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20 pages, 310 KB

Open AccessArticle

New Sweet Potato Genotypes: Analysis of Agronomic Potential

by Fishua J. U. Dango, Darllan J. L. S. F. Oliveira, Maria E. F. Otoboni, Bruno E. Pavan, Maria I. V. Andrade and Pablo F. Vargas

Agriculture 2025, 15(20), 2168; https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture15202168 (registering DOI) - 19 Oct 2025

Abstract

The quantification of genotype x environment interaction is essential for recommending high-yielding genotypes for both favorable and unfavorable environments, thereby increasing production. This study aimed to evaluate the agronomic performance of sweet potato genotypes in the central–east and central–south regions of São Paulo. [...] Read more.

The quantification of genotype x environment interaction is essential for recommending high-yielding genotypes for both favorable and unfavorable environments, thereby increasing production. This study aimed to evaluate the agronomic performance of sweet potato genotypes in the central–east and central–south regions of São Paulo. The experiments were conducted using a randomized block design with 9 plants per plot and 3 replications, consisting of 18 sweet potato genotypes and 3 commercial cultivars, totaling 21 treatments. The characteristics, such as commercial productivity, dry matter, chroma, hue, insect resistance, eyes, and lenticels showed genotype x environment interaction for 77.78% of the variables. The maximum productivity of the genotypes ranged from 31.81 t/ha⁻¹ to 63.60 t/ha⁻¹. Heritability was observed in 88.89% of the analyzed traits, with values ranging from 75.36% to 93.47%, indicating a significant genetic influence on the evaluated characteristics. Location 4 (first cycle in Botucatu, 20 December 2021) was superior and considered the most suitable for sweet potato cultivation. The genotypes CERAT60-05, CERAT56-23, CERAT60-26, and CERAT35-11 performed best, showing promise as new cultivars. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Crop Genetics, Genomics and Breeding)

21 pages, 2181 KB

Open AccessArticle

Research on Land Ecological Security Diagnosis and Dynamic Early Warning for China’s Top 100 Counties

by Fei Xu, Yalun Cui and Yijing Weng

Sustainability 2025, 17(20), 9271; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17209271 (registering DOI) - 19 Oct 2025

Abstract

Against the backdrop of global climate change and resource-environmental constraints, land ecological security is paramount to regional sustainable development. This study innovatively integrates the DPSIRM system framework with a CNN-LSTM hybrid neural network model to establish a land ecological security early warning system [...] Read more.

Against the backdrop of global climate change and resource-environmental constraints, land ecological security is paramount to regional sustainable development. This study innovatively integrates the DPSIRM system framework with a CNN-LSTM hybrid neural network model to establish a land ecological security early warning system for China’s top 100 counties, enabling scientific diagnosis and dynamic early warning of security incidents. Findings indicate: (1) From 2010 to 2023, land ecological security conditions across counties showed continuous improvement, with the proportion of counties classified as ‘relatively safe’ or higher rising from 2% in 2010 to 68% in 2023. (2) The comprehensive early warning index exhibited a ‘stepwise leap’ trend, progressing through four stages from ‘relatively unsafe’ to ‘relatively safe’. (3) The six subsystems exhibited markedly divergent evolutionary trajectories, characterised by dual-core leadership from ‘driving-management’, fluctuating improvements in ‘pressure-impact’, and low-amplitude oscillations in ‘state-response’. (4) Over the next five years, the comprehensive early warning index will exhibit a ‘gradual stabilisation and upward trend’, yet subsystems will display a polarised pattern of ‘three rising, two stagnant, and one declining’. The early warning system developed in this study provides local decision-makers with critical leading indicators, supporting differentiated management and source-level interventions. These findings hold significant implications for refining county-level ecological governance and optimising territorial spatial patterns. Full article

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13 pages, 2810 KB

Open AccessArticle

Assessment of Biological Properties of Recombinant Lumpy Skin Disease Viruses with Deletions of Immunomodulatory Genes

by Aisha Issabek, Arailym Bopi, Nurlan Kozhabergenov, Bermet Khudaibergenova, Kulyaisan Sultankulova and Olga Chervyakova

Viruses 2025, 17(10), 1390; https://doi.org/10.3390/v17101390 (registering DOI) - 19 Oct 2025

Abstract

Rational design of capripoxvirus-based vaccine vectors can be achieved by knockout of immunomodulatory genes. In this study, the effect of knockout of the immunomodulatory genes LSDV005, LSDV008 and LSDV066 on the replication of Lumpy skin disease virus in cell cultures and the immune [...] Read more.

Rational design of capripoxvirus-based vaccine vectors can be achieved by knockout of immunomodulatory genes. In this study, the effect of knockout of the immunomodulatory genes LSDV005, LSDV008 and LSDV066 on the replication of Lumpy skin disease virus in cell cultures and the immune response to an integrated foreign antigen were assessed. The knockout of genes was performed by homologous recombination under conditions of temporary dominant selection. It was found that single knockout of the LSDV005 gene and the LSDV008 gene did not affect the replicative activity of recombinant viruses in vitro (Atyrau-5 and Atyrau-B). Both single knockout of the LSDV066 gene and in combination with knockout of LSDV005 or LSDV008 led to a decrease in the replicative activity of recombinant LSDVs. The recombinant Atyrau-5J(IL18) with LSDV005 gene knockout induced production of antibodies to the integrated antigen in mice. Prime-boost vaccination with all studied recombinants increased the level of interferon-γ. In addition, during immunization with the recombinant Atyrau-5J(IL18) secretion of interleukin-2 was significantly increased. The study of the functions of immunomodulatory genes and their effect on the expression of inserted sequences of foreign antigens is promising for the creation of highly effective polyvalent vector vaccines for animals. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Veterinary Virology: Unraveling Host–Pathogen Interactions for Animal Health)

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20 pages, 3698 KB

Open AccessArticle

Lightweight Neural Network for Holographic Reconstruction of Pseudorandom Binary Data

by Mikhail K. Drozdov, Dmitry A. Rymov, Andrey S. Svistunov, Pavel A. Cheremkhin, Anna V. Shifrina, Semen A. Kiriy, Evgenii Yu. Zlokazov, Elizaveta K. Petrova, Vsevolod A. Nebavskiy, Nikolay N. Evtikhiev and Rostislav S. Starikov

Technologies 2025, 13(10), 474; https://doi.org/10.3390/technologies13100474 (registering DOI) - 19 Oct 2025

Abstract

Neural networks are a state-of-the-art technology for fast and accurate holographic image reconstruction. However, at present, neural network-based reconstruction methods are predominantly applied to objects with simple, homogeneous spatial structures: blood cells, bacteria, microparticles in solutions, etc. However, in the case of objects [...] Read more.

Neural networks are a state-of-the-art technology for fast and accurate holographic image reconstruction. However, at present, neural network-based reconstruction methods are predominantly applied to objects with simple, homogeneous spatial structures: blood cells, bacteria, microparticles in solutions, etc. However, in the case of objects with high contrast details, the reconstruction needs to be as precise as possible to successfully extract details and parameters. In this paper we investigate the use of neural networks in holographic reconstruction of spatially inhomogeneous binary data containers (QR codes). Two modified lightweight convolutional neural networks (which we named HoloLightNet and HoloLightNet-Mini) with an encoder–decoder architecture have been used for image reconstruction. These neural networks enable high-quality reconstruction, guaranteeing the successful decoding of QR codes (both in demonstrated numerical and optical experiments). In addition, they perform reconstruction two orders of magnitude faster than more traditional architectures. In optical experiments with a liquid crystal spatial light modulator, the obtained bit error rate was equal to only 1.2%. These methods can be used for practical applications such as high-density data transmission in coherent systems, development of reliable digital information storage and memory techniques, secure optical information encryption and retrieval, and real-time precise reconstruction of complex objects. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Information and Communication Technologies)

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17 pages, 8198 KB

Open AccessArticle

Determination of Optimal Reinforcement Ratios for Injection Molded Engineering Components: A Numerical Simulation

by Fuat Tan and Oğuz Veli Satı

Polymers 2025, 17(20), 2793; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym17202793 (registering DOI) - 19 Oct 2025

Abstract

In this work, the influence of glass fibers on the performance of the injection molding process for a PA6-based AR15/M4 grip was investigated numerically. The process was realistically modeled using Autodesk Moldflow Insight for different glass fiber percentages (0 wt%, 15 wt%, 30 [...] Read more.

In this work, the influence of glass fibers on the performance of the injection molding process for a PA6-based AR15/M4 grip was investigated numerically. The process was realistically modeled using Autodesk Moldflow Insight for different glass fiber percentages (0 wt%, 15 wt%, 30 wt%, 45 wt%). The simulation results were evaluated, including the temperature distribution, flow time, pressure drop, pumping power, volumetric shrinkage and warpage displacement. The findings indicate that, with 15 wt% glass fibers, the material exhibits the shortest fill period (0.62 s) and the lowest pressure drop (0.0061 MPa) and power consumption (0.000433 kW), indicating maximum flow efficiency. On the other hand, a 30 wt% GF setup exhibited the largest volumetric shrinkage (17.76% at most) and warpage (Y: 1.213 mm), even though it had better thermal conductivity. The 45 wt% GF material exhibited the lowest amount of shrinkage and distortion but led to a greater energy consumption compared to 30 wt% GF. Overall, the 15 wt% GF grade provided the highest average process efficiency and dimensional accuracy; therefore, it is the most appropriate grade for precision molded firearm components. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Polymer Processing Technologies: Injection Molding)

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15 pages, 2568 KB

Open AccessArticle

Complete Mitochondrial Genomes of Two Water Mite Species in the Family Sperchontidae (Acari: Hydrachnidiae): Characterization and Phylogenetic Implications

by Xu Zhang, Xingru Nie, Xuhang Xia, Jiahui Song, Qingyu Wen and Ke Sun

Genes 2025, 16(10), 1236; https://doi.org/10.3390/genes16101236 (registering DOI) - 19 Oct 2025

Abstract

Background: The family Sperchontidae Thor, 1900 is proposed as a transitional group between the “lower” and “higher” water mites (Subcohort Hydrachnidiae), and is important for understanding the evolutionary history of Hydrachnidiae. However, mitogenomic data are lacking. Methods: The first complete mitogenomes of Sperchontidae [...] Read more.

Background: The family Sperchontidae Thor, 1900 is proposed as a transitional group between the “lower” and “higher” water mites (Subcohort Hydrachnidiae), and is important for understanding the evolutionary history of Hydrachnidiae. However, mitogenomic data are lacking. Methods: The first complete mitogenomes of Sperchontidae were sequenced from two species, Sperchon plumifer and Sperchon sp. Structural features were analyzed, gene rearrangements were compared with five published water mite mitogenomes, and phylogenetic relationships among 31 species within the order Trombidiformes were reconstructed. Results: Both mitogenomes contained the typical 37 genes and exhibited a strong A+T bias (73.1–73.6%), positive AT-skew, and negative GC-skew. Protein-coding genes (PCGs) were generally initiated with ATN/TTG codons and terminated with TAA/TAG or incomplete T–, with codon usage biased toward T/U-ending codons; all PCGs were under purifying selection (Ka/Ks < 1). Most tRNAs lacked canonical cloverleaf structures due to D- or T-arm loss. Gene rearrangements occurred in all examined water mite mitogenomes, with intrageneric rearrangements restricted to tRNAs in Hygrobatidae and Unionicolidae but involving both tRNAs and PCGs in Sperchontidae. Phylogenetic analyses using ML and BI (13 PCGs + 2 rRNAs) strongly supported a close relationship between Hydrachnidiae and Trombidiae (BS = 100%, PP = 1.00) and confirmed the three supercohorts in Trombidiformes (Eleutherengonides, Anystides, Eupodides), though relationships among them remained unresolved. Conclusions: This study reports the first two complete mitogenomes of Sperchontidae, providing preliminary insights into gene rearrangement patterns in water mites. The phylogenetic analyses based on mitochondrial genomes provide additional support for the consistency with traditional morphology at lower taxonomic levels, such as within genera and families, whereas relationships among supercohort-level taxa remain unstable and require additional data for further clarification. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Animal Genetics and Genomics)

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21 pages, 5705 KB

Open AccessArticle

Research on Internal Flow and Runner Force Characteristics of Francis Turbine

by Jianwen Xu, Peirong Chen, Yanhao Li, Xuelin Yang and An Yu

Water 2025, 17(20), 3004; https://doi.org/10.3390/w17203004 (registering DOI) - 19 Oct 2025

Abstract

Francis turbines are widely used due to their large capacity and broad head adaptability, placing higher demands on the internal flow characteristics and runner performance of the units. In this paper, numerical simulations of a Francis turbine model were conducted using ANSYS CFX [...] Read more.

Francis turbines are widely used due to their large capacity and broad head adaptability, placing higher demands on the internal flow characteristics and runner performance of the units. In this paper, numerical simulations of a Francis turbine model were conducted using ANSYS CFX 2022 R1. The SST turbulence model, ZGB cavitation model, and VOF multiphase flow model were selected for the calculations. The internal flow characteristics and pressure pulsations in the runner and draft tube under different operating conditions were analyzed, and the variations in normal and tangential forces acting on the runner blades during operation were investigated. The results indicate significant differences in the internal flow within the runner and draft tube under various guide vane opening conditions. The pressure pulsation in the unit is influenced by both the internal flow in the draft tube and the rotation of the runner. The mechanical load on the runner blades is affected by multiple factors, including the wake from upstream fixed guide vanes, rotor–stator interaction, and downstream vortex ropes. Under low-flow conditions, the variation in forces acting on the runner blades is relatively small, whereas under high-flow conditions, the runner blades are prone to abrupt force fluctuations at 0.6–0.8 times the rotational frequency. This is manifested as periodic abrupt force changes in both the X and Y directions of the runner blades under high-flow conditions. The normal force in the Z-direction of the runner blades increases instantaneously and then decreases immediately, while the tangential force decreases instantaneously and then increases promptly. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Hydraulics and Hydrodynamics)

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26 pages, 329 KB

Open AccessArticle

Can Financial Development Promote Renewable Energy Transition? An Empirical Research Based on Global Panel Data

by Xiaoxin Ma and Qian Mao

Sustainability 2025, 17(20), 9270; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17209270 (registering DOI) - 19 Oct 2025

Abstract

Faced with increasingly severe global environmental and energy challenges, promoting the transition to renewable energy is of paramount importance. Based on the panel data of 167 countries spanning the period from 2000 to 2020 and employing the dynamic panel model, this paper empirically [...] Read more.

Faced with increasingly severe global environmental and energy challenges, promoting the transition to renewable energy is of paramount importance. Based on the panel data of 167 countries spanning the period from 2000 to 2020 and employing the dynamic panel model, this paper empirically investigates the impact of financial development on renewable energy transition. The results indicate that from a global perspective, overall financial development does not exert significant influence on renewable energy transition. Among the sub-indicators of financial development, only the depth of the financial institution shows a significantly positive effect at the 10% level, while the others are not statistically significant. Sub-sample regression analysis reveals that, for countries with lower development levels, financial development has a significantly negative impact on renewable energy transition, whereas for countries with higher development levels, the impact is not significant. This indicates notable country-specific differences in the influence of financial development on renewable energy transition. It is recommended that countries formulate differentiated financial support policies tailored to their respective development stages to promote the transition to renewable energy. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Green Growth: Global Low-Carbon Economic Transition for Sustainable Development)

17 pages, 3760 KB

Open AccessArticle

The PSRP2/4 Proteins Promote Viral Infection by Interacting with the VPg Protein of TuMV

by Shanwu Lyu, Wenjun Lu, Changwei Zhang, Wenlong Wang, Mengguo Yuan, Liu E, Tingting Liu and Shulin Deng

Plants 2025, 14(20), 3211; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14203211 (registering DOI) - 19 Oct 2025

Abstract

Chloroplasts, which are essential for plant defense and phytohormone signaling, contain ribosomal proteins that play key roles in viral infection processes. Plastid-specific ribosomal proteins (PSRPs), unique to chloroplasts, remain unexplored in their mechanistic roles during plant-virus interactions. In this study, we identified two [...] Read more.

Chloroplasts, which are essential for plant defense and phytohormone signaling, contain ribosomal proteins that play key roles in viral infection processes. Plastid-specific ribosomal proteins (PSRPs), unique to chloroplasts, remain unexplored in their mechanistic roles during plant-virus interactions. In this study, we identified two PSRPs from non-heading Chinese cabbage (Brassica campestris ssp. chinensis) as interacting with turnip mosaic virus (TuMV, Potyvirus rapae). Subcellular localization revealed that BcPSRP2/4 is targeted to chloroplasts, while BiFC, Y2H, and LCAs confirmed their interaction with TuMV VPg (virus protein, genome-linked). Intriguingly, VPg altered the subcellular localization of BcPSRP2/4, suggesting an important role for BcPSRP2/4 in TuMV infection. Strikingly, overexpression of BcPSRP2/4 enhanced TuMV cell-to-cell movement, while psrp2 knockdown mutants in Arabidopsis exhibited a significant reduction in viral accumulation, highlighting their proviral roles. Furthermore, virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS)-mediated suppression of BcPSRP2/4 in non-heading Chinese cabbage resulted in milder symptoms upon TuMV infection without compromising plant growth: a distinct advantage over conventional resistance genes that incur fitness costs. These findings highlight PSRP2/4 as pivotal molecular hinges in chloroplast-virus interplay, offering novel targets for engineering sustainable antiviral strategies in cruciferous crops. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Plant Protection and Biotic Interactions)

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19 pages, 1953 KB

Open AccessArticle

Can Improved Biosecurity Measures Reduce the Presence of the Most Common ESBL-Producing Enterobacteriaceae? A Study from Greek Pig Farms

by Nikolaos Tsekouras, Spyridon Antoniadis, Zoi Athanasakopoulou, Dimitris C. Chatzopoulos, Dimitrios Kantas, Vassiliki Spyrou, Georgios Christodoulopoulos, Charalambos Billinis and Vasileios G. Papatsiros

Life 2025, 15(10), 1629; https://doi.org/10.3390/life15101629 (registering DOI) - 19 Oct 2025

Abstract

This study investigates the relationship between biosecurity implementation and the prevalence of ESBL-producing bacteria in Greek swine farms, revealing an alarming 82% prevalence rate, which is significantly higher than in other European nations. Our findings indicate that comprehensive biosecurity measures are more effective [...] Read more.

This study investigates the relationship between biosecurity implementation and the prevalence of ESBL-producing bacteria in Greek swine farms, revealing an alarming 82% prevalence rate, which is significantly higher than in other European nations. Our findings indicate that comprehensive biosecurity measures are more effective than focusing on priority controls alone. Notably, there was a lack of significant associations between farm size and individual biosecurity parameters, underscoring the importance of cumulative improvements across multiple measures. Moreover, we identified a critical threshold for biosecurity implementation: farms scoring less than a critical level were consistently vulnerable to ESBL contamination. Escherichia coli emerged as the dominant species among ESBL isolates, reflecting patterns seen globally. This suggests a need for targeted biosecurity strategies, as mixed species occurrences imply shared resistance pressures. Our results advocate for a paradigm shift in biosecurity practices, emphasizing holistic improvements across all measures rather than isolating specific controls. With current implementation levels averaging only 35% of recommended biosecurity practices, our findings highlight the urgent need for comprehensive interventions to mitigate antimicrobial resistance in the Greek swine industry. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Animal Science)

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20 pages, 2135 KB

Open AccessArticle

Coupled Dynamics of Information–Epidemic Spreading with Resource Allocation and Transmission on Multi-Layer Networks

by Qian Yin, Zhishuang Wang, Kaiyao Wang and Zhiyong Hong

Entropy 2025, 27(10), 1080; https://doi.org/10.3390/e27101080 (registering DOI) - 19 Oct 2025

Abstract

The spread of epidemic-associated panic information through online social platforms, as well as the allocation and utilization of therapeutic defensive resources in reality, directly influences the transmission of infectious diseases. Moreover, how to reasonably allocate resources to effectively suppress epidemic spread remains a [...] Read more.

The spread of epidemic-associated panic information through online social platforms, as well as the allocation and utilization of therapeutic defensive resources in reality, directly influences the transmission of infectious diseases. Moreover, how to reasonably allocate resources to effectively suppress epidemic spread remains a problem that requires further investigation. To address this, we construct a coupled three-layer network framework to explore the complex co-evolutionary mechanisms among false panic information, therapeutic defensive resource transmission, and disease propagation. In the model, individuals can obtain therapeutic defensive resources either through centralized distribution by government agencies or through interpersonal assistance, while the presence of false panic information reduces the willingness of neighbors to share resources. Using the microscopic Markov chain approach, we formulate the dynamical equations of the system and analyze the epidemic threshold. Furthermore, systematic simulation analyses are carried out to evaluate how panic information, resource-sharing willingness, centralized distribution strategies, and resource effectiveness affect epidemic prevalence and threshold levels. For example, under a representative parameter setting, the infection prevalence decreases from 0.18 under the random allocation strategy to 0.03 when resources are allocated exclusively to infected individuals. Moreover, increasing the total supply of resources under high treatment efficiency raises the epidemic threshold by approximately 2.5 times, effectively delaying the outbreak. These quantitative results highlight the significant role of allocation strategies, resource supply, and treatment efficiency in suppressing epidemic transmission. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Information Spreading Dynamics in Complex Networks)

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21 pages, 832 KB

Open AccessArticle

Gut-Derived Lactic Acid Bacteria from Cotton Bollworm Exhibit Efficient Gossypol Degradation and Probiotic Potential During Solid-State Fermentation of Cottonseed Meal

by Sijin Li, Shangya Deng, Peng Zhang, Qicheng Lu, Wei Pu, Mingyu Ma, Shu Li, Wenju Zhang and Cheng Chen

Fermentation 2025, 11(10), 598; https://doi.org/10.3390/fermentation11100598 (registering DOI) - 19 Oct 2025

Abstract

Cottonseed meal (CSM), an important protein-rich feed ingredient, faces limited utilization in livestock diets due to the presence of free gossypol (FG)—a potent antinutritional toxin. This study aimed to isolate FG-degrading bacteria from the cotton bollworm, Helicoverpa armigera, and to evaluate their [...] Read more.

Cottonseed meal (CSM), an important protein-rich feed ingredient, faces limited utilization in livestock diets due to the presence of free gossypol (FG)—a potent antinutritional toxin. This study aimed to isolate FG-degrading bacteria from the cotton bollworm, Helicoverpa armigera, and to evaluate their potential as probiotics in vitro. Eleven gossypol-tolerant strains were isolated from the gut of Helicoverpa armigera larvae using a screening medium containing gossypol as the sole carbon source. Among these, four lactic acid bacteria strains—Pediococcus acidilactici GM-NP, Pediococcus acidilactici GM-P, Enterococcus faecalis GM-6, and Weissella confusa GM-2—were selected for further investigation of their gossypol degradation capacity and probiotic potential. Probiotic characterization revealed that all strains exhibited tolerance to gastrointestinal fluids and bile salts, safe γ-hemolysis, and strong auto-aggregation, cell surface hydrophobicity, and antimicrobial activity. Solid-state fermentation of CSM with these strains reduced FG content by more than 50%, increased crude protein by over 6%, and elevated acid-soluble protein content by more than 70%, thereby effectively enhancing the nutritional quality of CSM. This study is the first to demonstrate that bacterial isolates from the gut of Helicoverpa armigera possess concurrent high-efficiency gossypol degradation and probiotic properties, providing a theoretical foundation for developing novel probiotic resources and promoting the safe utilization of CSM. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic News and Updates on Probiotics)

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16 pages, 4190 KB

Open AccessArticle

Effects of Top-Pruning Intensity Gradient on Root System Architecture and Allometric Patterns in Pinus yunnanensis Franch. Seedlings

by Guangpeng Tang, Jianzhen Liao, Yulan Xu and Nianhui Cai

Plants 2025, 14(20), 3210; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14203210 (registering DOI) - 19 Oct 2025

Abstract

Pinus yunnanensis, is an ecologically and economically important tree species in southwestern China. However, its natural renewal is relatively lagging behind, and it is difficult to achieve sustainable development. Apical removal (top-pruning) can eliminate apical dominance, stimulate sprouting, and provide high-quality scions [...] Read more.

Pinus yunnanensis, is an ecologically and economically important tree species in southwestern China. However, its natural renewal is relatively lagging behind, and it is difficult to achieve sustainable development. Apical removal (top-pruning) can eliminate apical dominance, stimulate sprouting, and provide high-quality scions for clonal propagation. Root systems are a critical foundation for sprouting capacity. In this study, one-year-old P. yunnanensis seedlings were subjected to four treatments: removal of 3/4 (H1), 2/4 (H2), or 1/4 (H3) of the seedling height, and a non-topped control group (CK). The objective was to investigate the seedlings’ responses in terms of root morphology, biomass allocation, and allometric growth. The results showed that by May, biomass allocation in the topped treatments increased by 13.37%, 11.01%, and 7.86%, respectively, compared with the control, and also exhibited higher coefficients of variation. Under the H2 treatment, both fine and coarse roots accounted for a higher proportion of total root biomass and displayed stronger water-retention stability. With increased top-pruning intensity and time, root volume, specific root length, root tissue density, and root tip number were the first to respond, indicating the onset of allometric growth. Notably, in May, the growth rate of specific root surface area followed the order: H3 > H1 > CK > H2. These findings suggest that the root system adapts to environmental changes by modulating growth patterns among various indicators to optimize resource allocation and enhance adaptability. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Plant Physiology and Metabolism)

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28 pages, 7041 KB

Open AccessArticle

An Automated Pipeline for Modular Space Planning Using Generative Design Within a BIM Environment

by Wonho Cho, Yeongyu Hwang, WonSeok Choi, Minhyuk Jung and Jaewook Lee

Appl. Sci. 2025, 15(20), 11189; https://doi.org/10.3390/app152011189 (registering DOI) - 19 Oct 2025

Abstract

Spatial Allocation Problems (SAP) in multistory buildings present significant challenges, as they require the simultaneous satisfaction of complex geometric constraints and conflicting functional requirements. To address this problem, this study proposes an integrated pipeline utilizing Generative Design (GD) methodologies within a Building Information [...] Read more.

Spatial Allocation Problems (SAP) in multistory buildings present significant challenges, as they require the simultaneous satisfaction of complex geometric constraints and conflicting functional requirements. To address this problem, this study proposes an integrated pipeline utilizing Generative Design (GD) methodologies within a Building Information Modeling (BIM) environment to automate and optimize a 3.3 m modular multi-story spatial allocation. The core of the proposed methodology lies in the clear distinction and application of design requirements formalized as ‘Hard Constraints’ (mandatory conditions for feasibility) and ’Soft Objectives’ (metrics for performance evaluation). Hard constraints include the implementation of a boundary constraint, ensuring that all spaces remain within defined limits, and a vertical alignment constraint for fixed elements (e.g., cores), thereby ensuring geometric and structural validity. To quantify functional efficiency, three soft objectives were defined: positional preference, circulation efficiency, and functional cohesion. The methodology was validated using a four-story case study. The implemented system successfully generated numerous valid design alternatives that satisfied all hard constraints while simultaneously optimizing the three soft objectives. Aimed at architects, building designers, and computational specialists, this study offers significant practical value by providing a tool that automates the complex initial phases of space planning. This allows designers to rapidly explore and quantitatively evaluate a wide array of optimized and valid layouts. This study contributes to a systematic framework for balancing geometric validity and functional efficiency during the early design stages by presenting a concrete procedure for integrating GD and BIM to solve complex SAPs. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Building-Energy Simulation in Building Design)

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17 pages, 940 KB

Open AccessArticle

ON-NSW: Accelerating High-Dimensional Vector Search on Edge Devices with GPU-Optimized NSW

by Taeyoon Park, Haena Lee, Yedam Na and Wook-Hee Kim

Sensors 2025, 25(20), 6461; https://doi.org/10.3390/s25206461 (registering DOI) - 19 Oct 2025

Abstract

The Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) increasingly relies on vector embeddings for analytics and AI-driven applications such as anomaly detection, predictive maintenance, and sensor fusion. Efficient approximate nearest neighbor search (ANNS) is essential for these workloads. Graph-based methods are among the most representative [...] Read more.

The Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) increasingly relies on vector embeddings for analytics and AI-driven applications such as anomaly detection, predictive maintenance, and sensor fusion. Efficient approximate nearest neighbor search (ANNS) is essential for these workloads. Graph-based methods are among the most representative methods for ANNS. However, most existing graph-based methods, such as Hierarchical Navigable Small World (HNSW), are designed for CPU execution on high-end servers and give little consideration to the unique characteristics of edge devices. In this work, we present ON-NSW, a GPU-optimized design of HNSW optimized for edge devices. ON-NSW employs a flat graph structure derived from HNSW to fully exploit GPU parallelism. In addition, it carefully places HNSW components in the unified memory architecture of NVIDIA Jetson Orin Nano. Also, ON-NSW introduces warp-level parallel neighbor exploration and lightweight synchronization to reduce search latency. Our experimental results on real-world high-dimensional datasets show that ON-NSW achieves up to 1.44× higher throughput than the original HNSW on the NVIDIA Jetson device while maintaining comparable recall. These results demonstrate that ON-NSW provides an effective design for enabling efficient and high-throughput vector search on embedded edge platforms. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT): Network Architectures and Distributed Applications)

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14 pages, 16405 KB

Open AccessArticle

Influence of Arabic Gum/Gelatin/Ascorbyl Palmitate Coating on Quality Parameters of Hazelnut Kernels Stored in Plastic Boxes

by Dariusz Kowalczyk, Katarzyna Niedźwiadek, Tomasz Skrzypek, Emil Zięba and Jaromir Jarecki

Molecules 2025, 30(20), 4126; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules30204126 (registering DOI) - 19 Oct 2025

Abstract

Edible coatings enriched with antioxidants offer a promising approach to prolong the shelf life of oxidation-sensitive foods such as nuts. Nonetheless, not all formulations provide the expected protection, and understanding why is equally important. The aim of this study was to assess the [...] Read more.

Edible coatings enriched with antioxidants offer a promising approach to prolong the shelf life of oxidation-sensitive foods such as nuts. Nonetheless, not all formulations provide the expected protection, and understanding why is equally important. The aim of this study was to assess the effect of an Arabic gum/gelatin/ascorbyl palmitate (GAR/GEL/AP) coating on the quality of hazelnut kernels during storage at 23 °C and ~40% relative humidity. The coating was applied by dipping hazelnuts in a 20% ethanolic solution containing GAR/GEL 75/25 blend (10% w/w), glycerol (1% w/w), Tween 80 (0.25% w/w), and AP (2% w/w), followed by drying. Control (uncoated) and coated hazelnuts were stored in plastic containers and evaluated at 1, 2, 4, 8, and 16 weeks for weight loss, moisture content, hardness, color, 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical (DPPH*) scavenging activity, acid and peroxide values, and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) level. Coated hazelnuts showed higher initial moisture content (8.17%), stabilizing at 4.80% after one week, compared to 3.35% in uncoated samples. This increased moisture led to greater storage-related weight loss. The coating darkened the nuts and reduced their yellow hue. It had no significant effect on hardness, peroxide value, or TBARS index, but notably enhanced the antiradical potential. After 16 weeks, coated nuts had an acid value ~10 mg KOH/g lower than the control. In conclusion, the coating improved antioxidant capacity and reduced hydrolytic, but not oxidative, rancidity in hazelnuts. Therefore, further optimization of the coating formulation or application method is necessary to more effectively improve the shelf life of hazelnuts. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue 30th Anniversary of Molecules—Recent Advances in Food Chemistry)

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13 pages, 699 KB

Open AccessArticle

Seroprevalence of Poliovirus Types 1, 2, and 3 Among Children Aged 6–11 Months: Variations Across Survey Rounds in High-Risk Areas of Pakistan

by Imtiaz Hussain, Ahmad Khan, Muhammad Umer, Muhammad Sajid, Haider Abbas, Muhammad Masroor Alam, Altaf Bosan, Jeffrey Partridge, Rehan Hafiz, Anwar-ul Haq and Sajid Soofi

Vaccines 2025, 13(10), 1067; https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines13101067 (registering DOI) - 19 Oct 2025

Abstract

Background: The current polio epidemiology in Pakistan poses a unique challenge for global eradication, with polio transmission dynamics influenced by regional variations in immunity and disparities in immunization coverage. This study assesses the immunity level for all three poliovirus types among children [...] Read more.

Background: The current polio epidemiology in Pakistan poses a unique challenge for global eradication, with polio transmission dynamics influenced by regional variations in immunity and disparities in immunization coverage. This study assesses the immunity level for all three poliovirus types among children aged 6–11 months in polio high-risk regions of Pakistan. Methods: Four consecutive rounds of cross-sectional serological surveys were conducted in polio high-risk areas of Pakistan between November 2016 and October 2023. Twelve high-risk areas were covered in the first three rounds of the survey, while 44 high-risk areas were covered in the fourth round. 25 clusters from each geographical stratum were selected utilizing probability proportional to size. Results: Across the four rounds of the survey, 32,907 children aged 6–11 months from 2084 clusters and 32,371 households were covered. Comparative analysis across the survey rounds showed that seroprevalence of poliovirus type 1 was high in provinces (>95%), albeit consistently lower in Balochistan (going down to 89.7% in Round 4). Type 2 seroprevalence was significantly lower and more heterogeneous, from 34.6% in Sindh to 83.4% in Punjab, with sharp declines by round 4, particularly in Balochistan (40.4%). Type 3 seroprevalence was overall high (>94% in Punjab, Sindh, and KPK) but dropped in the last round, while Balochistan exhibited continually lower immunity (81.1%). Conclusions: The findings reflect the variations in population immunity to poliovirus in the country, with notable fluctuations over the years. The gaps in type 2 immunity over time and consistently lowest in Balochistan highlight the need for continued monitoring of immunity levels and adaptable vaccination strategies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Epidemiology and Vaccination)

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18 pages, 1670 KB

Open AccessArticle

VNTR Polymorphisms in the SLC6A3 Gene and Their Impact on Time Perception and EEG Activity

by Francisco Victor Costa Marinho, Silmar Silva Teixeira, Giovanny Rebouças Pinto, Thomaz de Oliveira, France Keiko Nascimento Yoshioka, Hygor Fernandes, Aline Miranda, Bruna Brandão Velasques, Alair Pedro Ribeiro de Souza e Silva, Maurício Cagy and Victor Hugo do Vale Bastos

Bioengineering 2025, 12(10), 1118; https://doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering12101118 (registering DOI) - 19 Oct 2025

Abstract

Aim: The research examined the relationship between SLC6A3 3′-UTR and intron 8 VNTR polymorphisms and their influence on supra-second time estimation performance and EEG alpha band activity. Material and methods: A total of 178 male participants (aged 18 to 32 years) underwent [...] Read more.

Aim: The research examined the relationship between SLC6A3 3′-UTR and intron 8 VNTR polymorphisms and their influence on supra-second time estimation performance and EEG alpha band activity. Material and methods: A total of 178 male participants (aged 18 to 32 years) underwent genotyping for the SLC6A3 3′-UTR and intron 8 VNTR polymorphisms. An electroencephalographic assessment was conducted targeting the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC), simultaneously with the time estimation task. The 3′-UTR and intron 8 VNTRs polymorphisms were linked to absolute error and ratio in a time estimation task (target duration: 1 s, 4 s, 7 s, and 9 s) neurophysiological variable. Results: Regarding the absolute error and ratio, the combinatory effect of SLC6A3 3′-UTR and intron 8 VNTRs showed a difference in the interpretation of time only for 1 s (p = 0.0002). In the EEG alpha power, the analysis revealed a difference only for the left DLPFC (p = 0.0002). Conclusions: Electrophysiological and behavioral investigation in the time perception associated with the SLC6A3 gene suggests an alternative evaluation of neurobiological aspects inbuilt in timing. The 3′-UTR and intron 8 VNTR polymorphisms modulate dopaminergic neurotransmission during short-temporal scale judgment in the domain of supra seconds and indicate a role in its inputs to the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex during the voluntary attention processes for visual stimulus. Our findings demonstrate that cognitive resources to capture and store time intervals can be measured based on the EEG power activity pattern. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Biosignal Processing)

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10 pages, 493 KB

Open AccessArticle

Belatacept-Based Immunosuppression in Lung Transplant Recipients with Calcineurin Inhibitor Renal Toxicities

by Krysta Walter, Alisia Chen, Jennifer Hagopian, Elizabeth Belloli, Michael Combs, Dennis Lyu and Rommel Sagana

Transplantology 2025, 6(4), 31; https://doi.org/10.3390/transplantology6040031 (registering DOI) - 19 Oct 2025

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Calcineurin inhibitors (CNI) contribute to renal dysfunction post-transplant. Belatacept is a renal sparing immunosuppressive agent. We sought to determine if the use of belatacept, as an alternative to a CNI-based maintenance immunosuppressive regimen ameliorates the effects of CNI-related nephrotoxicity in lung [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Calcineurin inhibitors (CNI) contribute to renal dysfunction post-transplant. Belatacept is a renal sparing immunosuppressive agent. We sought to determine if the use of belatacept, as an alternative to a CNI-based maintenance immunosuppressive regimen ameliorates the effects of CNI-related nephrotoxicity in lung transplant recipients, while preserving graft function. Methods: Retrospective case series of adult lung transplant recipients (LTR) converted to belatacept with CNI elimination between 2020 and 2023. Primary outcomes were estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) and pulmonary function testing. Secondary outcomes included incidence of rejection, mortality, donor specific antibody (DSA), chronic lung allograft dysfunction, infection, malignancies, and drug discontinuation. Results: Five LTR converted to belatacept with a median follow up of 3.49 years (IQR 16.4). eGFR improved with a median change of +18 mL/min/1.73 m² (IQR 6–34) at 12 months, this was sustained at last-follow-up (+19 mL/min/1.73 m² (IQR 6–34)). Force expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1) declined from baseline to last follow-up (median change −0.53 L). At a median of 199 days post-conversion (IQR 108–453), belatacept was discontinued in 4/5 (80%) LTR, primarily due to graft dysfunction (3/4), and CNI therapy resumed. No LTR developed CLAD, DSA, malignancy, or died on belatacept. Infection (primarily pulmonary bacterial or fungal) occurred in all LTR on belatacept. Conclusions: Belatacept with complete CNI elimination in LTR resulted in a sustained improvement in renal function in this series but was accompanied by a high discontinuation rate due to worsening graft function. The risks to the graft associated with belatacept and calcineurin inhibitor elimination outweigh any potential renal benefits. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Solid Organ Transplantation)

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20 pages, 6299 KB

Open AccessArticle

Quality and Maturity Detection of Korla Fragrant Pears via Integrating Hyperspectral Imaging with Multiscale CNN–LSTM

by Zhengbao Long, Tongzhao Wang, Zhijuan Zhang and Yuanyuan Liu

Foods 2025, 14(20), 3561; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods14203561 (registering DOI) - 19 Oct 2025

Abstract

To address the limitations of single indices in comprehensively evaluating the quality of Korla fragrant pears, this study proposes the firmness–soluble solids ratio (FSR), defined as the ratio of average firmness (FI) to soluble solid content (SSC) for each individual fruit, as a [...] Read more.

To address the limitations of single indices in comprehensively evaluating the quality of Korla fragrant pears, this study proposes the firmness–soluble solids ratio (FSR), defined as the ratio of average firmness (FI) to soluble solid content (SSC) for each individual fruit, as a novel index. Using 600 samples from five maturity stages with hyperspectral imaging (950–1650 nm), the dataset was split 4:1 by the SPXY algorithm. The findings demonstrated that FSR’s effectiveness in quantifying the dynamic relationship between FI and SSC during maturation. The developed multiscale convolutional neural network–long short-term memory (MSCNN–LSTM) model achieved high prediction accuracy with determination coefficients of 0.8934 (FI), 0.8731 (SSC), and 0.8610 (FSR), and root mean square errors of 0.9001 N, 0.7976%, and 0.1676, respectively. All residual prediction deviation values exceeded 2.5, confirming model robustness. The MSCNN–LSTM showed superior performance compared to other benchmark models. Furthermore, the integration of prediction models with visualization techniques successfully mapped the spatial distribution of quality indices. For maturity discrimination, hyperspectral-based partial least squares discriminant analysis and linear discriminant analysis models achieved perfect classification accuracy (100%) under five-fold cross-validation across all five maturity stages. This work provides both a theoretical basis and a technical framework for non-destructive evaluation of comprehensive quality and maturity in Korla fragrant pears. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Applications of Spectroscopy and Imaging Techniques in Food Quality and Safety)

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43 pages, 10702 KB

Open AccessArticle

Lacticaseibacillus paracasei JY062 Postbiotic Alleviated 3% DSS-Induced Colitis in Mice via Integrated Antioxidant, Barrier Repair, Immunomodulatory and Microbiota Modulation

by Jinfeng Guo, Yilin Sun, Kaiqi Gao, Haijie Zhao, Yue Su, Ying Zhao, Yu Zhang and Yujun Jiang

Antioxidants 2025, 14(10), 1256; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox14101256 (registering DOI) - 19 Oct 2025

Abstract

Ulcerative colitis (UC) with multifactorial etiology remains clinically challenging. While current pharmacotherapies alleviate symptoms, their long-term application is constrained by significant side effects. Lacticaseibacillus paracasei JY062 postbiotic (Pa JY062) exerts multi-target therapeutic effects via integrated antioxidant, barrier repair, immunomodulatory and microbiota modulation for [...] Read more.

Ulcerative colitis (UC) with multifactorial etiology remains clinically challenging. While current pharmacotherapies alleviate symptoms, their long-term application is constrained by significant side effects. Lacticaseibacillus paracasei JY062 postbiotic (Pa JY062) exerts multi-target therapeutic effects via integrated antioxidant, barrier repair, immunomodulatory and microbiota modulation for UC. Pa JY062 exhibited potent antioxidant capacity and reduced reactive oxygen species (ROS) in Caco-2 cells. In DSS-colitis mice, high-dose Pa JY062 (HP, 800 mg/kg) restored intestinal barrier integrity (Evans blue permeability: 0.0547 vs. 0.107, p < 0.01), enhanced antioxidant defenses (SOD: 9.43 vs. 5.5; GSH-Px: 62.74 vs. 40.94 U/mg protein, p < 0.01), and rebalanced Th1/Th2/Th17/Treg responses. LigiLactobacillus murinus (L. murinus) was enriched, while Bacteroides acidifaciens (B. acidifaciens) was diminished, SCFAs increased (acetate 2772.70 ± 21.08, propionate 669.84 ± 6.79, butyrate 324.14 ± 0.42 μg/g). Spearman correlations linked L. murinus to barrier proteins (ZO-1/Occludin/E-cadherin), contrasting B. acidifaciens–inflammation associations. These findings revealed that Pa JY062 exerted multi-target therapeutic effects on UC, and offered a wider array of options for intestinal health. Pa JY062 represents a promising natural antioxidant-based strategy for UC management. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Functional Foods and Nutraceuticals in Health and Disease)

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16 pages, 3542 KB

Open AccessArticle

Efficient Recovery of Lithium and Cobalt from Spent LCO Using Mechanochemical Activation and Ammoniacal Leaching

by Bagdatgul Milikhat, Aisulu Batkal, Kaster Kamunur, Lyazzat Mussapyrova, Yerzhan Mukanov and Rashid Nadirov

Processes 2025, 13(10), 3345; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr13103345 (registering DOI) - 19 Oct 2025

Abstract

In this study, we investigate the recovery of Li and Co from spent LiCoO₂ cathodes of spent lithium batteries using a combined approach of mechanochemical activation (MA) and ammoniacal leaching. High-energy ball milling disrupts the layered structure of LiCoO₂, introduces [...] Read more.

In this study, we investigate the recovery of Li and Co from spent LiCoO₂ cathodes of spent lithium batteries using a combined approach of mechanochemical activation (MA) and ammoniacal leaching. High-energy ball milling disrupts the layered structure of LiCoO₂, introduces defects, and increases surface area, which strongly improves subsequent dissolution. Leaching experiments in an ammonia–ammonium sulphate–sulphite medium were optimized by varying the solid-to-liquid ratio, sodium sulfite concentration, and temperature. Under the best conditions (90 °C, 120 min, S/L = 10 g/L, 0.5 M Na₂SO₃), nearly complete recoveries were obtained: 99.5% Li and 96.5% Co. Kinetic modeling based on the shrinking-core model confirmed that dissolution of both metals is controlled by chemical reaction, with activation energies of 45.7 kJ·mol⁻¹ for Li and 60.7 kJ·mol⁻¹ for Co. Structural and morphological analyses (XRD, SEM) supported the enhanced reactivity of the activated material. The study demonstrates that MA coupled with optimized ammoniacal leaching provides an efficient process for LiCoO₂ recycling, without using aggressive mineral acids and long treatment times. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Chemical Processes and Systems)

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16 pages, 3446 KB

Open AccessArticle

The Efficacy of Hesperidin in the Reduction of Atherosclerosis in ApoE⁻^/− Mice and Its Possible Mechanism of Action

by Qi Wang, Xiaoxia Huang, Mengyao Zhang, Shangyuan Sang, Linrong Fang, Ruilin Zhang, Silei Xia and Yanan Liu

Foods 2025, 14(20), 3560; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods14203560 (registering DOI) - 19 Oct 2025

Abstract

Atherosclerosis (AS) currently lacks fully effective treatments. This study investigated the natural compound hesperidin as a potential therapy. Apolipoprotein E knockout (ApoE^−/−) mice were used as a model of atherosclerosis; we found that hesperidin treatment improved physiological and metabolic health, reduced [...] Read more.

Atherosclerosis (AS) currently lacks fully effective treatments. This study investigated the natural compound hesperidin as a potential therapy. Apolipoprotein E knockout (ApoE^−/−) mice were used as a model of atherosclerosis; we found that hesperidin treatment improved physiological and metabolic health, reduced plaque formation, and decreased systemic inflammation and oxidative stress. Hesperidin also reshaped gut microbiota, increasing beneficial bacteria (Verrucomicrobia and Bacteroidota) and significantly lowering fecal levels of branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs: valine, leucine, and isoleucine) by 27.4%, 50.1%, and 40.8%, respectively. These changes were linked to specific microbial shifts. We conclude that hesperidin alleviates atherosclerosis likely by modulating the gut microbiota–BCAA–host axis, identifying it as a promising dietary intervention or therapeutic agent. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Nutraceuticals, Functional Foods, and Novel Foods)

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11 pages, 2659 KB

Open AccessArticle

Western Corn Rootworm (Diabrotica virgifera virgifera LeConte) and Southern Corn Rootworm (Diabrotica undecimpunctata howardi Barber) Identified as Vectors of Late-Season Decline Disease-Causing Pantoea ananatis

by Ken Obasa and José Santiago-González

Crops 2025, 5(5), 74; https://doi.org/10.3390/crops5050074 (registering DOI) - 19 Oct 2025

Abstract

Pantoea ananatis was recently described as the causative agent of late-season decline, a new bacterial disease first observed affecting field corn plants, in the Texas Panhandle. The rapid spread of the disease throughout the region and the patchy distribution of symptomatic plants in [...] Read more.

Pantoea ananatis was recently described as the causative agent of late-season decline, a new bacterial disease first observed affecting field corn plants, in the Texas Panhandle. The rapid spread of the disease throughout the region and the patchy distribution of symptomatic plants in affected fields, as well as routine observations of edge effects, in which plants with severe symptoms are observed on the edges of affected fields, led us to hypothesize that vectors might be involved in the dissemination of the disease pathogen. In this study, we investigated the western corn rootworm (Diabrotica virgifera virgifera LeConte) and southern corn rootworm (Diabrotica undecimpunctata howardi Barber) for any naturally occurring association with P. ananatis and potential to acquire and transmit the bacterial pathogen. Additionally, we investigated the transgenic corn encoding insecticidal Bacillus thuringiensis proteins (Bt) pyramided with RNAi interference anti-rootworm technology for its potential to protect against any larval role in the transmission of the pathogen through their feeding activities on corn roots. We successfully recovered naturally occurring P. ananatis from samples of both rootworm species collected from corn plants in the field. Following acquisition assays, the acquired pathogen was successfully recovered from previously P. ananatis-free adult rootworms, their eggs, as well as first-instar larvae, suggesting an affinity of the bacteria to establish an endosymbiotic and transovarial association with both rootworm species. Additionally, the transgenic Bt corn with RNAi anti-rootworm technology was ineffective in preventing the transmission of the pathogen by the infected larvae. Findings from this study confirm a vector role in the transmission of the disease pathogen. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Advances in Integrated Pest Management: New Tools and Tactics for Pest Control)

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19 pages, 2995 KB

Open AccessArticle

Socio-Environmental Assessment of a Tailings Water Softening Technology for Reuse in Alternative Systems in Central Chile: An Approach to Industrial Ecology

by Marco A. Vargas, Luis A. Cisternas, Yasna Tapia and Ana Carvalho

Sustainability 2025, 17(20), 9269; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17209269 (registering DOI) - 19 Oct 2025

Abstract

In north-central Chile, water reuse is essential due to the arid climate. Mining tailings ponds offer a promising opportunity for water recovery; however, the water quality often fails to meet the environmental standards for discharging liquid waste into marine and inland surface waters. [...] Read more.

In north-central Chile, water reuse is essential due to the arid climate. Mining tailings ponds offer a promising opportunity for water recovery; however, the water quality often fails to meet the environmental standards for discharging liquid waste into marine and inland surface waters. This study proposes a bioreactor-based technology for softening tailings water while also addressing the need to quantify its sustainability impacts. To achieve that, an evaluation of the environmental and social performance of the bioreactor is conducted, comparing it with established softening methods, using an industrial ecology approach. This evaluation aims to explore scalable alternatives for sustainable water management. Environmental impacts are quantified using the ReCiPe 2016, with data sourced from Ecoinvent v3.8 and Agrifootprint databases. Social risks are assessed through the Social Hotspot Database modeling in SimaPro 9.5.0.2. The results indicate that the bioreactor demonstrates greater sustainability compared to membrane-based systems, reducing greenhouse gas emissions by more than 95%. It also registers the lowest aggregated social risks due to its minimal energy intensity, lack of hazardous chemicals, and simplified infrastructure. In contrast, reverse osmosis, while delivering higher quality permeate, results in the highest environmental burdens and occupational hazards. This research validates the bioreactor as an enabler of industrial ecology, transforming tailings water into a circular resource. Full article

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15 pages, 5150 KB

Open AccessArticle

Insulator Defect Detection Algorithm Based on Improved YOLO11s in Snowy Weather Environment

by Ziwei Ding, Song Deng and Qingsheng Liu

Symmetry 2025, 17(10), 1763; https://doi.org/10.3390/sym17101763 (registering DOI) - 19 Oct 2025

Abstract

The intelligent transformation of power systems necessitates robust insulator condition detection to ensure grid safety. Existing methods, primarily reliant on manual inspection or conventional image processing, suffer significantly degraded target identification and detection efficiency under extreme weather conditions such as heavy snowfall. To [...] Read more.

The intelligent transformation of power systems necessitates robust insulator condition detection to ensure grid safety. Existing methods, primarily reliant on manual inspection or conventional image processing, suffer significantly degraded target identification and detection efficiency under extreme weather conditions such as heavy snowfall. To address this challenge, this paper proposes an enhanced YOLO11s detection framework integrated with image restoration technology, specifically targeting insulator defect identification in snowy environments. First, data augmentation and a FocalNet-based snow removal algorithm effectively enhance image resolution under snow conditions, enabling the construction of a high-quality training dataset. Next, the model architecture incorporates a dynamic snake convolution module to strengthen the perception of tubular structural features, while the MPDIoU loss function optimizes bounding box localization accuracy and recall. Comparative experiments demonstrate that the optimized framework significantly improves overall detection performance under complex weather compared to the baseline model. Furthermore, it exhibits clear advantages over current mainstream detection models. This approach provides a novel technical solution for monitoring power equipment conditions in extreme weather, offering significant practical value for ensuring reliable grid operation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Symmetry and Asymmetry in Data Analysis)

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9 pages, 2395 KB

Open AccessArticle

A Wide Field of View and Broadband Infrared Imaging System Integrating a Dispersion-Engineered Metasurface

by Bo Liu, Yunqiang Zhang, Zhu Li, Xuetao Gan and Xin Xie

Photonics 2025, 12(10), 1033; https://doi.org/10.3390/photonics12101033 (registering DOI) - 19 Oct 2025

Abstract

We present a compact hybrid imaging system operating in the 3–5 μm spectral band that combines refractive optics with a dispersion-engineered metasurface to overcome the longstanding trade-off between wide field of view (FOV), system size, and thermal stability. The system achieves an ultra-wide [...] Read more.

We present a compact hybrid imaging system operating in the 3–5 μm spectral band that combines refractive optics with a dispersion-engineered metasurface to overcome the longstanding trade-off between wide field of view (FOV), system size, and thermal stability. The system achieves an ultra-wide 178° FOV within a total track length of only 28.25 mm, employing just three refractive lenses and one metasurface. Through co-optimization of material selection and system architecture, it maintains the modulation transfer function (MTF) exceeding 0.54 at 33 lp/mm and the geometric (GEO) radius below 15 μm across an extended operational temperature range from –40 °C to 60 °C. The metasurface is designed using a propagation phase approach with cylindrical unit cells to ensure polarization-insensitive behavior, and its broadband dispersion-free phase profile is optimized via a particle swarm algorithm. The results indicate that phase-matching errors remain small at all wavelengths, with a mean value of 0.11068. This design provides an environmentally resilient solution for lightweight applications, including automotive infrared night vision and unmanned aerial vehicle remote sensing. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Optical Metasurfaces: Applications and Trends)

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