MDPI - Publisher of Open Access Journals

13 pages, 244 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Untangling Regional Disparities: HIV and STI Testing Patterns Among Youth Experiencing Homelessness in Seven U.S. Cities

by Alex Ochs, Anamika Barman-Adhikari, Hsun-Ta Hsu, Robin Petering, Jama Shelton, Sarah Narendorf, Diane Santa Maria, Kimberly Bender and Kristin Ferguson

Youth 2024, 4(4), 1774-1786; https://doi.org/10.3390/youth4040112 - 11 Dec 2024

Abstract

Youth experiencing homelessness (YEH) face elevated risks of HIV and STIs compared to their housed counterparts. HIV and STI testing services are pivotal for prevention and early detection. Investigating utilization rates and associated factors among YEH provides critical insights for intervention efforts in [...] Read more.

Youth experiencing homelessness (YEH) face elevated risks of HIV and STIs compared to their housed counterparts. HIV and STI testing services are pivotal for prevention and early detection. Investigating utilization rates and associated factors among YEH provides critical insights for intervention efforts in major U.S. regions. This study analyzed secondary data from the Homeless Youth Risk and Resilience Survey (HYRRS) conducted between 2016 and 2017. Participants were recruited in seven major cities: Los Angeles, San Jose, Phoenix, St. Louis, Denver, Houston, and New York City (n = 1426). Notably, YEH in Denver, Houston, Phoenix, San Jose, and St. Louis were significantly less likely to use HIV testing services than those in Los Angeles. YEH reporting early sexual activity were less likely to undergo HIV testing, while having online sex partners increased the likelihood of HIV testing. Moreover, YEH in New York City were more likely to receive STI testing, while Phoenix and San Jose had lower testing rates. Disparities in testing rates highlight questions about equitable resource allocation, accentuating the need for enhanced educational and community outreach efforts to address barriers across diverse urban settings. Full article

18 pages, 15492 KiB

Open AccessArticle

D³-YOLOv10: Improved YOLOv10-Based Lightweight Tomato Detection Algorithm Under Facility Scenario

by Ao Li, Chunrui Wang, Tongtong Ji, Qiyang Wang and Tianxue Zhang

Agriculture 2024, 14(12), 2268; https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture14122268 (registering DOI) - 11 Dec 2024

Abstract

Accurate and efficient tomato detection is one of the key techniques for intelligent automatic picking in the area of precision agriculture. However, under the facility scenario, existing detection algorithms still have challenging problems such as weak feature extraction ability for occlusion conditions and [...] Read more.

Accurate and efficient tomato detection is one of the key techniques for intelligent automatic picking in the area of precision agriculture. However, under the facility scenario, existing detection algorithms still have challenging problems such as weak feature extraction ability for occlusion conditions and different fruit sizes, low accuracy on edge location, and heavy model parameters. To address these problems, this paper proposed D³-YOLOv10, a lightweight YOLOv10-based detection framework. Initially, a compact dynamic faster network (DyFasterNet) was developed, where multiple adaptive convolution kernels are aggregated to extract local effective features for fruit size adaption. Additionally, the deformable large kernel attention mechanism (D-LKA) was designed for the terminal phase of the neck network by adaptively adjusting the receptive field to focus on irregular tomato deformations and occlusions. Then, to further improve detection boundary accuracy and convergence, a dynamic FM-WIoU regression loss with a scaling factor was proposed. Finally, a knowledge distillation scheme using semantic frequency prompts was developed to optimize the model for lightweight deployment in practical applications. We evaluated the proposed framework using a self-made tomato dataset and designed a two-stage category balancing method based on diffusion models to address the sample class-imbalanced issue. The experimental results demonstrated that the D³-YOLOv10 model achieved an

m A P_{0.5}

of 91.8%, with a substantial reduction of 54.0% in parameters and 64.9% in FLOPs, compared to the benchmark model. Meanwhile, the detection speed of 80.1 FPS more effectively meets the demand for real-time tomato detection. This study can effectively contribute to the advancement of smart agriculture research on the detection of fruit targets. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Multi- and Hyper-Spectral Imaging Technologies for Crop Monitoring—2nd Edition)

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18 pages, 4219 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Experimental Investigation of Concrete Crack Depth Detection Using a Novel Piezoelectric Transducer and Improved AIC Algorithm

by Weijie Li, Jintao Zhu, Kaicheng Mu, Wenwei Yang, Xue Zhang and Xuefeng Zhao

Buildings 2024, 14(12), 3939; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14123939 - 11 Dec 2024

Abstract

Ultrasonic pulse velocity (UPV) has shown effectiveness in determining the depth of surface-open cracks in concrete structures. The type of transducer and the algorithm for extracting the arrival time of the ultrasonic signal significantly impact the accuracy of crack depth detection. To reduce [...] Read more.

Ultrasonic pulse velocity (UPV) has shown effectiveness in determining the depth of surface-open cracks in concrete structures. The type of transducer and the algorithm for extracting the arrival time of the ultrasonic signal significantly impact the accuracy of crack depth detection. To reduce the energy loss in piezoceramic-based sensors, a high-performance piezoceramic-enabled smart aggregate (SA) was employed as the ultrasonic transducer. For the extraction of ultrasonic signal arrival time in concrete, a novel characteristic equation was proposed, utilizing the slope of the signal within a shifting window. This equation was subsequently applied to modify Maeda’s function, with the arrival time of ultrasonic waves defined as the moment corresponding to the minimum Akaike information criterion (AIC) value. Six plain concrete specimens with artificial cracks were prepared and one reinforced concrete beam with a load-induced crack was used for validation. The average deviation of the testing of 492 points on 12 human-made cracks was around 5%. The detection results of 11 measurement points of a crack in a reinforced concrete beam show that three measurement points have a deviation of about 17%. The experimental results demonstrated that the novel piezoelectric transducer and improved AIC algorithm exhibit high accuracy in detecting the depth of concrete cracks. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Building Structures)

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15 pages, 1204 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Enhancing Data Completeness in Early Detection Pathway of Prostate Cancer: Integration of a Dashboard-Driven Feedback Tool to Improve Quality of Care

by Lucas C. van Maaren, Nanne Aben, Jolien van Kesteren, Veerle M. D. Struben, Maarten Stals, Kurdo Barwari, Jana Stárková, Erik van Muilekom, Jeroen Visser, Arnoud W. Postema, Matthias F. van Alphen, Marinus J. Hagens, Thierry N. Boellaard, Stijn W. T. P. J. Heijmink, Margriet C. van Dijk-de Haan, Pim J. van Leeuwen and Laura S. Mertens

J. Clin. Med. 2024, 13(24), 7529; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm13247529 - 11 Dec 2024

Abstract

Background: Quality assurance in data collection is essential as data quality directly impacts the accuracy and reliability of outcomes. In the context of early detection of prostate cancer, improving data completeness is a key focus for enhancing patient care. This study aimed [...] Read more.

Background: Quality assurance in data collection is essential as data quality directly impacts the accuracy and reliability of outcomes. In the context of early detection of prostate cancer, improving data completeness is a key focus for enhancing patient care. This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of a data-driven feedback tool, visualized through a dashboard, in improving the completeness of data collection by healthcare professionals. Methods: A cohort of eight healthcare professionals were provided with a dashboard displaying weekly feedback on the completeness of 86 essential data items, including patient demographics, laboratory results, and imaging findings. A comparative analysis of data completeness was conducted for 577 patients enrolled in the prostate cancer early detection pathway, with 211 patients assessed before and 366 patients after the introduction of the dashboard. Statistical analysis was performed using the Mann–Whitney rank-sum test and Chi-square tests. Results: The implementation of the dashboard significantly improved data completeness across all healthcare professionals. The average completeness score increased from 0.70 (95% CI 0.67–0.76) before the dashboard’s introduction to 0.88 (95% CI 0.86–0.92) after its implementation, with a p-value of <0.001. Conclusions: The introduction of a data-driven feedback dashboard significantly enhanced data completeness within the prostate cancer early detection pathway. This improvement has the potential to positively impact the quality of care and to support the generation of high-quality data for future research. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Current Advances in Urinary Surgery)

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22 pages, 1497 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Cross-Product Analysis of Earphone Reviews Using Contextual Topic Modeling and Association Rule Mining

by Ugbold Maidar, Minyoung Ra and Donghee Yoo

J. Theor. Appl. Electron. Commer. Res. 2024, 19(4), 3498-3519; https://doi.org/10.3390/jtaer19040170 - 11 Dec 2024

Abstract

Within the evolving field of sentiment analysis, the integration of topic modeling and association rule mining presents a promising yet underexplored method. This approach currently lacks an organized framework for maximizing insights that aid in drawing robust conclusions concerning customer sentiments. Therefore, this [...] Read more.

Within the evolving field of sentiment analysis, the integration of topic modeling and association rule mining presents a promising yet underexplored method. This approach currently lacks an organized framework for maximizing insights that aid in drawing robust conclusions concerning customer sentiments. Therefore, this study addresses the need and rationale for having comprehensive sentiment analysis systems by integrating topic modeling and association rule mining to analyze online customer reviews of earphones sold on Amazon. It employs Bidirectional Encoder Representations from Transformers for Topic Modeling (BERTopic), a technique that generates coherent topics by effectively capturing contextual information, and Frequent Pattern Growth (FPGrowth), an efficient association rule mining algorithm used for discovering patterns and relationships in a dataset without candidate generation. This analysis of reviews on ten earphone products identified key customer concerns as follows: sound quality, noise cancellation, durability, and battery life. The results indicate an overall positive sentiment towards sound quality and battery life, mixed reviews on noise cancellation, and significant dissatisfaction with product durability. Using integrated topic modeling and association rule mining offers deeper insights into customer preferences and highlights specific areas for product improvement and guiding targeted marketing strategies. Moreover, we focused on algorithm selection to improve the model’s performance and efficiency, ensuring effective compatibility with our sentiment analysis framework. This study demonstrates how combining advanced data mining techniques and structuring insights from written customer feedback enhances the depth and clarity of sentiment analysis, furthering its applicability in e-commerce research. Full article

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21 pages, 1156 KiB

Open AccessReview

Nanoparticle Strategies for Treating CNS Disorders: A Comprehensive Review of Drug Delivery and Theranostic Applications

by Corneliu Toader, Adrian Vasile Dumitru, Lucian Eva, Matei Serban, Razvan-Adrian Covache-Busuioc and Alexandru Vlad Ciurea

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2024, 25(24), 13302; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms252413302 - 11 Dec 2024

Abstract

This review aims to address the significant challenges of treating central nervous system (CNS) disorders such as neurodegenerative diseases, strokes, spinal cord injuries, and brain tumors. These disorders are difficult to manage due to the complexity of disease mechanisms and the protective blood–brain [...] Read more.

This review aims to address the significant challenges of treating central nervous system (CNS) disorders such as neurodegenerative diseases, strokes, spinal cord injuries, and brain tumors. These disorders are difficult to manage due to the complexity of disease mechanisms and the protective blood–brain barrier (BBB), which restricts drug delivery. Recent advancements in nanoparticle (NP) technologies offer promising solutions, with potential applications in drug delivery, neuroprotection, and neuroregeneration. By examining current research, we explore how NPs can cross the BBB, deliver medications directly to targeted CNS regions, and enhance both diagnostics and treatment. Key NP strategies, such as passive targeting, receptor-mediated transport, and stimuli-responsive systems, demonstrate encouraging results. Studies show that NPs may improve drug delivery, minimize side effects, and increase therapeutic effectiveness in models of Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s, stroke, and glioblastoma. NP technologies thus represent a promising approach for CNS disorder management, combining drug delivery and diagnostic capabilities to enable more precise and effective treatments that could significantly benefit patient outcomes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Trends in Neuroscience: From Molecular Mechanisms to Innovative Therapeutics)

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32 pages, 3404 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Antioxidant, Phytochemical, and Pharmacological Properties of Algerian Mentha aquatica Extracts

by Radhia Aitfella Lahlou, Ana Carolina Gonçalves, Mustapha Bounechada, Ana R. Nunes, Pedro Soeiro, Gilberto Alves, Diego A. Moreno, Cristina Garcia-Viguera, Cesar Raposo, Samuel Silvestre, Jesus M. Rodilla, Maria Isabel Ismael and Luís R. Silva

Antioxidants 2024, 13(12), 1512; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox13121512 (registering DOI) - 11 Dec 2024

Abstract

Water mint (Mentha aquatica) is used in many formulations worldwide as a functional food and natural remedy to treat gastrointestinal disorders, lung diseases, and certain mental disorders such as epilepsy and depression. This study assessed the bioactivity of its infusion extract [...] Read more.

Water mint (Mentha aquatica) is used in many formulations worldwide as a functional food and natural remedy to treat gastrointestinal disorders, lung diseases, and certain mental disorders such as epilepsy and depression. This study assessed the bioactivity of its infusion extract (INF) and hydroethanolic extract (HE) to highlight its health benefits. These extracts were analyzed for their chemical composition by HPLC-DAD-ESI-MSn, their antioxidant and antidiabetic properties, and their capacities to protect human erythrocytes against induced hemoglobin oxidation and lipid peroxidation. The effect on normal human dermal fibroblast (NHDF) cells and on the N27 rat dopaminergic neuron cell line was also assessed. The chromatographic analysis identified 57 compounds belonging to hydroxycinnamic acids, flavanones, flavone, and isoflavonoids. In respect to the biological potential, the Mentha aquatica extracts revealed a notable capacity for 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl, nitric oxide, and superoxide radicals, as well as for the inhibition of α-glucosidase action and the protection of human erythrocytes against oxidative damage. Quantification revealed noteworthy phenolic content in both extracts. Additionally, the extracts demonstrated less cytotoxic effects regarding the NHDF and N27 cell lines. Overall, Mentha aquatica presents promising antioxidant activity and a spectrum of potential biological activities, underscoring its significance as a novel antioxidant candidate for applications in animal nutrition, human medicine, and natural product research in the pharmaceutical and nutraceutical industries. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Phenolic Antioxidants)

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21 pages, 1387 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Research on the Model and Pattern of Community Opinion Dis-Semination Regarding Coal Mines

by Kai Yu, Zhaoxiang Mu and Jifeng Lu

Mathematics 2024, 12(24), 3914; https://doi.org/10.3390/math12243914 (registering DOI) - 11 Dec 2024

Abstract

Residents of coal mining communities include both coal mine workers and local residents, making the guidance of public opinion essential for maintaining social stability in such communities. Therefore, this paper utilizes an improved word2Vec model to extract factors influencing public opinion from a [...] Read more.

Residents of coal mining communities include both coal mine workers and local residents, making the guidance of public opinion essential for maintaining social stability in such communities. Therefore, this paper utilizes an improved word2Vec model to extract factors influencing public opinion from a large number of accident cases. It then develops a coal mining community public opinion dissemination model based on game theory, focusing on two groups: official media and opinion leaders. By integrating cellular automata (CA) and agent-based modeling, this study examines the dissemination patterns of public opinion in coal mining communities. The simulation results and practical applications indicate that public opinion in coal mining communities spreads rapidly and can be effectively shaped. Positive guidance from official media plays a crucial role in directing public opinion. However, as interactions evolve, public opinion dynamics may become less favorable. Strengthening the intensity of positive guidance from official media further enhances its ability to shape and influence public opinion in coal mining communities. This research provides a novel perspective and methodology for studying community safety management, offering significant theoretical and practical implications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Game Theory and Optimization with Applications)

9 pages, 2954 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Gingival Margin Damage During Supragingival Dental Polishing by Inexperienced Operator—Pilot Study

by Blagovesta Yaneva, Petar Shentov, Dimitar Bogoev, Maria Mutafchieva, Stela Atanasova-Vladimirova, Kiril Dimitrov and Diyana Vladova

J. Funct. Biomater. 2024, 15(12), 374; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb15120374 - 11 Dec 2024

Abstract

Background: Supragingival polishing is a crucial part of nonsurgical periodontal therapy. In recent years, air polishing has been used for this purpose, introducing different polishing powders. The purpose of the following study was to investigate the damage to the gingival margin during air [...] Read more.

Background: Supragingival polishing is a crucial part of nonsurgical periodontal therapy. In recent years, air polishing has been used for this purpose, introducing different polishing powders. The purpose of the following study was to investigate the damage to the gingival margin during air polishing by an inexperienced operator. Methods: Five porcine models were polished by means of three different polishing powders: calcium carbonate, sodium bicarbonate, and erythritol. Their impact on the gingival margin was examined by means of histological and scanning electron microscopical observations and compared to healthy samples and samples polished with a polishing brush and paste. Results: The histological observations revealed superficial to minor lesions limited in the epithelium by all the groups tested. Both examination protocols demonstrated less invasiveness of the erythritol-based polishing powder. Conclusions: Within the limitations of the present study, it could be concluded that air polishing is a safe instrumentation method for periodontal therapy even in inexperienced hands when the exact protocol is followed. The erythritol-based polishing powder seems to provide less of an impact on the gingival margin. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Application of Biomaterials and Techniques in Dental Surgical Treatment)

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44 pages, 2640 KiB

Open AccessReview

Shrimp Lipid Bioactives with Anti-Inflammatory, Antithrombotic, and Antioxidant Health-Promoting Properties for Cardio-Protection

by Paschalis Cholidis, Dimitrios Kranas, Aggeliki Chira, Evangelia Aikaterini Galouni, Theodora Adamantidi, Chryssa Anastasiadou and Alexandros Tsoupras

Mar. Drugs 2024, 22(12), 554; https://doi.org/10.3390/md22120554 - 11 Dec 2024

Abstract

Marine animals, especially shrimp species, have gained interest in research, due to the fact that they contain a plethora of biomolecules, specifically lipids, which have been proven to possess many health benefits in various diseases linked to chronic inflammation or other exogenous factors. [...] Read more.

Marine animals, especially shrimp species, have gained interest in research, due to the fact that they contain a plethora of biomolecules, specifically lipids, which have been proven to possess many health benefits in various diseases linked to chronic inflammation or other exogenous factors. This review refers to the lipid composition of a large number of shrimp species, as well as the effects that can alternate the lipid content of these crustaceans. Emphasis is given to the potent anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and antithrombotic properties of shrimp bioactives, as well as the effects that these bioactives hold in other diseases, such as cancer, diabetes, neurodegenerative disorders, and more. The various health-promoting effects deriving from the consumption of shrimp lipid bioactives and the usage of products containing shrimp lipid extracts are also addressed in this study, through the exploration of several mechanisms of action and the interference of shrimp lipids in these biochemical pathways. Nevertheless, further research on this cultivatable edible species is needed, due to their existing limitations and future prospects which are discussed in this paper. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Marine-Derived Compounds Applied in Cardiovascular Disease)

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25 pages, 2508 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Chemical and Vibrational Criteria for Identifying Early Sèvres Factory Porcelain Productions

by Philippe Colomban, Gulsu Simsek Franci, Mareike Gerken, Michele Gironda and Viviane Mesqui

Ceramics 2024, 7(4), 1905-1929; https://doi.org/10.3390/ceramics7040120 (registering DOI) - 11 Dec 2024

Abstract

Thirteen porcelains assigned to Sèvres factory productions and a few references to the other contemporary factories (Chantilly, Limoges, and Venice) have been studied on-site with a portable X-ray fluorescence (pXRF) spectrometer in order to control the provenance attribution. Characteristic XRF signals of major [...] Read more.

Thirteen porcelains assigned to Sèvres factory productions and a few references to the other contemporary factories (Chantilly, Limoges, and Venice) have been studied on-site with a portable X-ray fluorescence (pXRF) spectrometer in order to control the provenance attribution. Characteristic XRF signals of major elements (Si, Ca, K, Pb) and minor/trace (Au, Bi, As, Ti, Co, Cu, Zn, Ni, Y, Zr, Rb, and Sr) elements are compared for the paste, blue mark, various glazed (colored) areas, and gilding. The comparison of peak intensities clearly distinguishes different types of hard- and soft-paste porcelain, made from either similar or distinct raw materials. The analysis of transition elements associated with cobalt identifies three types of cobalt blue and reveals that du Barry-style decoration on certain artifacts was typical of 19th-century production. On-site comprehensive studies of the two famous Etruscan-style breast bowls from Rambouillet Castle dairy, using pXRF and Raman spectroscopy, confirm the use of soft-paste porcelain for the cup and hard-paste for its support, providing detailed information on the use of gold nanoparticles in the burgundy-colored decoration. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Ceramics, 2nd Edition)

23 pages, 3822 KiB

Open AccessArticle

BDNF/Cyclin D1 Signaling System and Cognitive Performance After Perampanel and Lacosamide Treatment Singly or in Combination in an Experimental Model of Temporal Lobe Epilepsy

by Michaela Shishmanova-Doseva and Darina Barbutska

Curr. Issues Mol. Biol. 2024, 46(12), 14010-14032; https://doi.org/10.3390/cimb46120838 - 11 Dec 2024

Abstract

Epilepsy is a common brain function disorder. The present study aims to evaluate the long-term effect of perampanel (PRM) and lacosamide (LCM), administered singly in a high-dose or in a low-dose combination of both, on comorbid anxiety, cognitive impairment, BDNF, and Cyclin D1 [...] Read more.

Epilepsy is a common brain function disorder. The present study aims to evaluate the long-term effect of perampanel (PRM) and lacosamide (LCM), administered singly in a high-dose or in a low-dose combination of both, on comorbid anxiety, cognitive impairment, BDNF, and Cyclin D1 hippocampal expression in an experimental model of temporal lobe epilepsy with lithium–pilocarpine. PRM (3 mg/kg, p.o.)/LCM (30 mg/kg, p.o.) or PRM+LCM (0.5 mg/kg + 3 mg/kg, p.o.) treatments were administered three hours after the lithium–pilocarpine-induced status epilepticus and continued for up to ten weeks in adult Wistar rats. Our study demonstrated that perampanel and lacosamide administered singly in high doses improved epilepsy-associated cognitive impairment through ameliorating anxiety and facilitating passive learning and memory, with spatial and recognition memory measured in the elevated plus maze, step-through, Y-maze, and object recognition tests, respectively. In addition, the combination of both drugs in low doses demonstrated similar anxiolytic and cognitive-improving effects compared to the singly administered drugs. Moreover, the three experimental groups enhanced the hippocampal expression of the neurotrophic factor BDNF and mitigated the increased levels of the apoptotic factor Cyclin D1. These beneficial effects could be essential mechanisms through which administered anticonvulsants preserve neuronal survival and homeostasis in the CNS and especially in the hippocampus. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Molecules at Play in Neurological Diseases)

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20 pages, 665 KiB

Open AccessArticle

RbfCon: Construct Radial Basis Function Neural Networks with Grammatical Evolution

by Ioannis G. Tsoulos, Ioannis Varvaras and Vasileios Charilogis

Software 2024, 3(4), 549-568; https://doi.org/10.3390/software3040027 - 11 Dec 2024

Abstract

Radial basis function networks are considered a machine learning tool that can be applied on a wide series of classification and regression problems proposed in various research topics of the modern world. However, in many cases, the initial training method used to fit [...] Read more.

Radial basis function networks are considered a machine learning tool that can be applied on a wide series of classification and regression problems proposed in various research topics of the modern world. However, in many cases, the initial training method used to fit the parameters of these models can produce poor results either due to unstable numerical operations or its inability to effectively locate the lowest value of the error function. The current work proposed a novel method that constructs the architecture of this model and estimates the values for each parameter of the model with the incorporation of Grammatical Evolution. The proposed method was coded in ANSI C++, and the produced software was tested for its effectiveness on a wide series of datasets. The experimental results certified the adequacy of the new method to solve difficult problems, and in the vast majority of cases, the error in the classification or approximation of functions was significantly lower than the case where the original training method was applied. Full article

10 pages, 291 KiB

Open AccessArticle

An Algebraic Proof of the Nishimura Theorem

by Alex Citkin

Logics 2024, 2(4), 148-157; https://doi.org/10.3390/logics2040007 - 11 Dec 2024

Abstract

An algebraic proof of the Nishimura theorem on one-generated Heyting algebras is presented. Full article

19 pages, 1405 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Expression of Genes Involved in Banana (Musa spp.) Response to Black Sigatoka

by Sávio Luiz Pereira Nunes, Julianna Matos da Silva Soares, Anelita de Jesus Rocha, Fernanda dos Santos Nascimento, Andresa Priscila de Souza Ramos, Taliane Leila Soares, Rogério Merces Ferreira Santos, Vanusia Batista de Oliveira Amorim, Edson Perito Amorim and Claudia Fortes Ferreira

Curr. Issues Mol. Biol. 2024, 46(12), 13991-14009; https://doi.org/10.3390/cimb46120837 - 11 Dec 2024

Abstract

This work aimed to evaluate the relative gene expression of the candidate genes psI, psII, isr, utp, and prk involved in the defense response to Black Sigatoka in banana cultivars Calcutta-4, Krasan Saichon, Grand Nain, and Akondro Mainty, by [...] Read more.

This work aimed to evaluate the relative gene expression of the candidate genes psI, psII, isr, utp, and prk involved in the defense response to Black Sigatoka in banana cultivars Calcutta-4, Krasan Saichon, Grand Nain, and Akondro Mainty, by a quantitative real-time PCR. Biotic stress was imposed on 6-month-old plants during five sampling intervals under greenhouse conditions. The psII and isr genes were upregulated for the Calcutta-4- and Krasan Saichon-resistant cultivars, and were validated in this study. For Grande Naine, a susceptible cultivar, there was an early downregulation of the psI, psII, and isr genes and a late upregulation of the psII gene. There was no significant expression of any of the genes for the susceptible cultivar Akondro Mainty. Computational biology tools such as ORFFinder and PlantCARE revealed that the utp gene has more introns and exons and that, in general, cis-elements involved in the response to biotic stress, such as as-1, w-box, and STRE, were detected in the promoter region of the genes studied. Data from this work also support the phenotyping studies of banana cultivars affected by Black Sigatoka in the field. Once validated in promising new hybrids, these genes may be used in marker-assisted selection (MAS) and/or gene-editing techniques. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Molecular Plant Sciences)

12 pages, 1672 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Tumor Necrosis Factor Superfamily 14 Regulates the Inflammatory Response of Human Dental Pulp Stem Cells

by Abdulelah Alrshedan, Mona Elsafadi, Manikandan Muthurangan and Solaiman Al-Hadlaq

Curr. Issues Mol. Biol. 2024, 46(12), 13979-13990; https://doi.org/10.3390/cimb46120836 - 11 Dec 2024

Abstract

Dental caries is a highly prevalent chronic disease that leads to dental pulp inflammation. It is treated by removing the damaged tooth structure and applying a material that promotes resolution of pulpal inflammation. Tumor necrosis factor superfamily 14 (TNFSF14) is an immunomodulatory cytokine [...] Read more.

Dental caries is a highly prevalent chronic disease that leads to dental pulp inflammation. It is treated by removing the damaged tooth structure and applying a material that promotes resolution of pulpal inflammation. Tumor necrosis factor superfamily 14 (TNFSF14) is an immunomodulatory cytokine and a member of the TNF superfamily. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of TNFSF14 on the levels of inflammatory cytokines involved in pulpal inflammation using lipoteichoic acid (LTA)-induced human dental pulp stem cells (hDPSCs). hDPSCs were cultured and induced with LTA, followed by treatment with TNFSF14 at 25 and 50 ng/mL. Cellular viability was evaluated using the Alamar Blue assay. The levels of inflammatory cytokines IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, and TNF-α were quantified using reverse transcription–quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT–qPCR) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). TNFSF14 at 25 and 50 ng/mL significantly reduced the mRNA and protein levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-8, and increased the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10. In addition, TNFSF14-treated groups enhanced cell viability. Adding TNFSF14 to LTA-induced hDPSCs regulated the production of inflammatory cytokines by lowering the levels of IL-6, IL-8, and TNF-α and elevating IL-10 levels. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Molecular Mechanisms and Innovative Therapeutic Approaches in Inflammatory Diseases, Pioneering Precision Medicine Solutions)

16 pages, 244 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Translation and Impact of the National Diabetes Prevention Program in Two Rural Settings: Participant Outcomes, Individual Experiences, and Recommendations

by Jenifer J. Thomas, Bhibha M. Das, Lesley D. Lutes, Lacey Dickson, Parres Holliday, Brianna Adams and Hannah McNamee

Diabetology 2024, 5(7), 690-705; https://doi.org/10.3390/diabetology5070051 - 11 Dec 2024

Abstract

Background/Objectives: The National Diabetes Prevention Program (National DPP) assists individuals with lifestyle change for type 2 diabetes risk reduction through education, skills, and support. To further understand program effectiveness, implementation research needs to consider influences on retention, effectiveness, and sustainability of the program [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: The National Diabetes Prevention Program (National DPP) assists individuals with lifestyle change for type 2 diabetes risk reduction through education, skills, and support. To further understand program effectiveness, implementation research needs to consider influences on retention, effectiveness, and sustainability of the program in rural settings. The purpose of this study was to understand National DPP implementation in two rural workplace settings as well as the factors that influence program participation and outcomes. Methods: Individuals who met criteria for being at risk for developing type 2 diabetes participated in two National DPPs. The first program (Technology-Augmented DPP) occurred in 2016 with the goal of understanding the role of psychosocial factors in relation to National DPP outcomes, and quantitative data were obtained from 47 participants. Variables of interest included the Lifestyle-Health-Related Self-Concept questionnaire (HRSC), weight, and physical activity. The second program (Hybrid-Format DPP) occurred in 2022 with the goal of understanding individual participant experiences within the program by conducting a reflexive thematic analysis on data obtained during a semi-structured group interview with 3 participants. Results: In the Technology-Augmented DPP, Lifestyle-HRSC dimensions of nutrition, social support, avoiding diabetes, and problem solving were associated with weight, steps per day, and activity minutes. In the Hybrid-Format DPP, the generated themes included Frequency Matters, Rules of Engagement, Promoting Self-Efficacy, and Bridging the Intention-Behavior Gap. Conclusions: Based on this study, a focus on understanding and responding to context-specific and participant-focused National DPP implementation is the essential next step in National DPP research. Prevention programs and policies individualized to people and communities will improve participation and outcomes. The National DPP should consider how to evolve to the changing needs of at-risk individuals in rural and underserved areas. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Lifestyle Behavior Intervention for Diabetes Prevention and Management: 2nd Edition)

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17 pages, 839 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Wheat Grain Protein Composition—A Screening Tool to Be Used in Plant Breeding for Improved Tajik Food Security

by Marufqul Mahkamov, Bahromiddin Husenov, Larisa Garkava-Gustavsson, Hafiz Muminjanov, Ramune Kuktaite, Maria Luisa Prieto-Linde and Eva Johansson

Crops 2024, 4(4), 667-683; https://doi.org/10.3390/crops4040046 - 11 Dec 2024

Abstract

Non-satisfactory bread-making quality in wheat, a Tajik staple, hampers food security in Tajikistan and calls for plant breeding efforts. Here, methods were searched for to study grain protein composition, which is of use for Tajik plant breeding to improve bread-making quality. Size-exclusion high-performance [...] Read more.

Non-satisfactory bread-making quality in wheat, a Tajik staple, hampers food security in Tajikistan and calls for plant breeding efforts. Here, methods were searched for to study grain protein composition, which is of use for Tajik plant breeding to improve bread-making quality. Size-exclusion high-performance liquid chromatography (SE-HPLC) was used to determine protein composition in 22 wheat varieties and breeding lines grown in two locations, which were then compared with the specific protein composition evaluated using electrophoresis and previous results from Tajik breeding and farmer-grown wheat. As Tajik wheat generally showed a large variation in high-molecular-weight glutenin subunit (HMW-GS) composition, with several allelic variants in the same line, single-seed selection was required when using this methodology in breeding for improved bread-making quality, and such an evaluation willalso result in more homogenous lines for protein composition. SE-HPLC was found to be a suitable tool to evaluate protein composition in the current Tajik wheat material with a heterogeneous protein composition, which might be advantageous for adaptation to the local and future climate. However, more easy-to-handle and high-throughput methods, e.g., marker-assisted selection, could be preferable alternatives for studying protein composition in wheat and for use in breeding for increased bread-making quality to increase food security in Tajikistan. Full article

19 pages, 4815 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Evaluation of the Integration of Topological Optimisation in the Process Chain for Manufacturing Customised Orthopaedic Devices via Additive Manufacturing

by Francesca Sala, Gianluca Danilo D’Urso and Claudio Giardini

Prosthesis 2024, 6(6), 1510-1528; https://doi.org/10.3390/prosthesis6060109 - 11 Dec 2024

Abstract

Purpose: The effectiveness of the customised solutions compared to the conventional ones and the emergence of advanced production technologies, such as Additive Manufacturing (AM) techniques, strengthened the trend towards an enhanced individualization of the clinical treatments. In the present research, the value of [...] Read more.

Purpose: The effectiveness of the customised solutions compared to the conventional ones and the emergence of advanced production technologies, such as Additive Manufacturing (AM) techniques, strengthened the trend towards an enhanced individualization of the clinical treatments. In the present research, the value of topological optimisation (TO) in the manufacturing process of tailor-made orthopaedic appliance (upper-limb orthosis) was analysed. Methodology: From the morphology of a patient's arm, orthotic models were developed. Nonparametric optimization (Simulia Tosca) was performed, based on the Finite Element Analysis (FEA) program (Abaqus), and contributed to the development of TO orthotic models with diverse levels of volume reduction fraction. The modelling and manufacturing framework for customising orthotic solutions was evaluated with a discussion on the feasibility of lightweight and high-performance products, encompassing production time and cost. Pilot products were produced with a Material Extrusion (MEX) printer. Findings: TO proved to be a practical and valuable approach for the advanced customisation of orthopaedic devices, offering lightweight solutions able to withstand stresses also during patient rehabilitation and remission. From the rapid prototyping perspective, specific strategies must be adopted to prevent the escalation of production costs and time. Originality: The research delves into the overall benefit of implementing an advanced modelling technique within the context of manufacturing highly customised orthoses, analysing how TO activity impacts the rapid prototyping process. Beyond product evaluation, the analysis explores broader implications, including the assessment of feasibility and the development of strategies for integrating the approach into clinical workflows and hospital settings. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Design and Development of Biomimetic Hand: Integrating Biological Principles for Enhanced Dexterity and Natural Functionality)

17 pages, 7322 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effects of Cerium Oxide on Kidney and Liver Tissue Damage in an Experimental Myocardial Ischemia-Reperfusion Model of Distant Organ Damage

by Işın Güneş, Ali Doğan Dursun, Çağrı Özdemir, Ayşegül Küçük, Şaban Cem Sezen, Mustafa Arslan and Abdullah Özer

Medicina 2024, 60(12), 2044; https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina60122044 - 11 Dec 2024

Abstract

Background and Objectives: Ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury is a process in which impaired perfusion is restored by restoring blood flow and tissue recirculation. Nanomedicine uses cutting-edge technologies that emerge from interdisciplinary influences. In the literature, there are very few in vivo and in vitro [...] Read more.

Background and Objectives: Ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury is a process in which impaired perfusion is restored by restoring blood flow and tissue recirculation. Nanomedicine uses cutting-edge technologies that emerge from interdisciplinary influences. In the literature, there are very few in vivo and in vitro studies on how cerium oxide (CeO₂) affects systemic anti-inflammatory response and inflammation. Therefore, in our study, we aimed to investigate whether CeO₂ administration has a protective effect against myocardial I/R injury in the liver and kidneys. Materials and Methods: Twenty-four rats were randomly divided into four groups after obtaining approval from an ethics committee. A control (group C), cerium oxide (group CO), IR (group IR), and Cerium oxide-IR (CO-IR group) groups were formed. Intraperitoneal CeO₂ was administered at a dose of 0.5 mg/kg 30 min before left thoracotomy and left main coronary (LAD) ligation, and myocardial muscle ischemia was induced for 30 min. After LAD ligation was removed, reperfusion was performed for 120 min. All rats were euthanized using ketamine, and blood was collected. Liver and kidney tissue samples were evaluated histopathologically. Serum AST (aspartate aminotransferase), ALT (alanine aminotransaminase), GGT (gamma-glutamyl transferase), glucose, TOS (Total Oxidant Status), and TAS (Total Antioxidant Status) levels were also measured. Results: Necrotic cell and mononuclear cell infiltration in the liver parenchyma of rats in the IR group was observed to be significantly increased compared to the other groups. Hepatocyte degeneration was greater in the IR group compared to groups C and CO. Vascular vacuolization and hypertrophy, tubular degeneration, and necrosis were increased in the kidney tissue of the IR group compared to the other groups. Tubular dilatation was significantly higher in the IR group than in the C and CO groups. TOS was significantly higher in all groups than in the IR group (p < 0.0001, p < 0.0001, and p = 0.006, respectively). However, TAS level was lower in the IR group than in the other groups (p = 0.002, p = 0.020, and p = 0.031, respectively). Renal and liver histopathological findings decreased significantly in the CO-IR group compared to the IR group. A decrease in the TOS level and an increase in the TAS level were found compared to the IR group. The AST, ALT, GGT, and Glucose levels are shown. Conclusions: CeO₂ administered before ischemia-reperfusion reduced oxidative stress and ameliorated IR-induced damage in distant organs. We suggest that CeO₂ exerts protective effects in the myocardial IR model. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Cardiology)

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26 pages, 6779 KiB

Open AccessReview

Next-Generation Nitrate, Ammonium, Phosphate, and Potassium Ion Monitoring System in Closed Hydroponics: Review on State-of-the-Art Sensors and Their Applications

by Yeonggeeol Hong, Jooyoung Lee, Sangbae Park, Jangho Kim and Kyoung-Je Jang

AgriEngineering 2024, 6(4), 4786-4811; https://doi.org/10.3390/agriengineering6040274 - 11 Dec 2024

Abstract

Closed hydroponics is an environmentally friendly and economical method for growing crops by circulating a nutrient solution while measuring and supplementing various ions contained in the solution. However, conventional monitoring systems in hydroponics do not measure individual ions in the nutrient solution; instead, [...] Read more.

Closed hydroponics is an environmentally friendly and economical method for growing crops by circulating a nutrient solution while measuring and supplementing various ions contained in the solution. However, conventional monitoring systems in hydroponics do not measure individual ions in the nutrient solution; instead, they predict the total ion content from the pH and electrical conductivity (EC). This method cannot be used to supplement individual ions and adjusts the concentration of the circulating nutrient solution by diluting or supplying a premixed nutrient solution. A more advanced system should be able to identify the concentration of each ion in the nutrient solution and supplement any deficient ions, thus requiring individual ion monitoring systems. Therefore, we first investigated the nitrate, ammonium, phosphate, and potassium (NPK) ion concentration and pH range commonly used for nutrient solutions. Subsequently, we discuss the latest research trends in electrochemical and optical sensors for measuring NPK ions. We then compare the conventional monitoring system (pH and EC-based) and advanced monitoring systems (individual ion sensors) and discuss the respective research trends. In conclusion, we present the hurdles that researchers must overcome in developing agricultural ion sensors for advanced monitoring systems and propose the minimum specifications for agricultural NPK ion sensors. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Sensors Technology and Precision Agriculture)

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11 pages, 758 KiB

Open AccessSystematic Review

Prevalence of Vitamin D Deficiency Among Adults in Kazakhstan: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

by Indira Karibayeva, Galiya Bilibayeva, Aya Yerzhanova, Roza Alekesheva, Assiya Iglikova, Makhigul Maxudova and Neilya Ussebayeva

Medicina 2024, 60(12), 2043; https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina60122043 - 11 Dec 2024

Abstract

Background and Objectives: Despite frequent references to the high prevalence of vitamin D deficiency in Kazakhstan, a comprehensive synthesis of existing research on this issue among adults is lacking. This systematic review and meta-analysis aim to address this gap by determining the [...] Read more.

Background and Objectives: Despite frequent references to the high prevalence of vitamin D deficiency in Kazakhstan, a comprehensive synthesis of existing research on this issue among adults is lacking. This systematic review and meta-analysis aim to address this gap by determining the mean prevalence of vitamin D deficiency among adults in Kazakhstan. A secondary objective is to evaluate whether the prevalence differs between healthy adults and those with chronic conditions. Materials and Methods: A systematic search was conducted in PubMed, Scopus, ScienceDirect, Web of Science, and Google Scholar by two independent researchers using the keywords: “vitamin D” AND “Kazakhstan”, following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines. Studies were included if they reported the prevalence of vitamin D in adults in Kazakhstan, defined as a blood level of 25-hydroxyvitamin D 25(OH)D below 20 ng/mL. Results: Seven studies were included in this review, encompassing 3616 individuals, of whom 2239 had vitamin D deficiency. Using a random-effects model, the pooled mean prevalence of vitamin D deficiency among adults with chronic conditions was 60% (95% CI, 38–79%), with high heterogeneity. Similarly, the analysis of five studies involving healthy adults revealed a pooled mean prevalence of 55% (95% CI, 38–70%), also with high heterogeneity. Overall, the pooled mean prevalence of vitamin D deficiency in the adult population was 57% (95% CI, 45–69%). Conclusions: This analysis indicates a high prevalence of vitamin D deficiency among adults in Kazakhstan, with 57% of the population affected. Addressing this issue requires a multifaceted approach, including policy reforms that consider the impact of time zone changes on sunlight exposure and the active involvement of nurse practitioners in preventive strategies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Public Health and Healthcare Management for Chronic Care)

19 pages, 1036 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Reflective Evaluation of Current Built-Heritage Management in Hong Kong

by Cheryl Chan, Richard Laing and Cecilia Zecca

Heritage 2024, 7(12), 7064-7082; https://doi.org/10.3390/heritage7120327 - 11 Dec 2024

Abstract

The development of policy and practice concerning architectural heritage conservation has been a growing subject in Hong Kong, leading to both top-down policies and bottom-up reactions in the community. In times of conflict, there is an opportunity for both the government and the [...] Read more.

The development of policy and practice concerning architectural heritage conservation has been a growing subject in Hong Kong, leading to both top-down policies and bottom-up reactions in the community. In times of conflict, there is an opportunity for both the government and the public to reflect and rediscover their engagement in heritage conservation. This paper evaluates the current policies of Hong Kong’s heritage conservation and the dynamic interactions among stakeholders in the decision-making processes of heritage management. Moreover, it investigates through focus groups, in-depth interviews, and case studies, the impact of the existing architectural and heritage policies, and how the latter correlates with the public’s expectation of heritage conservation and management. The paper finally proposes a more collaborative and inclusive approach where the public’s voice is included in decision-making from the early stages of the process. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Architectural Heritage)

15 pages, 6822 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Application of Carboxymethyl Cellulose (CMC)-Coated Nanoscale Zero-Valent Iron in Chromium-Containing Soil Remediation

by Bo Zhang, Jiani Zhan, Jiaqi Fan, Bohong Zhu, Weili Shen, Shiwei Zhang, Weiting Li, Zhaohui Li and Fanjun Zeng

Clean Technol. 2024, 6(4), 1610-1624; https://doi.org/10.3390/cleantechnol6040078 - 11 Dec 2024

Abstract

Abstract: Nanofine zero−valent iron (nZVI) is a new, eco−friendly material with strong reducing and adsorbent properties that can be used to clean up heavy metal−affected soils. Herein, nZVI encapsulated with carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC−nZVI) is synthesized via an aqueous−phase reduction technique and subsequently deployed [...] Read more.

Abstract: Nanofine zero−valent iron (nZVI) is a new, eco−friendly material with strong reducing and adsorbent properties that can be used to clean up heavy metal−affected soils. Herein, nZVI encapsulated with carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC−nZVI) is synthesized via an aqueous−phase reduction technique and subsequently deployed to evaluate its effectiveness in Cr(VI) soil remediation. The characterization analysis used SEM−EDS, XRD, XPS, and LSV to determine the relevant properties of the material. The results show that at an initial Cr(VI) concentration of 169.5 mg·kg⁻¹, 93.2% of Cr(VI) was removed from the soil after 10 h of treatment with CMC−nZVI at pH 3.3. The kinetic analysis showed that CMC−nZVI had the maximum equilibrium adsorption capacity for removing Cr(VI) from soil at 105.3 mg·g⁻¹. This followed a pseudo−second−order kinetic model. The study shows that CMC−nZVI converts Cr(VI) to Cr(III), which forms complexes with Fe(III) ions in the presence of hydroxide ions (OH⁻) to form a highly stable compound that eventually adsorbs into the nanomaterial’s surface for efficient removal. Full article

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13 pages, 1626 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Investigating the Iron Plating and Stripping of Anolytes for All-Iron Redox-Flow Batteries

by Marius Engler, Michael Stich, Christoph Baumer and Andreas Bund

J 2024, 7(4), 571-583; https://doi.org/10.3390/j7040034 - 11 Dec 2024

Abstract

All-iron redox-flow batteries (AIRFB) are capable of addressing the needs for cost-effective long-term storage of renewable energies. Currently, a major limitation of AIRFB performance is the half-cell reaction of the anolyte utilising the redox couple Fe/Fe

^{2 +}

. In this work, the [...] Read more.

All-iron redox-flow batteries (AIRFB) are capable of addressing the needs for cost-effective long-term storage of renewable energies. Currently, a major limitation of AIRFB performance is the half-cell reaction of the anolyte utilising the redox couple Fe/Fe

^{2 +}

. In this work, the performance of sulphate and chloride-based iron electrolytes was investigated by combining cyclic voltammetry (CV) and electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance (EQCM). The investigations demonstrate that complexing agents exert a detrimental influence on the kinetics of plating/stripping reactions, resulting in diffusivity reduction, while favouring hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). The coulombic (plating) efficiency was found to be 87.1% at −1.2 V vs. Ag/AgCl (sat’d) at pH 3.5, while the coulombic efficiency in oxidation sweep (stripping) was observed to be 100% in an electrolyte containing 0.8 M FeCl

_{2}

and 3 M NH

_{4}

Cl. In the context of iron deposition, the most crucial factors are the suppression of HER, and the influence of diffusion limitations, as well as the role of additives in this process to achieve a high reversibility. It is evident that the investigated complexing agents of glycine, malic acid and malonic acid are inadequate for battery-compatible, efficient properties, given that the overvoltages for the charge transfer reaction are too high and parasitic HER reduces coulombic efficiencies. Ultimately, the choice of deposition parameters from EQCM and electrolyte composition reduced to 0.8 M FeCl

_{2}

, and 3 M NH

_{4}

Cl can optimise the battery efficiencies as such. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Chemistry & Material Sciences)

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