Advancing Open Science

In the context of China’s vigorous promotion of “better housing” construction, transforming affordable housing into “better housing” has become an important practical task. Since the 1960s, when the public housing system was standardized, South Korea has established a diversified and high-quality public housing supply system. Therefore, this study takes public rental housing in Seoul as examples, summarizes the development experience of public housing in South Korea, with the aim of providing new inspirations for the development direction, concepts, and spatial optimization of affordable housing in China. The research examines the Korean public housing policies, housing history, and cultural background from a theoretical perspective, analyzes the formation background and supply types of public housing, as well as the evolution mechanism of the unit plan, and takes typical public rental housing completed in the 2010s as examples to analyze and explore the spatial composition and structural characteristics of the affordable housing unit plans. Finally, based on China’s national conditions, this study highlights the policy implications of South Korea’s public housing experience for the development of affordable housing in China and proposes a “policy-space-culture” tripartite guidance framework to support the realization of the goal of constructing “better housing” within the affordable housing sector. Specifically, (1) at the policy level, it is recommended to establish a multi-tiered supply mechanism and implement an early warning system for emerging affordable housing demands; (2) at the spatial design level, standardization and modularization of housing design are advocated; and (3) at the cultural level, it is suggested to enhance cultural adaptability by aligning housing design with local residential culture and residents’ living habits.

To better evaluate the comprehensive performance of Class C fly ash (FA) in terms of soundness and mechanical strength for engineering applications, this study analyzes the effects of CaO and free-CaO (f-CaO) on the strength activity index and soundness of FA. A prediction model for FA strength and soundness is established based on the projection pursuit regression (PPR) method. Through simulation calculations, contour maps of comprehensive performance are drawn, transforming the multi-objective performance optimization problem into single-objective optimization problems of mechanical strength and soundness. The model directly determines the strength activity and soundness of fly ash under different CaO and f-CaO contents. The results indicate that when the f-CaO content does not exceed 4.82%, increasing the CaO content can both ensure the soundness of FA and improve its strength activity index. This study provides guidance for the application of Class C FA in concrete engineering.

This study presents an integrated framework that combines Geographic Information System (GIS)-based spatial analysis with the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) to quantitatively evaluate the tourism and educational reuse potential of abandoned mines. Five spatial indicators—population density, slope, urban ratio, road accessibility, and proximity to tourist attractions—were normalized using logarithmic transformation and cumulative distribution functions and weighted through expert-based AHP evaluation. The framework was applied to large-scale mine datasets in the United States and South Korea, followed by in-depth case validation in the Gangwon region. The results indicate that successfully redeveloped mines consistently exhibited higher composite scores than the national averages in both countries, confirming the framework’s explanatory power. The Gangwon analysis further demonstrated that mine reuse potential extends beyond tourism to include smart mining education and environmental testbed applications. Overall, this study provides a transferable GIS–AHP model for assessing post-mining utilization and supports evidence-based, region-specific policy design for sustainable mine redevelopment.

To develop superior grouper aquaculture varieties, in this study, a intergeneric hybrid breed was constructed by crossing a male Plectropomus leopardus, with a female parent Epinephelus fasciatus. Here, we researched embryonic development and mitochondrial composition of the new hybrid germplasm. Results revealed that the fertilization and hatching rate were 85.87 ± 5.22% and 70.37 ± 0.33%, respectively. Hatching occurred 28 h 55 min after fertilization at 24.8 ± 0.5 °C, and the newly hatched larvae were 2.05 ± 0.37 mm in total length. The mitochondrial genome length of the hybrid was 16,570 bp, preserving 13 protein-coding genes (PCGs), two ribosomal RNA (rRNA) genes, and 22 transfer RNA (tRNA) genes. The mitochondrial gene composition and arrangement of the hybrid were very similar to those of the maternal E. fasciatus. Additionally, analyses including co-linearity, Ka/Ks ratio, and phylogenetic tree all demonstrated that the hybrid’s mitochondria are inherited from the mother. Furthermore, the genetic distance between the hybrid and species from the maternal genus is shorter than that between the hybrid and the paternal P. leopardus. This study provides detailed insights into the embryonic development and mitochondrial inheritance of an intergeneric hybrid grouper, offering valuable molecular biological evidence to support grouper hybrid breeding, germplasm identification, and the conservation of genetic diversity.

This study evaluated the physicochemical properties and sensory acceptance of third-generation, potato-based, extruded snacks enriched with mushroom powder (5% and 10%) across different European regions. The mushroom powder was produced from dried button mushrooms (Agaricus bisporus), ground and incorporated into the snack formulations, while control samples contained no mushroom powder. The investigation was conducted in Denmark, Poland, and Spain, involving 230 young adult consumers identified as the target demographic for this snack format. Incorporation of mushroom powder increased protein, fiber, ash, polyphenols, and antioxidant capacity while producing a darker color and crisper texture. Consumer acceptance varied across countries and was significantly influenced by individual differences in food involvement, neophobia, sustainability orientation, and dietary habits. Participants with greater health consciousness and sustainability engagement expressed a higher preference for snacks with greater levels of mushroom enrichment. Overall, moderate mushroom addition (5–10%) provides an optimal balance between enhanced nutritional quality, favorable sensory attributes, and broad consumer appeal, underscoring the potential of mushrooms as sustainable functional ingredients in snack product development.

Background: The implementation of shared governance within the nursing practice results in heightened satisfaction among nurses and enhances the quality of care provided. Shared governance fosters collaborative and proactive relationships among nurses and healthcare providers, while also cultivating a sense of confidence among nurses. However, evidence suggests that a lack of awareness, reliance on traditional governance, and inadequate shared governance structures among nurses continue to exist at the unit-based council (UBC) level, including those in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA). Purpose: The present study aimed to assess the extent of clinical nurses’ perceptions concerning shared governance at the UBC level, and to examine the variations and relationships in their perceptions based on demographic and work-related characteristics. It further explored the demographic and work-related factors that affect the overall perceptions of shared governance among clinical nurses. Methods: This quantitative study utilized a cross-sectional design and was carried out in three governmental hospitals in the KSA. The sample comprised 669 nurses, who were selected using a convenience sampling method. The Index of Professional Nursing Governance (IPNG) tool was utilized for data collection conducted between February 2025 and April 2025. Descriptive statistics alongside the t-test and analysis of variance (ANOVA), Pearson-r correlation coefficient, and multiple linear regression were utilized for data analysis. Significant findings were drawn when p ≤ 0.05. Results: The average perception of shared governance among clinical nurses at the UBC level was 180.42 out of 430, suggesting that decision-making occurs collaboratively between nurses and management. Significant differences in the average level of clinical nurses’ perceptions of shared governance were noted in relation to their educational qualifications (F = 5.015, p = 0.001) and nursing units (F = 4.157, p = 0.010). The hospital in which clinical nurses were employed (r = 0.098, p = 0.037) and nursing units (r = 0.087, p = 0.020) exhibited significant correlations with their overall shared professional governance. Furthermore, the hospital where clinical nurses were employed (β = 0.406, p = 0.001, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.166, 0.646) and nursing units (β = 0.326, p = 0.038, 95% CI = 0.018, 0.314) served as predictors of their overall professional shared governance. Conclusions: Clinical nurses in this study showed an initial or relatively low level of shared governance at the UBC level. The overall finding highlights a critical need for nursing managers and leaders to enhance the level of professional shared governance among clinical nurses, which may result in improved nurse retention and overall quality of nursing care. It is crucial to consider clinical nurses’ educational qualifications and working environment at the UBC level when aiming to enhance their level of professional shared governance.

The effective training of large-scale distributed deep learning models has become an active and emerging research area in recent years. Federated learning (FL) can address those challenges by training global models through parameter exchange of client models rather than raw data sharing, thereby preserving security and communication efficiency. However, conventional linear aggregation approaches in FL neglect heterogeneous client models and non-IID data. This often results in inter-layer information imbalance and feature-space misalignment, leading to low overall accuracy and unstable training. To overcome these limitations, we propose HyFLM, a personalized federated learning framework that maximizes performance with Multidimensional Trajectory Optimization theory (MTO) on diffusion paths. HyFLM extends a diffusion-based FL framework by encoding client–parameter dependencies with a diffusion model and precisely controlling dimension-specific paths, thereby generating personalized weights that reflect both the data complexity and the resource constraints of each client. In addition, a lightweight hypernetwork generates client-specific adapters or weights to further enhance personalization. Extensive experiments on multiple benchmarks demonstrate that HyFLM consistently outperforms major baselines in terms of both accuracy and communication efficiency, achieving faster convergence and higher accuracy. Furthermore, ablation studies verify the contribution of MAC to convergence acceleration, confirming that HyFLM is an effective and practical personalized FL paradigm for heterogeneous client models.

Introduction: The proteasome is a multicatalytic complex responsible for protein degradation and regulation of immune responses, and has been implicated in type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) pathogenesis. Zinc (Zn²⁺) is essential for insulin granule biogenesis and modulates proteasomal activity. This study investigated associations between single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in proteasomal subunits predicted to bind Zn²⁺ and T1DM susceptibility or related traits. Methods: This case–control study included 654 patients with T1DM and 573 subjects without DM from Southern Brazil. SNPs were selected through in silico analysis using MIB docking platform to identify Zn²⁺-interacting residues in proteasomal subunits. Five SNPs in proteasomal subunit genes—PSMA6 (rs1048990), PSMB6 (rs2304975), PSMB9 (rs17587), PSMC6 (rs2295825), and PSMD3 (rs3087852)—were genotyped using TaqMan assays. Results: The PSMC6 rs2295825C allele was associated with lower T1DM (OR = 0.77, 95% CI 0.61–0.97; p = 0.028) and diabetic retinopathy (DR; OR = 0.65; 95% CI 0.42–0.99; p = 0.048) risk, and a more favorable lipid profile (higher HDL-C, lower triglycerides) compared to the G/G genotype. The PSMB9 rs17587A/A genotype was linked to higher total cholesterol and HbA1c levels. The PSMA6 rs1048990G allele was linked to increased prevalence of diabetic kidney disease (DKD; OR = 1.75, 95% CI 1.02–2.99; p = 0.042), and the PSMD3 rs3087852A allele was associated with lower urinary albumin excretion. No significant associations were observed for the PSMB6 rs2304975 SNP. Conclusions: The PSMC6 rs2295825 SNP may confer protection against T1DM. The PSMC6 rs2295825, PSMB9 rs17587, PSMA6 rs1048990, and PSMD3 rs3087852 SNPs appear to influence lipid metabolism and diabetic microvascular complications.