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17 pages, 6875 KB

Open AccessArticle

A Preliminary Design of a Novel Limb Mechanism for a Wheel–Legged Robot

by Przemysław Sperzyński

Appl. Sci. 2025, 15(24), 13036; https://doi.org/10.3390/app152413036 (registering DOI) - 11 Dec 2025

This paper presents a new approach to the dimensional synthesis of a robotic limb mechanism for a wheel-legged robot. The proposed kinematic structure enables independent control of wheel motions relative to the robot platform, allowing each drive to perform a distinct movement. The [...] Read more.

This paper presents a new approach to the dimensional synthesis of a robotic limb mechanism for a wheel-legged robot. The proposed kinematic structure enables independent control of wheel motions relative to the robot platform, allowing each drive to perform a distinct movement. The selection of the mechanism’s common dimensions simplifies platform levelling to a single-drive actuation. The hybrid limb design, which combines features of driving and walking systems, enhances platform stability on uneven terrain and is suitable for rescue, exploration, and inspection robots. The synthesis method defines the desired trajectory of the wheel centre and applies a genetic algorithm to determine mechanism dimensions that reproduce this motion. The stochastic optimisation process yields multiple feasible solutions, enabling the introduction of additional design criteria for optimal configuration selection. Analytical kinematic relations were developed for workspace and trajectory evaluation, solving both direct and inverse kinematic problems. The results confirm the effectiveness of evolutionary optimisation in synthesising complex kinematic mechanisms. The proposed approach can be adapted to other mobile robot structures. Future work will address dynamic modelling, adaptive control for real-time platform levelling, and comparative studies with other synthesis methods. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Robotics and Automation)

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19 pages, 2315 KB

Open AccessArticle

Client-Attentive Personalized Federated Learning for AR-Assisted Information Push in Power Emergency Maintenance

by Cong Ye, Xiao Li, Zile Lei, Jianlei Wang, Tao Zhang and Sujie Shao

Information 2025, 16(12), 1097; https://doi.org/10.3390/info16121097 (registering DOI) - 11 Dec 2025

Abstract

The integration of AI into power emergency maintenance faces a critical dilemma: centralized training compromises privacy, while standard Federated Learning (FL) struggles with the statistical heterogeneity (Non-IID) of industrial data. Traditional aggregation algorithms (e.g., FedAvg) treat clients solely based on sample size, failing [...] Read more.

The integration of AI into power emergency maintenance faces a critical dilemma: centralized training compromises privacy, while standard Federated Learning (FL) struggles with the statistical heterogeneity (Non-IID) of industrial data. Traditional aggregation algorithms (e.g., FedAvg) treat clients solely based on sample size, failing to distinguish between critical fault data and redundant normal operational data. To address this theoretical gap, this paper proposes a Client-Attentive Personalized Federated Learning (PFAA) framework. Unlike conventional approaches, PFAA introduces a semantic-aware attention mechanism driven by “Device Health Fingerprints.” This mechanism dynamically quantifies the contribution of each client not just by data volume, but by the quality and physical relevance of their model updates relative to the global optimization objective. We implement this algorithm within a collaborative cloud-edge-end architecture to enable privacy-preserving, AR-assisted fault diagnosis. Extensive simulations demonstrate that PFAA effectively mitigates model divergence caused by data heterogeneity, achieving superior convergence speed and decision accuracy compared to rule-based and standard FL baselines. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Methods for Multi-Source Information Management, Modeling, and Analysis)

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4 pages, 188 KB

Open AccessEditorial

Editorial for the Special Issue “Molecular Mechanisms of Allergy and Asthma: 3rd Edition”

by Bilal Alashkar Alhamwe and Daniel P. Potaczek

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025, 26(24), 11928; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms262411928 (registering DOI) - 11 Dec 2025

Abstract

Over the past few decades, there has been a steady increase in the prevalence of allergic diseases worldwide [...] Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Molecular Mechanisms of Allergy and Asthma: 3rd Edition)

14 pages, 1273 KB

Open AccessArticle

Evaluation of the Antibiofilm Activity of Clove Essential Oil in the Development of Bioactive Coatings for Arterial Sampling Devices

by Ikram Markaoui, Meryem Idrissi Yahyaoui, Abdeslam Asehraou, Abdelkrim Daoudi, Brahim Housni and Houssam Bkiyar

Microbiol. Res. 2025, 16(12), 260; https://doi.org/10.3390/microbiolres16120260 (registering DOI) - 11 Dec 2025

Abstract

Multidrug-resistant (MDR) pathogens and biofilm-associated infections represent a major global health concern, particularly in the context of medical devices such as catheters, tubing, and blood sampling devices. Biofilms, responsible for up to 85% of human infections, confer a high level of microbial resistance [...] Read more.

Multidrug-resistant (MDR) pathogens and biofilm-associated infections represent a major global health concern, particularly in the context of medical devices such as catheters, tubing, and blood sampling devices. Biofilms, responsible for up to 85% of human infections, confer a high level of microbial resistance and compromise device performance and patient safety. In this study, the antibiofilm potential of Syzygium aromaticum (clove) essential oil was investigated through an in vitro assay. GC–MS analysis revealed eugenol (72.77%) as the predominant compound, accompanied by β-caryophyllene (14.72%) and carvacrol (2.09%). The essential oil exhibited notable antimicrobial activity, producing inhibition zones of 30.5 ± 4.5 mm against Staphylococcus aureus, 24.5 ± 0.5 mm against Micrococcus luteus, 16.0 ± 2.0 mm against Escherichia coli, 13.0 ± 1.0 mm against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, 23.5 ± 1.5 mm against Candida albicans, and 24.0 ± 2.0 mm against C. glabrata. A marked reduction in biofilm biomass observed on polyvinyl chloride (PVC) surfaces. The application of clove essential oil as a coating for PVC-based medical devices remains a future possibility that requires formulation and in vivo testing. This strategy is proposed as potentially eco-safe, although environmental toxicity and biocompatibility have not yet been evaluated. It could contribute to the prevention of biofilm formation in arterial sampling systems and other healthcare-related materials, thereby enhancing device safety and longevity. Full article

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14 pages, 824 KB

Open AccessArticle

Potential Role of Circulating miR-103a, miR-145 and miR-191 as Diagnostic Biomarkers for Ulcerative Colitis and Crohn’s Disease

by Aleksandra Górecka, Celina Kruszniewska-Rajs, Joanna Gola, Tomasz Romańczyk, Marcin Romańczyk and Katarzyna Komosinska-Vassev

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025, 26(24), 11927; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms262411927 (registering DOI) - 11 Dec 2025

Abstract

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), including ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn’s disease (CD), is a group of chronic inflammatory disorders characterized by alternating episodes of flares and clinical remission, often leading to intestinal fibrosis. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small non-coding RNAs that regulate, among other [...] Read more.

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), including ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn’s disease (CD), is a group of chronic inflammatory disorders characterized by alternating episodes of flares and clinical remission, often leading to intestinal fibrosis. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small non-coding RNAs that regulate, among other processes, cell proliferation, inflammation, and fibrosis, all of which are crucial in IBD pathogenesis and healing. Given their role in these mechanisms, miR-103a, miR-145, and miR-191 were selected as promising candidates for IBD diagnostic biomarkers. Serum expressions of miR-103a, miR-145, and miR-191 were analyzed in 47 IBD patients and 30 healthy controls. Expressions were quantified using qPCR and normalized to miR-375-3p. All analyzed miRNAs were significantly upregulated in both UC and CD compared to healthy controls. ROC curve analysis revealed miR-103a as the most promising biomarker, with AUC = 0.893 in UC and AUC = 0.905 in CD. Moreover, miR-103a demonstrated excellent sensitivity and specificity, 89.3% and 80% in UC, and 84.2% and 83.3% in CD, respectively. miR-191 also effectively differentiated UC patients from healthy individuals (AUC = 0.848; sensitivity 89.3%; specificity 80%). Comparable results of diagnostic indicators were obtained in the CD group, however, with lower sensitivity (73.7%). miR-145 showed good ability in differentiating both UC and CD patients with high sensitivity (85.7%; 84.2%) and satisfactory specificity (66.7%; 63.3%). The obtained results indicate the promising diagnostic potential of circulating miR-103a, miR-145, and miR-191 for both UC and CD. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue MicroRNA and Non-Coding RNA: From Basic Research to Potential Clinical Application)

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22 pages, 4457 KB

Open AccessArticle

Structural Response and In-Service Deflection of Hollow Beams Constructed with Recycled TetraPak (Thermo-Stiffened Polymeric Aluminum Composite)

by Federico Nuñez-Moreno, Sebastián Aristizábal-Vargas, Heriberto Parada-Sanchez, Yezid A. Alvarado and Camilo Gutiérrez-Quintero

Sustainability 2025, 17(24), 11084; https://doi.org/10.3390/su172411084 (registering DOI) - 11 Dec 2025

Abstract

This study evaluates the use of recycled materials in producing hollow section structural beams (HSSBs) from agglomerated sheets of thermo-stiffened polymeric aluminum (TSPA) derived from post-consumer Tetra Pak^® containers. A novel geometric configuration for the TSPA beam assembly is proposed to reduce [...] Read more.

This study evaluates the use of recycled materials in producing hollow section structural beams (HSSBs) from agglomerated sheets of thermo-stiffened polymeric aluminum (TSPA) derived from post-consumer Tetra Pak^® containers. A novel geometric configuration for the TSPA beam assembly is proposed to reduce the deflections observed in the original Casa Eco Sísmica (CES) project. A combined numerical and statistical approach, incorporating Monte Carlo simulations and finite element method (FEM) models, was employed to assess different assembly alternatives and identify the configuration with the lowest deflection, while maintaining values below the L/78 limit. Experimental tests, were performed to compare the proposed configuration with the existing CES beams. Results show that the new configuration reduces deflections by 61% and increases vertical load capacity by 287% compared to the original beams. These findings highlight the critical influence of assembly methods on the structural performance of TSPA beams. The original configuration exhibited deficiencies in deflection and load-bearing capacity due to its construction method, whereas the new assembly efficiently exploits the mechanical properties of the TSPA material. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Seismic Design Approaches, Structural Systems, and Retrofit Measures of Civil Engineering Structures)

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19 pages, 1600 KB

Open AccessSystematic Review

Systematic Literature Review: Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) of Paving Blocks

by Vitoria Alves Soares, Carmeane Effting, Luciana Rosa Leite and Adilson Schackow

Buildings 2025, 15(24), 4471; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15244471 (registering DOI) - 11 Dec 2025

Abstract

The construction industry plays a crucial role in socioeconomic development, but is also one of the sectors with the highest environmental impact due to intensive resource extraction, high energy demand, and greenhouse gas emissions. Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) is a strategic tool for [...] Read more.

The construction industry plays a crucial role in socioeconomic development, but is also one of the sectors with the highest environmental impact due to intensive resource extraction, high energy demand, and greenhouse gas emissions. Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) is a strategic tool for quantifying and comparing environmental impacts associated with products and processes across their stages. This study analyzes the application of Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) to paving blocks through a systematic literature review, focusing on environmental indicators and common block compositions. Following the PRISMA protocol, 45 articles were selected from the Scopus and Web of Science databases. The results show that using industrial waste as a substitute for conventional materials enhances the sustainability of paving block production. A growing trend of studies addressing partial replacement of cement and aggregates was observed, reflecting circular economy practices in construction. Global Warming Potential and Cumulative Energy Demand were the most frequently reported impact indicators. These findings highlight that incorporating recycled materials is an effective approach to mitigating environmental impacts in the construction sector. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Utilization of Recycled Aggregates and Waste in Sustainable Concrete Materials)

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19 pages, 332 KB

Open AccessArticle

A Lyapunov-Based Analysis on the Almost Periodicity of Impulsive Conformable Reaction–Diffusion Neural Networks with Distributed Delays

by Ivanka Stamova, Gani Stamov and Cvetelina Spirova

Entropy 2025, 27(12), 1246; https://doi.org/10.3390/e27121246 (registering DOI) - 11 Dec 2025

Abstract

The focus of this research is the qualitative behavior of a reaction–diffusion neural network with distributed delays and conformable derivatives under impulsive perturbations. In particular, the almost periodic behavior of the proposed model is studied using a Lyapunov-based approach. By constructing an appropriate [...] Read more.

The focus of this research is the qualitative behavior of a reaction–diffusion neural network with distributed delays and conformable derivatives under impulsive perturbations. In particular, the almost periodic behavior of the proposed model is studied using a Lyapunov-based approach. By constructing an appropriate Lyapunov-type function, criteria that guarantee the existence and uniqueness of an almost periodic state are provided. The established criteria extend a few existing results on the almost periodicity of conformable models and contribute to the development of the field. In addition, the notion of global conformable exponential stability is introduced and analyzed for the developed model. A suitable example is discussed. Full article

15 pages, 2796 KB

Open AccessArticle

Preliminary Numerical Modelling of the Ionization Region to Model Ionic Propulsion

by Jason Knight, Mojtaba Ghodsi, Bradley Horne, Edward John Taylor, Niah Laurel Virhuez Montaño, Daniel George Chattock, James Buick, Ethan Krauss and Andrew Lewis

J. Exp. Theor. Anal. 2025, 3(4), 42; https://doi.org/10.3390/jeta3040042 (registering DOI) - 11 Dec 2025

Abstract

Ionic propulsion, where charged particles, ions, are produced between electrodes and accelerate towards the negative electrode, has practical applications as a propulsion system in the space industry; however, its adoption to in-atmosphere ionic propulsion is relatively new and faces different challenges. A high [...] Read more.

Ionic propulsion, where charged particles, ions, are produced between electrodes and accelerate towards the negative electrode, has practical applications as a propulsion system in the space industry; however, its adoption to in-atmosphere ionic propulsion is relatively new and faces different challenges. A high potential difference is required to achieve a corona discharge between a positive and negative electrode. In this work, we will explore the feasibility of ionic propulsion using CFD modelling to replicate the effect of the ions, with a future aim of improving efficiency. The ionization region is modelled for a 15 kV potential difference, which is replicated with a velocity inlet, based on experimental data. The output velocity from the numerical simulation shows the same trend as theoretical predictions but significantly underestimates the magnitude of the ionic wind when compared with theoretical estimates. Further modelling is highlighted to improve predictions and assess if the theoretical model overestimates the ionic wind. Full article

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15 pages, 1377 KB

Open AccessArticle

Fault Detection and Classification of Power Lines Based on Bayes–LSTM–Attention

by Chen Yang, Hao Li, Wenhui Zeng, Jiayuan Fan and Zhichao Ren

Energies 2025, 18(24), 6483; https://doi.org/10.3390/en18246483 (registering DOI) - 11 Dec 2025

Abstract

As a critical component of the power system, transmission lines play a significant role in ensuring the safe and stable operation of the power grid. To address the challenge of accurately characterizing complex and diverse fault types, this paper proposes a fault detection [...] Read more.

As a critical component of the power system, transmission lines play a significant role in ensuring the safe and stable operation of the power grid. To address the challenge of accurately characterizing complex and diverse fault types, this paper proposes a fault detection and classification method for power lines that integrates Bayesian Reasoning (BR), Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) networks, and the Attention mechanism. This approach effectively improves the accuracy of fault classification. Bayesian Reasoning is used to adjust the hyperparameters of the LSTM, while the LSTM network processes sequential data efficiently through its gating mechanism. The self-Attention mechanism adaptively assigns weights by focusing on the relationships between information at different positions in the sequence, capturing global dependencies. Test results demonstrate that the proposed Bayes–LSTM–Attention model achieves a fault classification accuracy of 94.5% for transmission lines, a significant improvement compared to the average accuracy of 80% achieved by traditional SVM multi-class classifiers. This indicates that the model has high precision in classifying transmission line faults. Additionally, the evaluation of classification results using the polygon area metric shows that the model exhibits balanced and robust performance in fault classification. Full article

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34 pages, 7599 KB

Open AccessArticle

Fatigue Crack Propagation Properties of Ordinary Plain Concrete Under Three-Point Loading

by Huating Chen, Jiapeng Song and Dewang Li

Materials 2025, 18(24), 5554; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma18245554 (registering DOI) - 11 Dec 2025

Abstract

To obtain fatigue crack propagation properties of ordinary concrete commonly employed in bridge construction, 48 replicate single-edge notched beam specimens were fabricated using C50 plain concrete. Twelve of these were subjected to monotonic loading to determine their static capacity; the remaining 36 were [...] Read more.

To obtain fatigue crack propagation properties of ordinary concrete commonly employed in bridge construction, 48 replicate single-edge notched beam specimens were fabricated using C50 plain concrete. Twelve of these were subjected to monotonic loading to determine their static capacity; the remaining 36 were fatigue-loaded with various combinations of maximum stress level and stress ratio under three-point bending. Visual observation, strain gauges, and the compliance method were used to determine the evolution of crack length during fatigue loading. The fatigue crack growth rates were then evaluated for each specimen using linear regression. This study shows that the fracture surface under fatigue loading exhibits greater zigzagging than under monotonic loading, with multiple microcracks coalescing. The elastic compliance method captures the three-stage development of fatigue crack well, and the derived equivalent crack size is consistently smaller than surface measurements. Significant scatter exists in the test data; however, the crack growth rate and stress intensity factor range follow a straight line on logarithmic scales, indicating that the Paris Law applies to plain concrete. The slope and intercept of C50 concrete, based on 27 fatigue-failed specimens, follow a Normal distribution, with means of 16.46 and −24.81 (in N-mm units), and coefficients of variation of 0.38 and −0.38, respectively. The corresponding mean and coefficient of variation for slope and intercept by the Forman Equation are 14.80 and 0.42 and −21.18 and −0.44, respectively. The fatigue crack in C50 concrete of this study shows a faster growth rate (46.7% larger slope) than that in lower-strength concrete in the literature. With further research needs identified, this study contributes to a better understanding of the fatigue crack growth properties of ordinary structural concrete, providing valuable information for fatigue assessment and service-life extension of existing concrete bridges. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Cracking Risks in Blended Cement-Based Concrete: Mechanisms, Evaluation and Control)

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30 pages, 1506 KB

Open AccessReview

Lactate-Mediated Epigenetic and Immunometabolic Reprogramming in Glioma: An Emerging Axis Linking Metabolism to Tumor Progression

by Xinyi Xie, Wenjing Zhou, Yin Ku, Shasha Li, Yunhao Yang, Xiaohu Hao and Yaohui Chen

Biomedicines 2025, 13(12), 3041; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines13123041 (registering DOI) - 11 Dec 2025

Abstract

Background: Among primary malignant brain tumors in adults, glioblastoma is the most common and the most aggressive, characterized by profound metabolic reprogramming. This metabolic shift is essential for sustaining relentless proliferation and adapting to the challenging tumor microenvironment (TME). Central to this [...] Read more.

Background: Among primary malignant brain tumors in adults, glioblastoma is the most common and the most aggressive, characterized by profound metabolic reprogramming. This metabolic shift is essential for sustaining relentless proliferation and adapting to the challenging tumor microenvironment (TME). Central to this adaptation in glioma is the Warburg effect, which leads to excessive lactate production and accumulation, even in the presence of oxygen. This metabolic divergence significantly impacts the tumor immune microenvironment, promoting the recruitment of immunosuppressive cells and weakening the anti-tumor immune response. Core Content: This review provides a comprehensive analysis of the multifaceted roles of lactate in IDHwt glioma pathogenesis. It explores how lactate serves as a critical nexus connecting aberrant metabolism, epigenetic reprogramming (notably via histone lactylation), and immune evasion. The review delves into the molecular mechanisms by which lactate, particularly through the post-translational modification known as lactylation, directly modulates the epigenetic landscape to promote oncogene expression. Furthermore, it examines lactate’s role in acidifying the TME, promoting the immunosuppressive M2 polarization of glioma-associated macrophages (GAMs), and inhibiting the cytotoxic activity of T lymphocytes. Conclusions: This “lactate-centric” framework provides a unifying model that links metabolic dysregulation directly to malignant progression and therapeutic resistance (e.g., to TMZ). By elucidating this metabolic–epigenetic–immune axis, the review highlights a critical dependency that fuels glioma aggression. Finally, it discusses emerging therapeutic strategies aimed at targeting lactate production (LDHAi), transport (MCTi), and downstream epigenetic signaling (HDACi/p300i), offering novel avenues for integrative immunometabolic therapy. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Diagnosis, Pathogenesis and Treatment of CNS Tumors (2nd Edition))

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16 pages, 1967 KB

Open AccessArticle

Impact of Air Pollution Control Devices on VOC Profiles and Emissions from Municipal Waste Incineration Plant

by Jun Liu, Duanhe Zhao, Fei Wu, Huanhuan Luo, Daxiang Hou and Yue Peng

Toxics 2025, 13(12), 1067; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics13121067 (registering DOI) - 11 Dec 2025

Abstract

With the rapid development of urbanization, municipal waste incineration (MWI) has become the primary method of waste disposal in urban areas, leading to growing concerns about volatile organic compounds (VOC) emissions. This study conducted full-process VOC field sampling at a representative MWI plant [...] Read more.

With the rapid development of urbanization, municipal waste incineration (MWI) has become the primary method of waste disposal in urban areas, leading to growing concerns about volatile organic compounds (VOC) emissions. This study conducted full-process VOC field sampling at a representative MWI plant in China to investigate the emission characteristics and removal efficiencies of air pollution control devices (APCDs). A total of 59 VOC species were identified in the flue gas, including 5 alkanes/alkenes, 14 aromatics, 8 oxygenated-VOCs, and 32 halogenated hydrocarbons. The activated carbon injection combined with fabric filters and wet desulfurization tower demonstrated varying removal efficiencies across VOC groups, with synergistic removal efficiencies being ranked as follows: alkanes/alkenes (90.9%) > aromatics (87.0%) > halogenated hydrocarbons (61.3%) > O-VOCs (42.2%). The total VOC removal efficiency reached 77.5%. The VOCs emission factor of the MWI plant was calculated as (1.9 ± 0.6) × 10³ ng/g-waste, which would rise to (8.4 ± 2.1) × 10³ ng/g-waste in the absence of APCDs. This indicates that the current APCD system reduces VOC emissions by approximately 6.52 × 10⁴ g annually from this MWI plant, highlighting the crucial role of multistage APCDs in mitigating VOC pollution. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Air Pollution and Health)

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19 pages, 2793 KB

Open AccessArticle

Integrating Systems Thinking into Introductory Chemistry: A Multi-Technique Laboratory Module for Teaching Error Analysis

by Ariyaporn Haripottawekul, Ethan Epstein, Tiffany Lin and Li-Qiong Wang

Laboratories 2025, 2(4), 22; https://doi.org/10.3390/laboratories2040022 (registering DOI) - 11 Dec 2025

Abstract

Designing laboratory experiences that support both skill development and conceptual understanding is a persistent challenge in introductory chemistry education—especially within accelerated or compressed course formats. To address this need, we developed and implemented a systems-thinking-based laboratory module on error analysis for a large [...] Read more.

Designing laboratory experiences that support both skill development and conceptual understanding is a persistent challenge in introductory chemistry education—especially within accelerated or compressed course formats. To address this need, we developed and implemented a systems-thinking-based laboratory module on error analysis for a large introductory chemistry course at Brown University, composed primarily of first-year students (approximately 150–200 students in the spring semesters). Unlike traditional labs that isolate single techniques or concepts, this module integrates calorimetry, precipitation reactions, vacuum filtration, and quantitative uncertainty analysis into a unified experiment. Students explore how procedural variables interact to affect experimental outcomes, promoting a holistic understanding of accuracy, precision, and uncertainty. The module is supported by multimedia pre-lab materials, including faculty-recorded lectures and interactive videos developed through Brown’s Undergraduate Teaching and Research Awards (UTRA) program. These resources prepare students for hands-on work while reinforcing key theoretical concepts. A mixed-methods assessment across four semesters (n > 600) demonstrated significant learning gains, particularly in students’ ability to analyze uncertainty and distinguish between accuracy and precision. Although confidence in applying significant figures slightly declined post-lab, this may reflect increased awareness of complexity rather than decreased understanding. This study highlights the educational value of integrating systems thinking into early-semester laboratory instruction. The module is accessible, cost-effective, and adaptable for a variety of institutional settings. Its design advances chemistry education by aligning foundational skill development with interdisciplinary thinking and real-world application. Full article

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22 pages, 2789 KB

Open AccessArticle

Synergistic Optimization Strategy for Agricultural Zone Microgrids Based on Multi-Energy Complementarity and Carbon Trading Mechanisms

by Hailong Zhang, Zhen Niu, Linxiang Zhao, Shijun Wang, Xin He and Sidun Fang

Processes 2025, 13(12), 3998; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr13123998 (registering DOI) - 11 Dec 2025

Abstract

Agricultural and pastoral parks in China possess abundant biomass resources, such as crop straw and livestock manure. However, insufficient distribution generation capacity and a lack of effective coordination strategies lead to low energy utilization efficiency and high carbon emissions. To address these issues, [...] Read more.

Agricultural and pastoral parks in China possess abundant biomass resources, such as crop straw and livestock manure. However, insufficient distribution generation capacity and a lack of effective coordination strategies lead to low energy utilization efficiency and high carbon emissions. To address these issues, in this study, a coordinated microgrid optimization strategy is proposed based on multi-energy complementarity. A source–load multi-energy coupling model is established by analyzing the dynamic characteristics of biomass energy flow and incorporating a flexible load demand response mechanism. An optimization model aimed at minimizing operational costs is then developed to coordinate heterogeneous energy sources. Simulations under typical wind–solar–load scenarios demonstrate that the proposed strategy improves operational economy by 12.6% and reduces carbon emissions by 23.3% compared to conventional methods through optimized allocation of demand response resources. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Energy Systems)

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14 pages, 2485 KB

Open AccessArticle

Development of a Biogas-Based Power Generation System for Swine Farms: Performance and Economic Evaluation

by Wasan Theansuwan and Juckamas Laohavanich

Energies 2025, 18(24), 6482; https://doi.org/10.3390/en18246482 (registering DOI) - 11 Dec 2025

Abstract

This study presents the development, purification, and performance evaluation of a biogas-powered electricity generation system designed for medium-scale swine farms. A conventional Hino V-22C diesel engine was modified to operate in spark-ignition mode using purified biogas with methane content ranging from 65 to [...] Read more.

This study presents the development, purification, and performance evaluation of a biogas-powered electricity generation system designed for medium-scale swine farms. A conventional Hino V-22C diesel engine was modified to operate in spark-ignition mode using purified biogas with methane content ranging from 65 to 70%, obtained through a PSA upgrading system. The compression ratio was reduced from 18.5:1 to 14.7:1 to accommodate the lower heating value and combustion characteristics of biogas. An oxygen-sensor-based emergency fuel supply (EFS) system was integrated, activating when λ > 19.0 and deactivating when λ < 17.0, to enhance combustion stability under high-load operation. The corrected higher heating value (HHV ≈ 20–21 MJ/kg) and consistent fuel mass flow rate (0.036 kg/s) were used for revised thermodynamic calculations. Field testing over 524 operating hours demonstrated stable power generation between 80 and 120 kW. The EFS system increased thermal efficiency by approximately 22.7%, achieving a peak efficiency of 11.66% at 100 kW. A techno-economic assessment, including sensitivity analysis (±20% biogas yield and ±10% electricity price), confirmed economic viability with a breakeven period of 15.79 months. The system offers a reliable and scalable renewable energy solution for agricultural applications, contributing to methane mitigation and improved waste-to-energy utilization. Full article

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19 pages, 652 KB

Open AccessArticle

The Contribution of Digital Technologies to Improving the Competitiveness of the Tourism Sector in European Union Countries

by Vanda Maráková, Anna Wolak-Tuzimek, Katarzyna Brożek, Katarzyna Sieradzka and Peter Kristofik

Adm. Sci. 2025, 15(12), 486; https://doi.org/10.3390/admsci15120486 (registering DOI) - 11 Dec 2025

Abstract

Digitalization is one of the key phenomena shaping the modern world, and its impact on various sectors of the economy is increasingly important. The development of the tourism sector is inextricably linked to the development of digital technologies. This study investigates the relationship [...] Read more.

Digitalization is one of the key phenomena shaping the modern world, and its impact on various sectors of the economy is increasingly important. The development of the tourism sector is inextricably linked to the development of digital technologies. This study investigates the relationship between the level of digitization and the competitiveness of the tourism sector across European Union countries. Drawing on the literature review, the research hypothesis posits a significant association between these two variables. Using the statistics obtained from Eurostat on digitization, the synthetic Hellwig measure was calculated to create a ranking of the level of digitization of EU countries. Then, the Pearson correlation coefficient was calculated; that is, the relationship between the ranking of digitization and the ranking according to the synthetic Travel & Tourism Development Index 2024 (TTDI) was examined. The study shows a positive correlation between the level of digitization and the competitiveness of the tourism sector in European Union countries. Countries with higher levels of digitization tend to perform better in the TTDI rankings. The study contributes to the academic discussion focusing on building competitive and resilient tourist destinations. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section International Entrepreneurship)

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27 pages, 1072 KB

Open AccessArticle

The Exploration of Generative Textbooks in Higher Education: A Design-Based Research Intervention

by Maimoona Al Abri, Nada Dabbagh, Raja Maznah Raja Hussain, Abdelrahman Elhag and Muna Alsiyabi

Educ. Sci. 2025, 15(12), 1667; https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci15121667 (registering DOI) - 11 Dec 2025

Abstract

Generative textbooks are AI-powered educational resources generated using generative AI tools to create a variety of content types. However, this is a relatively new notion, and it is still under exploration. The current study aims to explore how the concept of a generative [...] Read more.

Generative textbooks are AI-powered educational resources generated using generative AI tools to create a variety of content types. However, this is a relatively new notion, and it is still under exploration. The current study aims to explore how the concept of a generative textbook can be effectively integrated into higher education academic programs. Specifically, it examined the creation, integration, and usability of generative textbooks in a college course, an area previously unexplored in higher education settings. A design-based research approach is employed to conduct this study through three phases: analysis and exploration, design and development, and evaluation and reflection. The instruments and participants are varied throughout the phases. The iterative process of this approach demonstrated how the generative textbook was generated. The output of this design-based research is a generative textbook chatbot (OLAD), which is an LLM; a responsive platform where students can post their queries regarding online learning and receive instant responses. The findings showed that the speed, creativity, adaptability, and efficiency of the OLAD are the critical advantages of this tool. Regarding the disadvantages, the study revealed that AI-generated content lacks accuracy, depth of information, and human insights. In addition, it is identified that the usefulness and ease of use of the OLAD of the generative textbook were at a moderate level. Further investigation is needed to inform pedagogical designs of integrating LLM into a college course. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Higher Education)

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15 pages, 2843 KB

Open AccessArticle

Nucleotide Substitution Biases in Related Cancer Driver Genes

by Adam Khadre, Yifan Dou, Golrokh C. Mirzaei and Ruben C. Petreaca

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025, 26(24), 11903; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms262411903 (registering DOI) - 10 Dec 2025

Abstract

Nucleotide substitutions are common in cancer cells, and they occur in both protein coding regions and non-coding regions (5′ and 3′ UTRs and introns). Although substitutions in non-coding regions have the potential to alter gene expression, it is the alteration of coding regions [...] Read more.

Nucleotide substitutions are common in cancer cells, and they occur in both protein coding regions and non-coding regions (5′ and 3′ UTRs and introns). Although substitutions in non-coding regions have the potential to alter gene expression, it is the alteration of coding regions that affects protein function and has the most drastic effect on cellular transformation. Mutations in certain genes (e.g., TP53, KRAS) are common to nearly all cancers, but most cancers are characterized by specific gene mutation signatures. In this report, we investigated nucleotide substitution signatures in coding regions of the top 25 most frequently mutated genes in multiple human cancers. The goal was to examine whether unique nucleotide substitution biases are associated with various cancers. A pan-cancer analysis showed that the most altered nucleotide is guanine, which is biased towards G->A transitions. A per-cancer analysis identified ten cancers with biased substitutions in certain genes. Some of these biases were expected (e.g., KRAS in gastrointestinal cancers or JAK2 in blood cancers). Our analysis revealed biased signature substitutions in 17 genes, of which 14 were characterized as drivers and constituted a closely related set of cell cycle regulators. We conclude that nucleotide substitution biases contribute to specific alterations in cancer genes that produce cellular transformation. Principle component analysis of nucleotide substitutions shows that most cancers cluster together, meaning that they have similar nucleotide changes. However, certain cancers, most notably lung, pancreas, and blood cancers, can be differentiated from each other based on specific nucleotide signatures. Thus, nucleotide substitution patterns can be used to differentiate between some cancers. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Advances in Cancer Genomics)

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13 pages, 1487 KB

Open AccessArticle

A Begomovirus solanumdelhiense Vector for Virus-Induced Gene Silencing in Melon

by Yufei Han, Qiansheng Liao, Ping Gao, Liqing Zhang, Bingqian Wan, Lihui Xu, Shigang Gao, Zhiwei Song, Fuming Dai and Rong Zeng

Pathogens 2025, 14(12), 1269; https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens14121269 (registering DOI) - 10 Dec 2025

Abstract

In this study, the insert length, location within the coat protein-encoding gene, and sequence orientation of the target fragment were optimized to construct an efficient virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) system in melon using a Begomovirus solanumdelhiense vector. Existing systems are mostly RNA viruses, [...] Read more.

In this study, the insert length, location within the coat protein-encoding gene, and sequence orientation of the target fragment were optimized to construct an efficient virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) system in melon using a Begomovirus solanumdelhiense vector. Existing systems are mostly RNA viruses, requiring in vitro synthesis of viral strands that are prone to degradation, although they exhibit high infectivity and stability in cucurbit hosts and ease of manipulation. This vector was selected for its more stable genome structure and these advantages. The melon phytoene desaturase (CmPDS), a key gene of carotenoid biosynthesis, was selected as a reporter gene to evaluate the effects of the VIGS system. Our results revealed that the melon leaves in all the VIGS treatments exhibited a typical photobleaching phenotype at 21 days post-inoculation. Moreover, reverse transcription quantitative real-time PCR revealed a significant reduction in the mRNA levels of PDS in melon. The highest silencing efficiency (lowest PDS mRNA levels) was achieved by the VIGS vector harboring a 165 bp CmPDS fragment at the 3′ end of the AV1. These findings not only establish a more efficient VIGS protocol for melon but also provide a foundation for developing novel virus-based silencing tools applicable to functional genomics and cucurbit crop improvement, particularly for traits requiring precise gene expression modulation such as disease resistance and fruit quality. Full article

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21 pages, 2045 KB

Open AccessReview

Pathological and Molecular Insights into the Early Stage of Multiple System Atrophy

by Makoto T. Tanaka, Yasuo Miki, Tomoya Kon, Fumiaki Mori and Koichi Wakabayashi

Cells 2025, 14(24), 1966; https://doi.org/10.3390/cells14241966 (registering DOI) - 10 Dec 2025

Abstract

Recently, studies have increasingly focused on neuropathological and molecular alterations that occur in the early stages of neurodegenerative diseases to understand the primary pathogenesis. This review provides an updated overview of the early pathological and molecular changes in multiple system atrophy (MSA), a [...] Read more.

Recently, studies have increasingly focused on neuropathological and molecular alterations that occur in the early stages of neurodegenerative diseases to understand the primary pathogenesis. This review provides an updated overview of the early pathological and molecular changes in multiple system atrophy (MSA), a neurodegenerative condition characterised by the degeneration of both the striatonigral and olivopontocerebellar systems. In advanced stages of MSA, abnormal α-synuclein accumulates in the cytoplasm and nuclei of oligodendrocytes and neurones. However, in addition to these established pathological hallmarks, previous analyses of preclinical MSA cases have revealed characteristic accumulations of abnormal α-synuclein within and adjacent to the nuclear membrane. Moreover, analyses of cerebrospinal fluid and plasma from patients with MSA within 3 years of disease onset have identified alterations in various proteins and microRNAs linked to neurodegeneration and neuroinflammation. Consistent with these findings, in vitro and in vivo models of early-stage MSA have demonstrated abnormalities in neurodegeneration, neuroinflammation, and mitochondrial function. Collectively, these observations highlight the primary pathogenesis of early-stage MSA. Full article

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68 pages, 1847 KB

Open AccessReview

Oral Treatment of Obesity by GLP-1 and Its Analogs

by Natasa Holler, Ivana Ruseska, Anna-Laurence Schachner-Nedherer, Andreas Zimmer and Christina Petschacher

Pharmaceutics 2025, 17(12), 1596; https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics17121596 (registering DOI) - 10 Dec 2025

Abstract

Obesity is a multifaceted disease that significantly increases the risk of various chronic conditions. GLP-1R (co)-agonists first emerged as therapeutics for treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus and have since become an established drug class for improving glycemic control. The interest in GLP-1 [...] Read more.

Obesity is a multifaceted disease that significantly increases the risk of various chronic conditions. GLP-1R (co)-agonists first emerged as therapeutics for treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus and have since become an established drug class for improving glycemic control. The interest in GLP-1 for obesity treatment has surged in 2015 after the approval of Saxenda^® (liraglutide). To date, GLP-1 analogs are primarily administered by s.c. injection, which poses a significant burden on patient compliance. To address this challenge, research has focused on oral delivery. This review provides a concise overview of the techniques explored to enhance the oral delivery of GLP-1 analogs for the treatment of obesity. Relevant strategies include the following: (1) the use of permeation enhancers to increase gastrointestinal absorption of peptides; (2) micro- and nanocarriers loaded with GLP-1, including targeted delivery systems and general techniques for active drug targeting; (3) GLP-1 gene delivery; and (4) advanced microbiome systems for GLP-1 delivery. The potential for misuse and side-effects of GLP-1 analogs are also discussed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Drug Delivery and Controlled Release)

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22 pages, 3020 KB

Open AccessArticle

Metabolomic Impact of Maternal Barium Exposure on Miscarriage Risk: Identification of Metabolic Biomarkers and Construction of a Risk Prediction Model

by Xiaoyu Zhao, Ziwei Guo, Shuangshuang Zhao, Danyang Wan, Jie Xu, Yifan Xu, Yujie Liu, Haoyi Xu, Ziyang Wang and Qing Xu

Toxics 2025, 13(12), 1066; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics13121066 (registering DOI) - 10 Dec 2025

Abstract

This study investigated the relationship between maternal barium (Ba) exposure and the risk of miscarriage using metabolomics and machine learning. Analyses were performed on samples from 183 pregnant women from Nanjing: the concentration of Ba in whole blood was measured using inductively coupled [...] Read more.

This study investigated the relationship between maternal barium (Ba) exposure and the risk of miscarriage using metabolomics and machine learning. Analyses were performed on samples from 183 pregnant women from Nanjing: the concentration of Ba in whole blood was measured using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS), and untargeted metabolomics was performed on decidual tissue using high-resolution accurate mass spectrometry (UHPLC-QExactive HF-X). A metabolome-wide association study (MWAS) and mediation interaction effect analysis (MITM) identified metabolites and pathways linked to Ba exposure and miscarriage risk. Among 523 detected metabolites, 19 metabolites and 5 pathways were significantly associated with both Ba exposure and miscarriage, particularly glycerophospholipid metabolism. The effect of Ba exposure on miscarriage risk was mediated by five metabolites, with cuminaldehyde showing the highest share of the total mediating effect (54.74%). These metabolites, including N-acetyl-L-methionine, 4-hydroxynonenal, DG(18:0/18:3(9Z,12Z,15Z)/0:0), 10-formyldihydrofolate, and eicosadienoic acid, were used as biomarkers in a predictive model. The XGBoost model achieved an optimal AUC of 0.90 (95%CI: 0.83–0.96). This study suggests that maternal Ba exposure increases miscarriage risk, potentially through disruptions in amino acid metabolism, oxidative stress, and lipid peroxidation, and highlights the potential of metabolite biomarkers for predicting adverse birth outcomes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue State-of-the-Art Environmental Chemical Exposomics and Metabolomics—2nd Edition)

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17 pages, 1073 KB

Open AccessArticle

Pubovesical Complex-Sparing Under Hypothermia During Robotic-Assisted Laparoscopic Radical Prostatectomy: A Single-Institution Case Series

by Chin-Heng Lu, Min-Che Tung, Chu-Shan Yuan, Yi-Sheng Lin, Li-Hua Huang, Wei-Chun Weng, Chao-Yu Hsu, Tang-Yi Tsao, Yen-Chuan Ou and Chia-Che Chang

J. Clin. Med. 2025, 14(24), 8759; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm14248759 (registering DOI) - 10 Dec 2025

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Functional continence and potency outcomes are paramount for the pentafecta of robotic-assisted laparoscopic radical prostatectomy (RARP). We describe a modified approach of the pubovesical complex (PVC)-sparing technique under hypothermia for better continence and potency preservation. Methods: This is a retrospective single-institution case [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Functional continence and potency outcomes are paramount for the pentafecta of robotic-assisted laparoscopic radical prostatectomy (RARP). We describe a modified approach of the pubovesical complex (PVC)-sparing technique under hypothermia for better continence and potency preservation. Methods: This is a retrospective single-institution case series. Thirty-three PVC-sparing RARP procedures under hypothermia were performed in patients with clinically localized prostate cancer by the same experienced surgeon. The method includes four principles: (1) modified PVC-sparing technique, according to Richard Gaston et al., (2) the use of near-infrared fluorescence technology and indocyanine green to identify the benchmark artery of the neurovascular bundle and blood supply for the PVC, (3) accessory pudendal artery preservation, and (4) hypothermia to reduce tissue edema. Functional outcomes, including continence, potency, and other surgical findings, are presented. This is a feasibility case series, not a comparative or hypothesis-testing study. Results: This study enrolled 33 cases from 15 April 2020 to 31 December 2022. Four patients had positive surgical margins. The urinary continence rate was 100% after Foley removal at a mean of 6.6 days. The potency rate was 74% (17/23) at 6 months and 91.3% (21/23) at 12 months. The inclusion of a small sample of patients from a single hospital and the selection of patient conditions were the study limitations. Conclusions: The modified approach we described is technically feasible, and it can expedite the restoration of urinary function and potency preservation. No severe complications occurred, and patients achieved good oncological outcomes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Robotic Urological Surgery: Clinical Updates for Better Outcomes)

30 pages, 643 KB

Open AccessArticle

Do Institutional Investors’ ESG Commitments Affect ESG Rating Disagreement? An Empirical Analysis of UNPRI Signatory Commitment

by Yinghao Sun and Zhibin Chen

Sustainability 2025, 17(24), 11083; https://doi.org/10.3390/su172411083 (registering DOI) - 10 Dec 2025

Abstract

This study conducted a quasi-natural experiment on Chinese mutual funds that signed the United Nations Principles for Responsible Investment (UNPRI) to examine whether institutional investors’ ESG commitments reduce ESG rating disagreements among their portfolio firms. We find that firms held by UNPRI-signatory investors [...] Read more.

This study conducted a quasi-natural experiment on Chinese mutual funds that signed the United Nations Principles for Responsible Investment (UNPRI) to examine whether institutional investors’ ESG commitments reduce ESG rating disagreements among their portfolio firms. We find that firms held by UNPRI-signatory investors exhibit significantly less ESG rating disagreement than those held by non-UNPRI investors. We further demonstrate that this effect operates through two channels: improved ESG disclosure quality and increased external ESG attention. Corporate governance and industry ESG sensitivity positively moderates the relationship between institutional investors’ ESG commitments and ESG rating disagreement. Moreover, the mitigating effect is more pronounced for domestic rating agencies. This study not only provides evidence for the role of institutional investors in ESG development but also identifies potential pathways to reduce ESG rating discrepancies, offering insights into enhancing the reliability of ESG rating outcomes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Social Ecology and Sustainability)

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39 pages, 6763 KB

Open AccessArticle

An Estimate of the Economic Value of the Marine and Coastal Ecosystem Services of Algoa Bay, South Africa

by Matthew Orolowitz, James Blignaut, Chase Lourens, Matthew Bentley, Twesigye Twekye, Pablo Rees, Estee Miltz, Rozanne Peacock, Bernadette Snow and Amanda T. Lombard

Sustainability 2025, 17(24), 11055; https://doi.org/10.3390/su172411055 (registering DOI) - 10 Dec 2025

Abstract

Ecosystem services provided by coastal and marine environments are increasingly recognised as of paramount importance for human wellbeing. To inform marine spatial planning and its implementation, as well as to manage conflicts between marine resource beneficiaries, we developed a comprehensive estimate of the [...] Read more.

Ecosystem services provided by coastal and marine environments are increasingly recognised as of paramount importance for human wellbeing. To inform marine spatial planning and its implementation, as well as to manage conflicts between marine resource beneficiaries, we developed a comprehensive estimate of the economic value of the ecosystem services of Algoa Bay (AB) from 2000 to 2019. This is to assist in the development of effective policies concerning the management of marine resources. We quantified and assessed the monetary value by integrating 15 ecosystem services (ES) across five ecosystems using a range of economic valuation techniques and four scenarios. The scenarios differentiate between the local and global beneficiaries of the services and a conservative and alternative valuation estimate. These latter two valuation benefits are calculated using different sets of valuation estimates. We identified that onshore ecosystems, and recreation and tourism services, hold the most value. We estimated that the value grew from USD 613.4 million to USD 1695.9 million for local beneficiaries and from USD 1127.7 million to USD 2787.9 million for global beneficiaries between 2000 and 2019. The local values are roughly equivalent to the municipal budget, implying that the value of the ES is at least equal to that of the combined value of public service delivery. This highlights the significant economic contributions of marine and coastal ecosystems to local economies. This valuation provides a framework to make explicit the value that beneficiaries derive from marine ecosystems and provides a novel perspective on the valuation of ES in the coastal and marine ecosystems. This framework can be replicated elsewhere where there is a need to develop the ocean economy in an equitable and sustainable way. Full article

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