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19 pages, 6947 KB

Open AccessArticle

Promoting Healthier Cities and Communities Through Quantitative Evaluation of Public Open Space per Inhabitant

by Dina M. Saadallah and Esraa M. Othman

Urban Sci. 2026, 10(1), 11; https://doi.org/10.3390/urbansci10010011 (registering DOI) - 28 Dec 2025

Public open spaces play a vital role in supporting social connection and leisure among residents, enhancing quality of life while contributing to both economic growth and environmental health. The rapid global urbanization underscores the critical link between urban environments and human health, which [...] Read more.

Public open spaces play a vital role in supporting social connection and leisure among residents, enhancing quality of life while contributing to both economic growth and environmental health. The rapid global urbanization underscores the critical link between urban environments and human health, which demands focusing on sustainable, health-conscious urban planning. Accordingly, Public and green spaces are vital in this context, as recognized by global agendas like the Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) 11.7. This research aims to objectively evaluate the availability of public open spaces (POS) in Alexandria, Egypt. This study will utilize Geographic Information System (GIS) to formulate a methodology that incorporates spatial data analysis for quantifying public open spaces and assessing the proportion of the population with convenient access to these areas, evaluating their coverage, service area isochrones, spatial distribution, and proximity to residential areas. The study will benchmark its findings against global standards to expose critical spatial inequalities within cities of the Global South. The primary aim is to present evidence-based recommendations for sustainable urban public space design, tackling availability and accessibility issues to improve the well-being of Alexandria’s expanding urban population. This research offers a scientific foundation to inform policy and decision-making focused on creating more equitable, healthier, and resilient urban environments. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Spatial Decision Support Systems for Urban Sustainability)

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18 pages, 3864 KB

Open AccessArticle

Multi-Responsive and Antibacterial Dynamic Covalent Hydrogels Cross-Linked by Amphiphilic Copolymer Micelles

by Yuyao Wang, Dou Jin, Zichen Huang, Fan Chen, Kun Liu and Xiacong Zhang

Gels 2026, 12(1), 27; https://doi.org/10.3390/gels12010027 (registering DOI) - 28 Dec 2025

Abstract

Dynamic covalent hydrogels exhibiting multi-responsive and antibacterial properties offer significant potential for biomedical applications, including smart wound dressings and controlled drug delivery. Herein, a series of amphiphilic quaternized copolymers (Q-C8PEG-n) with tunable quaternization degrees was synthesized from C8PEG via iodomethane addition and characterized [...] Read more.

Dynamic covalent hydrogels exhibiting multi-responsive and antibacterial properties offer significant potential for biomedical applications, including smart wound dressings and controlled drug delivery. Herein, a series of amphiphilic quaternized copolymers (Q-C8PEG-n) with tunable quaternization degrees was synthesized from C8PEG via iodomethane addition and characterized by ¹H NMR, COSY, FTIR, UV-vis spectroscopy, DLS, TEM, and zeta potential analyses, confirming successful quaternization and micelle formation. These copolymers displayed thermosensitive behavior, with cloud point temperatures increasing due to enhanced hydrophilicity. Q-C8PEG-3 micelles, incorporating diethanolamine units, were crosslinked with phenylboronic acid-grafted hyaluronic acid (HA-PBA) to yield dynamic covalent hydrogels (Gel) through reversible boronic ester bonds stabilized by B-N coordination. The Gel exhibited multi-responsiveness, undergoing degradation in acidic or alkaline conditions and exposure to glucose or H₂O₂. SEM confirmed a porous microstructure, enabling efficient drug encapsulation, as demonstrated by the release of Nile red (NR). In vitro antibacterial tests revealed enhanced post-quaternization efficacy, with the Gel showing strong activity against S. aureus. This micelle-crosslinked platform synergistically combines tunable stimuli-responsiveness with inherent antibacterial properties, holding promise for applications in wound healing and tissue engineering. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Novel Polymer-Based Smart Hydrogels: Design, Properties and Applications)

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16 pages, 5824 KB

Open AccessArticle

Optimization of Injection Molding Processing Parameters for Thin-Walled Plastic Parts Manufactured for the Automotive Industry

by Nedime Ozdemir Potuk, Mustafa Oksuz, Aysun Ekinci, Murat Ates and Ismail Aydin

Polymers 2026, 18(1), 91; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym18010091 (registering DOI) - 28 Dec 2025

Abstract

The fabrication of thin-walled plastic parts has potential in the automotive industry in terms of sustainability and circular economy targets to decrease any harmful effects on the ecosystems, cost and performance. Injection molding of thin-walled automotive parts is more complex in terms of [...] Read more.

The fabrication of thin-walled plastic parts has potential in the automotive industry in terms of sustainability and circular economy targets to decrease any harmful effects on the ecosystems, cost and performance. Injection molding of thin-walled automotive parts is more complex in terms of processing defects compared to traditional plastic parts. Optimization of processing parameters is of critical importance to solving problems and defects in the production of thin-walled parts. In this study, the flow length and weight of thin-walled spiral parts (with wall thicknesses of 0.50, 1.50, 2.70 and 3.00 mm) were investigated with theoretical and experimental studies. The theoretical flow length and weight of the thin-walled spiral parts were determined by Moldflow analysis according to the pressure and wall thickness. The correlation graph between theoretical results and experimental measurements was obtained. When the wall thickness of the thin-walled spiral parts increased, the flow length of the thin-walled spiral parts increased. As a result, it was found that the thin-walled spiral part mold could not be filled for wall thicknesses of 0.50 and 1.50 mm at maximum pressure due to decreasing temperature at the flow front. In addition, the thin-walled spiral part mold can be filled for a wall thickness of 2.70 and 3.00 mm. In the correlation study conducted for these values, an agreement of approximately 90% was achieved. However, it was also observed that as the pressure increases, the deviation between the experimental and theoretical results becomes more pronounced. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Polymer Processing and Engineering)

22 pages, 2605 KB

Open AccessArticle

Congestion-Aware Scheduling for Large Fleets of AGVs Using Discrete Event Simulation

by Jeonghyeon Kim and Junwoo Kim

Electronics 2026, 15(1), 139; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics15010139 (registering DOI) - 28 Dec 2025

Abstract

Conventional large fleets of Automated Guided Vehicles (AGVs) suffer from issues related to the network environment, including handoff latency and interference. Recently, 5G technology has emerged as a practical tool to resolve these network issues. Consequently, there is a growing trend toward deploying [...] Read more.

Conventional large fleets of Automated Guided Vehicles (AGVs) suffer from issues related to the network environment, including handoff latency and interference. Recently, 5G technology has emerged as a practical tool to resolve these network issues. Consequently, there is a growing trend toward deploying large AGV fleets based on 5G technology. Typically, AGVs are controlled by an AGV control system (ACS), which is responsible for tasks such as path planning and AGV scheduling. AGV scheduling is the process of assigning the right task to the right vehicle at the right time. This process has a significant impact on the performance of an AGV fleet, particularly for large-scale fleets. However, existing AGV scheduling approaches hardly consider traffic congestion, which often occurs in large fleets. To fill this gap, this study proposes a simulation-based congestion-aware AGV scheduling approach for large AGV fleets. The proposed approach is characterized by three components: congestion functions, congestion penalties, and congestion-aware scheduling rules. Congestion functions are employed to compute the degree of congestion at a specific point or area within the shop floor. Congestion penalties represent the loss incurred when a vehicle traverses a specific segment within the AGV path network. Congestion-aware scheduling rules provide the decision-making logic for task and vehicle dispatching. We outline the components and apply them to a discrete event simulation (DES) model containing an AGV fleet. The experimental results demonstrate that the proposed approach reduces the inefficiencies of the AGV system caused by traffic congestion. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue 5G and Beyond Technologies in Smart Manufacturing, 2nd Edition)

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18 pages, 998 KB

Open AccessArticle

Performance Evaluation of the Radio Propagation in a Vessel Cabin Using LoRa Bands

by Kun Yang, Zebo Shi, Li Qin, Jinglong Lin and Chen Li

Sensors 2026, 26(1), 207; https://doi.org/10.3390/s26010207 (registering DOI) - 28 Dec 2025

Abstract

Due to the development of the Internet of Things (IoT) and maritime wireless networks, the wireless networking of vessels will be the future trend. Furthermore, long-range (LoRa) technology is widely used in the marine field with the benefits of long range, lower power [...] Read more.

Due to the development of the Internet of Things (IoT) and maritime wireless networks, the wireless networking of vessels will be the future trend. Furthermore, long-range (LoRa) technology is widely used in the marine field with the benefits of long range, lower power consumption, security, scalability, and robustness. In this study, LoRa is used as the solution for internal wireless networks of vessels as well as considering external and internal wireless communication, aiming to reduce construction and maintenance costs. The received signal strength (RSS) and signal to interference plus noise ratio (SINR) were measured and analyzed. The findings demonstrated that the mean value of the RSS and the SINR in the cockpit are above −81.70 dBm and 4.45 dB respectively, which indicates that there is a good communication link between the deck and the cockpit. Furthermore, the RSS value acquired by the nodes located on the same side of the gateway is stronger than that of the other nodes. Additionally, the RSS value acquired by the nodes close to the windows is found to be as high as 6–9 dB over that of the node located in the middle of the cockpit. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Sensor Networks)

15 pages, 11911 KB

Open AccessArticle

Urban Morphology and the Social Potential of Space: A Form-Based Reading of the Saadi Informal Settlement, Iran

by Sanaz Nezhadmasoum and Beser Oktay Vehbi

Sustainability 2026, 18(1), 314; https://doi.org/10.3390/su18010314 (registering DOI) - 28 Dec 2025

Abstract

Enhancing the social dimension of sustainability is essential for improving the livability of informal settlements, yet its evaluation is often constrained by the absence of reliable socio-economic data. This study addresses this challenge by demonstrating how a rigorous, form-based analysis can be utilized [...] Read more.

Enhancing the social dimension of sustainability is essential for improving the livability of informal settlements, yet its evaluation is often constrained by the absence of reliable socio-economic data. This study addresses this challenge by demonstrating how a rigorous, form-based analysis can be utilized to interpret the social potential embedded within the physical structure of informal settlements. Focusing on the Saadi neighborhood in Shiraz, Iran, the research applies a validated four-part morphological framework—integrated with Space Syntax principles—to examine how specific spatial configurations create conditions supportive of social interaction and territorial security. Rather than attempting to measure social sustainability directly, the study conceptualizes physical morphology as a tangible proxy through which socially supportive spatial conditions can be inferred. The analysis reveals three critical morphological drivers: (1) a fine-grained urban fabric that directly enhances walkability and co-presence; (2) a low vertical profile that ensures visual permeability and informal surveillance; and (3) semi-private residential clusters that function as defensible space. These findings highlight how the physical form of informal settlements contains an underlying social logic that can be systematically decoded. The paper concludes that form-based analysis provides a replicable pathway for identifying the spatial scaffolding that supports community life, offering valuable insights for socially oriented upgrading strategies in data-scarce contexts. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Socially Sustainable Urban and Architectural Design)

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28 pages, 2083 KB

Open AccessArticle

Climate Change Impacts on Agricultural Watershed Hydrology, Southern Ontario: An Integrated SDSM–SWAT Approach

by Rong Hu, Ramesh Rudra, Rituraj Shukla, Ashok Shaw and Pradeep Goel

Hydrology 2026, 13(1), 13; https://doi.org/10.3390/hydrology13010013 (registering DOI) - 28 Dec 2025

Abstract

Understanding the local-scale impacts of climate change is critical for protecting water resources and ecosystems in vulnerable agricultural regions. This study investigates the Canagagigue Creek Watershed (CCW) in Southern Ontario, Canada, which is an area vital to the Grand River Basin yet threatened [...] Read more.

Understanding the local-scale impacts of climate change is critical for protecting water resources and ecosystems in vulnerable agricultural regions. This study investigates the Canagagigue Creek Watershed (CCW) in Southern Ontario, Canada, which is an area vital to the Grand River Basin yet threatened by sediment runoff, making it an ecologically sensitive area. We applied an integrated Statistical Downscaling Model (SDSM) and Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) (version 2012) approach under the IPCC A2 scenario to project impacts for the period 2025–2044. The results reveal a fundamental hydrological shift, and evapotranspiration is projected to claim nearly 70% of annual precipitation, leading to a ~30% reduction in total water yield. Seasonally, the annual streamflow peak is projected to shift from March to April, indicating a transition from a snowmelt-dominated to a rainfall-influenced system, while extended low-flow periods increase drought risk. Crucially, sediment yield at the watershed outlet is projected to decrease by 7.9–10.5%. The concomitant reduction in streamflow implies a weakened sediment transport capacity. However, this points to a heightened risk of increased in-stream deposition, which would pose a dual threat, (a) elevating flood risk through channel aggradation and (b) creating a long-term sink for agricultural pollutants that degrades water quality. By linking SDSM and SWAT, this study moves beyond generic predictions, providing a targeted blueprint for climate-resilient land and water management that addresses the complex, interacting challenges of water quantity. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Catchments Hydrology and Sediment Dynamics (Second Edition))

34 pages, 4460 KB

Open AccessArticle

MLAHRec: A Multi-Layer Attention Hybrid Recommendation Model Based on Heterogeneous Information Networks

by Baiqiang Gan and Yue Zhao

Appl. Sci. 2026, 16(1), 321; https://doi.org/10.3390/app16010321 (registering DOI) - 28 Dec 2025

Abstract

The rapid expansion of information on the Internet has rendered recommender systems vital for mitigating information overload. However, existing recommendation models based on heterogeneous information networks (HINs) often face challenges such as data sparsity and insufficient semantic utilization. Therefore, we propose a multi-layer [...] Read more.

The rapid expansion of information on the Internet has rendered recommender systems vital for mitigating information overload. However, existing recommendation models based on heterogeneous information networks (HINs) often face challenges such as data sparsity and insufficient semantic utilization. Therefore, we propose a multi-layer attention hybrid recommendation model based on heterogeneous information networks (MLAHRec). Compared to traditional HIN-based recommendation models, we design a progressive three-layer attention architecture of “collaborative-node-path.” Specifically, collaborative attention first enhances the direct interaction representation between users and items. Subsequently, node attention filters important neighbor information on the same meta-path. Finally, path attention adaptively fuses the semantics of multiple meta-paths, thereby achieving hierarchical refinement from micro-level interactions to macro-level semantics. Experiments on four real datasets, including MovieLens, LastFM, Yelp, and Douban-Movie, demonstrate that MLAHRec significantly outperforms mainstream baseline algorithms, as determined by Precision@10, Recall@10, and NDCG@10 metrics, validating the effectiveness and interpretability of the model. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Computing and Artificial Intelligence)

40 pages, 2449 KB

Open AccessArticle

When Intentions Stall: Exploring the Quasi-Longitudinal Divide Between Entrepreneurial Intention and Action

by Panagiota Xanthopoulou, Alexandros Sahinidis, Evangelos E. Vassiliou and Androniki Kavoura

Adm. Sci. 2026, 16(1), 14; https://doi.org/10.3390/admsci16010014 (registering DOI) - 28 Dec 2025

Abstract

The purpose of the study is to investigate the gap between entrepreneurial intention and entrepreneurial action among business administration students with the aim of understanding why many who develop entrepreneurial intentions do not ultimately take action. A quantitative methodology was adopted from a [...] Read more.

The purpose of the study is to investigate the gap between entrepreneurial intention and entrepreneurial action among business administration students with the aim of understanding why many who develop entrepreneurial intentions do not ultimately take action. A quantitative methodology was adopted from a sample of students who took entrepreneurship courses at different stages of their studies, allowing for the mapping of changes in entrepreneurial intention over time. Findings show that although entrepreneurship education initially strengthens intention, it declines after course completion, mainly due to external constraints, perceived risk, lack of support, and differences in students’ personal backgrounds. This research confirms the existence of a significant “intention-action gap” and highlights determining factors such as self-confidence, family support, and entrepreneurial culture. The value of this study lies in its combined and quasi-longitudinal approach, which offers new insights into the conversion of intention into action and contributes to the development of educational and policy strategies to enhance student entrepreneurship. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Entrepreneurship in Emerging Markets: Opportunities and Challenges)

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23 pages, 14518 KB

Open AccessArticle

Weight-Bearing Ladder Climbing Exercise Improves Bone Loss and Bone Microstructural Damage While Promoting Bone Injury Healing in OVX Rats

by Yiting Kang, Nan Li, Yanan Yu, Dingkang Wang, Tingting Zhao, Lijun Sun, Changjiang Liu and Liang Tang

Biology 2026, 15(1), 55; https://doi.org/10.3390/biology15010055 (registering DOI) - 28 Dec 2025

Abstract

Osteoporosis is highly prevalent in postmenopausal women, causing chronic pain, fractures, and limited mobility that burden individuals and society. While resistance exercise benefits bone health, its role in osteoporotic bone injury healing and underlying mechanisms remain unclear. This study aimed to explore the [...] Read more.

Osteoporosis is highly prevalent in postmenopausal women, causing chronic pain, fractures, and limited mobility that burden individuals and society. While resistance exercise benefits bone health, its role in osteoporotic bone injury healing and underlying mechanisms remain unclear. This study aimed to explore the effects of 10-week weight-bearing ladder climbing exercise on ovariectomy (OVX)-induced osteoporosis and subsequent bone injury healing, and to investigate whether these effects are associated with the myostatin (MSTN) and Wnt/β-catenin pathways. Fifty-four 12-week-old female SD rats were randomized into Sham, OVX, and OVX + EX groups. Rats in the OVX and OVX + EX groups underwent ovariectomy to induce postmenopausal osteoporosis, and those in the OVX + EX group received 10-week weight-bearing ladder climbing. After the exercise intervention, 6 rats in each group were sacrificed; the remaining rats underwent femoral midshaft drilling to establish bone injury. The improvement in osteoporosis was evaluated via Micro-CT, biomechanical tests, RT-qPCR for mRNA detection, and Western blot for measuring protein levels of MSTN and Wnt/β-catenin pathway-related molecules at post-exercise and 21 days post-injury. Bone healing was reflected by the bone volume fraction at the bone injury site detected via Micro-CT at 10 and 21 days post-injury. This exercise significantly enhanced muscle strength and improved femoral bone mineral density (BMD), trabecular microstructure, and biomechanical properties in OVX rats. Meanwhile, the level of MSTN in the OVX + EX group was decreased, the expression of its downstream signaling pathways was inhibited, and the mRNA and protein expressions of Wnt/β-catenin were upregulated. Moreover, 21 days after exercise intervention, the biomechanical properties and bone microstructure of the OVX + EX group were still significantly superior to those of the OVX group, and the aforementioned molecular regulatory effect remained. In addition, pre-conducted exercise was able to promote increases in bone volume fraction at the bone injury site 10 and 21 days after drilling, which was conducive to bone injury healing. Ten-week weight-bearing ladder climbing ameliorates OVX-induced bone loss and promotes osteoporotic bone repair via regulating the MSTN/ActRIIB/Smad3 and Wnt/β-catenin pathways, providing evidence for exercise as a safe non-pharmacological intervention. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bone Mechanics: From Cells to Organs, to Function)

19 pages, 277 KB

Open AccessArticle

Determination of Standardized Ileal Amino Acid Digestibilities in Different Soybean Meals for Yellow-Feathered Chickens and Development of Prediction Models

by Qianwen Yuan, Wenpeng Chen, Jiali Long, Liyang Zhang, Shengchen Wang, Tingting Li, Yun Hu, Xiaoyan Cui and Xugang Luo

Animals 2026, 16(1), 89; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani16010089 (registering DOI) - 28 Dec 2025

Abstract

Currently, there are limited reports on prediction models of standardized ileal amino acid digestibilities (SIAADs) in soybean meals (SBMs) for medium-growing yellow-feathered chickens. This study firstly analyzed the chemical compositions of 10 SBMs, then determined their SIAADs in chickens, and finally established and [...] Read more.

Currently, there are limited reports on prediction models of standardized ileal amino acid digestibilities (SIAADs) in soybean meals (SBMs) for medium-growing yellow-feathered chickens. This study firstly analyzed the chemical compositions of 10 SBMs, then determined their SIAADs in chickens, and finally established and verified prediction models for SBM SIAADs based on their chemical compositions and amino acid (AA) profiles. A total of 276 55 d-old Tianluma roosters were selected and randomly divided by body weight into 11 treatment groups. On d 63, chickens were fed either a nitrogen-free diet (NFD) or one of 10 SBM diets for 5 d. On d 67, ileal chyme samples were collected to determine SIAADs. Data from nine SBM samples and stepwise regressions were employed to build prediction models, while one SBM sample was randomly selected to validate model accuracy. Different SBM sources affected (p ≤ 0.007) SIAADs in medium-growing yellow-feathered chickens. The standardized ileal digestibility (SID) of glutamic acid (Glu) was the highest (93.9%), whereas that of cysteine (Cys) was the lowest (81.7%). Fifteen prediction models (R² = 0.567–0.993, p < 0.03) for the SIDs of methionine (Met), isoleucine (Ile), leucine (Leu), phenylalanine (Phe), lysine (Lys), histidine (His), arginine (Arg), aspartic acid (Asp), serine (Ser), Glu, glycine (Gly), alanine (Ala), Cys, tyrosine (Tyr), and proline (Pro) in SBMs for medium-growing yellow-feathered chickens were effectively established based on chemical compositions and AA profiles. Among them, the prediction model for the SID of Cys showed the best fit (R² = 0.993, p = 0.002), while the model for the SID of Ala had the lowest fit (R² = 0.567, p = 0.019). Except for His and Pro, which exhibited poor predictive accuracy, all other models showed good accuracy. These prediction models thus provide a valuable reference for rapidly estimating the SIDs of key AAs in SBMs for medium-growing yellow-feathered chickens. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dietary Components in Animal Nutrition: Favoring Sustainability, Welfare and Safety)

47 pages, 1738 KB

Open AccessReview

Postoperative Recurrence in Crohn’s Disease: Pathophysiology, Risk Stratification, and Management Strategies

by Luisa Bertin, Gianluca Semprucci, Camilla Cavagna, Miriana Zanconato, Marco Scarpa, Cesare Ruffolo, Imerio Angriman, Andrea Buda, Gaia Riguccio, Fabiana Zingone, Brigida Barberio and Edoardo Vincenzo Savarino

J. Clin. Med. 2026, 15(1), 243; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm15010243 (registering DOI) - 28 Dec 2025

Abstract

Postoperative recurrence (POR) remains a significant challenge in Crohn’s disease (CD) management despite therapeutic advances. Contemporary data show ileocecal resection rates of 18.7%, 28.0%, and 39.5% at one, five, and ten years after diagnosis, with endoscopic recurrence occurring in 22.4–53% of patients within [...] Read more.

Postoperative recurrence (POR) remains a significant challenge in Crohn’s disease (CD) management despite therapeutic advances. Contemporary data show ileocecal resection rates of 18.7%, 28.0%, and 39.5% at one, five, and ten years after diagnosis, with endoscopic recurrence occurring in 22.4–53% of patients within 18–36 months postoperatively. Current understanding of POR pathophysiology includes microbiota dysbiosis, mesenteric inflammation, immune dysregulation, and genetic factors, particularly NOD2 variants. Key risk factors comprehend smoking, penetrating or perianal disease, prior surgeries, and extensive small bowel involvement. The Rutgeerts score remains the endoscopic gold standard for assessing recurrence, though it has never been validated and modifications addressing modern anastomotic techniques have been proposed. Non-invasive monitoring strategies using fecal calprotectin, intestinal ultrasound, and magnetic resonance enterography demonstrate promising diagnostic performance and may reduce the burden of routine endoscopy. Anti-TNF agents and Vedolizumab show superior efficacy in preventing endoscopic recurrence compared to conventional therapies, while other advanced therapies like anti-JAKs, risankizumab and ustekinumab demonstrate potential benefit in postoperative prophylaxis. Management approaches have evolved toward risk-stratified strategies balancing systematic prophylaxis against endoscopy-driven therapy. While medical prophylaxis remains first-line for high-risk patients, the expanding therapeutic armamentarium and improved understanding of pathophysiologic mechanisms enable increasingly personalized postoperative care. Further research is needed to validate risk assessment tools, optimize timing and selection of prophylactic therapies, and define the role of emerging agents in reducing long-term disease burden. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Optimizing Present and Future Therapeutic Choices for Treatment and Management of Chronic Inflammatory Bowel Diseases—2nd Edition)

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20 pages, 1003 KB

Open AccessArticle

In Vitro Antioxidant, Photoprotective, and Volatile Compound Profile of Supercritical CO₂ Extracts from Dandelion (Taraxacum officinale L.) Flowers

by Janina Sutkaitienė, Michail Syrpas, Petras Rimantas Venskutonis and Vaida Kitrytė-Syrpa

Plants 2026, 15(1), 99; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants15010099 (registering DOI) - 28 Dec 2025

Abstract

This study aimed to develop a sustainable approach for isolating bioactive lipophilic components from Taraxacum officinale flowers using supercritical carbon dioxide extraction (SFE-CO₂) and to assess the effect of adding 5% ethanol (EtOH) as a co-solvent on extraction yield, in vitro [...] Read more.

This study aimed to develop a sustainable approach for isolating bioactive lipophilic components from Taraxacum officinale flowers using supercritical carbon dioxide extraction (SFE-CO₂) and to assess the effect of adding 5% ethanol (EtOH) as a co-solvent on extraction yield, in vitro antioxidant capacity in CUPRAC and ABTS assays (TEAC_CUPRAC and TEAC_ABTS), total phenolic (TPC) and flavonoid (TFC) content, β-carotene concentration, and photoprotective potential, expressed as the sun protection factor (SPF). SFE-CO₂ at 35 MPa and 40 °C resulted in 50% of the total yield within 15 min, with equilibrium reached after 120 min (final yield of 4.6 g/100 g flowers). Co-solvent addition increased yield by ~50% and shortened extraction time. The EtOH-modified extract exhibited markedly higher antioxidant activity, with a 2-fold increase in TEAC_CUPRAC (167 mg TE/g E), an 11-fold increase in TEAC_ABTS (194 mg TE/g E), and a 3-fold increase in TPC (91 mg GAE/g E), along with improved recovery of flavonoids and β-carotene. Volatile profiling revealed monoterpenoids, aldehydes, and esters as dominant groups, with carvone (14.0–16.5%) and dill ether (4.2–5.8%) as major contributors to aroma. The SFE-CO₂ + 5% EtOH extract achieved the highest SPF value (49.5 at 1 mg/mL; SPF > 6 at >0.1 mg/mL), indicating strong photoprotective potential and potential suitability for natural antioxidant and cosmetic applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Plant Extracts in Focus: Chemical Characterization, Biological Activity, and Their Significance in Ethnomedicine and Practical Applications)

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33 pages, 6702 KB

Open AccessArticle

Pose Stabilization Control for Base of Combined System Using Feedforward Compensation PD Control During Target Satellite Transposition

by Zhonghua Hu, Jinlong Yang, Wenfu Xu, Hengtai Chen, Longkun Xu and Deshan Meng

Sensors 2026, 26(1), 206; https://doi.org/10.3390/s26010206 (registering DOI) - 28 Dec 2025

Abstract

During the transposition of a target satellite, dynamic coupling between the target satellite, the manipulators, and the base frequently leads to disturbances in the base’s attitude. To deal with the issue, this paper proposed a pose stabilization method for the base of the [...] Read more.

During the transposition of a target satellite, dynamic coupling between the target satellite, the manipulators, and the base frequently leads to disturbances in the base’s attitude. To deal with the issue, this paper proposed a pose stabilization method for the base of the post-capture combined system using the feedforward compensation PD control. Firstly, the mission sequence for repositioning a target satellite using a discrete-serpentine heterogeneous dual-arm space robot (DSHDASR) was analyzed. The dynamics model of the combined system, composed of the DSHDASR and a target satellite, was established based on the Newton–Euler recursive formulation. Then, the pose stabilization method integrating dynamic feedforward compensation and PD control was developed to stabilize the base of the combined system. Finally, the mission of target satellite transposition was simulated through the co-simulation model. Compared with the traditional control algorithms, the position accuracy and attitude accuracy for the proposed method showed an overall improvement. The results demonstrated that the proposed method significantly reduced base pose errors under high-load and disturbed conditions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Sensors for Intelligent Robotic Systems: Vision, Touch, and Dexterous Manipulation)

34 pages, 1550 KB

Open AccessReview

A Comprehensive Review of Lubricant Behavior in Internal Combustion, Hybrid, and Electric Vehicles: Thermal Demands, Electrical Constraints, and Material Effects

by Subin Antony Jose, Erick Perez-Perez, Terrence D. Silva, Kaden Syme, Zane Westom, Aidan Willis and Pradeep L. Menezes

Lubricants 2026, 14(1), 14; https://doi.org/10.3390/lubricants14010014 (registering DOI) - 28 Dec 2025

Abstract

The global transition from internal combustion engines (ICEs) to hybrid (HEVs) and electric vehicles (EVs) is fundamentally reshaping lubricant design requirements, driven by evolving thermal demands, electrical constraints, and material compatibility challenges. Conventional ICE lubricants are primarily formulated to withstand high operating temperatures, [...] Read more.

The global transition from internal combustion engines (ICEs) to hybrid (HEVs) and electric vehicles (EVs) is fundamentally reshaping lubricant design requirements, driven by evolving thermal demands, electrical constraints, and material compatibility challenges. Conventional ICE lubricants are primarily formulated to withstand high operating temperatures, mechanical stresses, and combustion-derived contaminants through established additive chemistries such as zinc dialkyldithiophosphate (ZDDP), with thermal stability and wear protection as dominant considerations. In contrast, HEV lubricants must accommodate frequent start–stop operation, pronounced thermal cycling, and fuel dilution while maintaining performance across coupled mechanical and electrical subsystems. EV lubricants represent a paradigm shift, where requirements extend beyond tribological protection to include electrical insulation and conductivity control, thermal management of electric motors and battery systems, and compatibility with copper windings, polymers, elastomers, and advanced coatings, alongside mitigation of noise, vibration, and harshness (NVH). This review critically examines lubricant behavior, formulation strategies, and performance requirements across ICE, HEV, and EV powertrains, with specific emphasis on heat transfer, electrical performance, and lubricant–material interactions, covering mineral, synthetic, and bio-based fluids. Additionally, regulatory drivers, sustainability considerations, and emerging innovations such as nano-additives, multifunctional and smart lubricants, and AI-assisted formulation are discussed. By integrating recent research into industrial practice, this work highlights the increasingly interdisciplinary role of tribology in enabling efficient, durable, and sustainable mobility for next-generation automotive systems. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Tribology in Vehicles, 2nd Edition)

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17 pages, 751 KB

Open AccessReview

Biophysics of Bacterial Colonial Structures and the Occupancy of Microecological Spaces

by Fernando Baquero, Teresa M. Coque, Natalia Bastón-Paz and Ana-Elena Pérez-Cobas

Biology 2026, 15(1), 56; https://doi.org/10.3390/biology15010056 (registering DOI) - 28 Dec 2025

Abstract

The process of bacterial reproduction on surfaces conducive to growth forms colonies, which are defined as physical bodies with functional and environmental effects. This phenomenon can be conceptualized as transforming biological processes into physical phenomena. Large bacterial multicellular aggregates can be conceptualized as [...] Read more.

The process of bacterial reproduction on surfaces conducive to growth forms colonies, which are defined as physical bodies with functional and environmental effects. This phenomenon can be conceptualized as transforming biological processes into physical phenomena. Large bacterial multicellular aggregates can be conceptualized as physical entities, produced by “colonial organisms”, thereby transforming physics into biology. The formation of colonies requires surfaces, typically hydrogels or liquid–air interfaces, but also hard solid surfaces. Bacterial cell layers also contribute to the production of surfaces. Within a typical 3D-shaped, frequently domed colony, a variety of microcompartments form at the intersections of gradients that diffuse from its aerial and surface limits, leading to cellular functional diversity. This heterogeneity can lead to physical changes and fractures in the colony material, leading to the formation of fluid microchannels. The second primary type of colony is the 2D-shaped form that spreads over larger surfaces and is known as a biofilm. These physical structures possess significant water content, which is retained by a bacterial-excreted exopolymer. Biofilms are structurally organized as multilayer structures that can expand in the space through the lateral slippage of a more fluid overlayer on top of the surface-attached layer. The dissemination of biofilms may entail the integration of additional bacterial colonies, thereby giving rise to complex biofilms. The physical occupancy of microenvironments by colonies created on surfaces of higher organisms or on environmental surfaces exerts a significant influence on fluid mechanics and the functioning of organisms and ecosystems. In addition, colonies also contribute to the pathology of industrial constructions and devices, often leading to microbiologically influenced electrochemical corrosion, which results in material degradation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Biophysics)

22 pages, 3852 KB

Open AccessArticle

Improved Attendance Tracking System for Coffee Farm Workers Applying Computer Vision

by Hong-Danh Thai, YuanYuan Liu, Ngoc-Bao-Van Le, Daesung Lee and Jun-Ho Huh

Appl. Sci. 2026, 16(1), 319; https://doi.org/10.3390/app16010319 (registering DOI) - 28 Dec 2025

Abstract

Agricultural mechanization and advanced technology have developed significantly in the coffee industry. However, there are still requirements for human laborers to operate, monitor crop health care, and manage production. The integration of advanced technology can significantly enhance the production efficiency and management practices [...] Read more.

Agricultural mechanization and advanced technology have developed significantly in the coffee industry. However, there are still requirements for human laborers to operate, monitor crop health care, and manage production. The integration of advanced technology can significantly enhance the production efficiency and management practices of agricultural enterprises. This paper aims to address these gaps by proposing and implementing a computer vision-based attendance tracking system on mobile platforms that are suitable for the requirements and limitations of agricultural enterprises. First, the face detection process involves interpreting and locating facial structure. Next, the model transforms a photographic image of a human face into digital data based on the unique features and facial structure. We utilize the InsightFace model with the buffalo_l variant, as well as ArcFace with a ResNet backbone, as a facial recognition algorithm. After capturing a facial image, the system conducts a matching process against the existing database to verify identity. Finally, we implement a mobile application prototype on both iOS and Android platforms, ensuring accessibility for farm workers. As a result, our system achieved 95.2% accuracy on the query set, with an average processing time of <200 ms per image (including face detection, embedding extraction, and database matching). The system performs real-time attendance monitoring, automatically recording the entry and exit times of farm workers using facial recognition technology, and enables quick registration of new workers. Our work is expected to enhance transparency and fairness in the human management process, focusing on the coffee farm use case. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Future Information & Communication Engineering 2025)

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18 pages, 1579 KB

Open AccessArticle

Sea-Derived Organic Amendments Enhance Growth and Nitrogen Dynamics in Sage Cultivation (Salvia officinalis L.)

by Aikaterini Molla, Alexios Lolas and Elpiniki Skoufogianni

Nitrogen 2026, 7(1), 5; https://doi.org/10.3390/nitrogen7010005 (registering DOI) - 28 Dec 2025

Abstract

Sustainable fertilization strategies are increasingly required to enhance crop performance while reducing dependence on synthetic inaputs. In this study, the effectiveness of sea-derived organic amendments, Posidonia oceanica compost and mussel shell powder, was evaluated in Salvia officinalis (sage) cultivation. A pot experiment was [...] Read more.

Sustainable fertilization strategies are increasingly required to enhance crop performance while reducing dependence on synthetic inaputs. In this study, the effectiveness of sea-derived organic amendments, Posidonia oceanica compost and mussel shell powder, was evaluated in Salvia officinalis (sage) cultivation. A pot experiment was conducted in Istron Kalou Xoriou (Crete), using three nitrogen rates (0, 40 and 80 kg ha⁻¹) in combination with four rates of mussel shell powder (0, 50, 100 and 200 g/pot). A total of 9 treatments were set up, each replicated 3 times, resulting in 27 pots. Growth parameters (plant height, total and leaf fresh-dry weight), nitrogen content in plant tissues, nitrogen uptake, and nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) were assessed across three harvest periods. The results indicated that both P. oceanica compost and mussel shell amendments significantly improved soil properties and plant performance. The treatment receiving 200 g/pot of mussel shell powder combined with 80 kg ha⁻¹ fertilization (PH200) consistently produced the highest values for biomass (223.99–383.58 g/plant), nitrogen plant concentration (1.967–2.117%), and nitrogen uptake (1.762–3.248 g/plant). The application of mussel shells effectively increased soil pH, thereby enhancing nutrient availability and promoting nitrogen assimilation. Furthermore, NUE values showed a progressive increase with rising amendments rates. Overall, sea-derived organic amendments demonstrated strong potential as sustainable fertilization materials, contributing to sage productivity improvement while supporting circular management of coastal waste resources. Full article

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13 pages, 1045 KB

Open AccessReview

Recent Advances on Queen Bee Larvae: Sources, Chemical Composition, and Health-Benefit Bioactivities

by Pengbo Liang, Xinyu Yu, Meifei Zhu, Bin Yuan, Shanshan Li and Fuliang Hu

Foods 2026, 15(1), 89; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods15010089 (registering DOI) - 28 Dec 2025

Abstract

Queen bee larvae, a by-product of royal jelly production, represents a largely underutilized yet promising economic resource. Numerous studies have shown that these larvae are rich in proteins, amino acids, fatty acids, and minerals, indicating high nutritional value. Research has also highlighted their [...] Read more.

Queen bee larvae, a by-product of royal jelly production, represents a largely underutilized yet promising economic resource. Numerous studies have shown that these larvae are rich in proteins, amino acids, fatty acids, and minerals, indicating high nutritional value. Research has also highlighted their bioactivities, including anti-aging, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant properties. This review summarizes the current knowledge on the nutritional composition and biological functions of queen bee larvae, providing a scientific foundation for their comprehensive utilization. The findings support their potential applications in food science and health-related industries. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Food Nutrition)

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21 pages, 8335 KB

Open AccessArticle

A Marigold (Tagetes erecta) MADS-Box Transcription Factor, TeSEP4, Regulates Petal Color by Modulating Chlorophyll and Carotenoid Biosynthesis

by Chunling Zhang, Chujun Huang, Ke Zhu, Luan Ke, Hang Li and Yanhong He

Agronomy 2026, 16(1), 88; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy16010088 (registering DOI) - 28 Dec 2025

Abstract

Chlorophyll and carotenoid biosynthesis are essential metabolic processes in horticultural plants, critically influencing the coloration and economic value of fruits and petals. However, the regulatory mechanisms that coordinate the accumulation of both chlorophyll and carotenoids are still poorly understood. In this study, we [...] Read more.

Chlorophyll and carotenoid biosynthesis are essential metabolic processes in horticultural plants, critically influencing the coloration and economic value of fruits and petals. However, the regulatory mechanisms that coordinate the accumulation of both chlorophyll and carotenoids are still poorly understood. In this study, we demonstrated that the transcription factor TeSEP4 modulated petal color in marigolds by simultaneously modulating chlorophyll and carotenoid metabolic pathways. Overexpression of TeSEP4 produced dark-yellow petals, which were associated with enhanced carotenoid biosynthesis and suppression of chlorophyll biosynthesis. In contrast, silencing TeSEP4 triggered a shift toward yellow-green petals by reducing carotenoid accumulation while concurrently increasing chlorophyll content. Transcriptome and qRT-PCR analyses further revealed that TeSEP4 overexpression upregulated key carotenogenic genes such as TePSY1 and TePSY3, while downregulating chlorophyll-related genes, including TeCHLH, TeCHL27-1, and TePORA1. Silencing TeSEP4 expression caused the opposite changes in these genes. These findings reveal a transcriptional factor that coordinates chlorophyll and carotenoid biosynthesis, offering a strategy to simultaneously improve carotenoid content and modify petal color in marigolds. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mechanism of Flower Growth in Ornamental Plants: From Floral Induction to Development—2nd Edition)

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16 pages, 1409 KB

Open AccessArticle

Scorpion Venom-Derived Peptides: A New Weapon Against Carbapenem-Resistant Acinetobacter baumannii

by Carla Capasso, Carla Zannella, Rosa Giugliano, Annalisa Chianese, Alessandra Monti, Federica Donadio, Emanuela Esposito, Gerardo Marino, Nunzianna Doti, Anna De Filippis and Massimiliano Galdiero

Microorganisms 2026, 14(1), 68; https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms14010068 (registering DOI) - 28 Dec 2025

Abstract

Acinetobacter baumannii (A. baumannii) is an opportunistic pathogen associated with healthcare-related infections and is of particular concern due to its high level of antibiotic resistance and its ability to form biofilms. The global emergence of carbapenem-resistant A. baumannii highlights the urgent [...] Read more.

Acinetobacter baumannii (A. baumannii) is an opportunistic pathogen associated with healthcare-related infections and is of particular concern due to its high level of antibiotic resistance and its ability to form biofilms. The global emergence of carbapenem-resistant A. baumannii highlights the urgent need for alternative therapeutic strategies. This study investigated the antibacterial and antibiofilm activities of two scorpion venom-derived peptides, pantinin-1 and pantinin-2, against a reference strain and a clinical isolate of A. baumannii. We found that both peptides, in the non-cytotoxic concentration range, have strong bactericidal activity, showing a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 6.25 μM and 12.5 μM for pantinin 1 and 2, respectively. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis showed that the peptides cause extensive damage to the bacterial membrane. Furthermore, both peptides showed potent antibiofilm activity, inhibiting adhesion and maturation, arresting biofilm expansion, and reducing the expression of key biofilm-associated genes (bap, pgaA, and smpA). Altogether, these findings indicate that pantinin-1 and pantinin-2 act through a dual mechanism, combining bactericidal and antivirulence activities. Their strong efficacy at low micromolar concentrations, together with low cytotoxicity, underscores their potential as innovative therapeutic candidates against infections caused by carbapenem-resistant, biofilm-forming A. baumannii. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Potential Antimicrobial Synergistic Interactions of Natural Products)

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16 pages, 4293 KB

Open AccessArticle

Deep-Water Evolution in the Southwest Indian Ocean and Its Response to Global Climate Change During the Last 300 ka: Evidence from Sedimentary and Stable Isotopic Records

by Mengwei Zhao, Guanyu Liu, Jichao Yang, Olusegun A. Dada and Zhen Lin

J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2026, 14(1), 56; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse14010056 (registering DOI) - 28 Dec 2025

Abstract

Benthic δ¹⁸O and δ¹³C values, as well as the mean grain size (MS) of sortable silt (SS), were used to construct the records of deep-water ventilation during the last 300 ka, at core GC02. This core is located at [...] Read more.

Benthic δ¹⁸O and δ¹³C values, as well as the mean grain size (MS) of sortable silt (SS), were used to construct the records of deep-water ventilation during the last 300 ka, at core GC02. This core is located at 4430 m water depth on the Madagascar basin near the Southwest Indian Ocean mid-ridge (SWIR). Decreased values of MS of SS reveal a weakened Antarctic Bottom Water (AABW) in the glacial periods, while increased values indicate enhanced AABW in the interglacial periods. The MS of SS record in GC02 exhibited a particularly good synchronization with a record based on the δ¹³C gradient between the North Atlantic and tropical Pacific Ocean, indicating that AABW is dominated by the overturning strength of the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation (AMOC), and showed a higher generation rate in the early stages of the glacial periods. A rapid reduction in δ¹³C occurred in MIS 2, 4, and 6; the MS values in GC02 and winter sea ice (WSI) also exhibited significant decreases and increases, respectively. By controlling the transport of ventilated water mass to deep waters and polar heat transport, in the Indian Ocean, both the change in AABW intensity and the Southern Ocean ice volume result from changes in the AMOC under the orbital modulation background. In the Southwest Indian Ocean, AMOC has a larger effect on ice volume during glacial periods, while its effect on AABW is relatively strong during interglacial periods. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Physical Oceanography)

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17 pages, 2927 KB

Open AccessArticle

Soil Microbes Mediate Productivity Differences Between Natural and Plantation Forests

by Xing Zhang, Mengya Yang, Yangyang Liu, Jinkun Ye, Jiechen Tangyu, Jie Gao, Weiguo Liu and Yuchuan Fan

Plants 2026, 15(1), 98; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants15010098 (registering DOI) - 28 Dec 2025

Abstract

While climate is known to regulate forest productivity, the mechanistic contribution of soil microbial communities—and whether it differs between natural and plantation forests—remains poorly quantified at broad scales. Here, we provide a synthesis-level, unified analysis that jointly evaluates climate, edaphic conditions, and soil [...] Read more.

While climate is known to regulate forest productivity, the mechanistic contribution of soil microbial communities—and whether it differs between natural and plantation forests—remains poorly quantified at broad scales. Here, we provide a synthesis-level, unified analysis that jointly evaluates climate, edaphic conditions, and soil microbes to compare mechanistic pathways underlying productivity divergence between forest types. We synthesized 237 observations across China and integrated productivity metrics—gross primary productivity (GPP) and net primary productivity (NPP)—with microbial diversity, dominant taxa, and soil drivers to compare natural and plantation forests within the current environmental coverage. Plantation productivity showed nonlinear responses to microbial diversity and appeared more sensitive than natural forests. Natural forests exhibited higher bacterial Shannon and Chao1 but lower fungal Chao1 and were characterized by taxa such as Nitrobacter, Bradyrhizobium, and Cortinarius. In contrast, plantations were characterized by taxa often associated with disturbance tolerance and opportunistic life-history strategies (e.g., Sphingomonas, Fusarium, Gemmatimonas), consistent with potential functional simplification. Structural equation models identified climate as the strongest correlate of productivity, while soil properties showed contrasting associations with microbial diversity across forest types. Random forest models further highlighted cation-exchange capacity and total nitrogen as key predictors of microbial diversity in plantations. Overall, our results indicate that soil microbial communities are differentially associated with forest productivity across forest types and environmental contexts and underscore the need for future climate-comparable designs and management-intensity information to more robustly isolate microbial contributions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Dendrological Research: Celebrating the 40th Anniversary of the Dendrology Branch of the Chinese Society of Forestry)

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13 pages, 757 KB

Open AccessArticle

The Transition to Farm Sustainability Data Network (FSDN): A New Approach to Analyse the Environmental and Social Aspects of EU Farming Systems

by Sonia Marongiu and Nicola Casolani

Sustainability 2026, 18(1), 313; https://doi.org/10.3390/su18010313 (registering DOI) - 28 Dec 2025

Abstract

The objective of this paper is to describe the process of transition from the Farm Accountancy Data Network (FADN) to the Farm Sustainability Data Network (FSDN), a European survey that gathers yearly data about agricultural holdings at microeconomic level. Established initially to monitor [...] Read more.

The objective of this paper is to describe the process of transition from the Farm Accountancy Data Network (FADN) to the Farm Sustainability Data Network (FSDN), a European survey that gathers yearly data about agricultural holdings at microeconomic level. Established initially to monitor economic aspects of farm income and support Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) evaluations, the network has now broadened its scope to integrate environmental and social aspects of farm management, in line with the EU Green Deal and the Farm to Fork strategy. The Implementing Regulation (EU) 2023/2674 formalizes this integration, adding new variables, encouraging the participation of the farms (voluntary), and supporting the improvement in interoperability to reduce the statistical burden on farmers and data collectors. The paper discusses the main challenges and opportunities of this transition, emphasizing how FSDN will deliver a more comprehensive and reliable dataset for policy evaluation and for advancing the understanding of farm-level sustainability. Full article

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14 pages, 2112 KB

Open AccessArticle

Cone-Beam Computed Tomography Evaluation of Bone Density After Sagittal Split Osteotomy Using the Novel Modification of Low Z Plasty Technique

by Passorn Nuntapolchai, Siripatra Patchanee, Chanekrid Oupadissakoon, Phetcharat Chatmongkhonkit and Narissaporn Chaiprakit

Medicina 2026, 62(1), 62; https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina62010062 (registering DOI) - 28 Dec 2025

Abstract

Background and Objectives: This study aimed to assess the pattern and quantity of bone regeneration after mandibular setback surgery using a novel modification of the low Z plasty (NM-Low Z plasty) technique by measuring bone density (Hounsfield unit) at the osteotomy site [...] Read more.

Background and Objectives: This study aimed to assess the pattern and quantity of bone regeneration after mandibular setback surgery using a novel modification of the low Z plasty (NM-Low Z plasty) technique by measuring bone density (Hounsfield unit) at the osteotomy site over a 12-month postoperative period using cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT). Materials and Methods: This retrospective cohort study included six patients with skeletal Class III deformity who underwent bilateral sagittal split osteotomy (BSSO) setback using the NM-Low Z plasty technique between 2021 and 2023 at Thammasat University Hospital. CBCT images were obtained preoperatively and at 1 month, 6 months, and 12 months postoperatively. Bone density at the buccal, cancellous, and lingual aspects of the osteotomy gap was measured using Blue Sky Plan 4 software. The intraclass correlation coefficient was used to determine reliability. Descriptive statistics, repeated-measures analysis of variance and multiple linear regression analysis were performed for comparisons. Results: At 12 months postoperatively, bone density in all measured regions was not significantly different compared to the postoperative measurements, indicating sufficient bone regeneration. The cancellous and lingual cortical regions exhibited earlier recovery than the buccal cortex. No postoperative complications such as wound infection, delayed union, or non-union were reported. Conclusions: BSSO using the NM-Low Z plasty technique offers reliable bone healing outcomes with stable bone regeneration, thereby providing a viable alternative to conventional BSSO techniques. Radiographic evidence confirmed its clinical applicability and potential to reduce the incidence of postoperative complications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Trends and Advances in Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery)

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32 pages, 1852 KB

Open AccessArticle

Fuzzy Adaptive Impedance Control Method for Underwater Manipulators Based on Bayesian Recursive Least Squares and Displacement Correction

by Baoju Wu, Xinyu Liu, Nanmu Hui, Yan Huo, Jiaxiang Zheng and Changjin Dong

Machines 2026, 14(1), 39; https://doi.org/10.3390/machines14010039 (registering DOI) - 28 Dec 2025

Abstract

During constant-force operations in complex marine environments, underwater manipulators are affected by hydrodynamic disturbances and unknown, time-varying environment stiffness. Under classical impedance control (IC), this often leads to large transient contact forces and steady-state force errors, making high-precision compliant control difficult to achieve. [...] Read more.

During constant-force operations in complex marine environments, underwater manipulators are affected by hydrodynamic disturbances and unknown, time-varying environment stiffness. Under classical impedance control (IC), this often leads to large transient contact forces and steady-state force errors, making high-precision compliant control difficult to achieve. To address this issue, this study proposes a Bayesian recursive least-squares-based fuzzy adaptive impedance control (BRLS-FAIC) strategy with displacement correction for underwater manipulators. Within a position-based impedance-control framework, a Bayesian Recursive Least Squares (BRLS) stiffness identifier is constructed by incorporating process and measurement noise into a stochastic regression model, enabling online estimation of the environment stiffness and its covariance under noisy, time-varying conditions. The identified stiffness is used in a displacement-correction law derived from the contact model to update the reference position, thereby removing dependence on the unknown environment location and reducing steady-state force bias. On this basis, a three-input/two-output fuzzy adaptive impedance tuner, driven by the force error, its rate of change, and a stiffness-perception index, adjusts the desired damping and stiffness online under amplitude limitation and first-order filtering. Using an underwater manipulator dynamic model that includes buoyancy and hydrodynamic effects, MATLAB simulations are carried out for step, ramp, and sinusoidal stiffness variations and for planar, inclined, and curved contact scenarios. The results show that, compared with classical IC and fuzzy adaptive impedance control (FAIC), the proposed BRLS-FAIC strategy reduces steady-state force errors, shortens force and position settling times, and suppresses peak contact forces in variable-stiffness underwater environments. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Automation and Control Systems)

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