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16 pages, 3669 KB

Open AccessArticle

Complete Mitochondrial Genome Sequencing of Brachypelma albiceps and Comparative Codon Usage Bias Analysis Across Seven Mygalomorphae Species

by Qingbin Zhan, Yin Tang, Yang Zhao, Senlin Hou, Yalin Huang, Xiaoyan Zhao, Yunxia Chen and Xiaoming Xue

Biology 2026, 15(1), 16; https://doi.org/10.3390/biology15010016 (registering DOI) - 20 Dec 2025

Abstract

Tarantulas (family Theraphosidae) are ecologically significant invertebrate predators in terrestrial ecosystems, but many species face threats from habitat fragmentation and unsustainable collection for the international pet trade. Brachypelma albiceps, a CITES ^{Appendix I}I-listed species, lacks comprehensive mitochondrial genome characterization, limiting phylogenetic [...] Read more.

Tarantulas (family Theraphosidae) are ecologically significant invertebrate predators in terrestrial ecosystems, but many species face threats from habitat fragmentation and unsustainable collection for the international pet trade. Brachypelma albiceps, a CITES ^{Appendix I}I-listed species, lacks comprehensive mitochondrial genome characterization, limiting phylogenetic and evolutionary studies. Here, we report a complete mitochondrial genome sequence for B. albiceps (13,856 bp; GC content 32.84%) and provide detailed annotation. The genome exhibits typical metazoan mitochondrial organization, containing 13 protein-coding genes (PCGs), 22 tRNAs, and 2 rRNAs, with an AT-rich nucleotide composition (67.16%) characteristic of arthropod mitochondria. Comparative analyses of B. albiceps and six other Mygalomorphae species revealed strong biases toward A/T-ending codons and avoidance of G/C-ending codons. ENC–GC3s, neutrality, and PR2 analyses consistently indicate that natural selection plays a dominant role in shaping synonymous codon usage, with mutation pressure also contributing. Phylogenetic reconstruction based on 10 high-quality mitochondrial protein-coding genes from 23 spider species confirmed the placement of B. albiceps within the family Theraphosidae and its close phylogenetic relationship to Cyriopagopus species. These results provide valuable genomic resources for the Theraphosidae systematics, enhance our understanding of codon bias evolution, and provide critical DNA barcode data for forensic identification of CITES-regulated specimens in the illegal wildlife trade. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Progress in Wildlife Conservation, Management and Biological Research)

15 pages, 436 KB

Open AccessReview

Endoscopic Tattooing Using Indocyanine Green (ICG) Fluorescence for Intraoperative Guidance in Colorectal Surgery: Review of the Literature

by Fotios Seretis, Antonia Panagaki, Georgios Tziatzios, Paraskevas Gkolfakis, Evdokia Romanou, Vasilis Papastergiou, Andreas Theodorou, Andreas Kapiris, Dimitrios Theodorou, Tania Triantafyllou, Stylianos Kapiris and Konstantina Paraskeva

Cancers 2026, 18(1), 22; https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers18010022 (registering DOI) - 20 Dec 2025

Abstract

Background and Objectives: Accurate endoscopic lesion localization is crucial for planning and performing curative-intent surgery in colorectal cancer management. The use of indocyanine green (ICG) has been described as a novel alternative for colorectal lesion marking. Materials and Methods: We have performed [...] Read more.

Background and Objectives: Accurate endoscopic lesion localization is crucial for planning and performing curative-intent surgery in colorectal cancer management. The use of indocyanine green (ICG) has been described as a novel alternative for colorectal lesion marking. Materials and Methods: We have performed a systematic review of the literature on the use of ICG-based tattooing for patients with colorectal cancer undergoing surgery. Results: A total of 19 studies were identified. Seven studies reposted the rates of successful intraoperative localization following ICG tattooing. Additionally, six studies provided detailed descriptions of the administration protocols, including both timing and dosage. A total of twelve studies described the utility of ICG-based tattooing for subsequent lymphadenectomy and its oncologic implications. Lymphadenectomy under fluorescent guidance was associated with increased lymph node yields as well as a change to the surgical lymphadenectomy plan in a significant proportion of patients. Conclusions: ICG-based endoscopic tattooing has demonstrated significant value in facilitating precise lesion localization during curative-intent colorectal surgery. Moreover, its use has been extended to guiding lymphadenectomy, with reports indicating improved lymph node yields. Nevertheless, further research is required to standardize protocols and address existing limitations. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Novel Concepts in Gastrointestinal Surgical Oncology)

24 pages, 8921 KB

Open AccessArticle

Crack Development and Healing in Guar Gum Polymer–Modified Silty Clay Under Natural Wetting–Drying Cycles

by Wanxin Hou, Xiyan Jiang, Xu Wang, Dameng Wang and Daye Du

Polymers 2026, 18(1), 13; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym18010013 (registering DOI) - 20 Dec 2025

Abstract

This study investigates the evolution characteristics of fissure networks in cohesive soils under wetting–drying cycle conditions with varying guar gum content. Four wetting–drying cycles were conducted under outdoor natural conditions, with real-time monitoring of changes in the surface crack network during drying and [...] Read more.

This study investigates the evolution characteristics of fissure networks in cohesive soils under wetting–drying cycle conditions with varying guar gum content. Four wetting–drying cycles were conducted under outdoor natural conditions, with real-time monitoring of changes in the surface crack network during drying and wetting. Geometric parameters—including surface crack density, width, connectivity coefficient, shape coefficient, and crack depth ratio—were quantitatively analyzed using digital image processing software. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) were employed to reveal the mechanisms of microstructural improvement. Results indicate that as wetting–drying cycles increase, the fracture network progressively simplifies, with fracture density and fractal dimension decreasing while fracture width increases. The incorporation of guar gum reduced the crack depth ratio to approximately 0.62 times that of undamaged soil. The average crack width decreased from 2.69 mm to 2.16 mm during the fourth wet-dry cycle, whilst the connectivity coefficient and shape coefficient stabilized. SEM analysis indicated that guar gum promoted “bonded bridging” structures between soil particles, while XRD results confirmed no alteration in the mineral composition of the soil. The study demonstrates that the addition of guar gum enhances soil crack resistance and stability, providing theoretical support for the ecological protection of clayey slopes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Polymer Applications)

16 pages, 320 KB

Open AccessArticle

Falls, Frailty and Quality of Life Among Individuals on a Regular Haemodialysis Programme: Implications for Rehabilitation Nursing

by Marisa Patrícia de Almeida Martins, Ana da Conceição Alves Faria, Carla Gomes da Rocha, Elaine Forte, Letícia de Lima Trindade, Samuel Spiegelberg Zuge, Maria Narcisa da Costa Gonçalves and Olga Maria Pimenta Lopes Ribeiro

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2026, 23(1), 15; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph23010015 (registering DOI) - 20 Dec 2025

Abstract

Background: Chronic kidney disease and haemodialysis treatment are associated with physiological and functional alterations that compromise postural stability, favouring frailty and the risk of falls. These conditions directly affect the quality of life and autonomy of people undergoing haemodialysis, constituting an important challenge [...] Read more.

Background: Chronic kidney disease and haemodialysis treatment are associated with physiological and functional alterations that compromise postural stability, favouring frailty and the risk of falls. These conditions directly affect the quality of life and autonomy of people undergoing haemodialysis, constituting an important challenge for rehabilitation nursing. In this sense, the aim of this study was to analyse the relationship between falls, frailty and quality of life in people with chronic kidney disease on a regular haemodialysis programme, identifying implications for rehabilitation nursing care. Methods: This was a quantitative, observational and cross-sectional study conducted with 62 participants from a haemodialysis unit in northern Portugal. The Tilburg Frailty Indicator and the Kidney Disease Quality of Life Instrument (KDQOL-SF™ 1.3) were applied. Statistical analysis used parametric and non-parametric tests, considering a significance level of p < 0.05. Results: The prevalence of falls in the year preceding the data collection was 32.2%, and the prevalence of frailty was 40.3%. A significant association was found between frailty and falls (p = 0.038) and between sex and falls (p = 0.002). The dimensions Symptoms/problems and Effects of kidney disease on daily life showed lower scores among participants with falls (p < 0.001). Conclusions: Frailty and poorer illness perception were associated with the occurrence of falls and with lower quality of life. Comprehensive assessment and the implementation of rehabilitation programmes led by specialist nurses in rehabilitation nursing are essential to promote functionality, safety and autonomy in people undergoing haemodialysis. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue How Much Exercise Is Enough? The Role of Physical Activity or Exercise in the Prevention and Treatment of Noncommunicable Diseases)

29 pages, 1864 KB

Open AccessArticle

Seasonal and Cross-Shore Characterization of Sediments Along the Ferrara Coastal Area (NW Adriatic Sea, Italy)

by Joana Buoninsegni, Antonello Aquilano, Elena Marrocchino and Carmela Vaccaro

Environments 2026, 13(1), 4; https://doi.org/10.3390/environments13010004 (registering DOI) - 20 Dec 2025

Abstract

This study provides a seasonal and cross-shore characterization of sediments along the Ferrara coastal area (Italy). Four sites (Goro, Volano, Estensi, and Spina) were investigated through an integrated approach including textural and geochemical analyses. Surface sediments were sampled seasonally from summer 2023 to [...] Read more.

This study provides a seasonal and cross-shore characterization of sediments along the Ferrara coastal area (Italy). Four sites (Goro, Volano, Estensi, and Spina) were investigated through an integrated approach including textural and geochemical analyses. Surface sediments were sampled seasonally from summer 2023 to summer 2024 and analyzed to determine granulometry, major oxides composition, carbonate content, and potentially toxic element (PTE) contents. Results revealed that both grain-size and geochemistry vary seasonally and along the cross-shore profile, reflecting the combined effects of hydrodynamic forcing, sediment transport, and fluvial inputs. Elevated contents of Ce, Cr, La, V, and Zr were detected at various sites, seasons, and geomorphological zones. In some cases, the environmental quality indices applied allowed the sediments to be classified as polluted. Furthermore, some exceedances of the legal limits for Cr and V contents were observed at Goro and Volano. These pollution levels are attributable to the presence of PTE-bearing minerals originating from the source basins (geogenic sources). Overall, the results highlight the interplay between hydrodynamics and sediment provenance, emphasizing the dominance of geogenic contributions along the northern Adriatic coast, providing updated geochemical data for future monitoring and environmental management of coastal systems. Full article

17 pages, 6215 KB

Open AccessArticle

Texture and Flexural Fatigue Resistance Governed by Surface-Dependent Deformation and Recrystallization in the Copper Foils

by Tong Wu, Guohao Liu, Di Liu, Bingxing Wang, Bin Wang and Yong Tian

Nanomaterials 2026, 16(1), 11; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano16010011 (registering DOI) - 20 Dec 2025

Abstract

High-flexibility copper foils are critical for reliable flexible interconnects and displays. In this work, commercial-purity copper belts were processed by triple-layer stacked cold rolling to ultrathin foils, producing distinct surface- and layer-dependent deformation structures in the bright, matte, and central-interface layers; subsequent annealing [...] Read more.

High-flexibility copper foils are critical for reliable flexible interconnects and displays. In this work, commercial-purity copper belts were processed by triple-layer stacked cold rolling to ultrathin foils, producing distinct surface- and layer-dependent deformation structures in the bright, matte, and central-interface layers; subsequent annealing at 600 °C then promoted orientation-selective recrystallization. Under the present conditions, the center-interface layer of the triple-rolled foil achieved the highest flexural-fatigue life (≈8.0 × 10⁴ cycles) within a window of cube ≈ 30–45% and grain size ≈ 40–60 μm. In this regime, grain-size control stabilizes intergranular slip compatibility, reduces elastic–plastic mismatch, and mitigates strain localization during cyclic bending. Even without aggressive cube enrichment, high flexural fatigue resistance can likewise be achieved through deliberate control of grain size. These findings establish a clear processing–microstructure–property linkage and indicate that layer-dependent control of texture and grain size can enhance flexural-fatigue performance in triple-layer stacked-rolled copper foils for flexible electronics. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Innovative Nanomaterials for Enhanced Steel and Alloy Performance)

20 pages, 825 KB

Open AccessFeature PaperReview

Zinc Oxide Nanoparticle-Induced Neurotoxicity: Underlying Molecular Mechanisms and Future Perspectives

by Chun Chen, Xingyao Pei, Yonger Yu, Chang Gao, Jinran Wang, Rongyao Zhu, Shuxuan Liu, Shusheng Tang and Daowen Li

Toxics 2026, 14(1), 11; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics14010011 (registering DOI) - 20 Dec 2025

Abstract

The expanding application of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) in consumer products, medicine, and the food industry has raised significant concerns regarding their potential neurotoxicity. This review synthesizes current understanding of the pathways by which ZnO NPs gain access to the central nervous [...] Read more.

The expanding application of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) in consumer products, medicine, and the food industry has raised significant concerns regarding their potential neurotoxicity. This review synthesizes current understanding of the pathways by which ZnO NPs gain access to the central nervous system (CNS), their resulting neurotoxic effects, and the underlying molecular mechanisms. These nanoparticles primarily breach the CNS via translocation across the blood–brain barrier, axonal transport along sensory nerves, and disruption of the microbiota–gut–brain axis. Upon entry, ZnO NPs induce behavioral deficits, including impaired learning, memory, and motor function, alongside pathological brain damage. The neurotoxicity is driven by a multi-faceted mechanism involving mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress, energy depletion, and neuroinflammation, often triggered by the release of Zn²⁺ ions. Furthermore, ZnO NPs can activate diverse cell death pathways, including apoptosis, ferroptosis, and pyroptosis. Critically, their neurotoxic potential is intrinsically linked to their physicochemical properties, such as size and shape. Emerging evidence also suggests that ZnO NP exposure may promote the aggregation of pathological proteins like Tau, thereby potentially increasing the risk for neurodegenerative diseases. Finally, we discuss potential mitigation strategies, such as surface modification and intervention with natural compounds. This review underscores the need for a refined risk assessment of ZnO NPs to ensure their safe deployment. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Toxicity of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles: Mechanism Exploration and Risk Assessment)

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24 pages, 6103 KB

Open AccessArticle

Degradation of Traditional Silicate Glass and Protective Coatings Under Simulated Unsheltered Conditions

by Sofia Schiattone, Elisabetta Tomiato, Elena Bernardi, Martina Zangari, Tommaso Salzillo, Mariangela Vandini and Cristina Chiavari

Heritage 2026, 9(1), 2; https://doi.org/10.3390/heritage9010002 (registering DOI) - 20 Dec 2025

Abstract

Outdoor glass is subject to degradation due to environmental factors, which alter its physical and chemical properties depending on the exposure conditions. Studying glass weathering and the effectiveness and durability of conservation treatments is necessary for developing optimal conservation strategies for glass heritage [...] Read more.

Outdoor glass is subject to degradation due to environmental factors, which alter its physical and chemical properties depending on the exposure conditions. Studying glass weathering and the effectiveness and durability of conservation treatments is necessary for developing optimal conservation strategies for glass heritage objects. Here, an accelerated aging protocol based on actual environmental data is successfully employed to replicate weathering caused by rain runoff, temperature, humidity and UVA radiation in unsheltered conditions. Two types of silicate glass with traditional compositions were artificially aged to investigate the corrosion processes and produce representative weathered substrates for applying and aging protective treatments. The performance of two recently marketed Siox-5 sol–gel systems was compared with that of Paraloid B72. Glass specimens, as well as leaching rain solutions, were analyzed with different techniques, including SEM/EDS, FTIR-ATR, color measurements and MP-AES. The composition of the glass influences weathering patterns, which in turn affect coating adhesion and overall performance. Sol–gel coatings demonstrate good chemical stability and tend to adhere more effectively to degraded surfaces than to well-preserved ones. The coatings exhibit varying degrees of sensitivity to environmental factors, with one of the sol–gel systems generally performing better than the others under the considered exposure conditions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue History, Conservation and Restoration of Cultural Heritage)

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29 pages, 2080 KB

Open AccessArticle

Probiotic Supplementation in Chronic Kidney Disease: Outcomes on Uremic Toxins, Inflammation, and Vascular Calcification from Experimental and Clinical Models

by Teresa Obrero, María Victoria Pendón-Ruiz de Mier, Jose E. Gordillo-Arnaud, María José Jiménez Moral, Victoria Vidal, Fátima Guerrero, Andrés Carmona, María Encarnación Rodríguez-Ortiz, Ana Isabel Torralbo, Raquel Ojeda, Cayetana Moyano, Mercedes Sanchez-Ramade, Juan Mesa, Daniel J. López-Ruiz, Karen Valdés-Díaz, Raquel María García-Sáez, Daniel Jurado-Montoya, Cristian Rodelo-Haad, María Álvarez-Benito, Griet Glorieux, Mariano Rodríguez, Sagrario Soriano-Cabrera and Juan Rafael Muñoz-Castañeda Show full author list Hide full author list

Toxins 2026, 18(1), 6; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins18010006 (registering DOI) - 20 Dec 2025

Abstract

^‡ These authors also contributed equally to this work [...] Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Role of Uremic Toxins in Comorbidities of Chronic Kidney Disease)

29 pages, 1135 KB

Open AccessArticle

Impact of Embodied Energy and Carbon on the Path to Nearly Zero Energy Residential Buildings

by Nazanin Moazzen and Touraj Ashrafian

Sustainability 2026, 18(1), 87; https://doi.org/10.3390/su18010087 (registering DOI) - 20 Dec 2025

Abstract

In recent decades, energy efficiency policies have increasingly focused on reducing buildings’ energy use and improving their performance. However, by overlooking the entire life cycle of a building, a considerable portion of its environmental impact has indeed been kept out of the process. [...] Read more.

In recent decades, energy efficiency policies have increasingly focused on reducing buildings’ energy use and improving their performance. However, by overlooking the entire life cycle of a building, a considerable portion of its environmental impact has indeed been kept out of the process. As a result, even leading buildings that have advanced toward Zero-Energy status may not that as innocent as promised by evaluating environmental impacts during their whole life. Consequently, a logical method for achieving nearly Zero Energy Buildings (nZEBs) involves implementing energy-efficient measures and proper materials throughout the entire life cycle of buildings. This paper is one of its first kinds that includes all building systems and materials embodied energy and cost to explore the possibility of creating nearly zero residential buildings through their life cycle. Life-cycle energy consumptions, life-cycle CO₂ emissions and life-cycle cost of nZEB retrofit packages for a five-storey, 20-apartment residential building in Ankara, Turkey were evaluated. The methodology couples dynamic simulation (DesignBuilder/EnergyPlus) with an EN 15978-aligned boundary (A1–A5, B, C). The study highlights the critical role of both operational and embodied energy and carbon emissions in the pursuit of nZEBs. The best nZEB package reduces primary energy by ~55% and life-cycle CO₂ by ~45% relative to the reference building over 50 years, while cost-optimal packages deliver 6–7% lower global cost. These findings demonstrate the effectiveness of life cycle assessment in measuring building environmental impact, the utilization of renewable energy, and the optimization of building materials in reducing energy consumption and emissions, providing a sustainable and cost-efficient approach to residential building design. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Green Building)

16 pages, 26224 KB

Open AccessArticle

Exploring the Protective Effect of Gastrodia elata Extract on D-Galactose-Induced Liver Injury in Mice Based on the PI3K/Akt Signaling Pathway

by Liu Han, Hongyu Zhai, Xiangyu Ma, He Li, Qiaosen Ren, Jiating Liu, Zhe Zhang, Xintong Li, Qiuyue Zhang and Xin Sun

Curr. Issues Mol. Biol. 2026, 48(1), 6; https://doi.org/10.3390/cimb48010006 (registering DOI) - 20 Dec 2025

Abstract

In this research, we sought to methodically examine the protective effects of Gastrodia elata extract (GEE) on liver damage induced by D-galactose (D-gal) in mice and clarify the underlying mechanisms. The chemical composition of GEE was characterized using Ultra-Performance Liquid Chromatography–Tandem Mass Spectrometry [...] Read more.

In this research, we sought to methodically examine the protective effects of Gastrodia elata extract (GEE) on liver damage induced by D-galactose (D-gal) in mice and clarify the underlying mechanisms. The chemical composition of GEE was characterized using Ultra-Performance Liquid Chromatography–Tandem Mass Spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS), while network pharmacology analysis was employed to predict potential molecular targets and signaling pathways. A mouse model of liver injury was established through daily intraperitoneal injection of D-gal over a 42-day period, during which the hepatoprotective efficacy of GEE was evaluated. Biochemical, histopathological, and molecular analyses were subsequently performed. UPLC-MS/MS identified ingredients such as amino acids, aromatic compounds, fatty acids, and terpenoids in GEE. A network pharmacology analysis enabled the identification of 272 common targets linked to GEE and liver damage, demonstrating notable enrichment within the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/protein kinase B (PI3K/Akt) signaling pathway. In vivo experiments demonstrated that GEE effectively alleviated D-gal-induced body weight loss and elevated liver index values, alleviated hepatic histological damage, and reduced serum levels of Alanine Aminotransferase (ALT), Aspartate Aminotransferase (AST), and Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP). Furthermore, GEE enhanced the activities of the antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT), decreased malondialdehyde (MDA) levels, and downregulated the mRNA expression of the pro-inflammatory cytokines Interleukin-6 (IL-6), Interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β), and Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha (TNF-α). Western blot analysis confirmed that GEE activated the PI3K/Akt pathway, as evidenced by increased ratios of phosphorylated Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (p-PI3K/PI3K) and phosphorylated AKT/Protein Kinase B (p-AKT/AKT); restored the B-cell lymphoma 2-associated X protein/B-cell lymphoma-2 (Bax/Bcl-2) balance; and reduced cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 1 (p21) expression. The results suggest that GEE protects against D-gal-induced liver damage by reducing oxidative stress, inhibiting inflammatory responses, and modulating apoptosis through the activation of the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway, providing support for its potential use in hepatoprotection. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Molecular Insights: Mechanisms Underlying the Biological Activities of Natural Products—2nd Edition)

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25 pages, 617 KB

Open AccessArticle

Research on the Impact of the Reform of “Three Plots of Land” in the Yellow River Basin on Food Security

by Haiyang Shang, Zhen Wang, Rui Li and Fang Su

Land 2026, 15(1), 14; https://doi.org/10.3390/land15010014 (registering DOI) - 20 Dec 2025

Abstract

The Yellow River Basin serves as China’s core food security zone and a vital ecological barrier. However, while the “three plots of land” reform has revitalized land resources, it has also exerted complex effects on the allocation of grain production factors. Scientifically assessing [...] Read more.

The Yellow River Basin serves as China’s core food security zone and a vital ecological barrier. However, while the “three plots of land” reform has revitalized land resources, it has also exerted complex effects on the allocation of grain production factors. Scientifically assessing the actual impacts of this policy reform on food security and identifying optimization pathways has become a critical issue for safeguarding national food security. Using panel data from 101 county-level administrative units in the Yellow River Basin covering 2010–2023, this study employs a difference-in-differences model and a moderation effect model to systematically evaluate the impact of the “three plots of land” reform policy on food security. By introducing new-type urbanization and agricultural modernization as moderating variables, it further reveals the regional heterogeneity of the policy’s operational mechanisms. The study finds that (1) the “three plots of land” reform policy significantly enhances food security levels, (2) both new-type urbanization and agricultural modernization positively amplify policy effects through moderation mechanisms, and (3) regional heterogeneity tests considering geographical location and climate conditions reveal a spatial gradient pattern of “midstream > downstream > upstream” in policy effects, clarifying the logic of regional heterogeneity. Accordingly, the “three plots of land” reform policy in the Yellow River Basin should be deepened by formulating differentiated policies based on regional heterogeneity. A moderation mechanism should be established where agricultural modernization and new urbanization synergistically support food security, comprehensively enhancing food security safeguarding capabilities. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Land Socio-Economic and Political Issues)

21 pages, 2142 KB

Open AccessArticle

Re-Valorizing Oyster-Shell Waste in Natural Hydraulic Lime-Based Mortars for Brick Substrate Applications: Performance and Durability

by Poliana Bellei, Manuel Francisco Costa Pereira, Isabel Torres, Genevieve Foray and Inês Flores-Colen

Materials 2026, 19(1), 27; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma19010027 (registering DOI) - 20 Dec 2025

Abstract

The re-valorisation of oyster-shell waste offers a sustainable pathway for producing eco-efficient construction materials. This study investigates the physical, mechanical, and durability performance of natural hydraulic lime (NHL) mortars incorporating oyster shells (OSs), applied to solid bricks representative of historical masonry. Two formulations [...] Read more.

The re-valorisation of oyster-shell waste offers a sustainable pathway for producing eco-efficient construction materials. This study investigates the physical, mechanical, and durability performance of natural hydraulic lime (NHL) mortars incorporating oyster shells (OSs), applied to solid bricks representative of historical masonry. Two formulations were developed: one with 24% replacement of NHL by oyster-shell powder (OSP, <150 µm) and another with 30% substitution of sand by oyster-shell aggregate (OSA, 0–4 mm), both compared with a control mortar. Mortars were tested in standard molds and directly applied to bricks, including under accelerated aging conditions (temperature and humidity cycles). Results revealed that shell-incorporated mortars applied to bricks exhibited higher bulk density and compressive strength, and lower porosity, capillary water absorption, and water vapor permeability, compared with mold-cast samples. The performance for the shell-based mortars highlights the substrate–mortar interaction, consistent with the behavior of traditional lime-based systems, and the microscope characterization (poro-Hg and X-ray tomography). Shell-incorporated mortars retained stable properties after aging, with variations below 10% compared to unaged mortars. These findings demonstrate the feasibility of oyster shells as partial replacements for lime and sand, confirming its potential as an eco-efficient strategy for sustainable mortars in conserving and rehabilitating historic masonry buildings. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Building a Sustainable Future: Latest Research on the Recovery of Solid Waste for Construction and Building Materials)

51 pages, 6351 KB

Open AccessArticle

Benchmarking PHP–MySQL Communication: A Comparative Study of MySQLi and PDO Under Varying Query Complexity

by Nebojša Andrijević, Zoran Lovreković, Hadžib Salkić, Đorđe Šarčević and Jasmina Perišić

Electronics 2026, 15(1), 21; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics15010021 (registering DOI) - 20 Dec 2025

Abstract

Efficient interaction between PHP (Hypertext Preprocessor) applications and MySQL databases is essential for the performance of modern web systems. This study systematically compares the two most widely used PHP APIs for working with MySQL databases—MySQLi (MySQL Improved extension) and PDO (PHP Data Objects)—under [...] Read more.

Efficient interaction between PHP (Hypertext Preprocessor) applications and MySQL databases is essential for the performance of modern web systems. This study systematically compares the two most widely used PHP APIs for working with MySQL databases—MySQLi (MySQL Improved extension) and PDO (PHP Data Objects)—under identical experimental conditions. The analysis covers execution time, memory consumption, and the stability and variability of results across different types of SQL (Structured Query Language) queries (simple queries, complex JOIN, GROUP BY/HAVING). A specialized benchmarking tool was developed to collect detailed metrics over several hundred repetitions and to enable graphical and statistical evaluation. Across the full benchmark suite, MySQLi exhibits the lowest mean wall-clock execution time on average (≈15% overall). However, under higher query complexity and in certain connection-handling regimes, PDO prepared statement modes provide competitive latency with improved predictability. These results should be interpreted as context-aware rankings for the tested single-host environment and workload design, and as a reusable benchmarking framework intended for replication under alternative deployment models. Statistical analysis (Kruskal–Wallis and Mann–Whitney tests) confirms significant differences between the methods, while Box-plots and histograms visualize deviations and the presence of outliers. Unlike earlier studies, this work provides a controlled and replicable benchmarking environment that tests both MySQLi and PDO across multiple API modes and isolates the impact of native versus emulated prepared statements. It also evaluates performance under complex-query workloads that reflect typical reporting and analytics patterns on the ClassicModels schema. To our knowledge, no previous study has analyzed these factors jointly or provided a reusable tool enabling transparent comparison across PHP–MySQL access layers. The findings provide empirical evidence and practical guidelines for choosing the optimal API depending on the application scenario, as well as a tool that can be applied for further testing in various web environments. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Computer Science & Engineering)

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13 pages, 482 KB

Open AccessArticle

Further Evaluation of Youth Mental and Behavioral Health in Rural Communities

by Patrick W. Romani

Behav. Sci. 2026, 16(1), 14; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs16010014 (registering DOI) - 20 Dec 2025

Abstract

Mental and behavioral healthcare (MBH) needs of youth have been increasingly recognized over the past decade. Youth living in rural areas of the United States face a particular challenge in accessing appropriate MBH services. However, the individual needs of communities vary. The current [...] Read more.

Mental and behavioral healthcare (MBH) needs of youth have been increasingly recognized over the past decade. Youth living in rural areas of the United States face a particular challenge in accessing appropriate MBH services. However, the individual needs of communities vary. The current study recruited 32 caregivers, healthcare providers, and educators from four rural communities in one state in the Mountain West region of the United States. These participants responded to questions during a 45–60-min focus group. The goal of the focus groups was to understand (a) how caregivers, healthcare providers, and educators perceive the types of MBH services that are available in their community; (b) what barriers they perceive to accessing satisfactory MBH services; and (c) what strengths they perceive within their community’s MBH system. Results of a thematic analysis of focus group transcripts found common and conflicting themes that likely have an impact on the development of an effective MBH system for rural youth. Full article

18 pages, 695 KB

Open AccessArticle

An Assessment of Light Pollution Policy in Local Governments Across Australia: The Current Status and Implications

by Jesse Stone, Jacob Lawson, Scott Rayburg and John Rodwell

Sustainability 2026, 18(1), 86; https://doi.org/10.3390/su18010086 (registering DOI) - 20 Dec 2025

Abstract

Light pollution entails unnecessary energy use, higher emissions and greater pressure on natural resources, as well as disrupting wildlife and human health. Specific policies and model ordinances are available for local governments to implement to address light pollution. This study analysed the light [...] Read more.

Light pollution entails unnecessary energy use, higher emissions and greater pressure on natural resources, as well as disrupting wildlife and human health. Specific policies and model ordinances are available for local governments to implement to address light pollution. This study analysed the light pollution policies of Australian local governments, in terms of specific details and whether the pattern of results reflects more of a polycentric or multi-level approach. Thirty local governments representing all of the urban areas in Australia with a population over 100,000 had their public lighting policy documents analysed. Very few local governments had taken steps toward addressing light pollution. The wide array of local governments did lead to some experimentation with light pollution policy, which provides test cases for others to consider. To obtain widespread coverage a multi-level approach may be needed, requiring higher levels of government to have light pollution policies in future. For now, very few local governments in Australia have any light pollution policies and of those, even fewer are comprehensive. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Lighting and Light Pollution)

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13 pages, 3356 KB

Open AccessArticle

Comparative Study of Nanocrystalline Dysprosium Oxide Thin Films Deposited on Quartz Glass and Sapphire Substrates by Means of Electron Beam

by Faisal Alresheedi

Nanomaterials 2026, 16(1), 10; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano16010010 (registering DOI) - 20 Dec 2025

Abstract

In this study, nanocrystalline dysprosium oxide (Dy₂O₃) thin films were deposited on sapphire and quartz glass substrates by an electron beam evaporation technique to comparatively evaluate the influence of substrate type on their structural and optical properties. X-ray diffraction [...] Read more.

In this study, nanocrystalline dysprosium oxide (Dy₂O₃) thin films were deposited on sapphire and quartz glass substrates by an electron beam evaporation technique to comparatively evaluate the influence of substrate type on their structural and optical properties. X-ray diffraction (XRD) confirms that all films exhibit a polycrystalline nature and possess a cubic-type structure. The Debye–Scherrer equation was used to determine the average crystallite size and it was found that the film deposited on quartz glass substrate is slightly larger than the film deposited on the sapphire substrate. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) revealed a granular morphology for the sapphire film and a more compact, pore-free surface for the quartz film. Spectroscopic ellipsometry (SE) and UV-Vis spectrophotometry were employed to extract the optical constants and reflectance behavior, respectively. The film on sapphire exhibited a lower refractive index, higher extinction coefficient, and reduced reflectance, confirming its enhanced anti-reflective performance. The study provides new insights into how the substrate affects the optical properties of Dy₂O₃ thin films. This study demonstrates that sapphire is a more suitable substrate for enhanced anti-reflective and optoelectronic applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Manufacturing of Nanomaterials)

21 pages, 2470 KB

Open AccessArticle

Sustainable Use of Industrial Wastes for Soil Stabilization

by André Studart, Maria Eugenia Boscov, Victor Cavaleiro and Antonio Albuquerque

Eng 2026, 7(1), 4; https://doi.org/10.3390/eng7010004 (registering DOI) - 20 Dec 2025

Abstract

Worldwide, large volumes of industrial residues, such as water treatment sludge (WTS), biomass ash (BA), iron slag (IS), and quarry fines (QF), are generated with limited reuse. This study evaluates their potential as additives for two soils, using two types of soils as [...] Read more.

Worldwide, large volumes of industrial residues, such as water treatment sludge (WTS), biomass ash (BA), iron slag (IS), and quarry fines (QF), are generated with limited reuse. This study evaluates their potential as additives for two soils, using two types of soils as matrices. A comprehensive laboratory program (particle size distribution, Proctor compaction, Atterberg limits, falling-head permeability, oedometer consolidation, consolidated undrained triaxial tests, and scanning electron microscopy) was performed on soil–residue mixtures across practical dosages. Optimal mixes balanced strength and transport properties: 15% WTS lowered hydraulic conductivity (k) into the 10⁻⁹ m/s range while reducing plasticity; 20% BA rendered the soil non-plastic but increased k into the 10⁻⁸–10⁻⁷ m/s range; 50% IS increased friction angle while maintaining k ~10⁻⁸ m/s; and QF produced modest changes while preserving k ~10⁻⁹ m/s. These findings support the sustainable reuse of these industrial wastes for soft soil stabilization, also contributing to the circular economy in the industrial and construction sectors, and are aligned with the United Nations’ sustainable development goals 6, 9, 11, 12, and 15. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Emerging Technologies for the Treatment and Reduction of Pollutants in Industrial Processes)

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16 pages, 305 KB

Open AccessArticle

Effectiveness of the Mindful Motherhood Support Program on Quality of Life Among Palestinian Mothers of Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Quasi-Experimental Study

by Bashaer Al-Natsheh and Asma Imam

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2026, 23(1), 14; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph23010014 (registering DOI) - 20 Dec 2025

Abstract

Raising a child with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) presents severe difficulties that adversely affect the mother’s quality of life (QoL). However, very limited research has examined the impacts of support programs on the QoL of mothers of children with ASD in the Palestinian [...] Read more.

Raising a child with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) presents severe difficulties that adversely affect the mother’s quality of life (QoL). However, very limited research has examined the impacts of support programs on the QoL of mothers of children with ASD in the Palestinian context. This study assesses the effectiveness of Mindful Motherhood, a comprehensive intervention, in improving QoL in this population. A quasi-experimental design was employed, with 56 mothers assigned to experimental or control groups. Quality of Life (QoL) was measured using the WHOQOL-BREF at baseline, post-intervention, and at a six-month follow-up. The 12-week group-based program led to significant improvements in all QoL domains for the experimental group compared to the controls, with the highest effect sizes in psychological (|δ| = 0.70) and overall QoL (|δ| = 0.68) domains; furthermore, these gains were largely sustained at the six-month follow-up assessment. The results are expected to inform policymakers in developing sustainable support systems for mothers and promoting inclusive, family-centered approaches to ASD care in the Palestinian context. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Mental Well-Being of Caregivers: Impacts, Benefits and Advancements)

33 pages, 26127 KB

Open AccessArticle

Investigation of the Damage Mechanisms Influencing the Short Crack Behavior of Inconel 625 Under Variable Amplitude Fatigue Loading

by Robert Fleishel, Reza Abedi and Stephanie TerMaath

Aerospace 2026, 13(1), 3; https://doi.org/10.3390/aerospace13010003 (registering DOI) - 20 Dec 2025

Abstract

Variable amplitude fatigue loading can result in both accelerated and decelerated fatigue damage due to load interaction effects. Short fatigue cracks in particular exhibit a wide range of crack growth behavior due to multiple damage mechanisms contributing to interaction effects. To investigate this [...] Read more.

Variable amplitude fatigue loading can result in both accelerated and decelerated fatigue damage due to load interaction effects. Short fatigue cracks in particular exhibit a wide range of crack growth behavior due to multiple damage mechanisms contributing to interaction effects. To investigate this variation in fatigue damage behavior and the influence of causative damage mechanisms, variable amplitude fatigue tests were conducted on an Inconel 625 alloy. Periodic overload, high-low, and repeated block loading patterns were applied, and specimens were analyzed with a surface replication technique during testing to capture crack growth. Fracture surface imaging of failed specimens identified crack face morphology. High stress cycles in the overload and repeated block loadings resulted in increased fatigue life, and evidence of plastic crack closure was noted in periodic overload samples. Crack growth deceleration due to overload was identified in crack lengths as short as 65 µm. This increase in fatigue life differs from other research that demonstrated damage acceleration of short cracks during variable amplitude fatigue. This acceleration was attributed to crack closure and microstructural barriers, whereas the deceleration in this study is attributed to the interaction of plastic crack closure and crack extension caused by the application of an overload. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fatigue Damage and Fracture Analysis of Aerospace Metal Materials)

17 pages, 668 KB

Open AccessReview

Modulating Energy and Redox Homeostasis: A Review of Creatine, L-Carnitine, Melatonin, and Resveratrol in Neurodegenerative Diseases and Organic Acidemias

by Ellen C. S. B. Lima, Artur S. S. Maia, Priscila L. Silva, Enrico Tancredi, Marcela S. Teruel and César A. J. Ribeiro

Nutraceuticals 2026, 6(1), 1; https://doi.org/10.3390/nutraceuticals6010001 (registering DOI) - 20 Dec 2025

Abstract

Neurological and neurodegenerative diseases encompass a wide range of conditions affecting the central nervous system, leading to progressive dysfunction and damage. These diseases, such as Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s, and some cerebral organic acidurias, often result in debilitating symptoms impacting motor control, cognitive function, and [...] Read more.

Neurological and neurodegenerative diseases encompass a wide range of conditions affecting the central nervous system, leading to progressive dysfunction and damage. These diseases, such as Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s, and some cerebral organic acidurias, often result in debilitating symptoms impacting motor control, cognitive function, and sensory processing. Research into their complex etiologies, including the role of energy and redox homeostasis, is crucial for developing effective diagnostics and therapeutic interventions. Despite the current lack of effective treatments for many neurological and neurodegenerative disorders, nutraceuticals are garnering significant interest. These food-derived compounds offer benefits beyond basic nutrition, primarily due to their ability to modulate intracellular processes that are known to be disrupted in these diseases. This study reviews the neuroprotective potential of several nutraceuticals, specifically creatine, acetyl-L-carnitine, melatonin, and resveratrol, as promising adjuvants to therapeutic interventions in neurological and neurodegenerative diseases. Full article

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29 pages, 2739 KB

Open AccessReview

Open Data Reuse in Agricultural, Livestock, and Environmental Systems: A Global Scoping Review with a Case Analysis of Ecuador

by Juan Urdánigo-Zambrano, Bolier Torres, Carmen De-Pablos-Heredero, Robinson Herrera-Feijoo and Antón García

Land 2026, 15(1), 13; https://doi.org/10.3390/land15010013 (registering DOI) - 20 Dec 2025

Abstract

Open data reuse has become a strategic driver of the digital transformation of agricultural, livestock, and environmental systems. In this industry yet significant disparities persist in regions with limited technological and institutional capacity. This global scoping reviews systematically maps providing the scientific evidence [...] Read more.

Open data reuse has become a strategic driver of the digital transformation of agricultural, livestock, and environmental systems. In this industry yet significant disparities persist in regions with limited technological and institutional capacity. This global scoping reviews systematically maps providing the scientific evidence on open data reuse and examines its thematic, geographic, and socioeconomic dimensions in relation to sustainability, food security, and biodiversity conservation. The search, conducted in Scopus for peer-reviewed articles from 1993 to 2025, identified 2863 records, of which 1261 met the eligibility criteria. Evidence charting combined Bibliometric mapping, Multiple Correspondence Analysis, Principal Component Analysis, and a modified Delphi method to characterize thematic domains and research alignment. Results reveal three dominant global clusters: Intelligent Digital Agriculture & Sustainability, Geospatial Monitoring & Land Management, and Biodiversity & Livestock Dynamics alongside persistent geographic inequalities that favor high-income regions. A case analysis of Ecuador illustrates how open data reuse is emerging in a peripheral context shaped by structural constraints. Overall, findings show that open data reuse reduces informational asymmetries, enables cross scale environmental and production monitoring, and supports data driven innovation for climate resilience. The proposed BiblioConsensus Framework offers a transferable basis for policy design, capacity building, and international collaboration aimed at strengthening inclusive global open data ecosystems. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Land Systems and Global Change)

19 pages, 2564 KB

Open AccessArticle

Dynamic Feature Elimination-Based Visual–Inertial Navigation Algorithm

by Jiawei Yu, Hongde Dai, Juan Li, Xin Li and Xueying Liu

Sensors 2026, 26(1), 52; https://doi.org/10.3390/s26010052 (registering DOI) - 20 Dec 2025

Abstract

To address the problem of degraded positioning accuracy in traditional visual–inertial navigation systems (VINS) due to interference from moving objects in dynamic scenarios, this paper proposes an improved algorithm based on the VINS-Fusion framework, which resolves this issue through a synergistic combination of [...] Read more.

To address the problem of degraded positioning accuracy in traditional visual–inertial navigation systems (VINS) due to interference from moving objects in dynamic scenarios, this paper proposes an improved algorithm based on the VINS-Fusion framework, which resolves this issue through a synergistic combination of multi-scale feature optimization and real-time dynamic feature elimination. First, at the feature extraction front-end, the SuperPoint encoder structure is reconstructed. By integrating dual-branch multi-scale feature fusion and 1 × 1 convolutional channel compression, it simultaneously captures shallow texture details and deep semantic information, enhances the discriminative ability of static background features, and reduces mis-elimination near dynamic–static boundaries. Second, in the dynamic processing module, the ASORT (Adaptive Simple Online and Realtime Tracking) algorithm is designed. This algorithm combines an object detection network, adaptive Kalman filter-based trajectory prediction, and a Hungarian algorithm-based matching mechanism to identify moving objects in images in real time, filter out their associated dynamic feature points from the optimized feature point set, and ensure that only reliable static features are input to the backend optimization, thereby minimizing pose estimation errors caused by dynamic interference. Experiments on the KITTI dataset demonstrate that, compared with the original VINS-Fusion algorithm, the proposed method achieves an average improvement of approximately 14.8% in absolute trajectory accuracy, with an average single-frame processing time of 23.9 milliseconds. This validates that the proposed approach provides an efficient and robust solution for visual–inertial navigation in highly dynamic environments. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Navigation and Positioning)

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22 pages, 7518 KB

Open AccessArticle

Application of Morpho in Urban Design and Planning Practice: Addressing Historical Urban Areas

by Rüya Ardıçoğlu

Buildings 2026, 16(1), 28; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings16010028 (registering DOI) - 20 Dec 2025

Abstract

The relationship between urban morphology and urban design or planning practice is inherently complex and multifaceted. A key challenge stems from the limited relevance and applicability of morphological tools to the practical issues encountered in professional planning contexts. This study seeks to address [...] Read more.

The relationship between urban morphology and urban design or planning practice is inherently complex and multifaceted. A key challenge stems from the limited relevance and applicability of morphological tools to the practical issues encountered in professional planning contexts. This study seeks to address this gap by investigating how morphological analysis can inform the development of future urban plans and projects, particularly in areas where a strong historical fabric is integrated with contemporary urban structures. The research applies the Morpho method to historical urban environments, examining multiple morphological parameters, including street typology, block dimensions, plot density, the ratio of building height to street width, building alignment, and land-use distribution. Furthermore, the study introduces a new analytical criterion, the density of historical buildings within each street block, to enhance the methodological comprehensiveness of the analysis. The study also integrates the physical analysis of urban form with socio-economic dimensions by incorporating ownership status and population density data, thereby extending the framework and generating significant insights. Four neighborhoods in Beyoğlu, Istanbul, were selected as case studies to illustrate the application of this method. The results demonstrate that the Morpho analysis can serve as a robust foundation for developing planning and design codes, facilitating the harmonious integration of historical urban areas with modern urban fabrics. The study concludes by suggesting how morphological knowledge can be translated into planning action by proposing planning strategies, emphasizing their potential role in guiding sustainable urban development. Ultimately, this study has important outcomes for sustainable urban development by addressing the integration between historical and modern patterns within ongoing urban alterations, the sustainability of historical patterns, and their integration with modern fabric. These outcomes can be used in urban policies for sustainable urban development in historical areas. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Architectural Design, Urban Science, and Real Estate)

16 pages, 2115 KB

Open AccessArticle

Pharmacologic Inhibition of S-Nitrosoglutathione Reductase Prevents Hyperoxic Alveolar and Airway Disease in Newborn Mice

by Stephanie Adaikalam, Ramadan B. Sopi, Laura A. Smith, Anjum Jafri, Peter M. MacFarlane, Richard J. Martin, Benjamin Gaston and Thomas M. Raffay

Biomedicines 2026, 14(1), 15; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines14010015 (registering DOI) - 20 Dec 2025

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Preterm infants are at risk of developing the chronic lung condition of bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD), with associated alveolar simplification and airway hyperreactivity. Inhibition of S-nitrosoglutathione (GSNO) reductase has been shown to rescue airway hyperreactivity in a murine model of BPD. Here, [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Preterm infants are at risk of developing the chronic lung condition of bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD), with associated alveolar simplification and airway hyperreactivity. Inhibition of S-nitrosoglutathione (GSNO) reductase has been shown to rescue airway hyperreactivity in a murine model of BPD. Here, we investigate the effects of early treatment with N6022, a pharmacologic GSNO reductase inhibitor. Methods: Newborn C57BL/6 mice were exposed to either 21% (control) or 60% oxygen (BPD model) for 5 days after birth. Pups simultaneously received either subcutaneous saline or varying doses of N6022 for 5 days during hyperoxia exposure. Pups were then recovered in room air to 3 weeks postnatal age. H&E-stained lungs were analyzed for alveolar simplification and airway tethering. In vivo airway reactivity to inhaled methacholine was measured using a flexiVent system. In separate littermates, lungs were immediately harvested after 5 days of hyperoxia for protein quantification via automated capillary Westerns. Results: Alveolar simplification and decreased airway tethering were noted in the 60% + saline group. Pups treated with N6022 during hyperoxia displayed dose-dependent improvements in alveolar simplification and airway tethering. Similarly, hyperoxia-exposed pups had increased airway reactivity, as measured by elevated respiratory system resistance and elastance responses to methacholine. Treatment with 10 mg/kg/day N6022 during hyperoxia resulted in decreased resistance and elastance responses. TGF-β expressions were elevated in the 60% + saline group and attenuated in the 60% + N6022 groups. Conclusions: Early exposure to GSNO reductase inhibitors such as N6022 can prevent hyperoxia-induced alveolar simplification and airway hyperreactivity, with lasting effects even after cessation of treatment. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Progress in Neonatal Pulmonary Biology)

20 pages, 1511 KB

Open AccessArticle

Novel Antimicrobial Activities of Albofungin, Albonoursin, and Ribonucleosides Produced by Streptomyces sp. Caat 5-35 Against Phytopathogens and Their Potential as a Biocontrol Agent

by Carmen Julia Pedroza-Padilla, Sergio Orduz, Danilo Tosta Souza, Geraldo Antonio Astolpho-Barbão and Luiz Alberto Beraldo Moraes

Molecules 2026, 31(1), 21; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules31010021 (registering DOI) - 20 Dec 2025

Abstract

The genus Streptomyces is the largest group within the phylum Actinobacteria, recognized for producing antibiotics and enzymes, with wide applications in medicine and biological control for crop protection against phytopathogens. In this study, the Streptomyces sp. Caat 5-35 strain, isolated from soil of [...] Read more.

The genus Streptomyces is the largest group within the phylum Actinobacteria, recognized for producing antibiotics and enzymes, with wide applications in medicine and biological control for crop protection against phytopathogens. In this study, the Streptomyces sp. Caat 5-35 strain, isolated from soil of the Caatinga biome in Brazil, and identified by analysis of the 16S rRNA gene, demonstrated its antagonistic effect in vitro in dual cultures against Phytophthora palmivora, Colletotrichum acutatum, Fusarium oxysporum, Rhizoctonia solani, Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, and Fusarium graminearum. Caat 5-35 inhibited mycelial growth ranging from 19% to 73.3%. Compounds purified by prep-HPLC from extracts were identified by spectral data analysis using UHPLC-triple-TOF-MS/MS, or nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). This work demonstrated for the first time the anti-oomycete activity of albofungin, its derivatives, and albonoursin against P. palmivora. Moreover, the growth inhibition of Colletotrichum gloeosporioides by albonoursin and the antibacterial effect of 2-chloroadenosine and 5′-O-sulfamoyl-2-chloroadenosine against Pectobacterium carotovorum were demonstrated as novel findings. Caat 5-35 exhibited the ability to solubilize phosphates and produce cellulases on CMC agar. The findings of this study, in combination with in vitro bioassays on cacao pods (Theobroma cacao L.) inoculated with the antagonist strain and P. palmivora APB-35, demonstrate that Streptomyces sp. Caat 5-35 is a source of natural products with applications in agriculture and could serve as an alternative for crop protection. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Natural Products as New Antiviral/Antiparasitic/Antibacterial/Antimicrobial Treatment Options)

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