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Open AccessArticle

One Step Forward in Understanding the Mechanism of Action of Wood Vinegar: Gas Exchange Analysis Reveals New Information

by Sara Desideri, Lisa Grifoni, Riccardo Fedeli and Stefano Loppi

Plants 2026, 15(2), 262; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants15020262 (registering DOI) - 15 Jan 2026

Abstract

Wood vinegar (WV), a by-product of woody biomass pyrolysis, is increasingly used in agriculture as a sustainable biostimulant, although its effects on plant stress resistance and underlying mechanisms remain poorly understood. Recent studies propose that WV may act through a eustress [...] Read more.

Wood vinegar (WV), a by-product of woody biomass pyrolysis, is increasingly used in agriculture as a sustainable biostimulant, although its effects on plant stress resistance and underlying mechanisms remain poorly understood. Recent studies propose that WV may act through a eustress-based mechanism, defined as a mild and controlled stress that activates adaptive physiological responses and enhances plant performance without causing structural or metabolic damage. This study investigated the physiological and biochemical effects of WV on strawberry plants grown under three water-deficit stress levels [no stress (NS), moderate stress (MS), and high stress (HS)] and treated with WV either via fertigation (0.5% v/v, WV₁) or foliar spray (0.2% v/v, WV₂). Gas exchange parameters (A, g_sw, E, Ci, WUE), total chlorophyll content, and nutrient balance ratios (Fe/Mn and K/Ca) were measured after a three-month growth period. PERMANOVA revealed significant effects of both WV and water-deficit stress, as well as their interaction, on most parameters. Under NS and MS conditions, WV reduced A, gsw, E, and Ci while increasing WUE, indicating enhanced water-use efficiency and improved physiological adjustment to water limitation. Chlorophyll content remained stable, demonstrating preserved photosynthetic integrity. Nutrient ratios further supported a controlled ion rebalancing associated with adaptive stress responses under NS and MS, whereas HS conditions indicated the onset of distress. Overall, the data demonstrate that WV enhances plant stress resistance primarily by inducing eustress-mediated physiological regulation rather than by directly stimulating growth. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Crop Physiology and Crop Production)

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20 pages, 3938 KB

Open AccessArticle

Comparative Structural and Hydraulic Assessment of a DN3000 Double Eccentric Butterfly Valve Blade Using a Coupled CFD–FEM Approach

by Xolani Prince Hadebe, Bernard Xavier Tchomeni Kouejou, Alfayo Anyika Alugongo and Desejo Filipeson Sozinando

Appl. Mech. 2026, 7(1), 7; https://doi.org/10.3390/applmech7010007 (registering DOI) - 15 Jan 2026

Abstract

Large-diameter butterfly valves are essential control components in high-flow hydraulic systems, where blade geometry directly impacts operational reliability, energy efficiency, and lifecycle cost. This study presents an integrated structural–hydraulic optimization of a DN3000 Boving butterfly valve blade rated for a maximum operating pressure [...] Read more.

Large-diameter butterfly valves are essential control components in high-flow hydraulic systems, where blade geometry directly impacts operational reliability, energy efficiency, and lifecycle cost. This study presents an integrated structural–hydraulic optimization of a DN3000 Boving butterfly valve blade rated for a maximum operating pressure of 10 bar with comparative analysis of a conventional flat blade and an optimized curved blade. The work applies a CFD–FEM framework specifically to DN3000 Southern African valves, which is rare in the literature. Numerical simulations evaluated stress distribution, deformation, pressure losses, and flow stability under design and hydrostatic test conditions. The curved blade achieved a 58.6% reduction in peak von Mises stress, a 50% reduction in weight, a 22% reduction in load loss, and a 33% reduction in actuation torque requirements, while maintaining seal integrity. Cost analysis revealed a 50% reduction in material costs and simplification of manufacturing. The results confirm that the introduction of curvature significantly improves structural strength and hydraulic efficiency, thus providing a reproducible framework for the design of lighter and more economical valves in hydropower, municipal and industrial applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Early Career Scientists 2025 (ECS 2025) Contributions to Applied Mechanics (3rd Edition))

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12 pages, 1777 KB

Open AccessArticle

Enhanced Fracture Energy and Toughness of UV-Curable Resin Using Flax Fiber Composite Laminates

by Mingwen Ou, Huan Li, Dequan Tan, Yizhen Peng, Hao Zhong, Linmei Wu and Wubin Shan

Biomimetics 2026, 11(1), 71; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomimetics11010071 (registering DOI) - 15 Jan 2026

Abstract

Ultraviolet (UV) curable resins are widely used in photopolymerization-based 3D printing due to their rapid curing and compatibility with high-resolution processes. However, their brittleness and limited mechanical performance restrict their applicability, particularly in impact-resistant high-performance 3D-printed structures. Inspired by the mantis shrimp’s exceptional [...] Read more.

Ultraviolet (UV) curable resins are widely used in photopolymerization-based 3D printing due to their rapid curing and compatibility with high-resolution processes. However, their brittleness and limited mechanical performance restrict their applicability, particularly in impact-resistant high-performance 3D-printed structures. Inspired by the mantis shrimp’s exceptional energy absorption and impact resistance, attributed to its helicoidal fiber architecture, we developed a Bouligand flax fiber-reinforced composite laminate. By constructing biomimetic helicoidal composites based on Bouligand arrangements, the mechanical performance of flax fiber-reinforced UV-curable resin was systematically investigated. The influence of flax fiber orientation was assessed using mechanical testing combined with the digital image correlation (DIC) method. The results demonstrate that a 45° interlayer angle of flax fiber significantly enhanced the fracture energy of the resin from 1.67 KJ/m² to 15.41 KJ/m², an increase of ~823%. Moreover, the flax fiber-reinforced helicoidal structure markedly improved the ultimate tensile strength of the resin, with the 90° interlayer angle of flax fiber exhibiting the greatest enhancement, increasing from 5.32 MPa to 19.45 MPa. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Editorial Board Members' Collection Series: Biomimetics of Materials, Functions, Structures and Processes 2025)

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21 pages, 4904 KB

Open AccessArticle

Full-Genome Hepatitis B Virus Genotyping: A Juxtaposition of Next-Generation and Clone-Based Sequencing Approaches—Comparing Genotyping Methods of Hepatitis B Virus

by Li-Ping Hu, Qin-Yan Chen, Mei-Lin Huang, Wen-Jia Zhang, Xiao-Qian Huang, Xian-Feng Yi and Hui-Hua Jia

Viruses 2026, 18(1), 112; https://doi.org/10.3390/v18010112 (registering DOI) - 15 Jan 2026

Abstract

Background: The enhanced sensitivity of next-generation sequencing (NGS) for assessing hepatitis B virus (HBV) quasispecies heterogeneity over clone-based sequencing (CBS) is well documented. However, its comparative reliability for genotype determination remains an open question. Objective: This study aimed to directly compare the performance [...] Read more.

Background: The enhanced sensitivity of next-generation sequencing (NGS) for assessing hepatitis B virus (HBV) quasispecies heterogeneity over clone-based sequencing (CBS) is well documented. However, its comparative reliability for genotype determination remains an open question. Objective: This study aimed to directly compare the performance of NGS and CBS for genotyping HBV using the entire viral genome. Methods: We selected five challenging clinical samples that previously could not be subgenotyped or showed conflicting results when using direct sequencing of the S open reading frame (ORF). The full HBV genome from these subjects was amplified and then analyzed in parallel by both NGS and CBS. Phylogenetic analysis was subsequently used to assign genotypes. Results: Both methods identified a range of genotypes, including B, C, and I, as well as aberrant and recombinant forms. For three of the five subjects, genotyping results were identical between the two platforms. In the remaining two cases, however, CBS revealed greater complexity, identifying additional subgenotypes and recombinant/aberrant strains not detected by NGS. Notably, for three individuals, the genotypes determined by both modern methods contradicted earlier results from 2011 based on direct S ORF sequencing. Furthermore, the specific mutations detected were incongruent between the platforms, with CBS identifying a higher number of variants than NGS. Conclusions: Our findings indicate that genotyping results from NGS and CBS can be discordant. Contrary to expectations, CBS may uncover more genetic diversity, including a greater number of subgenotypes and mutations, than NGS in certain contexts. The study also confirms that genotyping based solely on direct sequencing of the S ORF can be unreliable and lead to misclassification. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Human Virology and Viral Diseases)

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23 pages, 3685 KB

Open AccessArticle

Liquid Extract from the Bark of Magnolia officinalis Rejuvenates Skin Aging Through Mitochondrial ROS Reduction

by Yun Haeng Lee, Eun Young Jeong, Ye Hyang Kim, Sekyung Oh, Jee Hee Yoon, Ji Ho Park, Yoo Jin Lee, Duyeol Kim, Byeonghyeon So, Minseon Kim, So Yeon Kim, Hyung Wook Kwon, Youngjoo Byun, Song Seok Shin and Joon Tae Park

Cosmetics 2026, 13(1), 22; https://doi.org/10.3390/cosmetics13010022 (registering DOI) - 15 Jan 2026

Abstract

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are a major cause of skin aging, leading to oxidation and cleavage of collagen that supports skin structure. Previous studies have demonstrated that Magnolia officinalis var. officinalis (M. officinalis) dry extract reduces mitochondria-enriched ROS production and improves [...] Read more.

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are a major cause of skin aging, leading to oxidation and cleavage of collagen that supports skin structure. Previous studies have demonstrated that Magnolia officinalis var. officinalis (M. officinalis) dry extract reduces mitochondria-enriched ROS production and improves senescence-related phenotypes in vitro. However, its effects on human skin aging have not been investigated. In this study, we conducted both in vitro and clinical trials using an M. officinalis liquid extract, which can be directly applied to cosmetic formulations. The M. officinalis liquid extract restored mitochondrial function and reduced mitochondria-enriched ROS production. Furthermore, M. officinalis liquid extract activated mitophagy, which removes defective mitochondria, a major source of ROS production. In clinical trials, the M. officinalis liquid extract reduced the mean depth of neck wrinkles by 12.73% and the maximum depth by 17.44%. It also reduced the mean roughness (Ra), root mean square roughness (Rq), and maximum depth of roughness (Rmax) by 12.73%, 10.16%, and 10.81%, respectively. Furthermore, the key to the skin-improving effects of M. officinalis liquid extract lies in its ability to increase skin elasticity by 3.76% and brighten skin tone by 0.76%. In conclusion, this study identified a novel mechanism by which M. officinalis liquid extract rejuvenates skin aging. M. officinalis can be utilized as a cosmetic ingredient to improve skin aging and therapeutic candidate for the development of anti-aging treatments. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bioactive Natural Compounds for Skin Rejuvenation: Advances in Cosmetic Science)

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12 pages, 1490 KB

Open AccessArticle

Aqueous Radical Photopolymerization Catalyzed by Resorufin

by Wenqiao Zhou and Chunming Liu

Organics 2026, 7(1), 5; https://doi.org/10.3390/org7010005 (registering DOI) - 15 Jan 2026

Abstract

Commercially available resorufin was shown to function as an organic photocatalyst for visible-light-induced aqueous radical polymerization under low-irradiance illumination. Polymers with narrow molecular weight distributions and high monomer conversions were successfully synthesized from acrylate and acrylamide monomers. The photopolymerization catalyzed by resorufin was [...] Read more.

Commercially available resorufin was shown to function as an organic photocatalyst for visible-light-induced aqueous radical polymerization under low-irradiance illumination. Polymers with narrow molecular weight distributions and high monomer conversions were successfully synthesized from acrylate and acrylamide monomers. The photopolymerization catalyzed by resorufin was consistent with a reductive quenching mechanism. Good temporal control of the reaction was achieved by toggling visible light irradiation. Full article

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19 pages, 5989 KB

Open AccessArticle

Multi-Analytical Approach to Investigate the Polychrome Paintings on Flower Peking Opera Theatre in Bozhou, China

by Wei Liu, Fang Jia, Ting Zhao, Jianhua Huang, Weisha Du and Li Li

Coatings 2026, 16(1), 115; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings16010115 (registering DOI) - 15 Jan 2026

Abstract

This article presents a comprehensive analysis of the polychrome paintings on the Flower Peking Opera Theatre in Bozhou, Anhui Province, China. A multi-technique approach was employed, including polarized light microscopy (PLM), X-ray fluorescence (XRF), micro-Raman spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy [...] Read more.

This article presents a comprehensive analysis of the polychrome paintings on the Flower Peking Opera Theatre in Bozhou, Anhui Province, China. A multi-technique approach was employed, including polarized light microscopy (PLM), X-ray fluorescence (XRF), micro-Raman spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), scanning electron microscopy with energy-dispersive spectrometry (SEM-EDS), and Herzberg staining to determine the composition and methodologies involved in the formation of the pigment layer, the white primer, and the ground layer. The analysis identified cinnabar (red), both artificial ultramarine and Prussian blue (blue), a mixture of barite and gypsum (white), a mixture of chromite and Prussian blue (green), and carbon black (black) in the pigment layer. The ground layer was found to consist of clay and plant fibers (cotton and hemp), while the white prime layer was primarily composed of barite and gypsum. This research provides insights for future conservation and restoration efforts. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Environmental Aspects in Colloid and Interface Science)

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17 pages, 1975 KB

Open AccessArticle

Comparative Longitudinal Evaluation of Systemic Inflammatory Markers in Type 2 Diabetes Treated with Four Oral Antidiabetic Drug Classes

by Mehmet Yamak, Serkan Çakır, Sami Uzun, Egemen Cebeci, Özlem Menken and Savas Ozturk

J. Clin. Med. 2026, 15(2), 688; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm15020688 (registering DOI) - 15 Jan 2026

Abstract

Background: Systemic inflammation plays a central role in the pathogenesis and progression of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Hematologic inflammatory indices-such as the Systemic Immune-Inflammation Index (SII), Neutrophil-to-Lymphocyte Ratio (NLR), Platelet-to-Lymphocyte Ratio (PLR), and Monocyte-to-Lymphocyte Ratio (MLR)-have emerged as accessible markers of chronic [...] Read more.

Background: Systemic inflammation plays a central role in the pathogenesis and progression of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Hematologic inflammatory indices-such as the Systemic Immune-Inflammation Index (SII), Neutrophil-to-Lymphocyte Ratio (NLR), Platelet-to-Lymphocyte Ratio (PLR), and Monocyte-to-Lymphocyte Ratio (MLR)-have emerged as accessible markers of chronic inflammation, yet longitudinal comparisons across oral antidiabetic therapies remain limited. This study uniquely integrates longitudinal correlation and network analyses in a large real-world T2DM cohort, allowing assessment of the temporal stability and class-specific inflammatory patterns across four oral antidiabetic therapies. Methods: This retrospective, longitudinal study analyzed 13,425 patients with T2DM treated with Biguanidines, Dipeptidyl Peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitors, Sodium–Glucose Cotransporter-2 (SGLT-2) inhibitors or Thiazolidinediones (TZDs) between 2020 and 2024. Data were retrieved from the Probel^® Hospital Information System and included baseline, early (30–180 days), and late (180–360 days) follow-up laboratory results. Systemic inflammatory indices were computed from hematologic parameters, and correlations among inflammatory and biochemical markers were assessed using Spearman’s coefficients. Results: At baseline, all hematologic indices were strongly intercorrelated (SII–NLR r = 0.83, p < 0.001; SII–PLR r = 0.73, p < 0.001), with moderate associations to C-reactive protein (CRP; r ≈ 0.3–0.4) and weak or no correlations with Ferritin (r ≈ −0.1). These relationships remained stable throughout follow-up, confirming reproducibility of systemic inflammatory coupling. Longitudinally, SII and NLR showed modest early increases followed by significant declines at one year (p < 0.05), while PLR and MLR remained stable. Class-specific differences were observed: SGLT-2 inhibitors and TZDs demonstrated stronger and more integrated anti-inflammatory networks, whereas Biguanidines and DPP-4 inhibitors exhibited moderate coherence. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) explained 62.4% of total variance and revealed distinct clustering for TZD and SGLT-2 groups, reflecting class-specific inflammatory modulation. Conclusions: Systemic inflammatory indices (SII, NLR, PLR) provide reproducible and accessible measures of low-grade inflammation in T2DM. Despite overall inflammation reduction with treatment, drug-specific patterns emerged-SGLT-2 inhibitors and TZDs showed greater anti-inflammatory coherence, while Biguanidines and DPP-4 inhibitors maintained moderate effects. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Endocrinology & Metabolism)

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23 pages, 4739 KB

Open AccessArticle

Experimental and Analytical Assessment of Shaft Resistance and Critical Depth of Piles Subjected to Uplift Loads in Overconsolidated Sand

by Abdulnaser Alamari and Adel Hanna

Geotechnics 2026, 6(1), 7; https://doi.org/10.3390/geotechnics6010007 (registering DOI) - 15 Jan 2026

Abstract

Pile foundations are widely used to transfer axial loads to deeper strata, where uplift resistance is critical for offshore structures, towers, and retaining systems. Uplift capacity is governed primarily by shaft resistance mobilized along the pile–soil interface, yet its behavior in sand remains [...] Read more.

Pile foundations are widely used to transfer axial loads to deeper strata, where uplift resistance is critical for offshore structures, towers, and retaining systems. Uplift capacity is governed primarily by shaft resistance mobilized along the pile–soil interface, yet its behavior in sand remains inadequately defined. This study investigates the shaft resistance of vertical model piles subjected to pure pullout loading in dry sand, using instrumented steel piles in a rigid steel tank with reaction beams and earth pressure sensors to capture lateral stress distribution. The effects of pile diameter D, embedment ratio L/D, and sand relative density D_r on uplift performance were systematically examined. The results show that higher relative density produces higher earth pressure coefficients K_s and, accordingly, higher uplift capacity. An analytical model was developed to predict the earth pressure coefficient K_s and shaft resistance, introducing a friction-based critical depth ratio linked to the sand friction angle. The critical depth ratio increases with friction angle and is greater in denser sands under uplift loading. This study contributes in the following ways: (1) developing an improved analytical framework for uplift prediction, (2) introducing a friction-based critical depth ratio concept, and (3) establishing an empirical OCR relationship for sand. Full article

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17 pages, 6454 KB

Open AccessArticle

High-Temperature Oxidation Behavior of TiAlCrSiNbY Coating on γ-TiAl Alloy

by Jing Qu, Faqin Xie, Xiangqing Wu, Guangrui Gao and Dong Han

Coatings 2026, 16(1), 116; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings16010116 (registering DOI) - 15 Jan 2026

Abstract

A TiAlCrSiNbY coating was fabricated on γ-TiAl alloy by arc ion plating. The coating exhibits a dense, crack-free microstructure with a thickness of 5 ± 0.5 μm and strong interfacial bonding with the substrate. The characteristic power law correlations between mass gain and [...] Read more.

A TiAlCrSiNbY coating was fabricated on γ-TiAl alloy by arc ion plating. The coating exhibits a dense, crack-free microstructure with a thickness of 5 ± 0.5 μm and strong interfacial bonding with the substrate. The characteristic power law correlations between mass gain and oxidation time were obtained for the uncoated and the coated samples at 850 °C with rate exponents of 2.38 and 2.14, respectively. After oxidation at 850 °C for 200 h, a continuous and dense oxide layer primarily composed of α-Al₂O₃ with a low oxidation reaction rate was formed, and the mass gain of the coated sample was 1/9 times that of the uncoated sample. Additionally, the addition of Cr and Nb in the TiAlCrSiNbY coating can increase the activity of Al and promoted the formation of stable and dense Al₂O₃ oxide films, the presence of a strong high-temperature stability Ti₅Si₃ phase inhibited the affinity of Ti and O, which maintained structural integrity and enhanced high-temperature oxidation resistance. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Surface Characterization, Deposition and Modification)

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13 pages, 1015 KB

Open AccessCase Report

Adams–Oliver Syndrome Type 3: A Case Report of Concurrent RBPJ, CACNA1A, and Double-Heterozygous MTHFR Variants

by Grațian Cosmin Damian, Valerica Belengeanu, Cristina Popescu, Diana Marian, Ramona Amina Popovici and Carolina Cojocariu

Diagnostics 2026, 16(2), 274; https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics16020274 (registering DOI) - 15 Jan 2026

Abstract

Background and Clinical Significance: Adams–Oliver syndrome type 3 (AOS3) is a rare congenital disorder typically characterised by terminal transverse limb defects and variable involvement of other organ systems. Although pathogenic variants in RBPJ are well established in AOS3, associated neurodevelopmental or psychiatric [...] Read more.

Background and Clinical Significance: Adams–Oliver syndrome type 3 (AOS3) is a rare congenital disorder typically characterised by terminal transverse limb defects and variable involvement of other organ systems. Although pathogenic variants in RBPJ are well established in AOS3, associated neurodevelopmental or psychiatric features have been only sporadically documented. Case Presentation: We describe a male patient first evaluated at the age of 10 years and subsequently re-evaluated at 14 years, with AOS3 presenting terminal limb defects together with autistic-like behaviour, cognitive difficulties, dyslexia, and recurrent depressive symptoms. Whole-exome sequencing (WES) identified a heterozygous pathogenic variant in RBPJ (c.505A>G; p.Lys169Glu), confirming the molecular diagnosis of autosomal dominant AOS3. Additional findings included a heterozygous missense variant in CACNA1A (p.Arg1678Cys), a gene linked to neurological disorders with broad phenotypic variability. Because of elevated homocysteine levels, the patient was also tested for MTHFR variants and was found to be heterozygous for C677T and A1298C. Conclusions: This case illustrates a rare combination of a validated AOS3-associated RBPJ variant, along with additional CACNA1A and MTHFR variants that may influence the patient’s neurocognitive and psychiatric characteristics. The results underscore the importance of comprehensive genetic testing in atypical AOS presentations and highlight the complexity of interpreting overlapping genetic factors. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Medical Imaging and Theranostics)

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13 pages, 2337 KB

Open AccessArticle

Micro-Mechanical Properties and Deformation Damage Behavior of the Matrix and Primary Carbides in 8Cr4Mo4V Bearing Steel

by Chenhui Sun, Xubo Fan, Xiaoquan Shi, Junjun Liu, Zhihu Zhang, Bohan Zhang and Haitao Liu

Micromachines 2026, 17(1), 113; https://doi.org/10.3390/mi17010113 (registering DOI) - 15 Jan 2026

Abstract

8Cr4Mo4V bearing steel is a critical material for main shaft bearings in aero-engine applications. However, the current understanding of the micro-mechanical properties of its matrix and primary carbide phases (vanadium-rich and molybdenum-rich carbides) remains insufficient. This knowledge gap readily induces various forms of [...] Read more.

8Cr4Mo4V bearing steel is a critical material for main shaft bearings in aero-engine applications. However, the current understanding of the micro-mechanical properties of its matrix and primary carbide phases (vanadium-rich and molybdenum-rich carbides) remains insufficient. This knowledge gap readily induces various forms of deformation damage during grinding, severely compromising the surface integrity of the workpiece. To address this, nanoindentation and nano-scratch techniques were employed to systematically quantify the micro-mechanical properties of each phase and investigate the deformation damage behavior of the steel under load. Results showed that MC carbides exhibited the highest elastic modulus and microhardness, which made them more susceptible to becoming crack initiation sites during grinding. Nano-scratch testing further revealed that crack initiation at carbide edges and localized spalling were the primary damage mechanisms. This study provides a micro-mechanical foundation for controlling the grinding surface quality of 8Cr4Mo4V bearing steel, holding significant implications for optimizing grinding processes, suppressing crack initiation, and elucidating the grinding damage mechanism. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Future Prospects of Additive Manufacturing, 2nd Edition)

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20 pages, 18283 KB

Open AccessArticle

Aerodynamic Effects of the Oblique Angle and the Asymmetric Leading-Edge Sweep on an Oblique-Wing Aircraft

by Zhuo Liu, Huajun Sun, Heng Zhang, Jie Li and Weijia Fu

Aerospace 2026, 13(1), 91; https://doi.org/10.3390/aerospace13010091 (registering DOI) - 15 Jan 2026

Abstract

Compared with conventional symmetric aircraft, the oblique-wing aircraft offers significant advantages across a wide speed range due to the variable oblique angle. However, the asymmetric aerodynamic characteristics will arise from the differential leading-edge sweep between the forward and aft wings during the rotation [...] Read more.

Compared with conventional symmetric aircraft, the oblique-wing aircraft offers significant advantages across a wide speed range due to the variable oblique angle. However, the asymmetric aerodynamic characteristics will arise from the differential leading-edge sweep between the forward and aft wings during the rotation process. This study investigates the aerodynamic effects of a conceptual oblique-wing configuration at transonic (Mach 0.85) and supersonic (Mach 1.40) flight conditions. For the baseline design, peak lift-to-drag ratio occurs at oblique angles of 30° and 60°, respectively. Analysis at Mach 0.85 reveals that the forward wing dominates the aerodynamic performance of the whole configuration. The parameter study of the leading-edge sweep confirms that the configuration combining a smaller forward-wing sweep with a larger aft-wing sweep is an effective design for achieving the balanced aerodynamic performance, namely, the forward wing with a 24° leading-edge sweepback angle and the after wing with 33° yield a high lift-to-drag ratio, achieving an optimal trade-off with rolling moment minimization. This drag reduction is achieved through the simultaneous decrease in both wave drag and induced drag. Furthermore, downwash analysis reveals that the inherent rolling moment originates from asymmetric tail loads induced by uneven downwash distribution. These findings provide guidance for the aerodynamic design of future oblique-wing aircraft. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Aircraft Conceptual Design: Tools, Processes and Examples)

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18 pages, 951 KB

Open AccessArticle

Evaluating the Antiproliferative Effects of Tri(2-Furyl)- and Triphenylphosphine-Gold(I) Pyridyl- and Pyrimidine-Thiolate Complexes

by Kyle Logan Wilhelm, Shyam Pokhrel, Drew Stolpman, Charli Worth, Sonal Mehta, Raul A. Villacob, Bernd Zechmann, Ahmad A. L. Ahmad, Joseph Taube, Mitchell R. M. Bruce, Alice E. Bruce and Touradj Solouki

Biomolecules 2026, 16(1), 154; https://doi.org/10.3390/biom16010154 (registering DOI) - 15 Jan 2026

Abstract

Two series of tri(2-furyl)- and triphenylphosphine-gold(I) complexes, with pyridyl- and pyrimidine-thiolate ligands containing electron-donating (-CH₃) and electron-withdrawing (-CF₃) substituents were synthesized and investigated for cell viability inhibitions. Prior results indicate that several of the gold(I) complexes in these series [...] Read more.

Two series of tri(2-furyl)- and triphenylphosphine-gold(I) complexes, with pyridyl- and pyrimidine-thiolate ligands containing electron-donating (-CH₃) and electron-withdrawing (-CF₃) substituents were synthesized and investigated for cell viability inhibitions. Prior results indicate that several of the gold(I) complexes in these series have high antifungal properties. The observed link between antifungal and anticancer activity provided motivation to investigate their antiproliferative effects, reported here. The synthesized compounds from both series were characterized by ¹H, ¹³C, and ³¹P NMR spectroscopy, mass spectrometry (MS), infrared and UV-Vis spectroscopy, and solution stability studies. In addition, an X-ray crystallographic study was conducted on one of the gold(I) complexes. Analyte solubilities in McCoy’s 5A cell media were evaluated by ICP-MS. Initial screening studies were conducted on the two series to evaluate cell viability using the SK-BR-3 cell line. All ten gold(I) complexes exhibited sub-µM cytotoxicity and the most potent representatives, one from each series, were selected for further evaluation in four additional cell lines. Half-maximal effective concentrations (EC₅₀) were determined for the MCF7 and MDA-MB-231 malignant mammary cell lines as well as the two control cell lines, HEK293T and MCF10A, to probe for specificity. Results indicate significant selectivity towards inhibition of cancer cells compared to non-transformed for tri(2-furyl)- and triphenylphosphine-gold(I) complexes with the 3,5-dimethylpyrimidine thiolate ligand when dissolved in cell media. Additional studies including 1% DMSO as a solubilizing agent revealed its significant impact on cellular responses. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Metal-Based Complexes in Medicine: From Therapeutics to Diagnostics and Theranostics)

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11 pages, 812 KB

Open AccessReview

Mastoid Obliteration Using Bioceramic Scaffold After Canal Wall Down Mastoidectomy: A Systematic Review

by Kyung Hoon Sun, Cheol Hee Choi and Chul Ho Jang

Ceramics 2026, 9(1), 8; https://doi.org/10.3390/ceramics9010008 (registering DOI) - 15 Jan 2026

Abstract

Canal wall down mastoidectomy (CWD) effectively eradicates cholesteatoma and chronic otitis media but frequently results in a problematic open mastoid cavity. Mastoid obliteration aims to reduce cavity-related morbidity. Bioceramic materials, including hydroxyapatite (HA), tricalcium phosphate (TCP), and bioactive glass (BAG), have been increasingly [...] Read more.

Canal wall down mastoidectomy (CWD) effectively eradicates cholesteatoma and chronic otitis media but frequently results in a problematic open mastoid cavity. Mastoid obliteration aims to reduce cavity-related morbidity. Bioceramic materials, including hydroxyapatite (HA), tricalcium phosphate (TCP), and bioactive glass (BAG), have been increasingly adopted because of their osteoconductive, biocompatible, and antimicrobial properties. This systematic review evaluates the clinical outcomes and complications of bioceramic mastoid obliteration following CWD. A systematic literature search of PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science was conducted for studies published between 2005 and 2025, following PRISMA guidelines. Clinical studies reporting outcomes of bioceramic mastoid obliteration after CWD were included. Thirteen clinical studies were included. HA-, TCP-, and BAG-based materials demonstrated high obliteration success rates (>90% in most series). BAG S53P4 was consistently associated with low infection rates and favorable epithelialization, whereas earlier HA cement formulations were occasionally associated with revision-requiring complications. Bioceramic scaffolds represent safe and effective materials for mastoid obliteration after CWD. BAG offers additional antibacterial advantages, while HA provides predictable volume stability. Further prospective and comparative studies are required to establish material superiority and long-term outcomes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Ceramics Containing Active Molecules for Biomedical Applications)

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17 pages, 672 KB

Open AccessArticle

Unlocking the Antioxidant Potential of Pigeon Peas (Cajanus cajan L.) via Wild Fermentation and Extraction Optimization

by Tamara Machinjili, Chikondi Maluwa, Chawanluk Raungsri, Hataichanok Chuljerm, Pavalee Chompoorat Tridtitanakiat, Elsa Maria Salvador and Kanokwan Kulprachakarn

Foods 2026, 15(2), 310; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods15020310 (registering DOI) - 15 Jan 2026

Abstract

Oxidative stress contributes significantly to chronic disease burden, necessitating identification of accessible dietary antioxidant sources. Pigeon peas (Cajanus cajan L.) contain substantial bioactive compounds, yet most exist in bound forms with limited bioavailability. This study evaluated wild fermentation combined with systematic extraction [...] Read more.

Oxidative stress contributes significantly to chronic disease burden, necessitating identification of accessible dietary antioxidant sources. Pigeon peas (Cajanus cajan L.) contain substantial bioactive compounds, yet most exist in bound forms with limited bioavailability. This study evaluated wild fermentation combined with systematic extraction optimization to enhance antioxidant recovery from pigeon peas. Seeds underwent wild fermentation in brine solution, followed by extraction under varying conditions (seven solvent systems, three temperatures, and three-time durations). Multiple complementary assays assessed antioxidant capacity (total phenolic content, DPPH radical scavenging, ferric reducing power, and ABTS activity). Fermentation substantially improved antioxidant properties across all parameters, with particularly pronounced effects on radical scavenging activities. Extraction optimization identified 70% methanol at 40 °C for 24 h as optimal, demonstrating marked improvements over conventional protocols. Strong intercorrelations among assays confirmed coordinated enhancement of multiple antioxidant mechanisms rather than isolated changes. The findings demonstrate that both biotechnological processing and analytical methodology critically influence antioxidant characterization in pigeon peas. This integrated approach offers practical guidance for developing antioxidant-rich functional foods, particularly relevant for resource-limited settings where pigeon peas serve as dietary staples. The study establishes foundation for translating fermentation technology into nutritional interventions, though further research addressing bioavailability, microbiological characterization, and bioactive compound identification remains essential. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Application of Traditional and Innovative Technologies for the Extraction of Biologically Active Compounds from Natural Food Resources)

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16 pages, 3922 KB

Open AccessArticle

Ancestral Sequence Reconstruction for Novel Bifunctional Glutathione Synthetase with Enhanced Thermostability and Catalytic Efficiency

by Jieru Zhao, Binhao Wang, Junhua Di, Jieyu Zhou, Jinjun Dong, Ye Ni and Ruizhi Han

Foods 2026, 15(2), 309; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods15020309 (registering DOI) - 15 Jan 2026

Abstract

The bifunctional glutathione synthase (GshF) is able to catalyze glutathione synthesis and is favored for industrial application due to its lack of product inhibition. However, its practical use is limited by moderate catalytic efficiency and poor thermostability. Here, we applied ancestral sequence reconstruction [...] Read more.

The bifunctional glutathione synthase (GshF) is able to catalyze glutathione synthesis and is favored for industrial application due to its lack of product inhibition. However, its practical use is limited by moderate catalytic efficiency and poor thermostability. Here, we applied ancestral sequence reconstruction (ASR) to engineer a more robust ancestral GshF (Anc427) with thermal denaturation temperature of 56.2 ± 0.2 °C, representing an increase of 10.8 ± 0.2 °C over the probe enzyme (St-GshF). Additionally, Anc427 exhibited a thermal half-life (t_1/2) of 3465.7 min at 40 °C, representing a 20-fold increase over that of St-GshF. Under optimal conditions (pH 7.0, 37 °C), Anc427 displayed a specific activity of 3.3 ± 0.02 U·mg⁻¹, representing a 20% enhancement compared to St-GshF. Structural modeling and molecular dynamics simulations indicated that the improved stability can be attributed to increased structural rigidity in Anc427. These findings demonstrate that ASR effectively enhances both thermostability and catalytic activity of GshF, significantly advancing its potential for industrial biocatalysis. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Chemical Characterization and Functional Studies of Enzymes from Food)

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16 pages, 267 KB

Open AccessArticle

The Suicidal Archive: From Di Benedetto’s Los suicidas to Guerriero’s Los suicidas del fin del mundo

by Catalina Quesada-Gómez

Humanities 2026, 15(1), 14; https://doi.org/10.3390/h15010014 (registering DOI) - 15 Jan 2026

Abstract

This essay offers a comparative reading of Antonio Di Benedetto’s Los suicidas and Leila Guerriero’s Los suicidas del fin del mundo through the lens of the “suicidal archive.” Drawing on literary criticism, trauma studies, and biopolitical theory, it explores how both works transform [...] Read more.

This essay offers a comparative reading of Antonio Di Benedetto’s Los suicidas and Leila Guerriero’s Los suicidas del fin del mundo through the lens of the “suicidal archive.” Drawing on literary criticism, trauma studies, and biopolitical theory, it explores how both works transform suicide into a problem of representation, where writing functions as an aesthetic mediation against the chaos of reality. In dialogue with the ideas of Mbembe, De Martelaere, and Caruth, I argue that Di Benedetto and Guerriero move beyond the rational frameworks of scientific or journalistic discourse to probe the ethical and affective dimensions of suicidal acts. While Di Benedetto’s text renders repetition as a metaphysical and introspective structure, Guerriero’s transforms it into a collective, polyphonic archive of trauma. In both cases, literature emerges as a symbolic space of containment that, rather than closing off meaning, keeps the wound open. Ultimately, the essay concludes that the suicidal archive does not seek to explain or domesticate death but to inhabit its enigma—affirming writing as an act of resistance against silence and disappearance. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Literature in the Humanities)

43 pages, 614 KB

Open AccessArticle

The Collingridge Dilemma and Its Implications for Regulating Financial and Economic Crime (FEC) in the United Kingdom: Navigating the Tension Between Innovation and Control

by Adam Abukari

Laws 2026, 15(1), 5; https://doi.org/10.3390/laws15010005 (registering DOI) - 15 Jan 2026

Abstract

The capacity of the United Kingdom (UK) to prosecute technology-enabled financial and economic crime (FEC) is increasingly shaped by the Collingridge dilemma. Even though the dilemma was broadly conceptualized in technology governance, its application to prosecutorial and enforcement practice, evidentiary standards, and criminal [...] Read more.

The capacity of the United Kingdom (UK) to prosecute technology-enabled financial and economic crime (FEC) is increasingly shaped by the Collingridge dilemma. Even though the dilemma was broadly conceptualized in technology governance, its application to prosecutorial and enforcement practice, evidentiary standards, and criminal liability attribution represents uncharted scholarly territory. Through socio-legal mixed methods combining doctrinal analysis, case studies, and comparative analysis, the paper shows how the dilemma’s two horns or pillars (i.e., early epistemic uncertainty and late institutional inertia) manifest in criminal law and regulatory contexts. The paper finds that just like the European Union and United States, the UK criminal enforcement ecosystem exhibits both horns across cryptocurrency, algorithmic trading, artificial intelligence (AI), and fintech domains. By integrating supplementary theories such as responsive regulation, precautionary principles and technological momentum, the study advances a socio-legal framework that explains enforcement inertia and doctrinal gaps in liability attribution for emerging technologies. The paper demonstrates how epistemic uncertainty and institutional entrenchment shape enforcement outcomes and proposes adaptive strategies for anticipatory governance including technology-literate capacity building, anticipatory legal reform, and data-driven public-private coordination. These recommendations balance ex-ante legal clarity (reducing uncertainty) with ex-post enforcement agility (overcoming entrenchment) to provide a normative framework for navigating the Collingridge dilemma in FEC prosecution. Full article

14 pages, 282 KB

Open AccessArticle

Long-Term Oncological Outcomes in Metastatic Prostate Cancer Patients Who Are Able to Maintain/Recover Ongoing Anticancer Therapy After SARS-CoV-2 Infection—Results of the MEET-URO 22 Study

by Orazio Caffo, Umberto Basso, Antonello Veccia, Marco Maruzzo, Brigida Anna Maiorano, Consuelo Buttigliero, Claudia Mucciarini, Alessia Mennitto, Paola Ermacora, Mariella Sorarù, Maria Giuseppa Vitale, Cecilia Anesi, Dzenete Kadrija, Francesca Maines, Franco Morelli, Caterina Romeo, Davide Bimbatti, Isabella Saporita and Francesco Pierantoni

Cancers 2026, 18(2), 264; https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers18020264 (registering DOI) - 15 Jan 2026

Abstract

Background: Although the relationship between androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) for prostate cancer (PC) and the biological mechanisms of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection remains unequivocally unclear, it is possible that exposure to the virus may influence PC evolution by altering [...] Read more.

Background: Although the relationship between androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) for prostate cancer (PC) and the biological mechanisms of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection remains unequivocally unclear, it is possible that exposure to the virus may influence PC evolution by altering TMPRSS2 expression. This study aims to evaluate the long-term oncological outcomes of patients with metastatic PC who were undergoing medical therapy at the time of contracting SARS-CoV-2 and who resumed/continued anticancer treatment after recovery. Methods: We retrospectively evaluated a consecutive series of 151 metastatic PC patients who developed SARS-CoV-2 infection while receiving one active systemic anticancer therapy (125 metastatic castration-resistant PC (mCRPC) patients and 26 metastatic hormone-sensitive PC (mHSPC) patients). We evaluated variables that influence the ability to maintain or resume the ongoing therapy. For the maintained/resumed therapies, we calculated the post-infection overall survival (piOS) and the overall survival (OS). Results: Of the patients, 12.6% died due to SARS-CoV-2 infection, 10.6% recovered from the infection but failed to maintain/resume the ongoing anticancer treatment, and the remaining 76.8% maintained/resumed the treatment after recovery. Hospitalization, duration of infection, and the type of ongoing anticancer agent influenced these treatment changes. In the cohort of mCRPC patients, the median piOS was 32 months, and the median OS was 67.8 months. The median piOS was not achieved in the cohort of mHSPC patients, while the median OS was 122 months. The outcomes of single anticancer agents were in line with those of pivotal trials. Conclusions: Although observed in a highly selected population of PC patients who survived SARS-CoV-2 infection and were able to resume/maintain anticancer therapy, the survival outcomes of this study appear to be in line with those reported in pivotal studies, and SARS-CoV-2 infection does not seem to have adversely affected long-term oncological outcomes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Collection The Impact of COVID-19 Infection in Cancer)

20 pages, 632 KB

Open AccessArticle

Board Gender Diversity, Corporate Social Responsibility and Financial Performance in an Emerging Market: Evidence from Peru

by Patrick Michael Villamizar Morales

Sustainability 2026, 18(2), 869; https://doi.org/10.3390/su18020869 (registering DOI) - 15 Jan 2026

Abstract

This study explores the relationship between board gender diversity and corporate social responsibility (CSR) in explaining the financial performance of firms listed on the Lima Stock Exchange during 2022–2023, using 242 firm year observations for 121 firms. The research addresses a broader question [...] Read more.

This study explores the relationship between board gender diversity and corporate social responsibility (CSR) in explaining the financial performance of firms listed on the Lima Stock Exchange during 2022–2023, using 242 firm year observations for 121 firms. The research addresses a broader question on how gender representation in corporate governance and engagement in social and environmental policies influence firms’ profitability and liquidity in an emerging market context. Using a multiple linear regression model, financial performance was measured through return on assets (ROA), return on equity (ROE), asset turnover (ATO), and the current liquidity ratio (LIQ). The results indicate that CSR is positively associated with profitability indicators (ROA, ROE, ATO), while board gender diversity shows a negative short term relationship with these variables. Both CSR and board gender diversity are negatively associated with liquidity, reflecting short term financial commitments arising from sustainability and inclusion initiatives. These findings suggest that the financial implications of diversity and CSR initiatives may vary across temporal horizons and institutional contexts. The study contributes empirical evidence from a Latin American emerging market and underscores the importance of evaluating corporate governance and sustainability practices by considering the short term financial trade-offs of diversity and CSR initiatives and their potential longer term implications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Accelerating Sustainable Innovation Through ESG Integration: Driving Value Creation and Social Impact in Firms)

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17 pages, 1760 KB

Open AccessArticle

Sensor-Derived Trunk Stability and Gait Recovery: Evidence of Neuromechanical Associations Following Intensive Robotic Rehabilitation

by Hülya Şirzai, Yiğit Can Gökhan, Güneş Yavuzer and Hande Argunsah

Sensors 2026, 26(2), 573; https://doi.org/10.3390/s26020573 (registering DOI) - 15 Jan 2026

Abstract

This quantitative observational study with pre–post design aimed to examine joint-specific kinematic adaptations and the relationship between trunk stability and spatiotemporal gait parameters following intensive robotic rehabilitation. A total of 12 neurological patients completed 16 sessions of gait training using the Tecnobody Smart [...] Read more.

This quantitative observational study with pre–post design aimed to examine joint-specific kinematic adaptations and the relationship between trunk stability and spatiotemporal gait parameters following intensive robotic rehabilitation. A total of 12 neurological patients completed 16 sessions of gait training using the Tecnobody Smart Gravity Walker. Pre- and post-training kinematic data were collected for bilateral hip and knee flexion–extension, trunk flexion–extension, trunk lateral flexion, and center-of-gravity displacement. Waveforms were normalized to 100% stride. Paired t-tests assessed pre–post differences, and correlations examined associations between trunk stability and gait performance. Significant increases were found in right hip flexion–extension (t = 3.44, p < 0.001), trunk flexion–extension (t = 9.49, p < 0.001), and center-of-gravity displacement (t = 15.15, p < 0.001), with reduced trunk lateral flexion (t = –8.64, p < 0.001). Trunk flexion–extension correlated with gait speed (r = 0.74), step length (r = 0.68), and stride length (r = 0.71); trunk lateral flexion correlated with cadence (r = 0.66) and stride length (r = 0.70). Intensive robotic rehabilitation improved trunk and hip kinematics, supporting trunk stability as an important biomechanical correlate of gait recovery. Sensor-derived metrics revealed strong neuromechanical coupling between postural control and locomotion in neurological patients. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sensors and Wearable Device for Gait Analysis)

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13 pages, 239 KB

Open AccessReview

Rehabilitative Ultrasound Imaging as Visual Biofeedback in Pelvic Floor Dysfunction: A Narrative Review

by Dana Sandra Daniel, Mila Goldenberg and Leonid Kalichman

Tomography 2026, 12(1), 10; https://doi.org/10.3390/tomography12010010 (registering DOI) - 15 Jan 2026

Abstract

Background: Pelvic floor dysfunction, more prevalent in women but affecting both genders, impairs sphincter control and sexual health, and causes pelvic pain. Pelvic floor muscle (PFM) training is the first-line treatment for urinary incontinence, supported by robust evidence. Rehabilitative ultrasound imaging (RUSI) [...] Read more.

Background: Pelvic floor dysfunction, more prevalent in women but affecting both genders, impairs sphincter control and sexual health, and causes pelvic pain. Pelvic floor muscle (PFM) training is the first-line treatment for urinary incontinence, supported by robust evidence. Rehabilitative ultrasound imaging (RUSI) serves as a visual biofeedback tool, providing real-time imaging to enhance PFM training, motor learning, and treatment adherence. Aim: This narrative review evaluates the role and efficacy of RUSI in pelvic floor rehabilitation. Method: A comprehensive search of PubMed, Cochrane, and MEDLINE was conducted using keywords related to pelvic floor rehabilitation, ultrasound, and biofeedback, limited to English-language publications up to July 2025. Systematic reviews, meta-analyses, and clinical trials were prioritized. Results: Transperineal and transabdominal ultrasound improve PFM function across diverse populations. In post-prostatectomy men, transperineal ultrasound-guided training enhanced PFM contraction and reduced urinary leakage. In postpartum women with pelvic girdle pain, transabdominal ultrasound-guided biofeedback combined with exercises decreased pain and improved function. Ultrasound-guided pelvic floor muscle contraction demonstrated superior performance compared to verbal instruction. Notably, 57% of participants who were unable to contract the pelvic floor muscles with verbal cues achieved a correct contraction with ultrasound biofeedback, and this approach also resulted in more sustained improvements in PFM strength. Compared to other biofeedback modalities, RUSI demonstrated outcomes that are comparable to or superior to those of alternative methods. However, evidence is limited by a lack of standardized protocols and randomized controlled trials comparing RUSI with other modalities. Conclusions: RUSI is an effective visual biofeedback tool that enhances outcomes of PFM training in pelvic floor rehabilitation. It supports clinical decision-making and patient engagement, particularly in cases where traditional assessments are challenging. Further research, including the development of standardized protocols and comparative trials, is necessary to optimize the clinical integration of this method and confirm its superiority over other biofeedback methods. Full article

12 pages, 782 KB

Open AccessArticle

Development of an Immersive Virtual Reality-Based Nursing Program Involving Patients with Respiratory Infections

by Eun-Joo Ji, Sang Sik Lee and Eun-Kyung Lee

Bioengineering 2026, 13(1), 98; https://doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering13010098 (registering DOI) - 15 Jan 2026

Abstract

This study aimed to develop an immersive virtual reality (VR) program and conduct preliminary evaluation of its feasibility and learner perception for enhancing nursing students’ clinical practicum education. The VR program was designed using the ADDIE model (analysis, design, development, implementation, and evaluation) [...] Read more.

This study aimed to develop an immersive virtual reality (VR) program and conduct preliminary evaluation of its feasibility and learner perception for enhancing nursing students’ clinical practicum education. The VR program was designed using the ADDIE model (analysis, design, development, implementation, and evaluation) and implemented on the UNITY 3D platform. Expert evaluation was conducted through a VR application, and its effectiveness was further assessed among 25 fourth-year nursing students in terms of immersion, presence, and satisfaction. The expert evaluation yielded a mean score of 6.54 out of 7, indicating acceptable content validity. Among learners, evaluation demonstrated immersion at 42.28 ± 2.37 out of 50 (95% CI: 41.30–43.26), presence at 81.36 ± 7.32 out of 95 (95% CI: 78.34–84.38), and satisfaction at 13.48 ± 1.26 out of 15 (95% CI: 12.96–14.00). Overall, the developed VR program demonstrated acceptable expert validity and positive learner perceptions. These preliminary findings suggest feasibility as a supplementary practicum. However, the single-group design without control comparison and reliance on self-reported measures preclude conclusions about educational effectiveness. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Biosignal Processing)

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485 KB

Open AccessEditorial

Preface: The European Navigation Conference 2024 (ENC 2024)

by Terry Moore

Eng. Proc. 2025, 88(1), 80; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2025088080 (registering DOI) - 14 Jan 2026

Abstract

The European Navigation Conference 2024 (ENC 2024) took place at the European Space Research and Technology Centre (ESTEC) of the European Space Agency (ESA) in Noordwijk, the Netherlands, from 22 to 24 May 2024 [...] Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of European Navigation Conference 2024)

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22 pages, 2305 KB

Open AccessArticle

Improving Graduate Job Matching Through Higher Education–Industry Alignment for SDG-Consistent Development in China

by Qing Yang and Muhd Khaizer Omar

Sustainability 2026, 18(2), 868; https://doi.org/10.3390/su18020868 (registering DOI) - 14 Jan 2026

Abstract

Grounded in the United Nations Sustainable Development Goal 4 (SDG4), specifically addressing the urgent need to increase relevant skills for decent work (Target 4.4) while ensuring inclusive access and quality (Targets 4.3, 4.5, 4.c), this study develops a province-level indicator system for the [...] Read more.

Grounded in the United Nations Sustainable Development Goal 4 (SDG4), specifically addressing the urgent need to increase relevant skills for decent work (Target 4.4) while ensuring inclusive access and quality (Targets 4.3, 4.5, 4.c), this study develops a province-level indicator system for the “talent chain” and “industry chain” and integrates entropy-weighted composite evaluation, a coupling coordination model, correlation tests, and mismatch typology classification to systematically assess the alignment between higher education talent formation and industrial demand across 31 Chinese provinces during 2000–2022. The analysis aims to characterize China’s phase-specific progress in SDG4-consistent development at the education–industry interface and to provide a theoretical and empirical basis for improving graduate job matching. The results show that (1) overall talent–industry matching improved steadily from 2000 to 2022, yet pronounced regional disparities persist, with eastern provinces generally outperforming central and western regions; (2) educational quality and structural inputs—such as faculty capacity, per-student expenditure, and the composition of human capital—are the primary drivers of talent-chain performance, whereas expansion-oriented indicators exhibit limited marginal contributions, implying that sustainable graduate job matching hinges more on quality upgrading and supply-structure optimization than on quantitative expansion alone; (3) industry-chain advancement is jointly driven by industrial scale, structural upgrading, and employment absorptive capacity, with the tertiary sector playing a particularly prominent role in shaping demand for higher-skilled labor; and (4) a divergence in driving mechanisms—quality- and structure-oriented on the education side versus scale- and structure-oriented on the industry side—combined with regional heterogeneity produces stage-specific mismatch typologies, suggesting remaining scope for structural alignment between higher education systems and industrial upgrading. Overall, strengthening regional coordination, integration, quality, and upgrading drives synergistic development, advancing SDG 4 targets by validating that quality-driven education reform is the key lever for sustainable employment in China. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Sustainable Education and Approaches)

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