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21 pages, 928 KB

Open AccessArticle

Population Genetic Structure of Invasive and Non-Invasive Streptococcus pneumoniae Isolates After Fifteen Years of Routine PCV10 Vaccination in Bulgaria

by Alexandra S. Alexandrova, Vasil S. Boyanov, Kalina Y. Mihova, Preslava M. Hristova, Hristina Y. Hitkova, Yuliya Marteva-Proevska and Raina T. Gergova

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025, 26(18), 9028; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms26189028 (registering DOI) - 16 Sep 2025

Abstract

Streptococcus pneumoniae has been a PCV10 vaccine-preventable agent in Bulgaria since 2010.;. Our objective is to determine the phylogenetic structure of 170 invasive and non-invasive pneumococcal isolates, focusing on their serotypes and antimicrobial susceptibility. Serotyping was performed using latex agglutination, capsular swelling reaction, [...] Read more.

Streptococcus pneumoniae has been a PCV10 vaccine-preventable agent in Bulgaria since 2010.;. Our objective is to determine the phylogenetic structure of 170 invasive and non-invasive pneumococcal isolates, focusing on their serotypes and antimicrobial susceptibility. Serotyping was performed using latex agglutination, capsular swelling reaction, and serotype-specific PCRs. Antibiotic susceptibilities were assessed by broth microdilution. MLST was conducted to define the clonal composition. The non-PCV10 serotypes accounted for 88.2%. The predominant invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) serotypes were 19A (39.3%), 19F (21.4%), 6C (10.7%), 7F (7.1%), and 3 (7.1%). The prevalent NIPD serotypes were 19A (18.3%), 6C (15.5%), 3 (10.6%), 15A (7.7%), and 6A (6.3%). The overall antimicrobial non-susceptibility rates were: benzylpenicillin (55.2%), ceftriaxone (15.2%), cefuroxime (35.8%), amoxicillin-clavulanic acid (38.8%), erythromycin (60.5%), clindamycin (57.0%), tetracycline (43.5%), trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (62.9%), and chloramphenicol (13.5%). The multidrug resistance (MDR) strains were 60.5%. The predominant clone CC320, represented 20.0% MDR 19A and 19F strains linked to Taiwan^19F-14 and GPSC1. CC273/Greece^6B-22 and CC386 accounted for 5.3% 6A and 6C isolates. Most serotype 3 isolates are associated with CC505, associated with Netherlands³-31 and GPSC12. Switching to a conjugate vaccine with broader serotype coverage could reduce the incidence of 19A, 6C, and 15A MDR S. pneumoniae clones in our country. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Molecular Microbiology)

24 pages, 3973 KB

Open AccessArticle

Formulation and Structural Optimisation of PVA-Fibre Biopolymer Composites for 3D Printing in Drug Delivery Applications

by Pattaraporn Panraksa, Pensak Jantrawut, Xin Yi Teoh, Krit Sengtakdaed, Ploynapat Pornngam, Tanpong Chaiwarit, Takron Chantadee, Kittisak Jantanasakulwong, Suruk Udomsom and Bin Zhang

Polymers 2025, 17(18), 2502; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym17182502 (registering DOI) - 16 Sep 2025

Abstract

Additive manufacturing using fused deposition modelling (FDM) is increasingly explored for personalised drug delivery, but the lack of suitable biodegradable and printable filaments limits its pharmaceutical application. In this study, we investigated the influence of formulation and structural design on the performance of [...] Read more.

Additive manufacturing using fused deposition modelling (FDM) is increasingly explored for personalised drug delivery, but the lack of suitable biodegradable and printable filaments limits its pharmaceutical application. In this study, we investigated the influence of formulation and structural design on the performance of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA)-based filaments doped with theophylline anhydrous for 3D printing. To address the intrinsic brittleness and poor printability of PVA, cassava pulp-derived fibres—a sustainable and underutilised agricultural by-product—were incorporated together with polyethylene glycol (PEG 400), Eudragit^® NE 30 D, and calcium stearate. The addition of fibres modified the mechanical properties of PVA filaments through hydrogen bonding, improving flexibility but increasing surface roughness. This drawback was mitigated by Eudragit^® NE 30 D, which enhanced surface smoothness and drug distribution uniformity. The optimised composite formulation (P₁₀F₅E₅T₅) was successfully extruded and used to fabricate 3D-printed constructs. Release studies demonstrated that drug release could be modulated by pore geometry and construct thickness: wider pores enabled rapid Fickian diffusion, while narrower pores and thicker constructs shifted release kinetics toward anomalous transport governed by polymer swelling. These findings demonstrate, for the first time, the potential of cassava fibre as a functional additive in pharmaceutical FDM and provide a rational formulation–structure–performance framework for developing sustainable, geometry-tuneable drug delivery systems. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Progress in 3D Printing of Polymeric Materials)

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42 pages, 2077 KB

Open AccessSystematic Review

From E-Government to AI E-Government: A Systematic Review of Citizen Attitudes

by Ioanna Savveli, Maria Rigou and Stefanos Balaskas

Informatics 2025, 12(3), 98; https://doi.org/10.3390/informatics12030098 (registering DOI) - 16 Sep 2025

Abstract

Governments increasingly integrate artificial intelligence (AI) into digital public services, and understanding how citizens perceive and respond to these technologies has become essential. This systematic review analyzes 30 empirical studies published from early January 2019 to mid-April 2025, following PRISMA guidelines, to map [...] Read more.

Governments increasingly integrate artificial intelligence (AI) into digital public services, and understanding how citizens perceive and respond to these technologies has become essential. This systematic review analyzes 30 empirical studies published from early January 2019 to mid-April 2025, following PRISMA guidelines, to map the current landscape of citizen attitudes toward AI-enabled e-government services. Guided by four research questions, the study examines: (1) the forms of AI implementation most commonly investigated, (2) the attitudinal variables used to assess user perception, (3) key factors influencing attitudes, and (4) concerns and challenges reported by users. The findings reveal that chatbots dominate current implementations, with behavioral intentions and satisfaction serving as the main outcome measures. Perceived usefulness, ease of use, trust, and perceived risk emerge as recurring determinants of positive attitudes. However, widespread concerns related to privacy and interface usability highlight persistent barriers. Overall, the review underscores the need for transparent, citizen-centered AI design and ethical safeguards to enhance acceptance and trust. It concludes that future research should address understudied applications, include vulnerable populations, and explore perceptions across diverse public sector domains. Full article

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13 pages, 918 KB

Open AccessArticle

A Retrospective Study on Prognostic Factors and Systemic Treatments of Refractory Meningiomas

by Dan-Thanh Christine Nguyen, Cyril Nader, Karl Bélanger, Sarah Lapointe, Bernard Lemieux, Émilie Lemieux-Blanchard, Jean-Paul Bahary, Laura Masucci, Carole Lambert, David Roberge, Robert Moumdjian, Moujahed Labidi, Romain Cayrol and Marie Florescu

Curr. Oncol. 2025, 32(9), 516; https://doi.org/10.3390/curroncol32090516 (registering DOI) - 16 Sep 2025

Abstract

Standard systemic treatment has not been established for refractory meningioma. This retrospective study aimed to identify prognostic factors for overall survival and document outcomes of systemic therapies. We reviewed patients with meningioma followed at CHUM hospital between 2006 and 2022. Only patients with [...] Read more.

Standard systemic treatment has not been established for refractory meningioma. This retrospective study aimed to identify prognostic factors for overall survival and document outcomes of systemic therapies. We reviewed patients with meningioma followed at CHUM hospital between 2006 and 2022. Only patients with progression after first-line treatment were included. Among 750 patients, 107 (14%) experienced progression after first-line treatment. They were divided into two groups: Group 1 (n = 69, 64%) received salvage local treatments, and Group 2 (n = 38, 36%) received additional salvage systemic treatments. The median follow-up time from diagnosis was 7.5 years. 10-year OS was 88.3% (Group 1) vs. 67.2% (Group 2) (p = 0.009). Mean survival after stopping systemic treatment was 8.94 months. Key prognostic factors for poorer survival included age ≥ 65 (HR = 2.82; p = 0.009), WHO grade 2 or 3 (HR = 4.25; p = 0.004), and progression after second-line treatment (HR = 4.77; p = 0.004). Bevacizumab was associated with a mPFS of 12 months and 1-year OS of 64,6%, whereas non-Bevacizumab treatments—including Hydroxyurea, Somatostatin, and Sunitinib—were associated with a mPFS of 7 months and 1-year OS of 52,6%. This study highlights the fatal nature of recurrent meningiomas and the urgent need for systemic treatments that can improve their survival. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Neuro-Oncology)

14 pages, 4352 KB

Open AccessArticle

Study of Surface Wear of Punches and Molds for Optimization of Nuclear Fuel Production

by Bauyrzhan Rakhadilov, Nurtoleu Magazov, Aidar Kengesbekov, Manarbek Kylyshkanov and Arystanbek Kussainov

Coatings 2025, 15(9), 1088; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings15091088 (registering DOI) - 16 Sep 2025

Abstract

This paper presents the results of a comprehensive study of the wear processes of press tools used in the molding of uranium dioxide (UO₂) nuclear fuel pellets. Particular attention is paid to the analysis of the influence of operating conditions on [...] Read more.

This paper presents the results of a comprehensive study of the wear processes of press tools used in the molding of uranium dioxide (UO₂) nuclear fuel pellets. Particular attention is paid to the analysis of the influence of operating conditions on changes in microstructure, geometry and physical and mechanical properties of working surfaces of molds and punches. The studies using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray fluorescence (XRF) and X-ray phase analysis (XRD) methods, as well as evaluation of microhardness and roughness, allowed to identify the dominant failure mechanisms—abrasive and adhesive wear, microcrack formation and local degradation of coatings. The results of the experiments confirmed the presence of progressive changes on the working surfaces of the tool, affecting the formation of defects of fuel pellets and reducing the service life of the press equipment. This work allows us to not only better understand the wear patterns in the batch production of nuclear fuel, but also to formulate practical recommendations to increase tool life by optimizing pressing modes and using wear-resistant coatings. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Surface Engineering Processes for Reducing Friction and Wear)

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27 pages, 1221 KB

Open AccessArticle

Why Nobody Measures the Scope 4 (Avoided) Emissions? Let’s Get It Started!

by Pietro De Giovanni

Sustainability 2025, 17(18), 8317; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17188317 (registering DOI) - 16 Sep 2025

Abstract

As the urgency of climate action intensifies, organizations are increasingly required not only to reduce their instantaneous internal emissions (Scopes 1 and 2) and their value chain impacts (Scope 3), but also to demonstrate their overall contribution to climate change. Therefore, this paper [...] Read more.

As the urgency of climate action intensifies, organizations are increasingly required not only to reduce their instantaneous internal emissions (Scopes 1 and 2) and their value chain impacts (Scope 3), but also to demonstrate their overall contribution to climate change. Therefore, this paper introduces and formalizes the concept of Scope 4 emissions, defined as avoided emissions enabled by a company’s products, services, or business models, representing the fourth strategic pillar in corporate climate accounting. The paper proposes how to quantify the Scope 4 emissions through the decarbonization plan, using a stadium decarbonization plan as an illustrative example to show how Scope 1–3 reductions can be complemented by cumulative Scope 4 impacts, the advantages of undertaking proactive approaches toward sustainability and proposing the concept of relative carbon neutrality. Finally, the paper connects the Scope 4 emissions with ESG factors, highlights possible risks and challenges associated with its computation, and inviting regulators and policy makers to devise new Scope 4-based policies and incentives needed when considering the directives’ dynamics (e.g., the Omnibus Package). Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Global Supply Chain Management for Sustainable Organizational Performance)

12 pages, 748 KB

Open AccessArticle

Impact of Depressive Disorder on Periodontal Status: A Comparative Study

by Bogdan-Constantin Vasiliu, Maria Alexandra Mârțu, Alexandra Cornelia Oanță, Irina Șufaru, Liliana Păsărin, Alexandru Ionuț Luchian and Sorina Mihaela Solomon

Dent. J. 2025, 13(9), 429; https://doi.org/10.3390/dj13090429 (registering DOI) - 16 Sep 2025

Abstract

Background/Objectives. Periodontitis is a chronic inflammatory disease influenced by systemic and psychological factors, including depression. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), widely used to treat depression, may also affect periodontal healing. This study aimed to evaluate the clinical efficacy of full-mouth disinfection (FMD) [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives. Periodontitis is a chronic inflammatory disease influenced by systemic and psychological factors, including depression. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), widely used to treat depression, may also affect periodontal healing. This study aimed to evaluate the clinical efficacy of full-mouth disinfection (FMD) in patients with periodontitis, with or without comorbid depression and SSRI therapy. Methods. Eighty participants were enrolled and divided into two groups: periodontitis only (n = 40) and periodontitis with depression (n = 40), the latter subgrouped by SSRI usage. Clinical parameters, including probing depth (PD), clinical attachment level (CAL), bleeding on probing (BOP), and plaque index (PI), were assessed at baseline and 12 weeks after FMD. Results. Following FMD, significant improvements were observed in PD, PI, and BOP across all groups (p < 0.001). In the non-depressed group, mean PD decreased from 4.26 ± 0.97 mm to 2.76 ± 0.56 mm (p < 0.001) and PI from 3.85 ± 0.70 to 1.05 ± 0.99. Patients with depression had higher initial PD (4.98 ± 1.05 mm) but still showed improvement to 3.08 ± 0.69 mm (p < 0.001). CAL improved significantly only in non-depressed individuals (p = 0.008), while no statistically significant CAL changes were observed in depressed patients (p > 0.05). SSRI therapy did not significantly influence treatment outcomes (p > 0.05). Conclusions. FMD is clinically effective in reducing periodontal inflammation in patients with or without depression. However, improvements in CAL were more pronounced in non-depressed individuals, suggesting that depression may partially attenuate periodontal healing. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Perspectives in Periodontology and Implant Dentistry)

18 pages, 1259 KB

Open AccessArticle

Sensorless Speed Control in Induction Motor Using Deadbeat Discrete Flux Observer Under V/f Control

by Gwi-Un Oh, Chang-Wan Hong and Jong-Sun Ko

Energies 2025, 18(18), 4934; https://doi.org/10.3390/en18184934 (registering DOI) - 16 Sep 2025

Abstract

In this study, a sensorless speed control method is proposed to enhance the speed control performance under load variations by utilizing a discrete-time flux observer in a V/f control environment. Due to their simple structure, low cost, and high reliability, induction motors are [...] Read more.

In this study, a sensorless speed control method is proposed to enhance the speed control performance under load variations by utilizing a discrete-time flux observer in a V/f control environment. Due to their simple structure, low cost, and high reliability, induction motors are widely used in various fields, such as fans, pumps, and home appliances. Among the control methods for induction motors, V/f control operates as an open-loop system, without using speed sensors. It is mainly applied in industrial environments where fast dynamic performance is not required, due to its simple implementation and low cost. However, in cases of load variations or low-speed operation, it suffers from performance degradation and control limitations due to flux variations. To overcome these issues, this paper proposes a method that uses a discrete-time flux observer to estimate the stator flux. We calculate the rotor speed based on the estimated flux, and then improve V/f control performance by adding a compensation signal to the reference frequency, which signal is generated through a PI controller based on the difference between the estimated rotor speed and the reference speed. The proposed method is validated through MATLAB/Simulink-based simulations and experiments using a 5.5 kW induction motor M−G set, confirming that compared to conventional V/f control, the speed maintenance capability and overall robustness against load variations are enhanced. This study presents a practical solution to effectively improve the performance of existing V/f control systems without adding external sensors. Full article

12 pages, 745 KB

Open AccessArticle

Effects of Pomegranate Extract on IGF-1 Levels and Telomere Length in Older Adults (55–70 Years): Findings from a Randomised Double-Blinded Controlled Trial

by Grace Farhat, Jhama Malla, Liam Hanson, Jay Vadher and Emad A. S. Al-Dujaili

Nutrients 2025, 17(18), 2974; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17182974 (registering DOI) - 16 Sep 2025

Abstract

Background: Emerging evidence suggests that polyphenols may contribute to the attenuation of telomere attrition and the upregulation of insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1), primarily in animal and cell studies, and to a lesser extent in humans. Pomegranate extract, known for its high [...] Read more.

Background: Emerging evidence suggests that polyphenols may contribute to the attenuation of telomere attrition and the upregulation of insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1), primarily in animal and cell studies, and to a lesser extent in humans. Pomegranate extract, known for its high antioxidant capacity, has shown promise in preventing telomere shortening and enhancing IGF-1 levels, but evidence in humans is lacking. Objective: To investigate the effects of pomegranate extract on telomere length and serum IGF-1 levels in older adults aged 55–70 years. Methods: Participants took part in a two-arm double-blind parallel trial, receiving either placebo capsules (maltodextrin) or pomegranate extract (740 mg) daily for 12 weeks. At baseline, week 6 and week 12, anthropometric measurements, blood pressure readings and blood samples were collected. Telomere length and serum IGF-1 levels were assessed. Results: A total of 72 participants completed the study. Analysis showed a significant effect of treatment and time on IGF-1 ((F_2,136 = 3.43, p = 0.04), with levels significantly increasing in the pomegranate extract group at week 12. No significant effects on telomere length were noted. Weight status, physical activity, age, gender and energy intake did not impact the outcomes. Conclusions: Pomegranate extract significantly increased IGF-1 levels and could exert a positive role on vascular ageing. Further research is needed to replicate these findings and confirm its long-term benefits. Extended studies are required to elucidate its potential to counteract telomere shortening. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Role of Bioactive Compounds in Human Health and Diseases (3rd Edition))

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22 pages, 577 KB

Open AccessArticle

The Double-Edged Sword Effect of AI Interaction Frequency with AI on College Students: The Moderating Role of Peer Support

by Wenyan Sun, Zhanfeng Jiang and Shenyang Hai

Behav. Sci. 2025, 15(9), 1267; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs15091267 (registering DOI) - 16 Sep 2025

Abstract

Generative artificial intelligence (AI) has become an indispensable resource in contemporary higher education, providing substantial benefits to both students and institutions. As its adoption accelerates, it is important to balance these advantages against potential risks that may arise from students’ varying levels of [...] Read more.

Generative artificial intelligence (AI) has become an indispensable resource in contemporary higher education, providing substantial benefits to both students and institutions. As its adoption accelerates, it is important to balance these advantages against potential risks that may arise from students’ varying levels of interaction with AI. Whereas most prior studies have focused on the favorable outcomes of AI for college students, the present research investigates its “double-edged sword” effects. Guided by social affiliation theory, a new model has been developed and empirically tested to clarify how and under what conditions the frequency of student–AI interaction influences social needs and behaviors. Longitudinal data obtained from 388 undergraduates showed that AI interaction frequency can shape prosocial behavior and problematic mobile phone use through a dual pathway involving the need for affiliation and feelings of loneliness. Furthermore, peer support moderates the indirect effect of AI interaction frequency on college students’ prosocial behavior via their need for affiliation. The results showed that peer support did not significantly moderate the indirect relationship between AI interaction frequency and problematic mobile phone use through loneliness. Overall, our study extends the framework of the social affiliation theory and provides practical insights that guide the appropriate use of AI by college students, thereby supporting the development of healthy social skills and technology engagement in the age of AI. Full article

11 pages, 921 KB

Open AccessArticle

Centralized Surgical Care Improves Survival in Non-Functional Well-Differentiated Pancreatic Neuroendocrine Tumors

by Ahmed Alnajar, Amber Collier, Mehmet Akcin, John I. Lew and Tanaz M. Vaghaiwalla

Cancers 2025, 17(18), 3030; https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers17183030 (registering DOI) - 16 Sep 2025

Abstract

Background: Non-functional well-differentiated pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (WD-PanNETs) are complex, heterogeneous malignancies with variable prognosis. Despite guideline recommendations, disparities in access to specialized care may impact survival. This study examines whether treatment facility type, geographic travel distance, and treatment modalities are associated with survival [...] Read more.

Background: Non-functional well-differentiated pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (WD-PanNETs) are complex, heterogeneous malignancies with variable prognosis. Despite guideline recommendations, disparities in access to specialized care may impact survival. This study examines whether treatment facility type, geographic travel distance, and treatment modalities are associated with survival outcomes in patients diagnosed with WD-PanNETs. Results: Among 20,174 patients with WD-PanNETs, the median age was 62 years (IQR: 52–70), and 54% were men. The majority were treated at non-academic hospitals (76%), with 2.9% traveling >250 miles for care. Patients treated at non-academic hospitals (24%) had 50% lower 15-year survival rates compared to those treated at academic hospitals (58%) and integrated hospitals (56%) (p < 0.001). Patients traveling >250 miles had a 72% 15-year survival rate, compared to 43% for those traveling <12.5 miles (p < 0.001). In the context of facility-type and geographic distance, treatment at non-academic hospitals <250 miles was associated with a 21% higher mortality risk (HR 1.21, 95% CI 1.12–1.31, p < 0.001), and treatment at low-volume hospitals increased mortality risk by 25% (HR 1.25, 95% CI 1.14–1.37, p < 0.001). In contrast, primary tumor resection was associated with a 64% reduction in mortality risk (HR 0.36, 95% CI 0.33–0.38, p < 0.001), which remained significant at all disease stages. Conclusion: Treatment at academic or high-volume centers and longer travel distances were associated with improved OS in patients with WD-PanNETs. Primary tumor resection remains critical, while systemic therapies were primarily used in later-stage disease. These findings support policies that improve access to centralized, multidisciplinary care. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Surgical Oncology for Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary Cancer)

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10 pages, 1219 KB

Open AccessCase Report

Elbow Contracture Secondary to Congenital Shoulder Luxation in a Dog: Surgical Management with Elbow Muscle Release and Circular Osteotomy-Based Shoulder Arthrodesis

by Changhun Ryu, Haebeom Lee, Youngjin Jeon, Jaemin Jeong and Jongpil Yoon

Animals 2025, 15(18), 2717; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15182717 (registering DOI) - 16 Sep 2025

Abstract

A 10-month-old Poodle was presented with intermittent non-weight-bearing lameness of the left thoracic limb. Orthopedic and radiographic examinations revealed medial shoulder luxation and markedly reduced elbow extension. A two-stage surgical approach was performed. In the first stage, selective myotomy of periarticular structures, including [...] Read more.

A 10-month-old Poodle was presented with intermittent non-weight-bearing lameness of the left thoracic limb. Orthopedic and radiographic examinations revealed medial shoulder luxation and markedly reduced elbow extension. A two-stage surgical approach was performed. In the first stage, selective myotomy of periarticular structures, including the biceps brachii–brachialis complex and the extensor carpi radialis muscle, was conducted via medial and lateral approaches. A trans-articular external skeletal fixator was applied to maintain elbow extension. Elbow extension improved from 105° preoperatively to 142°. After confirming functional recovery of the elbow joint, the second stage involved shoulder arthrodesis using a circular osteotomy technique with a radial saw, which enabled fine-tuned intraoperative adjustment of limb alignment based on the contralateral limb posture. At nine months postoperatively, the patient exhibited a symmetrical gait, full weight-bearing, and no evidence of discomfort on range of motion assessment. This case highlights the clinical relevance of secondary elbow contracture associated with congenital shoulder instability and suggests that a combination of targeted muscle release and adjustable arthrodesis may offer favorable outcomes in managing complex joint dysfunction. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Veterinary Clinical Studies)

15 pages, 1852 KB

Open AccessArticle

InAsSb Photodiode-Based Infrared Radiation Thermometer for the Investigation of Droplet Surface Temperature Dynamics Within an Enclosed Combustion Chamber

by Louis Karapateas, Emilios Leonidas, Xiangfei Meng, Yufeng Lai, Yang Zhang, Jon R. Willmott and Matthew J. Hobbs

Sensors 2025, 25(18), 5780; https://doi.org/10.3390/s25185780 (registering DOI) - 16 Sep 2025

Abstract

This study presents a novel approach to analysing the early stages of the combustion process by measuring the surface temperature of a kerosene droplet from its point of ignition through to its evaporation. An indium arsenide antimonide (InAsSb) photodiode-based infrared radiation thermometer (IRT), [...] Read more.

This study presents a novel approach to analysing the early stages of the combustion process by measuring the surface temperature of a kerosene droplet from its point of ignition through to its evaporation. An indium arsenide antimonide (InAsSb) photodiode-based infrared radiation thermometer (IRT), operating between 3 μm and 11 μm in wavelength, was designed to enable non-contact, low-temperature sensing with an acquisition time of 500 μs. Integrated with a data acquisition unit (DAQ), the instrument captures the transient combustion stages occurring below the droplet’s boiling point of 300 °C. The instrument was assessed against industry standards and demonstrated a measurement uncertainty of ±2 °C, confirming suitability within the performance bounds of commercial instrumentation. The IRT was deployed to measure the temperature of a kerosene droplet within an enclosed combustion chamber upon ignition, in direct comparison with a contact thermocouple. The instrument demonstrated its capability to measure the droplet’s surface temperature changes throughout its early-stage combustion. Furthermore, the wavelength specificity of the IRT eliminates thermal interference from the subsequent flame, a capability which contact thermocouples lack, thereby enabling measurement of the droplet’s temperature in isolation. This study focuses on single-droplet Jet A kerosene combustion under controlled conditions, using a transferable methodology adaptable to other fuels and environments. It supports the use of IRT for non-contact temperature measurement of fuel droplets and early-stage combustion, aiding fuel characterisation and the development of future fuels such as SAF. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Optical Sensors for Industrial Applications)

25 pages, 323 KB

Open AccessArticle

How Organizations Choose Open-Source Generative AI Under Normative Uncertainty: The Moderating Role of Exploitative and Exploratory Behaviors

by Suengjae Hong, Hakshun Ryee, Xiaoyan Jin and Daegyu Yang

J. Theor. Appl. Electron. Commer. Res. 2025, 20(3), 250; https://doi.org/10.3390/jtaer20030250 (registering DOI) - 16 Sep 2025

Abstract

Open-source generative AI technologies offer transparent and customizable alternatives to proprietary AI systems, the concept of which closely aligns with the principles of open innovation. Organizations with strong open-source orientations may have greater absorptive capacity to adopt open-source generative AI technologies. However, adopting [...] Read more.

Open-source generative AI technologies offer transparent and customizable alternatives to proprietary AI systems, the concept of which closely aligns with the principles of open innovation. Organizations with strong open-source orientations may have greater absorptive capacity to adopt open-source generative AI technologies. However, adopting such technologies into the organizations is not always guaranteed because ethical, privacy, and regulatory concerns on open-source generative AI usage create normative uncertainty that can reduce organizations’ willingness to adopt the technology, particularly when it is used in customer-facing products or services rather than integrated into internal processes. This study draws on organizational learning theory and open innovation literature to examine how open-source orientation affects open-source generative AI adoption under normative uncertainty, and how this relationship depends on organizational exploiting and exploring behaviors. Using global survey data from the Linux Foundation, we test our hypotheses with ordered logistic regression and interaction effects. The results show that open-source oriented organizations are more likely to adopt open-source generative AI, but this effect weakens when normative uncertainty is high, especially in product-related use cases. These findings extend absorptive capacity theory by highlighting ethical ambiguity as a key moderating factor and provide practical insights into how organizations can responsibly approach open-source generative AI adoption. Full article

20 pages, 4944 KB

Open AccessArticle

Long-Term Evaluation of Bone Healing Monitoring Using an Instrumented Plate with Measurement Sensors (Smart Implant) over 10 Years

by Arndt P. Schulz, Birgitt Kowald, Matthias Münch, Klaus Seide, Nils Weinrich, Tobias Barth and Benjamin Kienast

Sensors 2025, 25(18), 5779; https://doi.org/10.3390/s25185779 (registering DOI) - 16 Sep 2025

Abstract

A total of 66 smart implants were included. As a measure of bony stability, the relative elastic compliance of the osteosynthesis was determined from the gradient between the applied external load and the measured implant load over the entire healing process. The healing [...] Read more.

A total of 66 smart implants were included. As a measure of bony stability, the relative elastic compliance of the osteosynthesis was determined from the gradient between the applied external load and the measured implant load over the entire healing process. The healing process of non-unions of the femur with a smart implant was tracked by telemetric measurements over a timespan of up to 10 years. The measurements of the longest healing process show a very slow but constant decrease in force transmission over the implant, radiological findings over 10 years show corresponding consolidation until bony healing. The use of a telemetrically instrumented bone plate, a so-called smart implant, to monitor the healing process is a successful procedure to support the clinician in his decision to take further surgical measures or to wait until healing occurs. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Electronic Sensors)

7 pages, 348 KB

Open AccessBrief Report

Detecting Airway Involvement in Non-Asthmatic Eosinophilic Disorders: Diagnostic Utility of Fractional Exhaled Nitric Oxide (FeNO)

by Nicolas Raoul, Lucie Laurent, Ophélie Ritter, Pauline Roux-Claudé, Faraj Al Freijat, Nadine Magy-Bertrand, Virginie Westeel and Cindy Barnig

Adv. Respir. Med. 2025, 93(5), 36; https://doi.org/10.3390/arm93050036 - 16 Sep 2025

Abstract

Airway involvement in eosinophilic disorders other than asthma is not well-defined, and the symptoms may be overshadowed by other more prominent eosinophilic extra-respiratory manifestations. This study aimed to evaluate the utility of fractional exhaled nitric oxide (FeNO) in diagnosing eosinophilic airway involvement in [...] Read more.

Airway involvement in eosinophilic disorders other than asthma is not well-defined, and the symptoms may be overshadowed by other more prominent eosinophilic extra-respiratory manifestations. This study aimed to evaluate the utility of fractional exhaled nitric oxide (FeNO) in diagnosing eosinophilic airway involvement in patients with persistent eosinophilia (>0.5 × 10⁹/L). We conducted a retrospective analysis of adult patients with confirmed peripheral blood eosinophilia (>0.5 × 10⁹/L) on at least two occasions one month apart. Patients with blood eosinophilia associated with known eosinophilic airway inflammatory diseases were excluded from the study. Pulmonary function testing, spirometry, and FeNO measurement were conducted. A total of 14 patients with various eosinophil-related disorders were identified, with a mean age of 65.7 years. Increased FeNO levels were associated with airflow obstruction and clinical symptoms such as coughing and wheezing. Notably, eosinophil levels were not predictive of eosinophilic airway involvement. FeNO could be a useful diagnostic tool for detecting bronchial eosinophilic airway inflammation in non-asthmatic disorders, thereby enabling appropriate treatment. Further studies with larger cohorts are needed to validate these findings. Full article

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16 pages, 229 KB

Open AccessArticle

Supporting Immigrant and Refugee Children Through Asset-Based Community Programming

by Lan Kolano, Stella Kim, Anna Sanczyk-Cruz and Taryn Greene

Populations 2025, 1(3), 20; https://doi.org/10.3390/populations1030020 - 16 Sep 2025

Abstract

Providing culturally responsive, trauma-informed afterschool programming is a promising intervention to promote the adjustment, educational achievement, and well-being of newly arrived refugee and immigrant children. Connecting Communities and Multilingual Learners (CCML) is a local nonprofit organization in the Southeastern part of the United [...] Read more.

Providing culturally responsive, trauma-informed afterschool programming is a promising intervention to promote the adjustment, educational achievement, and well-being of newly arrived refugee and immigrant children. Connecting Communities and Multilingual Learners (CCML) is a local nonprofit organization in the Southeastern part of the United States that provides this type of programming to newly arrived families. To better understand their impact on children, CCML aimed to examine its model of programming via a mixed methods, strengths-focused evaluation. Evaluation efforts focused on describing the effects of the program on children at CCML’s flagship site in a robust urban center. Data were collected from students and facilitators at two times (beginning and end of the year) over one academic school year. Results revealed that CCML supported students’ socio-emotional well-being, English language acquisition, and cultural pride in positive and sustaining ways. Evidence from this study suggests that culturally responsive and trauma-informed programs offer promising, adaptable models for addressing the evolving needs of newly arrived refugee and immigrant youth in diverse community contexts. Full article

16 pages, 1227 KB

Open AccessArticle

Examining Perceived Air Quality and Perceived Air Pollution Contributors in Merced and Stanislaus County

by David Veloz, Ricardo Cisneros, Paul Brown, Sulin Gonzalez, Hamed Gharibi, Rudiel Fabian and Gilda Zarate-Gonzalez

Air 2025, 3(3), 25; https://doi.org/10.3390/air3030025 - 16 Sep 2025

Abstract

This study examines the perceived air quality and contributors to air pollution among residents of Merced and Stanislaus Counties in California’s San Joaquin Valley (SJV), one of the most polluted regions in the United States. A survey was conducted during the summer of [...] Read more.

This study examines the perceived air quality and contributors to air pollution among residents of Merced and Stanislaus Counties in California’s San Joaquin Valley (SJV), one of the most polluted regions in the United States. A survey was conducted during the summer of 2017, gathering responses from 176 participants to assess their perceptions of air quality, sources of pollution, and behaviors related to air pollution awareness. Findings indicate that only 3.5% of participants perceived the air quality in their city as good, while 57.9% categorized it as unhealthy or unhealthy for sensitive groups. Participants identified cars and trucks as the primary sources of air pollution, followed by forest fires and factories. Seasonal differences in perception were also observed, with summer months being viewed as the most polluted. Additionally, participants living near major roadways reported higher concerns regarding air pollution’s impact on health. Multivariate regression analysis revealed that education was significantly associated with perceived air quality, while proximity to highways influenced perceptions of health risks. This study underscores the need for targeted interventions to raise awareness and promote self-protective behaviors, especially for vulnerable populations living near highways. These findings highlight the importance of localized public health strategies to address air quality concerns in SJV communities. Full article

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22 pages, 25015 KB

Open AccessArticle

Realizing Ambient Serious Games in Higher Education—Concept and Heuristic Evaluation

by Lea C. Brandl and Andreas Schrader

Trends High. Educ. 2025, 4(3), 52; https://doi.org/10.3390/higheredu4030052 - 16 Sep 2025

Abstract

In the IoT era, higher education is transforming into a more digitalized learning environment, also known as Education 4.0. In this context, the use of serious games for teaching is also evolving into a more adaptive digital form. This paper describes how this [...] Read more.

In the IoT era, higher education is transforming into a more digitalized learning environment, also known as Education 4.0. In this context, the use of serious games for teaching is also evolving into a more adaptive digital form. This paper describes how this could be realized in combination with Learning Management Systems and smart environments in universities. The concept is based on requirements that have been raised by a human-centered design process and are already published. The concept is the foundation upon which several games are designed and implemented. Two heuristic studies were conducted to evaluate the general concept and the implemented games. The results show that the games are suitable for educational use and that their integration into smart environments could be appropriate to address the requirements following the Education 4.0 paradigm. Full article

13 pages, 1710 KB

Open AccessArticle

Dynamic Inverse Relationship Between Cell-Free DNA and Anti-dsDNA Antibodies in Experimental SLE Highlights the Potential for Targeted Immunomodulatory Therapy

by Mark M. Melamud, Evgeny A. Ermakov, Anna S. Tolmacheva, Georgy A. Nevinsky and Valentina N. Buneva

Pathophysiology 2025, 32(3), 48; https://doi.org/10.3390/pathophysiology32030048 - 16 Sep 2025

Abstract

Background/Objectives: The pathognomonic feature of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is the formation of antibodies to double-stranded DNA (anti-dsDNA Abs). Cell-free DNA (cfDNA) has been suggested as one of the antigens for the generation of anti-dsDNA Abs, but the temporal changes in these [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: The pathognomonic feature of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is the formation of antibodies to double-stranded DNA (anti-dsDNA Abs). Cell-free DNA (cfDNA) has been suggested as one of the antigens for the generation of anti-dsDNA Abs, but the temporal changes in these biomarkers are not clear. In this study, the association of dynamic changes in total cfDNA and anti-dsDNA Abs levels in blood plasma during disease progression in a murine model of pristane-induced SLE was examined. Methods: The experimental group consisted of 12 BALB/c pristane-immunized mice; the control group included 8 PBS-treated mice. Blood samples were collected six times during the 38-week study (2 weeks before and 8, 14, 22, 28, and 36 weeks after immunization). Total cfDNA and anti-dsDNA Abs levels were determined at each time point. Results: Pristane-immunized mice showed a significant increase in the concentration of anti-dsDNA Abs. A 14-week delay in the formation of anti-dsDNA Abs was observed after an increase in the concentration of cfDNA in the experimental and control groups. Anti-dsDNA Abs and total cfDNA levels did not correlate at specific time points, but the change in cfDNA concentration from week 14 to week 28 was inversely correlated with the change in the anti-dsDNA Abs level over the same time period (R = −0.71, p = 0.009), i.e., the more the anti-dsDNA Abs level increased, the more the cfDNA concentration decreased. A direct correlation was shown between the increase in body weight of pristane-immunized mice and the increase in total cfDNA concentration in the blood from week 0 to week 14 (R = 0.6, p = 0.04). Conclusions: These findings demonstrate the dynamic nature of cfDNA and anti-dsDNA Abs levels and reciprocal dynamics of these markers in a pristane-induced mouse model of SLE. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms)

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20 pages, 3181 KB

Open AccessArticle

Integrating Reinforcement Learning and LLM with Self-Optimization Network System

by Xing Xu, Jianbin Zhao, Yu Zhang and Rongpeng Li

Network 2025, 5(3), 39; https://doi.org/10.3390/network5030039 - 16 Sep 2025

Abstract

The rapid expansion of communication networks and increasingly complex service demands have presented significant challenges to the intelligent management of network resources. To address these challenges, we have proposed a network self-optimization framework integrating the predictive capabilities of the Large Language Model (LLM) [...] Read more.

The rapid expansion of communication networks and increasingly complex service demands have presented significant challenges to the intelligent management of network resources. To address these challenges, we have proposed a network self-optimization framework integrating the predictive capabilities of the Large Language Model (LLM) with the decision-making capabilities of multi-agent Reinforcement Learning (RL). Specifically, historical network traffic data are converted into structured inputs to forecast future traffic patterns using a GPT-2-based prediction module. Concurrently, a Multi-Agent Deep Deterministic Policy Gradient (MADDPG) algorithm leverages real-time sensor data—including link delay and packet loss rates collected by embedded network sensors—to dynamically optimize bandwidth allocation. This sensor-driven mechanism enables the system to perform real-time optimization of bandwidth allocation, ensuring accurate monitoring and proactive resource scheduling. We evaluate our framework in a heterogeneous network simulated using Mininet under diverse traffic scenarios. Experimental results show that the proposed method significantly reduces network latency and packet loss, as well as improves robustness and resource utilization, highlighting the effectiveness of integrating sensor-driven RL optimization with predictive insights from LLMs. Full article

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18 pages, 1770 KB

Open AccessArticle

Community Well-Being and Willingness as Key Drivers of Watershed Conservation in Mt. Magdiwata Watershed and Forest Reserve in Northeastern Mindanao, Philippines

by Raquel M. Balanay, Nicholas Zeam Ace M. Aguilos, Maricar M. Aguilos, Ashly R. Guinancias, Romell A. Seronay and Femilyn B. Tangcogo

Conservation 2025, 5(3), 53; https://doi.org/10.3390/conservation5030053 - 16 Sep 2025

Abstract

Social dimensions of environmental conservation are crucial for the long-term success of watershed conservation efforts. This study investigates the intricate relationship between community well-being, socioeconomic factors, and watershed conservation efforts in rural areas, particularly in the Mt. Magdiwata Watershed Forest Reserve (MMWFR) in [...] Read more.

Social dimensions of environmental conservation are crucial for the long-term success of watershed conservation efforts. This study investigates the intricate relationship between community well-being, socioeconomic factors, and watershed conservation efforts in rural areas, particularly in the Mt. Magdiwata Watershed Forest Reserve (MMWFR) in the Philippines. Using the Structural Equation Model (SEM), the findings highlight that the Quality of Life (QoL, R² = 0.55) is the most influential latent factor shaping local attitudes toward conservation, with the provision of safe evacuation areas and access to green spaces emerging as key priorities. Community willingness (R² = 0.39) to participate in watershed conservation is significantly influenced by socio-economic demographics (R² = 0.31), including civil status, household size, and agricultural dependence, highlighting the need for context-specific conservation strategies. The study also identifies water provisioning (R² = 0.14) as a significant motivator for participation, with accessibility and convenience being more critical than cost in driving community involvement. While the influence of awareness of local environmental policies is relatively low (R² = 0.08), it remains a crucial factor for fostering long-term behavioral change and policy support. The research highlights the importance of integrating socio-economic realities, improving service delivery, and increasing community awareness to develop effective and sustainable watershed conservation programs. Policy frameworks must integrate these relationships in ongoing advocacy for the efficient conservation of MMWFR as a protected area in the Philippine countryside. Full article

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36 pages, 1134 KB

Open AccessReview

Innovative Analytical Approaches for Food Pesticide Residue Detection: Towards One Health-Oriented Risk Monitoring

by Alexandra Andreea Botnaru, Ancuta Lupu, Paula Cristina Morariu, Alin Horatiu Nedelcu, Branco Adrian Morariu, Maria Luisa Di Gioia, Vasile Valeriu Lupu, Oana Maria Dragostin, Ioana-Cezara Caba, Emil Anton, Madalina Vieriu and Ionela Daniela Morariu

J. Xenobiot. 2025, 15(5), 151; https://doi.org/10.3390/jox15050151 - 16 Sep 2025

Abstract

The increasing use of pesticides in agricultural products raises concerns over food safety. Furthermore, uncontrolled pesticide usage on food products can lead to residual levels that exceed the maximum residue limits (MRLs) and are potentially harmful to human health. Long-term consumption of food [...] Read more.

The increasing use of pesticides in agricultural products raises concerns over food safety. Furthermore, uncontrolled pesticide usage on food products can lead to residual levels that exceed the maximum residue limits (MRLs) and are potentially harmful to human health. Long-term consumption of food contaminated with pesticides can contribute to the buildup of toxic substances in the body, which has negative health effects. Advanced analytical techniques are essential to ensure the accurate and effective monitoring of pesticide residues. To ensure adherence to legal requirements, it is essential to employ rapid and accurate methods for detecting these contaminants. This review outlines current advancements (2020–2025) in the assessment of pesticide residues in diverse food matrices, including sample preparation procedures and detection methods. This review provides a standardized comparative analysis of analytical methods for detecting pesticide residues, emphasizing their advantages and limitations, sensitivity, costs, and applicability to complex food matrices, while evaluating its findings through the One Health approach, linking residue evaluation to cumulative exposure and regulatory standards. This study provides practical guidelines for laboratories and regulators while delineating research requirements for more environmentally friendly, rapid, and sensitive residue analysis in accordance with One Health-oriented risk assessment. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Challenges in the Monitoring, Risk Assessment and Management of Pesticides and Biocides in the “One Health Era”)

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17 pages, 808 KB

Open AccessArticle

Age-Stratified Spatial Radiological Risk Assessment of ²²⁶Ra ²³²Th and ⁴⁰K in Water Surrounding the Geita Gold Mine in Tanzania

by Jerome M. Mwimanzi, Nils H. Haneklaus, Farida Lolila, Janeth J. Marwa, Mwemezi J. Rwiza and Kelvin M. Mtei

J. Xenobiot. 2025, 15(5), 152; https://doi.org/10.3390/jox15050152 - 16 Sep 2025

Abstract

Long-term ingestion of water contaminated with naturally occurring radioactive material (NORM) may pose health risks. Water around the Geita Gold Mine in Tanzania was assessed by high-purity germanium gamma spectrometry to quantify the activity concentrations of ²²⁶Ra, ²³²Th, and ⁴⁰K, [...] Read more.

Long-term ingestion of water contaminated with naturally occurring radioactive material (NORM) may pose health risks. Water around the Geita Gold Mine in Tanzania was assessed by high-purity germanium gamma spectrometry to quantify the activity concentrations of ²²⁶Ra, ²³²Th, and ⁴⁰K, and computed age-stratified ingestion doses and risk indices were determined. The average activity concentrations were 57 mBq L⁻¹ for ²²⁶Ra and 5026 mBq L⁻¹ for ⁴⁰K, while the activity concentrations of ²³²Th were below the detection limit in all samples. The estimated adult fatal cancer risk ranged from 0.9 × 10⁻⁶ to 3.1 × 10⁻⁶ (mean 2.0 × 10⁻⁶). The excess lifetime hereditary effect ranged from 2.0 × 10⁻⁶ to 7.3 × 10⁻⁶ for males (average 4.5 × 10⁻⁶ ± 1.5 × 10⁻⁶) and 2.1 × 10⁻⁶ to 7.7 × 10⁻⁶ for females (average 4.8 × 10⁻⁶ ± 1.6 × 10⁻⁶). One-way ANOVA and Pearson correlations indicated significant spatial variation in activities and indices across sites and age groups. Under current conditions, waters appear to be radiologically safe. However, mine-adjacent hotspots warrant targeted surveillance. The obtained results provide a baseline for sound monitoring approaches at the Geita Gold Mine and other mines showing similar activity profiles. Full article

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17 pages, 1105 KB

Open AccessArticle

Stakeholder Perspectives on Zoo Sound Environments and Associated Impacts on Captive Animal Behaviour, Management and Welfare

by Paul Rose and Tom Rice

J. Zool. Bot. Gard. 2025, 6(3), 47; https://doi.org/10.3390/jzbg6030047 - 16 Sep 2025

Abstract

Although long neglected, sound is now an increasing topic of interest in zoo and aquarium science. Research has examined the impact of sounds, from various sources, on zoo-housed species, noting that the influence of sound is varied and very context specific. The zoo’s [...] Read more.

Although long neglected, sound is now an increasing topic of interest in zoo and aquarium science. Research has examined the impact of sounds, from various sources, on zoo-housed species, noting that the influence of sound is varied and very context specific. The zoo’s sound environment is influenced by the animals, the built environment, vegetation, climatic, temporal and seasonal factors, equipment use, husbandry practices, and human presence. Different sounds can dominate an enclosure at certain times. This article discusses a workshop involving 12 zoo professionals, held in March 2020, that explored how sound is considered or overlooked in zoo animal management. Although insights are based on a small group, limiting generalisability, the findings highlight areas where further understanding is required and should encourage research extension to other groups of stakeholders. Delegates emphasised that the auditory needs of animals are often underappreciated and that the influence of sound depends on the species involved and how the sound may be perceived. Delegates highlighted the importance of species- and individual-specific approaches, predictability, and how animals have (any) control over sounds experienced in their enclosure. Routine operational sounds, such as closing gates or doors, may inadvertently stress animals, suggesting the need to consider sound in enclosure design and husbandry schedules. Outputs also stated that sound, when carefully managed, can act as enrichment through (for example) structured auditory cues or naturalistic sounds if ecologically relevant. Overall, our findings support integrating sound measurement into broader welfare assessment frameworks and enclosure planning, and they identify practical applications including sound mitigation, enrichment strategies, and staff training. Future research should include a wider range of species (especially understudied taxa), consider the experiences of a wider stakeholder demographic, and evaluate how sound is management in complex or high-traffic areas of the zoo. Full article

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18 pages, 3329 KB

Open AccessArticle

Landau Levels and Electronic States for Pseudospin-1 Lattices with a Bandgap: Application to a Lieb Lattice

by Liubov Zhemchuzhna, Lovely Joseph, Andrii Iurov, Godfrey Gumbs and Danhong Huang

Magnetism 2025, 5(3), 22; https://doi.org/10.3390/magnetism5030022 - 16 Sep 2025

Abstract

We have carried out detailed theoretical and numerical calculations and developed a physics-based model for quantitatively describing the Landau levels of several pseudospin-1 structures with a flat band and a finite bandgap in their electronic-energy spectrum under a strong and uniform magnetic field. [...] Read more.

We have carried out detailed theoretical and numerical calculations and developed a physics-based model for quantitatively describing the Landau levels of several pseudospin-1 structures with a flat band and a finite bandgap in their electronic-energy spectrum under a strong and uniform magnetic field. We have investigated the Landau-level-based dynamics, as well as the corresponding eigenstates, for gapped graphene, a dice lattice with both a zero and finite bandgap and, eventually, for the Lieb lattice, which represents a separate type of square lattice with a very special non-symmetric (elevated) location of the flat band which intersects the conduction band at its lowest point. Exact analytical consideration of Landau-level states has been performed and explained when dealing with all types of considered lattices. Our model could be further generalized for treating cases with an arbitrary position for the flat band between the valence and conduction bands. Our current results have direct implications for a deep-level investigation of the quantum Hall effect, as well as other magnetic and topological properties of these novel materials. Full article

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