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17 pages, 1554 KB

Open AccessArticle

Sodium Butyrate Supplementation in Whole Milk Modulates the Gastrointestinal Microbiota Without Altering the Resistome and Virulome in Preweaned Calves

by Liwen Xing, Song Niu, Donglin Wu, Zhanghe Zhang and Ming Xu

Microorganisms 2025, 13(10), 2375; https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms13102375 (registering DOI) - 15 Oct 2025

Abstract

This study investigated the effects of supplementing whole milk (WM) with sodium butyrate (SB) on the gastrointestinal microbiota of preweaned calves. Twelve newborn Holstein calves (4 days old, 39.21 ± 1.45 kg) were randomly assigned into one of two dietary treatments: (1) WM [...] Read more.

This study investigated the effects of supplementing whole milk (WM) with sodium butyrate (SB) on the gastrointestinal microbiota of preweaned calves. Twelve newborn Holstein calves (4 days old, 39.21 ± 1.45 kg) were randomly assigned into one of two dietary treatments: (1) WM without SB (CON) and (2) WM supplemented with SB (8.8 g/d; SB). At 74 days of age, all calves were slaughtered to collect ruminal and cecal digesta. Metagenomic analysis was used to characterize the microbial composition, virulence factor genes (VFGs), and antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs). SB supplementation altered the ruminal microbial composition and increased the abundance of beneficial bacteria, including Actinobacteria, Bifidobacterium, and Olsenella (p < 0.05). Although SB did not significantly affect the overall microbial composition or diversity in the cecum (p > 0.05), it promoted the growth of beneficial genera such as Flavonifractor and Subdoligranulum (p < 0.05). Furthermore, SB supplementation did not significantly alter the composition of VFGs or ARGs in either the rumen or the cecum (p > 0.05). However, significant differences in VFGs and ARGs were observed between the rumen and the cecum, with a greater diversity of both VFGs and ARGs detected in the cecum compared to that in the rumen (p < 0.05). In summary, supplementing whole milk with sodium butyrate modulates gastrointestinal health in preweaned calves by favorably shaping the microbial community without significantly altering the antibiotic resistome or virulome. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Gut Microbiota)

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24 pages, 3792 KB

Open AccessArticle

From Space–Behavior Mismatch to Regional Integration: A Cross-Scale Social Network Analysis of Sustainable Rural Construction in Suburban China

by Yi Qian and Xianfeng Li

Sustainability 2025, 17(20), 9137; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17209137 (registering DOI) - 15 Oct 2025

Abstract

Rapid urbanization in China has intensified spatial and social disparities between urban and rural areas, posing major challenges to sustainable rural development. Traditional top-down rural construction and evaluation models often neglect villagers’ everyday practices, resulting in mismatches between spatial planning and actual use. [...] Read more.

Rapid urbanization in China has intensified spatial and social disparities between urban and rural areas, posing major challenges to sustainable rural development. Traditional top-down rural construction and evaluation models often neglect villagers’ everyday practices, resulting in mismatches between spatial planning and actual use. This study develops a cross-scale, bottom-up framework for assessing rural construction through social network analysis (SNA), taking Xiongfan Village in Dawu County, Hubei Province, as a case study. At the village scale, the comparison between the “Public Space Structure Network” and the “Villagers’ Space Usage Behavior Network” reveals a significant mismatch between spatial compactness and behavioral dispersion, with high-frequency activities concentrated along the north–south axis while peripheral and east–west spaces remain underutilized. At the township scale, GPS-based analysis shows that the revitalization of Xiongfan transformed it from a peripheral node into a central hub, restructuring the network into a new pattern of “characteristic towns—traditional villages—ecological scenic areas.” These findings highlight the dual role of rural construction in both meeting residents’ daily needs and fostering regional integration. The proposed cross-scale SNA framework not only advances methodological tools for evaluating rural construction but also provides practical guidance for inclusive, resilient, and sustainable urban–rural development in line with the UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Full article

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27 pages, 3555 KB

Open AccessArticle

Research on Abnormal Radio Detection Method Combining Local Outlier Factor and One-Class Support Vector Machine

by Yue Zhao, Xueguang Zhou, Lu Chen, Yihuan Mao and Meishuang Yan

Electronics 2025, 14(20), 4055; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics14204055 (registering DOI) - 15 Oct 2025

Abstract

The widespread application of wireless communication has led to increasingly complex electromagnetic environments, where spectrum abuse and malicious interference frequently cause abnormal signals. Radio anomaly detection technology has emerged to address these challenges. This paper focuses on the performance limitations of existing radio [...] Read more.

The widespread application of wireless communication has led to increasingly complex electromagnetic environments, where spectrum abuse and malicious interference frequently cause abnormal signals. Radio anomaly detection technology has emerged to address these challenges. This paper focuses on the performance limitations of existing radio anomaly detection methods under low interference-to-signal ratio (ISR)conditions. We propose a fusion detection algorithm, LOF-OCSVM, integrating local outlier factor (LOF) and one-class support vector machine (OCSVM). Innovatively, we introduce three novel features: fluctuation entropy (FE), fluctuation mutual information (FR-MI), and lognormal distribution fitting parameters derived from signal fluctuation sequences. These features quantify the disorderliness, adjacent correlation, and statistical distribution characteristics of signal fluctuations, significantly enhancing the detection sensitivity for weak interference signals. Simulation experiments demonstrate that: feature effectiveness: the new features improve recall by >30% and F1-score by >23% at −20 dB ISR. Model superiority: the LOF-OCSVM fusion model achieves an F1-score of 0.8634 at −20 dB ISR through a hierarchical decision mechanism, outperforming single model and simple hybrid approaches. Robustness: compared to Deep SVDD and E-GAN, our method improves AUC by 3% under low ISR conditions while maintaining stronger robustness. Full article

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13 pages, 3465 KB

Open AccessArticle

Raman and Infrared Signatures of Layered Boron Nitride Polytypes: A First-Principles Study

by Priyanka Mishra and Nevill Gonzalez Szwacki

Nanomaterials 2025, 15(20), 1567; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15201567 (registering DOI) - 15 Oct 2025

Abstract

We present a study based on first-principles calculations of the vibrational and spectroscopic properties of four types of layered boron nitride (BN) polymorphs: e-BN (AA), h-BN (

{AA}^{'}

), r-BN (ABC), and b-BN (AB). By using density functional [...] Read more.

We present a study based on first-principles calculations of the vibrational and spectroscopic properties of four types of layered boron nitride (BN) polymorphs: e-BN (AA), h-BN (

{AA}^{'}

), r-BN (ABC), and b-BN (AB). By using density functional perturbation theory with van der Waals corrections, we calculate phonon frequencies and Raman/infrared (IR) activities at the

Γ

point and extract specific spectral fingerprints for each stack. In e-BN, we observe a sharp, isolated high-frequency

E^{'}

mode at

1420.9 {cm}^{- 1}

that is active in both Raman and IR. For h-BN, the characteristic Raman

E_{2 g}

line occurs at

1415.5 {cm}^{- 1}

. The out-of-plane IR-active

A_{2 u}

branch shows a mid-frequency TO/LO pair at 673.5/

806.6 {cm}^{- 1}

, which closely matches experimental results. Rhombohedral r-BN has a strong, coincident Raman/IR high-frequency feature (E) at

1418.5 {cm}^{- 1}

, along with a large IR LO partner at

1647.3 {cm}^{- 1}

, consistent with observed Raman and IR signatures. Bernal b-BN displays the most complicated pattern. It combines a robust mid-frequency

A_{2}^{″}

pair (TO/LO at 697.9/

803.5 {cm}^{- 1}

) with multiple high-frequency

E^{'}

modes (TO near 1416.9 and

1428.1 {cm}^{- 1}

, each with LO counterparts). These stack-dependent Raman and IR fingerprints match existing experimental data for h-BN and r-BN and provide clear predictions for e-BN and b-BN. The results offer a consistent framework for identifying and interpreting vibrational spectra in layered

s p^{2}

boron nitride and related materials. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Structure–Property Correlation Studies of Low-Dimensional Materials)

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17 pages, 5707 KB

Open AccessArticle

Production of Metallurgical Sinter with Coke Modified by Spent Anode Material from Aluminum Electrolysis

by Lyazat Tolymbekova, Almat Aubakirov, Saule Abdulina, Meruyert Adilkanova, Bauyrzhan Kelamanov, Assylbek Abdirashit, Ermagambet Abdrahmanov and Almas Yerzhanov

Processes 2025, 13(10), 3297; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr13103297 (registering DOI) - 15 Oct 2025

Abstract

This study evaluates coke for iron ore sintering manufactured from Ekibastuz coal fines (fraction 0–3 mm), spent anode material (SAM) from aluminum electrolysis, and coal tar pitch. Laboratory coking was performed at 1000 °C (60 min hold), followed by sintering trials using coke [...] Read more.

This study evaluates coke for iron ore sintering manufactured from Ekibastuz coal fines (fraction 0–3 mm), spent anode material (SAM) from aluminum electrolysis, and coal tar pitch. Laboratory coking was performed at 1000 °C (60 min hold), followed by sintering trials using coke containing 10 wt% and 20 wt% SAM. Microstructural (SEM/EDS) and spectral data indicate an optimal SAM range of 10–20 wt%: higher additions (≥30 wt%) lead to structural degradation of coke, accompanied by reduced mechanical integrity. The produced coke shows C = 85%, S = 0.9–1.1%, ash ≈ 19%, volatiles = 1.5–2.5%, and moisture (Wr) ≤ 1%, which is acceptable for sintering use. In sintering tests, the yield of usable sinter reached 72.4% (10 wt% SAM) and 73.5% (20 wt% SAM); impact strength was 83% and 78%, respectively. XRF of sinter showed Fe_total > 51%, CaO ≈ 5.5–6.8%, SiO₂ ≈ 6.6–7.2%, and S = 0.40–0.45%, meeting technological requirements for blast-furnace practice. Overall, using spent anode material within 10–20 wt% increases fixed-carbon content, enables valorization of aluminum industry waste, and delivers coke for agglomeration performance without compromising key chemical or mechanical indices. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Materials Processes)

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23 pages, 508 KB

Open AccessReview

Chemical Crosslinking of Acid Soluble Collagen Fibres

by Peter Schyra, Dilbar Aibibu, Bernd Sundag and Chokri Cherif

Biomimetics 2025, 10(10), 701; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomimetics10100701 (registering DOI) - 15 Oct 2025

Abstract

Collagen, as the predominant structural protein in vertebrates, represents a promising biomimetic material for scaffold development. Fibre-based scaffolds produced through textile technologies enable precise modulation of structural characteristics to closely mimic the extracellular matrix architecture using wet-spun collagen fibres. However, this in vitro [...] Read more.

Collagen, as the predominant structural protein in vertebrates, represents a promising biomimetic material for scaffold development. Fibre-based scaffolds produced through textile technologies enable precise modulation of structural characteristics to closely mimic the extracellular matrix architecture using wet-spun collagen fibres. However, this in vitro fibre formation lacks natural crosslinking, resulting in collagen fibres with compromised mechanical strength, enzymatic resistance, and thermal stability compared to their native counterparts, thus restricting their biomedical applicability. Post-fabrication crosslinking is therefore imperative to enhance the durability and functional performance of collagen fibre-based scaffolds. Although traditional crosslinkers like glutaraldehyde effectively improve mechanical strength and stability, their clinical utility is hindered by cytotoxicity and associated adverse biological responses. Alternative synthetic crosslinking agents, such as hexamethylene diisocyanate, 1-Ethyl-3-(3’-dimethyl amino propyl) carbodiimide, and 1,4-Butanediol diglycidyl ether, have demonstrated superior cytocompatibility while effectively improving collagen fibre properties. Nonetheless, synthetic compounds may induce more pronounced foreign body reaction than natural agents, necessitating further investigation into their cytocompatibility across varying concentrations. In contrast, plant-based crosslinking offers a promising, cytocompatible alternative, significantly enhancing the thermal and mechanical stability of collagen fibres, provided that potential fibre discolouration is acceptable for intended biomedical applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Biomimetics of Materials and Structures)

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21 pages, 7603 KB

Open AccessArticle

Non-Invasive Inversion and Characteristic Analysis of Soil Moisture in 0–300 cm Agricultural Soil Layers

by Shujie Jia, Yaoyu Li, Boxin Cao, Yuwei Cheng, Abdul Sattar Mashori, Zheyu Bai, Mingyi Cui, Zhimin Zhang, Linqiang Deng and Wuping Zhang

Agriculture 2025, 15(20), 2143; https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture15202143 (registering DOI) - 15 Oct 2025

Abstract

Accurate profiling of deep (20–300 cm) soil moisture is crucial for precision irrigation but remains technically challenging and costly at operational scales. We systematically benchmark eight regression algorithms—including linear regression, Lasso, Ridge, elastic net, support vector regression, multi-layer perceptron (MLP), random forest (RF), [...] Read more.

Accurate profiling of deep (20–300 cm) soil moisture is crucial for precision irrigation but remains technically challenging and costly at operational scales. We systematically benchmark eight regression algorithms—including linear regression, Lasso, Ridge, elastic net, support vector regression, multi-layer perceptron (MLP), random forest (RF), and gradient boosting trees (GBDT)—that use easily accessible inputs of 0–20 cm surface soil moisture (SSM) and ten meteorological variables to non-invasively infer soil moisture at fourteen 20 cm layers. Data from a typical agricultural site in Wenxi, Shanxi (2020–2022), were divided into training and testing datasets based on temporal order (2020–2021 for training, 2022 for testing) and standardized prior to modeling. Across depths, non-linear ensemble models significantly outperform linear baselines. Ridge Regression achieves the highest accuracy at 0–20 cm, SVR performs best at 20–40 cm, and MLP yields consistently optimal performance across deep layers from 60 cm to 300 cm (R² = 0.895–0.978, KGE = 0.826–0.985). Although ensemble models like RF and GBDT exhibit strong fitting ability, their generalization performance under temporal validation is relatively limited. Model interpretability combining SHAP, PDP, and ALE shows that surface soil moisture is the dominant predictor across all depths, with a clear attenuation trend and a critical transition zone between 160 and 200 cm. Precipitation and humidity primarily drive shallow to mid-layers (20–140 cm), whereas temperature variables gain relative importance in deeper profiles (200–300 cm). ALE analysis eliminates feature correlation biases while maintaining high predictive accuracy, confirming surface-to-deep information transmission mechanisms. We propose a depth-adaptive modeling strategy by assigning the best-performing model at each soil layer, enabling practical non-invasive deep soil moisture prediction for precision irrigation and water resource management. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Agricultural Soils)

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28 pages, 2797 KB

Open AccessArticle

TTBCA⁺: An Enhanced Besiege and Conquer Algorithm with Three-Three Tactics and Collision Theory for Complex Optimization Problems

by Jianhua Jiang, Xiangyu Xin, Jun Tian and Hao Li

Electronics 2025, 14(20), 4051; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics14204051 (registering DOI) - 15 Oct 2025

Abstract

Besiege and Conquer Algorithm (BCA) is a swarm intelligence algorithm proposed in 2025 based on tactical concepts. However, its besiege and conquer strategies have some problems, such as insufficient diversity and local stagnation. To solve the above problems, this paper proposes an Enhanced [...] Read more.

Besiege and Conquer Algorithm (BCA) is a swarm intelligence algorithm proposed in 2025 based on tactical concepts. However, its besiege and conquer strategies have some problems, such as insufficient diversity and local stagnation. To solve the above problems, this paper proposes an Enhanced Besiege and Conquer Algorithm with Three-Three Tactics and Collision Theory, referred to as TTBCA⁺. TTBCA⁺ has four innovations. Firstly, a three-three allocation mechanism of battlefield and roles is proposed to enhance its besiege capability; secondly, a three-three deployment mechanism of soldiers is proposed to enhance its conquer capability; thirdly, the balance factor between exploration and exploitation is modified for three-three tactics implementation; finally, the collision mechanism from collision theory is introduced to deal with soldiers beyond the search space. The performance of the proposed TTBCA⁺ is verified at the IEEE CEC 2017 and IEEE CEC 2022 benchmark functions, compared with 13 swarm intelligence algorithms, including classical algorithms, well-known algorithms such as JADE, lshade_rsp, AGWO, and recent 5 years algorithms, such as BCA, HOA, PLO, CFOA, HLOA, DBO, BOA. Meanwhile, the proposed algorithms are applied to two practical complex optimization problems. The results show that TTBCA⁺ effectively solved the limitations in BCA, and it is superior to other compared algorithms. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue AI Applications of Multi-Agent Systems)

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28 pages, 678 KB

Open AccessSystematic Review

OCTA Biomarkers Underlying Structure–Function Correlations in Idiopathic Epiretinal Membrane: A Systematic Review

by Anca Mădălina Sere, George Adrian Muntean, Andreea Petra Cristea and Simona Delia Nicoară

Diagnostics 2025, 15(20), 2596; https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics15202596 (registering DOI) - 15 Oct 2025

Abstract

Background: Idiopathic epiretinal membrane (iERM) is a common retinal pathology in elderly patients, thought to originate primarily from an anomalous process of posterior vitreous detachment. The standard treatment is pars plana vitrectomy (PPV) with membrane peeling. No consensus exists regarding the optimal timing [...] Read more.

Background: Idiopathic epiretinal membrane (iERM) is a common retinal pathology in elderly patients, thought to originate primarily from an anomalous process of posterior vitreous detachment. The standard treatment is pars plana vitrectomy (PPV) with membrane peeling. No consensus exists regarding the optimal timing of surgery, nor is it clear which patients are most likely to benefit. Given that iERM profoundly affects retinal vascular morphology and function, optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) has emerged as a valuable tool for identifying potential biomarkers. This systematic review aimed to synthesize the available evidence on OCTA-derived biomarkers and their correlations with visual function before and/or after surgical intervention in iERM, with a particular focus on their prognostic value for postoperative outcomes. Methods: A systematic search of PubMed/MEDLINE and Scopus was conducted on the 20th of May 2025 in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. Eligible studies included patients with iERM undergoing vitreoretinal surgery, used OCTA for pre- and/or postoperative assessment, investigated structure–function correlations, and were designed as clinical trials, observational studies, or case series with more than 10 patients. Exclusion criteria were studies with ≤10 cases, absence of separate iERM analysis, lack of surgical intervention, or non-English language. Data extraction covered study design, demographics, surgical approach, OCTA device, follow-up, OCTA biomarkers, and structure–function outcomes. Risk of bias in observational studies was assessed using the National Institute of Health (NIH) Quality Assessment Tool for Observational Cohort and Cross-Sectional Studies. Results: The search yielded 1053 records, of which 71 underwent full-text review and 43 met eligibility criteria. All included studies were observational, encompassing 1958 eyes from 1953 patients. The most frequently investigated biomarkers were the foveal avascular zone (FAZ) area and related parameters, vessel density (VD), and foveal density 300 (FD-300). Additional studies evaluated average vessel length (VL), blood flow area, vessel length density (VLD), vessel tortuosity (VT), fractal dimension (FD), and perfusion capacity (PC). Conclusions: By consolidating current evidence, this systematic review provides a comprehensive overview of structure–function correlations in iERM and highlights the potential of OCTA-derived metrics as biomarkers of disease severity and surgical prognosis. These findings help clarify underlying mechanisms of visual decline and establish the context for further research. Nonetheless, interpretation is limited by the observational design of all included studies and by heterogeneity in OCTA methodology and nomenclature, underscoring the need for standardization to improve comparability and foster greater coherence across studies. No funding was provided for this review. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Optical Coherence Tomography in Diagnosis of Ophthalmology Disease)

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16 pages, 5544 KB

Open AccessArticle

Visual Feature Domain Audio Coding for Anomaly Sound Detection Application

by Subin Byun and Jeongil Seo

Algorithms 2025, 18(10), 646; https://doi.org/10.3390/a18100646 (registering DOI) - 15 Oct 2025

Abstract

Conventional audio and video codecs are designed for human perception, often discarding subtle spectral cues that are essential for machine-based analysis. To overcome this limitation, we propose a machine-oriented compression framework that reinterprets spectrograms as visual objects and applies Feature Coding for Machines [...] Read more.

Conventional audio and video codecs are designed for human perception, often discarding subtle spectral cues that are essential for machine-based analysis. To overcome this limitation, we propose a machine-oriented compression framework that reinterprets spectrograms as visual objects and applies Feature Coding for Machines (FCM) to anomalous sound detection (ASD). In our approach, audio signals are transformed log-mel spectrograms, from which intermediate feature maps are extracted, compressed, and reconstructed through the FCM pipeline. For comparison, we implement AAC-LC (Advanced Audio Coding Low Complexity) as a representative perceptual audio codec and VVC (Versatile Video Coding) as spectrogram-based video codec. Experiments were conducted on the DCASE (Detection and Classification of Acoustic Scenes and Events) 2023 Task 2 dataset, covering four machine types (fan, valve, toycar, slider), with anomaly detection performed using the official Autoencoder baseline model released in DCASE 2024. Detection scores were computed from reconstruction error and Mahalanobis distance. The results show that the proposed FCM-based ACoM (Audio Coding for Machines) achieves comparable or superior performance to AAC at less than half the bitrate, reliably preserving critical features even under ultra-low bitrate conditions (1.3–6.3 kbps). While VVC retains competitive performance only at high bitrates, it degrades sharply at low bitrates. These findings demonstrate that feature-based compression offers a promising direction for next-generation ACoM standardization, enabling efficient and robust ASD in bandwidth-constrained industrial environments. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Visual Attributes in Computer Vision Applications)

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17 pages, 1229 KB

Open AccessArticle

Pro-Apoptotic and Cytotoxic Effects of Melittin on HL-60 Acute Promyelocytic Leukemia Cells: Implications for Retinoid-Independent Therapy

by Maksymilian Stela, Michał Ceremuga, Natalia Cichon, Tomasz Poplawski, Marcin Podogrocki, Leslaw Gorniak and Michał Bijak

Molecules 2025, 30(20), 4093; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules30204093 (registering DOI) - 15 Oct 2025

Abstract

Background: Acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL) is a subtype of acute myeloid leukemia driven by the PML/RARα fusion protein. Standard treatment with all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) combined with chemotherapy is effective, but resistance and adverse effects remain significant challenges. Melittin, the primary peptide component [...] Read more.

Background: Acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL) is a subtype of acute myeloid leukemia driven by the PML/RARα fusion protein. Standard treatment with all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) combined with chemotherapy is effective, but resistance and adverse effects remain significant challenges. Melittin, the primary peptide component of bee venom, has demonstrated potent anticancer activity across multiple leukemia subtypes through mitochondrial-dependent mechanisms. Building upon this established evidence, we investigated melittin’s therapeutic potential in APL to address the specific clinical challenge of ATRA resistance. Methods: The cytotoxic and pro-apoptotic effects of melittin were studied on the human APL cell line HL-60. Cell viability was assessed using MTT and trypan blue assays. Mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) was measured with JC-1 staining. Apoptosis was quantified using Annexin V/propidium iodide flow cytometry, caspase-3/7 activity assays, and real-time PCR analysis of apoptosis-related genes (BCL-2, BAX, APAF-1, CASP-3, CASP-8, CASP-9). Results: Melittin reduced HL-60 cell viability in a dose- and time-dependent manner, with significant decreases after 24 and 48 h. MMP analysis revealed mitochondrial depolarization, and Annexin V staining confirmed the induction of apoptosis. Caspase-3/7 activity increased markedly, supporting activation of the intrinsic apoptotic pathway. Gene expression profiling revealed downregulation of the anti-apoptotic BCL-2 and upregulation of the pro-apoptotic BAX, APAF1, and CASP3. At the same time, CASP8 and CASP9 showed no significant changes, suggesting a predominant involvement of the intrinsic pathway. Conclusions: These findings confirm and extend established evidence by demonstrating that melittin’s mitochondrial apoptotic mechanism is consistently active in promyelocytic HL-60 model (PML/RARα-negative). This retinoid-independent mechanism suggests potential therapeutic utility for ATRA-resistant cases or as a complementary strategy in APL treatment. However, selectivity validation in non-cancerous hematopoietic cells represents an important future research priority. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bee Product Chemistry: Identification and Characterization of Natural Compounds, 2nd Edition)

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13 pages, 3323 KB

Open AccessArticle

Comparative Outcomes of Delayed i-PRF Combination with Nanofracture in the Treatment of Large Chondral Defects in the Knee

by Özgür Başal, James G. Jefferies, Jure Serdar and Mahmut Nedim Doral

Medicina 2025, 61(10), 1849; https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina61101849 (registering DOI) - 15 Oct 2025

Abstract

Background and Objectives: This study aimed to evaluate whether delayed intra-articular application of injectable platelet-rich fibrin (i-PRF) improves clinical and radiologic outcomes compared to nanofracture alone. Materials and Methods: A total of 76 patients with ICRS Grade III–IV femoral condyle or [...] Read more.

Background and Objectives: This study aimed to evaluate whether delayed intra-articular application of injectable platelet-rich fibrin (i-PRF) improves clinical and radiologic outcomes compared to nanofracture alone. Materials and Methods: A total of 76 patients with ICRS Grade III–IV femoral condyle or trochlear cartilage defects larger than 2 cm² were enrolled in this prospective controlled study. Patients were allocated into two groups: Group 1 (n = 40) underwent nanofracture followed by delayed intra-articular i-PRF injection at three weeks postoperatively, while Group 2 (n = 36) underwent nanofracture alone. Preoperative MRI was evaluated using the AMADEUS grading system. Clinical outcomes—including WOMAC and IKDC scores—were assessed at baseline and at 6, 12, and 24 months postoperatively. MOCART 2.0 scoring was used to evaluate cartilage repair at ≥12 months follow-up. Results: Both groups demonstrated significant functional improvement according to the IKDC and WOMAC scores. However, Group 1 showed a significantly greater improvement in WOMAC total score at final follow-up (Group 1: 20.1 ± 4.3 vs. control: 23.2 ± 3.4; p = 0.0008). No statistically significant differences were found between groups in IKDC score (p = 0.238), Tegner score (p = 0.776), or time to return to daily activities (p = 0.401). Baseline demographic, radiological, and intraoperative variables were comparable between groups (p > 0.05 for all). Radiologic outcomes based on the mean MOCART 2.0 scores were 57.1 and 50, respectively, in group 1 and group 2 (p = 0.0316). These results showed significantly improved results in group 1 according to the MRI evaluation. Conclusions: In patients with large chondral defects (>2 cm²), delayed intra-articular i-PRF injection following nanofracture may improve mid-term functional and radiological outcomes, particularly in pain and symptom relief. This regenerative strategy enhances cartilage repair potential during the early healing phase without adding surgical complexity. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Orthopedics)

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17 pages, 2126 KB

Open AccessArticle

Thin Film Fragmentation Testing: A Refined Screening Method for Estimating Relative Intrinsic Ductility of Refractory Metals

by Taohid Bin Nur Tuhser and Thomas John Balk

Metals 2025, 15(10), 1144; https://doi.org/10.3390/met15101144 (registering DOI) - 15 Oct 2025

Abstract

Refractory metals typically exhibit limited room temperature ductility, hampering their widespread application. Recent advances in refractory high-entropy alloys have focused on finding optimum combinations of strength and ductility but require exploring vast compositional spaces. To facilitate such a search process, a method for [...] Read more.

Refractory metals typically exhibit limited room temperature ductility, hampering their widespread application. Recent advances in refractory high-entropy alloys have focused on finding optimum combinations of strength and ductility but require exploring vast compositional spaces. To facilitate such a search process, a method for fast assessment of intrinsic ductility would be highly advantageous. Herein, we propose a novel approach to screen for a refractory alloy’s ‘intrinsic ductility’ by leveraging the established technique of thin film fragmentation testing, which has been successfully used to evaluate stretchability of flexible electronics. We conducted in-depth investigations of sputtered tungsten thin films to identify the processing-induced extrinsic variables that can affect the crack onset strain (COS) under uniaxial loading. By tuning the process parameters for film deposition, Nb, Mo, Ta and W samples were fabricated with comparable thicknesses and residual stress levels. The films’ COS values were compared to the ductility levels of bulk counterpart materials, and the conditions for meaningful comparison are discussed. This approach offers a simple, inexpensive, and rapid means of screening based on relative intrinsic ductility of thin metal films and should also be applicable to the study of high-entropy alloy films. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fracture and Fatigue of Advanced Metallic Materials)

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27 pages, 8857 KB

Open AccessArticle

Second-Generation Recycled Concrete Aggregates: Comprehensive Characterization of Physical, Mechanical, and Microstructural Properties

by Farshad Ameri and Ildiko Merta

Recycling 2025, 10(5), 193; https://doi.org/10.3390/recycling10050193 (registering DOI) - 15 Oct 2025

Abstract

The rapid expansion of concrete production has intensified the depletion of natural aggregate (NA) resources, necessitating sustainable alternatives in the construction industry. Recycling construction and demolition (C&D) waste offers a solution to enhance environmental sustainability and resource efficiency. Most existing studies have mainly [...] Read more.

The rapid expansion of concrete production has intensified the depletion of natural aggregate (NA) resources, necessitating sustainable alternatives in the construction industry. Recycling construction and demolition (C&D) waste offers a solution to enhance environmental sustainability and resource efficiency. Most existing studies have mainly focused on first-generation RCAs (RCA1), with little work on second-generation RCAs (RCA2), especially fine fractions. This study examined the properties of recycled concrete aggregates (RCAs) across first and second recycling cycles, focusing on their upcycling potential. Therefore, commercially sourced NAs and RCA1 were compared with lab-produced RCA2, both coarse and fine, derived from further recycling of first-generation recycled aggregate concrete (RAC1). Comprehensive tests assessed morphology and physical, mechanical, and microstructural properties to provide a clear insight into how RCA2 differs from RCA1. Average sphericity for coarse RCA1 was 0.81, an 8% decrease from NA’s 0.88, while RCA2 had an average sphericity of 0.76, a 14% decrease. The results revealed a progressive decline in aggregate quality with each cycle. RCA1 exhibited water absorption of 9.53% (fine) and 5.55% (coarse), while RCA2 showed higher absorption at 13.16% (fine) and 6.88% (coarse). RCA1’s crushing value was 25.9%, a 41% rise over NA’s 18.09%, while RCA2’s reached 29.2%, a 61% increase. Coarse RCA2 contained 51.03% attached old mortar, 50% more than the 33.95% in RCA1. Fine RCA2 showed significant performance reductions, limiting these aggregates to non-structural downcycling applications. Microstructure analyses confirmed RCA2’s porous structure, attributed to increased adhered old mortar, including multiple weak interfaces, and numerous microcracks compared to RCA1, necessitating careful consideration when using coarse RCA2 for upcycling in sustainable construction. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Solid Waste Recycling in Civil Engineering Materials)

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3 pages, 121 KB

Open AccessEditorial

An Author Writing to Remember and Celebrate Black Children

by Sharon Bell Mathis

Humanities 2025, 14(10), 200; https://doi.org/10.3390/h14100200 (registering DOI) - 15 Oct 2025

Abstract

With an undergraduate degree in sociology from Morgan State University (Baltimore, MD) and a master’s degree in Library Science from the Catholic University of America (Washington, DC), Sharon Bell Mathis is a librarian and a multiple award-winning children’s and young adult book author [...] Read more.

With an undergraduate degree in sociology from Morgan State University (Baltimore, MD) and a master’s degree in Library Science from the Catholic University of America (Washington, DC), Sharon Bell Mathis is a librarian and a multiple award-winning children’s and young adult book author [...] Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue African American Children's Literature)

24 pages, 3029 KB

Open AccessArticle

Spatiotemporal Dynamics of Microbial and Fish Communities in the Thracian Sea Revealed by eDNA Metabarcoding

by Maria Tokamani, Panagiotis Liakopoulos, Konstantinos Tegopoulos, Aristea-Marina Zigkou, George Triantaphyllidis, Nikolaos Kamidis, Maria E. Grigoriou, Raphael Sandaltzopoulos and Petros Kolovos

Microorganisms 2025, 13(10), 2373; https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms13102373 (registering DOI) - 15 Oct 2025

Abstract

The Thracian Sea, a semi-enclosed coastal basin in the northeastern Aegean Sea, represents a dynamic marine environment influenced by freshwater inputs, stratification, and seasonal variability. Here, we investigated the spatiotemporal dynamics of microbial and ichthyofaunal communities using environmental DNA (eDNA) and high-throughput sequencing [...] Read more.

The Thracian Sea, a semi-enclosed coastal basin in the northeastern Aegean Sea, represents a dynamic marine environment influenced by freshwater inputs, stratification, and seasonal variability. Here, we investigated the spatiotemporal dynamics of microbial and ichthyofaunal communities using environmental DNA (eDNA) and high-throughput sequencing across various stations in the vicinity of the Thracian Sea, in consecutive months (through spring and summer). Seawater samples were collected from the surface and thermocline layers, and environmental parameters were recorded to examine their influence on biodiversity patterns. Microbial communities exhibited strong seasonal and depth-related structuring. Alpha diversity was highest in spring and declined during summer, while beta diversity analyses revealed clear clustering by month and depth. Dominant taxa included Alphaproteobacteria (SAR11), Cyanobacteria (Synechococcus, Prochlorococcus), with distinct core microbiomes. Fish communities, identified via CytB metabarcoding, displayed marked temporal turnover but limited spatial segregation. While alpha diversity metrics did not differ significantly, beta diversity analyses showed seasonal shifts with dominant taxa such as Raja spp., Engraulis spp., and Diplodus sargus. Multivariate and co-structure analyses (Mantel, Procrustes) revealed moderate but significant concordance between microbial and fish communities and support the existence of similar biodiversity responses to environmental parameters across temporal and spatial variability. Co-occurrence networks further present depth-specific associations, with surface communities being more cooperative and phototrophic, while thermocline networks showed modularity and potential ecological specialization. This study highlights the value of integrated eDNA-based monitoring in revealing seasonal biodiversity dynamics and ecological interactions in coastal marine ecosystems, supporting future spatial planning and conservation strategies in the Thracian Sea. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Microbiome Research for Animal, Plant and Environmental Health: Second Edition)

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13 pages, 508 KB

Open AccessSystematic Review

Fixing the Foundation: A Scoping Review of Housing Instability Among Former Foster Youth

by Damone Wisdom, Yao Wang, Lacey Jenkins and Scott D. Ryan

Adolescents 2025, 5(4), 58; https://doi.org/10.3390/adolescents5040058 (registering DOI) - 15 Oct 2025

Abstract

Background: Former foster youth frequently experience housing instability, which hinders their transition to adulthood and affects key life outcomes including education, employment, mental health, and social connections. Objective: This scoping review explores housing stability and identifies barriers to stable housing. Method: Following the [...] Read more.

Background: Former foster youth frequently experience housing instability, which hinders their transition to adulthood and affects key life outcomes including education, employment, mental health, and social connections. Objective: This scoping review explores housing stability and identifies barriers to stable housing. Method: Following the Arksey and O’Malley framework and PRISMA guidelines, a comprehensive search of peer-reviewed literature was conducted using PubMed, PsycINFO, and Academic Search Complete. Studies published in English within the last ten years were screened and selected based on relevance to housing stability and former foster youth outcomes. Nine studies met the inclusion criteria and were thematically analyzed. Results: Findings reveal that a significant proportion of youth aging out of foster care lack adequate preparation, face systemic barriers such as unaffordable housing and limited services, and often experience repeated episodes of instability. Promising strategies include transitional planning, extended housing support, trauma-informed services, and youth engagement in program design. Flexible funding and targeted support for high-risk subgroups are also crucial. Conclusion: Housing stability is foundational to the well-being of former foster youth. Addressing systemic gaps through youth-centered, supportive housing interventions is essential for promoting resilience and successful transitions to independence. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Youth in Transition)

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11 pages, 240 KB

Open AccessArticle

Parent–Child Associations of Eating Habits According to Domains of Parental Physical Activity (EPI-Family Health Study)

by Ewerton P. Antunes, William R. Tebar, Bruna T. C. Saraiva, Amanda Barbosa dos Santos, Stefany C. B. Silva, Débora T. Furuta, Vandrize Meneghini, Jorge Mota, Gerson Ferrari and Diego G. D. Christofaro

Nutrients 2025, 17(20), 3234; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17203234 (registering DOI) - 15 Oct 2025

Abstract

Background: The family environment and physical activity (PA) levels are known to influence the eating habits of children and adolescents, but it is unclear how different domains of parental PA can affect parent–child associations with eating habits. Methods: This study included [...] Read more.

Background: The family environment and physical activity (PA) levels are known to influence the eating habits of children and adolescents, but it is unclear how different domains of parental PA can affect parent–child associations with eating habits. Methods: This study included 473 participants: 192 children and adolescents (aged between 5 and 17 years), 163 mothers, and 118 fathers. Parental PA was assessed in occupational, sports, and leisure-time/commuting domains. Children’s and parents’ dietary intake was evaluated using a weekly food frequency questionnaire, covering healthy and unhealthy food groups. The mother–child and father–child associations were analyzed using multiple quantile regression. Results: Active mothers in occupational PA showed mother–child associations for fruits, vegetables, and dairy foods, whereas inactive mothers showed associations for fried foods and sweets. In the sports practice domain, active mothers showed mother–child associations for vegetables and red meat consumption, whereas active fathers showed associations for grains and salty snacks consumption. Active mothers in the leisure-time/commuting domain showed mother–child associations for fried foods and red meat consumption, while active fathers showed associations for fruits and salty snacks consumption. Conclusions: Mother–child associations were more consistent across PA domains than father–child associations. Overall, the healthy eating habits of physically active mothers were more strongly linked to the healthy eating patterns of their children. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Twenty-Four-Hour Movement Guidelines and Dietary Patterns Across Populations)

30 pages, 4671 KB

Open AccessArticle

Evolution of the Spatial Network Structure of the Global Service Value Chain and Its Influencing Factors—An Empirical Study Based on the TERGM

by Xingyan Yu and Shihong Zeng

Sustainability 2025, 17(20), 9130; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17209130 (registering DOI) - 15 Oct 2025

Abstract

With the rapid advance of digital technologies, the service industry has become a key driver of sustainable economic growth and the restructuring of international trade. Drawing on value-added trade flows for five pivotal service industries—construction, air transportation, postal telecommunications, financial intermediation, and education—over [...] Read more.

With the rapid advance of digital technologies, the service industry has become a key driver of sustainable economic growth and the restructuring of international trade. Drawing on value-added trade flows for five pivotal service industries—construction, air transportation, postal telecommunications, financial intermediation, and education—over 2013–2021, this study examines the spatial evolution of the global service value chain (GSVC). Using social network analysis combined with a Temporal Exponential Random Graph Model (TERGM), we assess the dynamics of the GSVC’ core–periphery structure and identify heterogeneous determinants shaping their spatial networks. The findings are as follows: (1) Exports across the five industries display an “East rising, West declining” pattern, with markedly heterogeneous magnitudes of change. (2) The construction industry is Europe-centered; air transportation exhibits a U.S.–China bipolar structure; postal telecommunications show the most pronounced “East rising, West declining” shift, forming four poles (United States, United Kingdom, Germany, China); financial intermediation contracts to a five-pole core (China, United States, United Kingdom, Switzerland, Germany); and education becomes increasingly multipolar. (3) The GSVC core–periphery system undergoes substantial reconfiguration, with some peripheral economies moving toward the core; the core expands in air transportation, while postal telecommunications exhibit strong regionalization. (4) Digital technology, foreign direct investment, and manufacturing structure promote network evolution, whereas income similarity may dampen it; the effects of economic freedom and labor-force size on spatial network restructuring differ significantly by industry. These results underscore the complex interplay of structural, institutional, and geographic drivers in reshaping GSVC networks and carry implications for fostering sustainable services trade, enhancing interregional connectivity, narrowing global development gaps, and advancing an inclusive digital transformation. Full article

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18 pages, 4222 KB

Open AccessArticle

Analytical and Numerical Investigation of Vibration Characteristics in Shear-Deformable FGM Beams

by Murat Çelik, Erol Demirkan and Ahmet Feyzi Yıldırım

J. Compos. Sci. 2025, 9(10), 567; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs9100567 (registering DOI) - 15 Oct 2025

Abstract

In this study, the free vibration characteristics of a functionally graded (FG) shear-deformable Timoshenko beam were investigated both analytically and numerically. The work is notable for its significant contribution to the literature, particularly in addressing analytically challenging problems related to complex FGM structures [...] Read more.

In this study, the free vibration characteristics of a functionally graded (FG) shear-deformable Timoshenko beam were investigated both analytically and numerically. The work is notable for its significant contribution to the literature, particularly in addressing analytically challenging problems related to complex FGM structures using advanced computer-aided finite element methods. For the analytical approach, the governing equations and associated boundary conditions were derived using Hamilton’s principle of minimum potential energy. These equations were then solved using the Navier solution method to determine the natural frequencies of the beam. In the numerical analysis, a 3D FG beam model was developed in the ABAQUS finite element software (2023, Dassault Systèmes, Providence, RI, USA)using the second-order hexahedral (HEX20/C3D20) and 1D three-node quadratic beam (B32) elements. The material gradation was defined layer-by-layer along the thickness direction in accordance with the rule of mixtures. Modal analysis was subsequently performed to extract the natural frequency values. The results show a high level of agreement between the analytical and numerical solutions. and were consistent with previously published studies in the literature. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Composite Materials for Civil Engineering Applications)

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20 pages, 5516 KB

Open AccessArticle

Multi-Omics Insights into Gingivitis from a Clinical Trial: Understanding the Role of Bacterial and Host Factors

by Niranjan Ramji, Ping Hu, Alejandra Muñoz Bodnar, Camila Pereira Braga, John Snowball, Dionne Swift, Hao Ye, Sancai Xie, Rachel Trenner, Malgorzata Klukowska, Eva Schneiderman and Aaron R. Biesbrock

Microorganisms 2025, 13(10), 2371; https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms13102371 (registering DOI) - 15 Oct 2025

Abstract

Poor oral health is a neglected epidemic, potentially contributing to systemic health issues. We employed a multi-omics approach to investigate the biological changes associated with gingivitis and the effects of stannous fluoride (SnF₂) dentifrice on microbial composition and salivary proteomics in [...] Read more.

Poor oral health is a neglected epidemic, potentially contributing to systemic health issues. We employed a multi-omics approach to investigate the biological changes associated with gingivitis and the effects of stannous fluoride (SnF₂) dentifrice on microbial composition and salivary proteomics in an eight-week clinical trial involving 39 participants categorized as high (n = 20) and low bleeders (n = 19). Baseline assessments revealed significant microbial dysbiosis in high bleeders, characterized by a higher abundance of Porphyromonas and Fusobacterium, alongside compromised epithelial barriers and increased inflammation. Following SnF₂ treatment, a substantial reduction in these bacteria, and an increase in Rothia and Haemophulis, were observed, correlating with improved clinical measures, including reduced bleeding and inflammation indices. In total, 80 proteins (including pro-inflammatory cytokines, alarmin keratins, and matrix metalloproteinases) showed a significant reduction in high bleeders after treatment, with 29 overlapping the disease biomarkers in the plasma atlas, supporting the role of SnF₂ in mitigating oxidative stress and enhancing epithelial integrity. Furthermore, SnF₂ treatment significantly reduced collagen degradation, suggesting the preservation of tissue integrity. These findings highlight that SnF₂ not only improves local oral health but may also benefit systemic health, showcasing the value of a multi-omics approach in understanding the interconnections among oral microbiota, inflammatory responses, and systemic health outcomes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Crosstalk Between Host and Pathogen: Innate Immunity, Infection and Metabolic Reprogramming)

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3 pages, 144 KB

Open AccessEditorial

Application of Fractional Calculus as an Interdisciplinary Modeling Framework

by Antonela Toma, Dorota Mozyrska, Octavian Postavaru, Mihai Rebenciuc and Simona M. Bibic

Fractal Fract. 2025, 9(10), 663; https://doi.org/10.3390/fractalfract9100663 (registering DOI) - 15 Oct 2025

Abstract

From a mathematical fantasy to a complex and rigorous mathematical theory, the subject of fractional calculus has applications in diverse and widespread fields of engineering and science, having a rapid growth of its applications [...] Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Application of Fractional Calculus as an Interdisciplinary Modeling Framework)

24 pages, 1421 KB

Open AccessArticle

Coalition-Stabilized Distributionally Robust Optimization of Inter-Provincial Power Networks Under Stochastic Loads, Renewable Variability, and Emergency Mobilization Constraints

by Jie Jiao, Yangming Xiao, Linze Yang, Qian Wang, Wenshi Ren, Wenwen Zhang, Jiyuan Zhang and Zhongfu Tan

Energies 2025, 18(20), 5431; https://doi.org/10.3390/en18205431 (registering DOI) - 15 Oct 2025

Abstract

This paper proposes a coalition-based framework for the coordinated operation of multi-regional power systems subject to extreme uncertainty in demand surges, renewable variability, and resource mobilization delays. Methodologically, we integrate Bayesian learning with distributionally robust optimization (DRO), embedding dynamically updated scenario posteriors into [...] Read more.

This paper proposes a coalition-based framework for the coordinated operation of multi-regional power systems subject to extreme uncertainty in demand surges, renewable variability, and resource mobilization delays. Methodologically, we integrate Bayesian learning with distributionally robust optimization (DRO), embedding dynamically updated scenario posteriors into a Wasserstein ambiguity set. This construction captures both stochastic variability from renewable and load realizations and epistemic uncertainty from incomplete knowledge of probability distributions. To align individual incentives with system-level efficiency, we design a risk-adjusted utility mechanism that combines VCG transfers, Shapley allocations, and nucleolus refinements. These mechanisms explicitly consider agent heterogeneity, risk aversion, and coalition stability, ensuring that cooperation remains both efficient and sustainable. The optimization model maximizes expected social welfare while incorporating constraints on transmission corridor capacities, mobilization logistics, demand–response rebound effects, and mobile energy storage operations. A hierarchical decomposition algorithm integrates the Bayesian-DRO dispatch layer with cooperative game-theoretic allocations to maintain tractability and robustness at large scale. A case study on a six-province interconnected system with 14–26 GW peak demand, 10.2 GW solar, 8.6 GW wind, 14 GW peaking units, and 6.8 GW mobile storage demonstrates the effectiveness of the approach. Results indicate that the proposed framework raises expected welfare by nearly 10% relative to a non-cooperative baseline, reduces the probability of unserved energy exceeding 1.5% from almost 2% to negligible levels, and narrows payment disparities across provinces to strengthen coalition stability. Demand response peaks at 250–300 MW with rebound averaging 25%, while mobile BESS units cycle frequently to enhance local reliability. Overall, the findings highlight a robust and incentive-compatible pathway for resilient inter-provincial operation, providing both methodological advances and policy-relevant insights for multi-regional energy governance. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Advanced Operation, Control, and Planning of Intelligent Energy Systems)

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26 pages, 10412 KB

Open AccessArticle

Manufacturing Technology and Mechanical Properties of Novel Pre-Impregnated Coatings as Applied to FRP “Sandwich” Composites

by Przemysław Golewski and Michał Budka

Materials 2025, 18(20), 4725; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma18204725 (registering DOI) - 15 Oct 2025

Abstract

This article presents the manufacturing technology and mechanical properties of innovative pre-impregnated coatings (PCs). The base materials for PC are powders of metal oxides, non-metals, minerals and thermoplastic non-wovens. PC can be used in the manufacture of composites by methods such as vacuum [...] Read more.

This article presents the manufacturing technology and mechanical properties of innovative pre-impregnated coatings (PCs). The base materials for PC are powders of metal oxides, non-metals, minerals and thermoplastic non-wovens. PC can be used in the manufacture of composites by methods such as vacuum infusion, autoclave curing or hand lamination. This is possible due to the novel PC structure consisting of a functional layer (FL) and a backing layer (BL). PCs are flexible so that they can be used on curved surfaces. In this work, five types of PC were subjected to a uniaxial tensile test. Depending on the powder used, failure force values ranging from 24.61 N to 28.73 N were obtained. In the next step, the pre-impregnated coatings were applied as a coating in “sandwich” composites made by vacuum infusion, which were subjected to three-point bending (3-PB) and adhesion tests. 3-PB tests proved that the coating remained integral with the substrate, even under high flexural deformation, while the adhesion achieved was in the range of 0.95 MPa to 1.57 MPa. PC can be used in many engineering products, e.g., for the coating of façade panels, roof tiles, automotive parts or rail vehicles, etc. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Functional Coatings for Surface Engineering: Deposition, Properties and Applications)

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19 pages, 914 KB

Open AccessArticle

Driving Factors of Spatial–Temporal Differences in Agricultural Energy Consumption Evolution in the Yellow River Basin: A Perspective of Water–Energy–Food–Land–Population Nexus

by Chenjun Zhang, Jiaqin Shi, Xiangyang Zhao and Erjie Pei

Water 2025, 17(20), 2971; https://doi.org/10.3390/w17202971 (registering DOI) - 15 Oct 2025

Abstract

The Yellow River Basin (YRB) is a core region for agricultural production in China; however, its agricultural energy consumption exhibits significant spatial–temporal differences, and it is confronted with the practical demand for the coordination of low-carbon transition and food security. Investigating the driving [...] Read more.

The Yellow River Basin (YRB) is a core region for agricultural production in China; however, its agricultural energy consumption exhibits significant spatial–temporal differences, and it is confronted with the practical demand for the coordination of low-carbon transition and food security. Investigating the driving factors of agricultural energy consumption in the YRB is crucial for optimizing its agricultural energy structure, advancing low-carbon agricultural development, and offering targeted support for regional agricultural sustainability. Based on the data of YRB from 2000 to 2021, this paper employs the Logarithmic Mean Divisia Index (LMDI) method to decompose the driving factors of agricultural energy consumption in the basin by examining the interrelationships among five key factors: water, energy, food, land, and population. The results showed the following: (1) Per capita food production efficiency effect is the main factor driving the increase in agricultural energy consumption, followed by the water consumption output efficiency effect, the effective irrigation rate effect, the actual irrigation ratio effect, and the population scale effect. (2) The agricultural employment structure effect, the energy consumption output efficiency effect, the intensity of agricultural acreage effect, and the irrigation quota effect have reduced agricultural energy consumption. (3) Specifically, in Inner Mongolia, Shanxi and Henan, the largest incremental effect is the per capita food production efficiency effect. However, the primary driver in the remaining six provinces is the water consumption output efficiency effect. Regarding the reduction effect, the largest driver in Gansu, Shanxi and Shandong is the energy consumption output efficiency effect. Further, this paper analyzes the drivers of spatial differences in agricultural energy consumption in nine places. The research results can provide theoretical support and practical references for formulating targeted regional policies for the low-carbon transition of agricultural energy in the YRB. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Water Resources, Economic Development and Environment Carrying Capacity)

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41 pages, 1977 KB

Open AccessReview

Molecularly Targeted Small Molecule Inhibitor Therapy for Pediatric Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia: A Comprehensive Review of Clinical Trials

by Nicolò Peccatori, Erica Brivio, Andrej Lissat, Francisco Bautista Sirvent, Elisabeth Salzer, Andrea Biondi, Grazia Fazio, Carmelo Rizzari, Sarah K. Tasian and Christian Michel Zwaan

Cancers 2025, 17(20), 3322; https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers17203322 (registering DOI) - 15 Oct 2025

Abstract

In the past decades, significant advancements in the biological and genetic characterization of acute leukemias and optimization of risk-adapted multi-agent treatment protocols have dramatically improved cure rates and quality of life for children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). Despite these optimal results, patients [...] Read more.

In the past decades, significant advancements in the biological and genetic characterization of acute leukemias and optimization of risk-adapted multi-agent treatment protocols have dramatically improved cure rates and quality of life for children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). Despite these optimal results, patients with relapsed or chemotherapy-refractory (R/R) disease or with high-risk genetic features still face unsatisfactory outcomes. Further intensification of conventional chemotherapy has reached its limits in achieving the desired efficacy without undue side effects, necessitating innovative approaches to improve cure rates while continuing to minimize the toxicities associated with chemotherapy and hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. In the era of precision medicine, two key therapeutic strategies have emerged in hemato-oncology: molecularly targeted therapies and immunotherapies. Antibody-based and cellular immunotherapies have undoubtedly reshaped the landscape of childhood ALL treatment and have significant potential to play leading roles in current and future frontline regimens; these important therapies are well delineated in recent reviews. Molecularly targeted small molecule inhibitor therapies remain a cornerstone of precision medicine, supported by recent advancements in next-generation sequencing, which have enabled the application of transcriptomic and genomic profiling data to risk stratification and therapy optimization. Clinical trials for children with ALL have been instrumental in refining therapies and improving outcomes, a paradigm that remains critical as treatment strategies become increasingly complex. This comprehensive review focuses upon molecularly targeted therapy approaches for childhood ALL and aims to summarize findings from completed clinical trials to highlight the current landscape of ongoing and upcoming trials and to provide insights into future directions for the precision-driven optimization of pediatric B-ALL and T-ALL treatment. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in Hematological Malignancies in Children)

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26 pages, 3118 KB

Open AccessArticle

Authentication of Maltese Pork Meat Unveiling Insights Through ATR-FTIR and Chemometric Analysis

by Frederick Lia, Mark Caffari, Malcom Borg and Karen Attard

Foods 2025, 14(20), 3510; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods14203510 (registering DOI) - 15 Oct 2025

Abstract

Ensuring the authenticity of meat products is a critical issue for consumer protection, regulatory compliance, and the integrity of local food systems. In this study, attenuated total reflectance Fourier-transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy combined with chemometric and machine learning models was applied to differentiate [...] Read more.

Ensuring the authenticity of meat products is a critical issue for consumer protection, regulatory compliance, and the integrity of local food systems. In this study, attenuated total reflectance Fourier-transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy combined with chemometric and machine learning models was applied to differentiate Maltese from non-Maltese pork. Spectral datasets were subjected to a range of preprocessing techniques, including Savitzky–Golay first and second derivatives, detrending, orthogonal signal correction (OSC), and standard normal variate (SNV). Linear methods such as principal component analysis–linear discriminant analysis (PCA-LDA), the soft independent modeling of class analogy (SIMCA), and partial least squares regression (PLSR) were compared against nonlinear approaches, namely support vector machine regression (SVMR) and artificial neural networks (ANNs). The results revealed that derivative preprocessing consistently enhanced spectral resolution and model robustness, with the fingerprint region (1800–600 cm⁻¹) yielding the highest discriminative power. While PCA-LDA, SIMCA, and PLSR achieved high accuracy, SVMR and ANN models provided a superior predictive performance, with accuracies exceeding 0.99 and lower misclassification rates under external validation. These findings highlight the potential of FTIR spectroscopy combined with nonlinear chemometrics as a rapid, non-destructive, and cost-effective strategy for meat authentication, supporting both consumer safety and sustainable food supply chains. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Food Analytical Methods)

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