MDPI - Publisher of Open Access Journals

14 pages, 2692 KiB

Open AccessPerspective

Challenges in COVID-19 Pandemic Triaging: An Indian and US Perspective

by Muralidhar Varma, Robin Sudandiradas, Mauli Mahendra Patel, Trini Ann Mathew, Marcus Zervos, Shashikiran Umakanth, Asha Kamath, Mahadev Rao, Vandana Kalwaje Eshwara, Chiranjay Mukhopadhyay and Vijaya Arun Kumar

Emerg. Care Med. 2025, 2(2), 18; https://doi.org/10.3390/ecm2020018 - 1 Apr 2025

Abstract

Background/Objectives: The COVID-19 pandemic overwhelmed many health care facilities with patients, leading to an increased risk of potential transmission. Though the disease process was identical, the triaging system was unique at different sites, without a unified system for emergency department triaging globally. Proper [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: The COVID-19 pandemic overwhelmed many health care facilities with patients, leading to an increased risk of potential transmission. Though the disease process was identical, the triaging system was unique at different sites, without a unified system for emergency department triaging globally. Proper implementation of pre-screening and triaging is of paramount importance in tertiary care settings to prevent nosocomial spread of infection. Methods: Each country has its own triage guidelines and Infection, Prevention, and Control policies developed by its health ministry and may face significant challenges in implementing them. Triage guidelines followed by two tertiary care hospitals in Detroit, United States of America and Manipal, India are compared during the early phases of the COVID-19 pandemic. Results: This paper offers a unique perspective of the challenges experienced with the hospital triage practices and provides solutions to address them. The future trajectory of COVID-19 epidemiology in both countries will be determined by the adherence to best practices in Infection Prevention and Control and triage protocols. The healthcare facility triage algorithm is constantly evolving in both settings as new evidence is being added to hospital epidemiology and infection prevention practices. Conclusions: Training healthcare workers on new triage protocols is required. It is critical for infectious disease doctors, clinical microbiologists, hospital epidemiologists, and Infection Prevention and Control (IPC) staff to collaborate with clinicians, nurses, and other ancillary staff in order to successfully implement the triage protocols. Developing and modifying guidelines for cleaning hospital triage areas and providing high throughput for patient care are also important lessons learned. Usage of face shields and the quality of Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) should be ensured for all healthcare workers (HCWs). Resilient staff and resilient hospital infrastructure are crucial for a sustainable response to future pandemics. Full article

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24 pages, 1181 KiB

Open AccessReview

Current Therapies and Potential Strategies for Uveal Melanoma

by Sarah Scoles, Sanjay Ganesh and Kaori H. Yamada

Drugs Drug Candidates 2025, 4(2), 14; https://doi.org/10.3390/ddc4020014 - 1 Apr 2025

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Uveal melanoma (UM) is a rare but deadly ocular cancer. This review summarizes the characteristics of uveal melanoma and current therapeutic options for primary uveal melanoma and metastatic uveal melanoma, and introduces recent development of therapeutic strategies in preclinical animal studies and [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Uveal melanoma (UM) is a rare but deadly ocular cancer. This review summarizes the characteristics of uveal melanoma and current therapeutic options for primary uveal melanoma and metastatic uveal melanoma, and introduces recent development of therapeutic strategies in preclinical animal studies and clinical trials. Methods: The literature search was conducted to identify relevant articles for UM studies. It was performed using PubMed for articles in English until March 2025. Information on clinical trials was also obtained from ClinicalTrial.gov. Results: Uveal melanoma originates from melanocytes, similar to skin melanoma. However, uveal melanoma has different mutations from skin melanoma. Thus, chemotherapy and immunotherapy, which are effective for skin melanoma, are ineffective for uveal melanoma. Current therapies for UM include radiation therapy, surgical resection, liver-directed therapies, and recently FDA-approved tebentafusp. Although a wide variety of available and newly developed therapies have been tested in clinical trials for UM, tebentafusp is the only FDA-approved therapy for metastatic UM. Given the excessive expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in UM patients with metastatic diseases, anti-VEGF strategies are being tested in clinical trials and pre-clinical animal models. Conclusions: This review summarizes an overview of current therapies and the development of therapeutic strategies in clinical trials and pre-clinical animal models. Despite successful control of primary tumors, 50% of UM patients still experience metastasis in the liver. Although tebentafusp improves the overall survival (OS) of a certain population of UM patients, robust strategies for preventing UM metastasis represent a critical unmet need. Further investigations of the heterogeneity of UM cells and mechanisms of UM metastasis are needed in the future. Full article

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16 pages, 1364 KiB

Open AccessReview

Photosynthetic Adaptation in Poplar Under Abiotic and Biotic Stress: Integrating Molecular, Physiological, and Biotechnological Perspectives

by Dong Wang, Pawan Kumar Jewaria and Jianwei Xiao

Int. J. Plant Biol. 2025, 16(2), 42; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijpb16020042 - 1 Apr 2025

Abstract

In the context of global climate change, the carbon storage and sequestration capacity of terrestrial ecosystems is of increasing concern. Poplars are widely planted because of their fast growth and environmental adaptability. We reviewed the effects of abiotic and biotic stresses on photosynthesis [...] Read more.

In the context of global climate change, the carbon storage and sequestration capacity of terrestrial ecosystems is of increasing concern. Poplars are widely planted because of their fast growth and environmental adaptability. We reviewed the effects of abiotic and biotic stresses on photosynthesis in poplar, focusing on the damage caused by adversity conditions to photosynthetic apparatus, which leads to decreased carbon dioxide (CO₂) assimilation and an increase in reactive oxygen species (ROS)-induced oxidative damage. The mechanisms of photosynthesis response to stress in poplar are reviewed, especially the role of genes regulation in regulating photosynthetic efficiency. These findings are particularly important for improving the resilience of poplar under changing environmental conditions. In addition, we discussed a range of strategies to enhance photosynthesis in poplar under stress, such as genetic engineering and synthetic biology. These approaches provide theoretical guidance for improving the resilience of poplar and insights for improving other crops facing similar challenges. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Plant Physiology)

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17 pages, 7501 KiB

Open AccessProtocol

Posture Analysis in the Sagittal Plane—Practical Guidelines with Reference Values

by Oliver Ludwig

Anatomia 2025, 4(2), 5; https://doi.org/10.3390/anatomia4020005 - 1 Apr 2025

Abstract

Background: The alignment of a person’s body segments depends on their innate anatomy and neuromuscular status. Sagittal posture assessments provide valuable information on correctable deficits, which can be used to prevent possible health issues or injuries. Methods: This article provides practical guidance on [...] Read more.

Background: The alignment of a person’s body segments depends on their innate anatomy and neuromuscular status. Sagittal posture assessments provide valuable information on correctable deficits, which can be used to prevent possible health issues or injuries. Methods: This article provides practical guidance on how to perform a basic photometric sagittal posture analysis in a reproducible manner, which reference points should be used, and which errors should be avoided. For this purpose, based on the current literature, four important evidence-based parameters for evaluation are defined, and literature-based reference values are given for the assessment of posture. Conclusions: When done correctly, the sagittal posture analysis is a valuable tool in the fields of medicine and sports. Full article

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25 pages, 7433 KiB

Open AccessReview

Decarbonizing the Transportation Sector: A Review on the Role of Electric Vehicles Towards the European Green Deal for the New Emission Standards

by Dimitrios Rimpas, Dimitrios E. Barkas, Vasilios A. Orfanos and Ioannis Christakis

Air 2025, 3(2), 10; https://doi.org/10.3390/air3020010 - 1 Apr 2025

Abstract

The transportation sector has a significant impact on climate change, as it is responsible for 20% of the global greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. This paper evaluates the role of electric vehicles (EVs) in achieving Europe’s ambitious target of carbon neutrality by 2050. The [...] Read more.

The transportation sector has a significant impact on climate change, as it is responsible for 20% of the global greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. This paper evaluates the role of electric vehicles (EVs) in achieving Europe’s ambitious target of carbon neutrality by 2050. The limitations of internal combustion engines (ICEs) along with the recent advancements, such as Euro 6 standards, are examined with a pseudo–lifecycle analysis (pseudo-LCA). While ICEs remain cost-effective initially, their higher long-term cost and environmental impact make them unsustainable. The benefits of EVs, including high energy efficiency, minimal maintenance, and reduced GHG emissions, are stated. However, challenges such as range limitations, charging infrastructure, and the environmental cost of battery production persist. Hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) are highlighted as transitional technologies, offering improved thermal efficiency and reduced emissions, enhancing air quality in both urban and rural areas. The analysis extends to the use of alternative fuels, such as bioethanol, biodiesel, and hydrogen. These provide interim solutions but face scalability and sustainability issues. Policy interventions, including subsidies, tax incentives, and investments in renewable energy, are crucial factors for EV adoption. As EVs are pivotal to decarbonization, integrating renewable energy and addressing systemic challenges are essential for a sustainable transition. Full article

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30 pages, 336 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Relational Pathways to Sociopolitical Control: A Mixed-Methods Study

by Kathryn Y. Morgan, Katherine Wiley, Brian D. Christens, Annie B. Clark and Colleen Loomis

Youth 2025, 5(2), 34; https://doi.org/10.3390/youth5020034 - 1 Apr 2025

Abstract

Adolescence is a critical period for sociopolitical development, yet research has primarily focused on youth with explicit civic engagement, overlooking the role of community involvement in broader contexts. This mixed-methods study examines how adolescent community involvement—ranging from volunteering and advocacy to participation in [...] Read more.

Adolescence is a critical period for sociopolitical development, yet research has primarily focused on youth with explicit civic engagement, overlooking the role of community involvement in broader contexts. This mixed-methods study examines how adolescent community involvement—ranging from volunteering and advocacy to participation in sports, religious, and cultural activities—shapes sociopolitical control (SPC) in young adulthood. Using longitudinal quantitative survey data from 352 Canadian families, alongside qualitative interviews with 32 adult participants, we analyze how relationships with parents and peers mediate the link between community involvement and SPC. Regression analyses demonstrate that community involvement in high school predicts SPC at age 25, with parental support and positive peer relationships serving as significant mediators. Mediation analysis further reveals that relationships with mothers exert the strongest indirect effect on SPC, followed by relationships with fathers and peers. Qualitative findings highlight the mechanisms through which relational contexts foster or hinder SPC, illustrating that family values, peer norms, and early exposure to social issues shape long-term civic identity. These results underscore the importance of fostering relationally supportive environments that encourage diverse forms of adolescent community participation, contributing to both individual empowerment and broader democratic engagement. Full article

18 pages, 808 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Civic and Prosocial Decision-Making in Early Adolescents

by Antonio Jamie Castro, Afiah Fozi, Chen-Yu Hung, Maureen Etoh and Christi Bergin

Youth 2025, 5(2), 33; https://doi.org/10.3390/youth5020033 - 1 Apr 2025

Abstract

This study investigated the everyday civic practices of early adolescents (ages 10–12) and explored their civic and prosocial decisions. Researchers conducted focus groups and interviews with elementary students about scenarios involving classmates in need of assistance. Participants were asked which civic and prosocial [...] Read more.

This study investigated the everyday civic practices of early adolescents (ages 10–12) and explored their civic and prosocial decisions. Researchers conducted focus groups and interviews with elementary students about scenarios involving classmates in need of assistance. Participants were asked which civic and prosocial action they might take (or not take) in each situation and what factors influenced their decision-making. Findings revealed that participants assessed each situation, considering factors such as their ability to help, personal costs associated with helping, and their relationship with the target of the assistance. Other factors included participants’ emerging sense of self-identity and their ability to adopt the perspectives of others. Overall, this study suggested that early adolescents do engage in thoughtful deliberation given their everyday contexts and experiences. Full article

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14 pages, 1479 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Rosette Trajectory MRI Reconstruction with Vision Transformers

by Muhammed Fikret Yalcinbas, Cengizhan Ozturk, Onur Ozyurt, Uzay E. Emir and Ulas Bagci

Tomography 2025, 11(4), 41; https://doi.org/10.3390/tomography11040041 - 1 Apr 2025

Abstract

Introduction: An efficient pipeline for rosette trajectory magnetic resonance imaging reconstruction is proposed, combining the inverse Fourier transform with a vision transformer (ViT) network enhanced with a convolutional layer. This method addresses the challenges of reconstructing high-quality images from non-Cartesian data by leveraging [...] Read more.

Introduction: An efficient pipeline for rosette trajectory magnetic resonance imaging reconstruction is proposed, combining the inverse Fourier transform with a vision transformer (ViT) network enhanced with a convolutional layer. This method addresses the challenges of reconstructing high-quality images from non-Cartesian data by leveraging the ViT’s ability to handle complex spatial dependencies without extensive preprocessing. Materials and Methods: The inverse fast Fourier transform provides a robust initial approximation, which is refined by the ViT network to produce high-fidelity images. Results and Discussion: This approach outperforms established deep learning techniques for normalized root mean squared error, peak signal-to-noise ratio, and entropy-based image quality scores; offers better runtime performance; and remains competitive with respect to other metrics. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic AI in Medical Imaging and Image Processing)

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29 pages, 3482 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Framework for Cement Plants Assessment Through Cement Production Improvement Measures for Reduction of CO₂ Emissions Towards Net Zero Emissions

by Esraa Khalil and Mohamed AbouZeid

Constr. Mater. 2025, 5(2), 20; https://doi.org/10.3390/constrmater5020020 - 1 Apr 2025

Abstract

Recent global strategies highlight the urgency of addressing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, particularly CO₂ from energy-intensive industries such as cement production. Studies show that the cement industry contributes around 8% of the global CO₂ emissions, emphasizing the need for innovative and [...] Read more.

Recent global strategies highlight the urgency of addressing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, particularly CO₂ from energy-intensive industries such as cement production. Studies show that the cement industry contributes around 8% of the global CO₂ emissions, emphasizing the need for innovative and structural mitigation strategies. While advancements in carbon capture technologies, LC3 cement, alternative raw materials, and renewable energy integration are critical for achieving the net zero emissions (NZEs) goal, the challenge lies in having a structured and comprehensive approach for systematically categorizing, prioritizing, and assessing various CO₂ improvement measures within cement plants. To address this gap, this study introduces a structured assessment model designed to evaluate and rate proposed CO₂ improvement measures based on their alignment with the global NZE targets and plant-specific milestones, providing an overall cement plant performance score. The assessment tool developed in this study provides a quantitative scoring system for assessing the implementation level and impact of various CO₂ improvement measures within cement plants. The framework integrates the cleaner production concept and the 5Cs approach to the decarbonization of the cement industry, offering a systematic yet flexible method for cement industry decarbonization. To validate the assessment tool, two cement plants with different production scales and located at different geographical locations were analyzed. Plant A achieved an overall performance score of 3.315, while plant B scored 3.68. The assessment identified a potential CO₂ reduction of 20–30% through targeted improvements, highlighting that even well-established cement plants have opportunities for emissions reduction and efficiency enhancement. This study advances existing assessment methodologies by providing an adaptable, data-driven, systematic, and scalable tool that enhances decision-making, strategic modifications, and resource allocation for achieving NZE targets. Additionally, this assessment tool bridges the gap between global targets and plant-level implementation, ensuring effective transition towards sustainability in the cement industry. Full article

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25 pages, 6600 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Spatial Correlation Network Characteristics of Comprehensive Transportation Green Efficiency in China

by Qifei Ma, Sujuan Li and Zhenchao Zhang

Future Transp. 2025, 5(2), 40; https://doi.org/10.3390/futuretransp5020040 - 1 Apr 2025

Abstract

Accurately characterizing the structural features of the spatial correlation network of comprehensive transportation green efficiency (CTGE) is essential for achieving balanced regional transportation development and eliminating regional disparities. This study employs the slacks-based measure-data envelopment analysis (SBM-DEA) model to assess the CTGE of [...] Read more.

Accurately characterizing the structural features of the spatial correlation network of comprehensive transportation green efficiency (CTGE) is essential for achieving balanced regional transportation development and eliminating regional disparities. This study employs the slacks-based measure-data envelopment analysis (SBM-DEA) model to assess the CTGE of China. Furthermore, the standard deviational ellipse (SDE) model and social network analysis (SNA) method are adopted to delineate the spatiotemporal evolution patterns and spatial correlation network characteristics of CTGE, based on input–output data from the transportation industry across 30 provinces (municipalities and autonomous regions) between 2003 and 2020. The findings reveal that China’s CTGE exhibits a fluctuating trend of an initial decline followed by subsequent increase, with a national average of 0.555 and an average of 0.722 in eastern regions, 0.434 in central regions, and 0.478 in western regions. This demonstrates that China’s CTGE maintains an overall low level while showing significant regional disparities. The spatial center of gravity of China’s CTGE has shifted from a southwestern to a northeastern trajectory, with a generally concentrated spatial distribution pattern. Furthermore, China’s CTGE demonstrates a distinct “core-edge” hierarchical structure, with regions occupying varied roles and statuses within the network. The central and western regions are positioned at the network periphery, predominantly receiving spillover effects from other regions, while the eastern region, driven by its strong spillover effect, serves as the network’s “engine”. The most significant contribution of this study lies in developing a more comprehensive CTGE evaluation framework and precisely identifying the structural positions and functional roles of different regions within the network, which holds substantial theoretical and practical value for advancing sustainable development in China’s transportation sector. Full article

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36 pages, 4533 KiB

Open AccessReview

Impact of Critical Situations on Autonomous Vehicles and Strategies for Improvement

by Shahriar Austin Beigi and Byungkyu Brian Park

Future Transp. 2025, 5(2), 39; https://doi.org/10.3390/futuretransp5020039 - 1 Apr 2025

Abstract

Recently, the development of autonomous vehicles (AVs) and intelligent driver assistance systems has drawn significant attention from the public. Despite these advancements, AVs may encounter critical situations in real-world scenarios that can lead to severe traffic accidents. This review paper investigated these critical [...] Read more.

Recently, the development of autonomous vehicles (AVs) and intelligent driver assistance systems has drawn significant attention from the public. Despite these advancements, AVs may encounter critical situations in real-world scenarios that can lead to severe traffic accidents. This review paper investigated these critical scenarios, categorizing them under weather conditions, environmental factors, and infrastructure challenges. Factors such as attenuation and scattering severely influence the performance of sensors and AVs, which can be affected by rain, snow, fog, and sandstorms. GPS and sensor signals can be disturbed in urban canyons and forested regions, which pose vehicle localization and navigation problems. Both roadway infrastructure issues, like inadequate signage and poor road conditions, are major challenges to AV sensors and navigation systems. This paper presented a survey of existing technologies and methods that can be used to overcome these challenges, evaluating their effectiveness, and reviewing current research to improve AVs’ robustness and dependability under such critical situations. This systematic review compares the current state of sensor technologies, fusion techniques, and adaptive algorithms to highlight advances and identify continuing challenges for the field. The method involved categorizing sensor robustness, infrastructure adaptation, and algorithmic improvement progress. The results show promise for advancements in dynamic infrastructure and V2I systems but pose challenges to overcoming sensor failures in extreme weather and on non-maintained roads. Such results highlight the need for interdisciplinary collaboration and real-world validation. Moreover, the review presents future research lines to improve how AVs overcome environmental and infrastructural adversities. This review concludes with actionable recommendations for upgrading physical and digital infrastructures, adaptive sensors, and algorithmic upgrades. Such research is important for AV technology to remain in the zone of advancement and stability. Full article

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21 pages, 7635 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Trends in Autonomous Vehicle Performance: A Comprehensive Study of Disengagements and Mileage

by Ehsan Kohanpour, Seyed Rasoul Davoodi and Khaled Shaaban

Future Transp. 2025, 5(2), 38; https://doi.org/10.3390/futuretransp5020038 - 1 Apr 2025

Abstract

This study explores the trends and causes of disengagement events in Autonomous Vehicles (AVs) using data from the California Department of Motor Vehicles (CA DMV) from 2019 to 2022. Disengagements, defined as instances where control transitions from the AV to a human driver, [...] Read more.

This study explores the trends and causes of disengagement events in Autonomous Vehicles (AVs) using data from the California Department of Motor Vehicles (CA DMV) from 2019 to 2022. Disengagements, defined as instances where control transitions from the AV to a human driver, are crucial indicators of the reliability and trustworthiness of Autonomous Driving Systems (ADS). The analysis identifies a significant correlation between cumulative mileage and disengagement frequency, revealing that 77% of disengagements were initiated by safety drivers. The research categorizes disengagements into system-initiated, driver-initiated, or planned for testing purposes, highlighting that environmental factors and interactions with other road users are the primary causes attributed to the AV system. The findings indicate a downward trend in the ratio of disengagements to mileage, suggesting improvements in AV technology and increasing operator trust. However, the persistent rate of manual disengagements underscores ongoing challenges regarding driver confidence. This research enhances the understanding of ADS performance and driver interactions, offering valuable insights for improving AV safety and fostering technology acceptance in mixed-traffic environments. Future studies should prioritize enhancing system reliability and addressing the psychological factors that influence driver trust in ADS. Full article

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13 pages, 220 KiB

Open AccessReview

Decarbonisation of Road Transportation in India—A Round-Robin Review on Low-Carbon Strategies and Financial Policies

by Shohel Amin

Future Transp. 2025, 5(2), 36; https://doi.org/10.3390/futuretransp5020036 - 1 Apr 2025

Abstract

India is committed to becoming a net-zero emitter by 2070 to fight climate change; however, road transportation causes a major challenge for decarbonising transport in India. This paper investigates the low-carbon strategy and implementation of fiscal and financial policies in India. The research [...] Read more.

India is committed to becoming a net-zero emitter by 2070 to fight climate change; however, road transportation causes a major challenge for decarbonising transport in India. This paper investigates the low-carbon strategy and implementation of fiscal and financial policies in India. The research delves into the innovative strategies to address unique regional hurdles and transportation demands. These strategies include customised policies to incentivise EVs, creating charging infrastructure networks, the integration of renewable energy sources in public transport systems, and the formulation of specific regulations to curb emissions from high-traffic areas. Findings from the review of low-carbon strategies and financial policies in road transportation advocate for penalising high-emitters, subsidising clean technology, and reorienting government expenditure towards sustainable infrastructure for combating climate change and adhering to India’s commitment announced at COP26. This paper suggests the efficacy and replicability of these new strategies, thus, providing valuable insights to policymakers and stakeholders for creating a more sustainable and efficient road transportation network in India. Full article

18 pages, 505 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Risk Analysis on the Implementation and Operation of Green Hydrogen and Its Derivatives in the Spanish Port System

by Daniel García Nielsen, Alberto Camarero-Orive, Javier Vaca-Cabrero and Nicoletta González-Cancelas

Future Transp. 2025, 5(2), 37; https://doi.org/10.3390/futuretransp5020037 - 1 Apr 2025

Abstract

The problem addressed in this paper is the identification and management of risks associated with the implementation and operation of green hydrogen in the Spanish port system. The growing demand for clean energy and environmental regulations are driving the adoption of green hydrogen [...] Read more.

The problem addressed in this paper is the identification and management of risks associated with the implementation and operation of green hydrogen in the Spanish port system. The growing demand for clean energy and environmental regulations are driving the adoption of green hydrogen as a viable solution to decarbonize shipping. However, this transition comes with significant challenges, including safety, infrastructure, and hydrogen handling risks. In the existing literature, several authors have used methodologies such as qualitative and quantitative risk analysis, techniques such as FMEA (Failure Modes and Effects Analysis), and the evaluation of impacts and probabilities of occurrence to identify and manage risks in similar projects. These approaches have made it possible to identify potential threats and propose effective mitigation measures. In this work, a combined methodology is proposed that includes the identification of threats, risk assessment through risk matrices, and classification of these risks for their proper management. The SWIFT method (Structured What-If Technique) and the use of impact-probability matrices are applied. The main conclusion of the work is that, although green hydrogen has great potential for the decarbonization of the port sector, its implementation requires careful management of the risks identified. The proposed mitigation measures are essential to ensure the safety and viability of green hydrogen projects in Spanish ports. Full article

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18 pages, 2784 KiB

Open AccessArticle

How Can I Find My Ride? Importance of User Assistance in Finding Virtual Stops for Shared Autonomous Mobility-on-Demand Services

by Malte Petersen, Andreas Zuck and Annika Dreßler

Future Transp. 2025, 5(2), 35; https://doi.org/10.3390/futuretransp5020035 - 1 Apr 2025

Abstract

Future mobility concepts, such as Shared Autonomous Mobility-on-Demand (SAMOD) services, have the potential to contribute to sustainability goals and enhance connectivity between rural areas and urban public transport networks. The SAMOD concept relies on virtual stops, accessible via a smartphone application, where passengers [...] Read more.

Future mobility concepts, such as Shared Autonomous Mobility-on-Demand (SAMOD) services, have the potential to contribute to sustainability goals and enhance connectivity between rural areas and urban public transport networks. The SAMOD concept relies on virtual stops, accessible via a smartphone application, where passengers are individually picked up. This study analyzed the importance of six key attributes of a SAMOD journey: travel time, price, available information, distance to the stop, navigation to the virtual stop, and identification of the virtual stop. Using a choice-based conjoint analysis (N = 461), participants were repeatedly presented with two SAMOD journey options, each varying in attributes, and were asked to indicate their preference. The findings reveal that all six attributes significantly influenced travel decisions. Subgroup analyses further indicated that the importance of these attributes varied by gender, age, travel context, and frequency of public transport use. Notably, SAMOD-specific attributes, such as navigation to and identification of the virtual stop, were rated as nearly as critical as traditional factors like travel time and cost. Based on these findings, actionable recommendations for transport planners and policymakers are proposed to facilitate the successful implementation of SAMOD services. Full article

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37 pages, 1866 KiB

Open AccessReview

The Environmental Impacts of Overpopulation

by Alon Tal

Encyclopedia 2025, 5(2), 45; https://doi.org/10.3390/encyclopedia5020045 - 1 Apr 2025

Abstract

Overpopulation’s central role in environmental degradation is intermittently challenged. This article assesses the impact of mounting demographic pressures on six critical global sustainability challenges: deforestation, climate change, biodiversity loss, fishery depletion, water scarcity, and soil degradation. By synthesizing findings from hundreds of [...] Read more.

Overpopulation’s central role in environmental degradation is intermittently challenged. This article assesses the impact of mounting demographic pressures on six critical global sustainability challenges: deforestation, climate change, biodiversity loss, fishery depletion, water scarcity, and soil degradation. By synthesizing findings from hundreds of peer-reviewed studies, the article offers a comprehensive review of the effects of expanding human populations on the most pressing current environmental problems. Although the rate of population growth worldwide is slowing, human numbers are expected to continue increasing on Earth until the end of the century. Current research confirms that overpopulation causes substantial and potentially irreversible environmental impacts that cannot be ignored if international sustainability policy is to be effective. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Social Sciences)

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15 pages, 3167 KiB

Open AccessReview

The Logarithmic Derivative in Scientific Data Analysis

by Ruediger Grunwald

Encyclopedia 2025, 5(2), 44; https://doi.org/10.3390/encyclopedia5020044 - 1 Apr 2025

Abstract

The logarithmic derivative has been shown to be a useful tool for data analysis in applied sciences because of either simplifying mathematical procedures or enabling an improved understanding and visualization of structural relationships and dynamic processes. In particular, spatial and temporal variations in [...] Read more.

The logarithmic derivative has been shown to be a useful tool for data analysis in applied sciences because of either simplifying mathematical procedures or enabling an improved understanding and visualization of structural relationships and dynamic processes. In particular, spatial and temporal variations in signal amplitudes can be described independently of their sign by one and the same compact quantity, the inverse logarithmic derivative. In the special case of a single exponential decay function, this quantity becomes directly identical to the decay time constant. When generalized, the logarithmic derivative enables local gradients of system parameters to be flexibly described by using exponential behavior as a meaningful reference. It can be applied to complex maps of data containing multiple superimposed and alternating ramping or decay functions. Selected examples of experimental and simulated data from time-resolved plasma spectroscopy, multiphoton excitation, and spectroscopy are analyzed in detail, together with reminiscences of early activities in the field. The results demonstrate the capability of the approach to extract specific information on physical processes. Further emerging applications are addressed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Physical Sciences)

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9 pages, 689 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Optimized Synthesis of Dinitrochalcones via Ultrasonic Bath in a Cyclohexane–Methanol Solvent System

by Alam Yair Hidalgo, Quirino Torres-Sauret, Carlos Ernesto Lobato-García, Erika Madeleyne Ramos-Rivera, Luis Fernando Roa de la Fuente, Abraham Gómez-Rivera, Miguel Ángel Vilchis-Reyes, Erika Alarcón-Matus, Oswaldo Hernández-Abreu and Nancy Romero-Ceronio

Organics 2025, 6(2), 14; https://doi.org/10.3390/org6020014 - 1 Apr 2025

Abstract

This study describes the efficient synthesis of five dinitrochalcones (DNCHs) using an ultrasonic bath as an unconventional method to improve reaction yields and reduce reaction times. The Claisen–Schmidt condensation of nitroacetophenones and nitrobenzaldehydes was carried out in a cyclohexane–methanol solvent system under ultrasonic [...] Read more.

This study describes the efficient synthesis of five dinitrochalcones (DNCHs) using an ultrasonic bath as an unconventional method to improve reaction yields and reduce reaction times. The Claisen–Schmidt condensation of nitroacetophenones and nitrobenzaldehydes was carried out in a cyclohexane–methanol solvent system under ultrasonic irradiation, achieving yields between 56% and 92%. The application of ultrasound not only accelerated the reaction but also improved the overall efficiency compared to conventional methods such as magnetic stirring. The synthesized compounds were characterized by NMR spectroscopy, which corroborated their structures. Therefore, it is confirmed that obtaining DNCHs with a nitro group in ortho by ultrasonic irradiation is an energetically efficient and environmentally friendly alternative. Full article

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14 pages, 1364 KiB

Open AccessSystematic Review

Incidence of Long-Term Complications in Breast Implant “Prosthesis”: A Systematic Review

by Rosario Emanuele Perrotta, Vincenzo Ronsivalle, Giuseppe Minervini and Marco Cicciù

Prosthesis 2025, 7(2), 38; https://doi.org/10.3390/prosthesis7020038 - 1 Apr 2025

Abstract

Objectives: The term ‘prosthesis’ in reference to breast implants is used to clarify its distinction from the general term ‘breast implant’, which is widely adopted by plastic surgeons. This terminology highlights the role of the implant as a functional tissue substitute, particularly in [...] Read more.

Objectives: The term ‘prosthesis’ in reference to breast implants is used to clarify its distinction from the general term ‘breast implant’, which is widely adopted by plastic surgeons. This terminology highlights the role of the implant as a functional tissue substitute, particularly in post-mastectomy reconstruction, rather than solely as a cosmetic enhancement. This distinction is relevant for understanding the long-term implications of implant-based reconstruction and the associated complications. The aim of this systematic review was to compile and analyze the current evidence on the long-term complications associated with breast implants. We explored how these complications vary depending on implant type, surgical techniques, patient-specific factors, and the indication for implantation (cosmetic vs. reconstructive). These indications were analyzed separately to avoid assumptions regarding their correlation with surgical techniques. Methods: A systematic search was conducted across PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus for studies published up to December 2024, following PRISMA 2020 guidelines and the Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions. An initial search identified 1480 studies. After screening and applying inclusion criteria, 11 studies were selected for the final analysis. Studies included in this review reported long-term complications in human subjects, were published in English, and evaluated breast implants. The quality of the included studies was assessed using the ROBINS-E tool. Additionally, subgroup analyses examined differences based on implant type (silicone vs. saline), surgical techniques, and patient characteristics, such as age, comorbidities, and the duration of follow-up. Results: This review study was performed between September 2024 and December 2024. A total of 11 studies were included in the review. The included studies were published between 1997 and 2021, providing a long-term perspective on breast implant complications. The most frequently reported complications were capsular contracture, implant rupture, seroma, and infection, with capsular contracture being the most prevalent. Silicone implants were associated with a higher risk of rupture compared to saline implants. Techniques using textured implants and dual-plane placements were found to reduce the incidence of capsular contracture. Patient-related factors, such as age and smoking status, were identified as significant risk factors for complications, while longer follow-up periods revealed more late-onset complications. Conclusions: This review underscores the importance of understanding the long-term risks of breast implants and highlights the need for personalized surgical planning and thorough follow-up care. Future studies should focus on standardizing outcomes reporting and further evaluating the safety and effectiveness of new implant materials and surgical approaches. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Orthopedics and Rehabilitation)

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24 pages, 7965 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Optimizing Digital Impressions in Edentulous Patients Through Reference Point-Enhanced Scanning: A Quantitative Assessment of Accuracy and Time Efficiency

by Biagio Rapone, Maurizio De Francesco, Francesco Inchingolo, Grazieli Dalmaschio, Alberto Pispero, Filippo Tomarelli, Giuseppe Gariffo, Tiziano Testori, Gianluca Martino Tartaglia, Gianna Dipalma and Elisabetta Ferrara

Prosthesis 2025, 7(2), 37; https://doi.org/10.3390/prosthesis7020037 - 1 Apr 2025

Abstract

Background: Digital impression techniques for edentulous patients present unique challenges due to the absence of stable anatomical landmarks and variable soft tissue morphology. While intraoral scanners have shown promising results in dentate patients, their application in edentulous cases remains problematic, with reported accuracy [...] Read more.

Background: Digital impression techniques for edentulous patients present unique challenges due to the absence of stable anatomical landmarks and variable soft tissue morphology. While intraoral scanners have shown promising results in dentate patients, their application in edentulous cases remains problematic, with reported accuracy deviations ranging from 60.6 ± 11.9 μm to 67.2 ± 6.9 μm compared to conventional methods. Material and Methods: This pilot study employed a within-subject, repeated-measures design comparing four scanning protocols in a fully edentulous patient (age: 42, BMI: 24.3 kg/m², Cawood and Howell Class III). Digital scans were performed using iTero Element 5D and Trios 5 scanners (n = 10 scans per group), with and without a modified technique incorporating standardized reference points (1 mm diameter, 5 mm intervals) and systematic soft tissue management. A conventional impression-derived digital model served as the reference standard. Accuracy assessment utilized best-fit alignment and root mean square (RMS) calculations through Geomagic Control X software (version 2020.1.1). Results: The modified technique demonstrated significantly improved accuracy (Groups C/D: 57.8–59.7 μm) compared to standard protocols (Groups A/B: 66.9–68.2 μm) (p < 0.001). Mean scanning times were reduced by 37% with the modified technique (2:10 ± 0:09 min vs. 3:24 ± 0:15 min). Inter-operator reliability showed excellent agreement (ICC = 0.92, 95% CI: 0.88–0.95). Soft tissue management significantly improved vestibular area accuracy (48.7 ± 6.3 μm vs. 72.4 ± 8.9 μm, p < 0.001). Conclusions: The proposed scanning strategy incorporating reference points and systematic soft tissue management significantly improved both accuracy and efficiency in digital impressions of edentulous arches. The technique showed excellent reproducibility and potential clinical applicability across different scanner systems. These findings warrant validation through larger-scale clinical trials to establish definitive protocols for digital impression-taking in edentulous patients. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Digital Design for Dental and Maxillofacial Prosthodontics)

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18 pages, 2288 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Evaluating the Effects of Sensorimotor Training on the Physical Capacities of Older People

by Carolina A. Cabo, Víctor Hernández-Beltrán, Orlando Fernandes, Cláudia Mendes, José M. Gamonales, Mário C. Espada and José A. Parraca

Eur. J. Investig. Health Psychol. Educ. 2025, 15(4), 50; https://doi.org/10.3390/ejihpe15040050 - 1 Apr 2025

Abstract

Background: Physical activity (PA) plays a crucial role in improving the quality of life (QoL) in older people, particularly by enhancing their balance and movement coordination. Objective: This study aimed to assess the effects of sensorimotor training intervention in older adults. Methods: A [...] Read more.

Background: Physical activity (PA) plays a crucial role in improving the quality of life (QoL) in older people, particularly by enhancing their balance and movement coordination. Objective: This study aimed to assess the effects of sensorimotor training intervention in older adults. Methods: A total of 90 participants, divided into a Control Group (n = 44) and Experimental Group (n = 46) were involved in a 24-week sensorimotor training program. The physical capacities of the participants were assessed both before and after the intervention program. Strength and flexibility were measured using the “Rikli and Jones” protocol (1999), while agility and speed were assessed through “Timed-up-and-go” tests. Taking into account the participants’ gender, a descriptive analysis of the sample was conducted to describe the data using the mean and standard deviation. Student’s T test was performed to compare the differences between the groups according to the first and second data collection moments (before and after the intervention). Jamovi software (v. 2.5.2.0) was used to develop the statistical analysis, using a p-value of less than 0.05 to assess the statistical significance. Results: The Experimental Group showed significant improvements across all the analyzed variables following the intervention (p < 0.005), indicating substantial gains in physical capacities. In contrast, the Control Group in the “sitting and reaching” test did not show a significant difference between the groups highlighting the lack of improvement without intervention. According to the effect size of the sample, it was observed that the parameters “reach behind your back (right)” and “reach behind your back (left)” showed the highest effect size comparing the Control Group and Experimental Group (ES: 0.60, 0.71). Conclusions: The findings highlight the practical clinical impact of implementing tailored physical activity programs for older adults. Such interventions are critical for enhancing QoL, reducing the risk of falls, injuries, and chronic illnesses, and promoting overall health, independence, and well-being. Integrating sensorimotor training into the routine care for older people can support healthy aging and functional independence. Full article

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26 pages, 646 KiB

Open AccessSystematic Review

Effectiveness of Therapeutic Interventions in the Treatment of Internet Gaming Disorder: A Systematic Review

by Sandra Núñez-Rodríguez, David Burgos-González, Luis Alberto Mínguez-Mínguez, Félix Menéndez-Vega, José Luis Antoñanzas-Laborda, Jerónimo Javier González-Bernal and Josefa González-Santos

Eur. J. Investig. Health Psychol. Educ. 2025, 15(4), 49; https://doi.org/10.3390/ejihpe15040049 - 1 Apr 2025

Abstract

Internet Gaming Disorder (IGD) has been recognized by the World Health Organization (WHO) in the International Classification of Diseases (ICD-11) and as an emerging condition in the DSM-5. IGD is increasingly prevalent, with various negative effects on individuals’ development and adaptation. To address [...] Read more.

Internet Gaming Disorder (IGD) has been recognized by the World Health Organization (WHO) in the International Classification of Diseases (ICD-11) and as an emerging condition in the DSM-5. IGD is increasingly prevalent, with various negative effects on individuals’ development and adaptation. To address this issue, different therapeutic interventions, like CBT, virtual reality, mindfulness, or family therapy, have been explored. This systematic review aimed to answer the following research question: What is the effectiveness of therapeutic interventions in reducing IGD symptoms in adolescents and young adults diagnosed with this disorder? Following PRISMA guidelines, 22 studies published between 2014 and 2025 were included. Results show that cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) is the most effective intervention, significantly reducing IGD severity, anxiety, and depression. Combining CBT with physical exercise or mindfulness further enhanced outcomes. Other promising approaches include virtual reality (VR), transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS), and family-based interventions. Additionally, treatments involving mindfulness and animal-assisted therapy showed potential in improving emotional regulation and interpersonal relationships. However, further research is needed to evaluate long-term efficacy and explore emerging therapies. Full article

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38 pages, 2041 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Post-Quantum Migration of the Tor Application

by Denis Berger, Mouad Lemoudden and William J. Buchanan

J. Cybersecur. Priv. 2025, 5(2), 13; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcp5020013 - 1 Apr 2025

Abstract

The efficiency of Shor’s and Grover’s algorithms and the advancement of quantum computers implies that the cryptography used until now to protect one’s privacy is potentially vulnerable to retrospective decryption, also known as the harvest now, decrypt later attack in the near future. [...] Read more.

The efficiency of Shor’s and Grover’s algorithms and the advancement of quantum computers implies that the cryptography used until now to protect one’s privacy is potentially vulnerable to retrospective decryption, also known as the harvest now, decrypt later attack in the near future. This dissertation proposes an overview of the cryptographic schemes used by Tor, highlighting the non-quantum-resistant ones and introducing theoretical performance assessment methods of a local Tor network. The measurement is divided into three phases. We start with benchmarking a local Tor network simulation on constrained devices to isolate the time taken by classical cryptography processes. Secondly, the analysis incorporates existing benchmarks of quantum-secure algorithms and compares these performances on the devices. Lastly, the estimation of overhead is calculated by replacing the measured times of traditional cryptography with the times recorded for Post-Quantum Cryptography (PQC) execution within the specified Tor environment. By focusing on the replaceable cryptographic components, using theoretical estimations, and leveraging existing benchmarks, valuable insights into the potential impact of PQC can be obtained without needing to implement it fully. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Cryptography and Cryptology)

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13 pages, 44634 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Predictive and Explainable Machine Learning Models for Endocrine, Nutritional, and Metabolic Mortality in Italy Using Geolocalized Pollution Data

by Donato Romano, Michele Magarelli, Pierfrancesco Novielli, Domenico Diacono, Pierpaolo Di Bitonto, Nicola Amoroso, Alfonso Monaco, Roberto Bellotti and Sabina Tangaro

Appl. Syst. Innov. 2025, 8(2), 48; https://doi.org/10.3390/asi8020048 - 1 Apr 2025

Abstract

This study investigated the predictive performance of three regression models—Gradient Boosting (GB), Random Forest (RF), and XGBoost—in forecasting mortality due to endocrine, nutritional, and metabolic diseases across Italian provinces. Utilizing a dataset encompassing air pollution metrics and socio-economic indices, the models were trained [...] Read more.

This study investigated the predictive performance of three regression models—Gradient Boosting (GB), Random Forest (RF), and XGBoost—in forecasting mortality due to endocrine, nutritional, and metabolic diseases across Italian provinces. Utilizing a dataset encompassing air pollution metrics and socio-economic indices, the models were trained and tested to evaluate their accuracy and robustness. Performance was assessed using metrics such as coefficient of determination (

r^{2}

), mean absolute error (MAE), and root mean squared error (RMSE), revealing that GB outperformed both RF and XGB, offering superior predictive accuracy and model stability (

r^{2}

= 0.55, MAE = 0.17, and RMSE = 0.05). To further interpret the results, SHAP (SHapley Additive exPlanations) analysis was applied to the best-performing model to identify the most influential features driving mortality predictions. The analysis highlighted the critical roles of specific pollutants, including benzene and socio-economic factors such as life quality and instruction, in influencing mortality rates. These findings underscore the interplay between environmental and socio-economic determinants in health outcomes and provide actionable insights for policymakers aiming to reduce health disparities and mitigate risk factors. By combining advanced machine learning techniques with explainability tools, this research demonstrates the potential for data-driven approaches to inform public health strategies and promote targeted interventions in the context of complex environmental and social determinants of health. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Developments in Data Science and Knowledge Discovery)

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17 pages, 1751 KiB

Open AccessReview

Research Status and the Prospect of Fractal Characteristics of Soil Microstructures

by Jiandong Li, Shengjie Jia, Xu Wang, Yanjie Zhang and Deren Liu

Fractal Fract. 2025, 9(4), 223; https://doi.org/10.3390/fractalfract9040223 - 1 Apr 2025

Abstract

The fractal characteristics of soil microstructures, including the size, distribution, and dynamic evolution process of soil particles, cracks, and intergranular pores, are important factors influencing the macroscopic physical properties of soils. Quantitative characterization, qualitative analysis, and the impact of fractal characteristics on macroscopic [...] Read more.

The fractal characteristics of soil microstructures, including the size, distribution, and dynamic evolution process of soil particles, cracks, and intergranular pores, are important factors influencing the macroscopic physical properties of soils. Quantitative characterization, qualitative analysis, and the impact of fractal characteristics on macroscopic properties have been important research directions in recent years. This paper summarizes the research status on soil microstructure fractal characteristics, elaborating on the kinds of soil fractal characteristics, the calculation methods of fractal characteristic parameters, and the influence of fractal characteristics on macroscopic properties. Based on existing research results, this paper proposes that future research on soil microstructure fractal characteristics should focus on the following aspects: (1) advancing fractal characteristic research towards higher precision and multi-dimensionality to reveal the internal relations between soil fractal characteristics and macroscopic physical properties; (2) strengthening interdisciplinary collaboration to promote theoretical innovation in fractal analysis and build a more comprehensive system for studying the evolution of soil fractal characteristics; and (3) a close integration with engineering tests to promote the application and transformation of research results, providing valuable references for optimizing construction schemes and improving the service performance of engineering structures. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fractal Analysis and Its Applications in Rock Engineering)

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