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20 pages, 5164 KB

Open AccessArticle

Stand Density Drives Soil Microbial Community Structure in Response to Nutrient Availability in Larix gmelinii var. principis-rupprechtii (Mayr) Pilger Plantations

by Fengzi Li, Lei Liu, Long Hai, Hongwei Yang, Kai Zhao, Qiuming Di and Zhibo Wang

Plants 2025, 14(24), 3737; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14243737 (registering DOI) - 8 Dec 2025

Abstract

Sustainable forest management requires a comprehensive understanding of how stand density regulates soil ecological processes. We examined a Larix principis-rupprechtii plantation under three thinning retention densities (High—HD; Medium—MD; Low—LD) and an unthinned control (CK), with soil samples collected from four depth layers (0–10, [...] Read more.

Sustainable forest management requires a comprehensive understanding of how stand density regulates soil ecological processes. We examined a Larix principis-rupprechtii plantation under three thinning retention densities (High—HD; Medium—MD; Low—LD) and an unthinned control (CK), with soil samples collected from four depth layers (0–10, 10–20, 20–30, and 30–40 cm). This study investigated the effects of stand density on soil properties and microbial communities in a Larix principis-rupprechtii plantation by combining high-throughput sequencing with soil physicochemical analysis to identify the optimal density regime for maintaining soil health. Results demonstrated the following: (1) Moderate-density (MD) management best balanced the stability of soil ecosystem structure, showing superior water retention, organic carbon content, and microbial diversity in the 0–30 cm soil layer. The mechanism underlying these improvements can be attributed to the moderately open canopy structure in MD stands, which facilitated efficient litter decomposition and drove functional complementarity between Basidiomycota (enhancing cellulose degradation capacity) and Acidobacteriota (adapted to oligotrophic conditions). (2) Redundancy analysis revealed that soil pH and available nutrients (AK, AP) were key environmental factors driving microbial community restructuring: Actinobacteriota dominated in neutral, phosphorus-rich environments, while Acidobacteriota thrived under acidic, phosphorus-limited conditions. Fungal communities showed high sensitivity to management intensity, with significant shifts between Ascomycota and Basidiomycota, whereas bacterial communities remained relatively stable due to functional redundancy. We recommend the adoption of moderate-density management as a sustainable practice to enhance soil nutrient cycling and maintain microbial diversity, thereby providing scientific support for sustainable plantation management. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Plant–Soil Interactions)

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17 pages, 1033 KB

Open AccessArticle

SOUP: Sleep Data Copilot for Accurate Hypnogram Labeling

by Marta Verona-Almeida, Javier Mendez, Rybel Wix, José L. Ayala and Josué Pagán

Appl. Sci. 2025, 15(24), 12912; https://doi.org/10.3390/app152412912 (registering DOI) - 8 Dec 2025

Abstract

Sleep analysis is crucial for diagnosing disorders and understanding physiological patterns. However, accurately labeling hypnograms is challenging due to significant interrater variability and resource constraints that limit the use of multiple experts. This study introduces a novel verification tool that assesses biomedical signals, [...] Read more.

Sleep analysis is crucial for diagnosing disorders and understanding physiological patterns. However, accurately labeling hypnograms is challenging due to significant interrater variability and resource constraints that limit the use of multiple experts. This study introduces a novel verification tool that assesses biomedical signals, including heart rate and activity, alongside labeled hypnograms against state-of-the-art conditions. The tool was developed to evaluate the quality and reliability of hypnogram annotations, providing feedback on the credibility of labels generated by automated methods and single expert annotations. It cross-references labeled data against physiological signals and identifies discrepancies or anomalies that may indicate errors in the labeling process. For validation, the tool was applied to the MESA dataset, a well-known collection of sleep data. Application of the tool demonstrated its ability to provide objective feedback on hypnogram labels and to identify anomalies in patient data, potentially assisting clinicians in refining their assessments. By offering a user-friendly interface and flexible design, this verification tool enhances the accuracy of sleep stage annotations and serves as a valuable resource for both clinical and research applications. Full article

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18 pages, 3193 KB

Open AccessArticle

Information Indicators of Occurrence and Monitoring of Material Structure Degradation in Vibrodiagnostic Systems During Loading

by Artem Sharko, Dmitro Stepanchikov, Oleksandr Sharko, Andriy Buketov, Petr Louda, Bogdan Maslyiak, Valerii Kyrylovych, Vyacheslav Svyrydov, Piotr Czarnywojtek, Marek Dębczyński, Piotr Łoś and Katarzyna Ewa Łoś

Materials 2025, 18(24), 5507; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma18245507 (registering DOI) - 8 Dec 2025

Abstract

A methodology of statistical processing has been developed and practical implementations of the application of vibration signals in the analysis of the evolution of damage accumulation in ship bearings have been performed. It has been shown that vibration signals are multicomponent, representing a [...] Read more.

A methodology of statistical processing has been developed and practical implementations of the application of vibration signals in the analysis of the evolution of damage accumulation in ship bearings have been performed. It has been shown that vibration signals are multicomponent, representing a finite additive set of multi-scale components localized in time and frequency domains of different vibration types. A conceptual model and algorithm for searching for optimal information indicators in technical condition monitoring systems, based on reducing the dimensionality of input information using the principal component method, have been developed. In this paper, the principal component method is approximated by an n-dimensional observation region in an n-dimensional ellipsoid, the semiaxes of which will be the main components. In this case, the input data matrix is transformed into a matrix of normalized centered values, and the set of points is represented by their distances to straight lines and planes. The tangent to the exponential trend of change in the corresponding component in the pre-destruction area has been chosen as the criteria for assessing the approach to the state of degradation and failure. It is shown that among the studied components, the first and third components are the most informative. The specification of the main components reflects the linear diversity of statistical features of vibration signals and can be an indicator of the state of the object under study. Thanks to vibration analysis, the user receives information about the technical condition and approach to degradation of the material. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Materials Physics)

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11 pages, 245 KB

Open AccessArticle

High Antimicrobial Resistance in ESKAPE Pathogens at a Rwandan Tertiary Hospital

by Charles Muhinda, Gad Murenzi, Leena Al-Hassan, Eric Seruyange, Leon Mutesa and Åsa Gylfe

Pathogens 2025, 14(12), 1253; https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens14121253 (registering DOI) - 8 Dec 2025

Abstract

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a global health threat, increasing morbidity, mortality, and healthcare costs. Multi-drug resistant ESKAPE pathogens (Enterococcus faecium, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Acinetobacter baumannii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Enterobacter cloacae) cause most hospital-acquired infections. Local data on their resistance profiles remain [...] Read more.

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a global health threat, increasing morbidity, mortality, and healthcare costs. Multi-drug resistant ESKAPE pathogens (Enterococcus faecium, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Acinetobacter baumannii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Enterobacter cloacae) cause most hospital-acquired infections. Local data on their resistance profiles remain limited in low-income settings. This study assessed the prevalence and resistance patterns of ESKAPE pathogens isolated from clinical specimens at Rwanda Military Referral and Teaching Hospital. A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted from June 2022 to January 2023. ESKAPE isolates were identified and tested for antimicrobial susceptibility using the BD Phoenix M50 System. Data on sample type, ward, and demographics were analyzed. Of 744 bacterial findings, 207 (30%) were ESKAPE isolates. After excluding duplicates and non-recovered isolates, 156 were identified as ESKAPE. K. pneumoniae was most common (41%), followed by S. aureus (27%), A. baumannii (13%), P. aeruginosa (11%), and E. cloacae (8%); no E. faecium was detected. Among Gram-negatives, 63% were resistant to third-generation cephalosporins and 32% to carbapenems, with A. baumannii showing highest resistance (85% and 75%). Methicillin-Resistance in Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) was 7%. This first hospital-based study in Rwanda shows high cephalosporin and carbapenem resistance, highlighting the need to strengthen diagnostics and stewardship. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antimicrobial Resistance in the Post-COVID Era: A Silent Pandemic)

19 pages, 1332 KB

Open AccessArticle

Comparable Immune Alterations and Inflammatory Signatures in ME/CFS and Long COVID

by Steliyan Petrov, Martina Bozhkova, Mariya Ivanovska, Teodora Kalfova, Dobrina Dudova, Ralitsa Nikolova, Katya Vaseva, Yana Todorova, Milena Aleksova, Maria Nikolova, Hristo Taskov, Marianna Murdjeva and Michael Maes

Biomedicines 2025, 13(12), 3001; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines13123001 (registering DOI) - 8 Dec 2025

Abstract

Background: Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (CFS), also known as Myalgic Encephalomyelitis (ME), is a debilitating condition characterized by persistent fatigue and multisystemic symptoms, such as cognitive impairment, musculoskeletal pain, and post-exertional malaise. Recently, parallels have been drawn between ME/CFS and Long COVID, a post-viral [...] Read more.

Background: Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (CFS), also known as Myalgic Encephalomyelitis (ME), is a debilitating condition characterized by persistent fatigue and multisystemic symptoms, such as cognitive impairment, musculoskeletal pain, and post-exertional malaise. Recently, parallels have been drawn between ME/CFS and Long COVID, a post-viral syndrome following infection with SARS-CoV-2, which shares many clinical features with CFS. Both conditions involve chronic immune activation, raising questions about their immunopathological overlap. Objectives: This study aimed to compare immune biomarkers between patients with ME/CFS or Long COVID and healthy controls to explore shared immune dysfunction. Methods: We analyzed lymphocyte subsets, cytokine profiles, psychological status and their correlations in 190 participants, 65 with CFS, 54 with Long COVID, and 70 healthy controls. Results: When compared to healthy subjects, results in both conditions were marked by lower levels of lymphocytes (CFS—2.472 × 10⁹/L, p = 0.006, LC—2.051 × 10⁹/L, p = 0.009), CD8⁺ T cells (CFS—0.394 × 10⁹/L, p = 0.001, LC—0.404 × 10⁹/L, p = 0.001), and NK cells (CFS—0.205 × 10⁹/L, p = 0.001, LC—0.180 × 10⁹/L, p = 0.001), and higher levels of proinflammatory cytokines such as IL-6 (CFS—3.35 pg/mL, p = 0.050 LC—4.04 pg/mL, p = 0.001), TNF (CFS—2.64 pg/mL, p = 0.023, LC—2.50 pg/mL, p = 0.025), IL-4 (CFS—3.72 pg/mL, p = 0.041, LC—3.45 pg/mL, p = 0.048), and IL-10 (CFS—2.29 pg/mL, p = 0.039, LC—2.25 pg/mL, p = 0.018). Conclusions: Notably, there were no significant differences between CFS and Long COVID patients in the tested biomarkers. These results demonstrate that ME/CFS and Long COVID display comparable immune and inflammatory profiles, with no significant biomarker differences observed between the two groups. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Neuroimmunology and Neurological Infection)

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23 pages, 2259 KB

Open AccessArticle

Influence Paths and Group Differences in Residents’ Low-Carbon Behaviors in China’s Pilot Cities: A Perspective on Policy Perception and Information Dissemination

by Yi Chen and Yinrong Chen

Sustainability 2025, 17(24), 10952; https://doi.org/10.3390/su172410952 (registering DOI) - 8 Dec 2025

Abstract

Based on structural equation modeling, the influence paths and group differences in residents’ low-carbon living behaviors and consumption behaviors were explored in six low-carbon pilot cities in China from the perspectives of low-carbon policy perception and low-carbon information dissemination. The results showed that [...] Read more.

Based on structural equation modeling, the influence paths and group differences in residents’ low-carbon living behaviors and consumption behaviors were explored in six low-carbon pilot cities in China from the perspectives of low-carbon policy perception and low-carbon information dissemination. The results showed that residents in different pilot cities significantly differed in their low-carbon intention and low-carbon behavior, especially in Hangzhou and Chengdu, which had high low-carbon intention and low-carbon behavior. Low-carbon intention was the core driving force that promoted residents’ low-carbon behavior. Low-carbon policy perception and information dissemination impacted residents’ low-carbon intention and low-carbon behavior, with differences among different pilot cities. Residents in Chengdu and Wuhan showed a significant positive correlation in the direct and indirect paths of low-carbon policy perception on low-carbon behavior. In contrast, residents in Hangzhou showed a significant positive correlation in the impact path of low-carbon information dissemination on low-carbon consumption behavior. In addition, groups with different demographic characteristics significantly differed in the influence paths of their low-carbon behavior. Finally, targeted recommendations were proposed to promote differentiated strategies for implementing low-carbon behaviors, aiming to enhance public awareness and action capacity and support China’s low-carbon transition and carbon reduction goals. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Governance of the Low-Carbon Transition for Sustainable Development)

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18 pages, 3125 KB

Open AccessArticle

Biomass Productivity and Water Use Efficiency Are Elevated in Forage Crops Compared with Grain Crops in Hydrothermally Limited Areas

by Qiujin Ma, Fangyuan Yin, Xiaolong Zhou, Lin Wang, Kexuan Zhu and Xiaogang Li

Plants 2025, 14(24), 3736; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14243736 (registering DOI) - 8 Dec 2025

Abstract

Insufficient precipitation and low temperatures can restrict grain yield but not necessarily vegetative growth in cold–arid regions. This indicates that forage production may be more suitable than grain cultivation in these environments while also meeting the increasing demand for livestock products. In this [...] Read more.

Insufficient precipitation and low temperatures can restrict grain yield but not necessarily vegetative growth in cold–arid regions. This indicates that forage production may be more suitable than grain cultivation in these environments while also meeting the increasing demand for livestock products. In this study, we compared the effects of cultivating forage maize (Zea mays L.) and forage oat (Avena sativa L.) with those of traditional grain crops, such as potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) and wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), in terms of aboveground biomass, crude protein yield, and water use efficiency (WUE). Across the four-year study, the results showed that aboveground biomass increased by 26–125% with oat (9.10 t ha⁻¹) and maize (13.7 t ha⁻¹) cultivation compared to potato (7.23 t ha⁻¹) or wheat (6.10 t ha⁻¹). Maize and potato exhibited greater biomass stability due to longer growing seasons and better synchronization with peak precipitation. In contrast, wheat and oat exhibited higher biomass variability, reflecting their susceptibility to early spring drought. Among the four crops analyzed, maize achieved the highest crude protein yield (1068 kg ha⁻¹) and WUE (31.9 kg biomass ha⁻¹ mm⁻¹), primarily due to its superior biomass production rather than its protein concentration or elevated soil water consumption. Therefore, cultivating forage crops with longer growth periods could effectively align water demand with seasonal precipitation, thereby improving biomass accumulation and WUE in hydrothermally limited regions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Crop Physiology and Crop Production)

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11 pages, 560 KB

Open AccessEditorial

Organoids: Promoting Innovation in Organoid Technology for Basic Research and Therapeutic Applications

by Süleyman Ergün and Philipp Wörsdörfer

Organoids 2025, 4(4), 33; https://doi.org/10.3390/organoids4040033 (registering DOI) - 8 Dec 2025

Abstract

Over the past decade, organoids representing a wide range of tissues have been developed, with increasing efforts to enhance their complexity, maturity, and resemblance to the corresponding native organs [...] Full article

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18 pages, 4185 KB

Open AccessArticle

Urban Digital Twins as Tools for Sustainable Lighting Design: The Assessment of NorDark-DT

by Claudia V. López-Alfaro, Seren Dincel, Wajeeha Nasar, Arne Styve, Ute Besenecker and Ricardo da Silva Torres

Buildings 2025, 15(24), 4425; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15244425 (registering DOI) - 8 Dec 2025

Abstract

Reducing light pollution and promoting sustainable lighting practices require new tools that integrate environmental, social, and technical considerations in design processes. Urban Digital Twins are emerging as powerful instruments for this purpose, enabling integrated evaluation of lighting impacts on both people and ecosystems. [...] Read more.

Reducing light pollution and promoting sustainable lighting practices require new tools that integrate environmental, social, and technical considerations in design processes. Urban Digital Twins are emerging as powerful instruments for this purpose, enabling integrated evaluation of lighting impacts on both people and ecosystems. This paper presents an exploratory evaluation of NorDark-DT, a recently developed urban digital twin designed to support the sustainable planning of lighting infrastructure in green urban areas. This exploratory assessment was conducted with master’s students engaged in lighting design practices. Participants performed two task-oriented exercises of planning and comparing lighting configurations after-dark for a site in Uppsala, Sweden. Results show that NorDark-DT effectively facilitates the exploration of alternative lighting solutions within realistic green urban area contexts and encourages reflection on issues such as light pollution, biodiversity, and ecological preservation. Nevertheless, further improvements are required to enhance the user interface, expand analytical capabilities, strengthen integration with professional lighting software, and optimize performance for varying hardware setups. Beyond professional practice, the tool also proved valuable for educational purposes by promoting interdisciplinary collaboration and broadening students’ understanding of sustainability in lighting design. Overall, this study provides an initial step in a usability assessment of NorDark-DT, confirming its potential to support environmentally responsible, socially aware, and well-informed lighting interventions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Lighting Design for the Built Environment)

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47 pages, 11727 KB

Open AccessReview

A Systematic Review of Urban Air Mobility Development: eVTOL Drones’ Technological Challenges and Low-Altitude Policies of Shenzhen

by Jinhong Xu, Chenxi Guan, Yunpeng Wang, Junjie Zhuang and Wenbiao Gan

Drones 2025, 9(12), 842; https://doi.org/10.3390/drones9120842 (registering DOI) - 8 Dec 2025

Abstract

Urban Air Mobility (UAM) is emerging as a transformative solution to urban traffic congestion and inefficient ground travel. This paper presents the UAM development of Shenzhen, a pioneering city of low-altitude economy in China. It focuses on eVTOL drones for Shenzhen UAM, systematically [...] Read more.

Urban Air Mobility (UAM) is emerging as a transformative solution to urban traffic congestion and inefficient ground travel. This paper presents the UAM development of Shenzhen, a pioneering city of low-altitude economy in China. It focuses on eVTOL drones for Shenzhen UAM, systematically reviewing the technical challenges, policy support, and practical progress. Firstly, the technical status of eVTOL drone design and research is reviewed, and the multidimensional technologies and application bottlenecks faced by eVTOL drones are identified. Secondly, by combining flight safety technology and urban air mobility regulation technology, the systematic technical challenges of urban low-altitude traffic based on eVTOL drones are analyzed. Furthermore, from the perspective of coordinated promotion of infrastructure and regulation, the foundation of urban air mobility applications is clarified, among which efficient flight approval and large-scale construction of takeoff and landing sites across the entire city represent prominent advantages of Shenzhen’s future air mobility. Then, given the high correlation between the systemic technological challenges of urban air mobility and low-altitude economic policies, this paper reveals the complementary relationship between technological challenges and low-altitude policies based on the current status of Shenzhen’s policy promotion and its impact on technology and industry. Finally, the technical issues and regulatory trends faced by eVTOL drones in urban air mobility in Shenzhen are summarized, and combined with the global and Chinese commercial prospects of manned eVTOL drones, suggestions for the future development of urban air mobility in Shenzhen are proposed from the following four dimensions: technology research and development, infrastructure, industrial ecology, and regional coordination. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Electric-Powered and Hybrid-Powered Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Technology and Applications of Low Altitude Aviation)

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14 pages, 552 KB

Open AccessArticle

The Impact of a Spanish Online and Telephone Intervention for Caregivers of Veterans Post-Stroke: Findings on Caregiver Burden

by Janet Lopez, Sara Snyder, Tatiana Orozco, Heather Foulke, Melanie Orejuela, Alexa Farriss, Naiomi Rivera-Rivera, Nathaniel Eliazar-Macke, Keryl Motta-Valencia and I. Magaly Freytes

Healthcare 2025, 13(24), 3202; https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare13243202 (registering DOI) - 8 Dec 2025

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Hispanic caregivers report higher levels of burden and poorer mental health compared to non-Hispanic caregivers. While problem-solving interventions have shown promise in improving stroke caregiver and patient well-being, they have not been specifically tailored or tested with Hispanic stroke caregivers. This study [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Hispanic caregivers report higher levels of burden and poorer mental health compared to non-Hispanic caregivers. While problem-solving interventions have shown promise in improving stroke caregiver and patient well-being, they have not been specifically tailored or tested with Hispanic stroke caregivers. This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of a telephone- and online-based problem-solving intervention that was culturally adapted for Spanish-speaking Hispanics on caregiver burden. Methods: A two-arm parallel randomized clinical trial (NCT03142841) with repeated measures was conducted with 210 Hispanic caregivers of veterans who had experienced a stroke within the past year. Participants were recruited from three VA medical centers. The intervention consisted of 8-telephone sessions using online materials conducted by a trained interventionist. Participants in the standard group received usual VA resources they would have received as part of routine care such as stroke-related information. Chi-square tests and regression analyses were used to assess outcomes at 9 and 21 weeks. Results: Most participants were female (88%), college-educated (49%), and spouses or partners of a veteran (46%). Caregivers in the intervention group showed significantly greater reductions in caregiver burden (p = 0.011; p < 0.001) compared to the standard care group. Conclusions: Similarly to others reporting positive findings with non-Hispanic caregivers, these findings suggest that the problem-solving intervention can potentially alleviate Hispanic Spanish-speaking stroke caregivers’ burden by improving coping skills, problem-solving, and social support. Further research is needed to address gaps in effective interventions and promote equitable care for this population. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances and Innovation in Telehealth Use Among Older Adults)

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11 pages, 291 KB

Open AccessArticle

Transfusion Reactions in Paediatric Patients; Hemovigilance Data from a Tertiary Hospital

by Fatma Durak and Özlem Tezol

Children 2025, 12(12), 1662; https://doi.org/10.3390/children12121662 (registering DOI) - 8 Dec 2025

Abstract

Objective: This study aimed to define transfusion-related adverse reactions (TRs) observed in paediatric patients at a university hospital in Turkey. Methods: The data from the archive of the Mersin University Hospital Blood Centre, spanning the period between August 2017 and August [...] Read more.

Objective: This study aimed to define transfusion-related adverse reactions (TRs) observed in paediatric patients at a university hospital in Turkey. Methods: The data from the archive of the Mersin University Hospital Blood Centre, spanning the period between August 2017 and August 2024, were subjected to retrospective analysis. The descriptive and clinical characteristics of paediatric patients who received blood transfusions and were recorded using the haemovigilance reporting system were subjected to analysis. The findings were presented in the form of descriptive statistics. Results: Over a seven-year period, 34 TRs were reported, yielding an overall incidence of 1.12‰ (95% CI: 0.79–1.55‰; 34/30,265). The reaction rate was 0.84‰ (95% CI: 0.45–1.42‰; 12/14,329) for erythrocyte concentrates, 1.11‰ (95% CI: 0.58–1.92‰; 11/9948) for fresh plasma and 2.04‰ (95% CI: 1.07–3.55‰; 11/5384) for platelet concentrates. The per patient incidence of TRs was 8.81‰ (95% CI: 6.20–12.17‰; 34/3861). A total of 35.3% of TRs were associated with erythrocyte concentrate, 32.4% with fresh plasma and 32.4% with platelet concentrate. The types of TRs were as follows: mild allergic reaction (64.7%), febrile non-haemolytic transfusion reaction (17.6%), anaphylactic reaction (5.9%), transfusion-related dyspnoea (5.9%), acute haemolytic reaction (2.9%) and acute unspecified transfusion reaction (2.9%). No errors were identified in the pre-transfusion process in any of the patients. Conclusions: Allergic and febrile non-haemolytic TRs are among the most commonly observed transfusion reactions in paediatric patients. The analysis of these reactions can be enhanced through the implementation of haemovigilance systems. The implementation of robust haemovigilance systems is crucial for the enhancement of preventive and corrective measures. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Global Pediatric Health)

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12 pages, 1863 KB

Open AccessArticle

Towards the Development of an Optical Quantum Frequency Standard Feasible for a Medium-Size NMI

by Adriana Palos, Ismael Caballero, Daniel de Mercado, Yolanda Álvarez, David Peral and Javier Díaz de Aguilar

Metrology 2025, 5(4), 75; https://doi.org/10.3390/metrology5040075 (registering DOI) - 8 Dec 2025

Abstract

Centro Español de Metrología (CEM) is developing a quantum frequency standard based on trapped calcium ions, marking its entry into the landscape of the second quantum revolution. Optical frequency standards offer unprecedented precision by referencing atomic transitions that are fundamentally stable and immune [...] Read more.

Centro Español de Metrología (CEM) is developing a quantum frequency standard based on trapped calcium ions, marking its entry into the landscape of the second quantum revolution. Optical frequency standards offer unprecedented precision by referencing atomic transitions that are fundamentally stable and immune to environmental drift. However, the challenge of developing such a system from scratch is unaffordable for a medium-sized National Metrology Institute (NMI), which seems to limit the ability of an institute such as CEM to contribute to this field of research. To overcome this, CEM has adopted a hybrid strategy, combining commercially available components with custom integration to accelerate deployment. This paper defines and implements an architecture adapted to the constraints of a medium-size NMI, where the main contribution is the systematic design, selection, and interconnection of the subsystems required to realize this standard. The rationale behind the system design is presented, detailing the integration of key elements for ion trapping, laser stabilization, frequency measurement, and system control. Current progress, ongoing developments, and future research directions are outlined, establishing the foundation for spectroscopic measurements and uncertainty evaluation. The project represents a strategic step toward strengthening national capabilities in quantum metrology for a medium-sized NMI. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advancements in Optical Measurement Devices and Technologies)

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21 pages, 3252 KB

Open AccessArticle

A Machine Learning-Based Calibration Framework for Low-Cost PM_2.5 Sensors Integrating Meteorological Predictors

by Xuying Ma, Yuanyuan Fan, Yifan Wang, Xiaoqi Wang, Zelei Tan, Danyang Li, Jun Gao, Leshu Zhang, Yixin Xu, Xueyao Liu, Shuyan Cai, Yuxin Ma and Yongzhe Huang

Chemosensors 2025, 13(12), 425; https://doi.org/10.3390/chemosensors13120425 (registering DOI) - 8 Dec 2025

Abstract

Low-cost sensors (LCSs) have rapidly expanded in urban air quality monitoring but still suffer from limited data accuracy and vulnerability to environmental interference compared with regulatory monitoring stations. To improve their reliability, we proposed a machine learning (ML)-based framework for LCS correction that [...] Read more.

Low-cost sensors (LCSs) have rapidly expanded in urban air quality monitoring but still suffer from limited data accuracy and vulnerability to environmental interference compared with regulatory monitoring stations. To improve their reliability, we proposed a machine learning (ML)-based framework for LCS correction that integrates various meteorological factors at observation sites. Taking Tongshan District of Xuzhou City as an example, this study carried out continuous co-location data collection of hourly PM_2.5 measurements by placing our LCS (American Temtop M10+ series) close to a regular fixed monitoring station. A mathematical model was developed to regress the PM_2.5 deviations (PM_2.5 concentrations at the fixed station—PM_2.5 concentrations at the LCS) and the most important predictor variables. The data calibration was carried out based on six kinds of ML algorithms: random forest (RF), support vector regression (SVR), long short-term memory network (LSTM), decision tree regression (DTR), Gated Recurrent Unit (GRU), and Bidirectional LSTM (BiLSTM), and the final model was selected from them with the optimal performance. The performance of calibration was then evaluated by a testing dataset generated in a bootstrap fashion with ten time repetitions. The results show that RF achieved the best overall accuracy, with R² of 0.99 (training), 0.94 (validation), and 0.94 (testing), followed by DTR, BiLSTM, and GRU, which also showed strong predictive capabilities. In contrast, LSTM and SVR produced lower accuracy with larger errors under the limited data conditions. The results demonstrate that tree-based and advanced deep learning models can effectively capture the complex nonlinear relationships influencing LCS performance. The proposed framework exhibits high scalability and transferability, allowing its application to different LCS types and regions. This study advances the development of innovative techniques that enhance air quality assessment and support environmental research. Full article

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22 pages, 2256 KB

Open AccessArticle

Physiological Responder Profiles and Fatigue Dynamics in Prolonged Cycling

by Adrian Odriozola, Cristina Tirnauca, Francesc Corbi, Adriana González and Jesús Álvarez-Herms

J. Funct. Morphol. Kinesiol. 2025, 10(4), 472; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfmk10040472 (registering DOI) - 8 Dec 2025

Abstract

Objectives: To characterise multidomain physiological responses to a maximal cycling effort and identify consistent physiological responder profiles. A secondary objective was to compare professionals and amateurs and assess the practical value of these profiles for personalised monitoring and performance management. Methods: [...] Read more.

Objectives: To characterise multidomain physiological responses to a maximal cycling effort and identify consistent physiological responder profiles. A secondary objective was to compare professionals and amateurs and assess the practical value of these profiles for personalised monitoring and performance management. Methods: This observational study included 22 trained male cyclists (10 professionals, 12 competitive amateurs; age 27.6 ± 6.4 years; height 177.3 ± 5.5 cm; weight 65.5 ± 4.1 kg). Participants performed a maximal 20-min functional threshold power (FTP) test and complementary assessments (Bosco jump tests, blood pressure, heart rate, lactate, glycaemia, creatine kinase, albuminuria) across three time points (baseline, immediately post-FTP, and 24 h post-FTP). Statistical analyses included t-tests, ANOVA, and Spearman correlations, for recovery dynamics, with significance set at p < 0.05. Results: Professionals exhibited significantly higher FTP (5.5 ± 0.3 vs. 4.3 ± 0.4 W/kg, p < 0.001), greater post-exercise lactate (13.8 ± 1.6 vs. 11.2 ± 1.4 mmol/L, p < 0.01) and higher CK 24-h responses (412 ± 86 vs. 291 ± 74 U/L, p < 0.05). Cardiovascular and metabolic recovery slopes were faster in professionals (p < 0.05). Despite lower baseline jump values, professionals showed reduced neuromuscular fatigue (SJ post/pre = 0.94 ± 0.04 vs. 0.88 ± 0.05, p < 0.05). FTP correlated strongly with 5-min all-out power (r = 0.76, p < 0.01) and Wingate mean power (r = 0.75, p < 0.01). Eight responder profiles emerged across four physiological domains, with professionals predominantly showing multi-domain adaptation patterns. Although additional variables, such as elevated albuminuria and altered Elasticity Index (EI), provide insight into renal and neuromechanical stress responses, they were excluded from the final profiling due to limited practical interpretability. Conclusions: Fatigue and recovery in prolonged cycling show substantial interindividual variability across neuromuscular, metabolic, cardiovascular, and biochemical domains. Professional cyclists display faster recovery and more frequent multidomain responder profiles. The four-variable model (FTP, lactate, CK, SJ post/pre) enables clear identification of physiological responder types and offers a practical, integrative framework for personalised monitoring and performance management. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Applied Sport Physiology and Performance—4th Edition)

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9 pages, 203 KB

Open AccessArticle

Multifaceted Assessment of Quality of Life in Hospitalized Adolescents Aged 11–18 with Cardiological Problems

by Agnieszka Pluta, Alicja Marzec, Monika Chojnowska and Mariola Głowacka

Children 2025, 12(12), 1661; https://doi.org/10.3390/children12121661 (registering DOI) - 8 Dec 2025

Abstract

Background: Cardiological conditions in adolescents can impair health-related quality of life (HRQoL), influencing physical, emotional, and social functioning. Identifying sociodemographic and psychosocial determinants is essential for targeted multidisciplinary interventions involving pediatric cardiologists, nurses, and psychologists. This study assessed HRQoL in hospitalized adolescents with [...] Read more.

Background: Cardiological conditions in adolescents can impair health-related quality of life (HRQoL), influencing physical, emotional, and social functioning. Identifying sociodemographic and psychosocial determinants is essential for targeted multidisciplinary interventions involving pediatric cardiologists, nurses, and psychologists. This study assessed HRQoL in hospitalized adolescents with cardiologic problems. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among 100 adolescents aged 11–18 years hospitalized in a pediatric cardiology ward in Poland (June–December 2022). HRQoL was measured using the validated Polish version of the KIDSCREEN-52 questionnaire. Data on demographics, family and financial situation, and pain were collected. Non-parametric tests and Spearman’s correlations were applied; p < 0.05 was considered significant. Results: The highest HRQoL scores were observed in Social Acceptance (mean 86.3 ± 17.9), while the lowest scores were found in School Environment (49.2 ± 21.4). Boys had significantly higher Physical Well-being and Self-perception scores than girls (p = 0.019, p = 0.031). Older age correlated negatively with Moods and Emotions (r = −0.216, p = 0.031) and Peer Relationships (r = −0.300, p = 0.002). Rural residence was associated with stronger family relationships (p = 0.025). A better financial status correlated with higher family relationship and financial resource scores. Pain was linked to poorer physical and emotional well-being. Conclusions: The health-related quality of life (HRQoL) of adolescents hospitalized for cardiac conditions is mainly affected by socio-demographic factors, such as gender, age, place of residence, perceived socioeconomic status, and experiences of pain and discomfort. Girls, older adolescents, urban residents, and those reporting poorer socioeconomic conditions and pain had lower HRQoL scores in specific areas. Conversely, family structure and the presence of chronic diseases did not significantly influence HRQoL outcomes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Pediatric Cardiology)

9 pages, 813 KB

Open AccessOpinion

Thromboelastography to Support Clinical Decision Making in Patients with Peripheral Artery Disease

by Anahita Dua, Isabella Cieri, Adriana Rodriguez, Shiv Patel, Dawn Barberi, Joao D. Dias and Jan Hartmann

Diagnostics 2025, 15(24), 3113; https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics15243113 (registering DOI) - 8 Dec 2025

Abstract

Peripheral artery disease (PAD) leads to reduced blood flow, primarily affecting the vessels of lower extremities. Symptoms include pain, cramping and reduced functional capacity, and patients are also at increased risk of cardiovascular complications and mortality. Postoperative medical management in PAD patients includes [...] Read more.

Peripheral artery disease (PAD) leads to reduced blood flow, primarily affecting the vessels of lower extremities. Symptoms include pain, cramping and reduced functional capacity, and patients are also at increased risk of cardiovascular complications and mortality. Postoperative medical management in PAD patients includes the use of antiplatelet and antithrombotic medications, which help to prevent postoperative graft and stent thrombosis and associated adverse effects. Despite extensive research, there is little consensus on the best strategy or medication regimen for patients with PAD or on monitoring strategies for the antithrombotic therapies. Thromboelastography, with the adjunct of platelet function assessment, is well established for providing real-time assessment of coagulation and platelet function in patients undergoing cardiovascular surgery or cardiovascular procedures. TEG^® PlateletMapping^® assays can assess hypercoagulable changes in pre- and post-intervention in cardiovascular patients, including in patients with PAD and help physicians guide antithrombotic treatments after revascularization. The use of thromboelastography with platelet function analysis provides an opportunity to tailor antithrombotic therapy and personalize care in patients with PAD, which could be integral to improving limb salvage and preventing adverse events in these patients. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Clinical Diagnosis and Prognosis)

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10 pages, 4908 KB

Open AccessCase Report

Embryo Sign on Abdominal CT as the Footprint of Cecal Volvulus: Improved Practice Through Lessons Learned from a Case Report

by Antonio Pierro, Alessandro Posa, Paolo Mirco, Dario Di Maio, Antonio Vallo, Marcello Lippi, Roberto Cristino, Pierluigi Barbieri, Pierpaolo Oriente, Antonio Totaro and Roberto Iezzi

Life 2025, 15(12), 1873; https://doi.org/10.3390/life15121873 (registering DOI) - 8 Dec 2025

Abstract

Cecal volvulus is a rare cause of acute abdominal pain, resulting from torsion of the cecum and ascending colon due to abnormal mobility caused by inadequate peritoneal fixation. Clinical presentation is often vague and nonspecific, which can delay diagnosis and treatment. Computed tomography [...] Read more.

Cecal volvulus is a rare cause of acute abdominal pain, resulting from torsion of the cecum and ascending colon due to abnormal mobility caused by inadequate peritoneal fixation. Clinical presentation is often vague and nonspecific, which can delay diagnosis and treatment. Computed tomography (CT) is the imaging modality of choice, as it not only confirms the presence and location of the volvulus but also identifies serious complications such as ischemia or perforation. Abdominal radiographs may be inconclusive, especially when the twisted bowel loop is fluid-filled, aligned antero-posteriorly, or obscured by adjacent gas-filled loops. We present the case of a 65-year-old woman who arrived at the emergency department with sudden-onset abdominal pain. Abdominal CT revealed classic signs of cecal volvulus, including the rarely reported ‘embryo sign,’ which proved crucial for swift diagnosis and intervention. Recognizing both common and less common CT features, such as the embryo sign, is paramount for rapid diagnosis and appropriate management in emergency situations. Familiarity with the full radiologic spectrum of this condition can significantly improve patient outcomes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Radiobiology and Nuclear Medicine)

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18 pages, 1643 KB

Open AccessArticle

Techno-Economic Study of Carbon Price Impact on Coal-to-Liquid Technology Coupling CCS in China

by Bing Han, Li Zhou and Maosheng Duan

Processes 2025, 13(12), 3960; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr13123960 (registering DOI) - 8 Dec 2025

Abstract

To address petroleum security concerns and improve its energy structure, China continues to expand its utilization of coal-to-liquid (CTL) technology. While integrating carbon capture and storage (CCS) is essential to reduce the CO₂ emissions from CTL, the high CO₂ abatement cost [...] Read more.

To address petroleum security concerns and improve its energy structure, China continues to expand its utilization of coal-to-liquid (CTL) technology. While integrating carbon capture and storage (CCS) is essential to reduce the CO₂ emissions from CTL, the high CO₂ abatement cost remains one major barrier to its large-scale implementation. Carbon pricing could improve the cost-effectiveness and competitiveness of CTL-CCS. The impacts of the upstream carbon tax and the downstream carbon price are discussed, considering two indirect coal liquefaction routes: a once-through synthesis process with electricity generation from unreacted syngas and a process with recycling unreacted syngas. The financial performance, with or without CCS, was evaluated using process simulation in Aspen Plus 11.1 and a cost estimation model. First, the product cost of recycling synthesis is consistently lower than of once-through synthesis, indicating better economic efficiency. Second, adopting CCS without a carbon price significantly undermines economic performance. To keep the product cost increase below 10%, the upstream carbon tax and the downstream carbon price should be less than 100 and 120 RMB/tCO₂, respectively. Third, the upstream carbon tax can quickly increase product costs and reduces NPV and IRR, but fails to incentivize actual emissions reduction. Fourth, the downstream carbon price can effectively drive actual emissions reduction, particularly at a higher carbon price. Finally, without a sufficiently high carbon price, enterprises lack necessary incentive to implement CCS. When the carbon price reaches 196 RMB/tCO₂ (approximately 30 USD/tCO₂), CCS becomes a cost-effective option for the CTL process. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Carbon Capture Science and Technology (CCST), 2nd Edition)

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20 pages, 7066 KB

Open AccessArticle

Mapping Endangered Plant Distributions, Species Richness, and Climate Refugia Under SSP Climate Scenarios in South Korea

by Jae-Ho Lee, Eun-Seo Lee, Jae-Seok Lee and Chang-Wan Seo

Plants 2025, 14(24), 3735; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14243735 (registering DOI) - 8 Dec 2025

Abstract

Climate change significantly threatens the survival and distribution of endangered plants. This study quantified current and future patterns of habitat suitability and species richness for legally protected vascular plants in South Korea under two SSP climate scenarios. We modeled the distributions of 69 [...] Read more.

Climate change significantly threatens the survival and distribution of endangered plants. This study quantified current and future patterns of habitat suitability and species richness for legally protected vascular plants in South Korea under two SSP climate scenarios. We modeled the distributions of 69 species designated as Class I or Class II endangered wild plants and evaluated in the Korean National Red List using IUCN criteria. Random Forest (RF) species distribution models were fitted with environmental predictors derived from 1 km² national climate data for a 2010 baseline and SSP2-4.5 and SSP5-8.5 projections for the 2030s–2090s. Cross-validation indicated high model performance (mean AUC = 0.913; TSS = 0.818; Kappa = 0.605), and 61 species (88.4%) achieved an AUC ≥ 0.80. Current richness ranges from 0–40 species per municipality and peaks along the Baekdudaegan mountain range and on Jeju Island, whereas many lowland agricultural basins support few or no endangered plants. Under future climates, richness classes shift systematically: municipalities in low-richness classes expand, while high-richness classes contract, with stronger losses in southern lowlands and relative retention in northern and high-elevation areas, especially under SSP5-8.5. The resulting municipality- and national-park-level richness maps provide a quantitative basis for identifying potential climate refugia and prioritizing vulnerable regions and species. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Plant Modeling)

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23 pages, 4545 KB

Open AccessArticle

Waste-Derived Composite Selection for Sustainable Automotive Brake Friction Materials Using Novel MEREC-RAM Decision Framework

by Raj Kumar, Lalit Ranakoti, Akashdeep Negi, Yang Song, Gusztáv Fekete and Tej Singh

Lubricants 2025, 13(12), 533; https://doi.org/10.3390/lubricants13120533 (registering DOI) - 8 Dec 2025

Abstract

This study aims to identify the most suitable slag waste-filled polymer composite for automotive braking applications. It employs a hybrid multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) model that integrates the “method based on the removal effects of criteria” (MEREC) and the “root assessment method” (RAM) method. [...] Read more.

This study aims to identify the most suitable slag waste-filled polymer composite for automotive braking applications. It employs a hybrid multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) model that integrates the “method based on the removal effects of criteria” (MEREC) and the “root assessment method” (RAM) method. Eight slag waste-filled polymer composites, evaluated using seven performance-defining criteria, were considered in the MCDM analysis. The performance evaluation criteria included the friction coefficient, wear, friction fluctuations, friction stability, fade-recovery aspects, and rise in disk temperature. The criteria were weighted through the MEREC approach, which identified fade% (0.2890) and wear (0.2829) as the most important attributes in the assessment. The RAM was employed to rank the alternatives and suggested that the composite alternative with 60 wt.% slag waste and 5 wt.% coir fiber proved to be the best composition for automotive braking applications. The results were validated using nine MCDM models and Spearman correlation coefficients, which showed that the ranking of alternatives was consistent and stable even when the normalization steps of MEREC were swapped. Statistical validation demonstrated a strong predictive accuracy (p < 0.05) with a strong correlation coefficient (>0.8) alongside a minimal mean absolute error. Furthermore, sensitivity analysis was performed by examining several weight situations to determine whether the priority weights influenced the ranking of the composite alternatives. The findings from both the correlation and sensitivity analyses confirm the proposed hybrid MEREC-RAM model’s consistency and effectiveness. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Tribology of Friction Brakes)

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21 pages, 2261 KB

Open AccessCase Report

Bone Marrow Edema and Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors Treatment in Chronic Myeloid Leukemia

by Sabina Russo, Manlio Fazio, Giuseppe Mirabile, Raffaele Sciaccotta, Fabio Stagno and Alessandro Allegra

Diagnostics 2025, 15(24), 3112; https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics15243112 (registering DOI) - 8 Dec 2025

Abstract

Background and Clinical Significance: Tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) have transformed Philadelphia chromosome-positive chronic myeloid leukemia (Ph+ CML) into a largely manageable chronic disease. However, off-target toxicities are increasingly recognized; rarer complications such as bone marrow edema (BME) remain underreported. BME is a [...] Read more.

Background and Clinical Significance: Tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) have transformed Philadelphia chromosome-positive chronic myeloid leukemia (Ph+ CML) into a largely manageable chronic disease. However, off-target toxicities are increasingly recognized; rarer complications such as bone marrow edema (BME) remain underreported. BME is a radiological syndrome characterized by excess intramedullary fluid on fat-suppressed T2/STIR magnetic resonance imaging sequences and may progress to irreversible osteochondral damage if unrecognized. We report a case series of TKI-associated BME and propose a practical diagnostic-therapeutic framework. Case Presentation: We describe three patients with Ph+ CML who developed acute, MRI-confirmed BME of the lower limb during TKI therapy. Case 1 developed unilateral then bilateral knee BME, temporally associated first with dasatinib and subsequently with imatinib; symptoms improved after TKI interruption, bisphosphonate therapy, and supportive measures, and did not recur after switching to bosutinib. Case 2 presented with proximal femoral BME during long-term imatinib; imatinib was stopped, intravenous neridronate administered, and bosutinib initiated with clinical recovery and later near-complete radiological resolution. Case 3 experienced multifocal foot and ankle BME during imatinib; symptoms resolved after drug discontinuation and bisphosphonate therapy, and disease control was re-established with bosutinib without recurrence of BME. All patients underwent molecular monitoring and mutational analysis to guide safe therapeutic switching. Discussion: Temporal association across cases and the differential kinase profiles of implicated drugs suggest PDGFR (and to a lesser extent, c-KIT) inhibition as a plausible mechanistic driver of TKI-associated BME. PDGFR-β blockade may impair pericyte-mediated microvascular integrity, increase interstitial fluid extravasation, and alter osteoblast/osteoclast coupling, promoting intramedullary edema. Management combining MRI confirmation, temporary TKI suspension, bone-directed therapy (bisphosphonates, vitamin D/calcium), symptomatic care, and, when required, therapeutic switching to a PDGFR-sparing agent (bosutinib) led to clinical recovery and preservation of leukemia control in our series. Conclusions: BME is an underrecognized, potentially disabling, TKI-related adverse event in CML. Prompt recognition with targeted MRI and a multidisciplinary, stepwise approach that includes temporary TKI adjustment, bone-directed therapy, and consideration of PDGFR-sparing alternatives can mitigate morbidity while maintaining disease control. Prospective studies are needed to define incidence, risk factors, optimal prevention, and management strategies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Hematologic Tumors of the Bone: From Diagnosis to Prognosis)

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21 pages, 6758 KB

Open AccessReview

Advancements in Basalt Fiber-Reinforced Composites: A Critical Review

by Jiadong Li, Lin Lan, Yanliang Zhang, Baofeng Pan, Wei Shi, Zhanyu Gu, Yulong Zhang, Yongbo Yan, Jia Wang, Jianwei Zhou, Rongxiang Wang and Can Wang

Coatings 2025, 15(12), 1441; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings15121441 (registering DOI) - 8 Dec 2025

Abstract

Recent comprehensive research (2023–2024) on basalt fiber-reinforced composites (BFRCs) has meticulously documented significant progress across diverse applications, including protective coatings, high-performance concrete, reinforcement bars, and advanced laminates. The central theme of these developments revolves around innovative composite design strategies that strategically incorporate basalt [...] Read more.

Recent comprehensive research (2023–2024) on basalt fiber-reinforced composites (BFRCs) has meticulously documented significant progress across diverse applications, including protective coatings, high-performance concrete, reinforcement bars, and advanced laminates. The central theme of these developments revolves around innovative composite design strategies that strategically incorporate basalt fibers to markedly enhance mechanical properties, durability, and protective capabilities against environmental challenges. Key advancements in synthesis methodologies highlight that the integration of BFs substantially improves abrasion and corrosion resistance, effectively inhibits crack propagation through superior fiber-matrix bonding, and confers exceptional thermal stability, with composites maintaining structural integrity at temperatures of 600–700 °C and demonstrating short-term resistance exceeding 900 °C. The underlying mechanisms for this enhanced performance are attributed to both chemical modifications—such as the application of silane-based coupling agents which improve interfacial adhesion—and physical–mechanical interlocking between the fibers and the matrix. These interactions facilitate efficient stress transfer, leading to a breakthrough in the overall multifunctional performance of the composites. Despite these promising results, the field continues to grapple with challenges, particularly concerning the long-term durability under sustained loads and harsh environments, and a notable lack of standardized global testing protocols hinders direct comparison and widespread certification. This review distinguishes itself by offering a critical synthesis of the latest findings, underscoring the immense application potential of BFRCs in critical sectors such as civil engineering for seismic retrofitting and structural strengthening, the automotive industry for lightweight yet robust components, and advanced passive fireproofing systems. Furthermore, it emphasizes the growing, innovative role of simulation techniques like finite element analysis (FEA) in predicting and optimizing the performance and design of these composites, thereby providing a robust scientific foundation for developing the next generation of high-performance, sustainable structural components. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Inorganic Spherical, Fibrous, and Platelet Fillers in Coatings: Advances in Fabrication, Applications, and Innovations)

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16 pages, 275 KB

Open AccessReview

The Intraoperative Utility of Raman Spectroscopy for Neurosurgical Oncology

by Jia-Shu Chen, Jun Yeop Oh, Todd C. Hollon, Shawn L. Hervey-Jumper, Jacob S. Young and Mitchel S. Berger

Cancers 2025, 17(24), 3920; https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers17243920 (registering DOI) - 8 Dec 2025

Abstract

Maximal safe surgical resection is a foundational principle in brain tumor surgery. To date, many intraoperative modalities have been developed to help facilitate the identification of brain tumor versus normal brain tissue so that surgical resection is maximized but limited to the boundaries [...] Read more.

Maximal safe surgical resection is a foundational principle in brain tumor surgery. To date, many intraoperative modalities have been developed to help facilitate the identification of brain tumor versus normal brain tissue so that surgical resection is maximized but limited to the boundaries of the tumor for preservation of neurological function. Of note, Raman spectroscopy has been adapted into one of these modalities because of its ability to provide rapid, non-destructive, label-free intraoperative evaluation of tumor borders and molecular classifications and help guide surgical decision-making in real time. In this review, we performed a literature review of the landmark studies incorporating Raman spectroscopy into neurosurgical care to highlight its current applications and limitations. In this modern day, Raman spectroscopy is able to detect tumor cells intraoperatively for primary glial neoplasms, meningiomas, and brain metastases with greater than 90% accuracy. For glioma surgery, a major recent advancement is the ability to detect different mutations intraoperatively, specifically IDH, 1p19q co-deletion, and ATRX, given their implications on survival and how much extent of resection should be ideally achieved. With recent advancements in artificial intelligence and their integration into stimulated Raman histology, many of these tasks can be completed in as fast as ~10 s and on average 2–3 min. Despite the incorporation of artificial intelligence, spectral data can still be heavily influenced by background noise, and its preprocessing has significant variability across platforms, which can impact the accuracy of results. Overall, Raman spectroscopy has significantly changed the intraoperative workflow of brain tumor surgery, and this review highlights the capabilities that neurosurgeons can currently take advantage of in their practice, the existing data to support it, and the areas that researchers can further optimize to improve accuracy and patient outcomes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Modern Neurosurgical Management of Gliomas)

40 pages, 3752 KB

Open AccessReview

Evaluating Fuel Properties of SAF Blends: From Component-Based Estimation to Molecular Dynamics

by Fozia Batool, Vladislav Vasilyev, James Wang and Feng Wang

Energies 2025, 18(24), 6401; https://doi.org/10.3390/en18246401 (registering DOI) - 8 Dec 2025

Abstract

The transition to sustainable aviation fuel (SAF) is critical for reducing the carbon footprint of the aviation sector while ensuring compatibility with current engines and infrastructure. Regulatory constraints, such as ASTM D7566, currently limit SAF blending to 50% in commercial flights, emphasizing the [...] Read more.

The transition to sustainable aviation fuel (SAF) is critical for reducing the carbon footprint of the aviation sector while ensuring compatibility with current engines and infrastructure. Regulatory constraints, such as ASTM D7566, currently limit SAF blending to 50% in commercial flights, emphasizing the need for accurate evaluation of SAF properties to enable broader adoption. This review presents an updated overview of fuel studies evaluating key thermophysical and transport properties of hydrocarbon-based SAFs—including density, viscosity, specific energy, flash point, and thermal stability—with particular emphasis on molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. Among the MD simulations, the OPLS-AA force field demonstrates high accuracy in modeling liquid-phase hydrocarbons and shows strong agreement with experimental data. Coupled with MD engines like LAMMPS and GROMACS, it enables scalable and efficient simulations of SAF blends. Emerging research trends highlight integrative approaches that combine classical MD and machine learning (ML) in fuel property prediction, and force-field optimization to improve predictive capability. Future research in fuel is moving toward multi-force-field coupling using reactive frameworks such as ReaxFF for studying pyrolysis and oxidation, and data-driven experiments with in situ simulation feedback loops to accelerate SAF design and facilitate wider implementation in aviation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section I1: Fuel)

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22 pages, 3204 KB

Open AccessReview

Mapping the Sustainability-Resilience Nexus: A Scientometric Analysis of Global Supply Chain Risk Management

by Xiangcheng Meng, Ka-Po Wong, Chao Zhang and Tingxin Qin

Eng 2025, 6(12), 357; https://doi.org/10.3390/eng6120357 (registering DOI) - 8 Dec 2025

Abstract

Global supply chains face unprecedented complexity as organizations must simultaneously achieve sustainability objectives and operational resilience amid evolving risk landscapes. Despite extensive research, the absence of systematic knowledge synthesis has limited understanding of how these dual imperatives intersect. This study conducts the first [...] Read more.

Global supply chains face unprecedented complexity as organizations must simultaneously achieve sustainability objectives and operational resilience amid evolving risk landscapes. Despite extensive research, the absence of systematic knowledge synthesis has limited understanding of how these dual imperatives intersect. This study conducts the first comprehensive scientometric analysis of global supply chain risk management research, examining 1228 peer-reviewed articles from major databases published from 2016 to June 2025. The study employed co-occurrence analysis, temporal burst detection, and network visualization to map the intellectual structure and evolutionary dynamics of this field. Our study reveals four distinct research clusters: risk factor identification (traditional and unconventional threats), environmental and social sustainability integration, technology-driven challenges, and innovative risk management methodologies. Temporal analysis demonstrates significant research acceleration post-2020, driven by pandemic disruptions, with emerging focus on cyberattacks, geopolitical conflicts, and ESG compliance challenges. The findings reveal critical gaps at the sustainability-resilience intersection, particularly paradoxical tensions where short-term resilience measures may compromise long-term sustainability goals. We propose four priority research directions: digital transformation frameworks balancing sustainability-resilience trade-offs, ESG-integrated early warning systems, adaptive governance mechanisms for unconventional risks, and policy frameworks addressing regulatory complexity. This systematic knowledge mapping provides theoretical foundations for future research and practical guidance for supply chain managers navigating dual sustainability-resilience objectives in an uncertain global environment. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Supply Chain Engineering)

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