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29 pages, 1097 KB

Open AccessReview

Roles of Lipid Metabolism in Pulmonary Hypertension: Friend or Foe?

by Wei Huang, Runxiu Zheng, Lijun Gong, Yu Zhang, Junlan Tan, Xianya Cao, Lan Song and Aiguo Dai

Biomolecules 2025, 15(12), 1679; https://doi.org/10.3390/biom15121679 (registering DOI) - 1 Dec 2025

Abstract

Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is a progressive cardiopulmonary disorder characterized by vascular remodeling and right ventricular (RV) failure. Recently, attention to lipid metabolism in PH has revealed multiple mechanisms that drive disease progression, including alterations in energy supply, oxidative stress, inflammatory signaling, and epigenetic [...] Read more.

Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is a progressive cardiopulmonary disorder characterized by vascular remodeling and right ventricular (RV) failure. Recently, attention to lipid metabolism in PH has revealed multiple mechanisms that drive disease progression, including alterations in energy supply, oxidative stress, inflammatory signaling, and epigenetic regulation. Notably, lipid metabolism in PH exhibits marked spatiotemporal heterogeneity. This creates a therapeutic paradox in which the same metabolic intervention may exert opposing effects depending on tissue type and disease stage. Despite these challenges, targeting lipid metabolism remains an attractive therapeutic strategy. Preclinical and early clinical studies suggest that both small-molecule metabolic modulators and natural compounds hold promise for reversing pulmonary vascular remodeling and improving RV function. This review summarizes current advances in lipid metabolic reprogramming in PH and highlights the challenges of developing tissue- and time-specific interventions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Lipids)

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11 pages, 773 KB

Open AccessArticle

The New Robotic Platform Hugo™ RAS for Colorectal Surgery: A Single-Center Initial Experience

by Gabriella Teresa Capolupo, Filippo Carannante, Paula Elena Papuc, Valentina Miacci, Martina Marrelli, Francesca Carnevale, Gianluca Bongiorno, Vincenzo Schiavone, Marco Caricato and Gianluca Costa

Appl. Sci. 2025, 15(23), 12737; https://doi.org/10.3390/app152312737 (registering DOI) - 1 Dec 2025

Abstract

Background: Robotic surgery represents the most advanced evolution of minimally invasive colorectal procedures. The Hugo™ Robotic-Assisted Surgery (RAS) platform by Medtronic, introduced in 2021, is a novel modular system designed to enhance accessibility and flexibility. Evidence on its application in colorectal procedures remains [...] Read more.

Background: Robotic surgery represents the most advanced evolution of minimally invasive colorectal procedures. The Hugo™ Robotic-Assisted Surgery (RAS) platform by Medtronic, introduced in 2021, is a novel modular system designed to enhance accessibility and flexibility. Evidence on its application in colorectal procedures remains limited. This study aimed to evaluate the perioperative outcomes of major colorectal resections performed using the Hugo™ RAS system. Methods: A retrospective, consecutive, single-center case series was conducted on all adult patients who underwent major colorectal surgery using the Hugo™ RAS platform between May 2024 and March 2025. Primary endpoints included operative time, docking time, conversions, and intraoperative complications. Secondary endpoints included postoperative complications (classified using Clavien–Dindo), length of stay, time to bowel function recovery, postoperative pain, and readmission. All perioperative variables were standardized with defined measurement criteria, and complication severity was systematically graded. Results: Forty-four patients were included. All surgeries were completed robotically without conversion or intraoperative complications. The median docking time was 11 min, the median console time was 179 min, and the median operative time was 300 min. Four patients (9.1%) developed major complications (Clavien–Dindo III). Right colectomy anastomoses were intracorporeal, performed with a laparoscopic linear stapler through the assistant port due to absence of a robotic stapler. Conclusions: Major colorectal resections performed with the Hugo™ RAS platform were feasible and safe, with satisfactory perioperative outcomes and no conversions. These findings confirm the reproducibility of this novel robotic system in colorectal surgery. Larger prospective multicenter studies with extended follow-up are warranted to further assess long-term and oncological outcomes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Trends in Robot-Assisted Surgery)

17 pages, 1932 KB

Open AccessArticle

Advanced Multi-Modal Sensor Fusion System for Detecting Falling Humans: Quantitative Evaluation for Enhanced Vehicle Safety

by Nick Barua and Masahito Hitosugi

Vehicles 2025, 7(4), 149; https://doi.org/10.3390/vehicles7040149 (registering DOI) - 1 Dec 2025

Abstract

Collisions with fallen pedestrians pose a lethal challenge to current advanced driver-assistance systems. This paper introduces and quantitatively validates the Advanced Falling Object Detection System (AFODS), a novel safety framework designed to mitigate this risk. AFODS architecturally integrates long-wave infrared, near-infrared stereo and [...] Read more.

Collisions with fallen pedestrians pose a lethal challenge to current advanced driver-assistance systems. This paper introduces and quantitatively validates the Advanced Falling Object Detection System (AFODS), a novel safety framework designed to mitigate this risk. AFODS architecturally integrates long-wave infrared, near-infrared stereo and ultrasonic sensors, processed through a novel artificial intelligence pipeline that combines YOLOv7-Tiny for object detection with a recurrent neural network for proactive threat assessment, thereby enabling the system to predict falls before they are complete. In a rigorous controlled study using simulated adverse conditions, AFODS achieved a 98.2% detection rate at night, a condition where standard systems fail. This paper details the system’s ISO 26262-aligned architecture and validation results, proposing a framework for a new benchmark in active vehicle safety, demonstrated under controlled test conditions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Novel Solutions for Transportation Safety, 2nd Edition)

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29 pages, 817 KB

Open AccessArticle

How Policy Misalignment Shapes the Municipal Solid Waste Disposal Capacity: A Multi-Level Governance Analysis

by Jingwen Zhang, Yulong Wang and Weixia Lyu

Sustainability 2025, 17(23), 10776; https://doi.org/10.3390/su172310776 (registering DOI) - 1 Dec 2025

Abstract

Policy misalignment is a key factor affecting the implementation of solid waste management policies and resolving such a misalignment is critical to advancing the solid waste disposal capacity (SWDC) and supporting the goal of a “zero-waste city”. This policy misalignment indicator provides a [...] Read more.

Policy misalignment is a key factor affecting the implementation of solid waste management policies and resolving such a misalignment is critical to advancing the solid waste disposal capacity (SWDC) and supporting the goal of a “zero-waste city”. This policy misalignment indicator provides a measurable tool to track progress toward Sustainable Cities and Communities. This study used panel data from 281 cities at the prefecture level and above from 2018 to 2022. The study involved constructing an original database of central and provincial policy documents on urban waste governance and transforming the policy documents into an indicator to capture the degree of policy misalignment, which serves as the key explanatory variable in a fixed-effects model. The study further examined how fiscal decentralization, the digital economy, and regional and administrative characteristics influence cities’ responses to policy misalignments. These factors serve a vital function in moderating the effects of misalignment and explaining heterogeneity across cities. The empirical results show that a vertical policy misalignment significantly reduced the solid waste disposal capacity, while fiscal decentralization and digital economy development mitigated its negative effects. The adverse impacts were particularly pronounced in non-key cities, eastern regions, and cities with low government attention, highlighting the role of local capacity and administrative focus in mediating cross-level policy impacts. The heterogeneous effects observed across city types further offer targeted insights for designing sustainability-oriented waste management policies, enabling regions to tailor interventions based on their administrative capacity and development context. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Waste and Recycling)

15 pages, 337 KB

Open AccessArticle

Motivation and Self-Regulated Learning Among Online English Learners: Profiles and Pedagogical Implications

by Shifang Tang, Zhuoying Wang, Mei Jiang, David D. Jimenez and Lei Zhang

Educ. Sci. 2025, 15(12), 1619; https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci15121619 (registering DOI) - 1 Dec 2025

Abstract

In this study, we examined the interrelations between motivation and self-regulated learning (SRL) strategies in the context of online English language instruction among Chinese university students. Data were collected from 1100 first-year undergraduates enrolled in an online College English course. Canonical correlation analysis [...] Read more.

In this study, we examined the interrelations between motivation and self-regulated learning (SRL) strategies in the context of online English language instruction among Chinese university students. Data were collected from 1100 first-year undergraduates enrolled in an online College English course. Canonical correlation analysis revealed significant multivariate associations between motivational constructs and SRL strategies. Cluster analysis further identified two distinct learner profiles, Engaged Strategic Learners and Disengaged Learners, demonstrating differences in motivation, SRL use, and online learning experiences. Thematic analysis of open-ended responses offered additional insights into students’ perceived challenges and instructional needs. Our findings contribute to a deeper understanding of how motivational and SRL characteristics influence learners’ engagement and outcomes in online English learning environments. Full article

16 pages, 3188 KB

Open AccessArticle

Process Design for Optimizing Small Particle Diameter Light Hydrocarbon Recovery from Tight Gas Fields

by Jianli Li and Lei Xing

Processes 2025, 13(12), 3884; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr13123884 (registering DOI) - 1 Dec 2025

Abstract

To address the challenge of low separation efficiency for fine light hydrocarbons in tight gas fields, this study establishes a mathematical model correlating the structural parameters of a cyclonic coalescer with coalesced droplet size. The model was constructed using second-order polynomial basis functions [...] Read more.

To address the challenge of low separation efficiency for fine light hydrocarbons in tight gas fields, this study establishes a mathematical model correlating the structural parameters of a cyclonic coalescer with coalesced droplet size. The model was constructed using second-order polynomial basis functions through numerical simulation and response surface methodology. An optimized cyclonic coalescer configuration with enhanced fine droplet coalescence capability was subsequently designed. The performance of the optimized and original configurations was comparatively evaluated through numerical simulations and laboratory experiments. Simulation results indicated that with inlet droplet sizes ranging from 0.1 to 10 μm, the optimized configuration achieved a coalescence efficiency of 90.66% for outlet droplets larger than 100 μm. High-speed photographic analysis revealed that 5–10 μm inlet droplets were coalesced to 50–60 μm diameters, while 50–300 μm inlet droplets formed large-scale liquid flows of 300–500 μm. The optimized configuration exhibited significantly improved coalescence efficiency and operational applicability across varying inlet droplet sizes. This research provides practical insights for enhancing the recovery efficiency of fine light hydrocarbons in gas processing operations. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Separation Processes)

19 pages, 768 KB

Open AccessArticle

Safety, Tolerability, and Immunogenicity of RSVpreF Vaccine in Pregnant Individuals Living with HIV

by Landon Myer, Emily Wasserman, Saiqa Tabasum, Emma Shittu, Yanping Liu, Lisa Jose, Elizea Horne, Robert S. Moraba, Agatha Wilhase, Heather J. Zar, Nazreen Hussen, Mokgadi S. Mogashoa, Mookho Malahleha, Shabir A. Madhi, Uzma N. Sarwar, Hasra Snaggs, Rahsan Erdem, David Radley, Elena V. Kalinina, Barbara A. Pahud, Maria Maddalena Lino, Olympia Evdoxia Anastasiou, Kena A. Swanson, Annaliesa S. Anderson, Alejandra Gurtman and Iona Munjal Show full author list Hide full author list

Vaccines 2025, 13(12), 1218; https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines13121218 (registering DOI) - 1 Dec 2025

Abstract

Background/Objectives: HIV-exposed uninfected (HEU) infants experience increased severe respiratory syncytial virus lower respiratory tract illness (RSV-LRTI) rates compared with HIV-unexposed infants. Maternal bivalent RSVpreF vaccination can prevent infant RSV-LRTI but data from HEU infants are lacking. Methods: This phase 3 randomized, double-blinded trial [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: HIV-exposed uninfected (HEU) infants experience increased severe respiratory syncytial virus lower respiratory tract illness (RSV-LRTI) rates compared with HIV-unexposed infants. Maternal bivalent RSVpreF vaccination can prevent infant RSV-LRTI but data from HEU infants are lacking. Methods: This phase 3 randomized, double-blinded trial assessed RSVpreF safety and immunogenicity in pregnant participants from South Africa living with HIV and their infants. Maternal participants with stable HIV disease taking antiretroviral therapy received RSVpreF or placebo (24–36 weeks’ gestation). Primary safety endpoints included reactogenicity through 7 days after vaccination (maternal participants), adverse events (AEs) through 1 month after vaccination (maternal participants) or birth (infants), and serious AEs (SAEs) throughout the study (maternal participants) or through 6 months after birth (infants). Immune responses were evaluated by 50% RSV-A and RSV-B neutralizing titers prevaccination and at delivery (maternal participants) or birth (infants). Results: Overall, 343 maternal participants received RSVpreF (n = 172) or placebo (n = 171). Most reactogenicity events were mild/moderate. AEs and SAEs were generally reported at similar frequencies in maternal RSVpreF and placebo groups including percentages of hypertensive disorders of pregnancy. There were no safety concerns in infants; percentages of reported AEs and SAEs were generally similar between RSVpreF and placebo groups and no difference in preterm birth. RSVpreF elicited high maternal neutralizing RSV-A and RSV-B immune responses, with efficient RSV antibody transplacental transfer to infants demonstrated by levels greater than the placebo group at birth (geometric mean ratios (GMRs) of RSVpreF to placebo were 7.8 for RSV-A and 6.8 for RSV-B) and by comparison with a cohort of HIV-unexposed infants from the pivotal phase 3 efficacy trial (GMRs of HEU to HIV-unexposed infants were 0.86 for RSV-A and 0.72 for RSV-B). Conclusions: These results support maternal RSVpreF vaccination among those living with stable HIV for preventing RSV-LRTI in HEU infants. (NCT06325657). Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Maternal and Infant Vaccines)

15 pages, 915 KB

Open AccessArticle

Sustainable Composites from Recycled Polypropylene and Hazelnut Shell Flour for Application in Irrigation Systems

by Francesco Paolo La Mantia, Roberto Scaffaro, Giuseppe Balsamo, Carmelo Giuffré, Erica Gea Rodi, Simone Corviseri and Maria Clara Citarrella

Polymers 2025, 17(23), 3207; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym17233207 (registering DOI) - 1 Dec 2025

Abstract

The irrigation sector urgently needs more eco-sustainable materials able to guarantee the same performance as traditional fittings manufactured from virgin fossil-based polymers. In this study, sustainable composites were developed by melt-compounding virgin and recycled polypropylene (RPP) with hazelnut shell (HS) powder with or [...] Read more.

The irrigation sector urgently needs more eco-sustainable materials able to guarantee the same performance as traditional fittings manufactured from virgin fossil-based polymers. In this study, sustainable composites were developed by melt-compounding virgin and recycled polypropylene (RPP) with hazelnut shell (HS) powder with or without maleic-anhydride-grafted polypropylene (PPC) coupling agent. The materials were characterized by a rheological and mechanical point of view. At high shear rates, the viscosity curves of matrices and composites converge, making the difference between neat and filled systems negligible in terms of processability. This indicates that standard injection-molding parameters used for the neat matrices can also be applied to the composites without significant adjustments. Tensile tests showed that adding 10 wt% HS powder increased the elastic modulus by approximately 30% (from 960 MPa to 1.2 GPa) while reducing elongation at break by about 90% compared with neat RPP. The use of PPC mitigated this loss of ductility, partially restoring tensile strength and increasing EB from 6% to 18% in RPP-based composites (+200%). Finally, sleeve bodies and nuts injection-molded from RPP/HS5 and RPP/HS5/PPC successfully resisted internal water pressure up to 3.5 bar without leakage or structural damage. These findings demonstrate that agro-industrial waste can be effectively valorized as a functional filler in recycled polypropylene, enabling the manufacture of irrigation fittings with mechanical and processing performances comparable to those of virgin PP and supporting the transition toward a circular economy. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Polymer Science and Technology: When Progress Meets Sustainability and Reliability)

19 pages, 3312 KB

Open AccessArticle

Global Transcriptome Analysis Reveals the Molecular Mechanism Underlying Seed Physical Dormancy Formation in Medicago sativa

by He Li, Xiaoying Kang, Xu Li, Feng Yuan, Zeng-Yu Wang and Maofeng Chai

Genes 2025, 16(12), 1438; https://doi.org/10.3390/genes16121438 (registering DOI) - 1 Dec 2025

Abstract

Seed physical dormancy, also known as hard-seededness, is a characteristic commonly found in higher plants, which functions to prevent water and oxygen from passing through the impermeable seed coat. Background: Notably, seed dormancy has emerged as a critical factor in the domestication [...] Read more.

Seed physical dormancy, also known as hard-seededness, is a characteristic commonly found in higher plants, which functions to prevent water and oxygen from passing through the impermeable seed coat. Background: Notably, seed dormancy has emerged as a critical factor in the domestication of leguminous plants. Alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) is a globally cultivated high-quality legume forage crop, while the seeds from different varieties maintain varying degrees of hard-seededness. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying physical dormancy in alfalfa seeds remain poorly understood. In particular, the regulatory mechanisms at the transcriptomic level remain unclear, which has hindered the breeding process of varieties with low hard-seededness. Methods: In this study, we performed global transcriptome analysis to discover the genes specifically expressed in the alfalfa seed coat and provide insights into alfalfa seeds’ physical dormancy domestication traits. RNA sequencing was performed on various alfalfa tissues, including roots, stems, leaves, flowers, and seed coats. Results: This analysis led to the identification of 4740 seed coat-specific expressed genes, including key genes such as KNOX4 (a class II KNOTTED-like homeobox gene), qHs1 (encoding endo-1,4-β-glucanase), GmHs1-1 (encoding a calcineurin-like metallophosphoesterase), and KCS12 (β-ketoacyl-CoA synthase). In addition, several seed coat-specific transcription factor families were identified, including ERF, B3, and NAC, among others. Furthermore, a comparison of gene expression profiles between seeds with and without physical dormancy revealed 60 upregulated and 197 downregulated genes associated with physical dormancy. Crucially, functional enrichment analysis demonstrated that these genes are predominantly associated with lipid metabolism pathways, particularly those involved in the formation of “monolayer-surrounding lipid storage bodies.” Conclusions: This key finding suggests that the establishment of physical dormancy is closely linked to the biosynthesis and deposition of specialized lipid-based layers in the seed coat, which likely constitute the primary barrier to water penetration. Our study thus provides fundamental insights and a valuable genetic resource for future functional studies aimed at deciphering and manipulating physical dormancy in alfalfa. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Genetics and Breeding of Forage)

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39 pages, 2992 KB

Open AccessReview

Battery Passport and Online Diagnostics for Lithium-Ion Batteries: A Technical Review of Materials–Diagnostics Interactions and Online EIS

by Muhammad Usman Tahir, Tarek Ibrahim and Tamas Kerekes

Batteries 2025, 11(12), 442; https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries11120442 (registering DOI) - 1 Dec 2025

Abstract

Digital battery passports are being adopted to provide traceable records of lithium-ion batteries across their lifecycle, credible performance, and durability. However, it requires continuous diagnostics rather than lab-based tests and conditions. This review establishes a materials-informed system that links (i) battery-passport frameworks, (ii) [...] Read more.

Digital battery passports are being adopted to provide traceable records of lithium-ion batteries across their lifecycle, credible performance, and durability. However, it requires continuous diagnostics rather than lab-based tests and conditions. This review establishes a materials-informed system that links (i) battery-passport frameworks, (ii) cell-level design, and (iii) online electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) observables. Therefore, a chemistry-aware indicator set is proposed for passport reporting that relies on capacity and impedance indices, each accompanied by explicit tests. A review of the common and commercial LIBs (LCO, NCA, NMC, LMO, LFP) explains differences and characteristics. In addition, online EIS is reviewed, and different techniques for battery online diagnostics and state estimation are described, with details on how this online analysis is incorporated into the battery passport framework. This review covers the battery passport framework, the materials used in commercial batteries that must be documented and traced, and how these materials evolve throughout the degradation process. It concludes with the state of the art in online battery cell inspection, which enables comparable health reporting, conformity assessment, and second-life grading. Finally, it outlines key implementation priorities related to the reliability and accuracy of battery passport deployment and online battery diagnostics. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Battery Management Systems Based on Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy)

16 pages, 432 KB

Open AccessArticle

Flexible and Area-Efficient Codesign Implementation of AES on FPGA

by Oussama Azzouzi, Mohamed Anane, Mohamed Chahine Ghanem, Yassine Himeur and Dominik Wojtczak

Cryptography 2025, 9(4), 78; https://doi.org/10.3390/cryptography9040078 (registering DOI) - 1 Dec 2025

Abstract

As embedded and IoT systems demand secure and compact encryption, developing cryptographic solutions that are both lightweight and efficient remains a major challenge. Many existing AES implementations either lack flexibility or consume excessive hardware resources. This paper presents an area-efficient and flexible AES-128 [...] Read more.

As embedded and IoT systems demand secure and compact encryption, developing cryptographic solutions that are both lightweight and efficient remains a major challenge. Many existing AES implementations either lack flexibility or consume excessive hardware resources. This paper presents an area-efficient and flexible AES-128 implementation based on a hardware/software (HW/SW) co-design, specifically optimized for platforms with limited hardware resources, resulting in reduced power consumption. In this approach, key expansion is performed in software on a lightweight MicroBlaze processor, while encryption and decryption are accelerated by dedicated hardware IP cores optimized at the Look-up Table (LuT) level. The design is implemented on a Xilinx XC5VLX50T Virtex-5 FPGA, synthesized using Xilinx ISE 14.7, and tested at a 100 MHz system clock. It achieves a throughput of 13.3 Gbps and an area efficiency of 5.44 Gbps per slice, requiring only 2303 logic slices and 7 BRAMs on a Xilinx FPGA. It is particularly well-suited for resource-constrained applications such as IoT nodes, secure mobile devices, and smart cards. Since key expansion is executed only once per session, the runtime is dominated by AES core operations, enabling efficient processing of large data volumes. Although the present implementation targets AES-128, the HW/SW partitioning allows straightforward extension to AES-192 and AES-256 by modifying only the software Key expansion module, ensuring practical scalability with no hardware changes. Moreover, the architecture offers a balanced trade-off between performance, flexibility and resource utilization without relying on complex pipelining. Experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness and flexibility of the proposed lightweight design. Full article

21 pages, 6317 KB

Open AccessArticle

Hybrid Drone and Truck Delivery Optimization in Remote Areas Using Geospatial Analytics

by Md Abdul Quddus, Md Fashiar Rahman and Mahathir Mohammad Bappy

Sustainability 2025, 17(23), 10775; https://doi.org/10.3390/su172310775 (registering DOI) - 1 Dec 2025

Abstract

This study introduces a novel strategy for optimizing hybrid drone-and-truck delivery systems in remote areas by leveraging geospatial analytics. Geospatial methods are employed to identify optimal depot and drone nest locations, which serve as critical nodes for efficient delivery operations. After determining these [...] Read more.

This study introduces a novel strategy for optimizing hybrid drone-and-truck delivery systems in remote areas by leveraging geospatial analytics. Geospatial methods are employed to identify optimal depot and drone nest locations, which serve as critical nodes for efficient delivery operations. After determining these locations, a customized Vehicle Routing Problem (VRP) model is applied to solve the routing problem. We use Network Analyst (NA) from ArcGIS Pro to solve the VRP problem and improve the solution by customizing the algorithm so that all delivery orders for a vehicle are geographically clustered within the service area. Comparative analysis between truck-only and hybrid truck-and-drone scenarios reveals significant efficiency gains, including reductions in delivery routes, on-road minutes, and total miles traveled. A case study conducted in parts of Wyoming, Idaho, Nevada, Utah, and Colorado validates these findings. The results demonstrate a 10.5% reduction in delivery routes, a 15% reduction in on-road minutes, and a 28% decrease in total miles. Further improvements were achieved through spatial clustering, optimizing delivery routes by grouping orders geographically. These findings emphasize the potential of hybrid delivery systems to improve logistics in remote areas, providing actionable insights for supply chain decision-makers, highlighting the robustness of the proposed method. Full article

20 pages, 2536 KB

Open AccessArticle

Macroeconomic Modelling of Climate Value-at-Risk and Capital Adequacy

by Rudolf van der Walt and Gary van Vuuren

Climate 2025, 13(12), 245; https://doi.org/10.3390/cli13120245 (registering DOI) - 1 Dec 2025

Abstract

This paper presents a macroeconomic approach to calculating Climate Value-at-Risk (CliVaR) for financial institutions, addressing critical limitations in existing commercial solutions and historical data availability. This methodology leverages the Network for Greening the Financial System (NGFS) scenarios to derive implied forward-looking means and [...] Read more.

This paper presents a macroeconomic approach to calculating Climate Value-at-Risk (CliVaR) for financial institutions, addressing critical limitations in existing commercial solutions and historical data availability. This methodology leverages the Network for Greening the Financial System (NGFS) scenarios to derive implied forward-looking means and volatilities from scenarios mapped to macroeconomic variables (MEVs), circumventing the reliance on insufficient historical data. Through regression analysis, we identify statistically significant relationships between climate-sensitive macroeconomic variables and bank equity values, based on the premise that climate risk is transmitted to bank balance sheets via its impact on the general economy. It is recognised that MEVs alone cannot explain the full variance in equity values and the regression of MEVs to equity is inherently inefficient. However, the purpose of the regression is to determine statistically significant MEVs and not to predict the share price. Along with the NGFS scenarios, this enables the Monte Carlo simulation and the calculation of CliVaR. To account for the regression inefficiency, a Post-Model Adjustment (PMA) equation is developed. The methodology is demonstrated in a practical case study, by calculating a CliVaR based climate risk Pillar 2A capital requirement for Standard Bank Group. This proof-of-concept demonstrates the feasibility of transparent, in-house CliVaR calculations. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Modeling and Forecasting of Climate Risks)

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20 pages, 1446 KB

Open AccessArticle

Cuspidatyl Ferulate, a Novel Phenolic Acid from Hyssopus cuspidatus Borris, Protects Hepatocytes Against Oxidative Damage via Keap1 Interaction

by Xingyu Liu, Zhao Zhang, Denghui Gao, Xiaoguang Yang, Lei Liu, Guannan Wang, Zhenbo Song, Weiwei Fang and Shuyue Wang

Antioxidants 2025, 14(12), 1449; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox14121449 (registering DOI) - 1 Dec 2025

Abstract

Lipotoxicity and oxidative stress are key pathogenic drivers in the development of Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Steatotic Liver Disease (MASLD). The underlying mechanisms of MASLD are not fully understood, and approved pharmacotherapies remain elusive. Thus, exploring therapeutic targets and potential drugs for MASLD is still [...] Read more.

Lipotoxicity and oxidative stress are key pathogenic drivers in the development of Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Steatotic Liver Disease (MASLD). The underlying mechanisms of MASLD are not fully understood, and approved pharmacotherapies remain elusive. Thus, exploring therapeutic targets and potential drugs for MASLD is still a major challenge. In our previous study, a new cuspidatyl ferulate (2,3-dihydroxy-4-carboxylic butyl (E)-4-[3-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-2-propenoate], CuF) was first isolated and identified from Hyssopus cuspidatus Boriss (H. cuspidatus). Here, we investigated the effects of this novel phenolic acid on free fatty acid (FFA)-induced oxidative stress and lipid accumulation in HepG2 cells. Exposure to FFA significantly increased intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels and lipid accumulation. Notably, CuF treatment effectively reversed FFA-induced suppression of key antioxidant enzymes, including superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT), and attenuated lipid accumulation, as evidenced by reduced total cholesterol (TC) and triglyceride (TG) levels. Mechanistically, molecular docking and capillary electrophoresis analyses revealed that CuF directly interacts with Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 (Keap1), disrupting the Keap1-Nrf2 protein complex, thereby promoting nuclear translocation of Nrf2 and activating the antioxidant response pathway. In summary, our findings demonstrate that this novel phenolic acid exhibits strong antioxidant and anti-lipotoxic activities in vitro, offering a potential natural product-based drug candidate for MASLD therapy. Full article

(This article belongs to the Collection Advances in Antioxidant Ingredients from Natural Products)

25 pages, 4076 KB

Open AccessArticle

SGTWR Model with Spatial-Temporal Heterogeneity and Attribute Similarity for Urban Traffic Carbon Emission Driver Analysis

by Mingyue Li, Wala Du, Shan Yu, Zhimin Hong, Daoting Zhang, Yu’ang He and Lihai De

Sustainability 2025, 17(23), 10773; https://doi.org/10.3390/su172310773 (registering DOI) - 1 Dec 2025

Abstract

Against the backdrop of global climate change and carbon neutrality goals, the transportation sector has become a focal point in urban carbon emission research. This study develops a Spatiotemporal Geographically Weighted Regression (SGTWR) model that integrates spatial, temporal, and attribute similarity dimensions to [...] Read more.

Against the backdrop of global climate change and carbon neutrality goals, the transportation sector has become a focal point in urban carbon emission research. This study develops a Spatiotemporal Geographically Weighted Regression (SGTWR) model that integrates spatial, temporal, and attribute similarity dimensions to identify the main driving factors of urban transportation carbon emissions (TCE) across 287 Chinese cities from 2000 to 2019. The model incorporates climatic and geographical variables to capture the spatiotemporal heterogeneity of emission patterns. The results indicate that population density, private vehicle ownership, and heating degree days have positive effects on TCE, while terrain elevation exhibits a mitigating effect. The SGTWR model demonstrates superior explanatory power and accuracy (adjusted R² = 0.900) compared with traditional models, revealing significant spatial patterns and temporal trends in emission drivers. Based on coefficient clustering, six types of cities are identified, highlighting regional disparities in emission mechanisms. These findings provide methodological and theoretical support for formulating differentiated low-carbon transportation policies tailored to regional geographic and socio-economic contexts. Full article

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14 pages, 4788 KB

Open AccessArticle

FreeViBe: An Enhanced Method for Moving Target Separation⁺

by Jianwei Wu, Keju Zhang, Yuhan Shen and Jiaxiang Lin

Information 2025, 16(12), 1052; https://doi.org/10.3390/info16121052 (registering DOI) - 1 Dec 2025

Abstract

An enhanced method called FreeViBe+ for moving target segmentation is proposed in this paper, addressing limitations in the ViBe algorithm such as ghosting, shadows, and holes. To eliminate ghosts, multi-frame background modeling is introduced. Shadows are detected and removed based on their characteristics [...] Read more.

An enhanced method called FreeViBe+ for moving target segmentation is proposed in this paper, addressing limitations in the ViBe algorithm such as ghosting, shadows, and holes. To eliminate ghosts, multi-frame background modeling is introduced. Shadows are detected and removed based on their characteristics in the HSV color space, while holes are filled by merging GrabCut segmentation results with the ViBe extraction output. Furthermore, the Structure-measure is tuned to optimize image fusion, enabling improved foreground–background separation. Comprehensive experiments on the UCF101 and Weizmann datasets demonstrate the effectiveness of FreeViBe+ in comparison with Finite Difference, Gaussian Mixture Model, and ViBe methods. Ablation studies confirm the individual contributions of multi-frame modeling, shadow removal, and GrabCut refinement, while sensitivity analysis verifies the robustness of key parameters. Quantitative evaluations show that FreeViBe+ achieves superior performance in precision, recall, and F-measure compared with existing approaches. Full article

18 pages, 1291 KB

Open AccessArticle

406/473 nm Pump-Band Absorption Cross Sections and Derivative-Based Line-Shape Descriptors in Er³⁺/Ho³⁺:Y₃Ga₅O₁₂

by Helena Cristina Vasconcelos and Maria Gabriela Meirelles

Physics 2025, 7(4), 63; https://doi.org/10.3390/physics7040063 (registering DOI) - 1 Dec 2025

Abstract

We establish a general, device-oriented procedure to extract absolute pump-band metrics from room-temperature UV–Vis (ultraviolet–visible) absorbance—including the absorption coefficient α(λ), per-active-ion cross-section σ_eff(λ), the effective per-active-ion absorption cross section σ_eff(λ) and derivative-based line-shape descriptors . [...] Read more.

We establish a general, device-oriented procedure to extract absolute pump-band metrics from room-temperature UV–Vis (ultraviolet–visible) absorbance—including the absorption coefficient α(λ), per-active-ion cross-section σ_eff(λ), the effective per-active-ion absorption cross section σ_eff(λ) and derivative-based line-shape descriptors . As a representative case study, the procedure is applied to nanocrystalline Er³⁺/Ho³⁺:Y₃Ga₅O₁₂ over the 350–700 nm spectral range. After baseline correction and line-shape inspection assisted by the numerical second derivative of the absorbance, we extract conservative peak positions and the full width at half maximum across the visible 4f–4f manifolds. At the technologically relevant pump wavelengths near 406 nm (Er-addressing) and 473 nm (Ho-addressing) bands, resulting absorption coefficients are α = 0.313 ± 0.047 cm⁻¹ and α = 0.472 ± 0.071 cm⁻¹, respectively. The corresponding per-active-ion σ_eff of (3.62 ± 0.54) × 10⁻²² cm² and (5.46 ± 0.82) × 10⁻²² cm², referenced to the measured optical path length L = 0.22 ± 0.03 mm (approximately 15% propagated relative uncertainty; explicit 1/L rescaling). Cross sections are reported per total active-ion density (Er³⁺ + Ho³⁺). The spectra exhibit Stark-type substructure only partially resolved at room temperature; the second derivative highlights hidden components, and we report quantitative descriptors (component count, mean spacing, curvature-weighted prominence, and pump detuning) that link line-shape structure to absolute pump response. These device-grade metrics enable rate-equation modelling (pump thresholds, detuning tolerance), optical design choices (path length, single/multi-pass or cavity coupling), and host-to-host benchmarking at 295 K. The procedure is general and applies to any rare-earth-doped material given an absorbance spectrum and path length. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Atomic Physics)

21 pages, 6594 KB

Open AccessArticle

Communication System with Walsh Transform-Based End-to-End Autoencoder

by Mindaugas Knyva, Julius Ruseckas and Alfonsas Juršėnas

Electronics 2025, 14(23), 4738; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics14234738 (registering DOI) - 1 Dec 2025

Abstract

This paper investigates the design of end-to-end (E2E) autoencoders within AI-enhanced communication systems. It emphasizes the advantages of transitioning from Fast Fourier Transform (FFT)-based Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) to a modulation technique based on the Walsh–Hadamard transform (WHT). This study underscores the [...] Read more.

This paper investigates the design of end-to-end (E2E) autoencoders within AI-enhanced communication systems. It emphasizes the advantages of transitioning from Fast Fourier Transform (FFT)-based Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) to a modulation technique based on the Walsh–Hadamard transform (WHT). This study underscores the WHT’s use of aperiodic basis functions, in contrast with the periodic bases of Fourier transforms. The proposed E2E autoencoder model integrates neural networks in both the transmitter and receiver for signal processing. The model is trained to adapt the bit rate according to the measured channel signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) using the same neural network, enabling operation at low SNR levels (down to −10 dB). Additionally, the model was experimentally validated in a laboratory setting using a software-defined radio (SDR)-based system setup. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue AI for Wireless Communications and Security)

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15 pages, 558 KB

Open AccessArticle

Informed and Empowered: A Pre–Post Evaluation of a Whiteboard Video for Sexual Health Education in Female Adolescents and Young Adults with Cancer

by Natalie Pitch, Anjali Sachdeva, Jennifer Catsburg, Mackenzie Noyes, Sheila Gandhi, Rebecca Côté, Chana Korenblum, Jonathan Avery and Abha A. Gupta

Curr. Oncol. 2025, 32(12), 681; https://doi.org/10.3390/curroncol32120681 (registering DOI) - 1 Dec 2025

Abstract

Adolescents and young adults (AYA) assigned female at birth with cancer face significant sexual health challenges, yet accessible, age-appropriate educational tools remain limited. This study evaluated a 13 min whiteboard video designed to improve sexual health knowledge. Female AYA patients aged 15–39 years [...] Read more.

Adolescents and young adults (AYA) assigned female at birth with cancer face significant sexual health challenges, yet accessible, age-appropriate educational tools remain limited. This study evaluated a 13 min whiteboard video designed to improve sexual health knowledge. Female AYA patients aged 15–39 years across Canada completed pre- and post-video surveys assessing knowledge, attitudes, and satisfaction. The video’s understandability and actionability were measured using the Patient Education Materials Assessment Tool for Audiovisual Materials (PEMAT-A/V), and readability was assessed using six standard metrics. Quantitative analyses included paired t-tests and regression modeling; qualitative responses were thematically coded. Ninety participants completed the study. Knowledge scores increased by 19.5% (95% CI, 14–24%; p < 0.001, Cohen’s d = 0.89) following the video. Greater gains were observed among participants with a high school education or less (p = 0.040), while younger participants tended to show larger improvements. The video received average PEMAT-A/V scores of 96% for understandability and 94% for actionability. Most participants (89%) found it helpful for learning about sexual health and would recommend the video to peers, though suggested improvements included shorter length, enhanced visuals, and more age-specific content. Nearly half reported never discussing sexual health with providers. These findings support the feasibility of whiteboard video as an effective, scalable tool to address sexual health in oncology care. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Psychosocial Oncology)

21 pages, 1452 KB

Open AccessReview

Ergothioneine: An Antioxidative, Neuroprotective and Anti-Inflammatory Compound from Mushroom Residuals

by Joanna Harasym, Alona Tiupova and Ewa Pejcz

Molecules 2025, 30(23), 4621; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules30234621 (registering DOI) - 1 Dec 2025

Abstract

In vitro and in vivo evidence demonstrates that EGT exerts neuroprotective effects through multiple mechanisms: scavenging reactive oxygen species, suppressing neuroinflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6), activating Nrf2 antioxidant pathways, and preserving mitochondrial integrity. Low blood EGT levels correlate with cognitive decline and dementia, [...] Read more.

In vitro and in vivo evidence demonstrates that EGT exerts neuroprotective effects through multiple mechanisms: scavenging reactive oxygen species, suppressing neuroinflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6), activating Nrf2 antioxidant pathways, and preserving mitochondrial integrity. Low blood EGT levels correlate with cognitive decline and dementia, supporting its role as a conditionally essential micronutrient for healthy aging. Mushroom by-products retain EGT concentrations comparable to commercial fruiting bodies, making them viable sources for dietary supplements and functional foods. Mushroom processing generates substantial residual biomass—including stems, culls, and spent substrate—that represents an underexploited dietary source of ergothioneine (EGT), a naturally occurring antioxidant with exceptional neuroprotective and anti-inflammatory properties. Since humans cannot synthesize EGT endogenously, dietary intake is essential for maintaining neuroprotection against neurodegenerative diseases. This review examines sustainable extraction strategies—including hot-water, ultrasound-assisted, and high-hydrostatic-pressure methods—enabling integration into circular biorefinery systems. Applications in nutraceuticals and pharmaceuticals targeting oxidative stress-related neurodegeneration are highlighted. Despite challenges in standardization and regulatory approval, valorizing mushroom residuals offers a sustainable pathway to increase dietary availability of this neuroprotective antioxidant, supporting both environmental sustainability and therapeutic innovation for neurodegenerative disease prevention. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bioactive Compounds and Small Molecules with Neuroprotective and Anti-Inflammatory Functions)

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23 pages, 1365 KB

Open AccessArticle

Pellet Supply Chain Management: Analysis of Changes

by Marcin Olkiewicz, Marek Dudek, Joanna Alicja Dyczkowska, Katarzyna Łyp-Wrońska and Branislav Šarkan

Energies 2025, 18(23), 6329; https://doi.org/10.3390/en18236329 (registering DOI) - 1 Dec 2025

Abstract

This article aims to identify changes in the components of pellet supply chain management (SCM). The following research question is explored: To what extent are pellet supply chains changing? A research gap was identified in the use of pellets for energy and the [...] Read more.

This article aims to identify changes in the components of pellet supply chain management (SCM). The following research question is explored: To what extent are pellet supply chains changing? A research gap was identified in the use of pellets for energy and the analysis of safe management of logistics processes in the pellet supply chain (PSC). The study uses theoretical and empirical research methods: literature analysis and statistical methods covering the years 2017–2023 and scientific observation to obtain information about the facts, phenomena, and components of safe management of logistics processes in the PSC. The results of the study suggest that supply chains play a role as one of the main drivers of energy transition, and the PSC may be one of them. A modified PSC can contribute to more environmentally friendly procurement, leaner logistics, and tighter scheduling, reducing waste and emissions in existing energy systems without immediately changing the electricity/fuel mix. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue From Consumer Behavior to Business Innovation: Paths to a Sustainable Energy Future)

17 pages, 1029 KB

Open AccessArticle

Using Whole-Genome Sequencing Data Reveals the Population Structure and Selection Signatures for Reproduction Traits in Duolang Sheep

by Keyao Wang, Qianjun Li, Zhigang Niu, Zhengfen Xue, Shiyuan Li, Jiabao Yan, Yang Chen, Yanlong Zhang, Hongcai Shi and Xiangdong Ding

Animals 2025, 15(23), 3466; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15233466 (registering DOI) - 1 Dec 2025

Abstract

Duolang sheep, a meat–fat dual-purpose breed indigenous to Xinjiang, China, has been cultivated traditionally by the local Uyghur people for its prolificacy and precocious sexual maturity, while little research on the population structure and trait inheritance characteristics of Duolang sheep is available. This [...] Read more.

Duolang sheep, a meat–fat dual-purpose breed indigenous to Xinjiang, China, has been cultivated traditionally by the local Uyghur people for its prolificacy and precocious sexual maturity, while little research on the population structure and trait inheritance characteristics of Duolang sheep is available. This study employed whole-genome resequencing data from a cohort of 60 Duolang sheep to dissect their genetic population structure and genes related to reproductive traits. A total of 1565 Gb of high-quality data with an average depth of 14.06´ was generated. After SNP calling and quality control, 31,300,060 SNPs were identified. Following linkage disequilibrium (LD)-based pruning, a total of 4,479,177 high-quality SNPs were retained for subsequent analyses. Based on these SNPs, the internal genetic structure of the Duolang sheep population was elucidated, with 14 kinship outliers detected through principal component analysis (PCA). Furthermore, LD decay analysis revealed that the r² declined below 0.1 at approximately 10 kb, indicating a relatively low level of selection pressure in the population. Within the population, Tajima’s D and iHS methods detected 517,218 and 82,534 candidate SNPs under selection, respectively, with 24,453 SNPs overlapping between the two methods. By splitting Duolang sheep into single-lamb (n = 29) and multiple-lamb (n = 12) subgroups according to litter size, 267,654 SNPs were identified by XP-CLR, while 184,179 SNPs suffering from selection were detected by F_ST and 62,150 by XP-EHH. Functional enrichment analysis of selected genes reveals the selection directions (domestication, growth, and reproduction) and related candidate genes in the Duolang sheep population, including ESRRA, ESRRB, OXT, FSHR, ESR2, GNRHR, and BMPR1B. This study provides the first comprehensive genomic landscape of Duolang sheep, elucidating genetic signatures of its adaptive traits. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Animal Genetics and Genomics)

24 pages, 1446 KB

Open AccessArticle

Equity in Urban Parking Distribution: A Spatial Statistical Framework for Sustainable Transport Planning

by Ali Reza Sadeghi, Zahra Maktabifard, Mina Ramezani, Giovanni Tesoriere and Tiziana Campisi

Sustainability 2025, 17(23), 10774; https://doi.org/10.3390/su172310774 (registering DOI) - 1 Dec 2025

Abstract

Rapid urbanization has increased private vehicle usage, generating intense parking demand in congested cities like Shiraz, Iran. The spatial distribution of parking is thus critical to sustainable urban transport, as a misalignment with local demand leads to prolonged travel times, higher fuel consumption [...] Read more.

Rapid urbanization has increased private vehicle usage, generating intense parking demand in congested cities like Shiraz, Iran. The spatial distribution of parking is thus critical to sustainable urban transport, as a misalignment with local demand leads to prolonged travel times, higher fuel consumption costs, and elevated pollution, thereby impeding sustainable transportation planning. In this study, we aim to develop a statistical framework to assess equity in parking distribution in an urban context and address two core questions: how parking supply correlates with local demand and what the equity implications of this distribution are. To achieve this, we employ spatial statistical methods (ANNI, Kernel Density, and Moran’s I) and correlation analysis to examine parking supply and demand across 56 districts of Shiraz. Our analysis reveals statistically significant yet weak correlations between parking capacity and demand, indicating supply-demand mismatches across city zones that result in extended search times, increased congestion, higher fuel consumption, and amplified environmental impacts, thereby perpetuating socio-economic inequities. Overall, the innovation of this article lies in integrating spatial statistical methods with supplementary analyses as a framework to evaluate parking distribution, bridging the gap between quantitative descriptive analysis and justice-based assessments in the context of parking planning in an Iranian city. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Urban Transport Planning: Challenges and Solutions)

15 pages, 6953 KB

Open AccessArticle

High-Quality and High-Efficiency Fabrication of Microlens Array by Rotary Profile Cutting Method

by Liheng Gao, Xiuwen Sun, Qian Yu, Yinhui Wang, Md Nasir Uddin, Ruijue Duan, Gang Wang, Zhikang Zhou, Qiuchen Xie, Tao Sun and Tianfeng Zhou

Micromachines 2025, 16(12), 1374; https://doi.org/10.3390/mi16121374 (registering DOI) - 1 Dec 2025

Abstract

To enhance the fabrication consistency and surface quality of microlens array (MLA) molds, this study presents a high-quality and high-efficiency rotary profile-cutting (RPC) method conducted on a four-axis ultraprecision machining platform. A geometric model is established to define the relationship between tool parameters [...] Read more.

To enhance the fabrication consistency and surface quality of microlens array (MLA) molds, this study presents a high-quality and high-efficiency rotary profile-cutting (RPC) method conducted on a four-axis ultraprecision machining platform. A geometric model is established to define the relationship between tool parameters and microlens structural features, and the toolpath is optimized by refining control points to enhance machining accuracy. In addition, a novel tool-setting error characterization approach is developed, enabling submicron-level positioning of the diamond tool, with errors in the X and Y directions controlled within 1 μm. Experimental validation demonstrates the successful fabrication of a 6 × 6 square-array MLA mold with a curvature radius of 507 μm using the proposed RPC method. Subsequent replication of MLA through precision glass molding (PGM) yielded structures with a peak-to-valley (PV) value below 354 nm and surface roughness (Ra) below 11 nm. Optical performance tests confirm the high consistency and accuracy of the fabricated MLA, highlighting the potential of the proposed RPC technique for advanced optical component manufacturing. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Ultra-Precision Micro Cutting and Micro Polishing)

9 pages, 426 KB

Open AccessBrief Report

Cost Analysis of Multidose Drug Dispensing (MDD) System Implementation in a Community Pharmacy in Portugal

by Ana Reis, Ângelo Jesus and Maria Luisa Martín

Pharmacy 2025, 13(6), 175; https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmacy13060175 (registering DOI) - 1 Dec 2025

Abstract

Background: Community pharmacies are increasingly delivering structured services to support chronic disease management, such as Multidose Drug Dispensing (MDD). This strategy can improve adherence and safety, but evidence of its economic feasibility in Portuguese pharmacies remains limited. Objective: To estimate the cost of [...] Read more.

Background: Community pharmacies are increasingly delivering structured services to support chronic disease management, such as Multidose Drug Dispensing (MDD). This strategy can improve adherence and safety, but evidence of its economic feasibility in Portuguese pharmacies remains limited. Objective: To estimate the cost of implementing and operating an MDD system in a community pharmacy, informing reimbursement models and policy. Methods: A micro-costing approach assessed fixed and variable expenses for serving polymedicated elderly patients. Costs were calculated in euros (2024/2025) and expressed per working day based on 253 annual preparation days. Results: First-year costs totaled €70 985.68, including €8 184.00 for setup, €21 579.00 for supplies, and €41 222.68 for staff salaries. The daily operating cost was €280.58, with labour representing the major expense. A break-even analysis indicated sustainability with around 700 users at €10/month. Conclusion: Although requiring significant initial investment, MDD can become financially viable through scaling, workflow efficiency, and supportive reimbursement strategies. Full article

26 pages, 1096 KB

Open AccessReview

Microbial Aerosols in Livestock Farming Environment: A Threat That Cannot Be Ignored

by Hao Lu, Yuqing Xie, Longxin Chen, Yue Song, Limeng Zhang, Runting Li, Xiaoning Nie, Yichen Liu, Guoqiang Zhu, Xueyan Ding and Linqing Wang

Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(12), 1147; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12121147 (registering DOI) - 1 Dec 2025

Abstract

Under modern intensive and large-scale animal farming practices, the high animal density and confined spaces have progressively elevated the risk of disease transmission while complicating epidemic prevention and control. Current estimates indicate that over 70% of animal disease risks stem from viral infections, [...] Read more.

Under modern intensive and large-scale animal farming practices, the high animal density and confined spaces have progressively elevated the risk of disease transmission while complicating epidemic prevention and control. Current estimates indicate that over 70% of animal disease risks stem from viral infections, primarily transmitted via aerosol pathways. Such aerosol-mediated transmission not only triggers concentrated disease outbreaks within farms but also endangers farm workers and adjacent environments, thereby amplifying prevention challenges and substantially impeding the sustainable development of livestock industries. Therefore, this review systematically expounds the sources, hazards, and influencing factors of microbial aerosols in livestock farming environments. Furthermore, it proposes targeted prevention and control measures to address these challenges, aiming to provide theoretical and practical insights for enhancing disease prevention and promoting the healthy development of the livestock industry. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Veterinary Food Safety and Zoonosis)

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