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57 pages, 12554 KB  
Article
Multi-Fidelity Surrogate Models for Accelerated Multi-Objective Analog Circuit Design and Optimization
by Gianluca Cornetta, Abdellah Touhafi, Jorge Contreras and Alberto Zaragoza
Electronics 2026, 15(1), 105; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics15010105 (registering DOI) - 25 Dec 2025
Abstract
This work presents a unified framework for multiobjective analog circuit optimization that combines surrogate modeling, uncertainty-aware evolutionary search, and adaptive high-fidelity verification. The approach integrates ensemble regressors and graph-based surrogate models with a closed-loop multi-fidelity controller that selectively invokes SPICE evaluations based on [...] Read more.
This work presents a unified framework for multiobjective analog circuit optimization that combines surrogate modeling, uncertainty-aware evolutionary search, and adaptive high-fidelity verification. The approach integrates ensemble regressors and graph-based surrogate models with a closed-loop multi-fidelity controller that selectively invokes SPICE evaluations based on predictive uncertainty and diversity criteria. The framework includes reproducible caching, metadata tracking, and process- and Dask-based parallelism to reduce redundant simulations and improve throughput. The methodology is evaluated on four CMOS operational-amplifier topologies using NSGA-II, NSGA-III, SPEA2, and MOEA/D under a uniform configuration to ensure fair comparison. Surrogate-Guided Optimization (SGO) replaces approximately 96.5% of SPICE calls with fast model predictions, achieving about a 20× reduction in total simulation time while maintaining close agreement with ground-truth Pareto fronts. Multi-Fidelity Optimization (MFO) further improves robustness through adaptive verification, reducing SPICE usage by roughly 90%. The results show that the proposed workflow provides substantial computational savings with consistent Pareto-front quality across circuit families and algorithms. The framework is modular and extensible, enabling quantitative evaluation of analog circuits with significantly reduced simulation cost. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Machine/Deep Learning Applications and Intelligent Systems)
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18 pages, 516 KB  
Article
Beyond Green Policies: How Socially Responsible Human Resource Management and Environmental Leadership Shape Employee Pro-Environmental Citizenship
by Ziwei Huang, Xuan Chen, Jingjie Huang and Hongbo Deng
Sustainability 2026, 18(1), 229; https://doi.org/10.3390/su18010229 (registering DOI) - 25 Dec 2025
Abstract
Building on social identity theory (SIT), this study investigates how socially responsible human resource management (SRHRM) shapes employees’ organizational citizenship behavior for the environment (OCBE). The proposed framework suggests that felt responsibility for the environment (FRE) serves as a psychological bridge between SRHRM [...] Read more.
Building on social identity theory (SIT), this study investigates how socially responsible human resource management (SRHRM) shapes employees’ organizational citizenship behavior for the environment (OCBE). The proposed framework suggests that felt responsibility for the environment (FRE) serves as a psychological bridge between SRHRM and OCBE, while environmentally specific servant leadership (ESL) strengthens this linkage. Using three waves of matched data collected from 236 full-time employees across manufacturing, service, and technology firms in China, the study applies hierarchical regression and bootstrapping techniques to test the hypotheses. The results indicate that SRHRM has a significant positive effect on OCBE, and this relationship is partly explained by employees’ FRE. In addition, higher levels of ESL amplify the positive association between SRHRM and FRE and reinforce the overall indirect effect on OCBE, producing a statistically meaningful moderated mediation pattern. These findings add to existing knowledge by clarifying the psychological process through which SRHRM encourages employees’ voluntary pro-environmental actions. The study also underscores the role of leadership in shaping the impact of SRHRM, offering organizations practical directions for nurturing a culture of environmental responsibility. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Psychology of Sustainability and Sustainable Development)
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24 pages, 7668 KB  
Article
A Study on the Optimization of the Dynamic Visual Quantitative Method for the External Spatial Form of Super-Large Cities’ High-Density Waterfront Iconic Building Clusters: A Case Study of Shanghai Lujiazui
by Jian Zhang, Di Chen and Run-Jie Huang
Buildings 2026, 16(1), 93; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings16010093 (registering DOI) - 25 Dec 2025
Abstract
The external spatial form and skyline of high-density waterfront iconic building clusters in super-large cities are the most distinctive features of urban image. However, traditional static research methods (such as fixed-point photography) cannot capture the continuous visual experience of people in motion, thereby [...] Read more.
The external spatial form and skyline of high-density waterfront iconic building clusters in super-large cities are the most distinctive features of urban image. However, traditional static research methods (such as fixed-point photography) cannot capture the continuous visual experience of people in motion, thereby imposing obvious limitations. This study proposes a dynamic visual quantification method that constructs a linear observation path using the parametric platform Grasshopper. The method calculates two core parameters in real-time: the vertical perspective angle (θ, reflecting the building’s “sense of height”) and the horizontal perspective angle (β, reflecting the “sense of density” of the building cluster), so as to realize the dynamic and continuous quantification of the building cluster’s form. Using Shanghai Lujiazui as a case study, this paper validates the method’s effectiveness. The results show that the visual perception of buildings is not only determined by their absolute height but also influenced by the distance from the observation point and spatial relationships. Furthermore, through variance analysis and an annealing algorithm, this study can identify “visually stable points” (suitable for arranging core landmarks) and “optimal viewing points” (suitable for setting up urban viewing platforms). This method provides a reproducible quantitative tool and specific guidance for the optimization of waterfront building layouts and the planning of urban viewing platforms. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Architectural Design, Urban Science, and Real Estate)
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9 pages, 1375 KB  
Brief Report
Molecular Characterization of Avulaviruses Isolated from Mallard Ducks in Moscow in 2008–2024
by Anastasia Treshchalina, Elizaveta Boravleva, Daria Gordeeva and Alexandra Gambaryan
Vet. Sci. 2026, 13(1), 23; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci13010023 (registering DOI) - 25 Dec 2025
Abstract
Species of the orders Charadriiformes and Anseriformes serve as the primary long-distance disseminators of various avulaviruses. The most economically significant among them is Newcastle disease virus (NDV), or Avian orthoavulavirus 1 (AOAV-1), which causes diseases of varying severity in both domestic and wild [...] Read more.
Species of the orders Charadriiformes and Anseriformes serve as the primary long-distance disseminators of various avulaviruses. The most economically significant among them is Newcastle disease virus (NDV), or Avian orthoavulavirus 1 (AOAV-1), which causes diseases of varying severity in both domestic and wild birds. Other avulaviruses have been studied to a much lesser extent, and for most of them, only single isolates are known, which does not allow a comprehensive assessment of their potential threat. To evaluate the biological diversity and potential risks posed by avian paramyxoviruses spread by wild waterfowl during autumn migration, fecal samples from mallards (Anas platyrhynchos) (n = 3604) were collected at water bodies in Moscow and the Moscow Region between 2008 and 2024. From these samples, AOAV-1 (n = 4) and Avian paraavulavirus 4 (APMV-4) (n = 9) were isolated and partially sequenced. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that all AOAV-1 isolates belong to genotype 1 of class II, while all APMV-4 isolates belong to the Eurasian subgenotype of genotype 1. Analysis of the F protein cleavage site motif indicated conformity with the consensus sequences characteristic of lentogenic and non-pathogenic avian paramyxoviruses in all isolates. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Veterinary Microbiology, Parasitology and Immunology)
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20 pages, 3029 KB  
Article
Identification of miR171a-GRAS50 Regulatory Module Associated with Wood Properties in Populus tomentosa
by Guhang Shi, Rui Huang, Shitong Qin, Mingyang Quan and Deqiang Zhang
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2026, 27(1), 228; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms27010228 (registering DOI) - 25 Dec 2025
Abstract
Enhancing wood properties, particularly fiber length (FL), represents a critical objective in Populus tomentosa breeding programs. However, the molecular mechanisms regulating these traits remain largely elusive. Here, an integrative analysis of the PtomiR171 family, uncovering substantial functional divergence among PtomiR171 family members and [...] Read more.
Enhancing wood properties, particularly fiber length (FL), represents a critical objective in Populus tomentosa breeding programs. However, the molecular mechanisms regulating these traits remain largely elusive. Here, an integrative analysis of the PtomiR171 family, uncovering substantial functional divergence among PtomiR171 family members and identified a PtomiR171a-PtoGRAS50 regulatory axis that may control cellulose-related gene expression and influence fiber development in P. tomentosa. Single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP)-based association studies implicated the role of the PtomiR171a-PtoGRAS50 module in modulating FL. Combined with dual-luciferase reporter gene assay, real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR), transcriptome and degradome analysis, PtomiR171a exerts a negative regulatory effect on PtoGRAS50, which is a key regulator of early xylem development. DNA affinity purification sequencing (DAP-seq) identified two downstream putative target genes of PtoGRAS50, both of which are involved in cellulose biosynthesis and metabolism. Unlike previous studies about miRNAs in P. tomentosa, this work narrows its scope to miR171 and elucidates the downstream regulatory module. Collectively, these findings elucidate a critical PtomiR171a-PtoGRAS50 regulatory axis, advancing our understanding of the genetic networks that orchestrate wood properties, deepening insights into FL modulation, and laying a foundation for the development of targeted genetic strategies to enhance wood quality in P. tomentosa. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Molecular Genetics and Genomics)
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17 pages, 1585 KB  
Article
Systemic Lipid Dysregulation in Low-Hydration Skin: A Multi-Dimensional Analysis
by Yumei Fan, Zheng Wang and Peixue Ling
Cosmetics 2026, 13(1), 4; https://doi.org/10.3390/cosmetics13010004 (registering DOI) - 25 Dec 2025
Abstract
Skin hydration is a key indicator of skin health and stratum corneum (SC) integrity, yet its relationship with multi-dimensional physiological parameters remains incompletely understood. This study aimed to investigate the association between facial skin hydration and key physiological parameters and explored the lipidomic [...] Read more.
Skin hydration is a key indicator of skin health and stratum corneum (SC) integrity, yet its relationship with multi-dimensional physiological parameters remains incompletely understood. This study aimed to investigate the association between facial skin hydration and key physiological parameters and explored the lipidomic differences between individuals with high and low hydration levels. We enrolled 60 healthy Chinese women (aged 30–55), divided into a low-hydration (LH, n = 11) group and a high-hydration (HH, n = 19) group based on Corneometer measurements. An integrated methodology was employed, including confocal Raman spectroscopy, multiphoton laser tomography, biophysical instruments, and untargeted lipidomics. Our results demonstrated a positive correlation between skin hydration and SC thickness, ceramides, and lactate levels. However, no significant correlation was identified in relation to wrinkles, color, or elasticity. The lipidomic analysis revealed eighty-three significantly upregulated lipids (VIP > 1.0, p < 0.05) in LH skin, among which ten lipids, including nine ceramides, exhibited strong negative correlations with hydration (|r| > 0.8, p < 0.05). These lipids were predominantly associated with sphingolipid and triacylglycerol metabolic pathways. Together, our findings suggest that low-hydration skin is characterized by systemic lipidomic dysregulation, rather than a deficiency of individual lipids. These findings represent novel insights into the mechanisms underlying skin hydration and identify potential therapeutic targets for addressing skin dryness and aging. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Lipids in Cosmetics)
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20 pages, 5618 KB  
Article
Leveraging Acquired EGFR-TKI-Resistant Models to Identify MUC16 as a Therapeutic Vulnerability in Lung Adenocarcinoma
by Yinhua Tan, Chunxiu Xiao, Zhifan Wang, Yuhang Kong, Yamei Huang, Zhichang Liu, Qiang Wu, Chenyu Wu, Manyu Zhao, Jingyao Chen and Kai Xiao
Pharmaceuticals 2026, 19(1), 47; https://doi.org/10.3390/ph19010047 (registering DOI) - 25 Dec 2025
Abstract
Background/Objectives: Acquired resistance to epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)-tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) remains a major challenge in the treatment of EGFR-mutant lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD). This study aimed to develop and characterize representative models of acquired EGFR-TKI resistance and to identify potential therapeutic [...] Read more.
Background/Objectives: Acquired resistance to epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)-tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) remains a major challenge in the treatment of EGFR-mutant lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD). This study aimed to develop and characterize representative models of acquired EGFR-TKI resistance and to identify potential therapeutic targets mediating this process. Methods: Resistant models of PC9 and LUAD-PDCs were generated using a standardized dose-escalation protocol. The resulting models were characterized by drug response assays, morphology, and transcriptomic sequencing. Candidate target genes were validated across all resistant models using siRNA knockdown followed by re-sensitization assays. Clinical relevance was further examined through analysis of publicly available datasets. Results: These generated models displayed stable resistant phenotypes and unique transcriptomic alterations. Cross-model analysis revealed MUC16 as a consistently upregulated gene associated with resistance. Functional validation demonstrated that MUC16 depletion re-sensitized all resistant models to EGFR-TKIs. Furthermore, analysis of clinical data linked high MUC16 expression to poorer patient outcomes. Conclusions: This study establishes stable in vitro models for investigating acquired resistance in EGFR-mutant LUAD and identifies MUC16 as a functionally validated and clinically relevant mediator of EGFR-TKI resistance, providing a potential therapeutic target for overcoming drug resistance. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Combating Drug Resistance in Cancer)
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19 pages, 2205 KB  
Article
Phytosociology of Ecological Transition Ecosystems in Anauá National Forest, Roraima State, Brazil
by Tiago Monteiro Condé, Niro Higuchi, Adriano José Nogueira Lima, Moacir Alberto Assis Campos, Joaquim Dos Santos, Bruno Oliva Gimenez, Fabiano Emmert and Vilany Matilla Colares Carneiro
Ecologies 2026, 7(1), 2; https://doi.org/10.3390/ecologies7010002 (registering DOI) - 25 Dec 2025
Abstract
The northern Brazilian Amazon has ecological transition ecosystems with high diversity and endemism of tree species and few botanical collections. We evaluated the phytosociology between Dense Ombrophilous Forest (Ds) and Forested Campinarana (Ld) within Anauá National Forest in Roraima, Brazil. A total of [...] Read more.
The northern Brazilian Amazon has ecological transition ecosystems with high diversity and endemism of tree species and few botanical collections. We evaluated the phytosociology between Dense Ombrophilous Forest (Ds) and Forested Campinarana (Ld) within Anauá National Forest in Roraima, Brazil. A total of 14,730 trees with a DBH ≥ 10 cm were inventoried across 30 hectares (ha), distributed among 55 botanical families, 183 genera, 386 species, and 123 undetermined trees. Ten hyperdominant tree families accounted for 69% of the sampled trees and 65% of the stored forest carbon (102.9 ± 5.0 Mg ha−1), like Arecaceae (2555 trees), Fabaceae (1738 trees), and Sapotaceae (1311 trees). Ten hyperdominant species accounted for 32% of the sampled individuals and 32% of the stored forest carbon (46.3 ± 3.8 Mg ha−1), like Euterpe precatoria (1151 trees), Pouteria macrophylla (561 trees) and Inga alba (574 trees). Anauá National Forest has great potential for sustainable multiple-use forest management through forest concessions; however, tree mortality due to natural causes and anthropogenic actions (deforestation, illegal selective logging, and forest fires) was considered high (7%) for tropical forests in the Amazon. Full article
(This article belongs to the Topic Conservation at the Crossroads: Forest Ecology, Wildlife Dynamics, and Emerging Challenges for Ecosystem Resilience)
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Graphical abstract

31 pages, 14784 KB  
Article
Neighborhood-Level Green Infrastructure and Heat-Related Health Risks in Tabriz, Iran: A Spatial Epidemiological Analysis
by Maryam Rezaei Ghaleh and Robert Balling
Atmosphere 2026, 17(1), 25; https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos17010025 (registering DOI) - 25 Dec 2025
Abstract
Urban heat waves are intensifying under climate change, posing growing public health risks, particularly in rapidly urbanizing cities. Green infrastructure is widely promoted as a nature-based solution for heat mitigation, yet its health benefits may vary across urban contexts. This study examines how [...] Read more.
Urban heat waves are intensifying under climate change, posing growing public health risks, particularly in rapidly urbanizing cities. Green infrastructure is widely promoted as a nature-based solution for heat mitigation, yet its health benefits may vary across urban contexts. This study examines how neighborhood-level green infrastructure modifies heat-related health risks in Tabriz, Iran—a historically cold city experiencing increasing heat stress. The Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) was derived from Landsat 8 imagery for 190 neighborhoods and classified into quartiles. Heat waves were defined as two or more consecutive days with mean temperatures at or above the 95th percentile. Emergency department visits for cardiovascular, respiratory, and all-cause conditions (2018–2020) were analyzed using Distributed Lag Non-linear Models with quasi-Poisson regression. Neighborhoods with low-to-moderate greenness (second and third NDVI quartiles) consistently exhibited lower relative risks of heat-related cardiovascular and all-cause visits, while both the lowest and highest NDVI quartiles showed elevated risk estimates. Risk patterns varied by lag period and demographic subgroup, with higher vulnerability observed among males and younger adults in highly vegetated areas, though estimates were imprecise. These findings suggest a non-linear relationship between urban greenness and heat-related health risks. Moderate green infrastructure appears most protective, underscoring the importance of context-sensitive and equitable greening strategies for climate adaptation in heat-vulnerable cities. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Biometeorology and Bioclimatology)
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27 pages, 3713 KB  
Article
Detecting Shifts of Monsoon Precipitation Patterns and a Large Increase in Soil Erosion Potential During 1979–2020 in Nepal
by Run Tang, Ram Prasad Awasthi, Kailun Jin, Lang Wang, Ning Liu, Krishna Raj Tiwari, Conghe Song, Devendra M. Amatya, Ge Sun and Lu Hao
Remote Sens. 2026, 18(1), 69; https://doi.org/10.3390/rs18010069 (registering DOI) - 25 Dec 2025
Abstract
Nepal is highly vulnerable to severe soil erosion driven by monsoonal rainfall and rugged terrains. Limitations in ground observation networks have hindered comprehensive, high-resolution national assessment of precipitation and rainfall-runoff erosivity (R-factor) across Nepal. This study systematically evaluated eight global gridded precipitation datasets [...] Read more.
Nepal is highly vulnerable to severe soil erosion driven by monsoonal rainfall and rugged terrains. Limitations in ground observation networks have hindered comprehensive, high-resolution national assessment of precipitation and rainfall-runoff erosivity (R-factor) across Nepal. This study systematically evaluated eight global gridded precipitation datasets (GPDs) against data from 152 weather stations, identifying the optimal precipitation dataset (TPHiPr) representing Nepal’s complex topography. Based on this high-quality dataset, we provided the first independent, long-term (1979–2020), high-resolution national-scale assessment of precipitation and the R-factor for Nepal. Our analysis reveals that 1996 marked a turning point in nationwide precipitation trends: annual precipitation shifted from a decreasing to an increasing one in the humid eastern and central regions, while the drier western region transitioned from an increasing to a decreasing trend, particularly during the dry season. A clear spatial divergence was observed between total precipitation and the R-factor, highlighting the dominant role of precipitation frequency and intensity. Extreme precipitation events intensified significantly (e.g., days with ≥25 mm rainfall increased by 0.2 days yr−1, and the 95th percentile precipitation threshold increased by 0.4 mm yr−1, p < 0.01), driving a nationwide increase in the R-factor (6.3 MJ mm ha−1 h−1 yr−2, p < 0.01), with high-altitude areas experiencing the most pronounced effects. We conclude that soil erosion risk has intensified nationwide due to increasing precipitation extremes. Watershed management must develop elevation-specific adaptation strategies that integrate climate science with practical solutions to address the dual challenges of intensified monsoon-driven erosion and growing dry-season water scarcity. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Precipitation Estimations Based on Satellite Observations)
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11 pages, 8498 KB  
Review
Ring-like (Donut-Shaped) Intracranial Aneurysms: A Warning Morphology of Mural Jet Flow and Pre-Rupture Instability
by Dragoslav Nestorović, Andrija Savić, Petar Milenković, Miloš Stojaković, Tamara Švabić and Igor Nikolić
Diagnostics 2026, 16(1), 78; https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics16010078 (registering DOI) - 25 Dec 2025
Abstract
Background/Objectives: “Ring-like” intracranial aneurysms—historically described as “doughnut-like” or “donut sign”—represent a rare configuration in which a central thrombus coexists with a circumferential mural flow ring. Traditionally considered a radiologic curiosity, this morphology likely reflects a shear-driven hemodynamic state rather [...] Read more.
Background/Objectives: “Ring-like” intracranial aneurysms—historically described as “doughnut-like” or “donut sign”—represent a rare configuration in which a central thrombus coexists with a circumferential mural flow ring. Traditionally considered a radiologic curiosity, this morphology likely reflects a shear-driven hemodynamic state rather than a stable organized thrombus. Objective: We aimed to summarize all PubMed-documented cases of ring-like aneurysms, define their morphologic and clinical spectrum, and assess their hemodynamic significance, rupture risk, and treatment outcomes. An additional aim is to formalize the use of the term “ring-like aneurysm” as a distinct morphologic subtype and to clearly differentiate it from the neuroradiologic “donut sign,” which represents an imaging appearance rather than a specific anatomic configuration. Methods: A systematic PubMed search (1996–2024) was conducted using the following combinations of keywords and Boolean operators: (“ring-like aneurysm” OR “donut aneurysm” OR “doughnut aneurysm” OR “ring-shaped aneurysm” OR “circumferential lumen” OR “central thrombus”) AND (“intracranial” OR “cerebral” OR “basilar” OR “aneurysm”). Only English-language, PubMed-indexed reports describing true ring-like (donut-shaped) aneurysms were included. Non-indexed, non-English, and serpentine or fusiform aneurysms mimicking ring-like morphology were excluded. Extracted data included aneurysm location, size, presentation (ruptured, symptomatic, or incidental), treatment strategy, and clinical outcome. Statistical proportions were analyzed using descriptive methods, Wilson 95% confidence intervals, and a binomial test to compare the observed subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) rate against the expected conservative rupture proportion. Results: The search identified 16 individual patients reported in 10 publications. All aneurysms were large or giant (14–36 mm) displaying characteristic thrombosed pattern. Ruptured presentation occurred in 6 out of 16 cases (37.5%) and symptomatic unruptured in 10 (62.5%). No incidental cases were reported. Posterior circulation involvement was present in 44%, with a female predominance of 69%. Conclusions: Ring-like aneurysms constitute a distinct, shear-maintained hemodynamic entity combining mural jet flow with central thrombosis. Their frequent symptomatic or ruptured presentation supports the concept that this morphology represents a pre-ruptural configuration rather than a chronic thrombotic residue. Early recognition and targeted endovascular exclusion of the inflow zone are essential to prevent delayed rupture. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Medical Imaging and Theranostics)
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17 pages, 5462 KB  
Article
Comparative Assessment of the Remineralization Potential ofFive Modern Oral Health Products on Bovine Enamel
by Aggeliki Lampousi, Dimitrios Dionysopoulos, Razia Z. Adam, Spyros Papageorgiou, Kosmas Tolidis and Robert G. Hill
J. Funct. Biomater. 2026, 17(1), 13; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb17010013 (registering DOI) - 25 Dec 2025
Abstract
The purpose of this in vitro study was to evaluate the remineralization effect of five preventive treatments on bovine enamel after artificial caries challenge. Sixty sound bovine incisors were randomly distributed into six experimental groups (n = 10). Each group received the [...] Read more.
The purpose of this in vitro study was to evaluate the remineralization effect of five preventive treatments on bovine enamel after artificial caries challenge. Sixty sound bovine incisors were randomly distributed into six experimental groups (n = 10). Each group received the following daily preventive treatments for two weeks during pH cycling to assess remineralization efficacy: Group 1—no treatment (control), Group 2—CPP-ACPF treatment, Group 3—fluoride-containing bioactive glass treatment (BioMin™F), Group 4—SnF2 treatment, Group 5—toothpaste containing fluoride and hydroxyapatite (HA), and Group 6—toothpaste containing HA. Surface hardness changes were evaluated using a nanoindentation tester. Scanning electron microscopy was used to observe changes in surface morphology, and the mineral composition of enamel in each group was analyzed using energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS). Groups 2, 3 and 6 exhibited the highest surface hardness values after pH cycling, with no statistically significant differences among them (p > 0.05), whereas groups 4 and 5 presented significantly lower values (p < 0.05). Although all treatments demonstrated significant remineralization potential—resulting in an 18.7–35.2% increase in surface hardness—none of them fully restored the hardness loss caused by demineralization. SEM observations revealed precipitations mainly in groups 2–4 after the treatments. EDS showed a similar elemental composition on enamel across the groups with no differences compared to the control. Additionally, line scans of the Ca and P content from the surface to the deeper layers resulted higher values in the tested groups compared to the control corresponding to the surface hardness values. The tested remineralizing treatments may be useful to limit the demineralizing effect during caries formation. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biomaterials in Conservative Dentistry and Prosthodontics (2nd Edition))
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16 pages, 272 KB  
Entry
Bilingual Education in the U.S.
by Swati Dontamsetti, Claudia M. Castillo-Lavergne and Vandeen A. Campbell
Encyclopedia 2026, 6(1), 4; https://doi.org/10.3390/encyclopedia6010004 (registering DOI) - 25 Dec 2025
Definition
Bilingual education in the United States encompasses programs that use both English and students’ home languages to promote learning. It has been shaped by changing political priorities, policies, and debates over assimilation versus linguistic diversity. This entry reviews the history of bilingual education [...] Read more.
Bilingual education in the United States encompasses programs that use both English and students’ home languages to promote learning. It has been shaped by changing political priorities, policies, and debates over assimilation versus linguistic diversity. This entry reviews the history of bilingual education in the United States and how public opinion and political attitudes have shifted over time. It traces how policymakers and practitioners have viewed English language acquisition as either a tool of assimilation or as a resource for learning, and how support has moved from English-only immersion to dual language education programs. The discussion highlights how current assessment practices, focused on English-only standardized testing, have not kept pace with changing views of bilingual education. The entry concludes by identifying gaps in research and urging states to evaluate how comprehensively they serve their bilingual student population through their education policies and programs. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Social Sciences)
30 pages, 3170 KB  
Article
Frame-Based vs. Event-Based Optical Turbulence Strength Estimation: A Comparative and Hybrid Approach
by Dor Mizrahi, Daniel Brisk, Yogev Mordechai and Or Maor
Atmosphere 2026, 17(1), 24; https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos17010024 (registering DOI) - 25 Dec 2025
Abstract
Atmospheric turbulence, quantified by the refractive index structure parameter (Cn2), degrades the performance of optical systems. Reliable Cn2 estimation is critical for free-space optical communication, remote sensing, and astronomy. This study compares frame-based and event-based approaches to [...] Read more.
Atmospheric turbulence, quantified by the refractive index structure parameter (Cn2), degrades the performance of optical systems. Reliable Cn2 estimation is critical for free-space optical communication, remote sensing, and astronomy. This study compares frame-based and event-based approaches to turbulence strength estimation. A high-speed CMOS camera (180/90/30 frames per second (FPS)) and an event camera were deployed along a 300 m outdoor path, with a scintillometer providing ground truth. Event streams were segmented into 5 s windows, features were extracted, and predictions were made using an Extreme Gradient Boosting regressor (XGBoost). A hybrid model was also tested, combining CMOS-based predictions with event features. Results show that CMOS accuracy is strongly dependent on frame rate, with diminishing returns beyond 90 FPS under weak turbulence. Event-based models achieved higher correlation with ground truth in strong turbulence but produced larger errors in weak regimes. The hybrid approach yielded the best overall performance in moderate-to-strong turbulence, reducing mean estimation error by ~35% compared to CMOS-only at 180 FPS. These findings demonstrate the complementary strengths of frame and event modalities. Frame cameras provide stability in weak turbulence, while event sensors capture fast fluctuations under stronger conditions. Together, they enable more robust Cn2 estimation and motivate further research into advanced hybrid sensing strategies for operational turbulence monitoring. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Atmospheric Techniques, Instruments, and Modeling)
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13 pages, 3486 KB  
Article
Deep Diving into the “Post 1.5 °C Climate” Heatwave Events in Ouagadougou During Spring 2024
by Wendkuni Ghislain Noba, Dazangwende Emmanuel Poan, Kiswendsida Hyacinth Guigma, Martha Marie Vogel and Thomas Rakiswende Béré
Climate 2026, 14(1), 5; https://doi.org/10.3390/cli14010005 (registering DOI) - 25 Dec 2025
Abstract
The West African Sahel suffered an unprecedented hot season during spring 2024 especially marked by noticeable heatwave episodes in the urban context of Burkina Faso’s capital, Ouagadougou, where significant impacts were reported. These heat events are analyzed to link hazards with impacts and [...] Read more.
The West African Sahel suffered an unprecedented hot season during spring 2024 especially marked by noticeable heatwave episodes in the urban context of Burkina Faso’s capital, Ouagadougou, where significant impacts were reported. These heat events are analyzed to link hazards with impacts and improve early warning systems in the under-recognized Sahel context. Using observational data from the Burkina Faso National Meteorological Agency and the European reanalysis, ERA5, anomalies of both daily maximum (Tmax) and minimum (Tmin) temperatures were analyzed. The results show that, during the first half of 2024, monthly Tmax and Tmin anomalies were highly positive compared to the reference period 1991–2020. A total of four daytime and one nighttime heatwave events were detected. The longest daytime heatwave lasted six days with observed Tmax reaching 44.5 °C. The unique nighttime heatwave was at least twice as long as the longest daytime heatwave, persisting 13 days between late April and early May. In addition, the heat was not evenly distributed spatially as some districts were significantly hotter than the rest of the city, suggesting possible urban/local effects. These results underscore the occurrence of exceptional heat in 2024 and the need for efforts towards heatwave risk mapping and management in African cities. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Weather, Events and Impacts)
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7 pages, 205 KB  
Essay
Not Just Caregivers: Nurses as Critical Informants in Global Health Reporting
by Rachel Malloy and Jennifer Manning
Journal. Media 2026, 7(1), 3; https://doi.org/10.3390/journalmedia7010003 (registering DOI) - 25 Dec 2025
Abstract
In an era of global health crises, rising misinformation, and increasing scrutiny of expert sources, journalists face a critical challenge: producing health coverage that is accurate and socially relevant. Yet despite their central role in healthcare and their consistently high public trust, nurses [...] Read more.
In an era of global health crises, rising misinformation, and increasing scrutiny of expert sources, journalists face a critical challenge: producing health coverage that is accurate and socially relevant. Yet despite their central role in healthcare and their consistently high public trust, nurses remain significantly underrepresented in media coverage worldwide. This paper examines the structural, cultural, and professional reasons behind this absence and explores the journalistic opportunity in changing it. Drawing from international literature, media studies, and trust metrics, the article situates nurses within journalism’s responsibility to reflect diverse, credible, and frontline voices. It outlines the unique value nurses bring to reporting—translational expertise, on-the-ground insights, and community-based perspectives—and the barriers that have historically kept them out of the news cycle, including newsroom routines, institutional hierarchies, and gendered assumptions. As nurses increasingly receive media training and prepare to engage publicly, journalists have an opportunity—and a responsibility—to reimagine their sourcing strategies. Including nurses not only deepens the quality of health stories but also reinforces journalism’s public service mission. This paper offers a framework for integrating nurses into health coverage and encourages a global shift in sourcing norms. Full article
30 pages, 10771 KB  
Article
In Pursuit of Sustainable Ventilated Façades: Moisture Response, Mechanical Performance, and Fire Behavior of Recycled Wood Particle/Epoxy Composite Panels
by Klodjan Xhexhi, Blerim Nika, Ledian Bregasi, Ilda Rusi, Sonia Jojic and Nikolla Vesho
Sustainability 2026, 18(1), 226; https://doi.org/10.3390/su18010226 (registering DOI) - 25 Dec 2025
Abstract
The recycling and reuse of wood have gained importance as strategies for reducing construction waste, lowering costs, and promoting circular practices in the built environment. This study evaluates the performance of recycled wood particle/epoxy composites (WPECs) for façade applications by prototyping panels produced [...] Read more.
The recycling and reuse of wood have gained importance as strategies for reducing construction waste, lowering costs, and promoting circular practices in the built environment. This study evaluates the performance of recycled wood particle/epoxy composites (WPECs) for façade applications by prototyping panels produced from granulated degraded wood bonded with epoxy resin and coated with intumescent fire-retardant paint. The panels were design to meet standards for ventilated façade applications in accordance with EN 310-93 and ASTM D1037-06a and relevant building codes for facade cladding. Three replicates of each panel type were tested under controlled laboratory conditions to assess water absorption, equilibrium moisture content, capillarity, fire resistance, and mechanical performance. Moisture measurements were performed at immersion and drying intervals of 12, 24, 36, 72, and 120 h for four WPEC types manufactured with pine, beech, oak, and olive fibers. Statistical evaluation using SPSS (one-way and two-way ANOVA) confirmed significant species effects across most parameters. Results indicated that olive and oak WPECs provided the highest dimensional stability under moisture exposure, with olive additionally demonstrating superior compressive strength (35.45 MPa) and hardness (˂10,000 N). Pine and beech WPECs exhibited intermediate bending strength (≈10 MPa) and elasticity, while oak contributed stable swelling values despite lower strength. Fire resistance tests suggested relative improvements, although further standardized evaluation is needed. Collectively, olive and oak WPECs emerged as the most promising façade materials, combining durability, mechanical strength, and sustainability. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Opportunities and Challenges in the Sustainable Development of Composite Material)
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19 pages, 3590 KB  
Article
Influence of Aggressive Liquid Media on the Properties of Swelling Rubbers Filled with Carboxymethylated Cellulose
by Abdirakym Nakyp, Elena Cherezova, Yulia Karaseva, Aida Dauylbek and Rakhymzhan Turmanov
Macromol 2026, 6(1), 1; https://doi.org/10.3390/macromol6010001 (registering DOI) - 25 Dec 2025
Abstract
The stability of physical and mechanical properties of highly filled swelling rubbers in polar and nonpolar liquids (oil, mineralized water) was studied. Nitrile butadiene rubber of BNKS-28 AMN grade served as the elastomer matrix, with sodium salt of carboxymethylcellulose (NaCMC) as the swelling [...] Read more.
The stability of physical and mechanical properties of highly filled swelling rubbers in polar and nonpolar liquids (oil, mineralized water) was studied. Nitrile butadiene rubber of BNKS-28 AMN grade served as the elastomer matrix, with sodium salt of carboxymethylcellulose (NaCMC) as the swelling filler. Oxal T-92, a mixture of dioxane alcohols (10–50 phr, step 10 phr), was used as a plasticizer due to its good thermodynamic miscibility with rubber (confirmed by Scatchard–Hildebrand calculations). Adding Oxal T-92 to NaCMC-filled compounds markedly reduced Mooney viscosity, improving processing through increased macromolecule mobility, without significantly affecting vulcanization kinetics—indicating chemical inertness toward crosslinking centers. Increasing Oxal T-92 from 10 to 50 phr reduced tensile strength from 4.1 MPa to 2.9 MPa. Swelling in aqueous solutions of varying mineralization was evaluated via volume and mass change. The optimal plasticizer content for high swelling with acceptable strength is 20–30 phr. After 3 days in oil and formation water, NaCMC-filled rubbers retained stable physical and mechanical properties. Full article
(This article belongs to the Topic Future Trends in Polymer Science: Materials, Design, and Advanced Applications)
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14 pages, 1204 KB  
Article
Performance Enhancement of Piezoelectric Single Crystals Through Combination of Alternating-Current Poling and Direct-Current Poling
by Chenyang Zheng, Hao Wang, Jinpeng Ma, Bingzhong Shen, Rui Zhang, Xudong Qi and Yang Liu
Sensors 2026, 26(1), 140; https://doi.org/10.3390/s26010140 (registering DOI) - 25 Dec 2025
Abstract
Alternating-current poling (ACP) is becoming a mainstream method because of its stronger ability in promoting the piezoelectric performance of ferroelectric single crystals than that of direct-current poling (DCP). A novel approach was developed by incorporating alternating-current poling and direct-current poling as modified alternating-current [...] Read more.
Alternating-current poling (ACP) is becoming a mainstream method because of its stronger ability in promoting the piezoelectric performance of ferroelectric single crystals than that of direct-current poling (DCP). A novel approach was developed by incorporating alternating-current poling and direct-current poling as modified alternating-current poling (MACP). According to the comparison of performance differences between AC-poled and DC-poled single crystals, the properties of MACP single crystals under specific conditions were systematically investigated. The improvement of single crystal performance by MACP is manifested by the multi-peak increase in piezoelectric coefficient (d33) and relative dielectric permittivity (ε33T/ε0), and the coupling factor (kt) value under higher DC bias is higher than that under DC polarization, rather than a direct superposition of DCP and ACP. Two optimal polarization windows were found: 0.2–0.25 kV/mm and 0.35–0.6 kV/mm. Compared with DCP, MACP increases the d33, ε33T/ε0 and kt, of single crystals by up to 45.67%, 21.62%, and 24.54%, respectively. This significant performance improvement, combined with its complexity, provides a new direction for customizing the performance of single crystals. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Acoustic Sensing Technology)
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26 pages, 88895 KB  
Review
Active Propelled Micro Robots in Drug Delivery for Urologic Diseases
by Chunlian Zhong, Menghuan Tang and Zhaoqing Cong
Micromachines 2026, 17(1), 24; https://doi.org/10.3390/mi17010024 (registering DOI) - 25 Dec 2025
Abstract
Active propelled micro robots (MRs) represent a transformative shift in biomedical engineering, engineered to navigate physiological environments by converting chemical, acoustic, or magnetic energy into mechanical propulsion. Unlike passive delivery systems limited by diffusion and systemic clearance, MRs offer autonomous mobility, enabling precise [...] Read more.
Active propelled micro robots (MRs) represent a transformative shift in biomedical engineering, engineered to navigate physiological environments by converting chemical, acoustic, or magnetic energy into mechanical propulsion. Unlike passive delivery systems limited by diffusion and systemic clearance, MRs offer autonomous mobility, enabling precise penetration and retention in hard-to-reach tissues. This review provides comprehensive analysis of MR technologies within urology, a field uniquely suited for microrobotic intervention due to the urinary tract’s anatomical accessibility and fluid-filled nature. We explore how MRs address critical therapeutic limitations, including the high recurrence of kidney stones and the rapid washout of intravesical bladder cancer therapies. The review categorizes propulsion mechanisms optimized for the urinary environment, such as urea-fueled nanomotors and magnetic swarms. Furthermore, we detail emerging applications, including bioresorbable acoustic robots for tumor ablation and magnetic grippers for minimally invasive biopsies. Finally, we critically assess the path toward clinical translation, focusing on challenges in biocompatibility, real-time tracking (MRI, MPI, photoacoustic imaging), and the regulatory landscape for these advanced combination products. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Active Propelled Micro/Nano Technologies in Drug Delivery: Design, Fabrication and Applications)
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17 pages, 3508 KB  
Article
Precise Discrimination Between Rape Honey and Acacia Honey Based on Sugar and Amino Acid Profiles Combined with Machine Learning
by Chenyu Sun, Fei Pan, Wenli Tian, Zongyan Cui, Xiaofeng Xue and Yitian Xu
Foods 2026, 15(1), 70; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods15010070 (registering DOI) - 25 Dec 2025
Abstract
Honey variety authentication is critical for ensuring market integrity and protecting consumer rights, especially for high-value unifloral honeys, such as acacia honey, which are frequently adulterated with low-value alternatives such as rape honey due to their similar visual appearance. The aim of this [...] Read more.
Honey variety authentication is critical for ensuring market integrity and protecting consumer rights, especially for high-value unifloral honeys, such as acacia honey, which are frequently adulterated with low-value alternatives such as rape honey due to their similar visual appearance. The aim of this study was to develop a method for precise discrimination between rape honey and acacia honey using their chemical profiles combined with machine learning. A total of 542 honey samples were collected from major beekeeping regions in China. Targeted quantification of 12 sugars and 20 amino acids was performed using UPLC-MS/MS. Multivariate analysis revealed significant differences in sugar and amino acid compositions between the two honey types, though partial samples overlapped due to chemical similarity. Six machine learning algorithms, including the Multilayer Perceptron, were employed for classification. Optimization was performed via 10-fold cross-validation and ADASYN oversampling, yielding optimal performance of 98% and 100% prediction accuracies for rape honey and acacia honey, respectively, on the independent test set. SHAP (Shapley Additive Explanations) analysis identified key differential markers, including fructose, turanose, glucose, and GABA, which contributed most to the classification. Furthermore, a user-friendly web application was developed to facilitate rapid on-site authentication. This study provides an innovative technical framework for honey variety discrimination, with potential applications in quality control and anti-fraud practices. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in Assessing the Quality and Authenticity of Honey and Bee Products)
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13 pages, 1221 KB  
Article
A 2D Hand Pose Estimation System Accuracy for Finger Tapping Test Monitoring: A Pilot Study
by Saeid Edriss, Cristian Romagnoli, Rossella Rotondo, Maria Francesca De Pandis, Elvira Padua, Vincenzo Bonaiuto, Giuseppe Annino and Lloyd Smith
Appl. Sci. 2026, 16(1), 229; https://doi.org/10.3390/app16010229 (registering DOI) - 25 Dec 2025
Abstract
Accurate and accessible motor function quantification is important for monitoring the movement disorders’ progression. Manual muscle testing models and wearable sensors can be costly or reduce degrees of freedom. Artificial intelligence, especially human pose estimation (PE), offers promising alternatives. This work aims to [...] Read more.
Accurate and accessible motor function quantification is important for monitoring the movement disorders’ progression. Manual muscle testing models and wearable sensors can be costly or reduce degrees of freedom. Artificial intelligence, especially human pose estimation (PE), offers promising alternatives. This work aims to compare the accuracy of a 2D PE tool for the Finger Tapping Test (FTT) with a 3D infrared motion capture system (MoCap). PE tracked three anatomical landmarks (wrist, thumb, index finger), while reflective markers were placed at corresponding locations on both tools to measure wrist-centered angles. Different trials of slow and rapid FTT sessions were statistically analyzed by rank correlation analysis, Friedman, Bland–Altman, and Kruskal–Wallis to assess agreement and repeatability. PE and MoCap measurements showed no significant differences (p > 0.05), with high reliability (ICC 0.87–0.91), low variability (CV 6–8.6%), and negligible effect size. Bland–Altman slopes indicated minor amplitude-dependent bias, while RMSE (2.92–4.48°) and MAPE (6.38–8.22%) errors occurred in slow and rapid conditions. These results demonstrate that 2D PE provides a reliable, accessible, and low-cost alternative for quantifying finger movement. The findings suggest that PE can serve as an assistive method for monitoring motor function. Future studies can be population-level studies with patients with neurological disorders. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Assistive Technologies for Rehabilitation: Challenges and Applications)
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15 pages, 4152 KB  
Article
UVA Light Triggers Activation of TRPV1 and TRPA1 by Staurosporine and Midostaurin
by Sebastian Pantke, Lucas H. K. Weber, Frank G. Echtermeyer, Christine Herzog, Mirjam J. Eberhardt and Andreas Leffler
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2026, 27(1), 227; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms27010227 (registering DOI) - 25 Dec 2025
Abstract
The activation of TRPV1 and TRPA1 by UVA light is a complex process involving channel modulation by reactive oxygen species (ROS). The present study describes staurosporine and midostaurin, two protein kinase inhibitors, as photosensitizers that can modulate the activity of TRPV1 and TRPA1 [...] Read more.
The activation of TRPV1 and TRPA1 by UVA light is a complex process involving channel modulation by reactive oxygen species (ROS). The present study describes staurosporine and midostaurin, two protein kinase inhibitors, as photosensitizers that can modulate the activity of TRPV1 and TRPA1 in a UVA light-dependent manner. Patch-clamp and calcium imaging were used to investigate effects of staurosporine and midostaurin on recombinant human (h) TRPV1 and TRPA1 in HEK 293T cells and on native mouse dorsal root ganglion (DRG) cells. Staurosporine applied alone did not induce channel activation, but co-application with UVA light activated both TRPV1 and TRPA1. Staurosporine with UVA light also potentiated TRPV1-mediated membrane currents induced by heat and protons. Midostaurin induced the UVA light-independent activation and sensitization of TRPV1 and TRPA1, and this effect was strongly potentiated by UVA light. Effects induced by both staurosporine and midostaurin were reversed by the reducing agent dithiothreitol (DTT). Midostaurin induced a calcium influx in TRPA1-expressing DRG neurons. Our results show that staurosporine and midostaurin modulate the activity of TRPV1 and TRPA1 channels in the presence of UVA light. These photosensitizing properties can be relevant when staurosporine is used for in vitro experiments, and they may account for the phototoxic side effects of midostaurin. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue TRP Channels: Mechanisms, Functions, and Therapeutic Implications)
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31 pages, 8756 KB  
Article
Mammogram Analysis with YOLO Models on an Affordable Embedded System
by Anongnat Intasam, Nicholas Piyawattanametha, Yuttachon Promworn, Titipon Jiranantanakorn, Soonthorn Thawornwanchai, Pakpawee Pichayakul, Sarawan Sriwanichwiphat, Somchai Thanasitthichai, Sirihattaya Khwayotha, Methininat Lertkowit, Nucharee Phakwapee, Aniwat Juhong and Wibool Piyawattanametha
Cancers 2026, 18(1), 70; https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers18010070 (registering DOI) - 25 Dec 2025
Abstract
Background/Objectives: Breast cancer persists as a leading cause of female mortality globally. Mammograms are a key screening tool for early detection, although many resource-limited hospitals lack access to skilled radiologists and advanced diagnostic tools. Deep learning-based computer-aided detection (CAD) systems can assist radiologists [...] Read more.
Background/Objectives: Breast cancer persists as a leading cause of female mortality globally. Mammograms are a key screening tool for early detection, although many resource-limited hospitals lack access to skilled radiologists and advanced diagnostic tools. Deep learning-based computer-aided detection (CAD) systems can assist radiologists by automating lesion detection and classification. This study investigates the performance of various You Only Look Once (YOLO) models and a Hybrid Convolutional-Transformer Architecture (YOLOv5, YOLOv8, YOLOv10, YOLOv11, and Real-Time-DEtection Transformer (RT-DETR)) for detecting mammographic lesions on an affordable embedded system. Methods: We developed a custom web-based annotation tool to enhance mammogram labeling accuracy, using a dataset of 3169 patients from Thailand and expert annotations from three radiologists. Lesions were classified into six categories: Masses Benign (MB), Calcifications Benign (CB), Associated Features Benign (AFB), Masses Malignant (MM), Calcifications Malignant (CM), and Associated Features Malignant (AFM). Results: Our results show that the YOLOv11n model is the optimal choice for the NVIDIA Jetson Nano, achieving an accuracy of 0.86 and an inference speed of 6.16 ± 0.31 frames per second. A comparative analysis with a graphics processing unit (GPU)-powered system revealed that the Jetson Nano achieves comparable detection performance at a fraction of the cost. Conclusions: The current research landscape has not yet integrated advanced YOLO versions for embedded deployment in mammography. This method could facilitate screening in clinics without high-end workstations, demonstrating the feasibility of deploying CAD systems in low-resource environments and underscoring its potential for real-world clinical applications. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Methods and Technologies Development)
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17 pages, 2501 KB  
Article
CaMKII Neurons in the Dentate Gyrus Are Involved in Regulating Cognitive Impairment in Mice Induced by Stress Caused by Violence
by Gaojie Shao, Dan Liu, Zijun Liu, Qian Xiao, Qing Shang, Hongyan Qian, Jie Tu and Xinshe Liu
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2026, 27(1), 226; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms27010226 (registering DOI) - 25 Dec 2025
Abstract
Post-stress cognitive impairment (PSCI) is defined as a persistent neuropsychiatric condition characterized by deficits in memory consolidation, executive functioning, and environmental interaction following exposure to violent stress. Despite its high incidence, PSCI remains underdiagnosed and lacks effective therapeutic strategies, posing a substantial societal [...] Read more.
Post-stress cognitive impairment (PSCI) is defined as a persistent neuropsychiatric condition characterized by deficits in memory consolidation, executive functioning, and environmental interaction following exposure to violent stress. Despite its high incidence, PSCI remains underdiagnosed and lacks effective therapeutic strategies, posing a substantial societal burden and highlighting a critical gap in neuropsychiatric research. A major constraint in mechanistic studies is the persistent reliance on conventional paradigms, notably the Y-maze and novel object recognition test. Their limited sensitivity and poor translational relevance to human cognitive dysfunction, compounded by slow methodological innovation, significantly impede progress. Furthermore, the specific brain regions or neuronal populations contributing to PSCI pathogenesis are insufficiently explored. To address this, we assessed post-stress cognitive impairment in mice using a triple approach: Skinner box assays, traditional behavioral paradigms, and integrated 3D ethological analysis. This multi-method framework provides novel insights for refining animal models and advancing mechanistic understanding. Using c-Fos-based whole-brain screening, we identified the dentate gyrus (DG) as a key region involved in PSCI. Stress caused by violence markedly increased activity in DG CaMKII-expressing neurons. Chemogenetic inhibition of these neurons effectively alleviated stress-induced mild cognitive impairment phenotypes. In summary, by applying novel behavioral assessment tools, this study demonstrates that DG CaMKII neurons play a critical role in regulating post-stress cognitive impairment. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Molecular Neurobiology)
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14 pages, 2488 KB  
Article
Exploring Consequences of Predator Stress on Behaviors of Mice Lacking Trace Amine-Associated Receptor 5 (TAAR5)
by Vsevolod V. Nemets, Vladimir P. Grinevich, Evgeniia N. Petrunina, Evgeny A. Budygin and Raul R. Gainetdinov
Cells 2026, 15(1), 39; https://doi.org/10.3390/cells15010039 (registering DOI) - 25 Dec 2025
Abstract
Recent studies indicated a connection between trace amine-associated receptor 5 (TAAR5) and emotional behaviors related to anxiety and depression; however, the neurobiological basis of this link is still unclear. Using mutant TAAR5 knockout (TAAR5-KO) mice, we explored the consequences of receptor deletion on [...] Read more.
Recent studies indicated a connection between trace amine-associated receptor 5 (TAAR5) and emotional behaviors related to anxiety and depression; however, the neurobiological basis of this link is still unclear. Using mutant TAAR5 knockout (TAAR5-KO) mice, we explored the consequences of receptor deletion on dopamine (DA) dynamics in the ventral striatum and stress-related behaviors. Voltammetric measurements of DA in the nucleus accumbens (NAc) coupled with electrical stimulation of the ventral tegmental area (VTA) revealed that mice lacking TAAR5 display a greater DA release, while its reuptake is not affected. Behaviorally, mutants were significantly less anxious in the elevated plus maze (EPM) and consumed more sucrose in comparison with wild-type (WT) controls. The new object recognition test (NOR) did not uncover a difference between these genotypes. During predator (rat) stress exposure, mutant and WT mice showed quite distinct responses versus the behavior observed in stressless conditions. Control animals demonstrated a substantial increase in “freezing” (a sign of passive coping), while “running” and “exploring” patterns (signs of active coping) were significantly extended in mice lacking TAAR5. Short-term consequences of stress were explored 24 h following the predator exposure. The absence of TAAR5 did not prevent or reduce stress-induced anxiety in the EPM. In fact, the level of anxiety in mutants reached that observed in control mice. Furthermore, activity in NOR was significantly decreased in mice lacking TAAR5 but not in WT animals. On the other hand, predator exposure resulted in impaired NOR in the WT control, whereas mutants’ performance was not altered. These findings indicate that TAAR5 deletion leads to significant DA imbalance, which might at least partly explain the better stress-coping strategy and other stress-induced behavioral consequences observed in mutant animals. Full article
(This article belongs to the Collection Understanding the Impact of Dopamine Receptors Diversity in the Central Nervous System)
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