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14 pages, 1040 KB

Open AccessArticle

Clinical Relevance and Follow-Up of Incidental CT Imaging Findings for COVID-19 Diagnosis: A Retrospective Analysis

by Marc Marty, Bjarne Kerber, Frederik Abel, Jonas Kroschke, Thomas Frauenfelder and Sabine Franckenberg

Diagnostics 2025, 15(22), 2832; https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics15222832 (registering DOI) - 8 Nov 2025

Abstract

Background/Objectives: The aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of incidental findings in thoracic computed tomography (CT) performed because of COVID-19 and their potential impact on patient management. Methods: This retrospective analysis included 683 CT scans from 327 patients [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: The aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of incidental findings in thoracic computed tomography (CT) performed because of COVID-19 and their potential impact on patient management. Methods: This retrospective analysis included 683 CT scans from 327 patients who underwent CT imaging of the thorax with or without the application of intravenous contrast-agents because of the primary indication of COVID-19. Radiological findings were categorized according to the COVID-19 Pneumonia Imaging Classification by four independent readers. Incidental findings were categorized according to a scale ranging from 0 (no patient impairment) to 3b (severe permanent impairment). Results: In the 683 CT-scans, typical COVID-19 findings were present in 273 scans (40.0%), atypical signs in 97 (14.2%), indeterminate findings in 40 (5.9%), and no signs of COVID-19 in 273 (40.0%). Incidental findings were reported in 93 out of 683 cases (13.6%), of which 63 (67.0%) were classified as category 0, 12 (12.8%) as category 1, 9 (9.6%) as category 2a, none (0.0%) as category 2b, 5 (5.3%) as category 3a, and 5 (5.3%) as category 3b. Conclusions: CT scans of the thorax for COVID-19 show a small but significant number of incidental findings that require further investigation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Medical Imaging and Theranostics)

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20 pages, 1198 KB

Open AccessArticle

Cross-Layer Optimized OLSR Protocol for FANETs in Interference-Intensive Environments

by Jinyue Liu, Peng Gong, Haowei Yang, Siqi Li and Xiang Gao

Drones 2025, 9(11), 778; https://doi.org/10.3390/drones9110778 (registering DOI) - 8 Nov 2025

Abstract

The conventional OLSR protocol faces substantial challenges in highly dynamic and interference-intensive UAV environments, including high mobility, frequent topology changes, and insufficient adaptability to electromagnetic interference. This paper proposes a cross-layer improved OLSR protocol, OLSR-LCN, that integrates three evaluation metrics—link lifetime (LL), channel [...] Read more.

The conventional OLSR protocol faces substantial challenges in highly dynamic and interference-intensive UAV environments, including high mobility, frequent topology changes, and insufficient adaptability to electromagnetic interference. This paper proposes a cross-layer improved OLSR protocol, OLSR-LCN, that integrates three evaluation metrics—link lifetime (LL), channel interference index (CII), and node load (NL)—to enhance communication stability and network performance. The proposed protocol extends the OLSR control message structure and employs enhanced MPR selection and routing path computation algorithms. LL prediction enables proactive selection of stable communication paths, while the CII helps avoid heavily interfered nodes during MPR selection. Additionally, the NL metric facilitates load balancing and prevents premature node failure due to resource exhaustion. Simulation results demonstrate that across different UAV flight speeds and network scales, OLSR-LCN protocol consistently outperforms both the OLSR and the position-based OLSR in terms of end-to-end delay, packet loss rate, and network efficiency. The cross-layer optimization approach effectively addresses frequent link disruptions, interference, and load imbalance in dynamic environments, providing a robust solution for reliable communication in complex FANETs. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Drone Communications)

18 pages, 522 KB

Open AccessArticle

Epilepsy Surgery in Kazakhstan: Outcomes and the Role of Advanced Imaging

by Dina Kalinina, Nazira Bekenova, Alimzhan Muxunov, Zhassulan Utebekov, Gaziz Kyrgyzbay, Darkhan Kimadiev, Guldana Zhumabaeva and Antonio Sarria-Santamera

J. Clin. Med. 2025, 14(22), 7932; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm14227932 (registering DOI) - 8 Nov 2025

Abstract

Background and Objectives: Evidence on epilepsy surgery from Central Asia is limited, reflecting the real-world challenges of developing this service in low- and middle-income settings. We evaluated one-year seizure outcomes after resective surgery for drug-resistant focal epilepsy at a single center in Kazakhstan, [...] Read more.

Background and Objectives: Evidence on epilepsy surgery from Central Asia is limited, reflecting the real-world challenges of developing this service in low- and middle-income settings. We evaluated one-year seizure outcomes after resective surgery for drug-resistant focal epilepsy at a single center in Kazakhstan, and we assessed whether the use of advanced presurgical imaging was associated with seizure freedom. Materials and Methods: A retrospective cohort study was conducted, including consecutive adults who underwent curative-intent resective epilepsy surgery from 2017 to 2023. Outcomes at 12 months or more post-surgery were classified using the Engel criteria. Logistic regression was used to examine associations between the advanced presurgical diagnostic tool and achieving an Engel class I outcome. Crude and adjusted risk ratios (RRs) for not achieving Engel I were estimated using modified Poisson regression with robust SEs. Results: Among 112 patients (median age 31 years; median epilepsy duration 19 years), 76% underwent temporal lobe procedures and 71% had lobectomies. At one year, 74 patients were seizure-free (Engel II: 15.2%, III: 11.6%, IV: 7.1%). Year-to-year Engel I rates varied without a significant linear trend from 2018 to 2023. In bivariable analyses, MRI-defined atrophy (RR, 3.14) and mixed lesions (RR, 2.62) were associated with a higher risk of not achieving Engel I, whereas longer epilepsy duration was linked to a lower risk (RR, 0.97 per year). In adjusted models, predictors of not achieving Engel I included generalized tonic–clonic seizures (aRR, 1.96), atrophy (aRR, 2.98), mixed lesions (aRR, 2.45), and undergoing any advanced diagnostic test (aRR, 3.38). Longer epilepsy durations remained protective (aRR 0.95 per year). In modality-specific logistic models, fMRI use was associated with higher odds of Engel I (aOR 3.39), and MR spectroscopy was associated with lower odds (aOR 0.33). Conclusions: In this Central Asian single-center cohort, about two-thirds of adults achieved complete seizure freedom one year after resective surgery—comparable to international benchmarks. Advanced imaging modalities showed divergent associations with outcomes, likely reflecting confounding by indication. These findings support the feasibility of effective epilepsy surgery in a low-resource context and the value of targeted use of advanced imaging. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Clinical Neurology)

26 pages, 2396 KB

Open AccessArticle

Air Sensor Network Analysis Tool: R-Shiny Application

by Karoline K. Barkjohn, Todd Plessel, Jiacheng Yang, Gavendra Pandey, Yadong Xu, Stephen Krabbe, Catherine Seppanen, Renée Bichler, Huy Nguyen Quang Tran, Saravanan Arunachalam and Andrea L. Clements

Atmosphere 2025, 16(11), 1270; https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos16111270 (registering DOI) - 8 Nov 2025

Abstract

Poor air quality can harm human health and the environment. Air quality data are needed to understand and reduce exposure to air pollution. Air sensor data can supplement national air monitoring data, allowing for a better understanding of localized air quality and trends. [...] Read more.

Poor air quality can harm human health and the environment. Air quality data are needed to understand and reduce exposure to air pollution. Air sensor data can supplement national air monitoring data, allowing for a better understanding of localized air quality and trends. However, these sensors can have limitations, biases, and inaccuracies that must first be controlled to generate data of adequate quality, and analyzing sensor data often requires extensive data analysis. To address these issues, an R-Shiny application has been developed to assist air quality professionals in (1) understanding air sensor data quality through comparison with nearby ambient air reference monitors, (2) applying basic quality assurance and quality control, and (3) understanding local air quality conditions. This tool provides agencies with the ability to more quickly analyze and utilize air sensor data for a variety of purposes while increasing the reproducibility of analyses. While more in-depth custom analysis may still be needed for some sensor types (e.g., advanced correction methods), this tool provides an easy starting place for analysis. This paper highlights two case studies using the tool to explore PM_2.5 sensor performance under the conditions of wildfire smoke impacts in the Midwestern United States and the performance of O₃ sensors for a year. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Emerging Technologies for Observation of Air Pollution (2nd Edition))

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33 pages, 766 KB

Open AccessSystematic Review

Prognostic Value of Multifrequency Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: Systematic Review

by Loredana-Crista Tiucă, Gina Gheorghe, Vlad Alexandru Ionescu, Ninel Iacobus Antonie and Camelia Cristina Diaconu

Medicina 2025, 61(11), 2003; https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina61112003 (registering DOI) - 8 Nov 2025

Abstract

Background and Objectives: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a systemic condition in which muscle wasting, malnutrition, and altered fluid balance strongly influence prognosis. While spirometry remains essential for diagnosis and staging, it often fails to reflect the heterogeneity of outcomes. Multifrequency [...] Read more.

Background and Objectives: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a systemic condition in which muscle wasting, malnutrition, and altered fluid balance strongly influence prognosis. While spirometry remains essential for diagnosis and staging, it often fails to reflect the heterogeneity of outcomes. Multifrequency bioelectrical impedance analysis (MF-BIA) enables the assessment of body composition and fluid distribution, offering additional prognostic information. This systematic review aimed to evaluate the prognostic significance of MF-BIA in COPD, with emphasis on outcomes such as mortality, exacerbations, and hospital admissions. Materials and Methods: We systematically searched PubMed, Web of Science and Scopus from inception to 29 April 2025. The earliest record retrieved was published in 1996 but was excluded during screening. Studies including COPD patients in whom MF-BIA-derived parameters were related to clinical outcomes were eligible. Risk of bias was assessed using the Newcastle–Ottawa Scale. Data on design, population, methodology, and endpoints were extracted and narratively synthesized due to heterogeneity. The review protocol was not registered. Results: Eight studies were included. Phase angle (PhA) consistently showed prognostic value, being inversely related to mortality and rehospitalizations. Fat-free mass index (FFMI) was integrated into multidimensional models, but its independent role was inconsistent. Parameters describing fluid distribution, such as Extracellular Water/Total Body Water ratio, also appeared relevant, though interpretation was often limited by the absence of consistent consideration of underlying cardiac disease. Conclusions: MF-BIA provides useful prognostic insights in COPD patients, particularly through PhA. It may refine risk stratification beyond spirometry, yet further prospective studies with standardized methods are needed to confirm its independent value. Heterogeneity of methods and small sample sizes remain important limitations. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Pulmonology)

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13 pages, 3291 KB

Open AccessArticle

On-Chip Yagi Antenna Design at 38 GHz with 0.18 μm CMOS Techniques

by Chia-Wei Lin, Ming-An Chung and Bing-Ruei Chuang

Electronics 2025, 14(22), 4373; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics14224373 (registering DOI) - 8 Nov 2025

Abstract

In this study, a 38 GHz millimeter wave Yagi antenna was designed and fabricated on a chip using a 0.18 μm CMOS process. The radiation performance of the antenna is improved by using a Yagi antenna with end-fire. The proposed antenna chip measures [...] Read more.

In this study, a 38 GHz millimeter wave Yagi antenna was designed and fabricated on a chip using a 0.18 μm CMOS process. The radiation performance of the antenna is improved by using a Yagi antenna with end-fire. The proposed antenna chip measures the reflection coefficient at less than −10 dB over a bandwidth range from 36.6 to 39.8 GHz, covering the 5G n260 band. The CMOS antenna chip has a size of

1.2 \times 1.2 {m m}^{2}

. This study also proposes a solution for the easy measurement of the radiation characteristics to verify the performance in millimeter wave applications. For this purpose, the chip antenna uses bonding wire technology and is verified in a millimeter wave test system. Finally, the simulation and measurement results of the antenna pattern of the bondline technique yield similar radiation patterns. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Smart Antennas and Systems for 5G and Beyond: Latest Advances and Prospects)

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30 pages, 3051 KB

Open AccessArticle

Neuroprotective Pathway Modulation by a Novel Coriandrum sativum, N-Acetylcysteine and Glutathione-Based Formulation: Insights from In Vitro 3D Models

by Simone Mulè, Sara Ferrari, Rebecca Galla and Francesca Uberti

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025, 26(22), 10857; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms262210857 (registering DOI) - 8 Nov 2025

Abstract

Pain remains a major clinical challenge due to its complex physiopathology and limited treatment options. In this context, several supplements based on palmitoylethanolamide (PEA) and alpha-lipoic acid (ALA) are known for their neuroprotective properties. ALA-based supplements have shown potential, but concerns about adverse [...] Read more.

Pain remains a major clinical challenge due to its complex physiopathology and limited treatment options. In this context, several supplements based on palmitoylethanolamide (PEA) and alpha-lipoic acid (ALA) are known for their neuroprotective properties. ALA-based supplements have shown potential, but concerns about adverse effects persist. This study examines the formulations of two commercial products based on ALA and PEA, IperALA^® and IperALA^® Forte, in which ALA and vitamin D3 are replaced with Coriandrum sativum extract (C. sativum e.s.), N-acetylcysteine (NAC) and glutathione (GSH), assessing improvement of neuroprotective, anti-inflammatory and analgesic properties of the new formulation. Intestinal, blood–brain barrier (BBB), and central nervous system (CNS) models were sequentially stimulated with the test compounds. Both formulations were assessed for cytotoxicity, barrier integrity, permeability, oxidative stress, inflammation, and neuroprotection-related biomarkers. IperALA^® Forte demonstrated superior performance compared to IperALA^® and individual agents. It enhanced cell viability, preserved intestinal and BBB integrity, and improved compound permeability. Notably, it reduced ROS and pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNFα, IL-1), while increasing analgesic markers (CB2R, GABA) in the central system. The replacement of ALA and vitamin D3 with C. sativum, NAC, and GSH in IperALA^® Forte significantly improved the neuroprotective, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory profile of the supplement. These results indicate a possible connection between the observed neuroprotective properties and the pathways involved in nociception and pain regulation, stating the hypothetical potential relevance of this approach for the treatment of pain-related conditions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Molecular Neurobiology)

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18 pages, 17094 KB

Open AccessArticle

Dynamic Analysis of a Fractional-Order Economic Model: Chaos and Control

by Ali Aloui, Louiza Diabi, Omar Kahouli, Adel Ouannas, Lilia El Amraoui and Mohamed Ayari

Fractal Fract. 2025, 9(11), 724; https://doi.org/10.3390/fractalfract9110724 (registering DOI) - 8 Nov 2025

Abstract

Fractional calculus in discrete-time is a recent field that has drawn much interest for dealing with multidisciplinary systems. A result of this tremendous potential, researchers have been using constant and variable-order fractional discrete calculus in the modelling of financial and economic systems. This [...] Read more.

Fractional calculus in discrete-time is a recent field that has drawn much interest for dealing with multidisciplinary systems. A result of this tremendous potential, researchers have been using constant and variable-order fractional discrete calculus in the modelling of financial and economic systems. This paper explores the emergence of chaotic and regular patterns of the fractional four-dimensional (4D) discrete economic system with constant and variable orders. The primary aim is to compare and investigate the impact of two types of fractional order through numerical solutions and simulation, demonstrating how modifications to the order affect the behavior of a system. Phase space orbits, the 0-1 test, time series, bifurcation charts, and Lyapunov exponent analysis for different orders all illustrate the constant and variable-order systems’ behavior. Moreover, the spectral entropy (SE) and

C_{0}

complexity exhibit fractional-order effects with variations in the degree of complexity. The results provide new insights into the influence of fractional-order types on dynamical systems and highlight their role in promoting chaotic behavior. Additionally, two types of control strategies are devised to guide the states of a 4D fractional discrete economic system with constant and variable orders to the origin within a specified amount of time. MATLAB simulations are presented to demonstrate the efficacy of the findings. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Modeling and Dynamic Analysis of Fractional-Order Systems)

22 pages, 2859 KB

Open AccessArticle

Assessment of Health-Related Quality of Life and Biomarkers in Long COVID: A 12-Month Longitudinal Feasibility Cohort

by Fahad Alghamdi, Robert Meertens, Abasiama Dick Obotiba, Lorna W. Harries, Sarah Appleby, Kinan Mokbel, Karen M. Knapp and William David Strain

J. Clin. Med. 2025, 14(22), 7931; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm14227931 (registering DOI) - 8 Nov 2025

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Long COVID (LC) causes persistent symptoms, including fatigue, musculoskeletal (MSK) pain, and a lower quality of life. It is hypothesised that chronic low-grade inflammation in LC could impact bone, joints, and muscle microcirculation, but evidence is limited. Our aim is to [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Long COVID (LC) causes persistent symptoms, including fatigue, musculoskeletal (MSK) pain, and a lower quality of life. It is hypothesised that chronic low-grade inflammation in LC could impact bone, joints, and muscle microcirculation, but evidence is limited. Our aim is to assess health-related quality of life (HRQoL) and circulating inflammation, bone turnover markers (BTM), and vitamin D in LC individuals to explore their potential association with MSK function. Methods: Prospective longitudinal cohort; LC n = 45, well-recovered (WR) n = 40; 12 ± 2 months follow-up. Baseline and follow-up assessments included evaluations of HRQoL and pain-rating questionnaires, and blood analysis of inflammatory and bone turnover markers (BTM). Results: More females were in the LC group. LC reported significantly lower HRQoL compared to WR, with no change over 12 months. LC had higher vitamin D levels at baseline, median 29.46 ng/mL (23.75; 35.06) compared to WR 20.36 ng/mL (15.995; 27.65) (p = 0.0021). Both groups experienced significant increases in vitamin D after 12 months: WR median from 21.4 ng/mL (16.34; 27.89) to 29.58 ng/mL (25.33; 41.74), (p =< 0.001) and LC median from 32.695 ng/mL (23.665; 35.1) to 35.89 ng/mL (30.1; 41.2), (p = 0.0023). Pain rating showed LC also experienced more hand pain at baseline median 1 (0; 5), (p = 0.003). There were no differences between groups in BTM or cytokines over time. Conclusions: This feasibility cohort showed that LC is associated with a reduction in HRQoL and joint symptoms; however, no significant changes were observed in the inflammatory markers, indicating the need for ongoing monitoring. Future studies should explore MSK, muscle function via imaging, and ways to enhance musculoskeletal health and well-being. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Epidemiology & Public Health)

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22 pages, 9850 KB

Open AccessArticle

Microbiologically Influenced Corrosion of Aerospace-Grade Aluminum by SRB-Enriched Biofilms Isolated from the Mars Analog Lake Salda

by Tuba Unsal, Seben Yucel, Demet Ongan Rabba, Abdullah Aksu, Omer Suat Taskin, Mehmet Emre Cetintasoglu, Rasit Bilgin, Nagihan Korkmaz, Esra Billur Balcıoglu Ilhan, Osman Dur and Nuray Caglar Balkis

Microorganisms 2025, 13(11), 2555; https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms13112555 (registering DOI) - 8 Nov 2025

Abstract

Lake Salda in Türkiye serves as a valuable Earth analog for studies of the properties of Mars due to its mineralogical and microbiological similarities to Jezero Crater on Mars. This study investigated the role of sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB) enrichment culture isolated from Lake [...] Read more.

Lake Salda in Türkiye serves as a valuable Earth analog for studies of the properties of Mars due to its mineralogical and microbiological similarities to Jezero Crater on Mars. This study investigated the role of sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB) enrichment culture isolated from Lake Salda on the microbiologically influenced corrosion (MIC) of an aluminum alloy (AA7075) using electrochemical, microbiological, molecular, and spectroscopic methods. Potentiodynamic polarization (PDP) tests confirmed SRB-enriched biofilm significantly accelerated corrosion. Fourier Transformed Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) further distinguished the control and biotic surfaces, showing the replacement of a 980 cm⁻¹ polysaccharide band with a 1075 cm⁻¹ cyclic polysaccharide vibration in SRB-colonized coupons. This spectral transition reflects biofilm maturation and EPS accumulation, providing molecular evidence for SRB-driven MIC. Molecular analysis identified Proteobacteria and Firmicutes as dominant phyla, and Desulfofustis limnaeus was detected in Lake Salda for the first time. Moreover, benthic foraminifera and ostracods were observed, some with morphological anomalies. These results provide mechanistic insight into the biochemical and electrochemical interactions driving SRB-induced corrosion, highlighting Lake Salda’s importance for studying microbial–material interactions in extreme environments. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances on Microbial Interactions with Materials and Their Applications)

34 pages, 4866 KB

Open AccessArticle

Target Allocation and Air–Ground Coordination for UAV Cluster Airspace Security Defense

by Changhe Deng and Xi Fang

Drones 2025, 9(11), 777; https://doi.org/10.3390/drones9110777 (registering DOI) - 8 Nov 2025

Abstract

In this paper, we propose a cooperative security method for unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) and unmanned ground vehicles (UGVs) based on the Multi-Agent Deep Deterministic Policy Gradient (MADDPG) algorithm to address the scenario of unauthorized rogue drones (RDs) intruding into an airport’s restricted [...] Read more.

In this paper, we propose a cooperative security method for unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) and unmanned ground vehicles (UGVs) based on the Multi-Agent Deep Deterministic Policy Gradient (MADDPG) algorithm to address the scenario of unauthorized rogue drones (RDs) intruding into an airport’s restricted airspace. The proposed method integrates artificial intelligence techniques with engineering solutions to enhance the autonomy and effectiveness of air–ground cooperation in airport security. Specifically, the MADDPG algorithm enables the Security Interception UAVs (SI-UAVs) to autonomously detect and counteract RDs by optimizing their decision-making processes in a multi-agent environment. Additionally, Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) is employed for distance-based target assignment, allowing each SI-UAV to autonomously select intruder targets based on proximity. To address the challenge of limited SI-UAV flight range, a power replenishment mechanism is introduced, where each SI-UAV automatically returns to the nearest UGV for recharging after reaching a predetermined distance. Meanwhile, UGVs perform ground patrols across different airport critical zones (e.g., runways and terminal perimeters) according to pre-designed patrol paths. The simulation results demonstrate the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed security strategy, showing improvements in the reward function and the number of successful interceptions. This approach effectively solves the problems of target allocation and limited SI-UAV range in multi-SI-UAV-to-multi-RD scenarios, further enhancing the autonomy and efficiency of air–ground cooperation in ensuring airport security. Full article

11 pages, 5872 KB

Open AccessArticle

Tailoring the Management of Colonic Lipomas: A 10-Year Experience of Surgical and Endoscopic Resection

by Vincenzo Schiavone, Filippo Carannante, Gennaro Melone, Valentina Miacci, Gianluca Costa, Chiara Taffon, Marco Caricato, Gabriella Teresa Capolupo and Gianluca Mascianà

J. Pers. Med. 2025, 15(11), 544; https://doi.org/10.3390/jpm15110544 (registering DOI) - 8 Nov 2025

Abstract

Introduction: Colonic lipomas (CLs) are benign neoplasms originating from adipose tissue within the gastrointestinal tract. They are often asymptomatic, but in certain cases, patients may present with gastrointestinal bleeding or symptoms related to intestinal obstruction. We report the cases of 18 patients undergoing [...] Read more.

Introduction: Colonic lipomas (CLs) are benign neoplasms originating from adipose tissue within the gastrointestinal tract. They are often asymptomatic, but in certain cases, patients may present with gastrointestinal bleeding or symptoms related to intestinal obstruction. We report the cases of 18 patients undergoing both surgical and endoscopic resection of colonic lipomas. Given the variability in symptoms, lesion size, and patient demographics, the management of CLs represents a clinical scenario where treatment must be tailored to the individual, aligning with the principles of personalized medicine. This study aims to clarify the clinical and morphological factors guiding treatment selection for colonic lipomas, emphasizing a personalized approach to management. Materials and Methods: We retrospectively reviewed a prospectively collected database of 18 patients with histological diagnosis of colon lipoma after both endoscopic and surgical resection at the Campus Bio-Medico University Hospital, Rome, from 2016 to the first months of 2025. Results: The average patient age was 66 years, and the average maximum size of lipoma was 2.87 cm. The anatomical location of lipomas is very varied, ranging from the ileocecal valve to the distal sigma, and most procedures were endoscopic. Conclusions: Despite the fact that no established guidelines about the management of the CLs are reported in literature, the different approaches are related to symptomatology. Our findings try to clarify and demonstrate how the therapeutic decision, whether endoscopic or surgical, is personalized based on the patients and their clinical condition, illustrating how CL management reflects the broader framework of personalized medicine. Our work confirms that the patients most prone to intussusception phenomena are young women with large colonic lipomas. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Updates and Challenges in Endoscopic and Laparoscopic Surgery)

15 pages, 992 KB

Open AccessArticle

DVAD: A Dynamic Visual Adaptation Framework for Multi-Class Anomaly Detection

by Han Gao, Huiyuan Luo, Fei Shen and Zhengtao Zhang

AI 2025, 6(11), 289; https://doi.org/10.3390/ai6110289 (registering DOI) - 8 Nov 2025

Abstract

Despite the superior performance of existing anomaly detection methods, they are often limited to single-class detection tasks, requiring separate models for each class. This constraint hinders their detection performance and deployment efficiency when applied to real-world multi-class data. In this paper, we propose [...] Read more.

Despite the superior performance of existing anomaly detection methods, they are often limited to single-class detection tasks, requiring separate models for each class. This constraint hinders their detection performance and deployment efficiency when applied to real-world multi-class data. In this paper, we propose a dynamic visual adaptation framework for multi-class anomaly detection, enabling the dynamic and adaptive capture of features based on multi-class data, thereby enhancing detection performance. Specifically, our method introduces a network plug-in, the Hyper AD Plug-in, which dynamically adjusts model parameters according to the input data to extract dynamic features. By leveraging the collaboration between the Mamba block, the CNN block, and the proposed Hyper AD Plug-in, we extract global, local, and dynamic features simultaneously. Furthermore, we incorporate the Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) module, which achieves a dynamic balance across different features through its dynamic routing mechanism and multi-expert collaboration. As a result, the proposed method achieves leading accuracy on the MVTec AD and VisA datasets, with image-level mAU-ROC scores of 98.8% and 95.1%, respectively. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Artificial Intelligence in Industrial Systems: From Data Acquisition to Intelligent Decision-Making)

25 pages, 5550 KB

Open AccessArticle

Age, Genesis, and Tectonic Setting of the Serbian Čukaru Peki Copper Deposit in Timok Ore Cluster Area, Eastern Europe: Constraints from Zircon U-Pb Dating, Molybdenite Re-Os Dating, and Geochemical Data

by Zhuo Wang, Haixin Yue, Datian Wu, Dongping Rao, Fengming Xu, Wei Sun, Wensong Lang, Zhengze Yu, Yongheng Zhou, Weishan Huang, Yunchou Xu, Zhenjun Sun and Xin Jin

Minerals 2025, 15(11), 1178; https://doi.org/10.3390/min15111178 (registering DOI) - 8 Nov 2025

Abstract

The Apuseni-Banat-Timok-Srednogorie Metallogenic Belt is one of the most important polymetallic metallogenic belts in the western segment of the Tethys, where numerous porphyry-type, skarn-type, and epithermal deposits are developed. However, scholars have noted a lack of systematic chronological and geochemical studies of andesites [...] Read more.

The Apuseni-Banat-Timok-Srednogorie Metallogenic Belt is one of the most important polymetallic metallogenic belts in the western segment of the Tethys, where numerous porphyry-type, skarn-type, and epithermal deposits are developed. However, scholars have noted a lack of systematic chronological and geochemical studies of andesites within this belt. Furthermore, the metallodynamic mechanisms controlling mineralization—such as oceanic plate exhumation and plate tearing—remain controversial. To complement the available research, this study focuses on andesites from the Čukaru Peki area in Serbia and integrates zircon U-Pb dating, molybdenite Re-Os isotopic analysis, and whole-rock geochemical analysis. The results reveal that plagioclase andesitic breccia and fine-grained plagioclase amphibole andesite were emplaced during the Late Cretaceous. Consistently, the molybdenite isochron age (81.46 ± 0.60 Ma, MSWD = 1.30) constrains the mineralization event to the same period. Both rock types exhibit geochemical signatures typical of island arc volcanic rocks, characterized by high SiO₂ contents and low Al₂O₃, MgO, and TiO₂ contents, as well as pronounced fractionation between light and heavy rare earth elements (LREEs and HREEs). The magma source is the mantle wedge metasomatized by fluid-rich melts derived from the dehydration of the subducted oceanic crust. Additionally, the primary magma produced by partial melting of this metasomatized mantle wedge assimilated and was contaminated by continental crustal material predating the Vardar Ocean’s closure during its ascent. Our findings suggest that the regional andesites are products of the exhumation of the Vardar Ocean. This study aims to provide a theoretical foundation for mineral exploration in the Timok ore cluster and, simultaneously, support the identification of ore prospecting targets in andesite alteration zones. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Granitoids and Their Importance in the Identification of Tectonic Environments, Geodynamic Evolution and Crustal Growth: Mineralizations, Geochronology, Elemental and Isotope Geochemistry)

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20 pages, 7650 KB

Open AccessArticle

Pixel-Dehaze: Deciphering Dehazing Through Regression-Based Depth and Scattering Estimation

by Vaibhav Baldeva, Vishakha Sharma, Satakshi Verma, Priya Kansal, Sachin Kansal and Jyotindra Narayan

Big Data Cogn. Comput. 2025, 9(11), 282; https://doi.org/10.3390/bdcc9110282 (registering DOI) - 8 Nov 2025

Abstract

Haze significantly reduces visibility in critical applications such as autonomous driving, surveillance, and firefighting, making its removal essential for safety and reliability. Motivated by the limited robustness of the existing methods under non-uniform haze conditions, this study introduces a novel regression-based dehazing model [...] Read more.

Haze significantly reduces visibility in critical applications such as autonomous driving, surveillance, and firefighting, making its removal essential for safety and reliability. Motivated by the limited robustness of the existing methods under non-uniform haze conditions, this study introduces a novel regression-based dehazing model that simultaneously incorporates the atmospheric light constant, transmission map, and scattering coefficient for improved restoration. Instead of relying on complex deep networks, the model leverages brightness–saturation cues and regression-driven scattering estimation with localized haze detection to reconstruct clearer images efficiently. Evaluated on the RESIDE dataset, the approach consistently surpasses state-of-the-art techniques including Dark Channel Prior, AOD-Net, FFA-Net, and Single U-Net, achieving SSIM = 0.99, PSNR = 22.25 dB, VIF = 1.08, and the lowest processing time of 0.038 s, demonstrating both accuracy and practicality for real-world deployment. Full article

24 pages, 2528 KB

Open AccessArticle

In Silico Analysis of Serum Albumin Binding by Bone-Regenerative Hyaluronan-Based Molecules

by Pauline Kramp, Aydin Özmaldar, Gloria Ruiz-Gómez and M. Teresa Pisabarro

Pharmaceutics 2025, 17(11), 1445; https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics17111445 (registering DOI) - 8 Nov 2025

Abstract

Background: The binding of glycosaminoglycans (GAG) to Wnt signaling components plays a key regulatory role in bone formation and regeneration. We previously reported de novo designed chemically modified hyaluronan derivatives, named _REGAG (Rationally Engineered GAG), which demonstrated bone-regenerative properties in a mouse [...] Read more.

Background: The binding of glycosaminoglycans (GAG) to Wnt signaling components plays a key regulatory role in bone formation and regeneration. We previously reported de novo designed chemically modified hyaluronan derivatives, named _REGAG (Rationally Engineered GAG), which demonstrated bone-regenerative properties in a mouse calvaria defect model. To gain initial insights into the pharmacological profile of two _REGAG currently under preclinical investigation in mice, we performed a comprehensive in silico investigation of their binding to human and murine serum albumin (HSA and MSA), as it might influence their ADME properties. Furthermore, we evaluated whether _REGAG binding might impact the recognition of well-characterized HSA-binding drugs. Methods: State-of-the-art in silico ADMET tools, docking and molecular dynamics simulations were used to predict and characterize the interaction of _REGAG with HSA and MSA, and to investigate the molecular mechanisms involved at the atomic level. Results: The investigated _REGAG molecules show a consistent binding preference for the FA1 site in both proteins, and an additional preference for the FA7 site in HSA. Their recognition might induce protein conformational changes and alter the functional state. Furthermore, _REGAG’s conformational adaptability is predicted to influence their binding to the FA5/6 and FA8/9 sites of HSA, and to the FA3/4 and FA7 sites of MSA. Conclusions: Our investigations predict the binding of two hyaluronan derivatives to HSA and MSA. The mechanistic insights gained into the molecular recognition of these two _REGAG molecules offer valuable information for their potential clinical application and serve as a rational basis for future molecular design aimed at improving pharmacokinetic properties. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Hyaluronic Acid-Based Drug Delivery Systems)

13 pages, 11563 KB

Open AccessArticle

The Mutation of piezo1 Weakens the Intermuscular Bones in Zebrafish and Crucian Carp

by Xinyu Zhang, Jinyuan Che, Zhuang Li, Baolong Bao and Chunxin Fan

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025, 26(22), 10851; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms262210851 (registering DOI) - 8 Nov 2025

Abstract

Intermuscular bones (IBs), unique skeletal features found only in teleost fishes, pose significant challenges to food processing and consumption. While recent studies have identified several key genetic regulators of IB development, the role of mechanosensory mechanisms remains largely unexplored. This study investigated the [...] Read more.

Intermuscular bones (IBs), unique skeletal features found only in teleost fishes, pose significant challenges to food processing and consumption. While recent studies have identified several key genetic regulators of IB development, the role of mechanosensory mechanisms remains largely unexplored. This study investigated the role of Piezo1, a critical mechanosensitive ion channel, in IB formation using zebrafish and crucian carp models. Our findings demonstrated that piezo1 was expressed in the myoseptum of zebrafish, and CRISPR/Cas9-mediated knockout of this gene resulted in shorter and smaller IBs. Similar knockout experiments in crucian carp confirmed the conserved role of Piezo1 across cyprinid species. These results established Piezo1 as a key regulator of IB development, providing new insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying this process and suggesting potential strategies for breeding IB-free fish strains through modulation of mechanosensory pathways. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Molecular Genetics and Genomics)

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25 pages, 4476 KB

Open AccessArticle

An Effective Process to Use Drones for Above-Ground Biomass Estimation in Agroforestry Landscapes

by Andsera Adugna Mekonen, Claudia Conte and Domenico Accardo

Aerospace 2025, 12(11), 1001; https://doi.org/10.3390/aerospace12111001 (registering DOI) - 8 Nov 2025

Abstract

Above-ground biomass in agroforestry refers to the total mass of living vegetation, primarily trees and shrubs, integrated into agricultural landscapes. It plays a key role in climate change mitigation by capturing and storing carbon. Accurate estimation of above-ground biomass in agroforestry systems requires [...] Read more.

Above-ground biomass in agroforestry refers to the total mass of living vegetation, primarily trees and shrubs, integrated into agricultural landscapes. It plays a key role in climate change mitigation by capturing and storing carbon. Accurate estimation of above-ground biomass in agroforestry systems requires effective drone deployment and sensor management. This study presents a detailed methodology for biomass estimation using Unmanned Aircraft Systems, based on an experimental campaign conducted in the Campania region of Italy. Multispectral drone platforms were used to generate calibrated reflectance maps and derive vegetation indices for biomass estimation in agroforestry landscapes. Integrating field-measured tree attributes with remote sensing indices improved the accuracy and efficiency of biomass prediction. Following the assessment of mission parameters, flights were conducted using a commercial drone to demonstrate consistency of results across multiple altitudes. Terrain-follow mode and high image overlap were employed to evaluate ground sampling distance sensitivity, radiometric performance, and overall data quality. The outcome is a defined process that enables agronomists to effectively estimate above-ground biomass in agroforestry landscapes using drone platforms, following the procedure outlined in this paper. Predictive performance was evaluated using standard model metrics, including R², RMSE, and MAE, which are essential for replicability and comparison in future studies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Aeronautics)

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32 pages, 496 KB

Open AccessReview

Sustainability of Animal Production Chains: Alternative Protein Sources as an Ecological Driver in Animal Feeding: A Review

by Massimiliano Lanza, Marco Battelli, Luigi Gallo, Francesca Soglia, Fulvia Bovera, Francesco Giunta, Riccardo Primi, Luisa Biondi, Diana Giannuzzi, Marco Zampiga, Nicola Francesco Addeo, Antonello Cannas, Pier Paolo Danieli, Bruno Ronchi and Gianni Matteo Crovetto

Animals 2025, 15(22), 3245; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15223245 (registering DOI) - 8 Nov 2025

Abstract

Sustainability of animal production requires reducing reliance on soybean meal by identifying viable alternative protein sources. Within the framework of the Italian Agritech National Research Center, seven Italian research groups collaborated to evaluate unconventional feed ingredients and their effects on animal performance and [...] Read more.

Sustainability of animal production requires reducing reliance on soybean meal by identifying viable alternative protein sources. Within the framework of the Italian Agritech National Research Center, seven Italian research groups collaborated to evaluate unconventional feed ingredients and their effects on animal performance and product quality. Alternative legume seeds (peas, chickpeas, faba bean, and lupins) can partially or completely replace soybean meal without impairing productivity, while enhancing product health value and shelf-life through bioactive compounds. Microalgae (Chlorella, Spirulina) improved carotenoid content, antioxidant activity, fatty acid profile, and cholesterol levels in poultry products, with limited effects in pigs. Insects supported optimal growth in fish at 25–30% inclusion, whereas maximum recommended levels are 15% in broilers and 24% in laying hens to sustain growth, egg production, and quality. Camelina by-products are suitable for poultry diets at up to 5–10%, beyond which performance declines. Whole-plant soybean silage, tef (Eragrostis tef), and triticale–lupin intercropping represent promising protein-rich resources for ruminants, provided diets maintain balanced protein-to-energy ratios, adequate fibre characteristics, and appropriate harvest timing under drought-prone conditions. Collectively, these findings highlight the potential of diverse protein sources to improve the sustainability of livestock systems while preserving productivity and enhancing the nutritional quality of animal-derived foods. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Animal Nutrition)

18 pages, 6553 KB

Open AccessArticle

Evolutionary Diversification and Adaptive Evolution Analysis of the Plant HD-Zip IV Subfamily

by Yujun Li, Zhao Liu, Ghulam Qanmber, Le Liu, Huiyun Shi, Yuling Guo, Mengli Yu, Ghulam Hussain, Fanjia Peng, Kai Zheng and Fuguang Li

Genes 2025, 16(11), 1348; https://doi.org/10.3390/genes16111348 (registering DOI) - 8 Nov 2025

Abstract

Background/Objectives: The terrestrialization of plants has been a significant driver of plant evolution over hundreds of millions of years, and epidermal development plays a crucial role in adapting to terrestrial environments. It is therefore of great interest that the HD-Zip IV subfamily serves [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: The terrestrialization of plants has been a significant driver of plant evolution over hundreds of millions of years, and epidermal development plays a crucial role in adapting to terrestrial environments. It is therefore of great interest that the HD-Zip IV subfamily serves as a key regulator of epidermal and cuticle development in plants. However, research on their expansion trajectory, adaptive evolution, and functional divergence remains scarce. Methods: We conducted a functional divergence and adaptive evolution analysis in the plant HD-Zip IV subfamily and confirmed the functional differentiation caused by positive selection site mutations through binding affinity prediction analysis and EMSA experiments. Results: Our findings revealed that the HD-Zip IV subfamily has diversified into five distinct branches, with progressive expansion throughout plant evolution. These variations in the HD (homeodomain) and START drive the functional differentiation among the evolutionary branch, in particular, a distinct leucine-rich motif in HD and lipid-binding pockets. Furthermore, we identified several amino acid sites within the START domain that have been under selective pressure during plant evolution, as well as convergent evolutionary sites shared between early land plants and seed plants. Conclusions: Our findings show that the HD-Zip IV subfamily experienced a significant expansion in gene number and diversification of evolutionary branch from streptophyte algae to seed plants. During plant evolution, genomic duplication events and variations in the HD and START have contributed to its expansion in gene number and diversification, respectively. We suggest that the balanced coexistence of functional robustness and relaxed constraints in the HD-Zip IV subfamily may have underpinned its successful response to the challenges of land environment. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Plant Genetics and Genomics)

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16 pages, 1689 KB

Open AccessArticle

Dual Roles of CD147 in Regulating THP-1 Monocyte Migration and MCP-1-Induced Inflammatory Responses

by Nutjeera Intasai, Kanokporn Sornsuwan, On-anong Juntit, Thanathat Pamonsupornwichit, Kanyarat Thongheang, Phatcharida Jantaree and Chatchai Tayapiwatana

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025, 26(22), 10850; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms262210850 (registering DOI) - 8 Nov 2025

Abstract

Cluster of Differentiation (CD) 147, a transmembrane glycoprotein, plays a critical role in monocyte function by regulating invasion, migration and cytokine production. This study explored the impact of CD147 on monocyte chemotaxis and inflammatory responses following monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) modulation using CD147 [...] Read more.

Cluster of Differentiation (CD) 147, a transmembrane glycoprotein, plays a critical role in monocyte function by regulating invasion, migration and cytokine production. This study explored the impact of CD147 on monocyte chemotaxis and inflammatory responses following monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) modulation using CD147 knockout (CD147^KO) THP-1 monocytes. CD147^KO THP-1 cells exhibited significantly enhanced migration towards MCP-1 and chemoattractants secreted by MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells compared to wild-type (WT) THP-1 cells, while surface expression of the adhesion molecule CD44 remained unchanged. Despite their increased migration, CD147^KO cells showed no significant differences in CC chemokine receptor type 1 (CC1) or CC chemokine receptor type 2 (CCR2) protein expression. Upon MCP-1 stimulation, CD147^KO THP-1 monocytes exhibited elevated mRNA expression of interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-10, accompanied by a reduction in tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) at higher MCP-1 concentrations. IL-6 upregulation in CD147^KO THP-1 monocytes appears to be a candidate mediator of their enhanced migratory capacity. In summary, this study highlights the dual role of CD147 as a potential checkpoint in regulating THP-1 monocyte migration, with its function varying depending on the context and microenvironment. Additionally, CD147^KO THP-1 monocytes exhibited a shift in the balance between pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokine responses. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Molecular Immunology)

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19 pages, 3679 KB

Open AccessArticle

Genome-Wide Identification of the ACE Gene Family in Melon (Cucumis melo L.) and Its Response to Autotoxicity and Saline-Alkali Stress

by Hao Yang, Song Xiao, Sujie Liu, Wanqing Cheng, Yuting Zhang, Xin Cai, Zhizhong Zhang and Jinghua Wu

Horticulturae 2025, 11(11), 1344; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae11111344 (registering DOI) - 8 Nov 2025

Abstract

Soil salinization and autotoxicity are major abiotic stresses constraining melon production. The ACE gene family (also known as HOTHEAD, HTH) encodes flavin-containing oxidoreductases involved in stress responses and RNA cache-mediated non-Mendelian inheritance. This study presents a comprehensive genome-wide analysis of the [...] Read more.

Soil salinization and autotoxicity are major abiotic stresses constraining melon production. The ACE gene family (also known as HOTHEAD, HTH) encodes flavin-containing oxidoreductases involved in stress responses and RNA cache-mediated non-Mendelian inheritance. This study presents a comprehensive genome-wide analysis of the ACE/HTH gene family in melon through integrated bioinformatic and experimental approaches. We identified 14 CmACE genes encoding proteins of 457–595 amino acids. This gene family underwent significant expansion through tandem duplication events, particularly on chromosome 5. Phylogenetic analysis grouped these genes into three distinct clades with conserved gene structures and motif compositions. Promoter analysis identified abundant stress- and hormone-responsive cis-elements, with ABRE elements being predominant. Expression analyses revealed that multiple CmACE genes, including CmACE3, CmACE5, CmACE6 and CmACE14, were significantly upregulated under salt-alkali and autotoxicity stresses, showing distinct tissue-specific and time-dependent expression patterns. Notably, CmACE3 and CmACE6 were strongly induced under both stresses, while the tandemly duplicated pair CmACE6 and CmACE7 exhibited divergent expression patterns, suggesting functional specialization. Our findings provide the first comprehensive characterization of the CmACE gene family in melon, revealing its evolutionary history and stress-responsive regulation. These results not only offer valuable genetic resources for breeding stress-resistant melons but also lay a foundation for future research into the potential role of this conserved gene family in integrating stress adaptation with epigenetic regulatory pathways in crops. Full article

33 pages, 9125 KB

Open AccessReview

Generative Design of Concentrated Solar Thermal Tower Receivers—State of the Art and Trends

by Jorge Moreno García-Moreno and Kypros Milidonis

Energies 2025, 18(22), 5890; https://doi.org/10.3390/en18225890 (registering DOI) - 8 Nov 2025

Abstract

The rapid advances in artificial intelligence (AI) and high-performance computing (HPC) are transforming the landscape of engineering design, and the concentrated solar power (CSP) tower sector is no exception. As these technologies increasingly penetrate the energy domain, they bring new capabilities for addressing [...] Read more.

The rapid advances in artificial intelligence (AI) and high-performance computing (HPC) are transforming the landscape of engineering design, and the concentrated solar power (CSP) tower sector is no exception. As these technologies increasingly penetrate the energy domain, they bring new capabilities for addressing the complex, multi-variable nature of receiver design and optimisation. This review explores the application of AI-driven generative design techniques in the context of CSP tower receivers, with a particular focus on the use of metaheuristic algorithms and machine learning models. A structured classification is presented, highlighting the most commonly employed methods, such as Genetic Algorithms (GAs), Particle Swarm Optimisation (PSO), and Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs), and mapping them to specific receiver types: cavity, external, and volumetric. GAs are found to dominate multi-objective optimisation tasks, especially those involving trade-offs between thermal efficiency and heat flux uniformity, while ANNs offer strong potential as surrogate models for accelerating design iterations. The review also identifies existing gaps in the literature and outlines future opportunities, including the integration of high-fidelity simulations and experimental validation into AI design workflows. These insights demonstrate the growing relevance and impact of AI in advancing the next generation of high-performance CSP receiver systems. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Innovations in Concentrated Solar Thermal Power Generation and Thermal Energy Storage)

27 pages, 1700 KB

Open AccessSystematic Review

Determinants of Household Food Insecurity Among Urban Small-Scale Crop Farmers in Sub-Saharan Africa Region: A Systematic Literature Review

by Bonguyise Mzwandile Dumisa, Melusi Sibanda and Nolwazi Zanele Khumalo

Sustainability 2025, 17(22), 9999; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17229999 (registering DOI) - 8 Nov 2025

Abstract

Agriculture has been widely practiced for food production, yet food insecurity remains a critical issue, especially in Africa. Due to the significant role played by small-scale farmers, urban agriculture has been acknowledged as a viable strategy for reducing food insecurity in urban areas [...] Read more.

Agriculture has been widely practiced for food production, yet food insecurity remains a critical issue, especially in Africa. Due to the significant role played by small-scale farmers, urban agriculture has been acknowledged as a viable strategy for reducing food insecurity in urban areas of Sub-Saharan Africa. This review analyzes urban household food insecurity factors through a systematic literature approach, retrieving data from various online databases. These databases include ScienceDirect, Wiley Online Library, Web of Science, UNIZULU online library, and PubAg. The search process involved the use of keywords to obtain relevant information along with the application of filters such as geographic location, publication period, language, article type, and accessibility. A total of 37 articles was included in this review after the application of the review eligibility criteria. This was achieved following PRISMA guidelines. Findings reveal a growing trend in the publication of articles on urban farming and an increasing acknowledgment of its importance by high-impact journals. It also shows various factors that determine household food insecurity, categorized as socioeconomic (11), institutional (5), and environmental factors (2). This led to the recommendation that urban government structures including policy makers and stakeholders should support food production and ensure an efficient urban food supply system. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Agriculture and Food Security)

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15 pages, 7582 KB

Open AccessArticle

Novel Murine Model of Atherosclerosis Progression Induced by a Modified Paigen Diet

by María del Rosario Álvarez-Valadez, Alejandrina Rodríguez-Hernández, Felipa Andrade-Urzúa, Saraí Limón-Miranda, Adriana Ceballos-Gutiérrez, Jorge Agustín Velasco-Gutiérrez, Armando Gamboa-Domínguez, Adolfo Virgen-Ortiz and Enrique Sánchez-Pastor

Biomedicines 2025, 13(11), 2736; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines13112736 (registering DOI) - 8 Nov 2025

Abstract

Background/Objectives: To better understand the mechanisms involved in atherosclerosis, different models have been developed, but these fail when studying the progression of this disease. The purpose of this study was to standardize a new model of atherosclerosis progression in rats using Paigen-type [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: To better understand the mechanisms involved in atherosclerosis, different models have been developed, but these fail when studying the progression of this disease. The purpose of this study was to standardize a new model of atherosclerosis progression in rats using Paigen-type modified atherogenic diet. Methods: The design included a control group (n = 16) and 64 rats with atherogenic Paigen-type diet subdivided into four subgroups with different doses (Athero 1, Athero 2, Athero 3, and Athero 4). The atherogenic diet was supplemented orally in sequential stages: 1) Hypervitaminic (1.5 mL/kg/day for 12 days) and 2) Hyperlipidic (48 days ad libitum). Blood pressure, heart rate, aortic histopathology, inflammatory biomarkers, and biochemical lipid and liver profiles were measured in all groups on days 30 and 60. Results: All Athero 1 rats were sacrificed due to a poisoning for vitamin D2 excess. Athero 2 rats were sacrificed at day 30 showing severe atherosclerotic lesions (grades V–VIII). Athero 3 rats showed mild lesions (I–IV) at day 30 and severe lesions (V–VIII) at day 60. Athero 4 rats showed mild lesions (I–IV) at days 30 and 60. Diet-dependent changes in blood pressure and heart rate were observed. Furthermore, glycemia, dyslipidemia, and liver profile were associated with the degree of atherosclerotic lesion. Conclusions: “Athero 3” atherogenic diet generates a stable model to study the progress of atherosclerosis in rats. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Animal Models for the Study of Cardiovascular Physiology—Second Edition)

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17 pages, 3723 KB

Open AccessArticle

Impact of Regulation on the Water Quality of a Mediterranean River: The Case of the Biobío River

by Karla Rodriguez, Jose Luis Arumi and Verónica Delgado

Sustainability 2025, 17(22), 9997; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17229997 (registering DOI) - 8 Nov 2025

Abstract

Water quality deterioration is a key challenge for sustainability in river basins under high anthropogenic pressures. This study evaluates the evolution of the Water Quality Index (WQI) in the Biobío River Basin (Chile) between 1994 and 2023 in relation to major environmental regulatory [...] Read more.

Water quality deterioration is a key challenge for sustainability in river basins under high anthropogenic pressures. This study evaluates the evolution of the Water Quality Index (WQI) in the Biobío River Basin (Chile) between 1994 and 2023 in relation to major environmental regulatory milestones, including Law No. 19,300, Decreto Supremo No. 90, the establishment of the Environmental Superintendency (SMA), and the implementation of the Secondary Environmental Quality Standard (NSCA). A temporal analysis of the WQI was conducted using data from stations along the main river course and its tributaries, complemented by a causal loop conceptual model to explore the interactions between regulation, compliance, and water quality. The results indicate initial improvements in WQI values following regulatory milestones, followed in some cases by stabilization or decline associated with reduced enforcement. Case studies, such as the closure of the Inforsa pulp mill in 2013, illustrate differentiated responses to regulatory change. The conceptual model reveals feedback loops linking enforcement perception and compliance behavior. These findings underscore the importance of sustained implementation and institutional capacity to achieve long-term improvements in water quality. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Soil and Water in the Age of Climate Change: Implications for Sustainable Agriculture)

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24 pages, 3428 KB

Open AccessArticle

Numerical Analysis of Critical Embedment Depth of Offshore Monopile Foundations in Clay

by Ali Khezri, Hongbae Park and Daeyong Lee

J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2025, 13(11), 2118; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse13112118 (registering DOI) - 8 Nov 2025

Abstract

The design of offshore monopile foundations typically follows an iterative process aimed at optimizing key geometric parameters—namely, pile diameter, wall thickness, and embedded length. Among these, selecting an appropriate embedded length is a critical step in geotechnical design, as it must satisfy both [...] Read more.

The design of offshore monopile foundations typically follows an iterative process aimed at optimizing key geometric parameters—namely, pile diameter, wall thickness, and embedded length. Among these, selecting an appropriate embedded length is a critical step in geotechnical design, as it must satisfy both stability and serviceability requirements. The critical pile length is defined as the embedment depth beyond which additional penetration yields no significant improvement in lateral capacity and at which the pile reaches its critical lateral capacity. From a design standpoint, extending the pile beyond this length offers no further gain in resistance, rendering such an approach both inefficient and uneconomical. To evaluate and characterize the critical length of offshore monopile foundations, three-dimensional finite element (3D FE) analyses were performed on laterally loaded monopiles using the NGI-ADP constitutive model. The analyses considered a wide range of pile geometries, load eccentricities, and soil properties. This study first investigate how geotechnical parameters affect lateral response, then characterizes the critical lateral capacity (

H_{c r i t}

) and critical pile length (

L_{c r i t}

) based on the analyzed cases. Finally, an empirical equation was developed to estimate the critical embedment depth of monopiles in clay. Results indicate that higher undrained shear strength (

S_{u}

) or lower ultimate plastic shear strain (

γ_{f}

) considerably reduce the critical pile length, whereas it is increased with greater pile head rotation. The normalized critical length is largely independent of pile diameter and load eccentricity. These insights provide practical guidance for geotechnical design by offering an efficient method to estimate critical pile length, supporting informed decisions on the required embedment depth. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Ocean Engineering)

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