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16 pages, 11457 KB

Open AccessArticle

Web-Based Photography Documents the Evening Grosbeak’s (Hesperiphona vespertina) Highly Diverse Diet

by William M. Kirsch, Caleb T. Centanni, Matthew A. Young, Jack Hobe, Colton R. Veltkamp and W. Douglas Robinson

Diversity 2025, 17(12), 837; https://doi.org/10.3390/d17120837 (registering DOI) - 4 Dec 2025

Abstract

Community-sourced biodiversity imagery has expanded rapidly in the past decade, facilitating analyses of ecology on unprecedented spatial scales. Proliferation of these databases has also helped to reveal understudied or previously overlooked aspects of many species’ basic biology. The Evening Grosbeak (Hesperiphona vespertina) [...] Read more.

Community-sourced biodiversity imagery has expanded rapidly in the past decade, facilitating analyses of ecology on unprecedented spatial scales. Proliferation of these databases has also helped to reveal understudied or previously overlooked aspects of many species’ basic biology. The Evening Grosbeak (Hesperiphona vespertina) is considered to be a species of conservation concern, and many aspects of its diet have yet to be investigated, including how its diet varies seasonally and across its large North American range. The Evening Grosbeak’s striking plumage, frequent occurrences at bird feeders, and nomadic behavior all make them popular targets of bird photographers and a prime species for study using large community-sourced archives. We reviewed more than 50,000 photographs of Evening Grosbeaks archived in the Macaulay Library, a large public database, to gain a more detailed understanding of the diet of this species. While most Evening Grosbeak images found in the Macaulay Library depicted birds foraging at bird feeders, 1075 images were found to be of birds consuming natural (non-feeder) food items. We mapped the location of these natural dietary items to four distinct regions within the Evening Grosbeak’s geographical range and found a diet consisting of at least 96 species of plants from 25 families, 1 species of insect, and 2 species of lichen from 1 family. Despite the high diversity of dietary items we identified, richness estimators suggest even greater diversity of dietary foods exists, especially in the Pacific Northwest. Using these data and published literature on the Evening Grosbeak’s diet, we discuss the characteristics of preferred Evening Grosbeak dietary items, as well as the advantages and limitations of using community-science data for such analyses. To our knowledge, this is the first range-wide, descriptive study of a songbird species’ diet using photographs made publicly available in a community-sourced archive. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue 2025 Feature Papers by Diversity’s Editorial Board Members)

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24 pages, 13469 KB

Open AccessArticle

Accessible American Sign Language Learning in Virtual Reality via Inverse Kinematics

by Jeremy Immanuel and Santiago Berrezueta-Guzman

Virtual Worlds 2025, 4(4), 57; https://doi.org/10.3390/virtualworlds4040057 (registering DOI) - 4 Dec 2025

Abstract

Along with the rapid advancement of Virtual Reality (VR) and the metaverse, interest in this technology has surged among game developers and in fields such as education and healthcare. VR has enabled the rise in immersive, gamified activities, whether for rehabilitation, therapy, or [...] Read more.

Along with the rapid advancement of Virtual Reality (VR) and the metaverse, interest in this technology has surged among game developers and in fields such as education and healthcare. VR has enabled the rise in immersive, gamified activities, whether for rehabilitation, therapy, or learning. Additionally, VR and Motion Capture (MoCap) have allowed developers to create further accessibility features for end-users with special needs. However, the excitement of using new technology often does not align with the end user’s use cases. The over-reliance on cutting-edge hardware can negatively impact most end users who lack access to such expensive tools. To this end, we conducted an inclusivity-focused study that enables learners to practice ASL in an immersive and engaging way using only head- and controller-based tracking. Our approach replaces full-body MoCap with Inverse Kinematics (IK) and simple controller mappings for upper-body pose and hand-gesture recognition, providing a low-cost, reproducible alternative to costly setups. Full article

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25 pages, 780 KB

Open AccessArticle

Policy Framework to Improve MSME Competitiveness and Financial Performance with Indonesia’s Asta Cita Vision Goals

by Lenny Leorina Evinita, Jaqueline Elisabeth Margaretha Tangkau, Pricilia Joice Pesak and Suham Cahyono

J. Risk Financial Manag. 2025, 18(12), 692; https://doi.org/10.3390/jrfm18120692 (registering DOI) - 4 Dec 2025

Abstract

Micro, small, and medium enterprises (MSMEs) are recognized as the cornerstone of Indonesia’s economy, especially in the agriculture, fisheries, and tourism sectors. Given Asta Cita’s ambitious vision for the country, which emphasizes inclusive and sustainable development, MSMEs are under increasing pressure to improve [...] Read more.

Micro, small, and medium enterprises (MSMEs) are recognized as the cornerstone of Indonesia’s economy, especially in the agriculture, fisheries, and tourism sectors. Given Asta Cita’s ambitious vision for the country, which emphasizes inclusive and sustainable development, MSMEs are under increasing pressure to improve their competitiveness and financial performance. This research aims to develop and empirically evaluate a comprehensive policy framework that identifies digitalization, sustainable development, and innovation as the primary catalysts for MSME progress, with government support as a mediating variable, grounded in dynamic capabilities and institutional theories. A quantitative methodology was used to collect primary data from 435 MSME respondents in North Sulawesi, which was then analyzed using Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM). The findings show that digitalization, sustainable practices, and innovation have a substantial, positive impact on the financial performance of MSMEs. However, government support cannot mediate the influence of digitalization, sustainable development, and innovation on improving economic performance. This shows that internal organizational competencies are more important than external interventions in achieving financial success. The results of this study underscore the need for MSMEs to prioritize technology integration, incorporate sustainability into their business frameworks, and continue innovating to maintain resilience and competitiveness. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fintech, Digital Finance, and Socio-Cultural Factors)

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21 pages, 8323 KB

Open AccessArticle

Glycemic Variability Before and After Hypoglycemia Across Different Timeframes in Type 1 Diabetes with and Without Automated Insulin Delivery

by Ahtsham Zafar, Abiodun A. Solanke, Dana M. Lewis and Arsalan Shahid

Diabetology 2025, 6(12), 156; https://doi.org/10.3390/diabetology6120156 (registering DOI) - 4 Dec 2025

Abstract

Background: Managing Type 1 diabetes (T1D) aims to optimize glucose within the target range while minimizing hyperglycemia and hypoglycemia, yet exercise complicates glycemic outcomes. Despite advances, evidence is limited on how exercise relates to glycemic variability (GV) and hypoglycemia in automated insulin delivery [...] Read more.

Background: Managing Type 1 diabetes (T1D) aims to optimize glucose within the target range while minimizing hyperglycemia and hypoglycemia, yet exercise complicates glycemic outcomes. Despite advances, evidence is limited on how exercise relates to glycemic variability (GV) and hypoglycemia in automated insulin delivery (AID) and non-AID users, including evidence on GV’s temporal course before and after hypoglycemia, especially following long episodes. Objective: We aimed to characterize −48 to +48 h CGM trajectories around hypoglycemia, compare commercial AID and non-AID users, and assess modifiers (exercise, episode duration/severity, gender). Methods: This study analyzes the Type 1 Diabetes and Exercise Initiative (T1DEXI) dataset, assessing GV, hypoglycemia, gender, and exercise interactions in AID (n = 222) and non-AID (n = 276) users. The study examined patterns of glycemic metrics, including time below range (TBR) and glycemic variability surrounding hypoglycemia events, focusing on the 48 h before and after these events. We further assessed the impact of different hypoglycemia levels (41–50 mg/dL, 51–60 mg/dL, and 61–70 mg/dL) on post-event glucose stability. Results: Glycemic variability increased before and after hypoglycemia for up to 48 h in both AID and non-AID users, with statistically significant differences in GV metrics. TBR elevation persisted across all groups, peaking around hypoglycemic episodes. Notably, females using AID achieved significantly improved glucose stability compared to non-AID females, which is a larger within-group difference than that observed in males. Individual-level AID analyses revealed that long-duration hypoglycemia episodes (>40 min) resulted in prolonged TBR elevation, suggesting a slower recovery period despite AID intervention. Conclusions: GV trends may aid in predicting hypoglycemia over extended time periods. Integrating GV patterns into AID systems could improve glucose stability and mitigate hypoglycemia cycles, especially with the possible evaluation of hypoglycemia duration. Future research should explore hormonal influences (e.g., menstrual cycle effects) and inter-individual variability for optimized individual diabetes management. Full article

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30 pages, 2945 KB

Open AccessArticle

Technology-Enabled Traceability and Sustainable Governance: An Evolutionary Game Perspective on Multi-Stakeholder Collaboration

by Wei Xun, Xuemei Du, Meiling Li, Jianfeng Lu and Xinyi Bao

Sustainability 2025, 17(23), 10855; https://doi.org/10.3390/su172310855 (registering DOI) - 4 Dec 2025

Abstract

Ensuring product quality and safety is fundamental to sustainable production and consumption. With the rapid advancement of digital technologies such as blockchain and big data, quality and safety traceability systems have become essential tools to enhance transparency, accountability, and governance efficiency across supply [...] Read more.

Ensuring product quality and safety is fundamental to sustainable production and consumption. With the rapid advancement of digital technologies such as blockchain and big data, quality and safety traceability systems have become essential tools to enhance transparency, accountability, and governance efficiency across supply chains. The sustainable functioning of these systems, however, depends on the coordinated actions of multiple stakeholders—including governments, enterprises, consumers, and industry associations—making the study of technological and institutional interactions particularly significant. This paper extends evolutionary game theory to the context of technology-enabled sustainable governance by constructing a tripartite game model involving government regulators, traceability enterprises, and consumers from both technological and institutional perspectives. Unlike existing studies, which focused solely on government regulation, this research explicitly incorporates the role of industry associations in shaping stakeholder behavior and integrates consumer rights protection mechanisms as well as the adoption of emerging technologies such as blockchain into the model. Analytical derivations and MATLAB-based simulations reveal that strengthening reward–penalty mechanisms and improving digital maturity significantly enhance enterprises’ incentives for truthful information disclosure; consumers’ verification and reporting behaviors generate bottom-up pressure that encourages stricter governmental supervision; and active participation of industry associations helps share regulatory costs and stabilize cooperative equilibria. These findings suggest that combining technological innovation with institutional collaboration not only improves transparency and strengthens consumer trust but also reshapes the incentive structures underlying traceability governance. The study provides new insights into how multi-stakeholder coordination and technological adoption jointly foster transparent, credible, and resilient traceability systems, offering practical implications for advancing digital transformation and co-governance in sustainable supply chains. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Sustainable Management)

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24 pages, 3986 KB

Open AccessArticle

From Cellulose to Functional Electrode SCNF:rGO Hybrid Films for Electrochemical Applications

by Josefa Silva, José Raúl Sosa-Acosta, Galo Ramírez, Katherina Fernández and Rodrigo del Rio

Polymers 2025, 17(23), 3225; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym17233225 (registering DOI) - 4 Dec 2025

Abstract

Sulfated nanocellulose (SCNF) and reduced graphene oxide (rGO) films were fabricated through environmentally friendly methods to develop an effective platform for electrochemical applications. The hybrid materials were extensively characterized by FTIR, XRD, Raman spectroscopy, TGA, SEM, cyclic voltammetry (CV), and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy [...] Read more.

Sulfated nanocellulose (SCNF) and reduced graphene oxide (rGO) films were fabricated through environmentally friendly methods to develop an effective platform for electrochemical applications. The hybrid materials were extensively characterized by FTIR, XRD, Raman spectroscopy, TGA, SEM, cyclic voltammetry (CV), and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). Results showed that incorporating rGO into the SCNF matrix significantly improved the electrical conductivity and structural robustness of the films. FTIR confirmed interactions between sulfate groups on cellulose and residual oxygen-containing groups on rGO, while XRD and Raman analyses indicated reduced crystallinity and increased structural disorder, supporting the successful integration of both phases. XPS further demonstrated that SCNF and rGO form chemical bonds rather than simply mixing, with both components remaining active at the surface—evidence of strong interfacial interactions that contribute to enhanced stability and efficient charge transfer. The 1:5 (rGO:SCNF) composition showed the best electrochemical performance, exhibiting minimal charge-transfer resistance and improved hydrazine oxidation, as reflected by a shift of the anodic peak potential toward lower values. Additionally, functionalization with cobalt porphyrin significantly boosted catalytic activity. Overall, the SCNF:rGO films offer a sustainable and scalable platform for electrochemical sensing and energy-conversion applications, demonstrating excellent adaptability and functional performance. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Application of Graphene-Based Materials, 2nd Edition)

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21 pages, 1095 KB

Open AccessArticle

Secular Media, Religious Activists: The Role of Religion in Anti-Gender Mobilizations in Europe

by Giulia Evolvi

Religions 2025, 16(12), 1525; https://doi.org/10.3390/rel16121525 (registering DOI) - 4 Dec 2025

Abstract

Anti-gender groups, by promoting a Christian-inspired traditional view of family, challenge the idea that European society is becoming more secular. Given that previous literature has highlighted how these groups extensively use digital media and are connected to the Vatican, this article explores the [...] Read more.

Anti-gender groups, by promoting a Christian-inspired traditional view of family, challenge the idea that European society is becoming more secular. Given that previous literature has highlighted how these groups extensively use digital media and are connected to the Vatican, this article explores the following questions: How do anti-gender groups discuss religion on social media? What is the role of religion for anti-gender activists? By means of a review of research on anti-gender movements, secularism, and activism, this article argues that anti-gender groups do not directly contribute to the growth of religious institutions but use religion to bring actors together in mobilizations, in what I define as an instance of Christian transcalar activism. A mixed-method approach, including quantitative and qualitative analysis of the Instagram pages of the anti-gender group CitizenGO, combined with observations and interviews with activists, suggests that religion is not a central topic in digital narratives, which mainly construct a perceived marginalization of Christians in secular society; however, Catholicism is fundamental for activists as a motivation for action and a socialization force. In conclusion, anti-gender groups’ digital media use connects different actors and mobilizes people who are already religious and who engage in activism through their religious communities. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Europe, Religion and Secularization: Trends, Paradoxes and Dilemmas)

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21 pages, 2563 KB

Open AccessArticle

Molecular Epidemiology and Antibiotic Resistance of Sheep-Derived Mannheimia haemolytica in Northwestern China

by Chenxiao Wang, Leina Dou, Juan Wang, Dongyang Ye and Zengqi Yang

Animals 2025, 15(23), 3492; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15233492 (registering DOI) - 4 Dec 2025

Abstract

This study comprehensively explored the epidemiology, virulence, antibiotic resistance, and genomic features of ovine-derived Mannheimia haemolytica across three provinces in Northwest China (Gansu, Ningxia, and Shaanxi). Lung tissue samples were collected postmortem from sheep with respiratory disease (nine per province), cultured under sterile [...] Read more.

This study comprehensively explored the epidemiology, virulence, antibiotic resistance, and genomic features of ovine-derived Mannheimia haemolytica across three provinces in Northwest China (Gansu, Ningxia, and Shaanxi). Lung tissue samples were collected postmortem from sheep with respiratory disease (nine per province), cultured under sterile conditions, and screened by morphological, Gram staining, PCR, and NGS methods. Nine M. haemolytica strains were successfully isolated (isolation rate 33.33%) and identified as serotypes A1, A2, and A6, with Shaanxi exhibiting a significantly higher isolation rate of 66.67%. Genomic analysis revealed that each isolate each harbored over 100 virulence genes and displayed notable genetic diversity. In murine assays, intraperitoneal inoculation in mice caused severe breathing problems and death within 24 h; necropsy revealed lung congestion, splenic necrosis foci, and hepatic congestion. Antibiotic susceptibility testing showed sensitivity to ciprofloxacin, azithromycin, gentamicin, and levofloxacin, while resistance was observed for tiamulin and enrofloxacin. These findings indicate a high prevalence and strong pathogenicity of ovine M. haemolytica in Shaanxi, underscore the presence of key resistance traits, and provide a genomic and pathogenic reference to guide region-specific surveillance, therapeutic decisions, and vaccine-oriented control in small ruminant herds. Importantly, these results highlight the need for region-specific monitoring and judicious antibiotic use, which are essential to forestall the spread of resistant strains and to ensure sustainable disease management strategies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Veterinary Clinical Studies)

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30 pages, 4118 KB

Open AccessArticle

Productivity Improvement Model in the Garment Industry: Application of Standardized Work and Poka Yoke with Artificial Vision

by Miguel Ángel Vergara, Miguel Barbachán Villalobos, Percy Castro-Rangel, José C. Alvarez and Robert Lepore

Textiles 2025, 5(4), 64; https://doi.org/10.3390/textiles5040064 (registering DOI) - 4 Dec 2025

Abstract

Peru’s highly competitive garment sector, where microenterprises account for 88.4% of all enterprises, the main barrier to sustainability is low productivity, driven by high rework rates and operational errors. To address this problem, this research proposes an improvement model that combines Standardized Work [...] Read more.

Peru’s highly competitive garment sector, where microenterprises account for 88.4% of all enterprises, the main barrier to sustainability is low productivity, driven by high rework rates and operational errors. To address this problem, this research proposes an improvement model that combines Standardized Work to unify processes with a Poka Yoke technological solution using artificial vision for real-time defect prevention. This dual approach addresses the root causes of inefficiency, merging a core principle of Lean Manufacturing with an accessible Industry 4.0 tool designed for implementation in resource-constrained environments. The validation of the model demonstrated its remarkable effectiveness, achieving transformative results: the sewing rework rate was drastically reduced from 28.43% to 8.94%, the labeling rework rate were reduced from 18.02% to 3.88%, the production cycle time was optimized from 23.74 to 16.54 min per garment, with a 173.74% increase in productivity. These results not only confirm the validity of the model, but, due to its basis in universal principles and scalable technology, they also guarantee high applicability and replicability in other micro and small companies in the sector, offering a clear path towards a qualitative leap in productivity and competitiveness. Full article

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20 pages, 1876 KB

Open AccessReview

Episodic Memory, Chiari I Malformation, Personality and Coping: The Role of Chronic Pain

by Philip A. Allen, Kevin P. Kaut, James R. Houston, Michelle L. Houston, Emily P. Rabinowitz, Douglas L. Delahanty and Petra M. Klinge

Behav. Sci. 2025, 15(12), 1678; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs15121678 (registering DOI) - 4 Dec 2025

Abstract

Episodic memory is contextual memory linking temporal, spatial, emotional, and self-referential contexts. In this review, we placed particular emphasis on the emotional context because of its nexus with chronic pain effects. Psychological (e.g., depression, anxiety, stress, & loneliness) and medical (neurological, cardiovascular, chronic [...] Read more.

Episodic memory is contextual memory linking temporal, spatial, emotional, and self-referential contexts. In this review, we placed particular emphasis on the emotional context because of its nexus with chronic pain effects. Psychological (e.g., depression, anxiety, stress, & loneliness) and medical (neurological, cardiovascular, chronic pain) conditions can adversely affect episodic memory. Furthermore, individual differences in emotional/affective experience as represented by trait personality variables (e.g., conscientiousness, openness to experience, introversion, extraversion, and neuroticism) can either facilitate or harm episodic memory performance. This paper aims to review episodic memory, its associated attention and executive function co-processes, the modulation of memory function as a result of affective experiences as represented by trait personality, and how coping mechanisms can serve as a buffer to maintain episodic memory function using Chiari malformation Type I (a chronic pain syndrome) as a model. Finally, allostatic load and pharmacological effects of pain medications on episodic memory are discussed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Finding Healthy Coping Mechanisms in Autobiographical Memory)

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21 pages, 1194 KB

Open AccessArticle

Deep Learning Approaches with Explainable AI for Differentiating Alzheimer’s Disease and Mild Cognitive Impairment

by Fahad Mostafa, Kannon Hossain, Dip Das and Hafiz Khan

AppliedMath 2025, 5(4), 171; https://doi.org/10.3390/appliedmath5040171 (registering DOI) - 4 Dec 2025

Abstract

Early and accurate diagnosis of Alzheimer’s disease is critical for effective clinical intervention, particularly in distinguishing it from mild cognitive impairment, a prodromal stage marked by subtle structural changes. In this study, we propose a hybrid deep learning ensemble framework for Alzheimer’s disease [...] Read more.

Early and accurate diagnosis of Alzheimer’s disease is critical for effective clinical intervention, particularly in distinguishing it from mild cognitive impairment, a prodromal stage marked by subtle structural changes. In this study, we propose a hybrid deep learning ensemble framework for Alzheimer’s disease classification using structural magnetic resonance imaging. Gray and white matter slices are used as inputs to three pretrained convolutional neural networks: ResNet50, NASNet, and MobileNet, each fine-tuned through an end-to-end process. To further enhance performance, we incorporate a stacked ensemble learning strategy with a meta-learner and weighted averaging to optimally combine the base models. Evaluated on the Alzheimer’s Disease Neuroimaging Initiative dataset, the proposed method achieves state-of-the-art accuracy of 99.21% for Alzheimer’s disease vs. mild cognitive impairment and 91.02% for mild cognitive impairment vs. normal controls, outperforming conventional transfer learning and baseline ensemble methods. To improve interpretability in image-based diagnostics, we integrate Explainable AI techniques by Gradient-weighted Class Activation Mapping, which generates heatmaps and attribution maps that highlight critical regions in gray and white matter slices, revealing structural biomarkers that influence model decisions. These results highlight the framework’s potential for robust and scalable clinical decision support in neurodegenerative disease diagnostics. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Optimization and Machine Learning)

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17 pages, 286 KB

Open AccessArticle

Relationship Between Cytologically Determined Early Lactation Hepatic Lipid Content and Energy Balance, Health, and Milk Production in Grazing Dairy Cows

by Anghy Ruiz-Salazar, Erika Pavez-Muñoz, Juan Pablo Keim, Michael M. Fry, Carolina Ríos, Pilar Sepúlveda-Varas and Ricardo H. Chihuailaf

Ruminants 2025, 5(4), 62; https://doi.org/10.3390/ruminants5040062 (registering DOI) - 4 Dec 2025

Abstract

The aim of this study was to evaluate the relationship between cows’ hepatic lipid content (HLC) at 10 days in milk (DIM) and their metabolic status, health, and production during transition and early lactation periods. HLC was determined in 103 cows from a [...] Read more.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the relationship between cows’ hepatic lipid content (HLC) at 10 days in milk (DIM) and their metabolic status, health, and production during transition and early lactation periods. HLC was determined in 103 cows from a grazing Chilean dairy herd via cytologic examination of the liver through fine needle biopsies, categorized as mild, moderate, or severe. Blood metabolites were evaluated in the transition period, together with diseases in the postpartum period and milk production during the first 90 DIM. In pre-partum and postpartum periods, primiparous cows with severe HLC showed higher plasma cholesterol than multiparous cows with mild HLC. Postpartum, cows with severe HLC had higher serum non-esterified fatty acids (NEFAs) and NEFA/cholesterol ratios than those with mild HLC. Similarly, cows with moderate and severe HLC presented higher plasma β-hydroxybutyrate and greater risk of subclinical ketosis than cows with mild HLC. Additionally, cows with severe HLC had higher milk production and lower milk protein content than those with mild HLC. These results indicate that moderate to severe HLC at 10 DIM was associated with negative energy balance and subclinical ketosis, whereas severe HLC was associated with increased milk production and decreased milk protein content. Full article

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15 pages, 1201 KB

Open AccessFeature PaperReview

50 Years of Research in Real Estate Brokerage: A Semi-Systematic Literature Review

by Martin Ahlenius, Björn Berggren and Neville Hurst

Real Estate 2025, 2(4), 21; https://doi.org/10.3390/realestate2040021 (registering DOI) - 4 Dec 2025

Abstract

Intermediaries are central to complex transactions. In housing markets, real estate brokers coordinate information flows, reduce search costs, and guide lay buyers and sellers through legal and financial steps. Despite this importance, scholarship on brokerage is dispersed across disciplines and methods. This paper [...] Read more.

Intermediaries are central to complex transactions. In housing markets, real estate brokers coordinate information flows, reduce search costs, and guide lay buyers and sellers through legal and financial steps. Despite this importance, scholarship on brokerage is dispersed across disciplines and methods. This paper presents a semi-systematic review of peer-reviewed articles published between 1970 and 2021. We map (i) study characteristics (country of origin and field), (ii) the distribution of units of analysis (individual, firm/organization, market), and (iii) the most frequently examined topics. Our synthesis indicates steadily rising academic interest but a fragmented knowledge base. We conclude by highlighting gaps—especially the scarcity of cross-country comparisons and the relative lack of qualitative and mixed-method studies on brokers’ practices and experiences. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Urban Science and Real Estate Dynamics: Insights into Housing, Finance, and Land Use)

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15 pages, 1732 KB

Open AccessArticle

From Data to Decisions: Leveraging the Social Accounting Matrix and Multiplier Analysis to Guide Equitable Policy Decision in Greece

by Afentoula Mavrodi, Georgios Kolias, Christos Gogos and Kostas Karamanis

Reg. Sci. Environ. Econ. 2025, 2(4), 36; https://doi.org/10.3390/rsee2040036 (registering DOI) - 4 Dec 2025

Abstract

This study develops an updated national Social Accounting Matrix (SAM) for Greece, based on the 2020 Input–Output Table that captures post-crisis structural and macroeconomic transformations, implemented in Python 3, hence producing a reusable, modular code. This methodological approach facilitates multiplier-based policy analysis of [...] Read more.

This study develops an updated national Social Accounting Matrix (SAM) for Greece, based on the 2020 Input–Output Table that captures post-crisis structural and macroeconomic transformations, implemented in Python 3, hence producing a reusable, modular code. This methodological approach facilitates multiplier-based policy analysis of how shocks propagate through the Greek economy, and therefore, this study contributes to the literature by addressing the gap in multiplier analysis for this setting. Output, value-added, and income multipliers were estimated using the Moore–Penrose pseudo-inverse via Singular Value Decomposition (SVD). Findings highlighted the substantial role of government transfers in supporting household and firm incomes, largely due to COVID-19 relief measures. This analysis showed that production expansion in energy, construction, and wholesale and retail trade can stimulate broad economic activity, while service-related sectors play a critical role in income generation and equity considerations. At the same time, firms in trade, hospitality, and real estate were heavily affected by the pandemic shock. The findings of this study provide a benchmark for understanding Greece’s economic structure at a critical moment in time (the COVID-19 pandemic). Full article

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20 pages, 2484 KB

Open AccessArticle

Stochastic Models of Neuronal Growth

by Cristian Staii

AppliedMath 2025, 5(4), 170; https://doi.org/10.3390/appliedmath5040170 (registering DOI) - 4 Dec 2025

Abstract

Neuronal circuits arise as axons and dendrites extend, navigate, and connect to target cells. Axonal growth, in particular, integrates deterministic guidance from substrate mechanics and geometry with stochastic fluctuations generated by signaling, molecular detection, cytoskeletal assembly, and growth cone dynamics. A comprehensive quantitative [...] Read more.

Neuronal circuits arise as axons and dendrites extend, navigate, and connect to target cells. Axonal growth, in particular, integrates deterministic guidance from substrate mechanics and geometry with stochastic fluctuations generated by signaling, molecular detection, cytoskeletal assembly, and growth cone dynamics. A comprehensive quantitative description of this process remains incomplete. We review stochastic models in which Langevin dynamics and the associated Fokker–Planck equation capture axonal motion and turning under combined biases and noise. Paired with experiments, these models yield key parameters, including effective diffusion (motility) coefficients, speed and angle distributions, mean-square displacement, and mechanical measures of cell–substrate coupling, thereby linking single-cell biophysics and intercellular interactions to collective growth statistics and network formation. We further couple the Fokker–Planck description to a mechanochemical actin–myosin–clutch model and perform a linear stability analysis of the resulting dynamics. Routh–Hurwitz criteria identify regimes of steady extension, damped oscillations, and Hopf bifurcations that generate sustained limit cycles. Together, these results clarify the mechanisms that govern axonal guidance and connectivity and inform the design of engineered substrates and neuroprosthetic scaffolds aimed at enhancing nerve repair and regeneration. Full article

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12 pages, 597 KB

Open AccessReview

Anticipating Clinical Onset in Multiple Sclerosis: Challenges and Opportunities

by Viviana Nociti and Marina Romozzi

J. Pers. Med. 2025, 15(12), 598; https://doi.org/10.3390/jpm15120598 (registering DOI) - 4 Dec 2025

Abstract

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic, immune-mediated disorder of the central nervous system, increasingly recognized as a disease continuum that begins years before the first neurological event. Genetic susceptibility, environmental exposures, and silent neuroinflammation contribute to early disease activity. Recent studies have highlighted [...] Read more.

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic, immune-mediated disorder of the central nervous system, increasingly recognized as a disease continuum that begins years before the first neurological event. Genetic susceptibility, environmental exposures, and silent neuroinflammation contribute to early disease activity. Recent studies have highlighted a preclinical phase that includes both a biological stage, characterized by elevated biomarkers such as serum neurofilament light chain up to 10 years before onset, and a prodromal phase, marked by subtle but measurable symptoms. Population-based cohorts consistently show increased healthcare use, higher prevalence of psychiatric and cognitive disturbances, fatigue, pain, and gastrointestinal disorders years before diagnosis, which may represent prodromal symptoms. Radiologically isolated syndrome (RIS), defined by incidental demyelinating lesions in asymptomatic individuals, represents the visible form of this phase and provides a unique opportunity to study the transition to clinical disease. Approximately half of RIS patients develop MS within a decade, with predictors including younger age, male sex, CSF oligoclonal bands, and spinal cord involvement. Recent randomized controlled trials demonstrated that early use of disease-modifying therapies in RIS significantly reduces conversion risk. Defining the preclinical and prodromal phases of MS offers a major opportunity to refine risk stratification, enable earlier intervention, and ultimately prevent or delay the onset of clinically definite MS. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Personalized Therapeutic and Rehabilitation Approaches in Multiple Sclerosis: Challenges and Future Directions)

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10 pages, 612 KB

Open AccessEssay

Advancing Diabetes Technology Implementation Through Team-Based Care

by Jordin Millward and Elaine Nguyen

Diabetology 2025, 6(12), 155; https://doi.org/10.3390/diabetology6120155 (registering DOI) - 4 Dec 2025

Abstract

Introduction: Advancements in diabetes technology have transformed diabetes management, yet technology implementation remains inconsistent due to barriers at both the clinician and patient levels. Team-based collaborative care offers a promising strategy to bridge these gaps. Framework: The Practical, Robust Implementation and Sustainability Model [...] Read more.

Introduction: Advancements in diabetes technology have transformed diabetes management, yet technology implementation remains inconsistent due to barriers at both the clinician and patient levels. Team-based collaborative care offers a promising strategy to bridge these gaps. Framework: The Practical, Robust Implementation and Sustainability Model (PRISM), which incorporates the reach, effectiveness, adoption, implementation, and maintenance (RE-AIM) framework, was applied to identify clinician and patient-level barriers to technology implementation and guide development of team-based strategies for improvement. Application of this framework is illustrated through a rural primary care clinic implementing a remote patient monitoring program. Results: Analysis across RE-AIM domains identified team-based, interprofessional strategies for enhancing technology implementation and sustainability. Recommended strategies include structured onboarding and digital literacy support for both patients and clinicians, clear delineation of team roles and intentional integration of workflows, continuous quality improvement through feedback and huddles, and sustained organizational and policy support that ensures security, reimbursement, and equitable access. Conclusions: Application of the PRISM framework to improve diabetes technology implementation allows for translation of technological innovation into meaningful outcomes. Full article

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30 pages, 3327 KB

Open AccessSystematic Review

Artificial Intelligence for Color Prediction and Esthetic Design in CAD/CAM Ceramic Restorations: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analyses

by Carlos M. Ardila, Diana María Pulgarín-Medina, Eliana Pineda-Vélez and Anny M. Vivares-Builes

Prosthesis 2025, 7(6), 160; https://doi.org/10.3390/prosthesis7060160 (registering DOI) - 4 Dec 2025

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Artificial intelligence (AI) is increasingly embedded in CAD/CAM workflows to address persistent challenges in restorative dentistry, including unpredictable color outcomes and time-intensive crown design steps. Yet, evidence on its accuracy and efficiency remains fragmented across heterogeneous study designs and metrics. This [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Artificial intelligence (AI) is increasingly embedded in CAD/CAM workflows to address persistent challenges in restorative dentistry, including unpredictable color outcomes and time-intensive crown design steps. Yet, evidence on its accuracy and efficiency remains fragmented across heterogeneous study designs and metrics. This systematic review and meta-analyses aimed to evaluate the accuracy and performance of AI for color prediction and automated crown design in CAD/CAM ceramics. Methods: A systematic review with random-effects meta-analyses. The outcomes included design time, internal fit, finish-line accuracy, color-prediction acceptability using ΔE₀₀ (AT₀₀), morphology deviation, and occlusal and proximal contacts. Results: Fifteen studies met the inclusion criteria. The meta-analyses showed that AI-equipped CAD reduced crown design time compared to conventional CAD (MD −88.7 s; 95% CI −134.5 to −42.9; I² = 72%). The internal fit showed a small advantage for AI (MD −17.1 µm; 95% CI −26.2 to −7.9; I² = 90%). For finish-line identification, the pooled mean Hausdorff distance was ~0.35 mm (95% CI 0.316–0.382; I² = 0%). For color prediction, the pooled proportion of predictions within each study’s prespecified acceptability threshold (AT₀₀) was near-universal (0.996; 95% CI 0.988–0.999; I² = 0%). Morphology and functional contacts were not pooled due to incompatible metrics and units. Narrative synthesis indicated AI performance comparable to, or favorable over, conventional/technician workflows in selected regions. Conclusions: AI for CAD/CAM dentistry shows practical promise, most clearly for design-time efficiency and with encouraging signals for internal fit, finish-line identification, and color-prediction acceptability under study thresholds. However, clinical translation should proceed cautiously. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Shaping the Future: Artificial Intelligence in Prosthodontics and Prosthesis Innovation)

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10 pages, 246 KB

Open AccessReview

Hydro Deluxe Skin Boosters and the Cutaneous Microbiome: A Narrative Review

by Carlos José Téllez-Castillo, Leticia Amselem Albuixech and Raquel Fernández de Castro Izalguez

Cosmetics 2025, 12(6), 272; https://doi.org/10.3390/cosmetics12060272 (registering DOI) - 4 Dec 2025

Abstract

Background/Objective: The skin microbiome plays a pivotal role in barrier function, immune regulation, and overall skin health. Age-related changes and environmental stressors disrupt microbial homeostasis, contributing to inflammaging and esthetic concerns. This narrative review aims to explore the potential interactions between the Hydro [...] Read more.

Background/Objective: The skin microbiome plays a pivotal role in barrier function, immune regulation, and overall skin health. Age-related changes and environmental stressors disrupt microbial homeostasis, contributing to inflammaging and esthetic concerns. This narrative review aims to explore the potential interactions between the Hydro Deluxe Skin Booster and the cutaneous microbiome, with emphasis on barrier integrity, hydration, and molecular pathways relevant to skin aging. Methods: A literature search was performed in PubMed and Scopus up to September 2025. Keywords included skin microbiome, cutaneous dysbiosis, hyaluronic acid (HA), calcium hydroxyapatite (CaHA), amino acids, skin boosters, skin aging, barrier function, and inflammation. Eligible articles included in vitro ex vivo, and clinical studies addressing microbiome-related mechanisms in skin health and esthetic interventions. Results: The literature indicates that HA and skin boosters enhance hydration and reduce transepidermal water loss (TEWL), indirectly supporting microbial balance. Aging is associated with sebaceous decline, altered pH, reduced levels of commensals (Cutibacterium acnes, Staphylococcus epidermidis), and increased opportunists (Streptococcus, Staphylococcus aureus). Hydro Deluxe, a formulation combining HA, CaHA, and amino acids, may synergistically stabilize the cutaneous environment by restoring hydration, reducing inflammatory mediators, and promoting dermal remodeling. Current evidence, however, is largely limited to in vitro and ex vivo data. Conclusions: Hydro Deluxe appears to be a promising esthetic intervention with potential to support cutaneous microbial homeostasis and mitigate age-associated inflammatory changes. Further well-designed clinical trials are warranted to validate its microbiome-related effects and to clarify its role in evidence-based esthetic medicine. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Cosmetic Dermatology)

37 pages, 16509 KB

Open AccessArticle

Reselling or Agency Selling: Technology Investment and Information Sharing Strategies in Live Streaming E-Commerce

by Yu-Wei Li, Gui-Hua Lin and Xide Zhu

J. Theor. Appl. Electron. Commer. Res. 2025, 20(4), 348; https://doi.org/10.3390/jtaer20040348 (registering DOI) - 4 Dec 2025

Abstract

With the rapid development of live streaming e-commerce, opening live streaming sales channels for online product sales has become an important strategic priority for enterprises. This paper examines information technology-driven operational decisions in live streaming e-commerce supply chains, including sales mode selection, technology [...] Read more.

With the rapid development of live streaming e-commerce, opening live streaming sales channels for online product sales has become an important strategic priority for enterprises. This paper examines information technology-driven operational decisions in live streaming e-commerce supply chains, including sales mode selection, technology investment, and information sharing. We develop game-theoretic models for reselling and agency selling modes under three scenarios: no technology investment, investment without information sharing, and investment with information sharing. Our findings show that under the reselling mode, e-tailers tend to accept information sharing when the live streaming creates high extra value or when the market demand is underestimated. Under the agency mode, e-tailers usually reject sharing. Regarding technology investment, platforms are motivated to invest under the reselling mode when the market is underestimated regardless of sharing; in contrast, under the agency mode, platforms only invest when e-tailers accept sharing and the market is severely underestimated, the sharing fee is moderate, and the agency fee and hassle cost are low. A win-win outcome arises when the agency fee is low and live streaming generates low extra value with high hassle costs, making the agency optimal for both e-tailers and platforms; conversely, when the agency fee is high and live streaming generates high extra value with low hassle costs, the reselling becomes optimal. This study provides important strategic guidance and policy insights for supply chain members, enabling firms to make better decisions and thus gain a competitive advantage in the face of fierce market competition. Full article

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15 pages, 1015 KB

Open AccessArticle

Accumulation Function for the Ideal Air-Standard Brayton Cycle Based on Serrin’s Thermodynamics

by Vidal Aquiles de Jesus Sanchez-Sanchez and Pedro Quinto Diez

Entropy 2025, 27(12), 1228; https://doi.org/10.3390/e27121228 (registering DOI) - 4 Dec 2025

Abstract

Serrin’s works provided a new perspective on classical thermodynamics through his statements of the first law and the accumulation function, and of the second law and the accumulation theorem, as well as the subsequent result by Huilgol that the work accomplished in a [...] Read more.

Serrin’s works provided a new perspective on classical thermodynamics through his statements of the first law and the accumulation function, and of the second law and the accumulation theorem, as well as the subsequent result by Huilgol that the work accomplished in a thermal cycle implies an inequality where the important temperatures of the thermal cycle and an integral similar to that of Clausius appears. Based on these pioneering works, explicit forms of the accumulation function have been derived for the Otto, Diesel, Stirling and Ericsson cycles. In this paper, a more straightforward derivation than that made by Huilgol is presented to obtain the inequality for the work accomplished in a cycle, following the theoretical framework of Serrin and Huilgol, and explicitly introducing that the temperature ranges in which the system exchanges heat are finite. This paper clearly shows the natural physical fact that heat exchange processes in a system have two defined extreme temperatures, corresponding to the beginning and end of the process, which can be equal in the isothermal limiting case. The derivation of the accumulation function for the ideal air-standard Brayton cycle is provided for the first time, extending Serrin’s thermodynamic framework, where the temperature constraints of the adiabatic compression and expansion processes under which it operates are analyzed. Finally, a practical example is included to illustrate the behavior of the accumulation function of the ideal air-standard Brayton cycle. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Thermodynamics)

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13 pages, 3739 KB

Open AccessArticle

Development of a Compact Data Acquisition System for Immersive Ultrasonic Inspection of Small-Diameter Pipelines

by Vu Hoang Minh Doan, Tien Minh Khoi Nguyen, Le Hai Tran, Dinh Dat Vu, Thanh Dat Le, Le Khuong Phan, Le The Anh Vi, Thanh Phuoc Nguyen, Hae Gyun Lim, Jaeyeop Choi, Sudip Mondal and Junghwan Oh

Appl. Sci. 2025, 15(23), 12817; https://doi.org/10.3390/app152312817 (registering DOI) - 4 Dec 2025

Abstract

This study presents the design and implementation of a compact data acquisition system for immersive ultrasonic inspection of small-diameter pipelines, targeting applications where conventional systems are impractical due to size constraints. The system integrates the Eclipse Z7 platform with a customized pulser-receiver module [...] Read more.

This study presents the design and implementation of a compact data acquisition system for immersive ultrasonic inspection of small-diameter pipelines, targeting applications where conventional systems are impractical due to size constraints. The system integrates the Eclipse Z7 platform with a customized pulser-receiver module and a rotary pipeline inspection gauge (PIG) equipped with a 5 MHz immersion-type ultrasonic transducer. The PIG module is designed to scan pipelines with an 8.18 mm wall thickness and a 200 mm inner diameter. Before deployment, real-time system calibration is performed via a connected computer interface to ensure optimal performance. Once inside the pipeline, the PIG operates autonomously, with ultrasonic data being acquired and stored locally on a Raspberry Pi. Post-inspection, the recorded data is extracted and analyzed on the computer to assess pipeline integrity. The proposed system offers a compact alternative to commercial solutions, particularly in scenarios involving limited access and small-diameter pipelines. Full article

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28 pages, 7472 KB

Open AccessArticle

Face Privacy Protection Method for Autonomous Sensors Based on Hierarchical Format-Preserving Encryption

by Haojie Ji, Long Jin, Junjie Zhang, Te Hu, Chongshi Xin and Yuchi Yao

Sensors 2025, 25(23), 7369; https://doi.org/10.3390/s25237369 (registering DOI) - 3 Dec 2025

Abstract

Advanced sensors in connected automated vehicles (CAVs) increasingly collect facial biometric information for environmental perception, posing serious privacy leakage risks. However, existing privacy protection methods for automotive data primarily focus on strict security mechanisms and fail to fully balance data usability. This paper [...] Read more.

Advanced sensors in connected automated vehicles (CAVs) increasingly collect facial biometric information for environmental perception, posing serious privacy leakage risks. However, existing privacy protection methods for automotive data primarily focus on strict security mechanisms and fail to fully balance data usability. This paper presents a hierarchical format-preserving encryption (H-FPE) method for face privacy protection in autonomous sensors. The proposed method constructs a privacy-preserving framework for face detection based on YOLOv11 by employing a region-specific encryption strategy where the encryption strength is tailored to the importance of different facial regions. The encryption algorithm employs SM4-based Feistel structures with pseudo-random functions to ensure RGB value constraints while maintaining image format integrity. Experimental evaluation results in diverse scenarios demonstrate that the proposed privacy encryption method achieves superior privacy protection performance. In terms of encryption strength, the method achieves entropy efficiency exceeding 98%, with an average entropy increase of 0.77 bits, representing an improvement of approximately 9.4% over the traditional thumbnail-preserving encryption (TPE) method. Considering the usability of downstream tasks, the proposed method preserves pedestrian detection performance, with F1-scores exceeding 97% in selected scenarios, demonstrating a 0.5% difference compared to TPE while providing substantially stronger privacy protection. The H-FPE method effectively balances privacy protection and functional usability, offering a robust solution for facial data protection in autonomous sensor applications while preserving essential detection capabilities. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sensing Technology in Connected and Automated Vehicles (CAV))

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21 pages, 1840 KB

Open AccessArticle

The Role of Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells in the Immune Contexture of TP53-Mutated High-Grade Serous Ovarian Cancer

by Katharina Steger, Heidelinde Fiegl, Katja Rungger, Katharina Leitner, Irina Tsibulak, Barin Feroz, Christoph Ebner, Christian Marth, Hubert Hackl and Alain Gustave Zeimet

Cancers 2025, 17(23), 3877; https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers17233877 (registering DOI) - 3 Dec 2025

Abstract

Background/Objectives: This study aimed to characterize dendritic cell (DC) heterogeneity, immune associations, and prognostic relevance across three TP53-mutated tumor entities—high-grade serous ovarian cancer (HGSOC), triple-negative breast cancer, and endometrial cancer—focusing on plasmacytoid DCs (pDCs) in HGSOC. Methods: RNA-sequencing and clinical [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: This study aimed to characterize dendritic cell (DC) heterogeneity, immune associations, and prognostic relevance across three TP53-mutated tumor entities—high-grade serous ovarian cancer (HGSOC), triple-negative breast cancer, and endometrial cancer—focusing on plasmacytoid DCs (pDCs) in HGSOC. Methods: RNA-sequencing and clinical data of 603 patients from The Cancer Genome Atlas were analyzed. DC subset abundance was assessed for cDC progenitor, conventional DC type 1 (cDC1), conventional DC type 2 (cDC2), plasmacytoid DC (pDC), and mature DC by marker gene signatures. Differences in DC scores across tumors were analyzed using Kruskal–Wallis. Survival analyses were performed using Kaplan–Meier and Cox regression. Spearman’s correlation was used to determine associations between parameters. Results: HGSOC showed the lowest pDC abundance, yet high pDC scores were independently associated with shorter PFS (HR = 1.55, 95% CI: 1.05–2.27; p = 0.027), representing the only DC-subset-related prognostic signal observed across tumor types. pDCs correlated positively with neutrophils and negatively with monocytes, and pDCs, cDC2s, and cDC progenitors correlated inversely with TMB. No consistent link was found between pDC and TP53 mutation classes. However, tumors harboring specific TP53 mutations within established hotspot regions exhibited significantly lower pDC levels (p = 0.015). Conclusions: Our findings reveal distinct DC infiltration patterns and highlight the immunological vulnerability of TP53-mutated HGSOC. pDCs appear to exert a tumor-promoting, immune-evasive role, suggesting that DC function depends on their programming and tumor context. Selective targeting of DC subsets may offer novel therapeutic opportunities in TP53-mutated, low-TMB cancers. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Cancer Immunotherapy as Part of Precision Clinical Medicine)

19 pages, 890 KB

Open AccessArticle

Cydonia oblonga Mill. (Quince) Peel as a Functional Food Ingredient in Gluten-Free Sorghum Muffins: Effects on Nutritional, Technological, and Sensory Properties

by Dilek Demirbuker Kavak, Bilge Akdeniz and Betül Aslan Yılmaz

Processes 2025, 13(12), 3915; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr13123915 - 3 Dec 2025

Abstract

The technological limitations of gluten-free flours, including weak structure and low elasticity, negatively impact the sensory quality and consumer acceptance of the final product. Incorporating quince peel, a source of fiber and bioactive compounds, may enhance the nutritional and textural profile while improving [...] Read more.

The technological limitations of gluten-free flours, including weak structure and low elasticity, negatively impact the sensory quality and consumer acceptance of the final product. Incorporating quince peel, a source of fiber and bioactive compounds, may enhance the nutritional and textural profile while improving key sensory attributes such as flavor and mouthfeel. This study aimed to valorize quince peel powder (QP), a fruit-processing by-product, by incorporating it (0%, 6%, 12%, 18%) into gluten-free sorghum muffins to enhance their nutritional profile and assess its impact on their technological and sensory properties. Phenolic characterization revealed that QP was rich in phenolics (337.1 μg/g), predominantly chlorogenic acid (54.5%). The 18% QP formulation increased the dietary fiber content by 80.8% and improved antioxidant activity by 23.3% relative to the control muffins. Image processing analysis of the crumb structure showed that QP created a uniform texture while moderately reducing air cell volume. Texture profile analysis revealed that increasing QP levels resulted in higher hardness and lower springiness. Quantitative descriptive analysis combined with multivariate analysis indicated that the 6–12% QP formulations were the most acceptable in terms of key sensory attributes. These results demonstrate the successful valorization of quince peel as a functional ingredient in sorghum muffins, enhancing nutritional and textural properties while maintaining structural integrity. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Advances in Food Processing and Functional Food)

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14 pages, 1442 KB

Open AccessArticle

Starch–Citric Acid Adhesive: Preparation and Performance Study Catalyzed by p-Toluenesulfonic Acid

by Jiankun Liang, De Li, Zhongyou Luo, Yuqi Yang, Tong Meng, Chuchu Chen, Huali Li, Ningyuan Zuo, Qiuli Li, Hui Yang and Zhigang Wu

Polymers 2025, 17(23), 3224; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym17233224 - 3 Dec 2025

Abstract

This study investigates the application effects of p-toluenesulfonic acid (p-TsOH) as an efficient catalyst in the esterification reaction of starch–citric acid adhesives, aiming to successfully prepare plywood with good water resistance through lower hot-pressing temperatures. By precisely controlling the addition ratio of pTSA [...] Read more.

This study investigates the application effects of p-toluenesulfonic acid (p-TsOH) as an efficient catalyst in the esterification reaction of starch–citric acid adhesives, aiming to successfully prepare plywood with good water resistance through lower hot-pressing temperatures. By precisely controlling the addition ratio of pTSA (0–10%), the multifaceted impacts on the adhesive’s curing behavior, bonding strength, water resistance, thermal stability, and microstructure were analyzed. The results demonstrate that pTSA substantially catalyzes the esterification crosslinking reaction between starch and citric acid. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) analysis reveals a significant reduction in the reaction peak temperature from 197.7 °C to 154.3 °C, which effectively lowers the hot-pressing temperature and provides more energy-efficient processing conditions for plywood production. When pTSA addition is within the range of 6–8%, the adhesive exhibits superior bonding performance and water resistance. Moreover, thermal stability is significantly enhanced and the microstructure becomes denser, collectively improving the overall performance of the plywood. This study not only provides a solid theoretical basis for the development of high-performance, environmentally friendly, starch-based wood adhesives but also offers strong technical support for the practical application of related technologies expected to promote the green and sustainable development of the wood adhesive industry. Full article

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