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13 pages, 557 KB

Open AccessArticle

Pressurized Metered-Dose Inhaler Versus Dry Powder Inhaler Adherence Among Individuals with Asthma and COPD

by Dekel Shlomi, Bernice Oberman, Yehonatan Halevy, Shiri Kushnir, Hadas Meir and Yael Reichenberg

Adv. Respir. Med. 2025, 93(5), 44; https://doi.org/10.3390/arm93050044 (registering DOI) - 11 Oct 2025

Abstract

Background: The core management of most individuals with asthma and COPD is daily treatment with inhalers such as inhaled corticosteroids (ICS) and long-acting bronchodilators. The two main types of inhalers used are pressurized metered-dose inhalers (pMDIs) and dry powder inhalers (DPIs). Different studies [...] Read more.

Background: The core management of most individuals with asthma and COPD is daily treatment with inhalers such as inhaled corticosteroids (ICS) and long-acting bronchodilators. The two main types of inhalers used are pressurized metered-dose inhalers (pMDIs) and dry powder inhalers (DPIs). Different studies have shown low adherence to inhaler treatments among subjects with asthma and COPD. In this study, we explored the differences in adherence between pMDIs and DPIs of combined ICS and long-acting β₂-agonist inhalers (ICS + LABA) in a large cohort, free from commercial biases. Methods: In this historical prospective study, we included all adult subjects with asthma and/or COPD who acquired at least one ICS + LABA inhaler between 2016 and 2019. We carried out propensity score matching and then compared the maximal number of pMDIs and DPIs purchased in any continuous 12 months during the study period. We also compared once-a-day DPIs with twice-a-day DPIs. Results: Of the 36,998 matched subjects, 5897 (15.9%) purchased pMDIs. The overall median [IQR] inhalers purchased for pMDIs and DPIs were 1 [1, 4] and 3 [1, 8], respectively; for subjects with asthma, 1 [1, 3] and 2 [1, 6]; for subjects with COPD, 1 [1, 3] and 3 [1, 10]; and for subjects with asthma–COPD overlap, 2 [1, 7] and 6 [2, 12]. For all the comparisons, p < 0.001. The once-a-day DPI group had a slight but significantly better adherence than the twice-a-day DPI group. Conclusions: For ICS + LABA therapy, the number of DPIs purchased was significantly greater than the number of pMDIs purchased, as well as the once-a-day DPI relative to the other DPIs. Overall, subjects with asthma and/or COPD had low adherence to all inhalers, with the highest adherence observed among subjects with asthma–COPD overlap. Full article

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21 pages, 3261 KB

Open AccessArticle

Comparative Studies on Leachability of Zinc and Iron from High-Energy Milled Waste of Scrap-Based EAF Steelmaking

by Ewa Rudnik, Michał Stępień and Piotr Palimąka

Molecules 2025, 30(20), 4055; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules30204055 (registering DOI) - 11 Oct 2025

Abstract

Electric arc furnace (EAF) waste, a mixture of dust and slag, was investigated as a potential secondary source of zinc. The waste primarily consisted of zinc and iron oxides, with the presence of refractory zinc ferrite, which hinders the complete recovery of zinc. [...] Read more.

Electric arc furnace (EAF) waste, a mixture of dust and slag, was investigated as a potential secondary source of zinc. The waste primarily consisted of zinc and iron oxides, with the presence of refractory zinc ferrite, which hinders the complete recovery of zinc. This is the first study that examined the effect of mechanical treatment through high-energy planetary ball milling on the phase transformation, metal speciation, and leachability of the EAF waste. The raw material was characterized by particle size distribution, morphology, phase composition, and sequential extraction, and then subjected to milling at different rotation rates (100–400 rpm). The resulting powders were analyzed using XRD, SEM–EDS, and sequential leaching, and tested for acid (H₂SO₄) and alkaline (NaOH) leachability. Milling progressively reduced particle size, increased surface roughness, and induced structural changes, including the mechanical activation effect at low milling rates (100 rpm) and the synthesis of secondary franklinite at higher milling energies (200 rpm and 400 rpm). Sequential extraction revealed changes in zinc and iron speciation from acid-soluble to residual fractions for increased milling intensities. Leaching experiments showed rapid zinc dissolution in both acidic and alkaline solutions, while iron dissolved only in acid. The highest zinc extractions (67% in H₂SO₄, 55% in NaOH) were obtained from mechanically activated material at 100 rpm, while zinc leachability decreased for higher milling rates due to the induced mechanical synthesis of refractory phase. The kinetic model of leaching of the main components of the EAF was also established. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in the Recycling of Industrial Waste: Critical Minerals in the Clean Energy Transition)

24 pages, 5446 KB

Open AccessArticle

Modeling of Residual Stress, Plastic Deformation, and Permanent Warpage Induced by the Resin Molding Process in SiC-Based Power Modules

by Giuseppe Mirone, Luca Corallo, Raffaele Barbagallo and Giuseppe Bua

Energies 2025, 18(20), 5364; https://doi.org/10.3390/en18205364 (registering DOI) - 11 Oct 2025

Abstract

A critical aspect in the design of power electronics packages is the prediction of their mechanical response under severe thermomechanical loads and the consequent structural damage. For this purpose, finite element (FE) simulations are used to estimate the mechanical performance and reliability under [...] Read more.

A critical aspect in the design of power electronics packages is the prediction of their mechanical response under severe thermomechanical loads and the consequent structural damage. For this purpose, finite element (FE) simulations are used to estimate the mechanical performance and reliability under operational conditions, typically alternate high voltages/currents resulting in thermal gradients. When simulations are performed, it is common practice to consider the as-received package to be in a stress-free state. Namely, residual stresses and plastic deformation induced by the manufacturing processes are neglected. In this study, an advanced FE modeling approach is proposed to assess the structural consequences of the encapsulating resin curing, typical in the production of silicon carbide (SiC)-based power electronics modules for electric vehicles. This work offers a general modeling framework that can be further employed to simulate the effects of thermal gradients induced by the production process on the effective shape and residual stresses of the as-received package for other manufacturing stages, such as metal brazing, soldering processes joining copper and SiC, and, to lower extents, the application of polyimide on top of passivation layers. The obtained results have been indirectly validated with experimental data from literature. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Reliability of Power Electronics Devices and Converter Systems: 2nd Edition)

21 pages, 5214 KB

Open AccessArticle

microRNA-22 Inhibition Stimulates Mitochondrial Homeostasis and Intracellular Degradation Pathways to Prevent Muscle Wasting

by Simone Tomasini, Emanuele Monteleone, Anna Altieri, Francesco Margiotta, Fereshteh Dardmeh, Hiva Alipour, Anja Holm, Sakari Kauppinen and Riccardo Panella

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025, 26(20), 9900; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms26209900 (registering DOI) - 11 Oct 2025

Abstract

MicroRNA-22 (miR-22) is a negative regulator of mitochondrial biogenesis, as well as lipid and glucose metabolism, in metabolically active tissues. Silencing miR-22 holds promise as a potential treatment of obesity and metabolic syndrome, as it restores metabolic capacity—enhancing oxidative metabolism—and reduces ectopic fat [...] Read more.

MicroRNA-22 (miR-22) is a negative regulator of mitochondrial biogenesis, as well as lipid and glucose metabolism, in metabolically active tissues. Silencing miR-22 holds promise as a potential treatment of obesity and metabolic syndrome, as it restores metabolic capacity—enhancing oxidative metabolism—and reduces ectopic fat accumulation in chronic obesity, a driver of impaired metabolic flexibility and muscle mass loss. Intramuscular adipose accumulation and defective mitochondrial function are features associated with obese-mediated muscle atrophy and hallmarks of neuromuscular disorders such as Duchenne muscular dystrophy. Therefore, miR-22 could represent a compelling molecular target to improve muscle health across various muscle-wasting conditions. This study describes a pharmacological strategy for the inhibition of miR-22 in skeletal muscle by employing a mixmer antisense oligonucleotide (ASO, anti-miR-22). Administration of the ASO in a mouse model of obesity positively modulated myogenesis while protecting dystrophic mice from muscle function decline, enhancing fatigue resistance, and limiting pathological fibrotic remodeling. Mechanistically, we show that anti-miR-22 treatment promotes derepression of genes involved in mitochondrial homeostasis, favoring oxidative fiber content regardless of the disease model, thus promoting a more resilient phenotype. Furthermore, we suggest that miR-22 inhibition increases autophagy by transcriptional activation of multiple negative regulators of mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling to decrease immune infiltration and fibrosis. These findings position miR-22 as a promising therapeutic target for muscle atrophy and support its potential to restore muscle health. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue MicroRNAs as Biomarkers and Therapeutic Targets in Human Diseases)

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4 pages, 186 KB

Open AccessEditorial

Dynamic Stability and Safety of Ships in Waves

by Se-Min Jeong and Sunho Park

J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2025, 13(10), 1950; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse13101950 (registering DOI) - 11 Oct 2025

Abstract

The study of ship motions and stability in waves has long been a cornerstone of naval architecture and ocean engineering [...] Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dynamic Stability and Safety of Ships in Waves)

16 pages, 2417 KB

Open AccessArticle

Angiotensin II Promotes Progressive Activation of Fibrogenic Periostin-Lineage Cells in Lung and Kidney

by Mustafa Ozdemir, José P. Guirao-Abad, Daniel A. Kasprovic, Robert M. Jaggers and Onur Kanisicak

Cells 2025, 14(20), 1584; https://doi.org/10.3390/cells14201584 (registering DOI) - 11 Oct 2025

Abstract

Angiotensin II (AngII), the primary effector of the renin-angiotensin system, is essential for maintaining blood pressure and fluid-electrolyte homeostasis. However, elevated AngII levels are a feature of disease conditions such as heart failure and chronic kidney disease, where it is associated with pathological [...] Read more.

Angiotensin II (AngII), the primary effector of the renin-angiotensin system, is essential for maintaining blood pressure and fluid-electrolyte homeostasis. However, elevated AngII levels are a feature of disease conditions such as heart failure and chronic kidney disease, where it is associated with pathological tissue remodeling and fibrosis. AngII-mediated fibrosis has been documented in multiple organs and is characterized by fibroblast expansion, myofibroblast differentiation, and excessive extracellular matrix deposition. Periostin has recently emerged as a marker of fibroblast activation. Notably, periostin expression is highly upregulated during fibrotic remodeling in the kidney and lung, which is strongly linked with impaired organ function. While AngII-induced activation of periostin-lineage (Postn^Lin) cells is well established in the heart, the temporal dynamics of Postn^Lin activation in response to AngII infusion in the lung and kidney remain unexplored. Here, we used a Postn-MerCreMer lineage-tracing approach, combined with continuous AngII infusion over an experimental period of one week and two weeks to assess Postn^Lin responses in lung and kidney. Our findings reveal a progressive activation of Postn^Lin cells in both organs, characterized by myofibroblast phenotype, together with increased collagen deposition and macrophage infiltration. These results highlight the potential of Postn^Lin fibroblasts as a key effector of AngII-mediated tissue remodeling and fibrosis in the lung and kidney. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Application of Animal Models: From Physiology to Pathology)

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20 pages, 6160 KB

Open AccessArticle

The Impact of Physical Form on the Biocompatibility of Poly(3-hexylthiophene-2,5-diyl)

by Daniela A. Tudor, Sorin David, Mihaela Gheorghiu and Szilveszter Gáspár

Materials 2025, 18(20), 4671; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma18204671 (registering DOI) - 11 Oct 2025

Abstract

Poly(3-hexylthiophene-2,5-diyl) (P3HT) is a semiconducting, electron donor polymer which, in addition to its intensive use in optoelectronic devices, is increasingly investigated in biological systems. However, there are conflicting reports about the biocompatibility of P3HT, and no direct comparison between P3HT films and P3HT [...] Read more.

Poly(3-hexylthiophene-2,5-diyl) (P3HT) is a semiconducting, electron donor polymer which, in addition to its intensive use in optoelectronic devices, is increasingly investigated in biological systems. However, there are conflicting reports about the biocompatibility of P3HT, and no direct comparison between P3HT films and P3HT nanoparticles has been conducted. In this context, we investigated the viability of bEnd.3 endothelial cells when such cells are grown onto P3HT films or incubated with P3HT nanoparticles and subjected to trains of moderate power density, relatively long light pulses. We observed that, while P3HT films do not decrease the viability of bEnd.3 cells at all, P3HT nanoparticles lower the viability of bEND.3 cells by ~20%, when the nanoparticles also contain [6,6]-phenyl-C61-butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM) as electron acceptor, and by ~30%, when the nanoparticles do not contain PCBM. Interestingly, the used photoexcitation protocol did not impact the biocompatibility of the P3HT-based materials. The obtained results reveal that (i). nanostructuring has a detrimental impact on the compatibility of P3HT with bEND.3 endothelial cells, and (ii). P3HT-based materials can be safely combined with light when used in biological systems because light, as used in the present study, does not alter the biocompatibility of such materials. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Interaction Between Biomaterials and Biological Systems)

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12 pages, 965 KB

Open AccessArticle

Short-Term Outcomes of Post-Mastectomy Immediate Pre-Pectoral Reconstruction with Implant and Acellular Dermal Matrix

by Beatriz Costeira, Beatriz Gonçalves, António Soares, Rodrigo Oom, Cristina Sousa Costa, João Vargas Moniz, Nuno Abecasis and Catarina Rodrigues dos Santos

J. Clin. Med. 2025, 14(20), 7181; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm14207181 (registering DOI) - 11 Oct 2025

Abstract

Introduction: Pre-pectoral breast reconstruction using implant and acellular dermal matrix (ADM) has become one of the main techniques for immediate reconstruction after mastectomy, with variable approaches and complication rates reported in literature. This study aims to evaluate the early outcomes of this technique, [...] Read more.

Introduction: Pre-pectoral breast reconstruction using implant and acellular dermal matrix (ADM) has become one of the main techniques for immediate reconstruction after mastectomy, with variable approaches and complication rates reported in literature. This study aims to evaluate the early outcomes of this technique, at a single tertiary oncology center. Methods: We performed a retrospective analysis of a prospectively maintained database including women who underwent immediate pre-pectoral reconstruction with implant and ADM following mastectomy between January 2021 and August 2023. The primary outcome was reconstructive failure within 3 months, defined as the need for removal of the implant placed during the index surgery. Secondary outcomes included complications at 3 months and predictive factors for complications. Results: A total of 247 reconstructions were performed in 200 patients, 83.4% following oncological mastectomy and 16.6% after risk-reducing surgery. The median age was 49 (43–56) years; 15.5% of patients were obese and 26.5% were active smokers. Skin-sparing mastectomy was performed in 16.6% and nipple-sparing in 83.4%, with a Wise-pattern incision in 73.3%. Reconstructive failure occurred in 7.7%, with one case (0.4%) of total reconstruction loss. The overall complication rate was 14.6%—skin flap ischemia occurred in 12.6%, primary implant infection in 2.0% and bleeding in 0.8%. The reoperation rate was 8.4%. No predictive factors for complications were identified. Conclusions: In this series, including a high proportion of high-risk patients, immediate pre-pectoral reconstruction with implant and ADM appears safe, with a low rate of early complications. No predictive factors for complications were found, supporting widening its indications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Plastic, Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery/Aesthetic Medicine)

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18 pages, 613 KB

Open AccessArticle

Harnessing Quantum Entanglement and Fidelity in Hydrogen Atoms: Unveiling Dynamics Under Dephasing Noise

by Kamal Berrada and Smail Bougouffa

Appl. Sci. 2025, 15(20), 10938; https://doi.org/10.3390/app152010938 (registering DOI) - 11 Oct 2025

Abstract

We investigate the quantum dynamics of entanglement and fidelity in the hyperfine structure of hydrogen atoms under dephasing noise, modeled via the Lindblad master equation. The effective Hamiltonian captures the spin–spin interaction between the electron and proton, with dephasing incorporated through local Lindblad [...] Read more.

We investigate the quantum dynamics of entanglement and fidelity in the hyperfine structure of hydrogen atoms under dephasing noise, modeled via the Lindblad master equation. The effective Hamiltonian captures the spin–spin interaction between the electron and proton, with dephasing incorporated through local Lindblad operators. Analytical solutions for the time-dependent density matrix are derived for various initial states, including separable, partially entangled, and maximally entangled configurations. Entanglement is quantified using the concurrence, while fidelity measures the similarity between the evolving state and the initial state. Numerical results demonstrate that entanglement exhibits oscillatory decay modulated by the dephasing rate, with anti-parallel spin states displaying greater robustness compared to parallel configurations, often leading to entanglement sudden death. Fidelity dynamics reveal similar damped oscillations, underscoring the interplay between coherent hyperfine evolution and environmental dephasing. These insights elucidate strategies for preserving quantum correlations in atomic systems, with implications for quantum information processing and metrology. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Quantum Communication and Quantum Information)

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24 pages, 16090 KB

Open AccessArticle

Iterative Investigation of the Nonlinear Fractional Cahn–Allen and Fractional Clannish Random Walker’s Parabolic Equations by Using the Hybrid Decomposition Method

by Sarfaraz Ahmed, Ibtisam Aldawish, Syed T. R. Rizvi and Aly R. Seadawy

Fractal Fract. 2025, 9(10), 656; https://doi.org/10.3390/fractalfract9100656 (registering DOI) - 11 Oct 2025

Abstract

In this work, we numerically investigate the fractional clannish random walker’s parabolic equations (FCRWPEs) and the nonlinear fractional Cahn–Allen (NFCA) equation using the Hybrid Decomposition Method (HDM). The analysis uses the Atangana–Baleanu fractional derivative (ABFD) in the Caputo sense, which has a nonsingular [...] Read more.

In this work, we numerically investigate the fractional clannish random walker’s parabolic equations (FCRWPEs) and the nonlinear fractional Cahn–Allen (NFCA) equation using the Hybrid Decomposition Method (HDM). The analysis uses the Atangana–Baleanu fractional derivative (ABFD) in the Caputo sense, which has a nonsingular and nonlocal Mittag–Leffler kernel (MLk) and provides a more accurate depiction of memory and heredity effects, to examine the dynamic behavior of the models. Using nonlinear analysis, the uniqueness of the suggested models is investigated, and distinct wave profiles are created for various fractional orders. The accuracy and effectiveness of the suggested approach are validated by a number of example cases, which also support the approximate solutions of the nonlinear FCRWPEs. This work provides significant insights into the modeling of anomalous diffusion and complex dynamic processes in fields such as phase transitions, biological transport, and population dynamics. The inclusion of the ABFD enhances the model’s ability to capture nonlocal effects and long-range temporal correlations, making it a powerful tool for simulating real-world systems where classical derivatives may be inadequate. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Applications of Fractional Calculus in Modern Mathematical Modeling)

11 pages, 481 KB

Open AccessSystematic Review

Ultrasound-Guided Localization of the Refill Port for Intrathecal Infusion Pump Recharge: A Systematic Review

by Beatriz Lechuga Carrasco, Nicolás Cordero Tous, Andrés Reinoso-Cobo, Jonathan Cortés-Martín, Juan Carlos Sánchez-García, Raquel Rodríguez-Blanque and Rafael Gálvez Mateos

J. Clin. Med. 2025, 14(20), 7178; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm14207178 (registering DOI) - 11 Oct 2025

Abstract

Background: Managing pain with intrathecal infusion pumps has significantly improved the treatment of individuals whose pain is uncontrollable by other methods. Using ultrasound to locate the refill port of these infusion pumps may offer an improvement over traditional methods. Objective: The objective of [...] Read more.

Background: Managing pain with intrathecal infusion pumps has significantly improved the treatment of individuals whose pain is uncontrollable by other methods. Using ultrasound to locate the refill port of these infusion pumps may offer an improvement over traditional methods. Objective: The objective of this systematic review is to update existing knowledge on the use of ultrasound for locating the refill port in intrathecal infusion pumps. Methods: The PRISMA review protocol was followed, and the review was registered in PROSPERO under registration number CRD 42024595671. Results: The main findings indicate that this technique is primarily used only in complex cases where access is difficult. Pain assessment, patient satisfaction, and recharge time compared to the traditional method are crucial factors for selecting the type of process to implement. Conclusions: No conclusive data are presented regarding the technique’s effect on pain reduction, patient satisfaction, reduction in time spent refilling the pump, or the prior experience level of the professional performing it, but notable improvements in these aspects are observed in certain situations. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Clinical Advances in Pain Management)

32 pages, 560 KB

Open AccessReview

by Elena Barbuti, Claudia Piervincenzi, Serena Ruggieri and Maria Petracca

Brain Sci. 2025, 15(10), 1097; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci15101097 (registering DOI) - 11 Oct 2025

Abstract

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic autoimmune disease of the central nervous system that affects women more frequently than men. This sex gap has widened over the past century, and appears to be shaped by lifestyle factors more than biological factors. This narrative [...] Read more.

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic autoimmune disease of the central nervous system that affects women more frequently than men. This sex gap has widened over the past century, and appears to be shaped by lifestyle factors more than biological factors. This narrative review examines the evidence for sex-specific differences in lifestyle risk factors and their impact on both MS susceptibility and disease progression, with implications for diagnosis, monitoring, and treatment. Smoking, obesity, vitamin D deficiency, ultraviolet radiation exposure, and Epstein–Barr virus infection all interact with sex-related biological pathways to influence MS risk. Women appear to be more vulnerable to the pathogenic effects of smoking and obesity, both independently and in synergy with genetic risk alleles, while vitamin D and UV exposure confer stronger protective effects in females than in males. EBV infection also exhibits sex-dependent immune responses, shaped by hormonal regulation and host–virus genetic interactions. Sex-related lifestyle factors also modulate MS progression. Women experience more inflammatory activity and relapses, whereas men more often develop a progressive phenotype with greater neurodegeneration. Hormonal changes during female reproductive phases, such as pregnancy, breastfeeding, menopause, and hormone-based therapies, critically influence disease activity and progression in MS. Obesity, smoking, vitamin D status, diet, and gut microbiota further interact with sex hormones and genetic background, contributing to variable disease trajectories, also modulated by social determinants such as education level. These findings underscore the need to integrate into clinical practice the evaluation of lifestyle factors in a sex-specific way for diagnosis, monitoring, and treatment of MS. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Lifestyle and Risk Factors for Multiple Sclerosis)

21 pages, 2743 KB

Open AccessArticle

Research on Enhancing the Solubility and Bioavailability of Canagliflozin Using Spray Drying Techniques with a Quality-by-Design Approach

by Ji Ho Lee, Seong Uk Choi, Tae Jong Kim, Na Yoon Jeong, Hyun Seo Paeng and Kyeong Soo Kim

Pharmaceutics 2025, 17(10), 1319; https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics17101319 (registering DOI) - 11 Oct 2025

Abstract

Objectives: The objective of this study was to enhance the solubility and bioavailability of canagliflozin (CFZ) using a spray drying technique with a Quality-by-Design (QbD) approach. Methods: The formulation of CFZ-loaded solid dispersions (CFZ-SDs) was optimized using a Box–Behnken design (BBD) [...] Read more.

Objectives: The objective of this study was to enhance the solubility and bioavailability of canagliflozin (CFZ) using a spray drying technique with a Quality-by-Design (QbD) approach. Methods: The formulation of CFZ-loaded solid dispersions (CFZ-SDs) was optimized using a Box–Behnken design (BBD) with three factors at three levels, resulting in a total of fifteen experiments, including three central point replicates. The design space was determined using the BBD, and the optimized CFZ-SD was evaluated for reproducibility, morphology, and physical properties and subjected to in vitro and in vivo tests. Results: The optimal values for each X factor were identified using a response optimization tool, achieving a yield (Y1) of 62.8%, a solubility (Y2) of 9941 μg/mL, and a particle size (Y3) of 5.89 μm, all of which were within the 95% prediction interval (PI). Additionally, amorphization induced by spray drying was confirmed for the optimized CFZ-SD using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD) analyses. In in vitro dissolution tests, the final dissolution rate of the CFZ-SD increased 3.58-fold at pH 1.2 and 3.84-fold at pH 6.8 compared to an Invokana^® tablet. In addition, relative to CFZ, it showed an 8.67-fold and 8.85-fold increase at pH 1.2 and pH 6.8, respectively. The in vivo pharmacokinetic behavior of CFZ and the CFZ-SD was evaluated in Sprague–Dawley rats following oral administration at a dose of 5 mg/kg. The AUC of the CFZ-SD increased 1.9-fold compared to that of CFZ. Conclusions: In this study, a solid dispersion (SD) formulation of CFZ, a BCS class IV SGLT2 inhibitor, was developed and optimized using a QbD approach to enhance solubility and oral bioavailability. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Methods of Potentially Improving Drug Permeation and Bioavailability)

44 pages, 1366 KB

Open AccessReview

Scorpion Venom as a Source of Cancer Drugs: A Comprehensive Proteomic Analysis and Therapeutic Potential

by Stephanie Santos Suehiro Arcos, Mariana Ramos da Cunha Aguiar, Júlia de Oliveira, Matheus Ramos da Silva, Isabela de Oliveira Cavalcante Pimentel, Nicolas Gamboa dos Anjos, Gustavo Henrique Rohr Souza Machado, Kimberly Borges Evangelista, Fernanda Calheta Vieira Portaro and Leo Kei Iwai

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025, 26(20), 9907; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms26209907 (registering DOI) - 11 Oct 2025

Abstract

Scorpion venom is a rich source of bioactive compounds with significant potential for anticancer drug development. Its diverse molecular composition, including neurotoxins, antimicrobial peptides, and enzymes, provides a vast library for therapeutic innovation. Proteomic analyses have characterized venom composition in several species, while [...] Read more.

Scorpion venom is a rich source of bioactive compounds with significant potential for anticancer drug development. Its diverse molecular composition, including neurotoxins, antimicrobial peptides, and enzymes, provides a vast library for therapeutic innovation. Proteomic analyses have characterized venom composition in several species, while further functional assays have clarified their anticancer mechanisms. This review synthesizes current knowledge on scorpion venom-derived peptides with demonstrated anticancer activity, which selectively target ion channels, induce apoptosis, or disrupt tumor microenvironments. Where available, we highlight proteomic studies that have identified these components and discuss their structural features relevant to drug design. We also examine clinical applications and the challenges in translating venom peptides into therapies. The crucial and growing role of proteomics in this field, particularly for venom fractionation, component identification, and structural characterization, is critically evaluated. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Proteomics in Cancer)

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13 pages, 3161 KB

Open AccessArticle

Hepatocyte Growth Factor Differentially Modulates Oral Microbiota in Early vs. Late Experimental Periodontitis

by Ruotong Ji, Xiaomin Zhao, Zhen Chen, Yifei Ge, Zhicong Wu and Xinhong Wang

Biology 2025, 14(10), 1393; https://doi.org/10.3390/biology14101393 (registering DOI) - 11 Oct 2025

Abstract

Background: Periodontitis is a chronic disease triggered by disturbed oral microbiota. We have previously reported that hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) could mitigate early-stage experimental periodontitis but exacerbate the condition in its late stage. Here, we investigated the impact of HGF on the periodontal [...] Read more.

Background: Periodontitis is a chronic disease triggered by disturbed oral microbiota. We have previously reported that hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) could mitigate early-stage experimental periodontitis but exacerbate the condition in its late stage. Here, we investigated the impact of HGF on the periodontal microbiome during periodontitis progression. Methods: We established ligation-induced periodontitis in wild-type (WT) mice and HGF high-expression transgenic (HGF-Tg) mice. We quantified the levels of IL-6 and TNF-α in periodontal tissues, as well as the serum concentrations of CTXI and PINP. Ligatures were collected on days 0, 7, and 28 after ligation for 16S rRNA sequencing and microbial analysis. Results: HGF significantly altered the diversity of ligatures during periodontitis. Interestingly, specific microbial genera, such as Lactobacillus, exhibited opposing trends between the two disease stages of HGF-Tg mice, aligning with the different effects of HGF on periodontitis progression. We also identified some taxa, such as Sphingomonas, associated with IL-6, TNF-α, CTXI, and PINP. The predicted inflammatory pathways (e.g., IL-17 signaling pathways) were enriched in HGF-Tg mice on day 28 but decreased on day 7. Conclusions: HGF exerted different influences on the microbiota of ligatures during early and late stages of periodontitis, which may account for the divergent effects of HGF on periodontitis progression. Full article

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22 pages, 4812 KB

Open AccessArticle

Physiological, Productive, and Nutritional Performance of Tomato Plants Treated with Iron and Zinc Nanoparticles via Foliar Application Under Deficit Irrigation

by Erika Caminha Almeida, Francisco Hevilásio Freire Pereira, Kaiki Nogueira Ferreira, Antonio Carlos de Sena Rodrigues, Railene Hérica Carlos Rocha Araújo, José Ebson Janoca de Souza, Carlos Sávio Gomes Ramos, Guilherme Lopes, Leônidas Canuto dos Santos, Francisco Bezerra Neto, Francisco Vaniés da Silva Sá, José Zilton Lopes Santos, Ronaldo do Nascimento and Josinaldo Lopes Araujo Rocha

Horticulturae 2025, 11(10), 1228; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae11101228 (registering DOI) - 11 Oct 2025

Abstract

Water deficit in the semi-arid region of Brazil is a critical limiting factor for tomato (Solanum lycopersicum Mill.), plant development and productivity. We evaluated whether foliar zinc (ZnO NPs) and iron (Fe₂O₃NPs) nano-oxides and their conventional salts (ZnSO [...] Read more.

Water deficit in the semi-arid region of Brazil is a critical limiting factor for tomato (Solanum lycopersicum Mill.), plant development and productivity. We evaluated whether foliar zinc (ZnO NPs) and iron (Fe₂O₃NPs) nano-oxides and their conventional salts (ZnSO₄·7H₂O and FeSO₄·7H₂O) mitigate water deficit effects on tomato (hybrid HM 2798). A split-plot field experiment was conducted with two irrigation levels (50% and 100% ETc) and five foliar treatments: control (no application), FeSO₄·7H₂O (T1), Fe₂O₃NPs (T2), ZnONPs (T3), ZnSO₄·7H₂O (T4), with four replications, totaling 40 experimental plots (2 irrigation levels × 5 foliar treatments × 4 replicates). The water deficit significantly reduced the leaf area index, photosynthetic rate, membrane stability, calcium and boron contents in fruits, and total and marketable yield. Foliar application of iron and zinc nano-oxides and their conventional sources had a limited effect on tomato plant growth but increased the photosynthetic rate under both irrigation levels. Under full irrigation, ZnSO₄·7H₂O increased total fruit production by 61% and fruit Zn content by 18.1%. In turn, Fe₂O₃ NPs (T2) led increases in fruit iron content by 117.3% under water deficit and 135.2% under full irrigation. Foliar application of Fe as Fe₂O₃ NPs is promising to promote the biofortification of tomato fruits with this micronutrient, especially in regions with deficiency problems of this micronutrient. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Sustainable Cultivation of Horticultural Crops)

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13 pages, 1398 KB

Open AccessArticle

Tuning the Solid-State Hydrogen Release of Ammonia Borane by Entrapping the Intermediates: The Role of High-Boiling-Point Amines

by Mattia Bartoli, Giuseppe Ferraro, Marco Etzi, Stefania Lettieri, Candido Fabrizio Pirri and Sergio Bocchini

Molecules 2025, 30(20), 4057; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules30204057 (registering DOI) - 11 Oct 2025

Abstract

Ammonia borane is a promising hydrogen storage material due to its high hydrogen content, but its use as hydrogen carrier under thermal stimuli involves the production of several byproducts, such as borazine, reducing hydrogen purity and the overall efficiency. This work is focused [...] Read more.

Ammonia borane is a promising hydrogen storage material due to its high hydrogen content, but its use as hydrogen carrier under thermal stimuli involves the production of several byproducts, such as borazine, reducing hydrogen purity and the overall efficiency. This work is focused on the use of high-boiling-point amines to modulate ammonia borane decomposition, aiming to enhance hydrogen release and suppress volatile N_xB_y species. Kissinger’s equation kinetics revealed that amines significantly influence the decomposition mechanism, and TGA-IR investigation showed a maximum of 2.4 wt.% of pure hydrogen release in the presence of triphenyl amine. Furthermore, the experimental data herein discussed, together with a computational study of activation energies, allowed us to derive a detailed mechanism that leads to a foundation for further advancement in the exploitation of ammonia borane as a hydrogen carrier, suggesting that the formation of linear species is anchored to amine over the release of borazine and production of poly borazine-like species. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Materials for Gas Capture and Conversion)

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19 pages, 383 KB

Open AccessArticle

Intercultural Teacher Education in International Policy Context: Challenges and Opportunities

by Zoe Karanikola, Giorgos Panagiotopoulos, Spyridoula Giaki and Eugenia Arvanitis

Educ. Sci. 2025, 15(10), 1351; https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci15101351 (registering DOI) - 11 Oct 2025

Abstract

Intercultural education has been a longstanding challenge for teachers’ professional development, as significant difficulties are encountered in attempts to integrate it into curricula, reduce prejudices, and strengthen school culture and social structures. This study aims to highlight the main points of international organizations’ [...] Read more.

Intercultural education has been a longstanding challenge for teachers’ professional development, as significant difficulties are encountered in attempts to integrate it into curricula, reduce prejudices, and strengthen school culture and social structures. This study aims to highlight the main points of international organizations’ documents on intercultural teacher education by applying a qualitative methodology. The methodology was mainly based on literature review of both primary (international organizations’ documents) and secondary sources (relevant academic papers) by following the research method of inductive thematic analysis. The data collected concerned the teaching methods and approaches in which teachers need to be trained in order to implement intercultural education effectively; the intercultural mindset and skillset that teachers should acquire through their education and training; the values of intercultural education that teachers are expected to cultivate through their intercultural training; the challenges that arise in the process of teachers’ professional development in intercultural education; examples of successful training programmes, and finally the role of school leadership in strengthening teachers’ intercultural education. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Interculturality, Inclusion and Social Justice in Education)

22 pages, 3500 KB

Open AccessReview

Allergic Contact Dermatitis: Immunopathology and Potential Therapeutic Strategies

by Anders Boutrup Funch, Carsten Geisler and Charlotte Menné Bonefeld

J. Clin. Med. 2025, 14(20), 7175; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm14207175 (registering DOI) - 11 Oct 2025

Abstract

Allergic contact dermatitis (ACD) is a common inflammatory skin disease induced by exposure of the skin to contact allergens. Classically, ACD is defined as a delayed-type (type IV) hypersensitivity reaction mediated by allergen-specific T cells, with symptoms peaking 48–72 h after exposure to [...] Read more.

Allergic contact dermatitis (ACD) is a common inflammatory skin disease induced by exposure of the skin to contact allergens. Classically, ACD is defined as a delayed-type (type IV) hypersensitivity reaction mediated by allergen-specific T cells, with symptoms peaking 48–72 h after exposure to the contact allergen. This delayed response to the contact allergen is seen during patch testing, where allergen-naïve, unaffected skin of allergic individuals is exposed to the contact allergen. However, in daily life and in certain occupational settings, allergic individuals often experience rapid flare-ups/exacerbations with intensely itching erythema, oedema, and often vesicles within hours after re-exposure to the specific contact allergen. These rapid flare-ups only develop at skin sites previously exposed to the contact allergen. Thus, it is important to distinguish between the rapid-onset reaction typically experienced by the allergic individual and the delayed-type reaction typically seen after patch testing. This review summarizes current insights into the immunopathology of rapid- versus delayed-type ACD reactions and outlines potential therapeutic opportunities, as well as their current limitations, against rapid-onset ACD, including modulation of cytokine signaling, T cell survival, checkpoint pathways, and redox balance. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Novel Insights into the Prevention and Treatment of Contact Dermatitis)

10 pages, 426 KB

Open AccessArticle

Can Physical Activity Intensity Condition Anxiety, Mental Hyperactivity, and Resilience in Higher Education Students?

by Rubén Fernández-García, Cristina González-Forte, María Rosa Ortega-Lasheras and Eduardo Melguizo-Ibáñez

Healthcare 2025, 13(20), 2566; https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare13202566 (registering DOI) - 11 Oct 2025

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Scientific literature has demonstrated the positive effects of physical activity in college students. The research seeks to examine the relationships of light, moderate and vigorous physical activity on resilience, mental hyperactivity and anxiety. Methods: An explanatory and cross-sectional study was [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Scientific literature has demonstrated the positive effects of physical activity in college students. The research seeks to examine the relationships of light, moderate and vigorous physical activity on resilience, mental hyperactivity and anxiety. Methods: An explanatory and cross-sectional study was carried out. A sample of 2305 university students belonging to different university degrees participated in the study. The following questionnaires were used: International physical activity and mental hyperactivity. The Connor and Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC) and the Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale (DASS-21) were also used. Results: Regarding the relationship between light physical activity and anxiety, a weak but significant relationship was observed (β = 0.027, p < 0.05). A weak but significant relationship was also observed between light physical activity and mental hyperactivity (β = 0.044, p < 0.05). Conclusions: The promotion of moderate-vigorous physical activity together with the development of personal resilience can be effective tools to reduce anxiety and mental hyperactivity in the university population. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Health, Physical Exercise, Sport, and Quality of Life)

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17 pages, 5201 KB

Open AccessArticle

Equivalent Stress Model-Assisted Aero-Structural Optimization of a Compressor Rotor Using an Adjoint Method

by Jiaxing Li, Zhen Fu and Jiaqi Luo

Modelling 2025, 6(4), 125; https://doi.org/10.3390/modelling6040125 (registering DOI) - 11 Oct 2025

Abstract

To meet the stringent reliability requirements of rotor blades in turbomachines, greater effort should be devoted to improving both aerodynamic and structural performance in blade design. This paper introduces an aero-structural multi-disciplinary design optimization (MDO) method for compressor rotor blades using a discrete [...] Read more.

To meet the stringent reliability requirements of rotor blades in turbomachines, greater effort should be devoted to improving both aerodynamic and structural performance in blade design. This paper introduces an aero-structural multi-disciplinary design optimization (MDO) method for compressor rotor blades using a discrete adjoint method and an equivalent stress model (ESM). The principles of the ESM are firstly introduced, and its accuracy in calculating equivalent stress is validated through comparison with a commercial program. Both the aerodynamic performance and the maximum equivalent stress (MES) are selected as optimization objectives. To modify the blade profile, the steepest descent optimization method is utilized, in which the necessary sensitivities of the cost function to the design parameters are calculated by solving the adjoint equations. Finally, the aero-structural MDO of a transonic compressor rotor, NASA Rotor 67, is conducted, and the Pareto solutions are obtained. The optimization results demonstrate that the adiabatic efficiency and the MES are competitive in improving multi-disciplinary performance. For most of the Pareto solutions, the MES can be considerably reduced with increased adiabatic efficiency. Full article

18 pages, 5708 KB

Open AccessArticle

Directly Heated Solid Media Thermal Energy Storage System for Heat Supply in Battery Electric Vehicles: A Holistic Evaluation

by Thorsten Ott and Volker Dreißigacker

Energies 2025, 18(20), 5354; https://doi.org/10.3390/en18205354 (registering DOI) - 11 Oct 2025

Abstract

Battery electric vehicles (BEVs) play a key role in reducing CO₂ emissions and enabling a climate-neutral economy. However, they suffer from reduced range in cold conditions due to electric cabin heating. Electrically heated thermal energy storage (TES) systems can decouple heat generation [...] Read more.

Battery electric vehicles (BEVs) play a key role in reducing CO₂ emissions and enabling a climate-neutral economy. However, they suffer from reduced range in cold conditions due to electric cabin heating. Electrically heated thermal energy storage (TES) systems can decouple heat generation from demand, thereby preventing a loss of range. For this purpose, a novel concept based on a directly electrically heated ceramic solid media TES is investigated, aiming to achieve high storage density while enabling both high charging and discharging powers. To assess the feasibility of the proposed TES concept in BEVs, a holistic evaluation of central aspects is conducted, including experimental characterization for material selection, experimental investigations on electrical contacting, and simulations of the electrothermal charging and thermal discharging processes under vehicle-relevant conditions. As a result of the material characterization, a promising material—a silicon carbide-based composite—was identified, which meets the electrothermal requirements under typical household charging conditions and allows reliable operation with silver-metallized electrodes. Design studies with this material show gravimetric energy densities—including thermal insulation demand—exceeding 100 Wh/kg, storage utilization of up to 90%, and fast charging within 25 min, while offering 5 kW at flexible temperature levels for cabin heating during thermal discharging. These results show that the basic prerequisites for such storage systems are met, while further development—particularly in terms of material improvements—remains necessary. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section E: Electric Vehicles)

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44 pages, 2405 KB

Open AccessReview

Plasma Membrane Epichaperome–Lipid Interface: Regulating Dynamics and Trafficking

by Haneef Ahmed Amissah, Ruslana Likhomanova, Gabriel Opoku, Tawfeek Ahmed Amissah, Zsolt Balogi, Zsolt Török, László Vigh, Stephanie E. Combs and Maxim Shevtsov

Cells 2025, 14(20), 1582; https://doi.org/10.3390/cells14201582 (registering DOI) - 11 Oct 2025

Abstract

The plasma membrane (PM) of eukaryotic cells plays a key role in the response to stress, acting as the first line of defense against environmental changes and protecting cells against intracellular perturbations. In this work, we explore how membrane-bound chaperones and membrane lipid [...] Read more.

The plasma membrane (PM) of eukaryotic cells plays a key role in the response to stress, acting as the first line of defense against environmental changes and protecting cells against intracellular perturbations. In this work, we explore how membrane-bound chaperones and membrane lipid domains work together to shape plasma membrane properties—a partnership we refer to as the “epichaperome–plasma membrane lipid axis.” This axis influences membrane fluidity, curvature, and domain organization, which in turn shapes the spatial and temporal modulation of signaling platforms and pathways essential for maintaining cellular integrity and homeostasis. Changes in PM fluidity can modulate the activity of ion channels, such as transient receptor potential (TRP) channels. These changes also affect processes such as endocytosis and mechanical signal transduction. The PM proteome undergoes rapid changes in response to membrane perturbations. Among these changes, the expression of heat shock proteins (HSPs) and their accumulation at the PM are essential mediators in regulating the physical state and functional properties of the membrane. Because of the pivotal role in stress adaptation, HSPs influence a wide range of cellular processes, which we grouped into three main categories: (i) mechanistic insights, differentiating in vitro (liposome, reconstituted membrane systems) and in vivo evidence for HSP-PM recruitment; (ii) functional outputs, spanning how ion channels are affected, changes in membrane fluidity, transcytosis, and the process of endocytosis and exosome release; and (iii) pathological effects, focusing on how rewired lipid–chaperone crosstalk in cancer drives resistance to drugs through altered membrane composition and signaling. Finally, we highlight Membrane Lipid Therapy (MLT) strategies, such as nanocarriers targeting specific PM compartments or small molecules that inhibit HSP recruitment, as promising approaches to modulate the functional stability of epichaperome assembly and membrane functionality, with profound implications for tumorigenesis. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Lipid Homeostasis: Mechanisms, Regulation, and Implications for Health and Disease)

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21 pages, 829 KB

Open AccessReview

Emerging Applications of Thiol-Based Catalysts in Hydrogen Atom Transfer Reactions: A Comprehensive Review

by Hao Yang, Yanyan Liao, Hao Guo and Ming Wang

Molecules 2025, 30(20), 4058; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules30204058 (registering DOI) - 11 Oct 2025

Abstract

Hydrogen atom transfer (HAT) is a fundamental class of radical transformations that enables the direct generation of open-shell radical intermediates from R–H bonds (R = C, N, etc.), offering unique opportunities for green and sustainable synthesis. Significant progress has been made not only [...] Read more.

Hydrogen atom transfer (HAT) is a fundamental class of radical transformations that enables the direct generation of open-shell radical intermediates from R–H bonds (R = C, N, etc.), offering unique opportunities for green and sustainable synthesis. Significant progress has been made not only in identifying diverse molecular scaffolds capable of mediating HAT but also in developing synthetic methodologies to achieve precise stereocontrol in these processes. In this context, this review highlights recent advances in the use of sugar-derived compounds, cysteine-containing peptides, and chiral/achiral thiols/thiophenols as catalysts for stereoselective HAT, emphasizing their potential to expand the synthetic utility of HAT in organic transformations. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Organosulfur and Organoselenium Chemistry II)

32 pages, 1075 KB

Open AccessArticle

Forecasting the Power Generation of a Solar Power Plant Taking into Account the Statistical Characteristics of Meteorological Conditions

by Vitalii Kuznetsov, Valeriy Kuznetsov, Zbigniew Ciekanowski, Valeriy Druzhinin, Valerii Tytiuk, Artur Rojek, Tomasz Grudniewski and Viktor Kovalenko

Energies 2025, 18(20), 5363; https://doi.org/10.3390/en18205363 (registering DOI) - 11 Oct 2025

Abstract

The integration of solar generation into national energy balances is associated with a wide range of technical, economic, and organizational challenges, the solution of which requires the adoption of innovative strategies for energy system management. The inherent variability of electricity production, driven by [...] Read more.

The integration of solar generation into national energy balances is associated with a wide range of technical, economic, and organizational challenges, the solution of which requires the adoption of innovative strategies for energy system management. The inherent variability of electricity production, driven by fluctuating climatic conditions, complicates system balancing processes and necessitates the reservation of capacities from conventional energy sources to ensure reliability. Under modern market conditions, the pricing of generated electricity is commonly based on day-ahead forecasts of day energy yield, which significantly affects the economic performance of solar power plants. Consequently, achieving high accuracy in day-ahead electricity production forecasting is a critical and highly relevant task. To address this challenge, a physico-statistical model has been developed, in which the analytical approximation of daily electricity generation is represented as a function of a random variable—cloud cover—modeled by a β-distribution. Analytical expressions were derived for calculating the mathematical expectation and variance of daily electricity generation as functions of the β-distribution parameters of cloudiness. The analytical approximation of daily generation deviates from the exact value, obtained through hourly integration, by an average of 3.9%. The relative forecasting error of electricity production, when using the mathematical expectation of cloudiness compared to the analytical approximation of daily generation, reaches 15.2%. The proposed forecasting method, based on a β-parametric cloudiness model, enhances the accuracy of day-ahead production forecasts, improves the economic efficiency of solar power plants, and contributes to strengthening the stability and reliability of power systems with a substantial share of solar generation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section A2: Solar Energy and Photovoltaic Systems)

9 pages, 600 KB

Open AccessProject Report

Transformation of Teamwork and Leadership into Obstetric Safety Culture with Crew Resource Management Programme in a Decade

by Eric Hang-Kwong So, Victor Kai-Lam Cheung, Ching-Wah Ng, Chao-Ngan Chan, Shuk-Wah Wong, Sze-Ki Wong, Martin Ka-Wing Lau and Teresa Wei-Ling Ma

Healthcare 2025, 13(20), 2564; https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare13202564 (registering DOI) - 11 Oct 2025

Abstract

In parallel with technical training on knowledge and skills of task-specific medical or surgical procedures, wide arrays of soft skills training would contribute to obstetric safety in the contemporary healthcare setting. This article, as a service evaluation, explored the effect of a specialty-based [...] Read more.

In parallel with technical training on knowledge and skills of task-specific medical or surgical procedures, wide arrays of soft skills training would contribute to obstetric safety in the contemporary healthcare setting. This article, as a service evaluation, explored the effect of a specialty-based Crew Resource Management (CRM) training series that transforms the concept of human factors into sustainable measures in fostering clinical safety culture of the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology (O&G) in the Queen Elizabeth Hospital. Within the last decade, a tri-phasic programme has been implemented by an inter-professional workgroup which consists of a consultant anaesthesiologist, medical specialists and departmental operations manager from O&G, a nurse simulation specialist, hospital administrators, and a research psychologist. (1) Phase I identified different patterns of attitudinal changes (in assertiveness, communication, leadership, and situational awareness, also known as “ACLS”) between doctors and nurses and between generic and specialty-based sessions for curriculum planning. (2) Phase II evaluated how these specific behaviours changed over 3 months following CRM training tailored for frontline professionals in O&G. (3) Phase III examined the coping style in conflict management and the level of sustainability in self-efficacy over 3 months following specialty-based CRM training. The findings showed the positive impacts of O&G CRM training on healthcare professionals’ increased attitude and behaviour in “ACLS” by 22.7% at a p < 0.05 level, character strengths in conflict management, and non-inferior or sustained level of self-efficacy under tough conditions in the clinical setting up to 3 months after training. As a way forward, incorporating a scenario-based O&G CRM programme into existing skills-based training is expected to change service framework with an innovative approach. In addition, exploring actual clinical outcomes representing a higher level of organisational impacts can be a strategic direction for further studies on the effect of this practical and educational approach on obstetric safety culture. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Preventive and Management Strategies in Modern Obstetrics)

40 pages, 1188 KB

Open AccessArticle

Topology and Algebra of Bonded Knots and Braids

by Ioannis Diamantis, Louis H. Kauffman and Sofia Lambropoulou

Mathematics 2025, 13(20), 3260; https://doi.org/10.3390/math13203260 (registering DOI) - 11 Oct 2025

Abstract

In this paper we present a detailed study of bonded knots and their related structures, integrating recent developments into a single framework. Bonded knots are classical knots endowed with embedded bonding arcs modeling physical or chemical bonds. We consider bonded knots in three [...] Read more.

In this paper we present a detailed study of bonded knots and their related structures, integrating recent developments into a single framework. Bonded knots are classical knots endowed with embedded bonding arcs modeling physical or chemical bonds. We consider bonded knots in three categories (long, standard, and tight) according to the type of bonds, and in two categories, topological vertex and rigid vertex, according to the allowed isotopy moves, and we define invariants for each category. We then develop the theory of bonded braids, the algebraic counterpart of bonded knots. We define the bonded braid monoid, with its generators and relations, and formulate the analogues of the Alexander and Markov theorems for bonded braids in the form of L-equivalence for bonded braids. Next, we introduce enhanced bonded knots and braids, incorporating two types of bonds (attracting and repelling) corresponding to different interactions. We define the enhanced bonded braid group and show how the bonded braid monoid embeds into this group. These models capture the topology of chains with inter and intra-chain bonds and suggest new invariants for classifying biological macromolecules. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section B: Geometry and Topology)

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