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16 pages, 1925 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Harmonic Resonance Mechanisms and Influencing Factors of Distributed Energy Grid-Connected Systems

by Minrui Xu, Zhixin Li, Shufeng Lu, Tianyang Xu, Zhanqi Zhang and Xiangjun Quan

World Electr. Veh. J. 2024, 15(7), 287; https://doi.org/10.3390/wevj15070287 - 26 Jun 2024

With the rapid development of global energy transformation and new power system, ensuring the stability of distributed energy grid connections is the key to maintaining the reliable operation of the whole power system. This paper constructs detailed impedance models of grid-following (GFL) and [...] Read more.

With the rapid development of global energy transformation and new power system, ensuring the stability of distributed energy grid connections is the key to maintaining the reliable operation of the whole power system. This paper constructs detailed impedance models of grid-following (GFL) and grid-forming (GFM) inverters using a harmonic linearization method and thoroughly investigates the mechanisms of resonance when inverters are connected to the grid, as well as the impact of model parameters on the stability of the grid system. This paper also briefly analyzes the scenario where distributed energy and electric vehicles are integrated into the grid simultaneously, demonstrating that grid system stability can be ensured in complex grid situations through reasonable parameter design. Lastly, the accuracy of the proposed impedance models and analysis is verified through MATLAB/Simulink simulations. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Active Voltage and Frequency Support Control by the EV, New Energy and Energy Storages)

31 pages, 1778 KiB

Open AccessReview

A Comprehensive Review on Smart Electromobility Charging Infrastructure

by Idowu Adetona Ayoade and Omowunmi Mary Longe

World Electr. Veh. J. 2024, 15(7), 286; https://doi.org/10.3390/wevj15070286 - 26 Jun 2024

Abstract

This study thoroughly analyses Smart Electromobility Charging Infrastructure (SECI), exploring its multifaceted dimensions and advancements. Delving into the intricate landscape of SECI, the study critically evaluates existing technologies, integration methodologies, and emerging trends. Through a systematic examination of literature and empirical studies, the [...] Read more.

This study thoroughly analyses Smart Electromobility Charging Infrastructure (SECI), exploring its multifaceted dimensions and advancements. Delving into the intricate landscape of SECI, the study critically evaluates existing technologies, integration methodologies, and emerging trends. Through a systematic examination of literature and empirical studies, the article elucidates the evolving ecosystem of smart charging solutions, considering aspects including advancements in charging protocols. Additionally, the review highlights challenges and prospects in the SECI domain, providing insightful information for scholars, practitioners, and policymakers involved in the dynamic field of electromobility. Technical potentials, including functionalities and integration with the smart grid, have been thoroughly reviewed. An analysis is conducted on the effects of intelligent charging on power distribution systems and strategies to lessen these effects. This study also examines the development of intelligent charging algorithms, optimisation methods, and security analysis. This paper, therefore, contributes to fostering a more thorough comprehension of the current state and future trajectories of Smart Electromobility Charging Infrastructure. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Smart Charging Strategies for Plug-In Electric Vehicles)

10 pages, 393 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Assessing Additive Interactions between Protective Factors Using Relative Risk Reduction Due to Interaction

by Andrea Nova, Teresa Fazia and Luisa Bernardinelli

Medicina 2024, 60(7), 1053; https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina60071053 - 26 Jun 2024

Abstract

Background and Objectives: In the context of disease prevention, interaction on an additive scale is commonly assessed to determine synergistic effects between exposures. While the “Relative Excess Risk due to Interaction” represents the main measure of additive interaction between risk factors, in [...] Read more.

Background and Objectives: In the context of disease prevention, interaction on an additive scale is commonly assessed to determine synergistic effects between exposures. While the “Relative Excess Risk due to Interaction” represents the main measure of additive interaction between risk factors, in this study we aimed to extend this approach to assess additive interaction between factors known to prevent the event’s occurrence, such as medical interventions and drugs. Materials and Methods: We introduced and described the “Relative Risk Reduction due to Interaction” (RRRI) as a key measure to assess additive interactions between preventive factors, such as therapeutic interventions and drug combinations. For RRRI values closer to 1, the combination of exposures has a greater impact on reducing the event risk due to their interaction. As a purely illustrative example, we re-evaluated a previous investigation of the synergistic effect between statins and blood pressure-lowering drugs in preventing major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE). Moreover, simulation studies were used to empirically evaluate the performance of a robust Poisson regression model to estimate RRRI across different scenarios. Results: In our example, the drug combination revealed a positive additive interaction in further reducing MACE risk (RRRI > 0), even if not statistically significant. This result is more straightforward to interpret as compared to the original one based on the RERI. Additionally, our simulations highlighted the importance of large sample sizes for detecting significant interaction effects. Conclusion: We recommend RRRI as the main measure to be considered when exploring additive interaction effects between protective exposures, such as the investigation of synergistic effects between drug combinations or preventive treatments. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Epidemiological and Statistical Methods for Medical Research)

18 pages, 5960 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effect of Lattice Structure on Mechanical Properties of Ti-6Al-4V-Ta Alloy for Improved Antibacterial Properties

by Anel Zhumabekova, Malika Toleubekova, Tri Thanh Pham, Didier Talamona and Asma Perveen

J. Manuf. Mater. Process. 2024, 8(4), 133; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmmp8040133 - 26 Jun 2024

Abstract

This study investigates the effect of a tantalum addition and lattice structure design on the mechanical and antibacterial properties of Ti-6Al-4V alloys. TPMS lattice structures, such as Diamond, Gyroid, and Primitive, were generated by MSLattice 1.0 software and manufactured using laser powder bed [...] Read more.

This study investigates the effect of a tantalum addition and lattice structure design on the mechanical and antibacterial properties of Ti-6Al-4V alloys. TPMS lattice structures, such as Diamond, Gyroid, and Primitive, were generated by MSLattice 1.0 software and manufactured using laser powder bed fusion (LPBF). The results indicate that Gyroid and Primitive structures at a 40% density exhibit superior ultimate compressive strength, which closely emulates bone’s biomechanical properties. To be precise, adding 8% tantalum (Ta) significantly increases the material’s elastic modulus and energy absorption, enhancing the material’s suitability for dynamic load-bearing implants. Nevertheless, the Ta treatment reduces bacterial biofilm formation, especially on Gyroid surfaces, suggesting its potential for infection management. Overall, all findings provide critical insights into the development of advanced implant materials, contributing to the fields of additive manufacturing, materials science, and biomedical engineering and paving the way for improved patient outcomes in orthopedic applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Design, Processes and Materials for Additive Manufacturing)

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16 pages, 1759 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Evaluating the Combustion Performance of the Usual Timbers in Furniture Using a Grey Correlation Method Based on Thermolysis, Ignition, and Flame Spread

by Zhijin Yu, Jiani Song, Lan Xu and Hao Zhang

Fire 2024, 7(7), 218; https://doi.org/10.3390/fire7070218 - 26 Jun 2024

Abstract

Timber is the most widely used material for furniture in view of its characteristics of light mass, high strength, easy processing, coloring, and decorative appearance. However, the flammability of wood has been frequently associated with increased fire intensity and the rapid spread of [...] Read more.

Timber is the most widely used material for furniture in view of its characteristics of light mass, high strength, easy processing, coloring, and decorative appearance. However, the flammability of wood has been frequently associated with increased fire intensity and the rapid spread of fire in buildings. In this paper, the combustion performance of six kinds of common furniture timber was investigated based on thermogravimetric analysis at 25–500 °C, cone calorimetry with 50 kW/m² thermal radiation intensity, and flame spread experiments with 3 kW/m² thermal radiation intensity. The ignition, weight loss, thermogenesis, smoke, and flame spread characteristics of these timbers were obtained. Subsequently, a comprehensive index system including thermal stability, heat release ability, smoke production capacity, and flame spreading speed was constructed to evaluate the combustion performance of the selected timbers. In addition, a grey correlation method relying on the game theory to assign weight was proposed for the quantitative analysis of the relevant evaluation indexes. As a result, the combustion performance of the six kinds of timber, which was defined as a specific value from poor to good, was as follows: pine (0.8696) > Chinese fir (0.8568) > Oriented Strandboard (OSB) (0.8425) > density board (0.8122) > plywood (0.8087) > elm (0.7909). Timber with poor combustion performance contributes to the reduction in fire risk in buildings. Our suggestions are of great significance for selecting furniture timber from the perspective of the prevention and control of building fires. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fire Prevention and Control in Urban Infrastructure and Underground Space: 2nd Edition)

11 pages, 3526 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Identification of the Mechanism Resulting in Regions of Degraded Toughness in A508 Grade 4N Manufactured Using Powder Metallurgy–Hot Isostatic Pressing

by Colin D. Ridgeway, Terrance Nolan and Joeseph M. Pyle

J. Manuf. Mater. Process. 2024, 8(4), 132; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmmp8040132 - 26 Jun 2024

Abstract

Powder metallurgy–hot isostatic pressing (PM-HIP) is a form of advanced manufacturing that offers the ability to produce near-net shape components that are otherwise not achievable via conventional forging or wrought manufacturing. Accessing the design space of PM-HIP is dependent upon the ability to [...] Read more.

Powder metallurgy–hot isostatic pressing (PM-HIP) is a form of advanced manufacturing that offers the ability to produce near-net shape components that are otherwise not achievable via conventional forging or wrought manufacturing. Accessing the design space of PM-HIP is dependent upon the ability to achieve uniform or known properties in finalized components, which has resulted in a number of programs aimed at identifying properties achievable via PM-HIP manufacturing. One result of these programs has been the consistent observation of a variation in toughness observed for the low-alloy steel ASTM A508 Grades 3 and 4N. While observed, the degree of variability and the mechanism resulting in the variability have not yet been fully defined. Thus, a systematic approach to evaluate the variation observed in impact toughness in PM-HIP ASTM A508 Grade 4N was proposed to elucidate the responsible metallurgical mechanism. Four unique billets manufactured from two heats of powder with different particle size distributions (PSDs) were fabricated and tested for impact toughness and tensile properties. The degradation in impact toughness was confirmed to be location-specific where the near-can region of all billets had reduced impact toughness relative to the interior of each billet. The mechanism driving the location-specific property development was identified to be mobile oxygen that follows the thermal gradient that develops during the HIP cycle and leads to a redistribution of mobile oxygen where oxygen is concentrated ~1” inboard of the original canister/billet interface. Redistributed oxygen then forms stable oxides along coincident prior particle and prior austenite grain boundaries, effectively reducing the impact toughness. With the mechanism now addressed, necessary actions can be taken to mitigate the effect of the oxygen redistribution, allowing for use in PM-HIP A508 Grade 4N in commercial industry. Full article

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30 pages, 5383 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Path Planning for Unmanned Aerial Vehicles in Complex Environments

by César Gómez Arnaldo, María Zamarreño Suárez, Francisco Pérez Moreno and Raquel Delgado-Aguilera Jurado

Drones 2024, 8(7), 288; https://doi.org/10.3390/drones8070288 - 26 Jun 2024

Abstract

This paper introduces a comprehensive framework for generating obstacle-free flight paths for unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) in intricate 3D environments. The system leverages the Rapidly Exploring Random Tree (RRT) algorithm to design trajectories that effectively avoid collisions with structures of diverse shapes and [...] Read more.

This paper introduces a comprehensive framework for generating obstacle-free flight paths for unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) in intricate 3D environments. The system leverages the Rapidly Exploring Random Tree (RRT) algorithm to design trajectories that effectively avoid collisions with structures of diverse shapes and sizes. Discussion revolves around the challenges encountered during development and the successful achievement of generating collision-free routes. While the system represents an initial iteration, it serves as a foundation for future projects aiming to refine and expand upon its capabilities. Future work includes simulation testing and integration into UAV missions for image acquisition and structure scanning. Additionally, considerations for swarm deployment and 3D reconstruction using various sensor combinations are outlined. This research contributes to the advancement of autonomous UAV navigation in real-world scenarios. Full article

58 pages, 2429 KiB

Open AccessReview

From Nature to Technology: Exploring the Potential of Plant-Based Materials and Modified Plants in Biomimetics, Bionics, and Green Innovations

by Marcela-Elisabeta Barbinta-Patrascu, Bogdan Bita and Irina Negut

Biomimetics 2024, 9(7), 390; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomimetics9070390 - 26 Jun 2024

Abstract

This review explores the extensive applications of plants in areas of biomimetics and bioinspiration, highlighting their role in developing sustainable solutions across various fields such as medicine, materials science, and environmental technology. Plants not only serve essential ecological functions but also provide a [...] Read more.

This review explores the extensive applications of plants in areas of biomimetics and bioinspiration, highlighting their role in developing sustainable solutions across various fields such as medicine, materials science, and environmental technology. Plants not only serve essential ecological functions but also provide a rich source of inspiration for innovations in green nanotechnology, biomedicine, and architecture. In the past decade, the focus has shifted towards utilizing plant-based and vegetal waste materials in creating eco-friendly and cost-effective materials with remarkable properties. These materials are employed in making advancements in drug delivery, environmental remediation, and the production of renewable energy. Specifically, the review discusses the use of (nano)bionic plants capable of detecting explosives and environmental contaminants, underscoring their potential in improving quality of life and even in lifesaving applications. The work also refers to the architectural inspirations drawn from the plant world to develop novel design concepts that are both functional and aesthetic. It elaborates on how engineered plants and vegetal waste have been transformed into value-added materials through innovative applications, especially highlighting their roles in wastewater treatment and as electronic components. Moreover, the integration of plants in the synthesis of biocompatible materials for medical applications such as tissue engineering scaffolds and artificial muscles demonstrates their versatility and capacity to replace more traditional synthetic materials, aligning with global sustainability goals. This paper provides a comprehensive overview of the current and potential uses of living plants in technological advancements, advocating for a deeper exploration of vegetal materials to address pressing environmental and technological challenges. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Learning from Nature—2nd Edition: Bionics in Design Practice)

19 pages, 1590 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Correlation between Microorganisms and Volatile Compounds during Spontaneous Fermentation of Sour Bamboo Shoots

by Xinyuan Zhang, Qiong Wang, Yuanhong Xie, Hongxing Zhang, Junhua Jin, Yong Xiong, Xiaona Pang and Frank Vriesekoop

Fermentation 2024, 10(7), 333; https://doi.org/10.3390/fermentation10070333 - 26 Jun 2024

Abstract

Chinese sour bamboo shoot is a traditionally, spontaneous fermented food that is particularly popular due to its complex and distinctive flavor. The volatile compounds of sour bamboo shoot originate mainly from the raw materials and the microbial fermentation. To reveal the correlation between [...] Read more.

Chinese sour bamboo shoot is a traditionally, spontaneous fermented food that is particularly popular due to its complex and distinctive flavor. The volatile compounds of sour bamboo shoot originate mainly from the raw materials and the microbial fermentation. To reveal the correlation between microorganisms and flavor, third-generation sequencing and Gas Chromatography-Ion Mobility Spectrometry were applied to analyze the dynamics of microbial communities at the species level and volatile compounds during sour bamboo shoot fermentation. The abundance of Lactobacillus acetotolerans and Lactobacillus fermentum increased during the fermentation, while Lactobacillus amyloliquefaciens decreased at first but then began to rise. At the end of fermentation, Lactobacillus amyloliquefaciens and Lactobacillus acetotolerans became the predominant species. A total of sixty-seven volatile compounds, which included twenty-three esters, nineteen alcohols, eight ketones, six aldehydes, six aromatic hydrocarbons, four acids and one ether, were identified. These compounds constituted the primary flavor of sour bamboo, which created a complex flavor of sour bamboo shoot. Among them, the contents of acetic acid, propionic acid, and isoamyl alcohol gradually increased during the fermentation process, and they became the main volatile compounds. Furthermore, the correlation between microorganisms and volatile compounds was investigated through two-way Orthogonal Partial Least Squares (O2PLS), which revealed a positive correlation between Lactobacillus amylolyticus and ethyl propanoate. Additionally, the abundance of Lactobacillus acetotolerans and Lactobacillus fermentum was found to be positively correlated with 2-heptenal. These findings provide a theoretical basis for understanding the formation mechanism of sour bamboo shoot flavor and the standardized production of high-quality sour bamboo shoots. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Fermentation for Food and Beverages)

21 pages, 1178 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Fabrication and Characterization of Porous PEGDA Hydrogels for Articular Cartilage Regeneration

by Silvia Gonella, Margarida F. Domingues, Filipe Miguel, Carla S. Moura, Carlos A. V. Rodrigues, Frederico Castelo Ferreira and João C. Silva

Gels 2024, 10(7), 422; https://doi.org/10.3390/gels10070422 - 26 Jun 2024

Abstract

Functional articular cartilage regeneration remains an unmet medical challenge, increasing the interest for innovative biomaterial-based tissue engineering (TE) strategies. Hydrogels, 3D macromolecular networks with hydrophilic groups, present articular cartilage-like features such as high water content and load-bearing capacity. In this study, 3D porous [...] Read more.

Functional articular cartilage regeneration remains an unmet medical challenge, increasing the interest for innovative biomaterial-based tissue engineering (TE) strategies. Hydrogels, 3D macromolecular networks with hydrophilic groups, present articular cartilage-like features such as high water content and load-bearing capacity. In this study, 3D porous polyethylene glycol diacrylate (PEGDA) hydrogels were fabricated combining the gas foaming technique and a UV-based crosslinking strategy. The 3D porous PEGDA hydrogels were characterized in terms of their physical, structural and mechanical properties. Our results showed that the size of the hydrogel pores can be modulated by varying the initiator concentration. In vitro cytotoxicity tests showed that 3D porous PEGDA hydrogels presented high biocompatibility both with human chondrocytes and osteoblast-like cells. Importantly, the 3D porous PEGDA hydrogels supported the viability and chondrogenic differentiation of human bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem/stromal cell (hBM-MSC)-based spheroids as demonstrated by the positive staining of typical cartilage extracellular matrix (ECM) (glycosaminoglycans (GAGs)) and upregulation of chondrogenesis marker genes. Overall, the produced 3D porous PEGDA hydrogels presented cartilage-like mechanical properties and supported MSC spheroid chondrogenesis, highlighting their potential as suitable scaffolds for cartilage TE or disease modelling strategies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Functional Gels Applied in Tissue Engineering)

22 pages, 597 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Entrepreneurial Intentions in the Absence of Banking Services: The Case of the Lebanese in Crises

by Jeanne Laure Mawad and Sibelle Freiha

J. Risk Financial Manag. 2024, 17(7), 264; https://doi.org/10.3390/jrfm17070264 - 26 Jun 2024

Abstract

This paper investigates the complex factors hindering entrepreneurial aspirations in Lebanon, focusing on the absence of a functional financial system and its impact on entrepreneurial intentions. Drawing on surveys conducted with 325 Lebanese participants across three generations, using ordinal regression, the research reveals [...] Read more.

This paper investigates the complex factors hindering entrepreneurial aspirations in Lebanon, focusing on the absence of a functional financial system and its impact on entrepreneurial intentions. Drawing on surveys conducted with 325 Lebanese participants across three generations, using ordinal regression, the research reveals crucial determinants of entrepreneurial intentions, emphasizing the roles of entrepreneurial attitude, the absence of banking sector services, optimism, risk propensity, and age. Positive attitudes and optimism correlate with stronger intentions; however, the weakened economic situation and lack of a functional financial system diminish this positive correlation. Demographic factors like gender and education do not significantly influence intentions. In addition, the study reveals differences in entrepreneurial intentions determinants across the three generations of X, Y, and Z. This study underscores the urgent need for financial system reforms in Lebanon to enhance stability while advocating for financial literacy programs and private sector initiatives to empower entrepreneurs and expand their businesses. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Business and Entrepreneurship)

17 pages, 940 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Pectin as a Biomaterial in Regenerative Endodontics—Assessing Biocompatibility and Antibacterial Efficacy against Common Endodontic Pathogens: An In Vitro Study

by Raghda Magdy Abdelgawad, Nailê Damé-Teixeira, Katarzyna Gurzawska-Comis, Arwa Alghamdi, Abeer H. Mahran, Rania Elbackly, Thuy Do and Reem El-Gendy

Bioengineering 2024, 11(7), 653; https://doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering11070653 - 26 Jun 2024

Abstract

Regenerative endodontics (REP) is a new clinical modality aiming to regenerate damaged soft and hard dental tissues, allowing for root completion in young adults’ teeth. Effective disinfection is crucial for REP success, but commonly used antimicrobials often harm the niche dental pulp stem [...] Read more.

Regenerative endodontics (REP) is a new clinical modality aiming to regenerate damaged soft and hard dental tissues, allowing for root completion in young adults’ teeth. Effective disinfection is crucial for REP success, but commonly used antimicrobials often harm the niche dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs). To our knowledge, this is the first study to explore the biocompatibility and antimicrobial potential of pectin as a potential natural intracanal medicament for REPs. Low methoxyl commercial citrus pectin (LM) (pectin CU701, Herbstreith&Fox.de) was used in all experiments. The pectin’s antibacterial activity against single species biofilms (E. faecalis and F. nucleatum) was assessed using growth curves. The pectin’s antimicrobial effect against mature dual-species biofilm was also evaluated using confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) after 30 min and 7 days of treatment. The DPSC biocompatibility with 2% and 4% w/v of the pectin coatings was evaluated using live/dead staining, LDH, and WST-1 assays. Pectin showed a concentration-dependent inhibitory effect against single-species biofilms (E. faecalis and F. nucleatum) but failed to disrupt dual-species biofilm. Pectin at 2% w/v concentration proved to be biocompatible with the HDPSCs. However, 4% w/v pectin reduced both the viability and proliferation of the DPSCs. Low concentration (2% w/v) pectin was biocompatible with the DPSCs and showed an antimicrobial effect against single-species biofilms. This suggests the potential for using pectin as an injectable hydrogel for clinical applications in regenerative endodontics. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Microbial Biopolymers: From Synthesis to Properties and Applications)

7 pages, 1556 KiB

Open AccessEditorial

The Collaborative Spark That Ignited the Field of Stromal Stem Cell Biology

by James T. Triffitt

Bioengineering 2024, 11(7), 652; https://doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering11070652 - 26 Jun 2024

Abstract

Russia has produced many scientists of great renown in a multitude of fields from chemistry, physics, astronautics, and mathematics to biology, pathology, and medicine [...] Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue A Tribute to Professor Alexander Friedenstein and His Outstanding Achievements in the Area of Stromal Stem Cells)

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17 pages, 958 KiB

Open AccessReview

Chromophore-Assisted Light Inactivation for Protein Degradation and Its Application in Biomedicine

by Lvjia Zhou, Jintong Na, Xiyu Liu and Pan Wu

Bioengineering 2024, 11(7), 651; https://doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering11070651 - 26 Jun 2024

Abstract

The functional investigation of proteins holds immense significance in unraveling physiological and pathological mechanisms of organisms as well as advancing the development of novel pharmaceuticals in biomedicine. However, the study of cellular protein function using conventional genetic manipulation methods may yield unpredictable outcomes [...] Read more.

The functional investigation of proteins holds immense significance in unraveling physiological and pathological mechanisms of organisms as well as advancing the development of novel pharmaceuticals in biomedicine. However, the study of cellular protein function using conventional genetic manipulation methods may yield unpredictable outcomes and erroneous conclusions. Therefore, precise modulation of protein activity within cells holds immense significance in the realm of biomedical research. Chromophore-assisted light inactivation (CALI) is a technique that labels photosensitizers onto target proteins and induces the production of reactive oxygen species through light control to achieve precise inactivation of target proteins. Based on the type and characteristics of photosensitizers, different excitation light sources and labeling methods are selected. For instance, KillerRed forms a fusion protein with the target protein through genetic engineering for labeling and inactivates the target protein via light activation. CALI is presently predominantly employed in diverse biomedical domains encompassing investigations into protein functionality and interaction, intercellular signal transduction research, as well as cancer exploration and therapy. With the continuous advancement of CALI technology, it is anticipated to emerge as a formidable instrument in the realm of life sciences, yielding more captivating outcomes for fundamental life sciences and precise disease diagnosis and treatment. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Biochemical Engineering)

11 pages, 713 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Witbier Fermented by Sequential Inoculation of Schizosaccharomyces pombe and Saccharomyces cerevisiae: Influence of Starchy Ingredients and S. cerevisiae Strain Used for In-Bottle Refermentation

by Antonietta Baiano, Francesco Grieco and Anna Fiore

Beverages 2024, 10(3), 51; https://doi.org/10.3390/beverages10030051 - 26 Jun 2024

Abstract

Great attention has recently been dedicated to the use of non-Saccharomyces yeast strains for the development of new beer formulations. However, the effect of the Saccharomyces strain used in the refermentation of this type of beer has never been investigated. The research [...] Read more.

Great attention has recently been dedicated to the use of non-Saccharomyces yeast strains for the development of new beer formulations. However, the effect of the Saccharomyces strain used in the refermentation of this type of beer has never been investigated. The research described aimed to optimize the quality of beers fermented by an oenological Schizosaccharomyces pombe strain alternately combined with two S. cerevisiae strains (WB06, commercial; 9502, of an oenological origin). The influence of both in-bottle refermentation (alternately carried out by one of the two Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains used in the sequential first fermentation) and starchy ingredients (three mixtures of 65% of malted barley alternately combined with 35% of unmalted common, durum, or emmer wheat) was studied. The beer formulation was optimized through a two-factor mixed three- and two-level design, where the two factors were the starchy ingredients and the refermenting S. cerevisiae. Beers from durum wheat beers refermented by WB06 had the highest alcohol contents. Common wheat beers refermented by 9502 showed the highest antioxidant activity values. The highest overall sensory score was assigned to the beers refermented by 9502. The fitted quadratic model had a good predictive ability for five physicochemical and fourteen sensory characteristics, with an R² often higher than 0.9. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Developments in Brewing Processing and Analytical Techniques for the Evaluation of Beer Quality)

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11 pages, 684 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Preparation and Characterization of Lutein Co-Amorphous Formulation with Enhanced Solubility and Dissolution

by Xuening Song, Yingting Luo, Wenduo Zhao, Simiao Liu, Yuzhuo Wang and Hao Zhang

Foods 2024, 13(13), 2029; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods13132029 - 26 Jun 2024

Abstract

Lutein is an oxygenated fat-soluble carotenoid and a functional compound with proven health benefits for the human body. Nevertheless, the poor water solubility and low oral bioavailability of lutein greatly limit its application. To address this, we developed an effective approach to enhance [...] Read more.

Lutein is an oxygenated fat-soluble carotenoid and a functional compound with proven health benefits for the human body. Nevertheless, the poor water solubility and low oral bioavailability of lutein greatly limit its application. To address this, we developed an effective approach to enhance the water solubility of lutein through co-amorphous formulation. Specifically, the lutein-sucralose co-amorphous mixture was prepared at a molar ratio of 1:1 using ethanol and water as solvents by employing the solvent evaporation method, followed by solid-state characterization and dissolution testing conducted to assess the properties of the formulation. The X-ray diffraction pattern with an amorphous halo and the differential scanning calorimetry thermogram with no sharp melting peaks confirmed the formation of a binary co-amorphous system. Changes in peak shape, position, and intensity observed in the Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy spectrum revealed intermolecular interactions between lutein and sucralose molecules, while molecular dynamics simulations identified interaction sites between their hydroxyl groups. Additionally, dissolution testing demonstrated better dissolution performance of lutein in the co-amorphous form compared to pure lutein and physical mixture counterparts. Our findings present a novel strategy for improving the water solubility of lutein to make better use of it. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Food Nutrition)

13 pages, 3551 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Fresh Meat Classification Using Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy Assisted by LightGBM and Optuna

by Kaifeng Mo, Yun Tang, Yining Zhu, Xiangyou Li, Jingfeng Li, Xuxiang Peng, Ping Liao and Penghui Zou

Foods 2024, 13(13), 2028; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods13132028 - 26 Jun 2024

Abstract

To enhance the accuracy of identifying fresh meat varieties using laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS), we utilized the LightGBM model in combination with the Optuna algorithm. The procedure involved flattening fresh meat slices with glass slides and collecting spectral data of the plasma from [...] Read more.

To enhance the accuracy of identifying fresh meat varieties using laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS), we utilized the LightGBM model in combination with the Optuna algorithm. The procedure involved flattening fresh meat slices with glass slides and collecting spectral data of the plasma from the surfaces of the fresh meat tissues (pork, beef, and chicken) using LIBS technology. A total of 900 spectra were collected. Initially, we established LightGBM and SVM (support vector machine) models for the collected spectra. Subsequently, we applied information gain and peak extraction algorithms to select the features for each model. We then employed Optuna to optimize the hyperparameters of the LightGBM model, while a 10-fold cross-validation was conducted to determine the optimal parameters for SVM. Ultimately, the LightGBM model achieved higher accuracy, macro-F1, and Cohen’s kappa coefficient (kappa coefficient) values of 0.9370, 0.9364, and 0.9244, respectively, compared to the SVM model’s values of 0.8888, 0.8881, and 0.8666. This study provides a novel method for the rapid classification of fresh meat varieties using LIBS. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Meat)

12 pages, 4913 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Analysis of the Effects of Microwave Combined Induction Heating on Steamed Pork with Rice Powder

by Su-Der Chen, Chuang-Hsing Kuo and Rong-Shinn Lin

Foods 2024, 13(13), 2026; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods13132026 - 26 Jun 2024

Abstract

This study investigates the application of microwave combined induction heating (MCIH) to steam ready-to-eat pork with rice powder, emphasizing the advantages of rapid and uniform heating. The experimental setup included a mixture of 180 g pork strips, 30 g rice powder, and 10 [...] Read more.

This study investigates the application of microwave combined induction heating (MCIH) to steam ready-to-eat pork with rice powder, emphasizing the advantages of rapid and uniform heating. The experimental setup included a mixture of 180 g pork strips, 30 g rice powder, and 10 g water in a CPET tray using MCIH with 1080 W microwave (MW) and 130 °C induction heating (IH) for 150 s. The results showed a quick temperature increase rate of 0.56 °C/s that achieved pasteurization against a variety of pathogenic bacteria, such as Listeria monocytogenes, but not Clostridium botulinum, by lethality calculation. Compared to typical electric cooker steaming, MCIH significantly shortened cooking time (8.6 times faster). To address rice starch gelatinization, two-stage heating techniques to steam pork with rice powder were MCIH: 150 s, and then IH: 60 s (MW1), and MCIH: 180 s, and then IH: 30 s (MW2), with no significant differences seen in color or the nine-point taste scale between treatment groups. MCIH groups had smaller shear forces than control. After MCIH cooking, no microbial counts were detected in the MW1 and MW2 groups initially, and the pork with rice powder had a shelf life of 14 days at 4 °C based on aerobic plate count assay. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Application of Thermal/Non-thermal Technologies in the Food Field)

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12 pages, 1998 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Camelina sativa Seeds and Oil as Ingredients in Model Muffins in Order to Enhance Their Health-Promoting Value

by Agnieszka Bilska, Danuta Kurasiak-Popowska, Tomasz Szablewski, Monika Radzimirska-Graczyk and Kinga Stuper-Szablewska

Foods 2024, 13(13), 2027; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods13132027 - 26 Jun 2024

Abstract

The aim of this study was to see whether it is possible to add camelina oil and seeds as ingredients in muffins in order to enhance their health-promoting value, such as their bioactive compound content, while maintaining the organoleptic attributes considered desirable by [...] Read more.

The aim of this study was to see whether it is possible to add camelina oil and seeds as ingredients in muffins in order to enhance their health-promoting value, such as their bioactive compound content, while maintaining the organoleptic attributes considered desirable by consumers. Camelina oil is characterised by a high linolenic acid content. Four types of muffins were prepared for analysis: MBnO—control muffins (containing 11.85% rapeseed oil), MCsO—muffins containing camelina oil instead of rapeseed oil, MCsS—muffins containing 6.65% camelina seeds in relation to the mass of prepared dough, and MCsOS—muffins containing both camelina oil and camelina seeds. The change in the fatty acid profile in muffins with the addition of camelina oil was significant; however, it was found that, as a result of thermal treatment, lower amounts of saturated fatty acids were formed. Among all the investigated experimental variants, muffins were characterised by the highest contents of all the phenolic acids analysed. The substitution of rapeseed oil with camelina oil had no negative effect on most of the organoleptic attributes of the muffins. Moreover, thanks to a greater content of carotenoids, camelina oil had an advantageous effect on the improvement of product colour, thus improving its overall desirability. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Quality of Grains and Grain-Based Foods Volume II)

14 pages, 2966 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Simulation and Analysis of a Near-Perfect Solar Absorber Based on SiO₂-Ti Cascade Optical Cavity

by Peng Chen, Yingting Yi, Qianju Song, Zao Yi, Yougen Yi, Shubo Cheng, Jianguo Zhang, Chaojun Tang, Tangyou Sun and Qingdong Zeng

Photonics 2024, 11(7), 604; https://doi.org/10.3390/photonics11070604 - 26 Jun 2024

Abstract

The main development direction for current solar technology is to improve absorption efficiency and stability. To bridge this gap, we design in this paper a structure consisting of two multilayer disc stacks of different radii, one topped by a TiO₂ disc and [...] Read more.

The main development direction for current solar technology is to improve absorption efficiency and stability. To bridge this gap, we design in this paper a structure consisting of two multilayer disc stacks of different radii, one topped by a TiO₂ disc and the other by a cascade disc stack composed of SiO₂-Ti, for use in thermal emitters and solar absorbers. The innovation of our work is the exploitation of multiple Fabry–Perot resonances in SiO₂-Ti cascade optical cavities to develop absorber bandwidths while investigating it in the field of thermal emission and many aspects affecting the efficiency of the absorber. The finite difference time domain method (FDTD) results show absorption averages as high as 96.68% with an absorption bandwidth of 2445 nm (A > 90%) at 280 nm–3000 nm solar incidence and even higher weighted averages as high as 98.48% at 1.5 solar air mass (AM) illumination. In order to investigate the physical mechanisms of our designed absorber in a high absorption state, we analyzed the electric field distributions of its four absorption peaks and concluded that its high absorption is mainly caused by the coupling of multiple Fabry–Perot resonance modes in the cascaded optical cavity. While considering this high efficiency, we also investigated the effect of complex environments such as extreme high temperatures and changes in the angle of incidence of the absorber, and the results show that the thermal radiation efficiency of the emitter is 96.79% at an operating temperature of 1700 K, which is higher than its thermal radiation efficiency of 96.38% at an operating temperature of 1500 K, which is a perfect result. On the other hand, we conclude that the designed structure is independent of polarization, while the absorber still has 88.22% absorption at incidence angles of up to 60°, both in transverse electric (TE) and transverse magnetic (TM) modes. The results of this study can help improve the performance of future solar absorbers and expand their application areas. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Group IV Photonics: Advances and Applications)

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11 pages, 19918 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Novel Spectrometer Designs for Laser-Driven Ion Acceleration

by Antonia Morabito, Kwinten Nelissen, Mauro Migliorati and Sargis Ter-Avetisyan

Photonics 2024, 11(7), 605; https://doi.org/10.3390/photonics11070605 - 26 Jun 2024

Abstract

We propose novel spectrometer designs that aim to enhance the measured spectral range of ions on a finite-sized detector. In contrast to the traditional devices that use a uniform magnetic field, in which the deflection of particles increases inversely proportional to their momentum, [...] Read more.

We propose novel spectrometer designs that aim to enhance the measured spectral range of ions on a finite-sized detector. In contrast to the traditional devices that use a uniform magnetic field, in which the deflection of particles increases inversely proportional to their momentum, in a gradient magnetic field, the deflection of particles will decrease due to the reduction of the magnetic field along their propagation. In this way, low-energy ions can reach the detector because they are deflected less, compared to the uniform field case. By utilizing a gradient magnetic field, the non-linear dispersion of ions in a homogeneous magnetic field approaches nearly linear dispersion behavior. Nonetheless, the dispersion of low-energy ions, using a dipole field, remains unnecessarily high. In this article, we discuss the employed methodology and present simulation results of the spectrometer with an extended ion spectral range, focusing on the minimum detectable energy (energy dynamic range) and energy resolution. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Lasers, Light Sources and Sensors)

17 pages, 3540 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Critical Analysis of the Thermo-Optic Time Constant in Si Photonic Devices

by David Coenen, Minkyu Kim, Herman Oprins, Joris Van Campenhout and Ingrid De Wolf

Photonics 2024, 11(7), 603; https://doi.org/10.3390/photonics11070603 - 26 Jun 2024

Abstract

The use of integrated heaters is widespread in silicon photonics for waveguide temperature control. The dynamical behavior of the heaters is important for determining their usefulness for certain applications. There exists ambiguity in the literature when it comes to reporting the thermo-optic time [...] Read more.

The use of integrated heaters is widespread in silicon photonics for waveguide temperature control. The dynamical behavior of the heaters is important for determining their usefulness for certain applications. There exists ambiguity in the literature when it comes to reporting the thermo-optic time constants of Si photonic devices. Many studies report devices with different heating and cooling times without providing an explanation to this phenomenon. In this paper, a comprehensive theoretical framework is developed for interpreting experimental results. This framework is developed for interferometric devices (Mach–Zehnder-based) and resonant devices (rings). With this framework, the impact of measurement conditions on the obtained thermo-optic time constant can be simulated, and we provide an explanation to the observed difference between heating and cooling time constants. We also provide guidelines on how to disentangle optical non-linearities from the pure thermal response, which should be useful in for future reporting of thermo-optic time constants. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Emerging Trends in Silicon Photonics)

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14 pages, 2794 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Design and Analysis of Orthogonal Polarization Point Diffraction Pinhole Plate

by Ziyu Han, Wenlu Feng, Zhilin Zhang and Qianbo Lu

Photonics 2024, 11(7), 602; https://doi.org/10.3390/photonics11070602 - 26 Jun 2024

Abstract

The pinhole plate is a key component of the point diffraction interferometer (PDI). The reasonable improvement and simulation of this device would enhance the application of point diffraction interferometry technology during the measurement of wavefronts. The traditional point diffraction interferometry measurement method is [...] Read more.

The pinhole plate is a key component of the point diffraction interferometer (PDI). The reasonable improvement and simulation of this device would enhance the application of point diffraction interferometry technology during the measurement of wavefronts. The traditional point diffraction interferometry measurement method is easily disturbed by environmental noise, making it difficult to obtain high-precision dynamic measurements. This paper introduces a four-step phase-shift PDI that can be employed in a common optical path. By using the principle of the finite-difference time-domain method (FDTD), a simulation model of the orthogonal polarization point diffraction pinhole plate (OP-PDPP) structure is established. The results show that when Cr is used as the film material in the pinhole plate, the parameters include a film thickness of 150 nm, a pinhole diameter of 2 μm, a wire grid period of 150 nm, and a wire grid width of 100 nm; in addition, the comprehensive extinction ratio of the pinhole plate is the greatest and the diffraction wavefront error is the smallest. Finally, the constructed experimental system is used to test the wavefront of a flat sample with a 25.4 mm aperture, and the test results are compared with those of the ZYGO interferometer. The difference in the peak-to-valley (PV) value between the OP-PDI and the ZYGO interferometer measurement is 0.0028λ, with an RMS value difference of 0.0011λ; this verifies the feasibility of the scheme proposed in this paper. The experimental results show that the proposed OP-PDPP is an effective tool for high-precision dynamic measurement. Full article

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