MDPI - Publisher of Open Access Journals

20 pages, 6191 KB

Open AccessArticle

In Silico Characterization of the RCC1 Family and the UVR8 Gene in Chenopodium quinoa Willd

by Jean Carlo Paredes Malca, Michell Maheba Fuentes Apaza, María Rosario Elsa Valderrama-Valencia, Roxana Bardales Álvarez, Eloy Condori Mamani and Sandro Jhonatan Condori-Pacsi

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025, 26(23), 11657; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms262311657 (registering DOI) - 1 Dec 2025

Abstract

Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.), an Andean crop with exceptional nutritional value, thrives in ecosystems exposed to intense ultraviolet-B (UV-B) radiation; yet the molecular mechanisms underlying its photoreception remain largely unknown. The UV Resistance locus 8 (UVR8) protein, a member of the Regulator [...] Read more.

Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.), an Andean crop with exceptional nutritional value, thrives in ecosystems exposed to intense ultraviolet-B (UV-B) radiation; yet the molecular mechanisms underlying its photoreception remain largely unknown. The UV Resistance locus 8 (UVR8) protein, a member of the Regulator of Chromosome Condensation 1 (RCC1) family, is the primary UV-B photoreceptor in plants. Here, we report the first in silico characterization of the RCC1 gene family in C. quinoa, aimed at identifying and structurally analyzing UVR8 homologs. Genomic analysis uncovered 40 CqRCC1 genes, exhibiting extensive structural diversity. Phylogenetic reconstruction identified two proteins, CqRCC1_20 and CqRCC1_23, as the closest homologs of AtUVR8 from Arabidopsis thaliana. Homology modeling revealed that CqRCC1_20 maintains the canonical seven-bladed β-propeller architecture of UVR8, whereas CqRCC1_23 carries a deletion leading to a six-bladed structure. Both isoforms retain the critical tryptophan residues (W233, W285, W337) and the C-terminal Valine-Proline (VP) motif required for photoperception and Constitutive Photomorphogenic 1 (COP1) interaction. Notably, the CqRCC1_23 model predicts fewer hydrogen bonds at the dimer interface and structural alterations at key regulatory interaction sites. Collectively, these results indicate that quinoa harbors functionally conserved UVR8 isoforms with structural divergence, such as CqRCC1_23, which may influence photoreceptor stability and enable a sustained UV-B response, potentially conferring an adaptive advantage in high-radiation environments. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Screening and Identification of Crop Abiotic Stress Tolerance Functional Genes)

16 pages, 1174 KB

Open AccessArticle

Organic Fertilizer Substitution Modulates Soil Properties and Microbial Communities in a Vegetable–Earthworm Co-Cultivation System

by Shumei Cai, Sixin Xu, Deshan Zhang, Yun Liang, Xianqing Zheng and Haitao Zhu

Microorganisms 2025, 13(12), 2742; https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms13122742 (registering DOI) - 1 Dec 2025

Abstract

In intensive vegetable production systems, long-term reliance on chemical fertilizers often leads to soil degradation and microbial imbalance, highlighting the need for sustainable biotillage strategies. In this study, a long-term field experiment examined how vegetable–earthworm co-cultivation (VE) combined with different fertilization regimes affects [...] Read more.

In intensive vegetable production systems, long-term reliance on chemical fertilizers often leads to soil degradation and microbial imbalance, highlighting the need for sustainable biotillage strategies. In this study, a long-term field experiment examined how vegetable–earthworm co-cultivation (VE) combined with different fertilization regimes affects vegetable yield, soil physicochemical properties, and microbial communities. VE significantly improved vegetable yield, with full chemical fertilization (VE_IF100) and a 30% reduction in chemical fertilizer supplemented with organic fertilizer (VE_IF70) increasing yields by 30.86% and 26.02%, respectively, relative to full fertilization without earthworms (CK_IF100). VE also moderated soil pH toward neutrality. VE_IF100 decreased the soil C/N ratio, whereas VE_IF70 increased it and enhanced available hydrolyzable nitrogen, indicating a more balanced nutrient transformation. Microbial analysis revealed that VE_IF100 reduced bacterial abundance while strongly increasing fungal abundance, decreasing the bacteria-to-fungi ratio from 3.51 to 0.53. In contrast, VE_IF70 restored the bacteria-to-fungi ratio to 1.65 and increased fungal diversity, with the Shannon and Chao1 indices exceeding those in VE_IF100. Bacterial genera associated with nutrient cycling and plant growth promotion (e.g., Brevundimonas, Anaeromyxobacter) were enriched under VE_IF70, while fungal taxa with antagonistic and biocontrol potential (e.g., Chaetomium, Arthrobotrys) also increased. Redundancy analysis identified the soil C/N ratio (ranging from 5.94 to 8.60 across treatments) as a key driver of both bacterial and fungal community structures, whereas pH exerted a stronger influence on fungi. Random forest analysis indicated that the annual total vegetable yield was primarily driven by fertilization and available phosphorus in VE systems, whereas pH and bacterial abundance were the main drivers in CK systems. Overall, earthworm inoculation combined with partial organic fertilizer substitution improved soil conditions, reshaped microbial communities, and maintained high yield, demonstrating a practical strategy for sustainable vegetable production. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Environmental Microbiology)

23 pages, 4112 KB

Open AccessArticle

Perilla Seed Oil Alleviates High-Fat-Diet-Induced Hyperlipidemia by Regulating Fatty Acid Metabolism via the PI3K/Akt/NOS3 Pathway

by Jianfeng Chang, Peng Hu, Bo Zhang, Yitong Liu, Yuting Cheng, Lianzhen Li and Leyuan Li

Foods 2025, 14(23), 4125; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods14234125 (registering DOI) - 1 Dec 2025

Abstract

Perilla seed oil (PSO), rich in alpha-linolenic acid (ALA), has been traditionally used to relieve exterior syndrome and promote digestion, with modern studies confirming its anti-hyperlipidemic and anti-atherosclerotic properties. This study investigated the lipid-lowering effects of PSO and its underlying mechanisms in high-fat-diet-induced [...] Read more.

Perilla seed oil (PSO), rich in alpha-linolenic acid (ALA), has been traditionally used to relieve exterior syndrome and promote digestion, with modern studies confirming its anti-hyperlipidemic and anti-atherosclerotic properties. This study investigated the lipid-lowering effects of PSO and its underlying mechanisms in high-fat-diet-induced hyperlipidemic rats. Chemical standardization by UPLC-MS and GC-MS identified 591 compounds in PSO, with ALA accounting for 57.5% of its composition. The PSO administration significantly improved the general condition of hyperlipidemic rats, reduced body weight, lowered serum total cholesterol and LDL-C levels, and alleviated liver tissue injury and lipid accumulation. Serum metabolomics analysis revealed that PSO upregulated ALA and eicosapentaenoic acid while downregulating pro-inflammatory metabolites, including arachidonic acid, prostaglandin H2, and prostaglandin E2. Integrated network pharmacology and molecular docking studies identified the PI3K/Akt/NOS3 pathway as the primary signaling mechanism, which was further confirmed by Western blot analysis showing that PSO upregulated expression of p-PI3K, p-Akt, and NOS3 proteins. These results demonstrated that PSO-ameliorated hyperlipidemia, through PI3K/Akt/NOS3 pathway activation, coordinately modulated fatty acid metabolism and endogenous inflammatory responses. Our findings provided scientific evidence supporting PSO as a dietary intervention for managing hyperlipidemia and related metabolic disorders. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Food Nutrition)

39 pages, 2421 KB

Open AccessReview

Advanced Signal Processing Methods for Partial Discharge Analysis: A Review

by He Wen, Mohamad Sofian Abu Talip, Mohamadariff Othman, S. M. Kayser Azam, Mahazani Mohamad, Mohd Faisal Ibrahim, Hamzah Arof and Ahmad Ababneh

Sensors 2025, 25(23), 7318; https://doi.org/10.3390/s25237318 (registering DOI) - 1 Dec 2025

Abstract

This paper comprehensively reviews advanced signal processing methods for partial discharge (PD) analysis, covering traditional time-frequency techniques, wavelet transform, Hilbert–Huang transform, and artificial intelligence-based methods. This paper critically examines the principles, advantages, limitations, and applicable scenarios of each method. A key contribution of [...] Read more.

This paper comprehensively reviews advanced signal processing methods for partial discharge (PD) analysis, covering traditional time-frequency techniques, wavelet transform, Hilbert–Huang transform, and artificial intelligence-based methods. This paper critically examines the principles, advantages, limitations, and applicable scenarios of each method. A key contribution of this review is the systematic comparison of these methods, highlighting their evolution and complementary roles in processing non-stationary and noisy PD signals. However, a significant gap in current research remains the lack of standardized, explainable, and embeddable AI solutions for real-time, fine-grained PD classification. Future trends point to hybrid approaches and edge AI systems that combine physical insights with lightweight deep learning models to improve diagnostic accuracy and deployability. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Electronic Sensors)

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31 pages, 8820 KB

Open AccessReview

Comprehensive Review on Mechanical Performance of Concrete Reinforced with Fibers and Waste Materials

by Rajesh Kumar Mishra, Hafsa Jamshaid, Miroslav Muller, Jiri Urban and Michal Penc

Materials 2025, 18(23), 5419; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma18235419 (registering DOI) - 1 Dec 2025

Abstract

Concrete is one of the most important and most widely used materials for construction activities around the world. However, it has inherent deficiencies, e.g., brittleness, low impact resistance, low tensile strength, low fire resistance, low durability, and lower resistance to crack formation. Fibers [...] Read more.

Concrete is one of the most important and most widely used materials for construction activities around the world. However, it has inherent deficiencies, e.g., brittleness, low impact resistance, low tensile strength, low fire resistance, low durability, and lower resistance to crack formation. Fibers and waste materials of different types are added as partial replacement of cement and aggregates in concrete to improve performance properties and reduce environmental pollution. In the present study, a thorough review of the use of various types of fibers with high and low elastic moduli in concrete to improve mechanical performance and reduce environmental pollution issues has been conducted. This review paper also provides comprehensive information on the different types of waste materials, e.g., biodegradable and non-biodegradable, which are used in concrete. The use of waste materials in concrete reduces the amount of waste sent to landfill and, in addition, improves some mechanical properties of concrete. This review is aimed at evaluating and understanding the strengths and weaknesses of fiber-reinforced concrete by using SWOT (Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, Threats) analysis. Moreover, this study also concluded that carbon fiber-reinforced concrete proves to be stronger and more durable but more expensive than other fibers. An ideal percentage of natural origin fibers used in concrete can greatly improve the mechanical performance. This study also discussed that waste from polymeric materials can be used in concrete as a partial replacement of cement and other components, e.g., coarse aggregates. It can be inferred that the optimum content of fibers that gives effective results is about 1%, and the reinforcement of concrete with different varieties of wastes as a replacement for fine aggregates should not be more than 2%. Parametric optimization of fiber content will be necessary for the best possible combination of performance properties. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable and Eco-Friendly Concrete: Innovations in Green Binders and Recycled Materials)

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20 pages, 906 KB

Open AccessArticle

Additional Benefits of Creatine Supplementation with Physical Therapy and Resistance Exercise in Knee Osteoarthritis: A Randomized Controlled Trial

by Muhammad Osama, Sabah Afridi and Bruno Bonnechère

J. Clin. Med. 2025, 14(23), 8538; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm14238538 (registering DOI) - 1 Dec 2025

Abstract

Background: Knee osteoarthritis (KOA) is a progressive joint disorder that leads to pain, functional limitations, and reduced quality of life. While physical therapy (PT) and resistance exercise are effective in managing KOA, creatine supplementation (CS) may provide additional benefits. Aims/Objectives: To [...] Read more.

Background: Knee osteoarthritis (KOA) is a progressive joint disorder that leads to pain, functional limitations, and reduced quality of life. While physical therapy (PT) and resistance exercise are effective in managing KOA, creatine supplementation (CS) may provide additional benefits. Aims/Objectives: To determine the additive effects of creatine supplementation alongside physical therapy (PT) and resistance exercise training in individuals with KOA. Methods: A parallel-design, double-blind, randomized controlled trial was conducted on 40 patients with KOA (≤grade III on Kellgren classification), aged 40–70 years. Participants were randomly allocated to either a placebo control group, which received placebo supplementation (maltodextrin) along with PT, including heat therapy, electrotherapy, manual therapy, and resistance exercises, for four weeks, or an experimental group, which received CS instead of maltodextrin in addition to the same treatment. Outcome measures included the visual analog scale (VAS), fall risk, Knee Injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS), isometric muscle strength (IMS), five-repetition sit-to-stand test (5xSST), knee range of motion (ROM), and body composition analysis. Results: No significant differences were observed between the two groups at baseline. After four weeks of treatment, a significant interaction effect (treatment group x time) was observed for VAS (p = 0.001), fall risk score (p < 0.001), KOOS overall score (p < 0.001), IMS (p < 0.001), and body composition parameters (p < 0.05) in favor of the CS group. However, no significant interaction effect was observed for knee ROM and KOOS QOL subscale. Conclusions: CS, when combined with PT and resistance exercise, may provide additional benefits in terms of pain, function, muscle strength, and body composition parameters in individuals with KOA. However, no supplementary benefits of CS are observed in terms of quality of life and ROM. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Clinical Rehabilitation)

19 pages, 1928 KB

Open AccessArticle

Perioperative Profiles of Immune Cells in Patients with Postoperative Delirium After Cardiac Surgery with Cardiopulmonary Bypass

by Juan Wu, Zhenzhen Cheng, Xinyi Liao, Ping Yang, Qinjuan Wu, Tingting Wang, Wentong Meng, Zongcheng Tang and Lei Du

Biomedicines 2025, 13(12), 2962; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines13122962 (registering DOI) - 1 Dec 2025

Abstract

Background: Postoperative delirium (POD) is known to involve systemic inflammatory responses, but the characteristics of the immune cell types involved in these responses are unclear. Methods: In this prospective study, we compared relative abundances and transcriptomes of circulating immune cells between patients who [...] Read more.

Background: Postoperative delirium (POD) is known to involve systemic inflammatory responses, but the characteristics of the immune cell types involved in these responses are unclear. Methods: In this prospective study, we compared relative abundances and transcriptomes of circulating immune cells between patients who experienced POD (n = 11) or not (n = 109) within 7 days after elective cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass. Blood was sampled before and at 24 h after surgery; features of immune cells were profiled using multi-channel spectral flow cytometry, 10× single-cell RNA sequencing, and measurement of plasma levels of cytokines. Results: Patients with POD were older and with higher incidence of congestive heart failure than patients without POD, and these risk factors in turn positively correlated with preoperative proportion of CD40+/HLA-DR+ monocytes and CD69+CD8+ T cells. In addition, preoperative activation of antigen presentation in monocytes and chemotaxis in CD8+ T cells, as well as elevated plasma levels of chemokines CCL3 and CXCL8, were detected in patients with POD. After cardiac surgery, activation of antigen presentation and chemotaxis were also found in patients with POD. Conclusions: This study described the perioperative landscape of immune cells in POD and found possible links between preoperative immune dysfunction and risk factors, which may guide future research to explore how the immune system contributes to POD and to design preventive strategies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Chronic Vascular Impairment in Heart, Brain, and Kidney Disorders: Molecular Mechanisms and Therapeutic Strategies)

48 pages, 2101 KB

Open AccessArticle

A Multi-Criteria Decision-Making Approach for the Selection of Explainable AI Methods

by Miroslava Matejová and Ján Paralič

Mach. Learn. Knowl. Extr. 2025, 7(4), 158; https://doi.org/10.3390/make7040158 (registering DOI) - 1 Dec 2025

Abstract

The growing trend of using artificial intelligence models in many areas increases the need for a proper understanding of their functioning and decision-making. Although these models achieve high predictive accuracy, their lack of transparency poses major obstacles to trust. Explainable artificial intelligence (XAI) [...] Read more.

The growing trend of using artificial intelligence models in many areas increases the need for a proper understanding of their functioning and decision-making. Although these models achieve high predictive accuracy, their lack of transparency poses major obstacles to trust. Explainable artificial intelligence (XAI) has emerged as a key discipline that offers a wide range of methods to explain the decisions of models. Selecting the most appropriate XAI method for a given application is a non-trivial problem that requires careful consideration of the nature of the method and other aspects. This paper proposes a systematic approach to solving this problem using multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) techniques: ARAS, CODAS, EDAS, MABAC, MARCOS, PROMETHEE II, TOPSIS, VIKOR, WASPAS, and WSM. The resulting score is an aggregation of the results of these methods using Borda Count. We present a framework that integrates objective and subjective criteria for selecting XAI methods. The proposed methodology includes two main phases. In the first phase, methods that meet the specified parameters are filtered, and in the second phase, the most suitable alternative is selected based on the weights using multi-criteria decision-making and sensitivity analysis. Metric weights can be entered directly, using pairwise comparisons, or calculated objectively using the CRITIC method. The framework is demonstrated on concrete use cases where we compare several popular XAI methods on tasks in different domains. The results show that the proposed approach provides a transparent and robust mechanism for objectively selecting the most appropriate XAI method, thereby helping researchers and practitioners make more informed decisions when deploying explainable AI systems. Sensitivity analysis confirmed the robustness of our XAI method selection: LIME dominated 98.5% of tests in the first use case, and Tree SHAP dominated 94.3% in the second. Full article

27 pages, 1019 KB

Open AccessSystematic Review

The Effect of Adjunctive Antimicrobial Photodynamic Therapy in the Treatment of Peri-Implant Diseases: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

by Livia Nastri, Marco Annunziata, Pierluigi Mariani, Agostino Guida, Michele Giuseppe Pio Di Mare and Luigi Guida

Dent. J. 2025, 13(12), 567; https://doi.org/10.3390/dj13120567 (registering DOI) - 1 Dec 2025

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Peri-implant diseases may occur around osseointegrated implants and lead to implant loss. Treatment strategies focus on infection control with decontamination of implant surfaces/pockets. Mechanical debridement (MD) is necessary to reduce biofilm, although it may have limited effects. Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Peri-implant diseases may occur around osseointegrated implants and lead to implant loss. Treatment strategies focus on infection control with decontamination of implant surfaces/pockets. Mechanical debridement (MD) is necessary to reduce biofilm, although it may have limited effects. Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) has been proposed to increase the potential of MD. The aim of this systematic review and meta-analysis is to evaluate aPDT in adjunct to MD versus MD as a single treatment. Methods: An electronic and hand literature search was performed in several databases up to March 2025 to include randomized controlled trials (RCTs). Risk of bias (RoB) was assessed by Cochrane Risk of Bias Tool for RCTs (RoB 2). A meta-analysis was performed with marginal bone level change (MBLc) as the primary outcome, and changes in probing depth (PD) and bleeding on probing (BOP) as secondary outcomes. Results: Eleven RCTs (1056 implants, 878 patients) were included. RoB was high: in 3 studies; some concerns: in 4 studies; low: in 4 studies. The included studies showed a high heterogeneity for MD/aPDT protocols and diagnostic criteria of peri-implant diseases. The meta-analysis revealed, for four studies, a significantly higher MBLc for test patients (M∆: 0.29, 95% CI 0.12, 0.46; p < 0.001) and a significantly higher BOP change (M∆ 5.59; 95% CI: 1.19, 9.86; p = 0.01). No significant difference was found at 6 months in terms of PD change between the test and control groups (M∆ 0.46; 95% CI −0.09, 1.02; p = 0.10). High heterogeneity (I² > 85%) for all three outcomes was found. Conclusions: High heterogeneity, diagnostic variability, and the low number of included studies increase the need of well-designed RCTs on the topic. Despite no conclusive evidence could be found, adjunctive aPDT showed a promising trend to improve MD results. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Periodontal and Peri-Implant Tissues Health Management: 2nd Edition)

18 pages, 1137 KB

Open AccessReview

Crosstalk Between the Endoplasmic Reticulum and Mitochondria in Skeletal Muscle: Implications for Meat Quality

by Wenjin Peng, Yiting Guo, Xiaolin Wu, Liuteng Miao and Xihong Zhou

Animals 2025, 15(23), 3465; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15233465 (registering DOI) - 1 Dec 2025

Abstract

The coordination between the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and mitochondria is increasingly recognized as a central regulator of skeletal muscle metabolism and, consequently, meat quality. Here, we summarize recent progress on how ER–mitochondrial communication regulates muscle metabolism and meat-quality traits. This interaction, primarily mediated [...] Read more.

The coordination between the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and mitochondria is increasingly recognized as a central regulator of skeletal muscle metabolism and, consequently, meat quality. Here, we summarize recent progress on how ER–mitochondrial communication regulates muscle metabolism and meat-quality traits. This interaction, primarily mediated by mitochondria-associated membranes, integrates key cellular processes, including calcium signaling, redox homeostasis, lipid metabolism, and cellular stress responses. These events then lead to tissue-level outcomes such as intramuscular fat deposition, transitions in muscle fiber types, and postmortem apoptotic or proteolytic events, all of which influence meat quality. However, comparative studies across livestock species reveal notable gaps and inconsistencies, highlighting the need for deeper mechanistic investigation. Overall, deepening our understanding of ER–mitochondria crosstalk will inform nutritional or molecular strategies to enhance meat quality and clarify species-specific regulatory mechanisms. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Animal Products)

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29 pages, 1097 KB

Open AccessReview

Roles of Lipid Metabolism in Pulmonary Hypertension: Friend or Foe?

by Wei Huang, Runxiu Zheng, Lijun Gong, Yu Zhang, Junlan Tan, Xianya Cao, Lan Song and Aiguo Dai

Biomolecules 2025, 15(12), 1679; https://doi.org/10.3390/biom15121679 (registering DOI) - 1 Dec 2025

Abstract

Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is a progressive cardiopulmonary disorder characterized by vascular remodeling and right ventricular (RV) failure. Recently, attention to lipid metabolism in PH has revealed multiple mechanisms that drive disease progression, including alterations in energy supply, oxidative stress, inflammatory signaling, and epigenetic [...] Read more.

Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is a progressive cardiopulmonary disorder characterized by vascular remodeling and right ventricular (RV) failure. Recently, attention to lipid metabolism in PH has revealed multiple mechanisms that drive disease progression, including alterations in energy supply, oxidative stress, inflammatory signaling, and epigenetic regulation. Notably, lipid metabolism in PH exhibits marked spatiotemporal heterogeneity. This creates a therapeutic paradox in which the same metabolic intervention may exert opposing effects depending on tissue type and disease stage. Despite these challenges, targeting lipid metabolism remains an attractive therapeutic strategy. Preclinical and early clinical studies suggest that both small-molecule metabolic modulators and natural compounds hold promise for reversing pulmonary vascular remodeling and improving RV function. This review summarizes current advances in lipid metabolic reprogramming in PH and highlights the challenges of developing tissue- and time-specific interventions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Lipids)

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11 pages, 773 KB

Open AccessArticle

The New Robotic Platform Hugo™ RAS for Colorectal Surgery: A Single-Center Initial Experience

by Gabriella Teresa Capolupo, Filippo Carannante, Paula Elena Papuc, Valentina Miacci, Martina Marrelli, Francesca Carnevale, Gianluca Bongiorno, Vincenzo Schiavone, Marco Caricato and Gianluca Costa

Appl. Sci. 2025, 15(23), 12737; https://doi.org/10.3390/app152312737 (registering DOI) - 1 Dec 2025

Abstract

Background: Robotic surgery represents the most advanced evolution of minimally invasive colorectal procedures. The Hugo™ Robotic-Assisted Surgery (RAS) platform by Medtronic, introduced in 2021, is a novel modular system designed to enhance accessibility and flexibility. Evidence on its application in colorectal procedures remains [...] Read more.

Background: Robotic surgery represents the most advanced evolution of minimally invasive colorectal procedures. The Hugo™ Robotic-Assisted Surgery (RAS) platform by Medtronic, introduced in 2021, is a novel modular system designed to enhance accessibility and flexibility. Evidence on its application in colorectal procedures remains limited. This study aimed to evaluate the perioperative outcomes of major colorectal resections performed using the Hugo™ RAS system. Methods: A retrospective, consecutive, single-center case series was conducted on all adult patients who underwent major colorectal surgery using the Hugo™ RAS platform between May 2024 and March 2025. Primary endpoints included operative time, docking time, conversions, and intraoperative complications. Secondary endpoints included postoperative complications (classified using Clavien–Dindo), length of stay, time to bowel function recovery, postoperative pain, and readmission. All perioperative variables were standardized with defined measurement criteria, and complication severity was systematically graded. Results: Forty-four patients were included. All surgeries were completed robotically without conversion or intraoperative complications. The median docking time was 11 min, the median console time was 179 min, and the median operative time was 300 min. Four patients (9.1%) developed major complications (Clavien–Dindo III). Right colectomy anastomoses were intracorporeal, performed with a laparoscopic linear stapler through the assistant port due to absence of a robotic stapler. Conclusions: Major colorectal resections performed with the Hugo™ RAS platform were feasible and safe, with satisfactory perioperative outcomes and no conversions. These findings confirm the reproducibility of this novel robotic system in colorectal surgery. Larger prospective multicenter studies with extended follow-up are warranted to further assess long-term and oncological outcomes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Trends in Robot-Assisted Surgery)

17 pages, 1932 KB

Open AccessArticle

Advanced Multi-Modal Sensor Fusion System for Detecting Falling Humans: Quantitative Evaluation for Enhanced Vehicle Safety

by Nick Barua and Masahito Hitosugi

Vehicles 2025, 7(4), 149; https://doi.org/10.3390/vehicles7040149 (registering DOI) - 1 Dec 2025

Abstract

Collisions with fallen pedestrians pose a lethal challenge to current advanced driver-assistance systems. This paper introduces and quantitatively validates the Advanced Falling Object Detection System (AFODS), a novel safety framework designed to mitigate this risk. AFODS architecturally integrates long-wave infrared, near-infrared stereo and [...] Read more.

Collisions with fallen pedestrians pose a lethal challenge to current advanced driver-assistance systems. This paper introduces and quantitatively validates the Advanced Falling Object Detection System (AFODS), a novel safety framework designed to mitigate this risk. AFODS architecturally integrates long-wave infrared, near-infrared stereo and ultrasonic sensors, processed through a novel artificial intelligence pipeline that combines YOLOv7-Tiny for object detection with a recurrent neural network for proactive threat assessment, thereby enabling the system to predict falls before they are complete. In a rigorous controlled study using simulated adverse conditions, AFODS achieved a 98.2% detection rate at night, a condition where standard systems fail. This paper details the system’s ISO 26262-aligned architecture and validation results, proposing a framework for a new benchmark in active vehicle safety, demonstrated under controlled test conditions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Novel Solutions for Transportation Safety, 2nd Edition)

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29 pages, 817 KB

Open AccessArticle

How Policy Misalignment Shapes the Municipal Solid Waste Disposal Capacity: A Multi-Level Governance Analysis

by Jingwen Zhang, Yulong Wang and Weixia Lyu

Sustainability 2025, 17(23), 10776; https://doi.org/10.3390/su172310776 (registering DOI) - 1 Dec 2025

Abstract

Policy misalignment is a key factor affecting the implementation of solid waste management policies and resolving such a misalignment is critical to advancing the solid waste disposal capacity (SWDC) and supporting the goal of a “zero-waste city”. This policy misalignment indicator provides a [...] Read more.

Policy misalignment is a key factor affecting the implementation of solid waste management policies and resolving such a misalignment is critical to advancing the solid waste disposal capacity (SWDC) and supporting the goal of a “zero-waste city”. This policy misalignment indicator provides a measurable tool to track progress toward Sustainable Cities and Communities. This study used panel data from 281 cities at the prefecture level and above from 2018 to 2022. The study involved constructing an original database of central and provincial policy documents on urban waste governance and transforming the policy documents into an indicator to capture the degree of policy misalignment, which serves as the key explanatory variable in a fixed-effects model. The study further examined how fiscal decentralization, the digital economy, and regional and administrative characteristics influence cities’ responses to policy misalignments. These factors serve a vital function in moderating the effects of misalignment and explaining heterogeneity across cities. The empirical results show that a vertical policy misalignment significantly reduced the solid waste disposal capacity, while fiscal decentralization and digital economy development mitigated its negative effects. The adverse impacts were particularly pronounced in non-key cities, eastern regions, and cities with low government attention, highlighting the role of local capacity and administrative focus in mediating cross-level policy impacts. The heterogeneous effects observed across city types further offer targeted insights for designing sustainability-oriented waste management policies, enabling regions to tailor interventions based on their administrative capacity and development context. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Waste and Recycling)

15 pages, 337 KB

Open AccessArticle

Motivation and Self-Regulated Learning Among Online English Learners: Profiles and Pedagogical Implications

by Shifang Tang, Zhuoying Wang, Mei Jiang, David D. Jimenez and Lei Zhang

Educ. Sci. 2025, 15(12), 1619; https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci15121619 (registering DOI) - 1 Dec 2025

Abstract

In this study, we examined the interrelations between motivation and self-regulated learning (SRL) strategies in the context of online English language instruction among Chinese university students. Data were collected from 1100 first-year undergraduates enrolled in an online College English course. Canonical correlation analysis [...] Read more.

In this study, we examined the interrelations between motivation and self-regulated learning (SRL) strategies in the context of online English language instruction among Chinese university students. Data were collected from 1100 first-year undergraduates enrolled in an online College English course. Canonical correlation analysis revealed significant multivariate associations between motivational constructs and SRL strategies. Cluster analysis further identified two distinct learner profiles, Engaged Strategic Learners and Disengaged Learners, demonstrating differences in motivation, SRL use, and online learning experiences. Thematic analysis of open-ended responses offered additional insights into students’ perceived challenges and instructional needs. Our findings contribute to a deeper understanding of how motivational and SRL characteristics influence learners’ engagement and outcomes in online English learning environments. Full article

16 pages, 3188 KB

Open AccessArticle

Process Design for Optimizing Small Particle Diameter Light Hydrocarbon Recovery from Tight Gas Fields

by Jianli Li and Lei Xing

Processes 2025, 13(12), 3884; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr13123884 (registering DOI) - 1 Dec 2025

Abstract

To address the challenge of low separation efficiency for fine light hydrocarbons in tight gas fields, this study establishes a mathematical model correlating the structural parameters of a cyclonic coalescer with coalesced droplet size. The model was constructed using second-order polynomial basis functions [...] Read more.

To address the challenge of low separation efficiency for fine light hydrocarbons in tight gas fields, this study establishes a mathematical model correlating the structural parameters of a cyclonic coalescer with coalesced droplet size. The model was constructed using second-order polynomial basis functions through numerical simulation and response surface methodology. An optimized cyclonic coalescer configuration with enhanced fine droplet coalescence capability was subsequently designed. The performance of the optimized and original configurations was comparatively evaluated through numerical simulations and laboratory experiments. Simulation results indicated that with inlet droplet sizes ranging from 0.1 to 10 μm, the optimized configuration achieved a coalescence efficiency of 90.66% for outlet droplets larger than 100 μm. High-speed photographic analysis revealed that 5–10 μm inlet droplets were coalesced to 50–60 μm diameters, while 50–300 μm inlet droplets formed large-scale liquid flows of 300–500 μm. The optimized configuration exhibited significantly improved coalescence efficiency and operational applicability across varying inlet droplet sizes. This research provides practical insights for enhancing the recovery efficiency of fine light hydrocarbons in gas processing operations. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Separation Processes)

19 pages, 751 KB

Open AccessArticle

Safety, Tolerability, and Immunogenicity of RSVpreF Vaccine in Pregnant Individuals Living with HIV

by Landon Myer, Emily Wasserman, Saiqa Tabasum, Emma Shittu, Yanping Liu, Lisa Jose, Elizea Horne, Robert S. Moraba, Agatha Wilhase, Heather J. Zar, Nazreen Hussen, Mokgadi S. Mogashoa, Mookho Malahleha, Shabir A. Madhi, Uzma N. Sarwar, Hasra Snaggs, Rahsan Erdem, David Radley, Elena V. Kalinina, Barbara A. Pahud, Maria Maddalena Lino, Olympia Evdoxia Anastasiou, Kena A. Swanson, Annaliesa S. Anderson, Alejandra Gurtman and Iona Munjal Show full author list Hide full author list

Vaccines 2025, 13(12), 1218; https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines13121218 (registering DOI) - 1 Dec 2025

Abstract

Background/Objectives: HIV-exposed uninfected (HEU) infants experience increased severe respiratory syncytial virus lower respiratory tract illness (RSV-LRTI) rates compared with HIV-unexposed infants. Maternal bivalent RSVpreF vaccination can prevent infant RSV-LRTI but data from HEU infants are lacking. Methods: This phase 3 randomized, double-blinded trial [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: HIV-exposed uninfected (HEU) infants experience increased severe respiratory syncytial virus lower respiratory tract illness (RSV-LRTI) rates compared with HIV-unexposed infants. Maternal bivalent RSVpreF vaccination can prevent infant RSV-LRTI but data from HEU infants are lacking. Methods: This phase 3 randomized, double-blinded trial assessed RSVpreF safety and immunogenicity in pregnant participants from South Africa living with HIV and their infants. Maternal participants with stable HIV disease taking antiretroviral therapy received RSVpreF or placebo (24–36 weeks’ gestation). Primary safety endpoints included reactogenicity through 7 days after vaccination (maternal participants), adverse events (AEs) through 1 month after vaccination (maternal participants) or birth (infants), and serious AEs (SAEs) throughout the study (maternal participants) or through 6 months after birth (infants). Immune responses were evaluated by 50% RSV-A and RSV-B neutralizing titers prevaccination and at delivery (maternal participants) or birth (infants). Results: Overall, 343 maternal participants received RSVpreF (n = 172) or placebo (n = 171). Most reactogenicity events were mild/moderate. AEs and SAEs were generally reported at similar frequencies in maternal RSVpreF and placebo groups including percentages of hypertensive disorders of pregnancy. There were no safety concerns in infants; percentages of reported AEs and SAEs were generally similar between RSVpreF and placebo groups and no difference in preterm birth. RSVpreF elicited high maternal neutralizing RSV-A and RSV-B immune responses, with efficient RSV antibody transplacental transfer to infants demonstrated by levels greater than the placebo group at birth (geometric mean ratios (GMRs) of RSVpreF to placebo were 7.8 for RSV-A and 6.8 for RSV-B) and by comparison with a cohort of HIV-unexposed infants from the pivotal phase 3 efficacy trial (GMRs of HEU to HIV-unexposed infants were 0.86 for RSV-A and 0.72 for RSV-B). Conclusions: These results support maternal RSVpreF vaccination among those living with stable HIV for preventing RSV-LRTI in HEU infants. (NCT06325657). Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Maternal and Infant Vaccines)

15 pages, 915 KB

Open AccessArticle

Sustainable Composites from Recycled Polypropylene and Hazelnut Shell Flour for Application in Irrigation Systems

by Francesco Paolo La Mantia, Roberto Scaffaro, Giuseppe Balsamo, Carmelo Giuffré, Erica Gea Rodi, Simone Corviseri and Maria Clara Citarrella

Polymers 2025, 17(23), 3207; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym17233207 (registering DOI) - 1 Dec 2025

Abstract

The irrigation sector urgently needs more eco-sustainable materials able to guarantee the same performance as traditional fittings manufactured from virgin fossil-based polymers. In this study, sustainable composites were developed by melt-compounding virgin and recycled polypropylene (RPP) with hazelnut shell (HS) powder with or [...] Read more.

The irrigation sector urgently needs more eco-sustainable materials able to guarantee the same performance as traditional fittings manufactured from virgin fossil-based polymers. In this study, sustainable composites were developed by melt-compounding virgin and recycled polypropylene (RPP) with hazelnut shell (HS) powder with or without maleic-anhydride-grafted polypropylene (PPC) coupling agent. The materials were characterized by a rheological and mechanical point of view. At high shear rates, the viscosity curves of matrices and composites converge, making the difference between neat and filled systems negligible in terms of processability. This indicates that standard injection-molding parameters used for the neat matrices can also be applied to the composites without significant adjustments. Tensile tests showed that adding 10 wt% HS powder increased the elastic modulus by approximately 30% (from 960 MPa to 1.2 GPa) while reducing elongation at break by about 90% compared with neat RPP. The use of PPC mitigated this loss of ductility, partially restoring tensile strength and increasing EB from 6% to 18% in RPP-based composites (+200%). Finally, sleeve bodies and nuts injection-molded from RPP/HS5 and RPP/HS5/PPC successfully resisted internal water pressure up to 3.5 bar without leakage or structural damage. These findings demonstrate that agro-industrial waste can be effectively valorized as a functional filler in recycled polypropylene, enabling the manufacture of irrigation fittings with mechanical and processing performances comparable to those of virgin PP and supporting the transition toward a circular economy. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Polymer Science and Technology: When Progress Meets Sustainability and Reliability)

19 pages, 3312 KB

Open AccessArticle

Global Transcriptome Analysis Reveals the Molecular Mechanism Underlying Seed Physical Dormancy Formation in Medicago sativa

by He Li, Xiaoying Kang, Xu Li, Feng Yuan, Zeng-Yu Wang and Maofeng Chai

Genes 2025, 16(12), 1438; https://doi.org/10.3390/genes16121438 (registering DOI) - 1 Dec 2025

Abstract

Seed physical dormancy, also known as hard-seededness, is a characteristic commonly found in higher plants, which functions to prevent water and oxygen from passing through the impermeable seed coat. Background: Notably, seed dormancy has emerged as a critical factor in the domestication [...] Read more.

Seed physical dormancy, also known as hard-seededness, is a characteristic commonly found in higher plants, which functions to prevent water and oxygen from passing through the impermeable seed coat. Background: Notably, seed dormancy has emerged as a critical factor in the domestication of leguminous plants. Alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) is a globally cultivated high-quality legume forage crop, while the seeds from different varieties maintain varying degrees of hard-seededness. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying physical dormancy in alfalfa seeds remain poorly understood. In particular, the regulatory mechanisms at the transcriptomic level remain unclear, which has hindered the breeding process of varieties with low hard-seededness. Methods: In this study, we performed global transcriptome analysis to discover the genes specifically expressed in the alfalfa seed coat and provide insights into alfalfa seeds’ physical dormancy domestication traits. RNA sequencing was performed on various alfalfa tissues, including roots, stems, leaves, flowers, and seed coats. Results: This analysis led to the identification of 4740 seed coat-specific expressed genes, including key genes such as KNOX4 (a class II KNOTTED-like homeobox gene), qHs1 (encoding endo-1,4-β-glucanase), GmHs1-1 (encoding a calcineurin-like metallophosphoesterase), and KCS12 (β-ketoacyl-CoA synthase). In addition, several seed coat-specific transcription factor families were identified, including ERF, B3, and NAC, among others. Furthermore, a comparison of gene expression profiles between seeds with and without physical dormancy revealed 60 upregulated and 197 downregulated genes associated with physical dormancy. Crucially, functional enrichment analysis demonstrated that these genes are predominantly associated with lipid metabolism pathways, particularly those involved in the formation of “monolayer-surrounding lipid storage bodies.” Conclusions: This key finding suggests that the establishment of physical dormancy is closely linked to the biosynthesis and deposition of specialized lipid-based layers in the seed coat, which likely constitute the primary barrier to water penetration. Our study thus provides fundamental insights and a valuable genetic resource for future functional studies aimed at deciphering and manipulating physical dormancy in alfalfa. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Genetics and Breeding of Forage)

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39 pages, 2992 KB

Open AccessReview

Battery Passport and Online Diagnostics for Lithium-Ion Batteries: A Technical Review of Materials–Diagnostics Interactions and Online EIS

by Muhammad Usman Tahir, Tarek Ibrahim and Tamas Kerekes

Batteries 2025, 11(12), 442; https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries11120442 (registering DOI) - 1 Dec 2025

Abstract

Digital battery passports are being adopted to provide traceable records of lithium-ion batteries across their lifecycle, credible performance, and durability. However, it requires continuous diagnostics rather than lab-based tests and conditions. This review establishes a materials-informed system that links (i) battery-passport frameworks, (ii) [...] Read more.

Digital battery passports are being adopted to provide traceable records of lithium-ion batteries across their lifecycle, credible performance, and durability. However, it requires continuous diagnostics rather than lab-based tests and conditions. This review establishes a materials-informed system that links (i) battery-passport frameworks, (ii) cell-level design, and (iii) online electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) observables. Therefore, a chemistry-aware indicator set is proposed for passport reporting that relies on capacity and impedance indices, each accompanied by explicit tests. A review of the common and commercial LIBs (LCO, NCA, NMC, LMO, LFP) explains differences and characteristics. In addition, online EIS is reviewed, and different techniques for battery online diagnostics and state estimation are described, with details on how this online analysis is incorporated into the battery passport framework. This review covers the battery passport framework, the materials used in commercial batteries that must be documented and traced, and how these materials evolve throughout the degradation process. It concludes with the state of the art in online battery cell inspection, which enables comparable health reporting, conformity assessment, and second-life grading. Finally, it outlines key implementation priorities related to the reliability and accuracy of battery passport deployment and online battery diagnostics. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Battery Management Systems Based on Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy)

16 pages, 432 KB

Open AccessArticle

Flexible and Area-Efficient Codesign Implementation of AES on FPGA

by Oussama Azzouzi, Mohamed Anane, Mohamed Chahine Ghanem, Yassine Himeur and Dominik Wojtczak

Cryptography 2025, 9(4), 78; https://doi.org/10.3390/cryptography9040078 (registering DOI) - 1 Dec 2025

Abstract

As embedded and IoT systems demand secure and compact encryption, developing cryptographic solutions that are both lightweight and efficient remains a major challenge. Many existing AES implementations either lack flexibility or consume excessive hardware resources. This paper presents an area-efficient and flexible AES-128 [...] Read more.

As embedded and IoT systems demand secure and compact encryption, developing cryptographic solutions that are both lightweight and efficient remains a major challenge. Many existing AES implementations either lack flexibility or consume excessive hardware resources. This paper presents an area-efficient and flexible AES-128 implementation based on a hardware/software (HW/SW) co-design, specifically optimized for platforms with limited hardware resources, resulting in reduced power consumption. In this approach, key expansion is performed in software on a lightweight MicroBlaze processor, while encryption and decryption are accelerated by dedicated hardware IP cores optimized at the Look-up Table (LuT) level. The design is implemented on a Xilinx XC5VLX50T Virtex-5 FPGA, synthesized using Xilinx ISE 14.7, and tested at a 100 MHz system clock. It achieves a throughput of 13.3 Gbps and an area efficiency of 5.44 Gbps per slice, requiring only 2303 logic slices and 7 BRAMs on a Xilinx FPGA. It is particularly well-suited for resource-constrained applications such as IoT nodes, secure mobile devices, and smart cards. Since key expansion is executed only once per session, the runtime is dominated by AES core operations, enabling efficient processing of large data volumes. Although the present implementation targets AES-128, the HW/SW partitioning allows straightforward extension to AES-192 and AES-256 by modifying only the software Key expansion module, ensuring practical scalability with no hardware changes. Moreover, the architecture offers a balanced trade-off between performance, flexibility and resource utilization without relying on complex pipelining. Experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness and flexibility of the proposed lightweight design. Full article

21 pages, 6317 KB

Open AccessArticle

Hybrid Drone and Truck Delivery Optimization in Remote Areas Using Geospatial Analytics

by Md Abdul Quddus, Md Fashiar Rahman and Mahathir Mohammad Bappy

Sustainability 2025, 17(23), 10775; https://doi.org/10.3390/su172310775 (registering DOI) - 1 Dec 2025

Abstract

This study introduces a novel strategy for optimizing hybrid drone-and-truck delivery systems in remote areas by leveraging geospatial analytics. Geospatial methods are employed to identify optimal depot and drone nest locations, which serve as critical nodes for efficient delivery operations. After determining these [...] Read more.

This study introduces a novel strategy for optimizing hybrid drone-and-truck delivery systems in remote areas by leveraging geospatial analytics. Geospatial methods are employed to identify optimal depot and drone nest locations, which serve as critical nodes for efficient delivery operations. After determining these locations, a customized Vehicle Routing Problem (VRP) model is applied to solve the routing problem. We use Network Analyst (NA) from ArcGIS Pro to solve the VRP problem and improve the solution by customizing the algorithm so that all delivery orders for a vehicle are geographically clustered within the service area. Comparative analysis between truck-only and hybrid truck-and-drone scenarios reveals significant efficiency gains, including reductions in delivery routes, on-road minutes, and total miles traveled. A case study conducted in parts of Wyoming, Idaho, Nevada, Utah, and Colorado validates these findings. The results demonstrate a 10.5% reduction in delivery routes, a 15% reduction in on-road minutes, and a 28% decrease in total miles. Further improvements were achieved through spatial clustering, optimizing delivery routes by grouping orders geographically. These findings emphasize the potential of hybrid delivery systems to improve logistics in remote areas, providing actionable insights for supply chain decision-makers, highlighting the robustness of the proposed method. Full article

20 pages, 2536 KB

Open AccessArticle

Macroeconomic Modelling of Climate Value-at-Risk and Capital Adequacy

by Rudolf van der Walt and Gary van Vuuren

Climate 2025, 13(12), 245; https://doi.org/10.3390/cli13120245 (registering DOI) - 1 Dec 2025

Abstract

This paper presents a macroeconomic approach to calculating Climate Value-at-Risk (CliVaR) for financial institutions, addressing critical limitations in existing commercial solutions and historical data availability. This methodology leverages the Network for Greening the Financial System (NGFS) scenarios to derive implied forward-looking means and [...] Read more.

This paper presents a macroeconomic approach to calculating Climate Value-at-Risk (CliVaR) for financial institutions, addressing critical limitations in existing commercial solutions and historical data availability. This methodology leverages the Network for Greening the Financial System (NGFS) scenarios to derive implied forward-looking means and volatilities from scenarios mapped to macroeconomic variables (MEVs), circumventing the reliance on insufficient historical data. Through regression analysis, we identify statistically significant relationships between climate-sensitive macroeconomic variables and bank equity values, based on the premise that climate risk is transmitted to bank balance sheets via its impact on the general economy. It is recognised that MEVs alone cannot explain the full variance in equity values and the regression of MEVs to equity is inherently inefficient. However, the purpose of the regression is to determine statistically significant MEVs and not to predict the share price. Along with the NGFS scenarios, this enables the Monte Carlo simulation and the calculation of CliVaR. To account for the regression inefficiency, a Post-Model Adjustment (PMA) equation is developed. The methodology is demonstrated in a practical case study, by calculating a CliVaR based climate risk Pillar 2A capital requirement for Standard Bank Group. This proof-of-concept demonstrates the feasibility of transparent, in-house CliVaR calculations. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Modeling and Forecasting of Climate Risks)

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20 pages, 1446 KB

Open AccessArticle

Cuspidatyl Ferulate, a Novel Phenolic Acid from Hyssopus cuspidatus Borris, Protects Hepatocytes Against Oxidative Damage via Keap1 Interaction

by Xingyu Liu, Zhao Zhang, Denghui Gao, Xiaoguang Yang, Lei Liu, Guannan Wang, Zhenbo Song, Weiwei Fang and Shuyue Wang

Antioxidants 2025, 14(12), 1449; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox14121449 (registering DOI) - 1 Dec 2025

Abstract

Lipotoxicity and oxidative stress are key pathogenic drivers in the development of Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Steatotic Liver Disease (MASLD). The underlying mechanisms of MASLD are not fully understood, and approved pharmacotherapies remain elusive. Thus, exploring therapeutic targets and potential drugs for MASLD is still [...] Read more.

Lipotoxicity and oxidative stress are key pathogenic drivers in the development of Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Steatotic Liver Disease (MASLD). The underlying mechanisms of MASLD are not fully understood, and approved pharmacotherapies remain elusive. Thus, exploring therapeutic targets and potential drugs for MASLD is still a major challenge. In our previous study, a new cuspidatyl ferulate (2,3-dihydroxy-4-carboxylic butyl (E)-4-[3-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-2-propenoate], CuF) was first isolated and identified from Hyssopus cuspidatus Boriss (H. cuspidatus). Here, we investigated the effects of this novel phenolic acid on free fatty acid (FFA)-induced oxidative stress and lipid accumulation in HepG2 cells. Exposure to FFA significantly increased intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels and lipid accumulation. Notably, CuF treatment effectively reversed FFA-induced suppression of key antioxidant enzymes, including superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT), and attenuated lipid accumulation, as evidenced by reduced total cholesterol (TC) and triglyceride (TG) levels. Mechanistically, molecular docking and capillary electrophoresis analyses revealed that CuF directly interacts with Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 (Keap1), disrupting the Keap1-Nrf2 protein complex, thereby promoting nuclear translocation of Nrf2 and activating the antioxidant response pathway. In summary, our findings demonstrate that this novel phenolic acid exhibits strong antioxidant and anti-lipotoxic activities in vitro, offering a potential natural product-based drug candidate for MASLD therapy. Full article

(This article belongs to the Collection Advances in Antioxidant Ingredients from Natural Products)

25 pages, 4076 KB

Open AccessArticle

SGTWR Model with Spatial-Temporal Heterogeneity and Attribute Similarity for Urban Traffic Carbon Emission Driver Analysis

by Mingyue Li, Wala Du, Shan Yu, Zhimin Hong, Daoting Zhang, Yu’ang He and Lihai De

Sustainability 2025, 17(23), 10773; https://doi.org/10.3390/su172310773 (registering DOI) - 1 Dec 2025

Abstract

Against the backdrop of global climate change and carbon neutrality goals, the transportation sector has become a focal point in urban carbon emission research. This study develops a Spatiotemporal Geographically Weighted Regression (SGTWR) model that integrates spatial, temporal, and attribute similarity dimensions to [...] Read more.

Against the backdrop of global climate change and carbon neutrality goals, the transportation sector has become a focal point in urban carbon emission research. This study develops a Spatiotemporal Geographically Weighted Regression (SGTWR) model that integrates spatial, temporal, and attribute similarity dimensions to identify the main driving factors of urban transportation carbon emissions (TCE) across 287 Chinese cities from 2000 to 2019. The model incorporates climatic and geographical variables to capture the spatiotemporal heterogeneity of emission patterns. The results indicate that population density, private vehicle ownership, and heating degree days have positive effects on TCE, while terrain elevation exhibits a mitigating effect. The SGTWR model demonstrates superior explanatory power and accuracy (adjusted R² = 0.900) compared with traditional models, revealing significant spatial patterns and temporal trends in emission drivers. Based on coefficient clustering, six types of cities are identified, highlighting regional disparities in emission mechanisms. These findings provide methodological and theoretical support for formulating differentiated low-carbon transportation policies tailored to regional geographic and socio-economic contexts. Full article

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14 pages, 4788 KB

Open AccessArticle

FreeViBe: An Enhanced Method for Moving Target Separation⁺

by Jianwei Wu, Keju Zhang, Yuhan Shen and Jiaxiang Lin

Information 2025, 16(12), 1052; https://doi.org/10.3390/info16121052 (registering DOI) - 1 Dec 2025

Abstract

An enhanced method called FreeViBe+ for moving target segmentation is proposed in this paper, addressing limitations in the ViBe algorithm such as ghosting, shadows, and holes. To eliminate ghosts, multi-frame background modeling is introduced. Shadows are detected and removed based on their characteristics [...] Read more.

An enhanced method called FreeViBe+ for moving target segmentation is proposed in this paper, addressing limitations in the ViBe algorithm such as ghosting, shadows, and holes. To eliminate ghosts, multi-frame background modeling is introduced. Shadows are detected and removed based on their characteristics in the HSV color space, while holes are filled by merging GrabCut segmentation results with the ViBe extraction output. Furthermore, the Structure-measure is tuned to optimize image fusion, enabling improved foreground–background separation. Comprehensive experiments on the UCF101 and Weizmann datasets demonstrate the effectiveness of FreeViBe+ in comparison with Finite Difference, Gaussian Mixture Model, and ViBe methods. Ablation studies confirm the individual contributions of multi-frame modeling, shadow removal, and GrabCut refinement, while sensitivity analysis verifies the robustness of key parameters. Quantitative evaluations show that FreeViBe+ achieves superior performance in precision, recall, and F-measure compared with existing approaches. Full article

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