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22 pages, 6378 KB  
Article
LU-Net: Lightweight U-Shaped Network for Water Body Extraction of Remote Sensing Images
by Chengzhi Deng, Ruqiang He, Zhaoming Wu, Xiaowei Sun and Shengqian Wang
Water 2025, 17(18), 2763; https://doi.org/10.3390/w17182763 (registering DOI) - 18 Sep 2025
Abstract
Deep learning-based water body extraction methods generally focus on maximizing accuracy while neglecting inference speed, which can make them challenging to apply in real-time applications. To address this problem, this paper proposes a lightweight u-shaped network (LU-Net), which improves inference speed while maintaining [...] Read more.
Deep learning-based water body extraction methods generally focus on maximizing accuracy while neglecting inference speed, which can make them challenging to apply in real-time applications. To address this problem, this paper proposes a lightweight u-shaped network (LU-Net), which improves inference speed while maintaining comparable accuracy. To reduce inference latency, a lightweight decoder block (LDB) is designed, which employs a depthwise separable convolution structure to accelerate the decoding process. To enhance accuracy, a lightweight convolutional block attention module (LCBAM) is designed, which effectively captures water-specific spectral and spatial characteristics through a dual-attention mechanism. To improve multi-scale water boundary extraction, a structurally re-parameterized multi-scale fusion prediction module (SRMFPM) is designed, which integrates multi-scale water boundary information through convolutions of different sizes. Comparative experiments are conducted on the GID and LoveDA datasets, with model performance assessed using the MIoU metric and inference latency. The results demonstrate that LU-Net achieves the lowest GPU latency of 3.1 MS and the second-lowest CPU latency of 36 MS in the experiments. On the GID, LU-Net achieves the MIoU of 91.36%, outperforming other tested methods. On the LoveDA datasets, LU-Net achieves the second-highest MIoU of 86.32% among the evaluated models, which is 0.08% lower than the top-performing CGNet. Considering both latency and MIoU, LU-Net demonstrates commendable efficiency on the GID and LoveDA datasets across all compared networks. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section New Sensors, New Technologies and Machine Learning in Water Sciences)
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19 pages, 312 KB  
Article
Maternal Folic Acid Supplementation, Perinatal Factors, and Pre-Adolescent Asthma: Findings from the Healthy Growth Study
by Eva Karaglani, Maria Michelle Papamichael, Matzourana Argyropoulou, Dimitra-Irinna Vitoratou, Costas Anastasiou, Mehak Batra, Yibeltal Bekele, Bircan Erbas, Yannis Manios and George Moschonis
Nutrients 2025, 17(18), 2989; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17182989 (registering DOI) - 18 Sep 2025
Abstract
Background: While the importance of folic acid supplementation during pregnancy in the prevention of neural tube defects in offspring is well established, its potential role in pediatric asthma development remains unclear, with limited evidence to date. Objective: To identify perinatal and environmental factors [...] Read more.
Background: While the importance of folic acid supplementation during pregnancy in the prevention of neural tube defects in offspring is well established, its potential role in pediatric asthma development remains unclear, with limited evidence to date. Objective: To identify perinatal and environmental factors that modify the association between maternal folic acid intake and pre-adolescent asthma. Methods: Cross-sectional analysis of the Healthy Growth Study that consisted of 2332 pre-adolescents (mean age 11 years; asthma n = 451); 50% boys attending elementary schools in Greece. Questionnaires were used to collect data on sociodemographic, perinatal, and environmental characteristics as well as asthma prevalence and maternal folic acid supplementation during pregnancy (trimesters 1, 2, and 3). Logistic regression models explored the association between maternal folic acid supplementation and pre-adolescent asthma, accounting for perinatal and environmental exposures. Results: Adjusted regression models showed that maternal folic acid supplementation during the third trimester was associated with 34% increased odds of pre-adolescent asthma. Stratified analyses per perinatal and environmental factors revealed significantly higher asthma odds with folic acid supplementation during the second and third trimesters among pre-adolescents born < 37 weeks; non-smoking mothers; in pre-adolescents attending schools of low socioeconomic level; and in neighborhoods having less traffic and more parks. Contrastingly, in appropriate for gestational age (AGA), an infant’s first-trimester supplementation increased asthma odds. Conclusions: Maternal folic acid supplementation, particularly in later trimesters, was modestly associated with increased odds of pre-adolescent asthma, modified by perinatal and environmental factors. Future research should explore whether continued folic acid supplementation beyond the first trimester carries differential risks or benefits in asthma. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Diet and Nutrition for Pediatric Asthma)
34 pages, 7273 KB  
Review
Understanding PFAS Adsorption: How Molecular Structure Affects Sustainable Water Treatment
by Muhammad Hamza, Ridwan T. Ayinla, Islam Elsayed and El Barbary Hassan
Environments 2025, 12(9), 330; https://doi.org/10.3390/environments12090330 (registering DOI) - 18 Sep 2025
Abstract
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) are a broad group of synthetic chemicals characterized by strong carbon–fluorine bonds, making them highly persistent and widely distributed in the environment. Their chain length and functional head groups, such as sulfonate and carboxylate groups, determine key molecular [...] Read more.
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) are a broad group of synthetic chemicals characterized by strong carbon–fluorine bonds, making them highly persistent and widely distributed in the environment. Their chain length and functional head groups, such as sulfonate and carboxylate groups, determine key molecular properties like hydrophobicity, acidity, and sorption behavior. These properties significantly impact the effectiveness of PFAS removal from water systems. This review provides a structural classification of PFASs and explores removal strategies, with a particular emphasis on adsorption. It examines sustainable adsorbents, including both natural materials (e.g., cellulose, chitosan, lignin, and cyclodextrins) and engineered synthetic materials (e.g., covalent organic frameworks, metal–organic frameworks, and molecularly imprinted polymers). The discussion highlights important parameters such as chain length and functional chemistry, as these can greatly influence removal efficiency. Furthermore, the discussion addresses the adsorption mechanisms-such as electrostatic attraction, hydrophobic interaction, and fluorophilic interactions-to show how they contribute in different systems. By combining structural insights with adsorption performance data, this review aims to help design and select sustainable, high-performance adsorbents for efficiently reducing PFASs in contaminated water. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Editorial Board Members’ Collection Series: Wastewater Treatment)
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26 pages, 1270 KB  
Article
Cultural Integration for Sustainable Supply Chain Management in Emerging Markets: Framework Development and Empirical Validation Using Public Data
by Tsai Hsin Jiang and Yung Chia Chang
Sustainability 2025, 17(18), 8363; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17188363 (registering DOI) - 18 Sep 2025
Abstract
This study develops and empirically validates a framework integrating cultural factors into sustainable supply chain management (SSCM) for emerging economies. We introduce the Cultural Affinity Index (CAI), a multi-dimensional construct quantifying cultural compatibility between supply chain partners based on language compatibility, regional trust, [...] Read more.
This study develops and empirically validates a framework integrating cultural factors into sustainable supply chain management (SSCM) for emerging economies. We introduce the Cultural Affinity Index (CAI), a multi-dimensional construct quantifying cultural compatibility between supply chain partners based on language compatibility, regional trust, trade networks, and historical trade patterns. Using publicly available data from UN COMTRADE, the World Bank, and Hofstede Insights, we analyze 850 supplier–manufacturer dyads across five Southeast Asian countries (2019–2023). Through Monte Carlo simulation with empirically calibrated parameters, we demonstrate that high cultural affinity (CAI > 0.7) shows positive associations with economic performance (+18.0%), environmental compliance (+12%), and social sustainability (+32%) compared to baseline scenarios. We test both linear and interaction models, finding that language compatibility and regional trust exhibit synergistic effects (β = 0.15, p < 0.01). Multi-objective optimization reveals Pareto-optimal solutions achieving simultaneous improvements across all triple bottom line dimensions. Sensitivity analysis confirms robustness across varying cultural weights (±20%) and institutional contexts. The framework’s effectiveness varies by institutional quality, with stronger associations in weaker institutional environments (correlation = −0.92). While focused on manufacturing, we discuss adaptations for service sectors. This research provides both theoretical contributions to the SSCM literature and practical tools for organizations managing culturally diverse supply chains in emerging markets. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Economic and Business Aspects of Sustainability)
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21 pages, 21336 KB  
Article
A Comparative Analysis of UAV LiDAR and Mobile Laser Scanning for Tree Height and DBH Estimation in a Structurally Complex, Mixed-Species Natural Forest
by Lucian Mîzgaciu, Gheorghe Marian Tudoran, Andrei Eugen Ciocan, Petru Tudor Stăncioiu and Mihai Daniel Niță
Forests 2025, 16(9), 1481; https://doi.org/10.3390/f16091481 (registering DOI) - 18 Sep 2025
Abstract
Accurate measurement of tree height and diameter at breast height (DBH) is essential for forest inventory, biomass estimation, and habitat assessment but remains challenging in structurally complex, multi-layered forests. This study evaluates the accuracy and operational feasibility of Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) LiDAR [...] Read more.
Accurate measurement of tree height and diameter at breast height (DBH) is essential for forest inventory, biomass estimation, and habitat assessment but remains challenging in structurally complex, multi-layered forests. This study evaluates the accuracy and operational feasibility of Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) LiDAR and Mobile Laser Scanning (MLS) for estimating tree height and DBH in such stands with a diverse structure in the Romanian Carpathians. Field measurements from six plots encompassing mixed-species (Fagus sylvatica L., Abies alba Mill., Picea abies (L.) H.Karst.) and single-species (Picea abies) stands were compared against UAV- and MLS-derived metrics. MLS delivered near-inventory-grade DBH accuracy across all species (R2 up to 0.98) and reliable height estimates for intermediate and suppressed trees, while UAV LiDAR consistently underestimated tree height, especially in dense, multi-layered stands (R2 < 0.2 in mixed plots). Voxel-based occlusion analysis revealed that over 93% of area under canopy and interior crown volume was captured only by MLS, confirming its dominance below the canopy, whereas UAV LiDAR primarily delineated the outer canopy surface. Species traits influenced DBH accuracy locally, but structural complexity and canopy layering were the main drivers of height underestimation. We recommend hybrid UAV–MLS workflows combining UAV efficiency for canopy-scale mapping with MLS precision for stem and sub-canopy structure. Future research should explore multi-season acquisitions, improved SLAM robustness, and automated data fusion to enable scalable, multi-layer forest monitoring for carbon accounting, biodiversity assessment, and sustainable forest management decision making. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Cutting-Edge Solutions in Advanced Forestry: Integrating Sensors, AI, IoT, Robotics, and Connectivity)
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16 pages, 2028 KB  
Article
Enhancing Timeliness and Compliance of Osteoporosis Care in Oncology: Evidence from a Dedicated Bone Health Service
by William Balzi, Valentina Danesi, Andrea Roncadori, Ilaria Massa, Roberta Maltoni, Nicola Gentili, Martina Cavallucci, Alice Andalò, Laura Ridolfi, Venetia Zavoiu, Maria Cristina Focherini, Raffaele Giannini, Enrico Campadelli, Stefano Tamberi and Sebastiano Calpona
J. Clin. Med. 2025, 14(18), 6564; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm14186564 (registering DOI) - 18 Sep 2025
Abstract
Background/Objectives: Management of cancer treatment-induced bone loss (CTIBL) is essential for preserving quality of life among breast cancer (BC) patients receiving endocrine therapy. However, bone-modifying agents (BMAs) remain underused and delayed. In 2014, IRST launched the first bone health outpatient service in [...] Read more.
Background/Objectives: Management of cancer treatment-induced bone loss (CTIBL) is essential for preserving quality of life among breast cancer (BC) patients receiving endocrine therapy. However, bone-modifying agents (BMAs) remain underused and delayed. In 2014, IRST launched the first bone health outpatient service in Romagna (the eastern area of the Emilia-Romagna region). A multi-centre, retrospective observational study with propensity score matching (PSM) was conducted to evaluate the impact of the IRST organisational model on bone health. Methods: The PSM matched the Emilia-Romagna patients who underwent BC surgery between 2014 and 2022 and were in follow-up in the Romagna area. Patients were grouped as follows: (1) IRST and (2) other Romagna hospitals (without bone health service, i.e., the control group). The matching was based on age, in situ/invasive cancer, and type of early-stage treatment (hormone treatment vs. chemotherapy). Logistic regression and Cox proportional-hazard models assessed factors associated with bone care treatment initiation and timings, respectively. Results: After PSM, we matched 3112 of the 8021 eligible patients into the two cohorts. IRST patients were 39% more likely to receive BMAs (OR: 1.393; 95% CI: 1.236–1.571) and initiated treatment approximately 12 months earlier. We observed that patients with invasive tumours were 77% more likely to initiate bone therapy than those with in situ tumours (OR: 1.766; 95% CI: 1.237–2.585). The early initiation of bone health therapy was influenced by age (p < 0.001) and neoadjuvant chemotherapy treatment (p < 0.001). Conclusions: The IRST model demonstrates responsiveness to bone health needs in BC patients and may be implemented elsewhere to support integrated CTIBL care. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Advances in the Diagnosis and Treatment of Breast Cancer)
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18 pages, 7241 KB  
Article
Isolation and Characterization of Equine Lymph Node Endothelial Cells
by Tomas Lugo, Stephanie Myers and Thu Annelise Nguyen
Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(9), 905; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12090905 (registering DOI) - 18 Sep 2025
Abstract
In vitro models have revolutionized our understanding of biological pathways and mechanisms, offering a viable alternative to direct patient testing. However, there is a significant lack of models for different animals, particularly equine models. This study presents a novel primary cell culture extracted [...] Read more.
In vitro models have revolutionized our understanding of biological pathways and mechanisms, offering a viable alternative to direct patient testing. However, there is a significant lack of models for different animals, particularly equine models. This study presents a novel primary cell culture extracted from a 3-year-old horse diagnosed with multisystemic eosinophilic epitheliotropic disease. Tissue samples were collected from lymph nodes at various locations. Growth curves of extracted primary cells were analyzed and the optimal conditions were assessed. Biomarkers, such as CD31, ZO-1, CD79, Beta-catenin, E-cadherin, and LYE-1, were detected using an immunofluorescence assay, indicating that these primary cells are of endothelial origin. Initial whole-genome sequencing was performed to confirm the species’ origin and to identify the number of common variations in comparison with the NIH EquCab3.0 reference genome. For the first time, the establishment of primary equine cells from lymph nodes is reported, and these can be used as an in vitro model for testing drug responses, molecular pathways, and environmental effects. Full article
(This article belongs to the Topic Animal Diseases in Agricultural Production Systems: Their Veterinary, Zoonotic, and One Health Importance, 2nd Edition)
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20 pages, 2066 KB  
Article
Oxidic Substrate with Variable Charge Surface Chemically Modified for Copper Ion Adsorption from Aqueous Solutions
by José G. Prato, Fernando Millán, Iván Ríos, Marin Senila, Erika Andrea Levei, Luisa Carolina González and Enju Wang
Water 2025, 17(18), 2761; https://doi.org/10.3390/w17182761 (registering DOI) - 18 Sep 2025
Abstract
The presence of toxic elements in drinking water poses important risks to human health. Among the diverse methodologies available to remove these elements from water, adsorption methods are among the most effective; however, many adsorbent materials are either costly, not widely available, or [...] Read more.
The presence of toxic elements in drinking water poses important risks to human health. Among the diverse methodologies available to remove these elements from water, adsorption methods are among the most effective; however, many adsorbent materials are either costly, not widely available, or difficult to handle. This work focuses on the application of a new natural geologic material, named “V” material, to prepare an adsorbent substrate applied to water treatment, using its adsorption properties to remove metallic species from aqueous media. The geologic material is a thermally and mechanically resistant material, composed basically of quartz, iron and aluminum oxides, with amphoteric properties. A granular medium or substrate was prepared via thermal treatment using three granulometric fractions of the material: the smaller fraction, less than 250 μm, named the fine fraction, VFF; from 250 μm to 425 μm, named the medium fraction, VMF; and from 425 μm to 1200 μm, named the gross fraction, VGF. The experiments were carried out on both alkaline-treated and non-treated substrates, named activated and non-activated substrates, respectively. The BET and external surface, as well as the pore volume, increased significantly after the calcination process. The adsorption isotherms pointed to a strong interaction between metallic ions and activated substrates, in contrast to the non-activated substrate, which showed much less affinity. This type of isotherm is associated with specific adsorption, where the adsorption occurs chemically between Cu2+ ions and the substrate surface, basically composed of amphoteric metallic oxides. The adsorption data fit fairly well to the Freundlich and Langmuir models, where the K values are higher for activated substrates. According to the Freundlich K values, the copper adsorptions on the activated substrates were higher: 5.0395, 3.9814 and 4.2165 mg/g, compared with 0.3622, 1.8843 and 0.4544 mg/g on non-activated substrates. The pH measurements showed the production of 0.56 and 0.10 μmol H+ during the adsorption reaction on the activated substrate, following the theoretical model for the chemisorption of transitional metals on amphoteric oxides. These results show the potential applicability of this kind of substrate in retaining transitional metals from polluted drinkable water at low cost. It is environmentally friendly, non-toxic, and available for rural media and mining-impacted regions. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Technologies on Water and Wastewater Treatment)
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26 pages, 6137 KB  
Article
Effects of Tensile Specimen Geometry and Gripping System on the Mechanical Stability of Ausferrite in Austempered Ductile Irons
by Lun Fu, Manuel Schiralli, Maurizio Vedani, Jakob Olofsson, Marcin Górny, Parnian Govahi, Riccardo Donnini, Maria Losurdo and Giuliano Angella
Materials 2025, 18(18), 4359; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma18184359 (registering DOI) - 18 Sep 2025
Abstract
Different combinations of round and flat tensile specimens for different gripping systems of Austempered Ductile Irons (ADIs) were produced from the same 25 mm Y-block castings to investigate the effect of the specimen geometry and gripping system on the tensile mechanical properties of [...] Read more.
Different combinations of round and flat tensile specimens for different gripping systems of Austempered Ductile Irons (ADIs) were produced from the same 25 mm Y-block castings to investigate the effect of the specimen geometry and gripping system on the tensile mechanical properties of ADIs. Particular attention was paid to the analysis of strain-hardening behavior of ADIs that can be related to the stability of ausferrite, when austenite transforms into martensite. Moreover, Digital Image Correlation (DIC) was carried out on the flat tensile specimens to analyze the strain distribution of the material in real time. To quantify the austenite stability with plastic deformation, X-ray Diffraction (XRD) analysis was performed on ADIs before and after straining. Finally, Finite Element Modeling (FEM) simulations were carried out to analyze the stress distribution along the tensile specimens in all the different tensile testing configurations (tensile specimen geometry + gripping system). The flat specimens showed lower ductility and higher strain-hardening rates; however, the flat tensile specimens with the wedge gripping system experienced the highest strain-hardening rate, suggesting a significant decrease in the ausferrite stability in this tensile testing configuration. FEM simulations showed that the specimen geometry and the gripping system influenced the tensile behavior of ADI by reducing the ductility because of stress intensification and triaxiality effects. Furthermore, the stress intensification and triaxiality factor caused a higher strain-hardening rate, which was associated with increased ausferrite instability. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Metals and Alloys)
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25 pages, 783 KB  
Systematic Review
KAVAI: A Systematic Review of the Building Blocks for Knowledge-Assisted Visual Analytics in Industrial Manufacturing
by Adrian J. Böck, Stefanie Größbacher, Jan Vrablicz, Christina Stoiber, Alexander Rind, Josef Suschnigg, Tobias Schreck, Wolfgang Aigner and Markus Wagner
Appl. Sci. 2025, 15(18), 10172; https://doi.org/10.3390/app151810172 (registering DOI) - 18 Sep 2025
Abstract
Industry 4.0 produces large volumes of sensor and machine data, offering new possibilities for manufacturing analytics but also creating challenges in combining domain knowledge with visual analysis. We present a systematic review of 13 peer-reviewed knowledge-assisted visual analytics (KAVA) systems published between 2014 [...] Read more.
Industry 4.0 produces large volumes of sensor and machine data, offering new possibilities for manufacturing analytics but also creating challenges in combining domain knowledge with visual analysis. We present a systematic review of 13 peer-reviewed knowledge-assisted visual analytics (KAVA) systems published between 2014 and 2024, following PRISMA guidelines for the identification, screening, and inclusion processes. The survey is organized around six predefined building blocks, namely, user group, industrial domain, visualization, knowledge, data and machine learning, with a specific emphasis on the integration of knowledge and visualization in the reviewed studies. We find that ontologies, taxonomies, rule sets, and knowledge graphs provide explicit representations of expert understanding, sometimes enriched with annotations and threshold specifications. These structures are stored in RDF or graph databases, relational tables, or flat files, though interoperability is limited, and post-design contributions are not always persisted. Explicit knowledge is visualized through standard and specialized techniques, including thresholds in time-series plots, annotated dashboards, node–link diagrams, customized machine views from ontologies, and 3D digital twins with expert-defined rules. Line graphs, bar charts, and scatterplots are the most frequently used chart types, often augmented with thresholds and annotations derived from explicit knowledge. Recurring challenges include fragmented storage, heterogeneous data and knowledge types, limited automation, inconsistent validation of user input, and scarce long-term evaluations. Addressing these gaps will be essential for developing adaptable, reusable KAVA systems for industrial analytics. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Applied Industrial Technologies)
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26 pages, 2042 KB  
Review
The Roles of Moonlighting Nicotinamide Mononucleotide Adenylyl Transferases in Cell Physiology
by Yi-Ching Lee and Su-Ju Lin
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025, 26(18), 9098; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms26189098 (registering DOI) - 18 Sep 2025
Abstract
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) is an essential metabolite, and abnormal NAD+ metabolism has been linked to numerous human diseases. The nicotinamide mononucleotide adenylyl transferases (NMNATs) catalyze NAD+ production through both de novo and salvage pathways. NMNATs are multi-functional enzymes [...] Read more.
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) is an essential metabolite, and abnormal NAD+ metabolism has been linked to numerous human diseases. The nicotinamide mononucleotide adenylyl transferases (NMNATs) catalyze NAD+ production through both de novo and salvage pathways. NMNATs are multi-functional enzymes with NAD+ synthesis activity and chaperone activity. Interestingly, NMNATs are involved in neuroprotection, and whether these neuroprotective effects require NAD+ synthesis activity appears to vary depending on the context. Nevertheless, NMNATs can modulate cellular processes primarily through supporting NAD+ homeostasis. In this review, we discuss the roles of NMNATs in NAD+ homeostasis, their functional domains, and how their subcellular localizations influence the compartmentalized NAD+ pools. We present an integrative framework to help understand the diverse impacts of NMNATs in human diseases, with a focus on neurological disorders caused by different insults. To address knowledge gaps, we integrate the regulation of NMNATs in both human and model organisms. We also discuss the current understanding and limitations of NMNAT activators and inhibitors to help evaluate their translational significance as therapeutic targets for NAD+ modulation. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Biochemistry)
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20 pages, 9897 KB  
Article
Exploring Gastrodin Against Aging-Related Genes in Alzheimer’s Disease by Integrated Bioinformatics Analysis and Machine Learning
by Lipeng Zhou, Xinying Chen, Shuang Liang, Jiulong Yan, Lianhu Sun, Yaping Li, Xingliang Chen and Zhirong Sun
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025, 26(18), 9097; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms26189097 (registering DOI) - 18 Sep 2025
Abstract
Gastrodin is the main active ingredient of Gastrodia elata Blume, known for its prominent neuroprotective effects, especially in Alzheimer’s disease. Meanwhile, aging is a critical risk factor in age-related diseases, including AD. Now, the underlying mechanisms of gastrodin against aging-related genes in Alzheimer’s [...] Read more.
Gastrodin is the main active ingredient of Gastrodia elata Blume, known for its prominent neuroprotective effects, especially in Alzheimer’s disease. Meanwhile, aging is a critical risk factor in age-related diseases, including AD. Now, the underlying mechanisms of gastrodin against aging-related genes in Alzheimer’s disease remain unclear. Our study aimed to identify and validate the molecular mechanisms of gastrodin on aging-related genes in Alzheimer’s disease. Firstly, we analyzed gene expression datasets from GEO in NCBI, and weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) was used to identify the intersected genes with differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and aging genes. Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) functional enrichment analyses and protein–protein interaction (PPI) network were performed to analyze and evaluate the intersected genes to screen key genes. Subsequently, we used machine learning techniques to screen hub genes and subcellular localization to confirm the reliability of the hub genes. Finally, molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulation were combined to explore the binding interactions between core targets and gastrodin. We identified 29 intersecting genes among DEGs of AD, key module genes of AD, and aging genes. Next, nine common hub genes were identified by four algorithms of the cytoHubba plug-in. Four hub genes, GFAP, NPY, SNAP25, and SST, were found as possibly hub aging-related genes in Alzheimer’s disease from machine algorithms by adopting the random forest, LASSO, SVM, and Boruta models. Among them, GFAP showed marked upregulation, while NPY, SNAP25, and SST exhibited significant downregulation (p < 0.05). Finally, molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulation exhibited that gastrodin has an excellent affinity in docking with SNAP25. This study demonstrates that SNAP25 can be considered a key aging-related gene in AD, and gastrodin could treat AD by targeting specific genes and signaling pathways. These findings provide critical insights for the clinical application of gastrodin. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Molecular Informatics)
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14 pages, 5971 KB  
Article
DNA Barcoding Provides Taxonomic Clues for Identifying Five Endangered Phoebe Species in Southern China
by Wenxiu Yin, Chungui Du, Xiaofeng Zhang, Wenbiao Zhang, Wenwu Wu, Chongrong Fang, Xingcui Xiao, Jiawei Zhu, Fei Yang and Mingzhe Zhang
Plants 2025, 14(18), 2895; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14182895 (registering DOI) - 18 Sep 2025
Abstract
Trees in the genus Phoebe of the Lauraceae family are commonly known as “Nanmu” in traditional Chinese culture. As they have offered highly valued timbers for construction, furniture, and coffins since the pre-Qin Dynasty, it is crucial to identify and protect these Phoebe [...] Read more.
Trees in the genus Phoebe of the Lauraceae family are commonly known as “Nanmu” in traditional Chinese culture. As they have offered highly valued timbers for construction, furniture, and coffins since the pre-Qin Dynasty, it is crucial to identify and protect these Phoebe species. However, the accuracy of Phoebe species identification is frequently hampered due to the limitations of traditional morphological and wood anatomy methods as the marker characteristics are very similar between the species, alongside the requirement for specialized expertise. Here, we use DNA barcoding technology for the rapid and accurate identification of five endangered Phoebe species in China, including Phoebe bournei, P. chekiangensis, P. hui, P. sheareri and P. zhennan. Four highly divergent regions (petA-psbJ-psbL-psbF-psbE, Ψycf1-ndhF, rpl32-trnLUAG and ycf1) were identified from a comparison of the 20 Phoebe plastomes downloaded from the database. Furthermore, phylogenetic analysis on 20 Phoebe species showed that rpl32-trnLUAG + ycf1, as well as rpl32-trnLUAG + ycf1 + Ψycf1-ndhF, effectively distinguished the fifteen Phoebe species. We further validated the usefulness of the core 2-locus barcode using wood and leaf samples from multiple sites for five target species. The study confirms the reliability of molecular diagnostics for five Phoebe species. It also establishes critical taxonomic protocols for conserving these endangered Nanmu species in southern China. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Plant Systematics, Taxonomy, Nomenclature and Classification)
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21 pages, 2123 KB  
Review
Energy Flexibility Realization in Grid-Interactive Buildings for Demand Response: State-of-the-Art Review on Strategies, Resources, Control, and KPIs
by Long Zhang, Meng Huo, Teng Zhou, Jiapeng Pan and Yin Xu
Energies 2025, 18(18), 4960; https://doi.org/10.3390/en18184960 (registering DOI) - 18 Sep 2025
Abstract
The increasing penetration of renewable energy into the grid has given rise to an emerging challenge of maintaining the supply–demand balance. Conventional supply-side regulation is now insufficient to maintain this balance, necessitating flexible resources from the demand side to address this challenge. Buildings, [...] Read more.
The increasing penetration of renewable energy into the grid has given rise to an emerging challenge of maintaining the supply–demand balance. Conventional supply-side regulation is now insufficient to maintain this balance, necessitating flexible resources from the demand side to address this challenge. Buildings, as important energy end-use consumers, possess abundant flexible resources and can play a significant role in responding to grid dispatch via demand response. Therefore, grid-interactive buildings (GIBs) have garnered widespread attention. This technology coordinates the scheduling of distributed renewable energies, energy storage, and adjustable loads via advanced control methodologies, leading to the reshaping of building load profiles to enhance grid flexibility. However, the realization of energy flexibility in GIBs has not yet been comprehensively identified in the literature. To narrow the knowledge gap, this review compared GIBs with other technologies of building energy management to highlight the distinct features of GIBs. Additionally, the flexible energy strategies of GIBs were explored, combined with flexible resources within buildings, and the feasible pathways for these strategies were also addressed. Based on the scheduling scenarios in GIBs, the performance characteristics of various control methodologies were compared and analyzed. Finally, an evaluation framework for GIBs was established. This review will facilitate the shift of buildings from traditional energy consumers to flexible resources that actively respond to the grid and provide critical support for the grid stability and reliability. Full article
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10 pages, 245 KB  
Article
hTERT Gene Expression and Athlete’s Heart: A Study in Middle-Aged Endurance Athletes
by Caglar Ozmen, Nihal Inandiklioglu, Ozgur Gunasti, Hatice Rahimova, Omer Tepe, Rabia Eker Akilli, Pinar Ozmen Yildiz, Sanli Sadi Kurdak and Mustafa Demirtas
Genes 2025, 16(9), 1104; https://doi.org/10.3390/genes16091104 (registering DOI) - 18 Sep 2025
Abstract
Background/Objectives: Telomeres and the enzyme telomerase play essential roles in cellular aging and cardiovascular health. Physical activity is thought to influence telomere dynamics via upregulation of the hTERT gene, which encodes the catalytic subunit of telomerase. However, data on this relationship in middle-aged [...] Read more.
Background/Objectives: Telomeres and the enzyme telomerase play essential roles in cellular aging and cardiovascular health. Physical activity is thought to influence telomere dynamics via upregulation of the hTERT gene, which encodes the catalytic subunit of telomerase. However, data on this relationship in middle-aged endurance athletes remain limited. This study aimed to investigate the association between long-term endurance training, cardiac structural adaptations, and hTERT gene expression in middle-aged elite athletes. Methods: A total of 38 middle-aged elite runners and 37 age-matched sedentary controls were enrolled. Echocardiographic assessments, VO2peak measurements, and hTERT gene expression analysis using RT-PCR were conducted. Left ventricular mass (LVM), wall thicknesses, and cardiac volumes were compared, and correlations with hTERT expression were analyzed. Results: Athletes demonstrated significantly higher VO2peak and echocardiographic parameters including LVEDD, LV mass, and wall thicknesses (p < 0.05). hTERT gene expression was 2.06-fold higher in athletes compared to controls. Significant positive correlations were observed between hTERT expression and VO2peak, LVM, LV wall thicknesses, and right ventricular parameters. Conclusions: These findings suggest that regular aerobic exercise may contribute to both improved cardiovascular performance and cellular longevity by enhancing telomerase-related mechanisms. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Human Genomics and Genetic Diseases)
15 pages, 10527 KB  
Article
Sodium-Oxide Fluxed Aluminothermic Reduction of Manganese Ore for a Circular Economy: Cr Collector Metal Application
by Theresa Coetsee and Frederik De Bruin
Sustain. Chem. 2025, 6(3), 30; https://doi.org/10.3390/suschem6030030 (registering DOI) - 18 Sep 2025
Abstract
Aluminothermic reduction is gaining renewed interest as an alternative processing route for the circular economy. Aluminium is produced electrochemically in the Hall–Héroult process with minimal CO2 emissions if electricity is sourced from non-fossil fuel energy sources. The Al2O3 product [...] Read more.
Aluminothermic reduction is gaining renewed interest as an alternative processing route for the circular economy. Aluminium is produced electrochemically in the Hall–Héroult process with minimal CO2 emissions if electricity is sourced from non-fossil fuel energy sources. The Al2O3 product from the aluminothermic reduction process can be recycled via hydrometallurgy, with leaching as the first step. NaAlO2 is a water-leachable compound that forms a pathway for recycling Al2O3 with hydrometallurgy. In this work, a suitable slag formulation is applied in the aluminothermic reduction of manganese ore to form a Na2O-based slag of high Al2O3 solubility to effect good alloy–slag separation. The synergistic effect of added chromium metal as a collector metal is illustrated with an increased alloy yield at 68%, from 43% without added Cr. The addition of small amounts of carbon reductant to MnO2-containing ore ensures rapid pre-reduction to MnO. This approach negates the need for a pre-roasting step. The alloy and slag chemical analyses are compared to the thermochemistry-predicted phase chemistry. The alloy consists of 57% Mn, 18% Cr, 18% Fe, 3.4% Si, 1.5% Al, and 2.2% C. The formulated slag exhibits high Al2O3 solubility, enabling effective alloy–slag separation, even at an Al2O3 content of 55%. Full article
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26 pages, 4820 KB  
Review
Variable-Stiffness Underwater Robotic Systems: A Review
by Peiwen Lu, Busheng Dong, Xiang Gao, Fujian Zhang, Yunyun Song, Zhen Liu and Zhongqiang Zhang
J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2025, 13(9), 1805; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse13091805 (registering DOI) - 18 Sep 2025
Abstract
Oceans, which cover more than 70% of Earth’s surface, are home to vast biological and mineral resources. Deep-sea exploration encounters significant challenges due to harsh environmental factors, including low temperatures, high pressure, and complex hydrodynamic forces. These constraints have led to the widespread [...] Read more.
Oceans, which cover more than 70% of Earth’s surface, are home to vast biological and mineral resources. Deep-sea exploration encounters significant challenges due to harsh environmental factors, including low temperatures, high pressure, and complex hydrodynamic forces. These constraints have led to the widespread use of underwater robots as essential tools for deep-sea resource exploration and exploitation. Conventional underwater robots, whether rigid with fixed stiffness or fully flexible, fail to achieve the propulsion efficiency observed in biological fish. To overcome this limitation, researchers have developed adjustable stiffness mechanisms for robotic fish designs. This innovation strikes a balance between structural rigidity for stability and flexible adaptability to dynamic environments. By dynamically adjusting localized stiffness, these bio-inspired robots can alter their mechanical properties in real time. This capability improves propulsion efficiency, energy utilization, and resilience to external disturbances during operation. This paper begins by reviewing the evolution of underwater robots, from fixed-stiffness systems to adjustable-stiffness designs. Next, existing methods for stiffness adjustment are categorized into two approaches: offline component replacement and online real-time adaptation. The principles, implementation strategies, and comparative advantages of each approach are then analyzed. Finally, we identify the current challenges in adjustable-stiffness underwater robotics and propose future directions, such as advancements in intelligent sensing, autonomous stiffness adaptation, and enhanced performance in extreme environments. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Design and Application of Underwater Vehicles)
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16 pages, 6289 KB  
Article
The Clinical Value of the Ferning Test in Monitoring Dry Eye Syndrome in Patients with Sarcoidosis
by Călina Anda Sandu, Cosmin Victor Ganea, Vlad Constantin Donica, Anisia Iuliana Alexa, Ioana Alexandra Sandu, Madalina Ioana Bilha and Camelia Margareta Bogdănici
Life 2025, 15(9), 1464; https://doi.org/10.3390/life15091464 (registering DOI) - 18 Sep 2025
Abstract
Background: Sarcoidosis is a systemic inflammatory disease characterized by the formation of non-caseating granulomas, predominantly affecting the lungs and lymph nodes. However, the disease can affect any organ, including the eye, where it most commonly manifests as uveitis and dry eye disease (DED). [...] Read more.
Background: Sarcoidosis is a systemic inflammatory disease characterized by the formation of non-caseating granulomas, predominantly affecting the lungs and lymph nodes. However, the disease can affect any organ, including the eye, where it most commonly manifests as uveitis and dry eye disease (DED). The Ferning Test (FT), a non-invasive method for tear film analysis, offers insight into tear quality. Through this study, we aimed to evaluate the ability of the FT to diagnose and differentiate DED in patients with sarcoidosis. Methods: The study included a sample of 30 patients, divided into three groups, each consisting of 10 patients: one group of patients with sarcoidosis and dry eye disease (S-DED), one group of patients with DED without other systemic pathologies, and a control group of healthy individuals. Tear film samples were collected from the right eye of each participant, without stimulation, by microcapillarity. A drop of tear was spread on a microscope slide, allowed to dry, and then examined under a microscope to analyze the crystallization pattern. Results: Microscopic analysis revealed a significant difference in the structure and morphology of crystallization, as well as in the number of formed branchings, in sarcoidosis patients compared to patients in the other two groups. This finding suggests a distinct alteration in tear film composition in patients with sarcoidosis. Conclusions: Based on these results, the FT represents a valuable and promising tool for the diagnosis of DED associated with sarcoidosis. Being a non-invasive, easy-to-perform, and inexpensive test, it can be widely implemented in any ophthalmology department, opening perspectives for the test to become an important component among the diagnostic elements of dry eye syndrome in patients with sarcoidosis. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Prognosis and Management of Dry Eye Disease)
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20 pages, 4553 KB  
Article
Physicochemical and Antimicrobial Evaluation of Bacterial Cellulose Derived from Spent Tea Waste
by Cem Gök, Arzum Işıtan, Massimo Bersani, Paolo Bettotti, Laura Pasquardini, Michele Fedrizzi, Davide D'Angelo, Havva Boyacıoğlu and Ahmet Koluman
Polymers 2025, 17(18), 2521; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym17182521 (registering DOI) - 18 Sep 2025
Abstract
Bacterial cellulose (BC) is a high-purity biopolymer with excellent physicochemical and mechanical properties, including high crystallinity, water absorption, biocompatibility, and structural tunability. However, its large-scale production is hindered by high substrate costs and limited sustainability. In this study, spent black tea waste was [...] Read more.
Bacterial cellulose (BC) is a high-purity biopolymer with excellent physicochemical and mechanical properties, including high crystallinity, water absorption, biocompatibility, and structural tunability. However, its large-scale production is hindered by high substrate costs and limited sustainability. In this study, spent black tea waste was utilized as a low-cost and eco-friendly carbon source for BC synthesis by Komagataeibacter xylinus ATCC 53524 under varying initial pH conditions (4–9). Six different BC membranes were produced and systematically characterized in terms of mechanical strength, water absorption capacity, electrical conductivity, antimicrobial performance, and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) attachment efficiency. Morphological and chemical analyses were conducted using SEM and FTIR techniques to investigate pH-induced structural variations. The results revealed that the BC6 sample (pH 6) exhibited the highest tensile strength (2.4 MPa), elongation (13%), PVA incorporation (12%), and electrical conductivity, confirming the positive impact of near-neutral conditions on nanofiber assembly and functional integration. In contrast, the BC4 sample (pH 4) demonstrated strong antimicrobial activity (log reduction = 3.5) against E. coli, suggesting that acidic pH conditions enhance bioactivity. SEM images confirmed the most cohesive and uniform fiber morphology at pH 6, while FTIR spectra indicated the preservation of characteristic cellulose functional groups across all samples. Overall, this study presents a sustainable and efficient strategy for BC production using food waste and demonstrates that synthesis pH is a key parameter in tuning its functional performance. The optimized BC membranes show potential for biomedical, flexible electronic, and antibacterial material applications, particularly in wearable electrode technologies. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Sustainable Polymeric Materials, 3rd Edition)
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11 pages, 1773 KB  
Brief Report
Development of a Nanogold-Based Lateral Flow Immunoassay for Point-of-Care Detection of SARS-CoV-2 Nucleocapsid Proteins and Antibodies
by Wei-Jie Tsai, Yeh Chen, Jye-Lin Hsu, Hsiao-Chuan Lin, Po-Ren Hsueh and Cheng-Wen Lin
COVID 2025, 5(9), 158; https://doi.org/10.3390/covid5090158 (registering DOI) - 18 Sep 2025
Abstract
The ongoing COVID-19 pandemic has underscored the urgent need for rapid, sensitive, and versatile diagnostic tools. In this study, we developed a nanogold-based lateral flow immunoassay (LFIA) capable of detecting both SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid (N) protein antigens and anti-N IgG antibodies at the point [...] Read more.
The ongoing COVID-19 pandemic has underscored the urgent need for rapid, sensitive, and versatile diagnostic tools. In this study, we developed a nanogold-based lateral flow immunoassay (LFIA) capable of detecting both SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid (N) protein antigens and anti-N IgG antibodies at the point of care. Following optimization of colloidal gold nanoparticle size, pH, and protein conjugation parameters, LFIA strips were assembled in two formats: a competitive assay for antigen detection and a sandwich assay for antibody detection. In the competitive format, gold nanoparticles (AuNPs)-conjugated N protein were used to detect varying concentrations of free N protein. The test line signal inversely correlated with antigen concentration, confirming the assay’s specificity and effectiveness. For antibody detection, the sandwich LFIA format employed immobilized anti-human IgG to capture anti-N antibodies in serum samples from COVID-19 patients. Strong test line signals were observed in samples collected ≥11 days post-symptom onset, indicating a time-dependent increase in IgG detectability. These results demonstrate that the AuNP-based LFIA platform provides a flexible, rapid, and low-cost diagnostic solution, suitable for both early antigen detection and serological monitoring during SARS-CoV-2 infection and recovery. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section COVID Clinical Manifestations and Management)
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16 pages, 3922 KB  
Article
Characterization of a Novel Thermostable and Alkaliphilic β-Mannanase for Gel-Breaking in Guar Gum Fracturing Fluids
by Wenzhuo Tian, Tianhua Lv, Shaojing Wang, Weilong Wang, Zhiwei Wang, Shuai Chen, Yutong Tian, Yuan Yun, Guoqiang Li and Ting Ma
Catalysts 2025, 15(9), 905; https://doi.org/10.3390/catal15090905 (registering DOI) - 18 Sep 2025
Abstract
The development of robust and efficient β-mannanases is key to advancing environmentally friendly industrial processes, such as guar gum fracturing fluid gel-breaking. Here, we report the identification and characterization of MG4, a novel thermotolerant and alkaliphilic β-mannanase mined from the Earth’s Microbiome database. [...] Read more.
The development of robust and efficient β-mannanases is key to advancing environmentally friendly industrial processes, such as guar gum fracturing fluid gel-breaking. Here, we report the identification and characterization of MG4, a novel thermotolerant and alkaliphilic β-mannanase mined from the Earth’s Microbiome database. The recombinant enzyme has a molecular weight of 63 kDa. MG4 displayed maximum activity at 65 °C and pH 9.0, and exhibited remarkable stability across a broad pH range (7.0–10.0). It retained over 80% of its activity after incubation at 50 °C for 1 h, and its activity was enhanced more than 40% by Mg2+ or Ca2+. Moreover, MG4 (20 mg/L) reduced the viscosity of guar gum fracturing fluid to <5 m·PaS within 30 min, outperforming ammonium persulfate (APS, 500 mg/L) which required 1 h, and produced 64.5% less insoluble residue. TEM imaging directly visualized the disruption of the guar gum polymer network by MG4, explaining its efficacy and suggesting reduced formation damage risk compared to chemical breakers. This work characterizes a highly promising biocatalyst whose thermostability, alkaliphily, efficient gel-breaking, low residue yield, and minimal formation damage potential position it as a superior, eco-friendly alternative for petroleum industry applications. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Biocatalysis)
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14 pages, 4490 KB  
Article
Assessing Intra-Annual Spatial Distribution of Amphioctopus fangsiao in the East China Sea and Southern Yellow Sea Using Ensemble Models
by Yan Cui, Xiaodi Gao, Shaobo Yang, Shengfa Li and Linlin Yang
J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2025, 13(9), 1806; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse13091806 (registering DOI) - 18 Sep 2025
Abstract
Understanding the distribution pattern and its drivers of species is crucial for developing effective and sustainable management strategies. Amphioctopus fangsiao is the octopus of significant commercial and ecological value along the coast of China, with multiple distinct populations. However, research on their ecological [...] Read more.
Understanding the distribution pattern and its drivers of species is crucial for developing effective and sustainable management strategies. Amphioctopus fangsiao is the octopus of significant commercial and ecological value along the coast of China, with multiple distinct populations. However, research on their ecological dynamics remains limited and requires further investigation. Here, ensemble models were constructed to examine the spatio-temporal distribution and inter-populational differentiation in environmental adaptability of A. fangsiao in the East China Sea (ECS) and the South Yellow Sea (SYS). Specifically, we generated the ensemble models by integrating Gradient Boosting Machine (GBM), Generalized Linear Models (GLMs), and Maximum Entropy Models (MaxEnt) for the different populations across four seasons, using fishery-independent data collected from 2015 to 2021. The results revealed two hotspots of A. fangsiao in the ECS and SYS: one is the area of SYS along the coastal waters, with latitudes 33° N–34° N and longitudes 120° E–122° E (northern population, NP); the other one is near the Kuroshio-adjacent area with latitudes 28.5° N–29° N and longitudes 123° E–124.5° E (southern population, SP). Both NP and SP exhibited distinct seasonal habitat preferences, with key environmental drivers showing seasonal variations. The NP tended to inhabit coastal waters with lower sea surface heights (SSHs), shallower water depth, and a narrower sea bottom salinity range (SBS). In contrast, SP preferred marine environments with a thicker mixed layer thickness (MLT) and higher concentrations of bottom chlorophyll-a (Chl_b). The environmental characterization of suitable habitats revealed distinct patterns in resource utilization and environmental adaptation strategies between the two populations. This study provides fundamental data for understanding A. fangsiao population dynamics and underscores the importance of considering population-specific habitat preferences within dynamic marine environments. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Marine Ecological Ranch, Fishery Remote Sensing, and Smart Fishery)
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19 pages, 6720 KB  
Article
Beyond IbMYB1: Identification and Characterization of Two Additional Anthocyanin MYB Activators, IbMYB2 and IbMYB3, in Sweetpotato
by Jian Wang, Zhuo Chen, Yang Lu, Xiaobei Zhang, Yizhao Chen, Xiangrui Li, Yi Liu, Yonghua Liu, Sunjeet Kumar, Zhixin Zhu and Guopeng Zhu
Plants 2025, 14(18), 2896; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14182896 (registering DOI) - 18 Sep 2025
Abstract
Sweetpotato displays diverse purple pigmentation due to anthocyanin accumulation. While current research on the underlying MYB activators has focused on IbMYB1 in purple-fleshed tubers, the color diversity suggests the involvement of other MYB activators. We previously identified IbMYB2 and IbMYB3 in leaf coloration. [...] Read more.
Sweetpotato displays diverse purple pigmentation due to anthocyanin accumulation. While current research on the underlying MYB activators has focused on IbMYB1 in purple-fleshed tubers, the color diversity suggests the involvement of other MYB activators. We previously identified IbMYB2 and IbMYB3 in leaf coloration. Here, we explored the chromosomal localization, phylogeny, and evolutionary scenario of IbMYB1/2/3 using four Ipomoea genomes. IbMYB1/2/3 are located adjacently as an anthocyanin MYB gene cluster, likely resulting from tandem duplications. All three IbMYBs induced anthocyanins in tobacco and activated the promoters of the key anthocyanin pathway genes IbCHS-D and IbDFR-B. Expression analysis across sweetpotato varieties indicated that IbMYB1 dominates purple tuber flesh, whereas IbMYB2/3 contribute to leaf and tuber skin coloration. Overexpression of IbMYB1/2/3 in sweetpotato all induced purple fibrous roots. Transcriptomics of IbMYB2-OX fibrous roots revealed upregulation of the entire anthocyanin pathway genes. Among the most highly upregulated transcription factors were IbMYB27 and IbHLH2. An inhibitory effect induced by IbMYB27 likely accounts for the faint pigmentation in IbMYB2-OX storage roots. The role of IbMYB2/3 in fine-tuning sweetpotato’s purple pigmentation was highlighted. This study supplements previous work on IbMYB1, providing valuable insights into the intricate anthocyanin regulatory network and supporting sweetpotato breeding efforts for improved nutritional and aesthetic qualities. Full article
(This article belongs to the Topic Plant Breeding, Genetics and Genomics, 2nd Edition)
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12 pages, 1910 KB  
Article
High-Frequency Generation of Homozygous/Biallelic Mutants via CRISPR/Cas9 Driven by AtKu70/80 Promoters
by Huihui Zhang, Chong Teng, Shanhua Lyu and Yinglun Fan
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025, 26(18), 9094; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms26189094 (registering DOI) - 18 Sep 2025
Abstract
CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing technology is widely used in plant gene editing to verify gene function or improve agronomic traits. In the CRISPR/Cas9 system, Cas9 expression hinges on promoter choice, and CRISPR/Cas9 driven by a strong promoter or cell division-specific promoter has a higher [...] Read more.
CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing technology is widely used in plant gene editing to verify gene function or improve agronomic traits. In the CRISPR/Cas9 system, Cas9 expression hinges on promoter choice, and CRISPR/Cas9 driven by a strong promoter or cell division-specific promoter has a higher editing efficiency. The CRISPR/Cas9 mechanism involves the CAS9 enzyme, which, directed by guide RNA, cleaves target double-stranded DNA and subsequently induces insertions or deletions (InDels) through the non-homologous end joining (NHEJ) repair pathway. The Ku protein plays a central role in the NHEJ repair process. It remains unclear whether driving Cas9 with promoters of AtKu70 and AtKu80, which are subunits of the Ku protein, will enhance gene editing efficiency. In this study, the promoters of AtKu70 and AtKu80 were cloned and used to drive Cas9 in the CRISPR/Cas9 system. Four different genes, GmRj7, GmNNL1, AtPDS3, and AtBRI1, were designed for soybean hairy root transformation and Arabidopsis transformation. The results showed that the CRISPR/Cas9 systems driven by the promoters of AtKu70 and AtKu80 achieved higher homozygous/biallelic mutation efficiencies than the CRISPR/Cas9 system driven by the 35S promoter in hairy root transformation by Rhizobium rhizogenes and stable genetic transformation with Rhizobium tumefaciens. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances, Pitfalls and Future Perspectives for CRISPR/Cas9 Mediated Genome Editing: 4th Edition)
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21 pages, 10447 KB  
Article
Multi-Focus Imaging and U-Net Segmentation for Mesoscale Asphalt Film Structure Analysis—Method for Characterizing Asphalt Film Structures in RAP
by Ying Wang, Shuming Li, Weina She, Yichen Cai and Hongchao Zhang
Materials 2025, 18(18), 4363; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma18184363 (registering DOI) - 18 Sep 2025
Abstract
This study presents a high-fidelity image acquisition method for asphalt film structure to address the challenge of capturing mesoscale structures, especially fine mineral filler and asphalt mastic. The method is particularly applied to the analysis of the mortar structure in reclaimed asphalt pavement [...] Read more.
This study presents a high-fidelity image acquisition method for asphalt film structure to address the challenge of capturing mesoscale structures, especially fine mineral filler and asphalt mastic. The method is particularly applied to the analysis of the mortar structure in reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP) mixtures. A digital camera combined with image stacking and texture suppression techniques was used to develop a reproducible imaging protocol. The resulting sub-pixel images significantly improved clarity and structural integrity, particularly for particles smaller than 0.075 mm. U-Net-based segmentation identified 588,513 aggregate particles—34 times more than in standard images (17,428). Among them, 95% were smaller than 0.075 mm compared to just 45% in standard images. Furthermore, segmentation accuracy reached 99.3% in high-resolution images, surpassing the 98.1% in standard images. These results confirm the method’s strong capability to preserve microscale features and enhance fine particle recognition, making it more effective than conventional imaging approaches. This study bridges physical and digital workflows in asphalt material analysis, offering a scalable, reproducible pipeline for fine-structure identification. The methodology provides foundational support for data-driven pavement modeling, material optimization, and future integration into digital twin frameworks for intelligent infrastructure systems. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement (RAP) Materials)
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17 pages, 6036 KB  
Review
A W-Band Bidirectional Switchless PALNA in SiGe BiCMOS Technology
by Choayb Boudjeriou, Bruno Barelaud and Julien Lintignat
Electronics 2025, 14(18), 3695; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics14183695 (registering DOI) - 18 Sep 2025
Abstract
This paper presents an advanced W-band bidirectional Power Amplifier–Low Noise Amplifier (PALNA) implemented using 130 nm SiGe BiCMOS technology. The proposed RF front-end eliminates the need for conventional transmit/receive (T/R) switches by employing a bidirectional architecture with a passive matching network. This approach [...] Read more.
This paper presents an advanced W-band bidirectional Power Amplifier–Low Noise Amplifier (PALNA) implemented using 130 nm SiGe BiCMOS technology. The proposed RF front-end eliminates the need for conventional transmit/receive (T/R) switches by employing a bidirectional architecture with a passive matching network. This approach minimizes area requirements and reduces signal losses. Post-layout simulation results demonstrate that the designed PALNA achieves a peak small-signal gain of 30 dB in Tx mode and 26 dB in Rx mode, with reverse isolation better than 40 dB. The 3 dB bandwidth spans from 94 to 106 GHz. In LNA mode, the design achieves a minimum noise figure of 6 dB at 100 GHz, remaining below 6.5 dB across the entire 3 dB bandwidth. In PA mode, the simulated saturated output power is 10.5 dBm, with a maximum power-added efficiency of 12% at 100 GHz. The chip size is 0.7 mm2 including pads. It consumes 78 and 22 mW in the Tx and Rx modes, respectively. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Microwave and Wireless Communications)
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