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22 pages, 2515 KB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Gold Nanoparticle-Enhanced Dual-Channel Fiber-Optic Plasmonic Resonance Sensor

by Fengxiang Hua, Haopeng Shi, Qiumeng Chen, Wei Xu, Xiangfu Wang and Wei Li

Sensors 2026, 26(2), 692; https://doi.org/10.3390/s26020692 (registering DOI) - 20 Jan 2026

Surface plasmon resonance (SPR) sensors based on photonic crystal fibers (PCFs) hold significant promise for high-precision detection in biochemical and chemical sensing. However, achieving high sensitivity in low-refractive-index (RI) aqueous environments remains a formidable challenge due to weak light-matter interactions. To address this [...] Read more.

Surface plasmon resonance (SPR) sensors based on photonic crystal fibers (PCFs) hold significant promise for high-precision detection in biochemical and chemical sensing. However, achieving high sensitivity in low-refractive-index (RI) aqueous environments remains a formidable challenge due to weak light-matter interactions. To address this limitation, this paper designs and proposes a novel dual-channel D-shaped PCF-SPR sensor tailored for the refractive index range of 1.34–1.40. The sensor incorporates a dual-layer gold/titanium dioxide film, with gold nanoparticles deposited on the surface to synergistically enhance both propagating and localized surface plasmon resonance effects. Furthermore, a D-shaped polished structure integrated with double-sided microfluidic channels is employed to significantly strengthen the interaction between the guided-mode electric field and the analyte. Finite element method simulations demonstrate that the proposed sensor achieves an average wavelength sensitivity of 5733 nm/RIU and a peak sensitivity of 15,500 nm/RIU at a refractive index of 1.40. Notably, the introduction of gold nanoparticles contributes to an approximately 1.47-fold sensitivity enhancement over conventional structures. This work validates the efficacy of hybrid plasmonic nanostructures and optimized waveguide design in advancing RI sensing performance. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Optical Sensors)

16 pages, 286 KB

Open AccessArticle

Normal Criterion for Families of Meromorphic Functions and Shared Functions

by Ai Huang and Jinhua Yang

Mathematics 2026, 14(2), 353; https://doi.org/10.3390/math14020353 (registering DOI) - 20 Jan 2026

Abstract

This paper broadens the scope of existing research: the shared value is generalized from a non-zero finite complex number to a non-identically zero holomorphic function, the order of the derivative is extended from the first order to an arbitrary k-th order, and [...] Read more.

This paper broadens the scope of existing research: the shared value is generalized from a non-zero finite complex number to a non-identically zero holomorphic function, the order of the derivative is extended from the first order to an arbitrary k-th order, and the constraint condition on the polynomial H is simplified to

deg H \geq 2

. A more general normality criterion for families of meromorphic functions involving the sharing of differential polynomials is proved. Let D be a domain,

F

be a family of meromorphic functions in D, and

P (z)

be a non-identically zero holomorphic function in D. If for any

f, g \in F

, the differential polynomials

H (f) f^{(k)}

and

H (g) g^{(k)}

share

P (z)

in D, then

F

is normal in D. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section C4: Complex Analysis)

25 pages, 1400 KB

Open AccessReview

Emerging Nonpharmacologic Analgesic Technologies in Anesthesia: Mechanisms, Evidence, and Future Directions for Pharmacologic Alternatives

by Alyssa McKenzie, Rachel Dombrower, Sophia McKenzie, Nitchanan Theeraphapphong and Alaa Abd-Elsayed

Biomedicines 2026, 14(1), 225; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines14010225 (registering DOI) - 20 Jan 2026

Abstract

Perioperative pain remains a major clinical challenge, with many surgical patients experiencing inadequate analgesia and progression to chronic postsurgical pain. Conventional opioid-centered strategies are limited by narrow therapeutic windows, systemic toxicity, tolerance, opioid-induced hyperalgesia, and poor efficacy in neuroimmune-driven pain states. Advances in [...] Read more.

Perioperative pain remains a major clinical challenge, with many surgical patients experiencing inadequate analgesia and progression to chronic postsurgical pain. Conventional opioid-centered strategies are limited by narrow therapeutic windows, systemic toxicity, tolerance, opioid-induced hyperalgesia, and poor efficacy in neuroimmune-driven pain states. Advances in molecular neuroscience and biomedical engineering have catalyzed the development of nonpharmacologic analgesic technologies that modulate pain pathways through biophysical rather than receptor–ligand mechanisms. This narrative review synthesizes emerging nonpharmacologic analgesic platforms relevant to anesthesiology, integrating molecular, cellular, and systems-level mechanisms with clinical evidence. It examines how peripheral sensitization, spinal dorsal horn plasticity, glial and neuroimmune activation, and supraspinal network dysfunction create ideal targets for device-based interventions. Electrical neuromodulation strategies, including peripheral and central techniques, are discussed alongside temperature-based, photonic, and focused-energy modalities. These include cryoneurolysis, radiofrequency techniques, photobiomodulation, and low-intensity focused ultrasound. Clinical integration within enhanced recovery pathways, patient selection, workflow considerations, and limitations of the current human evidence base are reviewed. While many of these technologies are established in chronic pain management, this review emphasizes available human perioperative data and discusses how chronic pain evidence informs perioperative translation within opioid-sparing multimodal anesthesia care. Collectively, these technologies support a mechanism-based, systems-level approach to pain modulation, with perioperative relevance varying by modality and strength of available human evidence. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Pain Management: Exploring Molecular Mechanisms and Novel Therapies)

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29 pages, 1585 KB

Open AccessArticle

Ectoparasite- and Vector-Borne-Related Dermatoses: A Single-Centre Study with Practical Diagnostic and Management Insights in a One Health Perspective

by Giovanni Paolino, Barbara Moroni, Antonio Podo Brunetti, Anna Cerullo, Carlo Mattozzi, Giovanni Gaiera, Manuela Cirami, Dino Zilio, Mario Valenti, Andrea Carugno, Giuseppe Esposito, Nicola Zerbinati, Carmen Cantisani, Franco Rongioletti, Santo Raffaele Mercuri and Matteo Riccardo Di Nicola

J. Clin. Med. 2026, 15(2), 851; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm15020851 (registering DOI) - 20 Jan 2026

Abstract

Background: Parasitic skin-related conditions represent a frequent and evolving challenge in human dermatology, as they often mimic other dermatoses, and are increasingly complicated by therapeutic resistance. With this study, we aimed to provide a practical, clinician-oriented overview of our experience, contextualising it within [...] Read more.

Background: Parasitic skin-related conditions represent a frequent and evolving challenge in human dermatology, as they often mimic other dermatoses, and are increasingly complicated by therapeutic resistance. With this study, we aimed to provide a practical, clinician-oriented overview of our experience, contextualising it within the current literature. Materials and Methods: We conducted a retrospective, single-centre observational study, reporting a case series of 88 patients diagnosed with parasitic or arthropod-related skin infestations at the San Raffaele Hospital Dermatology Unit (Milan) between 2019 and 2024, and integrated a concise narrative review of contemporary evidence on diagnosis, non-invasive imaging and management. For each case, we documented clinical presentation, dermoscopic or reflectance confocal microscopy (RCM) findings, and treatment response. Non-invasive tools (dermoscopy, videodermoscopy, RCM) were used when appropriate. Results: The spectrum of conditions included flea bites, bed bug bites, cutaneous larva migrans, subcutaneous dirofilariasis, Dermanyssus gallinae dermatitis, pediculosis, tick bites (including Lyme disease), myiasis, scabies, and cutaneous leishmaniasis. One case of eosinophilic dermatosis of haematologic malignancy was also considered due to its possible association with arthropod bites. Non-invasive imaging was critical in confirming suspected infestations, particularly in ambiguous cases or when invasive testing was not feasible. Several cases highlighted suspected therapeutic resistance: a paediatric pediculosis and three adult scabies cases required systemic therapy after standard regimens failed, raising concerns over putative resistance to permethrin and pyrethroids. In dirofilariasis, the persistence of filarial elements visualised by RCM justified the extension of antiparasitic therapy despite prior surgical removal. Conclusions: Our findings underline that accurate diagnosis, early intervention, and tailored treatment remain essential for the effective management of cutaneous infestations. The observed vast spectrum of isolated parasites reflects broader health and ecological dynamics, including zoonotic transmission, international mobility, and changing environmental conditions. At the same time, diagnostic delays, inappropriate treatments, and neglected parasitic diseases continue to pose significant risks. To address these challenges, clinicians should remain alert to atypical presentations, and consider a multidisciplinary approach including the consultation with parasitologists and veterinarians, as well as the incorporation of high-resolution imaging and alternative therapeutic strategies into their routine practice. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Dermatology)

16 pages, 722 KB

Open AccessReview

The Regulation Effects and Associated Physiological Mechanisms of Exogenous Melatonin on Sorghum Under Drought Stress

by Guanglong Zhu, Hao Wu, Weicheng Bu, Zhiqiang Ren, Haibo Hu, Irshad Ahmad, Muhi Eldeen Hussien Ibrahim and Guisheng Zhou

Agronomy 2026, 16(2), 248; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy16020248 (registering DOI) - 20 Jan 2026

Abstract

Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L.) is a vital crop for both grain production and forage, playing a critical role in ensuring global food security and sustainable livestock production. Drought stress represents one of the most severe abiotic constraints in sorghum cultivation, adversely affecting [...] Read more.

Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L.) is a vital crop for both grain production and forage, playing a critical role in ensuring global food security and sustainable livestock production. Drought stress represents one of the most severe abiotic constraints in sorghum cultivation, adversely affecting plant growth and development, and ultimately leading to significant reductions in yield and quality. Melatonin has emerged as a multifaceted plant growth regulator that enhances plant growth and confers tolerance to various abiotic stresses. It actively participates in regulating key physiological processes, including seed germination, seedling establishment, cellular development, and metabolic homeostasis. This review synthesizes current knowledge on the impacts of drought stress on sorghum growth and physiological metabolism, with a specific focus on the protective role of melatonin under water-deficit conditions. The underlying physiological and molecular mechanisms are comprehensively discussed, encompassing ion homeostasis, nutrient metabolism, reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenging, photosynthetic efficiency, energy metabolism, phytohormone crosstalk, signal transduction, and associated gene expression. Finally, we outline future research directions to advance our understanding of melatonin-mediated drought tolerance in sorghum, providing insights for breeding drought-resilient varieties and developing high-yielding cultivation strategies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Collection Abiotic Stress Tolerance in Plants: Towards a Sustainable Agriculture)

30 pages, 3539 KB

Open AccessArticle

Analytical Characterisation of Oat-Enriched Binary Composites of Wheat Flour and Their Processing Behaviour in Bread Making

by Lucie Jurkaninová, Ivan Švec, Soňa Gavurníková, Marcela Sluková, Peter Hozlár and Michaela Havrlentová

Analytica 2026, 7(1), 10; https://doi.org/10.3390/analytica7010010 (registering DOI) - 20 Jan 2026

Abstract

Oats (Avena sativa L.) are a rich source of β-d-glucans, dietary fibre, proteins, and lipids. However, the behaviour of these components in wheat–oat composite systems during baking, particularly with regard to matrix-dependent analytical responses, remains unclear. This study evaluated the [...] Read more.

Oats (Avena sativa L.) are a rich source of β-d-glucans, dietary fibre, proteins, and lipids. However, the behaviour of these components in wheat–oat composite systems during baking, particularly with regard to matrix-dependent analytical responses, remains unclear. This study evaluated the compositional changes, technological performance, and sensory quality of wheat bread enriched with various forms of oat. Composite flours containing 5–15% wholegrain oat flour, commercial oat bran, milled commercial oat flakes, or milled sprouted oat grain (sprouted under laboratory conditions for three days at 25 °C) were prepared using the Slovakian oat cultivar ‘Peter’. The raw materials, flour blends, and baked breads were analysed for β-d-glucans (BG), total dietary fibre (TDF), starch, proteins, and lipids using standardised enzymatic, gravimetric, and polarimetric methods. Bread quality was assessed through loaf volume measurements and a sensory evaluation using a 5-point hedonic scale by seven trained panellists. Multivariate statistical analysis was applied to integrate compositional, technological, and sensory data. Compared to wheat flour (0.24% BG and 3.45% TDF), the incorporation of oats significantly increased the contents of BG, TDF, proteins, and lipids, with oat bran showing the strongest enrichment effect (owing to 15.69% TDF in the raw material). Baking induced oat-form-dependent changes in the measured BG and TDF content. The level of BG diminished in wholegrain oat blends but increased or remained stable in bran-rich systems. This reflects differences in matrix structure and analytical extractability, rather than true compositional gains. Meanwhile, starch content consistently declined across all composite breads. Fibre-rich formulations exhibited reduced loaf volume and altered both bread geometry and morphology, particularly at 15% substitution. Breads containing 5% oat flour or moderate levels of oat bran (5 or 10%) were considered the most acceptable in terms of nutritional enhancement and quality attributes. Germinated oat breads showed the greatest technological impairment and the lowest sensory scores. Overall, moderate oat enrichment strikes a balance between nutritional improvement and technological performance without significantly compromising sensory quality. These findings emphasise the significance of matrix effects when interpreting standard total dietary fibre and β-d-glucans analyses and offer an integrated analytical and technological framework for the rational design of fibre-enriched cereal products. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Chemometrics)

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18 pages, 775 KB

Open AccessReview

Sodium and Water Homeostasis in Children: Pathogenesis, Diagnosis, and Treatment

by Monika Dąbek, Michał Szyszka and Piotr Skrzypczyk

J. Clin. Med. 2026, 15(2), 852; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm15020852 (registering DOI) - 20 Jan 2026

Abstract

Maintaining homeostasis in the body through water and sodium management is essential, and the central nervous system and kidneys play a key role in this process. However, knowledge of the diagnosis and treatment of these conditions in pediatric patients is still unsystematized. There [...] Read more.

Maintaining homeostasis in the body through water and sodium management is essential, and the central nervous system and kidneys play a key role in this process. However, knowledge of the diagnosis and treatment of these conditions in pediatric patients is still unsystematized. There are no up-to-date guidelines on managing children with sodium imbalance. Since sodium shifts are inextricably linked to water changes in the body, they should always be pondered together. Each of the sodium disorders should be considered in the context of changes in the vascular volume, whether it is hypo-, eu-, or hypervolemic. This review describes the most common sodium-water disorders encountered in pediatric clinics. It emphasizes conditions affecting the brain-kidney axis (syndrome of inappropriate antidiuresis, cerebral salt wasting syndrome, and central and nephrogenic diabetes insipidus). The article proposes diagnostic and therapeutic management based on scientific society publications, case series, and the authors’ clinical experience, and summarizes the available knowledge as of 2025 to improve the care of patients with hyponatremia or hypernatremia. A proper understanding of the physiology of sodium homeostasis is crucial for implementing appropriate treatment and reducing the risk of severe complications in young patients in the future. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Clinical Pediatrics)

11 pages, 1102 KB

Open AccessArticle

Pulsed EPR Study of the Interaction Between ²³Na⁺ and Flavin in the Sodium-Pumping NADH:Ubiquinone Oxidoreductase (NQR) from Vibrio cholerae

by Sergei A. Dikanov and Robert B. Gennis

Inorganics 2026, 14(1), 31; https://doi.org/10.3390/inorganics14010031 (registering DOI) - 20 Jan 2026

Abstract

Sodium-pumping NADH: ubiquinone oxidoreductase (Na⁺-NQR) is an important component of the aerobic respiratory chain of Vibrio cholerae. It oxidizes NADH, reduces ubiquinone, and uses the free energy of this redox reaction to move sodium across the cell membrane. The enzyme [...] Read more.

Sodium-pumping NADH: ubiquinone oxidoreductase (Na⁺-NQR) is an important component of the aerobic respiratory chain of Vibrio cholerae. It oxidizes NADH, reduces ubiquinone, and uses the free energy of this redox reaction to move sodium across the cell membrane. The enzyme is a membrane complex of six subunits, two 2Fe−2S centers, and four flavins. Both the oxidized and reduced forms of Na⁺-NQR exhibit EPR signals due to flavin semiquinone radicals. It has been shown that in the oxidized form of the enzyme, the radical is a neutral flavin, while in the NADH-reduced form, the radical is an anionic flavin. Electron Spin Echo Envelope Modulation Spectroscopy (ESEEM) was used to probe the presence of the magnetic nucleus ²³Na in the immediate vicinity of the paramagnetic centers. The contribution of the ²³Na nucleus was observed only in the ESEEM spectra of the anionic flavin semiquinone previously assigned to FMN_NqrB. Analysis shows that the Na⁺ ion is within ~3–4 Å of the flavin radical. This distance is consistent with two models: (i) complexation of the Na⁺ ion with the carbonyl group of CO4; or alternatively, (ii) a “cation-π interaction,” between Na⁺ and the electron-rich π-system of the flavin aromatic rings. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feature Papers in Bioinorganic Chemistry 2026)

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30 pages, 1874 KB

Open AccessArticle

Identifying and Prioritizing Barriers to Modular Construction Adoption in China: A Multi-Method Stakeholder Analysis

by Chenxi Yu and Guoqiang Zhang

Buildings 2026, 16(2), 432; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings16020432 (registering DOI) - 20 Jan 2026

Abstract

Modular construction (MC) offers significant environmental and efficiency advantages yet maintains low market penetration in China despite substantial government support. This study addresses the critical knowledge gap by systematically analyzing complex barrier interrelationships across project phases and stakeholder groups (university, construction authority, supplier/manufacturer [...] Read more.

Modular construction (MC) offers significant environmental and efficiency advantages yet maintains low market penetration in China despite substantial government support. This study addresses the critical knowledge gap by systematically analyzing complex barrier interrelationships across project phases and stakeholder groups (university, construction authority, supplier/manufacturer company) to develop a comprehensive MC promotion framework. A four-phase mixed method approach was employed. (1) Grounded theory analysis of MC policy frameworks was performed in Singapore, the United States, and Hong Kong to extract best practice insights. (2) A systematic literature review and multi-round Delphi expert consultations were used to identify 21 core barriers across six project stages (decision-making, procurement, design, production, transportation, and construction acceptance). (3) The DEMATEL analysis reveals causal relationships among barriers based on experts’ perceived influence between factors. (4) Integrated ISM-MICMAC methodology was used to establish hierarchical structures and barrier classifications. Institutional barriers emerged as the primary impediment to MC diffusion, with unclear authority distribution between government administrations and design organizations identified as the most critical factor. The MICMAC analysis categorized the 21 barriers into four distinct groups based on their driving power and dependence characteristics, revealing complex causal relationships among barriers across the six project stages while highlighting the emergent role of higher education institutions in industrial transformation. Successful MC implementation requires market-oriented, context-specific strategies prioritizing institutional framework development, with the findings providing actionable insights for policymakers to address regulatory ambiguities and practical guidance for industry practitioners developing targeted MC promotion strategies in emerging markets. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Intelligence and Automation in Construction—2nd Edition)

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18 pages, 510 KB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Building Capacity in Crisis: Evaluating a Health Assistant Training Program for Young Rohingya Refugee Women

by Nada Alnaji, Bree Akesson, Ashley Stewart-Tufescu, Md Golam Hafiz, Shahidul Hoque, Farhana Ul Hoque, Rayyan A. Alyahya, Carine Naim, Sulafa Zainalabden Alrkabi, Wael ElRayes and Iftikher Mahmood

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2026, 23(1), 127; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph23010127 (registering DOI) - 20 Jan 2026

Abstract

Background: The Rohingya refugee crisis is one of the largest humanitarian emergencies of the 21st century, with nearly one million Rohingya residing in overcrowded camps in southern Bangladesh. Women and children face the greatest vulnerabilities, including inadequate access to education and healthcare, which [...] Read more.

Background: The Rohingya refugee crisis is one of the largest humanitarian emergencies of the 21st century, with nearly one million Rohingya residing in overcrowded camps in southern Bangladesh. Women and children face the greatest vulnerabilities, including inadequate access to education and healthcare, which exacerbates their risks and limits opportunities for personal and community development. While international organizations continue to provide aid, resources remain insufficient, particularly in maternal and child healthcare, highlighting the urgent need for sustainable interventions. Objectives: The Hope Foundation for Women and Children in Bangladesh launched a pilot project for the Health Assistant Training (HAT) program to address critical gaps in healthcare and education for the Rohingya community. This nine-month training program equips young Rohingya women with essential knowledge and skills to support maternal health services in both clinical and community settings. Design: We conducted a qualitative evaluation of the HAT Program to explore its acceptance and anticipated benefits for both participants and the community. Methods: The research team used semi-structured interviews, focus groups, and field observations to explore the HAT Program’s impact on young Rohingya women and their community. They analyzed data through thematic analysis, developing a coding framework and identifying key themes to uncover patterns and insights. Results: The results were categorized into four themes: (1) community acceptance of the HAT Program, (2) the HAT Program’s impact on the health assistant trainees, (3) the impact of the HAT Program on the community, and (4) the potential ways to expand the HAT Program. Conclusions: This research underscores the program’s impact on improving healthcare access, enhancing women’s empowerment, and promoting community resilience. By situating this initiative within the broader context of refugee health, education, and capacity-building, this research highlights the HAT program’s potential as a replicable model in Bangladesh and in other humanitarian settings. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Breaking Down Barriers: Ensuring Healthcare Access for Migrant and Refugee Communities)

20 pages, 4461 KB

Open AccessArticle

Advanced Battery Modeling Framework for Enhanced Power and Energy State Estimation with Experimental Validation

by Nemanja Mišljenović, Matej Žnidarec, Sanja Kelemen and Goran Knežević

Batteries 2026, 12(1), 33; https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries12010033 (registering DOI) - 20 Jan 2026

Abstract

Accurate modeling of Battery Energy Storage Systems (BESS) is essential for optimizing system performance, ensuring operational safety, and extending service life in applications ranging from electric vehicles (EV) to large-scale grid storage. However, the simplifications inherent in conventional battery models often hinder optimal [...] Read more.

Accurate modeling of Battery Energy Storage Systems (BESS) is essential for optimizing system performance, ensuring operational safety, and extending service life in applications ranging from electric vehicles (EV) to large-scale grid storage. However, the simplifications inherent in conventional battery models often hinder optimal system design and operation, leading to conservative performance limits, inaccurate State-of-Energy (SOE) estimation, and reduced overall efficiency. This paper presents a framework for advanced battery modeling, developed to achieve higher fidelity in SOE estimation and improved power-capability prediction. The proposed model introduces a dynamic energy-based representation of the charging and discharging processes, incorporating a functional dependence of instantaneous power on stored energy. Experimental validation confirms the superiority of this modeling framework over existing state-of-the-art models. The proposed approach reduces SOE estimation error to 0.1% and cycle-time duration error to 0.82% compared to the measurements. Consequently, the model provides more accurate predictions of the maximum charge and discharge power limits than state-of-the-art solutions. The enhanced predictive accuracy improves energy utilization, mitigates premature degradation, and strengthens safety assurance in advanced battery management systems. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Battery Modelling, Simulation, Management and Application)

35 pages, 1341 KB

Open AccessArticle

Typology of Consumers in the Pharmaceutical Market: A Context of Sustainability and Digitalization

by Artur Turek, Sławomir Smyczek and Jakub Rech

Sustainability 2026, 18(2), 1065; https://doi.org/10.3390/su18021065 (registering DOI) - 20 Jan 2026

Abstract

This study aimed to develop a typology of consumers based on their behavior in the areas of sustainable consumption and digitalization in the pharmaceutical market. The analysis considered factors including (i) Schwartz’s universal values, (ii) demographic, and (iii) socioeconomic determinants. The study was [...] Read more.

This study aimed to develop a typology of consumers based on their behavior in the areas of sustainable consumption and digitalization in the pharmaceutical market. The analysis considered factors including (i) Schwartz’s universal values, (ii) demographic, and (iii) socioeconomic determinants. The study was based on a survey conducted on a sample of Polish adults (n = 1247) between April and July 2024, using a computer-assisted web interviewing method via SurveyMonkey^®. In the area of sustainability, the most frequently observed behaviors included: (i) packing purchased medicinal products into a personal bag, (ii) for medicinal products with short expiration dates owing to their origin, purchasing only the quantities that meet current needs without stockpiling, and (iii) for regularly used medicinal products, choosing larger packages. Whereas, in the area of digitalization, purchasing at an online pharmacy allows for (i) saving time and (ii) saving money, while also (iii) providing greater privacy. Importantly, the presence of four types of consumers was demonstrated, i.e., Sustainable-Active (20%), Digital-Adept (29%), Sustainable-Digital-Uninterested (21%), and Sustainable-Digital-Addicted (29%). In conclusion, within the pharmaceutical market, sustainability and digitalization are reflected in consumer behavior to varying degrees across consumer types, influenced by personal values. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Consumption in the Digital Economy)

33 pages, 1625 KB

Open AccessArticle

A Blockchain-Based Security Model for Aquatic Product Transactions Based on VRF-ZKP and Dynamic Reputation

by Luxi Yu, Ming Chen, Yibo Zou, Yan Ge and Wenjuan Wang

Mathematics 2026, 14(2), 352; https://doi.org/10.3390/math14020352 (registering DOI) - 20 Jan 2026

Abstract

With the rapid development of online aquatic product trading, traditional centralized platforms are facing increasing pressure in terms of data security, privacy protection, and trust. Problems such as tampering with transaction records, weak identity authentication, privacy leakage, and the difficulty of balancing matching [...] Read more.

With the rapid development of online aquatic product trading, traditional centralized platforms are facing increasing pressure in terms of data security, privacy protection, and trust. Problems such as tampering with transaction records, weak identity authentication, privacy leakage, and the difficulty of balancing matching efficiency with security limit the further development of these platforms. To address these issues, this paper proposes a blockchain-based identity authentication and access control scheme for online aquatic product trading. The scheme first introduces a dual authentication mechanism that combines a verifiable random function with a Schnorr-based zero-knowledge proof, providing strong decentralized identity verification and resistance to replay attacks. It then designs a dynamic access control strategy based on a multi-dimensional reputation model, which converts user behavior, attributes, and historical transaction performance into a comprehensive trust score used to determine fine-grained access rights. In addition, an AES-PEKS hybrid encryption method is employed to support encrypted keyword search and order matching while protecting the confidentiality of order data. This paper implements a multi-channel architecture for aquatic product trading prototype system on Hyperledger Fabric. This system separates registration, order processing, and reputation management into different channels to improve concurrency and enhance privacy protection. Security analysis shows that the proposed solution effectively defends against replay attacks, key leaks, data tampering, and privacy theft. Performance evaluation further demonstrates that, compared to a single-chain architecture, the multi-channel design, while increasing security mechanisms, maintains a stable throughput of approximately 223 tx/s even when concurrency reaches 600–800 tx/s, ensuring normal operation of the trading system. These results indicate that this solution provides a practical technical approach and system-level reference for building secure, reliable, and efficient online aquatic product trading platforms. Full article

15 pages, 4116 KB

Open AccessTechnical Note

PyLM: A Python Implementation for Landscape Mosaic Analysis

by Gregory Giuliani

Land 2026, 15(1), 187; https://doi.org/10.3390/land15010187 (registering DOI) - 20 Jan 2026

Abstract

Landscape ecology is the study of how different land uses and natural areas are arranged across a region, and how these spatial patterns affect biodiversity, ecosystem health, and human impacts. To measure and track these patterns, ecologists are using a range of tools [...] Read more.

Landscape ecology is the study of how different land uses and natural areas are arranged across a region, and how these spatial patterns affect biodiversity, ecosystem health, and human impacts. To measure and track these patterns, ecologists are using a range of tools and metrics that capture features such as connectivity, fragmentation, and the balance between natural and developed land. One such method is the Landscape Mosaic (LM) approach which classifies land into categories based on the mix of agriculture, natural habitats, and developed areas (e.g., urban), providing an integrated view of how humans are influencing ecosystems. Until recently, LM was only available through a specialized software package (i.e., GuidosToolbox), which limits its flexibility, interaction with other tools, and integration in scientific workflows. To address this, we present PyLM, a Python-based implementation of the LM model, making it easier for researchers, planners, and conservationists to analyze land use/cover (LUC) maps, generate statistics, and embed results into broader environmental workflows. The applicability of PyLM is demonstrated through a use case based on a LUC dataset for Switzerland. This new implementation enhances accessibility, supports sustainability assessments, and strengthens the ability to monitor landscapes over time. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Geographic Information Systems (GIS) in Landscape Analysis and Landscape Protection)

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18 pages, 4862 KB

Open AccessArticle

Development of a Robot-Assisted TMS Localization System Using Dual Capacitive Sensors for Coil Tilt Detection

by Czaryn Diane Salazar Ompico, Julius Noel Banayo, Yamato Mashio, Masato Odagaki, Yutaka Kikuchi, Armyn Chang Sy and Hirofumi Kurosaki

Sensors 2026, 26(2), 693; https://doi.org/10.3390/s26020693 (registering DOI) - 20 Jan 2026

Abstract

Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) is a non-invasive technique for neurological research and therapy, but its effectiveness depends on accurate and stable coil placement. Manual localization based on anatomical landmarks is time-consuming and operator-dependent, while state-of-the-art robotic and neuronavigation systems achieve high accuracy using [...] Read more.

Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) is a non-invasive technique for neurological research and therapy, but its effectiveness depends on accurate and stable coil placement. Manual localization based on anatomical landmarks is time-consuming and operator-dependent, while state-of-the-art robotic and neuronavigation systems achieve high accuracy using optical tracking with head-mounted markers and infrared cameras, at the cost of increased system complexity and setup burden. This study presents a cost-effective, markerless robotic-assisted TMS system that combines a 3D depth camera and textile capacitive sensors to assist coil localization and contact control. Facial landmarks detected by the depth camera are used to estimate the motor cortex (C3) location without external tracking markers, while a dual textile-sensor suspension provides compliant “soft-landing” behavior, contact confirmation, and coil-tilt estimation. Experimental evaluation with five participants showed reliable C3 targeting with valid motor evoked potentials (MEPs) obtained in most trials after initial calibration, and tilt-verification experiments revealed that peak MEP amplitudes occurred near balanced sensor readings in 12 of 15 trials (80%). The system employs a collaborative robot designed in accordance with international human–robot interaction safety standards, including force-limited actuation and monitored stopping. These results suggest that the proposed approach can improve the accessibility, safety, and consistency of TMS procedures while avoiding the complexity of conventional optical tracking systems. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Sensors for Intelligent Robotic Systems: Vision, Touch, and Dexterous Manipulation)

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21 pages, 6185 KB

Open AccessArticle

Strength and Fatigue Assessment of the Coupled Riser–Landing String System for Deepwater Completion and Testing

by Longgui Wei, Jin Yang, Shaochen Wang, Shaodong Ju and Nanding Hu

Appl. Sci. 2026, 16(2), 1063; https://doi.org/10.3390/app16021063 (registering DOI) - 20 Jan 2026

Abstract

During deepwater completion and testing, the platform and riser system are subjected to long-term motions induced by ocean currents, which may cause structural damage and potential failure of the landing string. This study investigates the mechanical and fatigue performance of a subsea Christmas [...] Read more.

During deepwater completion and testing, the platform and riser system are subjected to long-term motions induced by ocean currents, which may cause structural damage and potential failure of the landing string. This study investigates the mechanical and fatigue performance of a subsea Christmas tree and landing string under environmental conditions of the LH11-1 Oilfield in the South China Sea. A global–local simulation framework is used to build a coupled dynamic model of the riser–landing string system and a local model for the landing string, considering load-transfer characteristics, current profiles, periodic features, and two representative environmental conditions (typhoon and non-typhoon). For seventeen typical operating scenarios, the strength of the riser–landing string system is evaluated, and wave-induced and vortex-induced fatigue analyses are performed for the key components. The stress distribution strongly depends on operating conditions, but local strength results confirm that stresses in the primary landing string components remain below allowable limits in all scenarios. Fatigue analysis indicates that the most severe wave-induced damage in the riser occurs at its bottom section, with a fatigue life of about 15.12 years, while in the landing string, it is concentrated near the lower end, with an estimated life of about 52.68 years. The maximum vortex-induced fatigue damage occurs near the riser surface region, with a corresponding fatigue life of about 18.52 years. Full article

20 pages, 10717 KB

Open AccessArticle

Molecularly Imprinted Polymer Nanoparticles for Lung-Cancer-Cell-Surface Proteomics

by Kirabo Magumba, Elena Piletska, Thong Huy Cao, Donald Jones, Salvador Macip and Sergey Piletsky

Polymers 2026, 18(2), 281; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym18020281 (registering DOI) - 20 Jan 2026

Abstract

The identification and targeting of lung-cancer-cell-surface proteins are important for drug development. Molecularly imprinted polymer nanoparticles (nanoMIPs) offer a synthetic approach for the recognition of proteins on the cell surfaces. This work outlines the use of a novel ‘snapshot imprinting’ approach to characterize [...] Read more.

The identification and targeting of lung-cancer-cell-surface proteins are important for drug development. Molecularly imprinted polymer nanoparticles (nanoMIPs) offer a synthetic approach for the recognition of proteins on the cell surfaces. This work outlines the use of a novel ‘snapshot imprinting’ approach to characterize differences in the cell-surface proteomes of lung cancer cell lines (A549, H460, H522) and a non-cancerous cell line (BEAS-2B) to potential protein targets for diagnostic and therapeutic applications. The mass spectrometry-based quantitative proteomics identified 2381 proteins. Fold change and p-value thresholds were used to define statistically and biologically significant differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) across cell lines, yielding 353, 426, and 274 DEPs for A549, H460, and H522, respectively, when compared to BEAS-2B. The DEPs identified across overlapping cell line comparisons were analyzed using Gene Ontology enrichment and a protein–protein network to identify hub proteins. Among these hub proteins, five proteins (NPM1, TOP2A, EZH2, PRKDC, and HNRNPK) were identified as clinically relevant when cross-referenced with the Human Protein Atlas database and the literature, highlighting their potential as diagnostic and therapeutic targets. These findings highlight the potential of nanoMIP-based snapshot imprinting as an alternative to ‘classical’ approaches for identifying potential protein targets for diagnostic and therapeutic applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Molecularly Imprinted Polymer Materials)

31 pages, 1695 KB

Open AccessReview

Rational Design of Mitochondria-Targeted Antioxidants: From Molecular Determinants to Clinical Perspectives

by Beata Franczyk, Kinga Bojdo, Jakub Chłądzyński, Katarzyna Hossa, Katarzyna Krawiranda, Natalia Krupińska, Natalia Kustosik, Klaudia Leszto, Wiktoria Lisińska, Anna Wieczorek, Jacek Rysz and Ewelina Młynarska

Drugs Drug Candidates 2026, 5(1), 9; https://doi.org/10.3390/ddc5010009 (registering DOI) - 20 Jan 2026

Abstract

Oxidative stress, caused by an imbalance between the production of reactive oxygen species and endogenous antioxidant capacity, is a key etiological factor in numerous pathologies, including neurodegenerative and cardiovascular diseases. The limited clinical efficacy of conventional antioxidants is primarily due to their insufficient [...] Read more.

Oxidative stress, caused by an imbalance between the production of reactive oxygen species and endogenous antioxidant capacity, is a key etiological factor in numerous pathologies, including neurodegenerative and cardiovascular diseases. The limited clinical efficacy of conventional antioxidants is primarily due to their insufficient accumulation within the mitochondria, the main site of intracellular ROS generation. This article reviews the design and application of Mitochondria-Targeted Antioxidants, which represent a major advance in precision medicine. The design of these compounds involves linking an antioxidant “payload” to a lipophilic cation, such as the triphenylphosphonium group. This positive charge leverages the negative electrochemical gradient across the inner mitochondrial membrane to drive the antioxidant into the organelle. This mechanism allows the drug to reach concentrations over 100 times higher than non-targeted alternatives. The discussion encompasses the structure-activity analysis of the carrier, the payload (e.g., quinone derivatives), and the linker, which determine optimal subcellular partitioning and scavenging efficiency. Preclinical data highlight the therapeutic potential of this approach, showing strong neuroprotection in models of Parkinson’s and Alzheimer’s diseases, as well as improved outcomes in cardiovascular and ocular health. By restoring redox balance specifically within the mitochondria, these targeted therapies offer a more effective way to treat chronic oxidative damage. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antioxidant Drug Candidates: Mechanistic and Computational Insights into Free Radical Scavenging and Redox Modulation)

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37 pages, 2265 KB

Open AccessReview

Evaluation Framework for Inter-Module Connections in Steel–Concrete Composite Modular Structures

by Abdulelah Alotaibi, Haider Al Abadi and Vipulkumar Ishvarbhai Patel

Buildings 2026, 16(2), 431; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings16020431 (registering DOI) - 20 Jan 2026

Abstract

This study presents a structured evaluation framework for inter-module connections in the context of steel–concrete composite modular structures, addressing a gap in existing reviews that have focused almost exclusively on steel modular systems. The paper examines tie-rod (TR), locking mechanism (LM), and bolted [...] Read more.

This study presents a structured evaluation framework for inter-module connections in the context of steel–concrete composite modular structures, addressing a gap in existing reviews that have focused almost exclusively on steel modular systems. The paper examines tie-rod (TR), locking mechanism (LM), and bolted inter-module connections, while introducing a new sub-classification of bolted connections into direct bolted (DB) and plug-assisted bolted (PB) types based on assembly methods. A novel four-metric, five-point rating framework is introduced to assess the Composite Compatibility Score (CCS), proposed as a new metric to evaluate the applicability of steel-oriented connections to composite modules; the Validation Evidence Score (VES), which reflects the extent of experimental and numerical validation; the Demountability and Reusability Score (DRS), which measures the ease of assembly and disassembly; and the newly developed Normalised Capacity Index (NCI), which standardises structural capacity assessment across studies reporting different load capacity types. When applied to nearly 50 inter-module connections, the framework reveals that PB connections provide the most well-rounded performance across all evaluation metrics. Overall, the framework establishes a conceptual benchmark for composite modular connection technologies, providing a basis for future research and design practice. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Research on Concrete Filled Steel Materials in Building Engineering)

18 pages, 2932 KB

Open AccessReview

Advancement in In Situ and Laboratory Testing Technologies for Marine Sediment Properties: A Review of Resistivity and Acoustic Characteristics

by Bin Zhu, Mengrui Zhao, Yuan Sun, Chao Li, Huaibo Song and Weiling Liu

Geosciences 2026, 16(1), 47; https://doi.org/10.3390/geosciences16010047 (registering DOI) - 20 Jan 2026

Abstract

The electrical resistivity and acoustic properties of marine sediments are essential for understanding their physical and mechanical behavior. Over recent decades, significant advancements have been made in both in situ and laboratory measurement techniques, alongside theoretical models, to establish correlations between these geophysical [...] Read more.

The electrical resistivity and acoustic properties of marine sediments are essential for understanding their physical and mechanical behavior. Over recent decades, significant advancements have been made in both in situ and laboratory measurement techniques, alongside theoretical models, to establish correlations between these geophysical parameters and sediment properties such as porosity, saturation, and consolidation degree. However, a comprehensive comparison of the advantages, limitations, and applicability of different measurement methods remains underexplored, particularly in complex scenarios such as gas hydrate-bearing sediments. This review provides an in-depth synthesis of recent developments in in situ and laboratory testing technologies for assessing the resistivity and acoustic characteristics of marine sediments. Special emphasis is placed on the latest advances in acoustic measurements during gas hydrate formation and decomposition. The review highlights key challenges, including (1) limited vertical resolution in in situ resistivity measurements due to probe geometry; (2) errors arising from electrode polarization and poor soil–electrode contact; and (3) discrepancies in theoretical models linking geophysical parameters to sediment properties. To address these challenges, future research directions are proposed, focusing on optimizing electrode array designs for high-resolution resistivity measurements and developing non-destructive acoustic techniques for deep-sea sediments. This work offers a critical reference for marine geophysics and offshore engineering researchers, aiding the selection and development of testing technologies for effective marine sediment characterization. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Innovative Experimental Methods, Advanced Field/in-Situ Testing, and Their Engineering Applications in Geomechanics)

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20 pages, 984 KB

Open AccessArticle

A Novel Approach to Automating Overcurrent Protection Settings Using an Optimized Genetic Algorithm

by Mario A. Londoño Villegas, Eduardo Gómez-Luna, Luis A. Gallego Pareja and Juan C. Vasquez

Energies 2026, 19(2), 529; https://doi.org/10.3390/en19020529 (registering DOI) - 20 Jan 2026

Abstract

In electrical networks, the coordination and selectivity of protective devices are key to improving reliability and ensuring operational safety. Protections play a fundamental role in maintaining system stability and detecting faults within the power system. This study presents an optimized genetic algorithm (OGA) [...] Read more.

In electrical networks, the coordination and selectivity of protective devices are key to improving reliability and ensuring operational safety. Protections play a fundamental role in maintaining system stability and detecting faults within the power system. This study presents an optimized genetic algorithm (OGA) as a method to optimize the configurations of overcurrent protections in high voltage distribution systems. The OGA obtained the best results in all tested systems, demonstrating its effectiveness in coordinating protections according to IEC 60255-151:2009. In addition, simulations performed with the integration of Python and PowerFactory DigSILENT software validated the correct coordination of the protections, showing that the OGA not only optimizes response times, but also guarantees greater selectivity and reliability in the protection of the electrical system in an efficient way. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in the Protection and Control of Modern Power Systems)

16 pages, 2963 KB

Open AccessArticle

Dependency of Glucose Homeostasis on Pancreatic Enzymes with Special Reference to Amylase; Study on Healthy and Exocrine Pancreatic Insufficient Pigs

by Piotr Wychowański, Stefan G. Pierzynowski, Kamil Zaworski, Robert Gallotto, Dominika Szkopek, Jarosław Woliński, Janine Donaldson, Tomasz Jacek and Kateryna Pierzynowska

Biomolecules 2026, 16(1), 172; https://doi.org/10.3390/biom16010172 (registering DOI) - 20 Jan 2026

Abstract

We aimed to highlight the roles of the pancreatic enzymes, with special reference to amylase, on glucose homeostasis in healthy pigs and in pigs with exocrine pancreatic insufficiency (EPI). Healthy pigs fed a high-fat diet (HFD) were subjected to mixed meal tolerance tests [...] Read more.

We aimed to highlight the roles of the pancreatic enzymes, with special reference to amylase, on glucose homeostasis in healthy pigs and in pigs with exocrine pancreatic insufficiency (EPI). Healthy pigs fed a high-fat diet (HFD) were subjected to mixed meal tolerance tests (MMTTs) and pancreatic enzyme treatments, and then blood glucose and insulin concentrations were determined. Following the development of surgically induced EPI, the same experiment was then repeated on the pigs. A significantly lower net postprandial glycemic response was observed in pigs with EPI compared to healthy pigs. Net postprandial glycemic response was not affected by enzyme supplementation during the MMTTs in healthy pigs, but it was affected by adaptation to macronutrient components of the MMTT test meal, both in healthy and EPI pigs. Net postprandial glycemic response and insulin release curves reached higher levels in Creon-treated EPI pigs compared to amylase-treated EPI pigs. In summary, glucose homeostasis mechanisms in EPI pigs were downregulated compared to healthy animals. Creon supplementation during EPI significantly increased postprandial glucose level, while amylase treatment had the opposite effect, which could be explained by its metabolic actions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Digestive Enzymes in Health and Disease)

20 pages, 2801 KB

Open AccessArticle

A Two-Step Strategy for Aroma Restoration of Strawberry Concentrate Based on ZIF-67@PDMS Composite Membrane

by Ziling Teng, Zixuan Ge, Xia Yu, Chunxia Zhou, Suling Guo, Yun Sun and Zhong Yao

Foods 2026, 15(2), 374; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods15020374 (registering DOI) - 20 Jan 2026

Abstract

An organophilic composite membrane, ZIF-67@PDMS, was fabricated to enhance the isolation of natural aromatic compounds. The as-prepared composite membrane was characterized using SEM, EDS, FTIR, XRD, and contact angle measurement. In comparison to pure PDMS, ZIF-67@PDMS, featuring a loading capacity of 2.5 wt% [...] Read more.

An organophilic composite membrane, ZIF-67@PDMS, was fabricated to enhance the isolation of natural aromatic compounds. The as-prepared composite membrane was characterized using SEM, EDS, FTIR, XRD, and contact angle measurement. In comparison to pure PDMS, ZIF-67@PDMS, featuring a loading capacity of 2.5 wt% of PDMS and a membrane thickness of 15 μm, demonstrated markedly improved separation performance for the characteristic aroma compounds of strawberries, namely linalool, benzaldehyde, and ethyl acetate. Under optimal conditions, the permeation fluxes of the three compounds were 628.02 mg∙m⁻²∙h⁻¹, 294.82 mg∙m⁻²∙h⁻¹, and 254.14 mg∙m⁻²∙h⁻¹, along with separation factors of 26.48, 7.94, and 6.32, respectively. ZIF-67@PDMS was then employed to isolate aromatic compounds from freshly squeezed strawberry juice. By backfilling the permeate, both the variety and the content of aromatic compounds in strawberry concentrate were notably restored, and its aroma profile also closely resembled that of fresh strawberry juice. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Food Physics and (Bio)Chemistry)

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18 pages, 2633 KB

Open AccessArticle

Decision-Making Tools for Large Vessel Collisions with Marine Megafauna Species: Research Gaps and Proposed Application

by Nikolaos Simantiris, Kostas Poirazidis and Katerina Kabassi

Appl. Sci. 2026, 16(2), 1065; https://doi.org/10.3390/app16021065 (registering DOI) - 20 Jan 2026

Abstract

Marine traffic poses a significantly increasing threat to the marine environment, especially marine megafauna species, due to collisions between large vessels and marine organisms that most frequently result in mortality. The adoption of mitigation methods for collisions is critical to avoid population declines. [...] Read more.

Marine traffic poses a significantly increasing threat to the marine environment, especially marine megafauna species, due to collisions between large vessels and marine organisms that most frequently result in mortality. The adoption of mitigation methods for collisions is critical to avoid population declines. Selecting the optimal mitigation method depends on a set of criteria and is best assessed using decision-making tools. The current study reviewed the use of decision-making tools for marine traffic applications and discusses the existing gap regarding environmental applications (especially considering the impact on marine biodiversity). Furthermore, the authors propose a method for estimating hotspots of marine traffic that may overlap with marine biodiversity foraging grounds, and the structure for a decision-making tool for mitigating collisions and conserving the marine environment. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fuzzy Control Systems and Decision-Making)

15 pages, 3005 KB

Open AccessArticle

Robust Intraoral Image Stitching via Deep Feature Matching: Framework Development and Acquisition Parameter Optimization

by Jae-Seung Jeong, Dong-Jun Seong and Seong Wook Choi

Appl. Sci. 2026, 16(2), 1064; https://doi.org/10.3390/app16021064 (registering DOI) - 20 Jan 2026

Abstract

Low-cost RGB intraoral cameras are accessible alternatives to intraoral scanners; however, generating panoramic images is challenging due to narrow fields of view, textureless surfaces, and specular highlights. This study proposes a robust stitching framework and identifies optimal acquisition parameters to overcome these limitations. [...] Read more.

Low-cost RGB intraoral cameras are accessible alternatives to intraoral scanners; however, generating panoramic images is challenging due to narrow fields of view, textureless surfaces, and specular highlights. This study proposes a robust stitching framework and identifies optimal acquisition parameters to overcome these limitations. All experiments were conducted exclusively on a mandibular dental phantom model. Geometric consistency was further validated using repeated physical measurements of mandibular arch dimensions as ground-truth references. We employed a deep learning-based approach using SuperPoint and SuperGlue to extract and match features in texture-poor environments, enhanced by a central-reference stitching strategy to minimize cumulative drift errors. To validate the feasibility in a controlled setting, we conducted experiments on dental phantoms varying working distances (1.5–3.0 cm) and overlap ratios. The proposed method detected approximately 19–20 times more valid inliers than SIFT, significantly improving matching stability. Experimental results indicated that a working distance of 2.5 cm offers the optimal balance between stitching success rate and image detail for handheld operation, while a 1/3 overlap ratio yielded superior geometric integrity. This system demonstrates that robust 2D dental mapping is achievable with consumer-grade sensors when combined with advanced deep feature matching and optimized acquisition protocols. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue AI for Medical Systems: Algorithms, Applications, and Challenges)

21 pages, 5182 KB

Open AccessArticle

A New Joint Retrieval of Soil Moisture and Vegetation Optical Depth from Spaceborne GNSS-R Observations

by Mina Rahmani, Jamal Asgari and Alireza Amiri-Simkooei

Remote Sens. 2026, 18(2), 353; https://doi.org/10.3390/rs18020353 (registering DOI) - 20 Jan 2026

Abstract

Accurate estimation of soil moisture (SM) and vegetation optical depth (VOD) is essential for understanding land–atmosphere interactions, climate dynamics, and ecosystem processes. While passive microwave missions such as SMAP and SMOS provide reliable global SM and VOD products, they are limited by coarse [...] Read more.

Accurate estimation of soil moisture (SM) and vegetation optical depth (VOD) is essential for understanding land–atmosphere interactions, climate dynamics, and ecosystem processes. While passive microwave missions such as SMAP and SMOS provide reliable global SM and VOD products, they are limited by coarse spatial resolution and infrequent revisit times. Global Navigation Satellite System Reflectometry (GNSS-R) observations, particularly from the Cyclone GNSS (CYGNSS) mission, offer an improved spatiotemporal sampling rate. This study presents a deep learning framework based on an artificial neural network (ANN) for the simultaneous retrieval of SM and VOD from CYGNSS observations across the contiguous United States (CONUS). Ancillary input features, including specular point latitude and longitude (for spatial context), CYGNSS reflectivity and incidence angle (for surface signal characterization), total precipitation and soil temperature (for hydrological context), and soil clay content and surface roughness (for soil properties), are used to improve the estimates. Results demonstrate strong agreement between the predicted and reference values (SMAP SM and SMOS VOD), achieving correlation coefficients of R = 0.83 and 0.89 and RMSE values of 0.063 m³/m³ and 0.088 for SM and VOD, respectively. Temporal analyses show that the ANN accurately reproduces both seasonal and daily variations in SMAP SM and SMOS VOD (R ≈ 0.89). Moreover, the predicted SM and VOD maps show strong agreement with the reference SM and VOD maps (R ≈ 0.93). Additionally, ANN-derived VOD demonstrates strong consistency with above-ground biomass (R ≈ 0.77), canopy height (R ≈ 0.95), leaf area index (R = 96), and vegetation water content (R ≈ 0.90). These results demonstrate the generalizability of the approach and its applicability to broader environmental sensing tasks. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Satellite Soil Moisture Estimation, Assessment, and Applications (Second Edition))

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