Among these techniques, one can also identify the artificial neural networks being constructed, in which the structure and parameters of the neural network are effectively identified using Grammatical Evolution. In this work, a pre-training stage is introduced in which an artificial neural network with a fixed number of parameters is trained using some optimization technique such as the genetic algorithms used here. The final result of this additional phase is a trained artificial neural network, which is introduced into the genetic population used by Grammatical Evolution in the second phase. In this way, finding the overall minimum of the error function will be significantly accelerated, making the second phase method more efficient. The current work was applied to many classification and regression problems found in the related literature, and it was compared against other methods used for neural network training as well as against the original method used to construct neural networks. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Symmetry in Data Sciences and Machine Learning for Multidisciplinary Research)

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12 pages, 1158 KB

Open AccessSystematic Review

Neurogranin as a Synaptic Biomarker in Mild Traumatic Brain Injury: A Systematic Review of Diagnostic and Pathophysiological Evidence

by Ioannis Mavroudis, Foivos Petridis, Eleni Karantali and Dimitrios Kazis

Proteomes 2025, 13(3), 46; https://doi.org/10.3390/proteomes13030046 (registering DOI) - 19 Sep 2025

Abstract

Neurogranin (NRGN), a synaptic protein essential for plasticity and memory function, is gaining recognition as a promising biomarker for mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI). This systematic review brings together findings from six studies that measured neurogranin levels in biofluids—including serum, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), [...] Read more.

Neurogranin (NRGN), a synaptic protein essential for plasticity and memory function, is gaining recognition as a promising biomarker for mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI). This systematic review brings together findings from six studies that measured neurogranin levels in biofluids—including serum, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), plasma, and exosomes—during both the acute and chronic phases following injury. In the acute phase of mTBI, elevated levels of neurogranin were consistently observed in serum samples, suggesting its potential as a diagnostic marker. These increases appear to reflect immediate synaptic disturbances caused by injury. In contrast, studies focusing on the chronic phase reported a decrease in exosomal neurogranin levels, pointing to ongoing synaptic dysfunction well after the initial trauma. This temporal shift in neurogranin expression highlights its dual utility—both as an early indicator of injury and as a longer-term marker of synaptic integrity. However, interpreting these findings is not straightforward. The studies varied considerably in terms of sample type, timing of measurements, and control for potential confounding factors such as physical activity. Such variability makes direct comparisons difficult and may influence the outcomes observed. Additionally, none of the studies included proteoform-specific analyses of neurogranin, an omission that limits our understanding of the molecular changes underlying mTBI-related synaptic alterations. Due to heterogeneity across study designs and outcome measures, a meta-analysis could not be performed. Instead, a narrative synthesis was conducted, revealing consistent patterns in neurogranin dynamics over time and underscoring the influence of biofluid selection on measured outcomes. Overall, the current evidence supports neurogranin’s potential as both a diagnostic and mechanistic biomarker for mTBI. Yet, to fully realize its clinical utility, future research must prioritize standardized protocols, the inclusion of proteoform profiling, and rigorous longitudinal validation studies. Full article

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