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Recent Articles  

17 pages, 3136 KB  
Article
MS Mamba: Spectrum Forecasting Method Based on Enhanced Mamba Architecture
by Dingyin Liu, Donghui Xu, Guojie Hu and Wang Zhang
Electronics 2025, 14(18), 3708; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics14183708 (registering DOI) - 18 Sep 2025
Abstract
Spectrum prediction is essential for cognitive radio, enabling dynamic management and enhanced utilization, particularly in multi-band environments. Yet, its complex spatiotemporal nature and non-stationarity pose significant challenges for achieving high accuracy. Motivated by this, we propose a multi-scale Mamba-based multi-band spectrum prediction method. [...] Read more.
Spectrum prediction is essential for cognitive radio, enabling dynamic management and enhanced utilization, particularly in multi-band environments. Yet, its complex spatiotemporal nature and non-stationarity pose significant challenges for achieving high accuracy. Motivated by this, we propose a multi-scale Mamba-based multi-band spectrum prediction method. The core Mamba module combines Bidirectional Selective State Space Models (SSMs) for long-range dependencies and dynamic convolution for local features, efficiently extracting spatiotemporal characteristics. A multi-scale pyramid and adaptive prediction head select appropriate feature levels per prediction step, avoiding full-sequence processing to ensure accuracy while reducing computational cost. Experiments on real-world datasets across multiple frequency bands demonstrate effective handling of spectrum non-stationarity. Compared to baseline models, the method reduces root mean square error (RMSE) by 14.9% (indoor) and 7.9% (outdoor) while cutting GPU memory by 17%. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Cognitive Radio Networks: Recent Developments and Emerging Trends)
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24 pages, 11937 KB  
Article
Effect of Pectin and Copper Modification on the Performance of Pd/ZnO Catalyst in Liquid-Phase Hydrogenation and Photocatalytic Hydrogen Evolution
by Alima M. Kenzheyeva, Alima K. Zharmagambetova, Eldar T. Talgatov, Aigul T. Zamanbekova, Aigul I. Jumekeyeva, Assemgul S. Auyezkhanova, Zhannur K. Myltykbayeva and Atıf Koca
Molecules 2025, 30(18), 3806; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules30183806 (registering DOI) - 18 Sep 2025
Abstract
This study investigates the influence of pectin and copper incorporation on the catalytic properties of Pd/ZnO catalysts in the liquid-phase hydrogenation of 2-hexyn-1-ol and photocatalytic hydrogen evolution. A series of monometallic Pd/ZnO catalysts with varying pectin contents (0–8.1 wt%) and bimetallic PdCu-Pec/ZnO catalysts [...] Read more.
This study investigates the influence of pectin and copper incorporation on the catalytic properties of Pd/ZnO catalysts in the liquid-phase hydrogenation of 2-hexyn-1-ol and photocatalytic hydrogen evolution. A series of monometallic Pd/ZnO catalysts with varying pectin contents (0–8.1 wt%) and bimetallic PdCu-Pec/ZnO catalysts with different Pd to Cu mass ratios (3:1, 1:1, 1:3) were synthesized via sequential adsorption of the polymer and metal ions onto ZnO. The catalysts were characterized using TGA, EDX, IR spectroscopy, XRD, TEM, UV–Vis DRS, and XPS. Characterization confirmed successful modification and changes in surface properties. Pectin modification improved the distribution of Pd nanoparticles on the surface of ZnO, resulting in the enhanced catalytic performance of Pd-Pec/ZnO in both hydrogenation and hydrogen evolution reactions compared to unmodified Pd/ZnO. In contrast, copper addition led to a deterioration of catalytic properties in both processes, likely due to the inhibited reduction of Pd caused by Pd–Cu interactions. Among the catalysts studied, Pd-Pec/ZnO with low pectin content (1.8 wt%) exhibited the highest activity in both reactions. The hydrogenation of 2-hexyn-1-ol to cis-2-hexen-1-ol proceeded with high selectivity (96%) at a rate (WC≡C) of 3.3 × 10−6 mol/s, and the catalyst retained its activity over 30 consecutive runs. In the photocatalytic hydrogen evolution reaction, the rate reached 1.11 mmol/(h·gcat) and the catalyst maintained ~94% of its initial activity after three consecutive runs. These findings demonstrate the potential of biopolymer-modified ZnO composites for the design of multifunctional catalysts combining hydrogenation and photocatalytic activity. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Heterogeneous Catalysts: From Synthesis to Application)
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14 pages, 4070 KB  
Article
Research on Calibration Methods and Experiments for Six-Component Force Sensors
by Hongyang Zhao, Bowen Zhao, Xu Liang and Qianbin Lin
J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2025, 13(9), 1811; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse13091811 (registering DOI) - 18 Sep 2025
Abstract
The measurement accuracy of six-component force sensors is crucial for reliable hydrodynamic model test results. To enhance data precision, this study presents an efficient calibration device based on a dual-axis rotational mechanism, enabling multi-degree-of-freedom attitude adjustment of the sensor. By applying known forces [...] Read more.
The measurement accuracy of six-component force sensors is crucial for reliable hydrodynamic model test results. To enhance data precision, this study presents an efficient calibration device based on a dual-axis rotational mechanism, enabling multi-degree-of-freedom attitude adjustment of the sensor. By applying known forces and moments through various loading conditions and employing the least squares method to obtain a 6 × 6 calibration coefficient matrix, we effectively reduce system errors and external disturbances. The effectiveness of the proposed calibration method is validated using rotational arm tests with a KCS standard ship model. The results indicate that most calibration point errors are below 1%, with the maximum error not exceeding 7%, and the measured data show good agreement with international standards. This method offers high calibration efficiency and accuracy, making it well-suited for the calibration of multi-component force sensors and for use in hydrodynamic, wind tunnel, and other multi-disciplinary experimental applications, promising potential for wider use. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Ocean Engineering)
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26 pages, 917 KB  
Systematic Review
Radiomics in Pituitary Adenomas: A Systematic Review of Clinical Applications and Predictive Models
by Edoardo Agosti, Marcello Mangili, Pier Paolo Panciani, Lorenzo Ugga, Vittorio Rampinelli, Marco Ravanelli, Alessandro Fiorindi and Marco Maria Fontanella
J. Clin. Med. 2025, 14(18), 6595; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm14186595 (registering DOI) - 18 Sep 2025
Abstract
Background: Radiomics offers quantitative, high-dimensional data from conventional imaging and holds promise for improving diagnosis and treatment of pituitary adenomas (PAs). This systematic review aimed to synthesize current clinical applications of radiomics in PAs, focusing on diagnostic, predictive, and prognostic modeling. Methods [...] Read more.
Background: Radiomics offers quantitative, high-dimensional data from conventional imaging and holds promise for improving diagnosis and treatment of pituitary adenomas (PAs). This systematic review aimed to synthesize current clinical applications of radiomics in PAs, focusing on diagnostic, predictive, and prognostic modeling. Methods: This review followed the PRISMA 2020 guidelines. A systematic search was performed in PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science on 10 January 2024, and updated on 5 March 2024, using predefined keywords and MeSH terms. Studies were included if they evaluated radiomics-based models using MRI for diagnosis, classification, consistency, invasiveness, treatment response, or recurrence in human PA populations. Data extraction included study design, sample size, MRI sequences, feature types, machine learning algorithms, and model performance metrics. Study quality was assessed via the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale. Descriptive statistics summarized study characteristics; no meta-analysis was performed due to heterogeneity. Results: Out of 341 identified articles, 49 studies met inclusion criteria, encompassing a total of more than 9350 patients. The majority were retrospective (43 studies, 88%). MRI sequences used included T2-weighted imaging (35 studies, 71%), contrast-enhanced T1WI (34 studies, 69%), and T1WI (21 studies, 43%). PyRadiomics was the most common feature extraction tool (20 studies, 41%). Machine learning was employed in 43 studies (88%), predominantly support vector machines (16 studies, 33%), random forests (9 studies, 18%), and logistic regression (9 studies, 18%). Deep learning methods were applied in 17 studies (35%). Regarding diagnostic performance, 22 studies (45%) reported an (AUC) ≥0.85 in test datasets. External validation was performed in only 6 studies (12%). Radiomics applications included histological subtype prediction (14 studies, 29%), surgical outcome prediction (13 studies, 27%), invasiveness assessment (7 studies, 15%), tumor consistency evaluation (8 studies, 16%), and response to medical or radiotherapy treatments (3 studies, 6%). One study (2%) addressed automated segmentation and volumetry. Conclusions: Radiomics enables high-performance, noninvasive prediction of PA subtypes, consistency, invasiveness, treatment response, and recurrence, with 22 studies (45%) reporting AUC ≥0.85. Despite promising results, clinical translation remains limited by methodological heterogeneity, low external validation (6 studies, 12%), and lack of standardization. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Neurosurgery: Recent Advances and New Perspectives in Skull Base Approaches)
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33 pages, 1955 KB  
Article
Environmental Sustainability as a Core Value in a Company with a High Carbon Footprint
by Stallar Lufrano-Jardine and Jafeth E. Sanchez
Sustainability 2025, 17(18), 8392; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17188392 (registering DOI) - 18 Sep 2025
Abstract
The purpose of this qualitative single case study was to explore how a single company with a high fossil fuel use adapted to the triple bottom line approach encompassing social, environmental, and economic sustainability. Sensemaking was used to examine employee perspectives and provide [...] Read more.
The purpose of this qualitative single case study was to explore how a single company with a high fossil fuel use adapted to the triple bottom line approach encompassing social, environmental, and economic sustainability. Sensemaking was used to examine employee perspectives and provide context to business activities. This in-depth examination used publicly available documents, site observations, and 14 semi-structured interviews with three executives, three directors, four managers, three hourly employees, and one truck driver. The findings reveal that the history of Integrated Transportation Services (ITS) Logistics contributed to leadership actions that were paramount to the efforts toward economic sustainability and growth, along with current practices related to the long-established organizational culture. Additionally, the company’s organizational culture, along with the established core values at ITS Logistics, was found to be critical in the integration of environmental sustainability. A discussion of these findings and related implications for practice are noted in accordance with the related literature. Full article
20 pages, 1048 KB  
Article
Immunogenicity of SARS-CoV-2 mRNA Vaccine in Breast Cancer Patients Undergoing Active Treatment: A Prospective Observational Study
by María Leonor Fernández-Murga, Lucía Serrano-García, Giuseppe D’Auria, María Portero Hernández, Llúcia Martínez-Priego, Loreto Ferrús-Abad, Griselda de Marco, María Victoria Domínguez-Márquez and Antonio Llombart-Cussac
Pathogens 2025, 14(9), 947; https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens14090947 (registering DOI) - 18 Sep 2025
Abstract
Understanding the immune response to SARS-CoV-2 vaccination in cancer patients remains a critical priority given their immunocompromised status. In this prospective observational study, we evaluated humoral and cellular immunity across three time points—baseline, post-second dose, and post-booster—in 23 breast cancer patients undergoing active [...] Read more.
Understanding the immune response to SARS-CoV-2 vaccination in cancer patients remains a critical priority given their immunocompromised status. In this prospective observational study, we evaluated humoral and cellular immunity across three time points—baseline, post-second dose, and post-booster—in 23 breast cancer patients undergoing active treatment. IgG antibody levels showed a significant increase following vaccination, with a 300-fold rise after the second dose and a 2200-fold increase post-booster, indicating a strong humoral response. CD19⁺ B cells also increased significantly, supporting B cell-mediated activation. Although overall T cell frequencies remained stable, we observed a shift toward memory phenotypes, with decreased naïve CD4⁺ and CD8⁺ T cells and increased central and peripheral memory subsets after the booster. Notably, CD8⁺ TEMRA cells expanded significantly, suggesting cytotoxic memory formation. Correlation analyses linked peripheral memory CD4⁺ T cells with anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG titers, while CD8⁺ TEMRA cells showed an inverse association. Antigen-specific CD8⁺ T cell response was evaluated using APC-labeled MHC I Dextramer reagents. After the booster, 55.5% of patients developed detectable antigen-specific CD8⁺ T cells, whereas 44.5% did not. Importantly, one patient who failed to develop antigen-specific CD8⁺ T cells experienced a mild SARS-CoV-2 infection, suggesting that the absence of this response may increase susceptibility despite high IgG levels. These findings indicate that antigen-specific CD8⁺ T cell responses and antibody levels may act as complementary but not directly correlated arms of immunity. Microbiota profiling via sPLS-DA suggested weak but distinct microbial signatures associated with immune responsiveness, particularly enrichment of taxa such as Alistipes and Romoutsia among high-antibody responders. These findings emphasize that SARS-CoV-2 vaccination is immunogenic and well tolerated in breast cancer patients under therapy and highlight the need to further explore microbiota–immune interactions to optimize vaccination strategies in oncology. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Role of Microorganisms in Breast Cancer)
20 pages, 5555 KB  
Article
Drawing-Induced Crimp Formation and Wettability of Four-Lobed Side-by-Side PBT/PET Bicomponent Fibers
by Xinkang Xu, Pei Feng, Zexu Hu, Jiazheng Wang, Qianchun Xu and Chongchang Yang
Polymers 2025, 17(18), 2529; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym17182529 (registering DOI) - 18 Sep 2025
Abstract
PBT/PET side-by-side bicomponent fibers form helical crimp structures under thermal or mechanical stress, though the mechanism behind mechanically induced crimping remains unclear. In this study, four-lobed cross-sectional PBT/PET side-by-side bicomponent fibers were produced and subjected to drawing from 1.6 to 4.0 times at [...] Read more.
PBT/PET side-by-side bicomponent fibers form helical crimp structures under thermal or mechanical stress, though the mechanism behind mechanically induced crimping remains unclear. In this study, four-lobed cross-sectional PBT/PET side-by-side bicomponent fibers were produced and subjected to drawing from 1.6 to 4.0 times at 80 °C to induce crimping. Increasing draw ratios significantly enhanced fiber tenacity (from 0.64 to 3.91 cN/dtex) and reduced crimp radius (from 2.05 mm to 0.64 mm). A predictive crimp curvature model integrating Denton’s crimp theory and a four-element viscoelastic model was established, with corrected results achieving an R2 of 0.9951. Additionally, four-lobed fibers showed better wettability, with a static contact angle 3.56° lower than that of circular fibers. This work provides theoretical guidance for high-performance self-crimping fiber design. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Polymer Fibers)
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24 pages, 3091 KB  
Article
Prognostic Role of MMP2, MMP9, and IL-1β Markers in Cardiac Allograft Rejection After Transplantation
by Gabriela Patrichi, Catalin-Bogdan Satala, Andrei Ionut Patrichi, Alexandru-Nicusor Tomut, Ovidiu Simion Cotoi, Horatiu Suciu and Anca Ileana Sin
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025, 26(18), 9136; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms26189136 (registering DOI) - 18 Sep 2025
Abstract
Cardiac allograft rejection remains a major cause of graft dysfunction post-transplant. While histology is the current diagnostic standard, it may miss early immune and inflammatory events. This study evaluated the immunohistochemical expression of matrix metalloproteinases 2 (MMP2), 9 (MMP9), and interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β) [...] Read more.
Cardiac allograft rejection remains a major cause of graft dysfunction post-transplant. While histology is the current diagnostic standard, it may miss early immune and inflammatory events. This study evaluated the immunohistochemical expression of matrix metalloproteinases 2 (MMP2), 9 (MMP9), and interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β) in cardiac transplant patients, correlating their expression with acute cellular rejection (ACR), antibody-mediated rejection (AMR), inflammation, vasculitis, the Quilty effect, and immune markers. Fifty-nine endomyocardial biopsy specimens were retrospectively analyzed. Immunohistochemical staining for MMP2, MMP9, and IL-1β was assessed based on nuclear, cytoplasmic, and membranous expression. Correlations were evaluated using Fisher’s exact test and odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs). IL-1β nuclear expression showed strong associations with ACR (p = 0.0001), inflammation, vasculitis, and immune/endothelial markers (all p < 0.003). Nuclear MMP9 expression correlated with ACR and immune cell markers and was borderline significant for AMR (p ≈ 0.05). Cytoplasmic MMP2 (>50%) was significantly associated with AMR (OR = 7.47, p = 0.0002). No marker correlated with the Quilty effect. The immunohistochemical profiles of IL-1β and MMP9 support their involvement in immune-mediated injury in cardiac allograft rejection, with IL-1β emerging as a sensitive marker of early inflammation. MMP2 appears to be more relevant to humoral rejection processes. These findings suggest that selected tissue biomarkers may enhance diagnostic precision and support early detection of graft injury when integrated with conventional histology. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Molecular Pathology, Diagnostics, and Therapeutics)
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16 pages, 3145 KB  
Article
A Note on Multi-Index Mittag-Leffler Functions and Parametric Laguerre-Type Exponentials
by Hari Mohan Srivastava, Diego Caratelli and Paolo Emilio Ricci
Axioms 2025, 14(9), 705; https://doi.org/10.3390/axioms14090705 (registering DOI) - 18 Sep 2025
Abstract
This paper explores the eigenfunctions of specific Laguerre-type parametric operators to develop multi-parametric models, which are associated with a class of the generalized Mittag-Leffler type functions, for dynamical systems and population dynamics. By leveraging these multi-parametric approaches, we introduce new concepts in number [...] Read more.
This paper explores the eigenfunctions of specific Laguerre-type parametric operators to develop multi-parametric models, which are associated with a class of the generalized Mittag-Leffler type functions, for dynamical systems and population dynamics. By leveraging these multi-parametric approaches, we introduce new concepts in number theory, specifically those involving multi-parametric Bernoulli and Euler numbers, along with other related polynomials. Several numerical examples, which are generated by using the computer algebra program Mathematica© (Version 14.3), demonstrate the effectiveness of the models that we have presented and analyzed in this paper. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Special Functions and Related Topics, 2nd Edition)
29 pages, 14662 KB  
Article
Assessment of Long-Term Photovoltaic (PV) Power Potential in China Based on High-Quality Solar Radiation and Optimal Tilt Angles of PV Panels
by Wenbo Zhao, Xiaotong Zhang, Shuyue Yang, Yanjun Duan, Lingfeng Lu, Xinpei Han, Lingchen Bu, Run Jia and Yunjun Yao
Remote Sens. 2025, 17(18), 3235; https://doi.org/10.3390/rs17183235 (registering DOI) - 18 Sep 2025
Abstract
Solar photovoltaic (PV) plays a crucial role in China’s pursuit of carbon neutrality. Assessing the PV power potential over China is essential for future energy planning and policy making. Surface solar radiation and panel tilt angle are critical factors influencing PV power generation. [...] Read more.
Solar photovoltaic (PV) plays a crucial role in China’s pursuit of carbon neutrality. Assessing the PV power potential over China is essential for future energy planning and policy making. Surface solar radiation and panel tilt angle are critical factors influencing PV power generation. However, existing solar radiation datasets cannot fully meet assessment needs due to insufficient temporal coverage and limited accuracy, and the impact of panel tilt angles on PV potential is largely overlooked. This study developed a PV power estimation framework to assess the long-term (1980–2019) PV power potential at 609 stations across China, based on reconstructed high-quality solar radiation and optimized tilt angles. The validation of PV power estimates using ground measured outputs from four operational PV power stations indicated a correlation coefficient of 0.67 and a root mean square error of 0.07 for estimated daily capacity factor (CF). The assessment results revealed that the multi-year mean CF of China is 0.149 ± 0.031, with higher potentials in northern provinces and lower in southern provinces. The mean annual CF shows a declining trend of −7 × 10−4 per decade during 1980–2019, with significant decreases primarily in heavily polluted regions. In addition, we propose an optimal tilt angle estimation model based on diffuse fraction, achieving higher accuracy than previously released models. The estimated optimal tilt angle results in an increase in PV energy yield by 14.9 TWh/year for China compared with latitude-based schemes, based on China’s cumulative PV capacity by 2023 (609 GW). Our findings provide valuable insights for the effective implementation of solar PV projects in China. Full article
21 pages, 3673 KB  
Article
Lidar-Based Detection and Analysis of Serendipitous Collisions in Shared Indoor Spaces
by Addison H. Flack, Thomas J. Pingel, Timothy D. Baird, Shashank Karki and Nicole Abaid
Remote Sens. 2025, 17(18), 3236; https://doi.org/10.3390/rs17183236 (registering DOI) - 18 Sep 2025
Abstract
Indoor environments significantly influence human interaction, collaboration, and well-being, yet evaluating how architectural designs actually perform in fostering social connections remains challenging. This study demonstrates the use of 11 static-mounted lidar sensors to detect serendipitous encounters—collisions—between people in a shared common space of [...] Read more.
Indoor environments significantly influence human interaction, collaboration, and well-being, yet evaluating how architectural designs actually perform in fostering social connections remains challenging. This study demonstrates the use of 11 static-mounted lidar sensors to detect serendipitous encounters—collisions—between people in a shared common space of a mixed academic–residential university building. A novel collision detection algorithm achieved 86.1% precision and detected 14,022 interactions over 115 days (67 million person-seconds) of an academic semester. While occupancy strongly predicted collision frequency overall (R2 ≥ 0.74), significant spatiotemporal variations revealed the complex relationship between co-presence and social interaction. Key findings include the following: (1) collision frequency peaked early in the semester then declined by ~25% by mid-semester; (2) temporal lags between occupancy and collision peaks of 2–3 h in the afternoon indicate that social interaction differs from physical presence; (3) collisions per occupancy peaked on the weekend, with Saturday showing 52% higher rates than the weekly average; and (4) collisions clustered at key transition zones (elevator areas, stair bases), with an additional “friction effect”, where proximity to seating increased interaction rates (>30%) compared to open corridors. This methodology establishes a scalable framework for post-occupancy evaluation, enabling evidence-based assessment of design effectiveness in fostering the spontaneous interactions essential for creativity, innovation, and place-making in built environments. Full article
13 pages, 2353 KB  
Article
Phytoplankton Sampling: When the Method Shapes the Message
by Diego Frau
Limnol. Rev. 2025, 25(3), 45; https://doi.org/10.3390/limnolrev25030045 - 18 Sep 2025
Abstract
Different sampling techniques were evaluated to assess potential differences in species richness and the abundances of phytoplankton across several lowland aquatic environments. Five sampling methods were used, including a bucket, narrow- and wide-mouth bottles, a 10 µm plankton net, and a vertical Van [...] Read more.
Different sampling techniques were evaluated to assess potential differences in species richness and the abundances of phytoplankton across several lowland aquatic environments. Five sampling methods were used, including a bucket, narrow- and wide-mouth bottles, a 10 µm plankton net, and a vertical Van Dorn bottle. These sampling methods were applied in subtropical streams, shallow lakes, and rivers. The results were compared using a two-way ANOVA to evaluate differences in total density by considering the morphological group and major phytoplankton phyla. Similarity analyses (SIMPER) and a permutational multivariate analysis of variance (PERMANOVA) were performed to compare the relative abundances of the species. The results showed, in general (except with Cyanophyta, Chrysophyta, and colonies—coenobia), significant differences in the effect of the sampling method but without interaction with the kind of environment. Particularly, the plankton net always reported lower density estimations, with the bucket having the highest values and the wide–narrow bottle methods having similar values. SIMPER and PERMANOVA indicated differences, especially with the plankton net and the other methods, particularly the bucket. These findings suggest that the sampling method can influence species counts and registration in subtropical water ecosystems, highlighting the need for standardized procedures across countries to obtain comparable and reliable results. Full article
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10 pages, 621 KB  
Review
Extended Color Doppler Ultrasound in the Diagnosis of Giant Cell Arteritis: Clinical Insights and Literature Review with Emphasis on Posterior Circulation Involvement
by Ivan Privitera, Luca Costanzo, Paola Magnano San Lio, Raffaella Romano, Salvatore Piro and Marcello Romano
J. Vasc. Dis. 2025, 4(3), 37; https://doi.org/10.3390/jvd4030037 - 18 Sep 2025
Abstract
Background: Giant cell arteritis (GCA) is a systemic granulomatous vasculitis affecting large and medium-sized arteries, predominantly in individuals over 50 years. While it traditionally involves cranial branches of the external carotid artery, particularly the temporal arteries, growing evidence underscores frequent extracranial involvement, especially [...] Read more.
Background: Giant cell arteritis (GCA) is a systemic granulomatous vasculitis affecting large and medium-sized arteries, predominantly in individuals over 50 years. While it traditionally involves cranial branches of the external carotid artery, particularly the temporal arteries, growing evidence underscores frequent extracranial involvement, especially in the supra-aortic trunks. Objective: We aimed to critically review the diagnostic utility of extended Color Doppler Ultrasound (CDUS) in GCA, with a focus on vertebrobasilar involvement and current international imaging guidelines. Methods: Taking inspiration from a representative case of extracranial GCA with vertebrobasilar ischemic events, the current literature and international recommendations (e.g., EULAR, ACR, BSR and SIR) were reviewed. Results: Diagnostic accuracy significantly improves when CDUS is extended to include carotid, vertebral, subclavian and axillary arteries. Elevated inflammatory markers such as erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) and C-reactive protein (CRP) correlate with large-vessel involvement and support the use of extended scanning protocols. International guidelines vary in their emphasis on extended CDUS, but consensus is growing toward ultrasound imaging-first strategies in expert hands. Conclusion: Extended CDUS is a sensitive, non-invasive first-line diagnostic tool for GCA. In patients with symptoms of the posterior cerebral circulation and elevated inflammatory indices, early comprehensive vascular imaging reduces diagnostic delay and may obviate the need for temporal artery biopsy. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Peripheral Vascular Diseases)
15 pages, 2144 KB  
Article
Optimizing Ethephon Concentrations for Male Plant Feminization and Enhanced Seed Yield in Dioecious Thai Hemp (Cannabis sativa L. cv. RPF3)
by Pheeraphan Thongplew, Jakkrapong Kangsopa, Sutheera Hermhuk, Krittiya Tongkoom, Prakash Bhuyar and Nednapa Insalud
Int. J. Plant Biol. 2025, 16(3), 111; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijpb16030111 - 18 Sep 2025
Abstract
Dioecious hemp cultivation faces significant productivity challenges, as approximately 50% of plants (males) produce no seeds whatsoever, functioning exclusively as pollen donors, creating substantial resource inefficiency in commercial production. This study evaluated ethephon (2-chloroethylphosphonic acid) concentrations from 250 to 1000 ppm for inducing [...] Read more.
Dioecious hemp cultivation faces significant productivity challenges, as approximately 50% of plants (males) produce no seeds whatsoever, functioning exclusively as pollen donors, creating substantial resource inefficiency in commercial production. This study evaluated ethephon (2-chloroethylphosphonic acid) concentrations from 250 to 1000 ppm for inducing feminization in male plants of the Thai hemp cultivar RPF3 under controlled greenhouse conditions. Complete morphological sex conversion (100%) was achieved across all tested concentrations, successfully transforming male plants into seed-producing individuals. Male plants exhibited a linear, concentration-dependent increase in seed production (R2 = 0.76–0.91), with the highest concentration (1000 ppm) producing seven-fold more seeds than the lowest effective concentration (250 ppm). Female plants showed optimal yields at intermediate concentrations (500–750 ppm), with a significant decline in yield at 1000 ppm, indicating hormone toxicity. For commercial optimization, concentration selection depends on production objectives. 500 ppm provides optimal cost-effectiveness for mixed dioecious systems, delivering a 2.2-fold increase in total yield, while 1000 ppm maximizes productivity for male-only cultivation systems. Seeds from feminized males remained consistently 62–73% lighter than those from natural females across all treatments, indicating genetic control over seed morphology, despite hormonal sex conversion. This ethephon-based approach preserves the genetic diversity advantages of dioecious systems while doubling land-use efficiency, providing a sustainable intensification strategy for commercial hemp seed production. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Challenges in Cannabis sativa: Breeding and Secondary Metabolite Synthesis)
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17 pages, 2415 KB  
Article
Sustainable Fabrication of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles Using Assam Green Tea Extract with Promising Oral Antimicrobial Potential
by Ampa Jimtaisong, Nisakorn Saewan and Nattakan Panyachariwat
Appl. Biosci. 2025, 4(3), 44; https://doi.org/10.3390/applbiosci4030044 - 18 Sep 2025
Abstract
In this study, zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) were synthesized via a green chemistry approach using aqueous extract of Camellia sinensis var. assamica (Assam green tea) as a bioreductant and stabilizing agent. Phytochemical analysis of the extract revealed high levels of phenolics (338.57 [...] Read more.
In this study, zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) were synthesized via a green chemistry approach using aqueous extract of Camellia sinensis var. assamica (Assam green tea) as a bioreductant and stabilizing agent. Phytochemical analysis of the extract revealed high levels of phenolics (338.57 ± 3.90 mg GAE/mL) and flavonoids (123.92 ± 1.34 µg QE/mL), along with strong antioxidant and reducing activity, supporting its efficacy in nanoparticle formation. ZnO NPs were synthesized at various extract concentrations, with 25% yielding optimal characteristics based on UV–Vis spectrophotometry (λMax ≈ 390–410 nm). Structural characterization using XRD confirmed the hexagonal wurtzite phase, and SAXS indicated particle sizes of 58–60 nm. FE-SEM analysis showed semi-spherical agglomerated particles ranging from 74 to 76 nm, while EDX verified the elemental purity of Zn and O. FT-IR spectroscopy confirmed the presence of Zn–O stretching and phytochemical residues on the nanoparticle surface. Stability studies over four weeks revealed red shifts in absorbance and reduced peak intensity at ambient and elevated temperatures, suggesting nanoparticle agglomeration. Antimicrobial assays demonstrated strong antifungal activity of the ZnO NP solution against Candida albicans and, upon concentration, significant antibacterial activity against Streptococcus mutans. The synthesized ZnO NPs exhibit promising potential as eco-friendly antimicrobial agents, particularly for applications in oral healthcare. Full article
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17 pages, 884 KB  
Article
Comparative Virulence Gene Profiling of Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli Isolates from Avian and Human Sources in Egypt
by Amr Mekky, Mohamed R. Issa, Amro Hashish, Wafaa Hassan, Ali Wahdan, Islam Hisham, Shymaa Enany and Mohamed Enany
Microbiol. Res. 2025, 16(9), 209; https://doi.org/10.3390/microbiolres16090209 - 18 Sep 2025
Abstract
Campylobacter species are considered to be the leading bacterial cause of human gastroenteritis globally. Consumption of undercooked or contaminated food, such as chicken, is the main cause of human campylobacteriosis. Despite this significant zoonotic link, comparative data on virulence determinants in Campylobacter isolates [...] Read more.
Campylobacter species are considered to be the leading bacterial cause of human gastroenteritis globally. Consumption of undercooked or contaminated food, such as chicken, is the main cause of human campylobacteriosis. Despite this significant zoonotic link, comparative data on virulence determinants in Campylobacter isolates across avian and human sources remain limited. This study aimed to characterize the prevalence and expression of virulence determinants in Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli isolates from chicken and human sources in Ismailia governorate, Egypt. A total of twenty C. jejuni and C. coli isolates (ten of each species) were screened for 14 virulence genes using PCR. All isolates harbored virB11, iam, racR, and tetO. Chicken isolates exhibited a significantly higher prevalence: C. jejuni (chicken): pldA, dnaJ, flaA (100%), cdtB (80%), ciaB (60%), and wlaN (0%); C. coli (chicken): pldA, dnaJ (100%), flaA (60%), cdtB (60%), ciaB (40%), and wlaN (20%). In contrast, human isolates showed a markedly lower prevalence: C. jejuni (human): dnaJ, flaA, and cdtB (20%); C. coli (human): dnaJ, flaA, and cdtB (40%). Crucially, pldA, ciaB, and wlaN were absent in all human isolates. plda and dnaJ genes showed statistically significant prevalence differences. qPCR revealed a significant upregulation (p < 0.05) of dnaJ, virB11, flaA, and iam in chicken isolates compared to human isolates, with log2 fold changes of 3.52, 2.84, 2.43, and 1.90 for C. jejuni and 3.06, 2.38, 1.51, and 1.32 for C. coli. Differential expressions of racR, cdtB, and tetO were not significant, with log2 fold changes ranging from −0.51 to 0.14. Ganglioside mimicry genes (Cst11, wlaN, Waac, ggt, and cgtB) and the carbon storage regulator gene (csrA) were absent in all human isolates. These findings underscore the significant variability in virulence gene profiles in chicken and human C. jejuni and C. coli isolates and highlight the importance of molecular characterization in the risk assessment and epidemiological surveillance of Campylobacter infections. Full article
18 pages, 560 KB  
Review
Melanoma in Primary Care: A Narrative Review of Training Interventions and the Role of Telemedicine in Medical Education
by Ignazio Stanganelli, Edoardo Mora, Debora Cantagalli, Serena Magi, Laura Mazzoni, Matelda Medri, Cesare Massone, Davide Melandri, Federica Zamagni, Ines Zanna, Gianluca Pistore, Saverio Caini, Salvatore Amato, Vincenzo De Giorgi, Pietro Quaglino, Maria Antonietta Pizzichetta, Giovanni Luigi Tripepi, Giorgia Ravaglia and Sofia Spagnolini
Curr. Oncol. 2025, 32(9), 522; https://doi.org/10.3390/curroncol32090522 - 18 Sep 2025
Abstract
General practitioners play a crucial role in the early detection and prevention of cutaneous melanoma. However, structured training on skin cancer diagnosis and management is often lacking. This narrative review aims to map the current educational interventions for general practitioners focused on melanoma, [...] Read more.
General practitioners play a crucial role in the early detection and prevention of cutaneous melanoma. However, structured training on skin cancer diagnosis and management is often lacking. This narrative review aims to map the current educational interventions for general practitioners focused on melanoma, assess their methodological approaches and outcomes, and explore the contribution of e-learning and telemedicine in medical education. A comprehensive literature search identified 54 relevant studies published between 1 January 1995 and 31 December 2024. Data were extracted and categorized by topics covered, training methodology, interactivity, and clinical outcomes. Training programs varied widely in duration, delivery, and content. Interventions that integrated dermoscopy and interactive methodologies demonstrated improved diagnostic accuracy and clinical impact. E-learning, particularly asynchronous models, emerged as a flexible and effective modality, although few studies evaluated long-term retention or clinical practice changes. Educational programs tailored to general practitioners and enriched with dermoscopy and telemedicine tools show promise in improving melanoma detection and care. Structured, interactive, and blended/hybrid learning models should be prioritized to support effective primary and secondary prevention. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Melanoma: From Pathogenesis to Personalized Therapy)
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19 pages, 749 KB  
Article
Rutin Facilitates Dioxin Elimination and Attenuates Systemic Toxicity in a Wistar Rat Model
by Nguyen Tien Dat, Vu Duc Nam, Hoang Le Tuan Anh, Do Hoang Giang, Nguyen Thi Luyen, Hoang Dac Thang, Nguyen Minh Ha and Truong Ngoc Minh
Stresses 2025, 5(3), 59; https://doi.org/10.3390/stresses5030059 - 18 Sep 2025
Abstract
Dioxins are persistent organic pollutants with long biological half-lives and a high tendency for bioaccumulation, posing serious toxicological risks to humans and wildlife. This study investigates the modulatory role of rutin, a naturally occurring flavonoid, in promoting the excretion and reducing the systemic [...] Read more.
Dioxins are persistent organic pollutants with long biological half-lives and a high tendency for bioaccumulation, posing serious toxicological risks to humans and wildlife. This study investigates the modulatory role of rutin, a naturally occurring flavonoid, in promoting the excretion and reducing the systemic retention of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans in vivo. Wistar rats were exposed to a controlled dioxin mixture (10 µg/kg body weight) and administered rutin orally (0.02 g/kg) for 30 consecutive days. Biological samples including feces, urine, and serum were collected and analyzed via high-resolution gas chromatography coupled with high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRGC/HRMS). Rutin significantly enhanced the excretion of octachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (OCDD) by 30% in urine and 25% in feces, while reducing lipid-adjusted serum dioxin levels. Additionally, biochemical and hematological markers showed improved hepatic and renal function in the rutin-treated group. These findings suggest that rutin may facilitate dioxin detoxification through enhanced metabolic clearance and reduced tissue retention. The study contributes to understanding natural detoxification mechanisms and supports future research into bioactive compounds for mitigating environmental toxicant exposure. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Animal and Human Stresses)
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29 pages, 1276 KB  
Article
Online Media Bias and Political Participation in EU Member States; Cross-National Perspectives
by Silviu Grecu, Bogdan Constantin Mihailescu and Simona Vranceanu
Journal. Media 2025, 6(3), 155; https://doi.org/10.3390/journalmedia6030155 - 18 Sep 2025
Abstract
This study aims to evaluate the complex relationship between online media consumption, the quality of the digital landscape, and participatory democracy in EU member states. The research is focused on a long-term statistical series from 2000 to 2024. It evaluates the temporal dynamics [...] Read more.
This study aims to evaluate the complex relationship between online media consumption, the quality of the digital landscape, and participatory democracy in EU member states. The research is focused on a long-term statistical series from 2000 to 2024. It evaluates the temporal dynamics and structural shifts in media consumption and democratic participation across EU member states. The paper evaluates the influence of social media usage, online media consumption, traditional media, and online media partisanship on different levels of democratic participation based on theoretical frameworks of liberal and deliberative democracy and networked political communication. The results show that the use of social media for offline political networks is positively associated with democratic participation across all quantiles. In contrast, online media consumption has a more pronounced impact among already active citizens. Online media bias is negatively correlated with participatory democracy, especially at high levels, suggesting that media partisanship could inhibit or demotivate civic participation. Traditional media, when consumed critically, remains an important vector of democratic engagement, especially for active citizens. The results exhibit the ambivalent role played by online media, which might stimulate or constrain democratic participation by the level of partisanship. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Emerging Technologies in Communication: Best Practices and Theoretical Frameworks for Professional Success)
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26 pages, 699 KB  
Article
Integrating Generative Artificial Intelligence in Clinical Dentistry: Enhancing Diagnosis, Treatment Planning, and Procedural Precision Through Advanced Knowledge Representation and Reasoning
by Hossam Dawa, Arthur Rodriguez Gonzalez Cortes, Carlos Ribeiro, José Neves and Henrique Vicente
Digital 2025, 5(3), 44; https://doi.org/10.3390/digital5030044 - 18 Sep 2025
Abstract
Generative artificial intelligence (GAI) is poised to transform clinical dentistry by enhancing diagnostic accuracy, personalizing treatment planning, and improving procedural precision. This study integrates logic programming and entropy within knowledge representation and reasoning to generate hypotheses, quantify uncertainty, and support clinical decisions. A [...] Read more.
Generative artificial intelligence (GAI) is poised to transform clinical dentistry by enhancing diagnostic accuracy, personalizing treatment planning, and improving procedural precision. This study integrates logic programming and entropy within knowledge representation and reasoning to generate hypotheses, quantify uncertainty, and support clinical decisions. A six-month longitudinal questionnaire was administered to 127 dentists, of whom 119 provided valid responses across four dimensions: current use and knowledge (CUKD), potential applications (PAD), future perspectives (FPD), and challenges and barriers (CBD). Responses, analyzed with both classical statistics and entropy-based measures, revealed significant differences among dimensions (p < 0.01, η2 = 0.14). CUKD, PAD, and FPD all increased steadily over time (baseline means 2.32, 3.06, and 3.27; rising to 3.75, 4.51, and 4.71, respectively), while CBD remained more variable (1.87–3.87). The overall entropic state declined from 0.43 to 0.31 (p = 0.018), reflecting reduced uncertainty. Statistical and entropy-derived trends converged, suggesting growing professional clarity and cautious acceptance of GAI. These findings indicate that, despite persistent concerns, GAI holds promise for advancing adaptive and evidence-driven dental practice. Full article
17 pages, 1811 KB  
Article
Investigating Small-Scale DER Impact on Fault Currents and Overcurrent Protection Coordination in Distribution Feeders Under Brazilian Technical Standards
by Murillo Cobe Vargas, Mariana Altoé Mendes, Oureste Elias Batista and Yongheng Yang
Electricity 2025, 6(3), 54; https://doi.org/10.3390/electricity6030054 - 18 Sep 2025
Abstract
This paper investigates the impacts of small-scale distributed energy resources (DERs) on fault currents and overcurrent protection (OCP) coordination in distribution feeders, considering the Brazilian regulatory framework. Changes in fault current levels and OCP coordination are analyzed by focusing on the relationships between [...] Read more.
This paper investigates the impacts of small-scale distributed energy resources (DERs) on fault currents and overcurrent protection (OCP) coordination in distribution feeders, considering the Brazilian regulatory framework. Changes in fault current levels and OCP coordination are analyzed by focusing on the relationships between DER location, output power, and OCP positioning. Simulations were conducted in Simulink/MATLAB using the IEEE 13-Node Distribution Test Feeder as a case study, considering various DER integration scenarios. The DER model adheres to the Brazilian standard NBR 16149:2013, which governs fault current injection and voltage ride-through behavior. The results indicate that DER integration can disrupt OCP coordination and significantly affect fault current levels, despite their relatively small current contributions during faults. In one scenario, OCP coordination was lost, while in others, coordination time intervals decreased. The findings show that DER location has a minimal influence on fault current changes, whereas output power plays a more critical role. Faults occurring farther from the substation cause greater current variation in installed relays, with deviations nearing ±10%. Additionally, reverse fault currents through relays are identified as a key concern for protection engineers. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Operation, Optimization and Control of Smart Grids: 2nd Edition)
25 pages, 2165 KB  
Review
Unified Case Study Analysis of Techno-Economic Tools to Study the Viability of Off-Grid Hydrogen Production Plants
by Leonardo Fernandes, Francisco Machado, Lucas Marcon and André Fonseca
Hydrogen 2025, 6(3), 72; https://doi.org/10.3390/hydrogen6030072 - 18 Sep 2025
Abstract
The increasing interest in off-grid green hydrogen production has elevated the importance of reliable techno-economic assessment (TEA) tools to support investment and planning decisions. However, limited operational data and inconsistent modeling approaches across existing tools introduce significant uncertainty in cost estimations. This study [...] Read more.
The increasing interest in off-grid green hydrogen production has elevated the importance of reliable techno-economic assessment (TEA) tools to support investment and planning decisions. However, limited operational data and inconsistent modeling approaches across existing tools introduce significant uncertainty in cost estimations. This study presents a comprehensive review and comparative analysis of seven TEA tools—ranging from simplified calculators to advanced hourly based simulation platforms—used to estimate the Levelized Cost of Hydrogen (LCOH) in off-grid Hydrogen Production Plants (HPPs). A standardized simulation framework was developed to input consistent technical, economic, and financial parameters across all tools, allowing for a horizontal comparison. Results revealed a substantial spread in LCOH values, from EUR 5.86/kg to EUR 8.71/kg, representing a 49% variation. This discrepancy is attributed to differences in modeling depth, treatment of critical parameters (e.g., electrolyzer efficiency, capacity factor, storage, and inflation), and the tools’ temporal resolution. Tools that included higher input granularity, hourly data, and broader system components tended to produce more conservative (higher) LCOH values, highlighting the cost impact of increased modeling realism. Additionally, the total project cost—more than hydrogen output—was identified as the key driver of LCOH variability across tools. This study provides the first multi-tool horizontal testing protocol, a methodological benchmark for evaluating TEA tools and underscores the need for harmonized input structures and transparent modeling assumptions. These findings support the development of more consistent and reliable economic evaluations for off-grid green hydrogen projects, especially as the sector moves toward commercial scale-up and policy integration. Full article
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12 pages, 245 KB  
Review
Diabetes and Sarcopenia: Unraveling the Metabolic Crossroads of Muscle Loss and Glycemic Dysregulation
by Jose Jorge Ortez Toro
Endocrines 2025, 6(3), 47; https://doi.org/10.3390/endocrines6030047 - 18 Sep 2025
Abstract
The intersection of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and sarcopenia, often termed diabetic sarcopenia, represents a critical yet underrecognized comorbidity that significantly impacts the quality of life and functional capacity of older adults. This paper explores the complex interplay between T2DM and sarcopenia, [...] Read more.
The intersection of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and sarcopenia, often termed diabetic sarcopenia, represents a critical yet underrecognized comorbidity that significantly impacts the quality of life and functional capacity of older adults. This paper explores the complex interplay between T2DM and sarcopenia, focusing on the prevalence, risk factors, and underlying mechanisms driving muscle mass and strength decline in this population. Drawing from recent clinical studies, we highlight a prevalence of sarcopenia ranging from 15.36% to 30.2% among elderly T2DM patients, with notable gender disparities (41.3% in men versus 20.1% in women) and regional variations. Key risk factors identified include poor glycemic control (HbA1c ≥8%), longer diabetes duration (>5 years), low body mass index (BMI), and reduced levels of 25-hydroxyvitamin D and insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1). We also recommend a practical screening algorithm for diabetic sarcopenia, integrating tools like the SARC-F questionnaire, dynamometry, and BMI-adjusted calf circumference to facilitate early diagnosis and staging in clinical settings. The review underscores the need for a multidisciplinary approach—encompassing pharmacological optimization, nutritional interventions with high-protein diets, and tailored physical exercise—to mitigate muscle loss and improve metabolic outcomes. Future research directions should focus on validating diagnostic protocols and diagnosis techniques and further exploring specific therapies to effectively address this dual burden. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Obesity, Diabetes Mellitus and Metabolic Syndrome)
11 pages, 2050 KB  
Article
Simultaneous Screening of Multiple Persistent Organic Pollutant Contamination via Excitation–Emission Matrix and Image Recognition Artificial Intelligence
by Mayuko Yagishita, Shogo Sakita, Satoshi Nakai, Kazuyuki Nishimura and Wataru Nishijima
Pollutants 2025, 5(3), 31; https://doi.org/10.3390/pollutants5030031 - 18 Sep 2025
Abstract
The aim of this study was to devise a methodology for the on-site evaluation of the potential presence of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in incoming waste materials. A novel approach to POP screening was developed, integrating an excitation–emission matrix method, which facilitates facile [...] Read more.
The aim of this study was to devise a methodology for the on-site evaluation of the potential presence of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in incoming waste materials. A novel approach to POP screening was developed, integrating an excitation–emission matrix method, which facilitates facile and comprehensive measurement, with machine learning of the resulting spectral images. With this approach, it is possible to determine the presence or absence of POPs with very high accuracy for screening, with a correct response rate of ≥75% and a specificity ≥80%. Assuming that this method is applied to actual delivery, we estimate that it is possible to obtain a discrimination result in about 10 min after sample removal. Full article
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25 pages, 954 KB  
Review
A Systematic Mapping of Emission Control Areas (ECAs) and Particularly Sensitive Sea Areas in Maritime Environmental Governance
by Deniece Melissa Aiken and Ulla Pirita Tapaninen
Oceans 2025, 6(3), 60; https://doi.org/10.3390/oceans6030060 - 18 Sep 2025
Abstract
Climate change has exacerbated the need for transitional shifts within high-impact sectors, notably maritime transport, which facilitates nearly 90% of global trade. In response, the International Maritime Organization (IMO) has implemented stricter environmental regulations under MARPOL Annex VI, which includes, among other things, [...] Read more.
Climate change has exacerbated the need for transitional shifts within high-impact sectors, notably maritime transport, which facilitates nearly 90% of global trade. In response, the International Maritime Organization (IMO) has implemented stricter environmental regulations under MARPOL Annex VI, which includes, among other things, the designation of Emission Control Areas (ECAs) and Particularly Sensitive Sea Areas (PSSAs). These regulatory instruments have prompted the uptake of new technologies, such as scrubbers, LNG propulsion, and low-sulfur fuels to mitigate emissions in these zones. However, emerging evidence has raised environmental concerns about these solutions which may offset their intended climate benefits. This study investigates the hypothesis that ECAs and PSSAs act as catalysts for maritime environmental advancements through a systematic mapping of 76 peer-reviewed articles. Drawing on data from Scopus and Web of Science, the study analyzes trends in technological advances, publication timelines, geographic research distribution, and the increasing role of decision-support tools for regulatory compliance. Findings show increased academic outputs particularly in China, North America, and Europe, and suggest that achieving effective emissions reduction requires globally harmonized policies, bridging research practice gaps, and targeted financial support to ensure sustainable outcomes throughout the sector. The study suggests that for ECAs and PSSAs to deliver truly sustainable outcomes, global regulation must be supported by empirical performance assessments, environmental safeguards for compliance technologies, and targeted support for developing maritime regions. Full article
27 pages, 12560 KB  
Article
Application of Hybrid-Electric Propulsion to `Large-Cabin’ Business Aircraft
by Ambar Sarup
World Electr. Veh. J. 2025, 16(9), 530; https://doi.org/10.3390/wevj16090530 - 18 Sep 2025
Abstract
This paper aims to fill a critical cap in hybrid-electric propulsion (HEP) research by investigating the feasibility of its application on a `large-cabin’ business aircraft by 2040, for which key requirements are a long range of at least 6297 km (3400 nmi), and [...] Read more.
This paper aims to fill a critical cap in hybrid-electric propulsion (HEP) research by investigating the feasibility of its application on a `large-cabin’ business aircraft by 2040, for which key requirements are a long range of at least 6297 km (3400 nmi), and a cruise speed of Mach 0.85. Based upon a representative baseline `large-cabin’ aircraft, a time-stepping simulation for the distinct phases of an NBAA mission, consisting of takeoff, climb, cruise, landing, and a reserve segment is developed for turbofan, series, and parallel architectures. The simulation enables analysis of range, specific air range, battery weight, battery volume, and energy consumption for various degrees of hybridization and battery specific energy densities. The results find that while both series and parallel architectures are able to meet the requisite range targets, the parallel architecture is better suited as the overall drivetrain weight is lower. The parallel HEP architecture enables the aircraft to fly a maximum distance of 7082 km (3824 nmi), with a 5% energy hybridization. Over a typical 5556 km (3000 nmi) mission this equates to fuel savings of 847 kg compared to a turbofan. The HEP `large-cabin’ aircraft is viable provided battery technology reaches a specific energy density of at least 800 Wh/kg. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Electric and Hybrid Electric Aircraft Propulsion Systems)
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