MDPI - Publisher of Open Access Journals

19 pages, 1561 KB

Open AccessArticle

Integrating Genomics and Deep Phenotyping for Diagnosing Rare Pediatric Neurological Diseases: Potential for Sustainable Healthcare in Resource-Limited Settings

by Nigara Yerkhojayeva, Nazira Zharkinbekova, Sovet Azhayev, Ainash Oshibayeva, Gulnaz Nuskabayeva and Rauan Kaiyrzhanov

Int. J. Transl. Med. 2025, 5(4), 47; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijtm5040047 (registering DOI) - 4 Oct 2025

Abstract

Background: Rare pediatric neurological diseases (RPND) often remain undiagnosed for years, creating prolonged and costly diagnostic odysseys. Combining Human Phenotype Ontology (HPO)-based deep phenotyping with exome sequencing (ES) and reverse phenotyping offers the potential to improve diagnostic yield, accelerate diagnosis, and support sustainable [...] Read more.

Background: Rare pediatric neurological diseases (RPND) often remain undiagnosed for years, creating prolonged and costly diagnostic odysseys. Combining Human Phenotype Ontology (HPO)-based deep phenotyping with exome sequencing (ES) and reverse phenotyping offers the potential to improve diagnostic yield, accelerate diagnosis, and support sustainable healthcare in resource-limited settings. Objectives: To evaluate the diagnostic yield and clinical impact of an integrated approach combining deep phenotyping, ES, and reverse phenotyping in children with suspected RPNDs. Methods: In this multicenter observational study, eighty-one children from eleven hospitals in South Kazakhstan were recruited via the Central Asian and Transcaucasian Rare Pediatric Neurological Diseases Consortium. All patients underwent standardized HPO-based phenotyping and ES, with variant interpretation following ACMG guidelines. Reverse phenotyping and interdisciplinary discussions were used to refine clinical interpretation. Results: A molecular diagnosis was established in 34 of 81 patients (42%) based on pathogenic or likely pathogenic variants. Variants of uncertain significance (VUS) were identified in an additional 9 patients (11%), but were reported separately and not included in the diagnostic yield. Reverse phenotyping clarified or expanded clinical features in one-third of genetically diagnosed cases and provided supportive evidence in most VUS cases, although their classification remained unchanged. Conclusions: Integrating deep phenotyping, ES, and reverse phenotyping substantially improved diagnostic outcomes and shortened the diagnostic odyssey. This model reduces unnecessary procedures, minimizes delays, and provides a scalable framework for advancing equitable access to genomic diagnostics in resource-constrained healthcare systems. Full article

► Show Figures

Figure 1

14 pages, 1256 KB

Open AccessArticle

Effects of Vitamin D₃ and 25(OH)D₃ Supplementation on Growth Performance, Bone Parameters and Gut Microbiota of Broiler Chickens

by Rakchanok Phutthaphol, Chaiyapoom Bunchasak, Wiriya Loongyai and Choawit Rakangthong

Animals 2025, 15(19), 2900; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15192900 (registering DOI) - 4 Oct 2025

Abstract

Broiler chickens are commonly reared in closed housing systems with limited exposure to sunlight, thereby relying entirely on dietary sources of vitamin D. The hydroxylated metabolite 25-hydroxycholecalciferol [25(OH)D₃] has been proposed as a more potent form than native vitamin D₃ [...] Read more.

Broiler chickens are commonly reared in closed housing systems with limited exposure to sunlight, thereby relying entirely on dietary sources of vitamin D. The hydroxylated metabolite 25-hydroxycholecalciferol [25(OH)D₃] has been proposed as a more potent form than native vitamin D₃ (cholecalciferol). This study evaluated the effects of dietary supplementation with vitamin D₃ alone or in combination with 25(OH)D₃ on growth performance, bone characteristics, and cecal microbiota in Ross 308 broilers. A total of 952 one-day-old male chicks were allocated to four treatments: a negative control (no vitamin D₃), a positive control (vitamin D₃ according to Ross 308 specifications), and a positive control supplemented with 25(OH)D₃ at 1394 or 2788 IU/kg, in a randomized design with 17 replicates per treatment and 14 birds per replicate. Over a 40-day feeding trial, diets containing vitamin D₃ (positive control) or supplemented with 25(OH)D₃ significantly improved final body weight, weight gain, average daily gain, and feed conversion ratio compared with the negative control (p < 0.01), with no significant differences among the positive control and 25(OH)D₃-supplemented groups, with a clear linear dose-dependent response. Although tibia ash and bone-breaking strength were not significantly affected, linear responses indicated a slight numerical trend toward improved skeletal mineralization with increasing 25(OH)D₃. Microbiota analysis indicated that 25(OH)D₃ affected cecal microbial ecology: low-dose inclusion showed reduced species richness and evenness, whereas high-dose inclusion restored richness to levels comparable to the positive control and enriched taxa associated with fiber fermentation and bile acid metabolism while reducing Lactobacillus dominance. In conclusion, supplementation with 25(OH)D₃ in addition to vitamin D₃ enhanced growth performance and selectively shaped the cecal microbiota of broilers, with suggestive benefits for bone mineralization. These findings highlight 25(OH)D₃ as a more potent source of vitamin D than cholecalciferol alone and support its practical use in modern broiler nutrition to improve efficiency, skeletal health, and microbial balance. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Poultry)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

8 pages, 226 KB

Open AccessBrief Report

Influenza-Associated Benign Acute Childhood Myositis During the 2024–2025 Season: A Retrospective Multicenter Study

by Chrysoula Kosmeri, Margarita Efthalia Papasavva, Afroditi Kyrkou, Vasiliki Gketsi, Ekaterini Siomou, Fani Ladomenou and Alexandros Makis

Children 2025, 12(10), 1333; https://doi.org/10.3390/children12101333 (registering DOI) - 4 Oct 2025

Abstract

Background: The aim of this study was to describe the clinical and laboratory characteristics of hospitalized pediatric influenza cases during the 2024–2025 season in Northwestern Greece, with a focus on influenza-associated benign acute childhood myositis (BACM). Methods: We conducted a retrospective [...] Read more.

Background: The aim of this study was to describe the clinical and laboratory characteristics of hospitalized pediatric influenza cases during the 2024–2025 season in Northwestern Greece, with a focus on influenza-associated benign acute childhood myositis (BACM). Methods: We conducted a retrospective observational study of children aged 0–16 years hospitalized with laboratory-confirmed influenza between October 2024 and May 2025 at two pediatric departments. BACM was diagnosed based on calf pain, difficulty walking, elevated creatine kinase (CK), and symptom resolution without other causes. Results: A total of 113 children (mean age 7.0 ± 4.2 years; 50.4% male) were included; 61.1% had influenza A and 38.9% influenza B. None had received influenza vaccination. BACM was identified in 37 children (32.7%), who were significantly older than patients without myositis (9.3 ± 2.7 vs. 6.0 ± 4.5 years, p < 0.001). Influenza B was strongly associated with BACM (70.3% vs. 29.7%, χ²(1) = 22.7, p < 0.001, Cramer’s V = 0.448). Median CK in BACM cases was 2637 IU/L (range: 189–129,390 IU/L); all had preserved renal function. One patient with congenital myopathy developed rhabdomyolysis (peak CK 130,000 IU/L) but had a full recovery. All patients received oseltamivir and supportive care; no intensive care admissions or deaths occurred. Conclusions: In our hospitalized cohort, BACM was observed relatively frequently (32.7%), particularly in children with influenza B; however, this proportion reflects hospitalized cases and does not indicate the true incidence in the general pediatric population. Despite high CK levels, outcomes were favorable with supportive care. These findings underscore the importance of clinician awareness to avoid unnecessary investigations and hospitalizations. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Global Pediatric Health)

7 pages, 204 KB

Open AccessEditorial

Food Chemistry and Bioactive Compounds in Relation to Health

by Leontina Grigore-Gurgu, Elena Enachi and Iuliana Aprodu

Molecules 2025, 30(19), 3977; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules30193977 (registering DOI) - 4 Oct 2025

Abstract

Bioactive compounds present in food are essential factors in maintaining optimal health, through their ability to modulate physiological processes, reduce oxidative stress, and contribute to the prevention of chronic diseases related to aging [...] Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Food Chemistry and Bioactive Compounds in Relation to Health)

13 pages, 1556 KB

Open AccessArticle

Prediction of Plate End Debonding of FRP-Strengthened RC Beams Based on Explainable Machine Learning

by Sheng Zheng and Woubishet Zewdu Taffese

Buildings 2025, 15(19), 3576; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15193576 (registering DOI) - 4 Oct 2025

Abstract

This research explores the phenomenon of plate-end (PE) debonding in reinforced concrete (RC) beams strengthened with fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) composites. This type of failure represents a key mechanism that undermines the structural performance and efficiency of FRP reinforcement systems. Despite the widespread use [...] Read more.

This research explores the phenomenon of plate-end (PE) debonding in reinforced concrete (RC) beams strengthened with fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) composites. This type of failure represents a key mechanism that undermines the structural performance and efficiency of FRP reinforcement systems. Despite the widespread use of FRP in structural repair due to its high strength and corrosion resistance, PE debonding—often triggered by shear or inclined cracks—remains a major challenge. Traditional computational models for predicting PE debonding suffer from low accuracy due to the nonlinear relationship between influencing parameters. To address this, the research employs machine learning techniques and SHapley Additive exPlanations (SHAP), to develop more accurate and explainable predictive models. A comprehensive database is constructed using key parameters affecting PE debonding. Machine learning algorithms are trained and evaluated, and their performance is compared with existing normative models. The study also includes parameter importance and sensitivity analyses to enhance model interpretability and guide future design practices in FRP-based structural reinforcement. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue AI-Powered Structural Health Monitoring: Innovations and Applications)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

5 pages, 448 KB

Open AccessEditorial

Direct Femtosecond Laser Writing of Micro-Optical Components

by Alessandra Nardini, Rebeca Martínez Vázquez and Behjat Sadat Kariman

Micromachines 2025, 16(10), 1142; https://doi.org/10.3390/mi16101142 (registering DOI) - 4 Oct 2025

Abstract

Direct femtosecond laser writing (DLW), also known as two-photon polymerization (2PP), emerged as a true 3D micro/nano-structuring method in 1997 when Mauro and co-workers first demonstrated infrared femtosecond laser photopolymerization of a UV-curable resist [...] Full article

(This article belongs to the Section A1: Optical MEMS and Photonic Microsystems)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

12 pages, 3868 KB

Open AccessArticle

Dynamics of Fiber Bragg Grating Formation with Femtosecond Laser Radiation

by Oleg V. Butov, Dmitrii V. Przhiialkovskii, Eugeny D. Chubchev and Alexey B. Pnev

Sensors 2025, 25(19), 6138; https://doi.org/10.3390/s25196138 (registering DOI) - 4 Oct 2025

Abstract

This manuscript presents a study on the dynamics of fiber Bragg grating formation using femtosecond radiation in the point-by-point inscription regime. By employing a multi-pass inscription technique, the dynamics of the photoinduced formation of modified regions (strokes) were investigated through an analysis of [...] Read more.

This manuscript presents a study on the dynamics of fiber Bragg grating formation using femtosecond radiation in the point-by-point inscription regime. By employing a multi-pass inscription technique, the dynamics of the photoinduced formation of modified regions (strokes) were investigated through an analysis of the evolution of the Bragg grating’s parameters. The results demonstrate a decrease in the average effective refractive index during the grating inscription. This study highlights the complexity of the structural transformations induced in the optical fiber core material by femtosecond laser radiation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Optical Sensors)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

23 pages, 548 KB

Open AccessArticle

Symmetry- and Asymmetry-Aware Dual-Path Retrieval and In-Context Learning-Based LLM for Equipment Relation Extraction

by Mingfei Tang, Liang Zhang, Zhipeng Yu, Xiaolong Shi and Xiulei Liu

Symmetry 2025, 17(10), 1647; https://doi.org/10.3390/sym17101647 (registering DOI) - 4 Oct 2025

Abstract

Relation extraction in the equipment domain often exhibits asymmetric patterns, where entities participate in multiple overlapping relations that break the expected structural symmetry of semantic associations. Such asymmetry increases task complexity and reduces extraction accuracy in conventional approaches. To address this issue, we [...] Read more.

Relation extraction in the equipment domain often exhibits asymmetric patterns, where entities participate in multiple overlapping relations that break the expected structural symmetry of semantic associations. Such asymmetry increases task complexity and reduces extraction accuracy in conventional approaches. To address this issue, we propose a symmetry- and asymmetry-aware dual-path retrieval and in-context learning-based large language model. Specifically, the BGE-M3 embedding model is fine-tuned for domain-specific adaptation, and a multi-level retrieval database is constructed to capture both global semantic symmetry at the sentence level and local asymmetric interactions at the relation level. A dual-path retrieval strategy, combined with Reciprocal Rank Fusion, integrates these complementary perspectives, while task-specific prompt templates further enhance extraction accuracy. Experimental results demonstrate that our method not only mitigates the challenges posed by overlapping and asymmetric relations but also leverages the latent symmetry of semantic structures to improve performance. Experimental results show that our approach effectively mitigates challenges from overlapping and asymmetric relations while exploiting latent semantic symmetry, achieving an F1-score of 88.53%, a 1.86% improvement over the strongest baseline (GPT-RE). Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Symmetry and Its Applications in Computer Vision)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

19 pages, 8271 KB

Open AccessArticle

Asymmetric Structural Response Characteristics of Transmission Tower-Line Systems Under Cross-Fault Ground Motions Revealed by Shaking Table Tests

by Yu Wang, Xiaojun Li, Xiaohui Wang and Mianshui Rong

Symmetry 2025, 17(10), 1646; https://doi.org/10.3390/sym17101646 (registering DOI) - 4 Oct 2025

Abstract

The long-distance high-voltage transmission tower-line system, frequently traversing active fault zones, is vulnerable to severe symmetry-breaking damage during earthquakes due to asymmetric permanent ground displacements. However, the seismic performance of such systems, particularly concerning symmetry-breaking effects caused by asymmetric fault displacements, remains inadequately [...] Read more.

The long-distance high-voltage transmission tower-line system, frequently traversing active fault zones, is vulnerable to severe symmetry-breaking damage during earthquakes due to asymmetric permanent ground displacements. However, the seismic performance of such systems, particularly concerning symmetry-breaking effects caused by asymmetric fault displacements, remains inadequately studied. This study investigates the symmetry degradation mechanisms in a 1:40 scaled 500 kV tower-line system subjected to cross-fault ground motions via shaking table tests. The testing protocol incorporates representative fault mechanisms—strike-slip and normal/reverse faults—to systematically evaluate their differential impacts on symmetry response. Measurements of acceleration, strain, and displacement reveal that while acceleration responses are spectrally controlled, structural damage is highly fault-type dependent and markedly asymmetric. The acceleration of towers without permanent displacement was 35–50% lower than that of towers with permanent displacement. Under identical permanent displacement conditions, peak displacements caused by normal/reverse motions exceeded those from strike-slip motions by 50–100%. Accordingly, a fault-type-specific amplification factor of 1.5 is proposed for the design of towers in dip-slip fault zones. These results offer novel experimental insights into symmetry violation under fault ruptures, including fault-specific correction factors and asymmetry-resistant design strategies. However, the conclusions are subject to limitations such as scale effects and the exclusion of vertical ground motion components. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Engineering and Materials)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

19 pages, 819 KB

Open AccessReview

Fertility Preservation Strategies in Female Cancer Patients: Current Approaches and Future Directions

by Nicolae Gică, Ioana Vișoiu, Ioana-Catalina Mocanu, Ancuța Năstac, Romina Marina Sima, Anca Maria Panaitescu and Claudia Mehedințu

Medicina 2025, 61(10), 1794; https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina61101794 (registering DOI) - 4 Oct 2025

Abstract

Fertility-sparing treatments (FSTs) have gained importance for young female cancer patients, especially those with early-stage cervical, ovarian, and endometrial cancers. However, concerns about the long-term safety of these procedures, particularly in more advanced cancers, persist. A literature review was conducted using databases such [...] Read more.

Fertility-sparing treatments (FSTs) have gained importance for young female cancer patients, especially those with early-stage cervical, ovarian, and endometrial cancers. However, concerns about the long-term safety of these procedures, particularly in more advanced cancers, persist. A literature review was conducted using databases such as PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science. The search terms included “fertility preservation” and “gynaecological cancer”. Articles published between 2014 and 2024 were considered, with 39 articles cited in the paper. The inclusion criteria were female patients undergoing FST. Studies were excluded if prior treatments impacted fertility or if oncological outcomes were inadequately reported. Radical trachelectomy, laparoscopic fertility-sparing surgeries, and cryopreservation techniques, such as ovarian tissue vitrification and oocyte cryopreservation, offer viable options for preserving fertility in early-stage gynecological cancer patients. Radical trachelectomy and cryopreservation showed positive reproductive outcomes, with pregnancy rates of 30–50% in early-stage cases. GnRH analogs during chemotherapy also demonstrated benefits in maintaining fertility. Despite these advances, recurrence in more advanced stages (FIGO IA2 and beyond) remains a concern. Minimally invasive surgeries like robotic-assisted procedures demonstrated comparable fertility outcomes to traditional methods but with fewer complications. FST is a promising option for women with early-stage cancer, offering favorable reproductive and survival outcomes. However, further research is needed to confirm long-term oncological safety in advanced stages. Multidisciplinary approaches and individualized treatment planning are essential for optimizing outcomes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue From Conception to Birth: Embryonic Development and Disease)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

11 pages, 3165 KB

Open AccessArticle

Study of the Deformation by Compression of a Premolar with and Without Ceramic Restoration Using Speckle Optical Interferometry

by Erik Baradit, Jorge Gutiérrez, Miguel Yáñez, Claudio Sumonte and Cristhian Aguilera

Appl. Sci. 2025, 15(19), 10708; https://doi.org/10.3390/app151910708 (registering DOI) - 4 Oct 2025

Abstract

This work aimed to quantify axial deformations of a human premolar during occlusion with its antagonist and to compare them with the same premolar restored with a ceramic crown. The deformations were put under stress using a mechanical press with a force ranging [...] Read more.

This work aimed to quantify axial deformations of a human premolar during occlusion with its antagonist and to compare them with the same premolar restored with a ceramic crown. The deformations were put under stress using a mechanical press with a force ranging from 1 to 100 Newtons. These deformations were quantified using the optical interferometry technique with a laser source (633 nm, 0.95 mW). Using a CMOS camera, interference fringes were obtained, stored, and subsequently processed. The premolars were restored with Cerasmart GC ceramic, using the CAD-CAM system. The average deformations of healthy premolars were found to be in a range of 0.69 to 1.74 µm, while the restored ones were deformed in a range of 0.53 to 1.10 µm. The results of this work showed that the Cerasmart ceramic material had similar properties to those of the natural tooth for small forces. However, for higher forces, the ceramics increased the coronal stiffness of the tooth. This modified the optimal combination of stiffness, strength, and resilience between the enamel and dentin, causing a decrease in the tooth’s ability to dissipate energy; therefore, the tooth could receive more stress. The observed mechanical properties lead to the conclusion that the Cerasmart material can be indicated for the restoration of anterior and premolar teeth in most cases where a fixed prosthesis is required. Full article

► Show Figures

Figure 1

11 pages, 823 KB

Open AccessArticle

Closed-Form Solution Lagrange Multipliers in Worst-Case Performance Optimization Beamforming

by Tengda Pei and Bingnan Pei

Signals 2025, 6(4), 55; https://doi.org/10.3390/signals6040055 (registering DOI) - 4 Oct 2025

Abstract

This study presents a method for deriving closed-form solutions for Lagrange multipliers in worst-case performance optimization (WCPO) beamforming. By approximating the array-received signal autocorrelation matrix as a rank-1 Hermitian matrix using the low-rank approximation theory, analytical expressions for the Lagrange multipliers are derived. [...] Read more.

This study presents a method for deriving closed-form solutions for Lagrange multipliers in worst-case performance optimization (WCPO) beamforming. By approximating the array-received signal autocorrelation matrix as a rank-1 Hermitian matrix using the low-rank approximation theory, analytical expressions for the Lagrange multipliers are derived. The method was first developed for a single plane wave scenario and then generalized to multiplane wave cases with an autocorrelation matrix rank of N. Simulations demonstrate that the proposed Lagrange multiplier formula exhibits a performance comparable to that of the second-order cone programming (SOCP) method in terms of signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio (SINR) and direction-of-arrival (DOA) estimation accuracy, while offering a significant reduction in computational complexity. The proposed method requires three orders of magnitude less computation time than the SOCP and has a computational efficiency similar to that of the diagonal loading (DL) technique, outperforming DL in SINR and DOA estimations. Fourier amplitude spectrum analysis revealed that the beamforming filters obtained using the proposed method and the SOCP shared frequency distribution structures similar to the ideal optimal beamformer (MVDR), whereas the DL method exhibited distinct characteristics. The proposed analytical expressions for the Lagrange multipliers provide a valuable tool for implementing robust and real-time adaptive beamforming for practical applications. Full article

► Show Figures

Figure 1

13 pages, 1102 KB

Open AccessArticle

Children with Genetically Confirmed Hereditary Spastic Paraplegia: A Single-Center Experience

by Seyda Besen, Yasemin Özkale, Murat Özkale, Sevcan Tuğ Bozdoğan, Özlem Alkan, Serdar Ceylaner and İlknur Erol

Children 2025, 12(10), 1332; https://doi.org/10.3390/children12101332 (registering DOI) - 4 Oct 2025

Abstract

Objective: The classification of hereditary spastic paraplegia (HSP) is based on genetics, and the number of genetic loci continues to increase with new genetic descriptions. Additionally, the number of new variants in known mutations continues to increase. In this paper, we aim to [...] Read more.

Objective: The classification of hereditary spastic paraplegia (HSP) is based on genetics, and the number of genetic loci continues to increase with new genetic descriptions. Additionally, the number of new variants in known mutations continues to increase. In this paper, we aim to report our experience with genetically confirmed HSPs. Methods: We retrospectively evaluated 10 consecutive children with genetically confirmed HSPs. Results: In this study, we identified six novel mutations, including spastic paraplegia 11 (SPG11), glucosylceramidase beta 2 (GBA2), chromosome 19 open reading frame 12 (C19orf12), 1 in each of the Cytochrome P450 family 7 subfamily B member 1 (CYP7B1) genes, and two different mutations in the intropomyosin-receptor kinase fused gene (TFG) gene. We also identified different clinical phenotypes associated with known mutations. Conclusions: Heterozygous mutations with GBA2 and SPG11 mutation-related HSP are reported for the first time, expanding the known inheritance patterns. We report a novel homozygous chromosome 19 open reading frame 12 (C19orf12) mutation resulting in iron accumulation in the brain, broadening the genetic variants and clinical findings. We determine the first Turkish patients with carnitine palmitoyltransferase IC (CPT1C) and TFG gene mutation-related pure HSP. A pure form of HSP with two novel TFG gene mutations is also identified for the first time. We report the first Turkish patient with kinase D-interacting substrate of 220 kDa (KIDINS220) gene, broadening the clinical spectrum of KIDINS220 variant-related disorders to encompass certain HSPs. Moreover, a novel variant in the oxysterol7-hydroxylase (CYP7B1) gene is reported, expanding the genetic variants and clinical findings relating to SPG5. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Pediatric Neurology & Neurodevelopmental Disorders)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

15 pages, 518 KB

Open AccessReview

Inner Ear Dysfunction in Thyroid Disease: A Scoping Review

by Athena Eliana Arsie, Luca Sacchetto, Carlotta Muneretto, Matteo Seno, Enrico Apa, Elisabetta Genovese, Daniele Monzani and Silvia Palma

Medicina 2025, 61(10), 1793; https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina61101793 (registering DOI) - 4 Oct 2025

Abstract

Background and Objectives: Sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL) is influenced by various causes, including thyroid diseases. For example, hypothyroidism and thyroid autoimmunity can damage the inner ear through hormonal, immune, and vascular mechanisms. Vestibular disorders like Ménière’s disease (MD) and benign paroxysmal positional [...] Read more.

Background and Objectives: Sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL) is influenced by various causes, including thyroid diseases. For example, hypothyroidism and thyroid autoimmunity can damage the inner ear through hormonal, immune, and vascular mechanisms. Vestibular disorders like Ménière’s disease (MD) and benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV) also show possible associations with thyroid dysfunction. Materials and Methods: A review following PRISMA guidelines searched PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar for studies linking thyroid disorders with inner ear dysfunction. Results: Out of 985 screened records, 30 studies met inclusion criteria, involving various thyroid disorders, primarily hypothyroidism and autoimmune thyroiditis. Scientific evidence supports a correlation between hypothyroidism and hearing impairment. However, some studies also suggest a link between hyperthyroidism and inner ear disorders, particularly focusing on the role of autoimmunity in this context. Concerning vestibular dysfunction, the available studies are less abundant and support a significant association between thyroid disease and Meniere’s disease. Conclusions: There is a clear correlation between hypothyroidism and auditory function. A substantial body of literature also supports an association with vestibular disorders, although some discrepancies remain. Further research is needed to elucidate the underlying pathophysiological mechanisms (e.g., autoimmune, vascular, metabolic) involved with this correlation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Endocrinology)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

12 pages, 2665 KB

Open AccessArticle

Enhanced Transdermal Delivery via Electrospun PMMA Fiber Mats Incorporating Ibuprofen-Intercalated Layered Double Hydroxides

by Van Thi Thanh Tran, Shusei Yamashita, Hideaki Sano, Osamu Nakagoe, Shuji Tanabe and Kai Kamada

Ceramics 2025, 8(4), 124; https://doi.org/10.3390/ceramics8040124 (registering DOI) - 4 Oct 2025

Abstract

This study reports the development of electrospun poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) fiber mats incorporating ibuprofen (IBU)-intercalated layered double hydroxides (LDH) for enhanced transdermal drug delivery systems (TDDS). IBU, in its anionic form, was successfully intercalated into LDH, which possesses anion exchange capabilities, and subsequently [...] Read more.

This study reports the development of electrospun poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) fiber mats incorporating ibuprofen (IBU)-intercalated layered double hydroxides (LDH) for enhanced transdermal drug delivery systems (TDDS). IBU, in its anionic form, was successfully intercalated into LDH, which possesses anion exchange capabilities, and subsequently embedded into PMMA fibers via electrospinning. In vitro drug release experiments demonstrated that UPMMA–LDH–IBU fibers exhibited significantly higher IBU release than PMMA–IBU controls. This enhancement was attributed to the improved hydrophilicity and water absorption imparted by the LDH, as confirmed by contact angle and water uptake measurements. Furthermore, artificial skin permeation tests revealed that the UPMMA–LDH–IBU fibers maintained comparable release rates to those observed during buffer immersion, indicating that the rate-limiting step was the diffusion of IBU within the fiber matrix rather than the interface with the skin or buffer. These findings highlight the critical role of LDH in modulating drug release behavior and suggest that UPMMA–LDH–IBU electrospun fiber mats offer a promising and efficient platform for advanced TDDS applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Ceramics Containing Active Molecules for Biomedical Applications)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

10 pages, 741 KB

Open AccessArticle

Lack of Association Between Glucose Homeostasis and Immune Checkpoint Inhibitor Outcomes: A Retrospective Institutional Review

by Joy Justice, Hannah Burnette, Rebecca Irlmeier, Fei Ye and Douglas B. Johnson

Cancers 2025, 17(19), 3230; https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers17193230 (registering DOI) - 4 Oct 2025

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have revolutionized outcomes for patients with melanoma. As such, it is important to understand factors that may influence response as well as toxicity to these therapies. Impaired glucose control is often a sign of pathologic inflammation and may [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have revolutionized outcomes for patients with melanoma. As such, it is important to understand factors that may influence response as well as toxicity to these therapies. Impaired glucose control is often a sign of pathologic inflammation and may alter immune system regulation, but it is unclear whether glucose control impacts patients with melanoma on ICIs. Methods: After reviewing patients with melanoma treated with ICIs at our institution between 2014 and 2024, we assessed whether longitudinal glucose control is associated with patient outcomes (response, progression-free survival, overall survival, and treatment toxicity) during ICI therapy. Results: There was no significant difference in baseline glucose values between responders and non-responders (102.5 vs. 106.0, p = 0.093). Having a baseline glucose over 200 or any glucose over 200 was not significantly associated with response (p = 0.79, p = 0.20), progression-free survival (p = 0.64, p = 0.45), overall survival (p = 0.56, p = 0.36), or toxicity (p = 0.29, p = 0.11). Although a diagnosis of diabetes mellitus was not significantly associated with response (p = 0.84), progression-free survival (p = 0.12), or toxicity (p = 0.11), it was associated with improved overall survival (p = 0.0034) in the small number of patients with diabetes. Conclusions: Overall, we observed that glucose control was not strongly associated with efficacy or toxicity in patients treated with ICIs. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Cancer Immunology and Immunotherapy)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

13 pages, 2439 KB

Open AccessArticle

2-Hydroxymelatonin Induces Husk-Imposed Vivipary in the Transgenic Rice Overexpressing Melatonin 2-Hydroxylase

by Kyungjin Lee and Kyoungwhan Back

Biomolecules 2025, 15(10), 1412; https://doi.org/10.3390/biom15101412 (registering DOI) - 4 Oct 2025

Abstract

Pre-harvest sprouting (PHS) reduces the quality and quantity of crop seeds. PHS can be imposed through the embryo or husk pathway of cereal crops. Most reported PHS seeds are imposed via the embryo pathway. Here, we generated transgenic rice plants overexpressing rice melatonin [...] Read more.

Pre-harvest sprouting (PHS) reduces the quality and quantity of crop seeds. PHS can be imposed through the embryo or husk pathway of cereal crops. Most reported PHS seeds are imposed via the embryo pathway. Here, we generated transgenic rice plants overexpressing rice melatonin 2-hydroxylase (OsM2H), which catalyzes the hydroxylation of melatonin to 2-hydroxymelatonin (2-OHM). OsM2H overexpression (M2H-OE) showed PHS under paddy conditions. Germination assays revealed that intact seeds harvested at 26 and 36 days after heading (DAH) showed PHS, whereas dehusked seeds did not, indicating husk-imposed PHS. Overproduction of 2-OHM was observed in M2H-OE seeds compared to wild-type control. In addition, M2H-OE lines produced more hydrogen peroxide than the wild-type. 2-OHM-induced reactive oxygen species resulted in the induction of OsGA3ox2, a gibberellin (GA) biosynthesis gene, and repression of OsGA2ox3, a GA degradation gene, in caryopses at 2 DAH, but in the induction of the ABA degradation gene OsABA8ox3 in intact seeds at 26 DAH. In addition, M2H-OE seedlings were longer and showed increased levels of hydrogen peroxide and OsGA3ox2 expression versus the wild-type. This is the first report showing that 2-OHM can induce PHS via the husk pathway in rice seeds through the induction of GA biosynthetic and ABA degradation genes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Insights into Hormonal Control of Plant Growth and Development)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

21 pages, 3489 KB

Open AccessArticle

GA-YOLOv11: A Lightweight Subway Foreign Object Detection Model Based on Improved YOLOv11

by Ning Guo, Min Huang and Wensheng Wang

Sensors 2025, 25(19), 6137; https://doi.org/10.3390/s25196137 (registering DOI) - 4 Oct 2025

Abstract

Modern subway platforms are generally equipped with platform screen door systems to enhance safety, but the gap between the platform screen doors and train doors may cause passengers or objects to become trapped, leading to accidents. Addressing the issues of excessive parameter counts [...] Read more.

Modern subway platforms are generally equipped with platform screen door systems to enhance safety, but the gap between the platform screen doors and train doors may cause passengers or objects to become trapped, leading to accidents. Addressing the issues of excessive parameter counts and computational complexity in existing foreign object intrusion detection algorithms, as well as false positives and false negatives for small objects, this article introduces a lightweight deep learning model based on YOLOv11n, named GA-YOLOv11. First, a lightweight GhostConv convolution module is introduced into the backbone network to reduce computational resource waste in irrelevant areas, thereby lowering model complexity and computational load. Additionally, the GAM attention mechanism is incorporated into the head network to enhance the model’s ability to distinguish features, enabling precise identification of object location and category, and significantly reducing the probability of false positives and false negatives. Experimental results demonstrate that in comparison to the original YOLOv11n model, the improved model achieves 3.3%, 3.2%, 1.2%, and 3.5% improvements in precision, recall, mAP@0.5, and mAP@0.5: 0.95, respectively. In contrast to the original YOLOv11n model, the number of parameters and GFLOPs were reduced by 18% and 7.9%, respectfully, while maintaining the same model size. The improved model is more lightweight while ensuring real-time performance and accuracy, designed for detecting foreign objects in subway platform gaps. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Image Processing and Analysis for Object Detection: 3rd Edition)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

10 pages, 5358 KB

Open AccessArticle

Microstructural Evolution of Cold-Rolled Type 347H Austenitic Heat-Resistant Steel

by Yanmo Li, Xiangqian Liu, Minghui Zhang, Qiulong Li, Long Niu, Zhihua Wang, Zhe Xu, Wei Wang, Peiyue Li, Bin Chen, Chenxi Liu and Zhihua Sun

Coatings 2025, 15(10), 1157; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings15101157 (registering DOI) - 4 Oct 2025

Abstract

The influence of cold rolling deformation degree (15%, 30%, 45%, 60%, 75%, and 90%) on the microstructural evolution and the mechanical properties of type 347H austenitic heat-resistant steel was investigated using optical microscopy, X-ray diffraction, magnetic hysteresis loop measurement, transmission electron microscopy, and [...] Read more.

The influence of cold rolling deformation degree (15%, 30%, 45%, 60%, 75%, and 90%) on the microstructural evolution and the mechanical properties of type 347H austenitic heat-resistant steel was investigated using optical microscopy, X-ray diffraction, magnetic hysteresis loop measurement, transmission electron microscopy, and a hardness test. Two types of martensite formed in the deformed specimens, as thin ε-martensite in the cold-rolled steels when the deformation degree was less than 60%, and α′-martensite in the heavily cold-rolled steels when the deformation degree ranged from 60% to 90%. Furthermore, the amount of α′-martensite increases rapidly with the increase in the cold rolling deformation degree. Hence, 60% is considered as the critical point of cold rolling reduction for the formation of α′-martensite. If the specimen experienced a cold rolling reduction of 90%, ε-martensite was hardly observed, while the volume faction of the α′-martensite amounts to 25%. It is verified by the TEM observations that the α′-martensite is transformed from the austenitic matrix as well as the preformed ε-martensite. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Surface Characterization, Deposition and Modification)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

16 pages, 2720 KB

Open AccessArticle

Shale Oil T₂ Spectrum Inversion Method Based on Autoencoder and Fourier Transform

by Jun Zhao, Shixiang Jiao, Li Bai, Bing Xie, Yan Chen, Zhenguan Wu and Shaomin Zhang

Geosciences 2025, 15(10), 387; https://doi.org/10.3390/geosciences15100387 (registering DOI) - 4 Oct 2025

Abstract

Accurate inversion of the T₂ spectrum of shale oil reservoir fluids is crucial for reservoir evaluation. However, traditional nuclear magnetic resonance inversion methods face challenges in extracting features from multi-exponential decay signals. This study proposed an inversion method that combines autoencoder (AE) [...] Read more.

Accurate inversion of the T₂ spectrum of shale oil reservoir fluids is crucial for reservoir evaluation. However, traditional nuclear magnetic resonance inversion methods face challenges in extracting features from multi-exponential decay signals. This study proposed an inversion method that combines autoencoder (AE) and Fourier transform, aiming to enhance the accuracy and stability of T₂ spectrum estimation for shale oil reservoirs. The autoencoder is employed to automatically extract deep features from the echo train, while the Fourier transform is used to enhance frequency domain features of multi-exponential decay information. Furthermore, this paper designs a customized weighted loss function based on a self-attention mechanism to focus the model’s learning capability on peak regions, thereby mitigating the negative impact of zero-value regions on model training. Experimental results demonstrate significant improvements in inversion accuracy, noise resistance, and computational efficiency compared to traditional inversion methods. This research provides an efficient and reliable new approach for precise evaluation of the T₂ spectrum in shale oil reservoirs. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Geophysics)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

22 pages, 2031 KB

Open AccessReview

Compressive Sensing for Multimodal Biomedical Signal: A Systematic Mapping and Literature Review

by Anggunmeka Luhur Prasasti, Achmad Rizal, Bayu Erfianto and Said Ziani

Signals 2025, 6(4), 54; https://doi.org/10.3390/signals6040054 (registering DOI) - 4 Oct 2025

Abstract

This study investigated the transformative potential of Compressive Sensing (CS) for optimizing multimodal biomedical signal fusion in Wireless Body Sensor Networks (WBSN), specifically targeting challenges in data storage, power consumption, and transmission bandwidth. Through a Systematic Mapping Study (SMS) and Systematic Literature Review [...] Read more.

This study investigated the transformative potential of Compressive Sensing (CS) for optimizing multimodal biomedical signal fusion in Wireless Body Sensor Networks (WBSN), specifically targeting challenges in data storage, power consumption, and transmission bandwidth. Through a Systematic Mapping Study (SMS) and Systematic Literature Review (SLR) following the PRISMA protocol, significant advancements in adaptive CS algorithms and multimodal fusion have been achieved. However, this research also identified crucial gaps in computational efficiency, hardware scalability (particularly concerning the complex and often costly adaptive sensing hardware required for dynamic CS applications), and noise robustness for one-dimensional biomedical signals (e.g., ECG, EEG, PPG, and SCG). The findings strongly emphasize the potential of integrating CS with deep reinforcement learning and edge computing to develop energy-efficient, real-time healthcare monitoring systems, paving the way for future innovations in Internet of Medical Things (IoMT) applications. Full article

► Show Figures

Figure 1

15 pages, 1917 KB

Open AccessArticle

Test–Retest Reliability of Ankle Mobility, Balance, and Jump Tests in Amateur Trail Running Athletes

by Alberto Dominguez-Muñoz, José Carmelo Adsuar, Santos Villafaina, Juan Luis Leon-Llamas and Francisco Javier Dominguez-Muñoz

Sports 2025, 13(10), 352; https://doi.org/10.3390/sports13100352 (registering DOI) - 4 Oct 2025

Abstract

This study aimed to test the reliability of seven functional performance tests in amateur trail runners, including ankle mobility, balance, hopping, and countermovement jump (CMJ) tests. The sample consisted of 35 runners who were evaluated in two sessions separated by 7 to 14 [...] Read more.

This study aimed to test the reliability of seven functional performance tests in amateur trail runners, including ankle mobility, balance, hopping, and countermovement jump (CMJ) tests. The sample consisted of 35 runners who were evaluated in two sessions separated by 7 to 14 days, which varied due to participants’ scheduling constraints. Relative reliability was assessed using the Intraclass Correlation Coefficient (ICC, which indicates consistency between repeated measures), the Standard Error of Measurement (SEM, which reflects measurement precision), and the Minimal Detectable Change (MDC, which represents the smallest real change beyond measurement error). The results show high reliability in almost all tests. The Lunge Test obtained an ICC of 0.990 and 0.983 for distance, and 0.941 and 0.958 for angular measurements in both legs. The Hop Tests showed moderate reliability with ICC above 0.7 In contrast, the Y Balance Test demonstrated lower reliability, with ICC values ranging from 0.554 to 0.732. The CMJ test showed good reliability, with an ICC ranging from 0.753 to 0.894, an SEM between 5.79% and 11.3%, and an MDC ranging from 15.54% to 31.44%, making it useful for assessing lower limb explosive strength. Both tests presented comparatively higher error values, which should be considered when interpreting individual changes. These findings support the use of these tests as valid and reliable tools for evaluating ankle dorsiflexion, balance, functional symmetry, and lower limb explosive strength in amateur trail runners, prior to training programs or injury prevention strategies, provided that standardized protocols and validated measuring instruments are used. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fostering Sport for a Healthy Life)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

17 pages, 2779 KB

Open AccessArticle

Self-Reported Outcomes of Endocrine Therapy with or Without Ovarian Suppression in Premenopausal Breast Cancer Patients: A Brazilian Quality-of-Life Prospective Cohort

by Natália Nunes, Giselle Carvalho, Bernardo Ramos, Juliana Pecoraro, Lilian Lerner, Debora Azevedo, Thamirez Ferreira, Larissa Santiago de Moura, Carolina Galvão and Mariana Monteiro

Cancers 2025, 17(19), 3229; https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers17193229 (registering DOI) - 4 Oct 2025

Abstract

Background: Endocrine therapy (ET) with or without ovarian function suppression (OFS) is a cornerstone treatment for estrogen receptor-positive (ER+) breast cancer (BC) in premenopausal women, but its impact on quality of life (QoL) and sexual health remains a concern. Methods: We conducted a [...] Read more.

Background: Endocrine therapy (ET) with or without ovarian function suppression (OFS) is a cornerstone treatment for estrogen receptor-positive (ER+) breast cancer (BC) in premenopausal women, but its impact on quality of life (QoL) and sexual health remains a concern. Methods: We conducted a multicenter, prospective, observational study including premenopausal women (≤50 years) diagnosed with stage I–III ER+ BC and treated in private healthcare facilities in Brazil between 2013 and 2023. Patients received ET alone (ET-only) or combined with OFS (OFS-ET). QoL was assessed at baseline and 3, 6, 9, 12, and 24 months using the EORTC QLQ-BR23. Sexual functioning and sexual enjoyment were prespecified primary outcomes. Logistic regression identified factors associated with OFS use, and Fisher’s exact test was applied for categorical comparisons at 24 months. Results: Among 363 patients (80% ET-only, 20% ET + OFS), younger age, advanced stage, and chemotherapy were independently associated with OFS use. Both groups reported early declines in sexual functioning and enjoyment. By 24 months, ET-only patients had returned to baseline, whereas OFS patients remained below baseline. At the item level, no significant differences were observed in sexual desire (51.5% vs. 42.0%; p = 0.33) or enjoyment (26.0% vs. 13.5%; p = 0.20). Lack of sexual activity was more frequent in the OFS group (60.6% vs. 41.2%; p = 0.05). Body image was significantly more impaired with OFS, with a higher proportion of patients reporting feeling less attractive (38.2% vs. 19.9%; p = 0.04) and less feminine (26.5% vs. 11.7%; p = 0.05). Conclusions: ET impairs sexual health in young BC survivors, particularly when combined with OFS. These findings underscore the need for routine sexual health assessments and supportive interventions in survivorship care. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Breast Cancer Survivorship: Challenges and Innovations from Treatment to Long-Term Care)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

27 pages, 2297 KB

Open AccessArticle

Artificial Intelligence Adoption in Non-Chemical Agriculture: An Integrated Mechanism for Sustainable Practices

by Arokiaraj A. Amalan and I. Arul Aram

Sustainability 2025, 17(19), 8865; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17198865 (registering DOI) - 4 Oct 2025

Abstract

Artificial Intelligence (AI) holds significant potential to enhance sustainable non-chemical agricultural methods (NCAM) by optimising resource management, automating precision farming practices, and strengthening climate resilience. However, its widespread adoption among farmers’ remains limited due to socio-economic, infrastructural, and justice-related challenges. This study investigates [...] Read more.

Artificial Intelligence (AI) holds significant potential to enhance sustainable non-chemical agricultural methods (NCAM) by optimising resource management, automating precision farming practices, and strengthening climate resilience. However, its widespread adoption among farmers’ remains limited due to socio-economic, infrastructural, and justice-related challenges. This study investigates AI adoption among NCAM farmers using an Integrated Mechanism for Sustainable Practices (IMSP) conceptual framework which combines the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) with a justice-centred approach. A mixed-methods design was employed, incorporating Fuzzy-Set Qualitative Comparative Analysis (fsQCA) of AI adoption pathways based on survey data, alongside critical discourse analysis of thematic farmers narrative through a justice-centred lens. The study was conducted in Tamil Nadu between 30 September and 25 October 2024. Using purposive sampling, 57 NCAM farmers were organised into three focus groups: marginal farmers, active NCAM practitioners, and farmers from 18 districts interested in agricultural technologies and AI. This enabled an in-depth exploration of practices, adoption, and perceptions. The findings indicates that while factors such as labour shortages, mobile technology use, and cost efficiencies are necessary for AI adoption, they are insufficient without supportive extension services and inclusive communication strategies. The study refines the TAM framework by embedding economic, cultural, and political justice considerations, thereby offering a more holistic understanding of technology acceptance in sustainable agriculture. By bridging discourse analysis and fsQCA, this research underscores the need for justice-centred AI solutions tailored to diverse farming contexts. The study contributes to advancing sustainable agriculture, digital inclusion, and resilience, thereby supporting the United Nations’ Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Full article

► Show Figures

Figure 1

46 pages, 3080 KB

Open AccessReview

Machine Learning for Structural Health Monitoring of Aerospace Structures: A Review

by Gennaro Scarselli and Francesco Nicassio

Sensors 2025, 25(19), 6136; https://doi.org/10.3390/s25196136 (registering DOI) - 4 Oct 2025

Abstract

Structural health monitoring (SHM) plays a critical role in ensuring the safety and performance of aerospace structures throughout their lifecycle. As aircraft and spacecraft systems grow in complexity, the integration of machine learning (ML) into SHM frameworks is revolutionizing how damage is detected, [...] Read more.

Structural health monitoring (SHM) plays a critical role in ensuring the safety and performance of aerospace structures throughout their lifecycle. As aircraft and spacecraft systems grow in complexity, the integration of machine learning (ML) into SHM frameworks is revolutionizing how damage is detected, localized, and predicted. This review presents a comprehensive examination of recent advances in ML-based SHM methods tailored to aerospace applications. It covers supervised, unsupervised, deep, and hybrid learning techniques, highlighting their capabilities in processing high-dimensional sensor data, managing uncertainty, and enabling real-time diagnostics. Particular focus is given to the challenges of data scarcity, operational variability, and interpretability in safety-critical environments. The review also explores emerging directions such as digital twins, transfer learning, and federated learning. By mapping current strengths and limitations, this paper provides a roadmap for future research and outlines the key enablers needed to bring ML-based SHM from laboratory development to widespread aerospace deployment. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feature Review Papers in Fault Diagnosis & Sensors)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

11 pages, 512 KB

Open AccessArticle

Run-Based Tests Performed on an Indoor and Outdoor Surface Are Comparable in Adolescent Rugby League Players

by Michael A. Carron and Vincent J. Dalbo

Sports 2025, 13(10), 351; https://doi.org/10.3390/sports13100351 (registering DOI) - 4 Oct 2025

Abstract

At non-professional levels of rugby league, run-based tests are commonly performed on outdoor turfed fields and on indoor multipurpose sport surfaces, and results are monitored to gauge player performance and progression. However, test–retest reliability has not been conducted on indoor surfaces in adolescent [...] Read more.

At non-professional levels of rugby league, run-based tests are commonly performed on outdoor turfed fields and on indoor multipurpose sport surfaces, and results are monitored to gauge player performance and progression. However, test–retest reliability has not been conducted on indoor surfaces in adolescent rugby league players, and no research has examined if results obtained on outdoor and indoor surfaces are comparable for practitioners. Adolescent, male, rugby league players (N = 15; age = 17.1 ± 0.7 years) completed a 20 m linear sprint test (10- and 20 m splits), 505-Agility Test, and Multistage Fitness Test (MSFT) weekly for three consecutive weeks. Absolute (coefficient of variation (CV)) and relative (intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC)) reliability of each run-based test performed on the indoor surface was quantified. Dependent t-tests, Hedges g, and 95% confidence intervals were used to examine if differences in performance occurred between indoor and outdoor surfaces. Effect size magnitudes were determined as Trivial: <0.20, Small: 0.20–0.49, Medium: 0.50–0.79, and Large: ≥0.80. All tests were considered reliable on the indoor surface (CV < 5.0%; ICCs = moderate-good) except for the 505-Agility Test (CV = 4.6–5.1%; ICCs = poor). Non-significant (p > 0.05), trivial differences were revealed between surface types for 10 (g = 0.15, 95% CI = −0.41 to 0.70) and 20 m (g = 0.06, 95% CI = −0.49 to 0.61) sprint tests, the 505-Agility Test (Right: g = −0.53, 95% CI = −1.12 to 0.06; Left: g = −0.40, 95% CI = −0.97 to 0.17), and the MSFT (g = 0.25, 95% CI = −0.31 to 0.81). The 10 and 20 m linear sprint test and MSFT have acceptable test–retest reliability on an indoor multipurpose sport surface, and practitioners may compare results of run-based tests obtained on an outdoor and indoor surface. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sport-Specific Testing and Training Methods in Youth)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

24 pages, 1040 KB

Open AccessArticle

The SIOA Algorithm: A Bio-Inspired Approach for Efficient Optimization

by Vasileios Charilogis, Ioannis G. Tsoulos, Dimitrios Tsalikakis and Anna Maria Gianni

AppliedMath 2025, 5(4), 135; https://doi.org/10.3390/appliedmath5040135 (registering DOI) - 4 Oct 2025

Abstract

The Sporulation-Inspired Optimization Algorithm (SIOA) is an innovative metaheuristic optimization method inspired by the biological mechanisms of microbial sporulation and dispersal. SIOA operates on a dynamic population of solutions (“microorganisms”) and alternates between two main phases: sporulation, where new “spores” are generated through [...] Read more.

The Sporulation-Inspired Optimization Algorithm (SIOA) is an innovative metaheuristic optimization method inspired by the biological mechanisms of microbial sporulation and dispersal. SIOA operates on a dynamic population of solutions (“microorganisms”) and alternates between two main phases: sporulation, where new “spores” are generated through adaptive random perturbations combined with guided search towards the global best, and germination, in which these spores are evaluated and may replace the most similar and less effective individuals in the population. A distinctive feature of SIOA is its fully self-adaptive parameter control, where the dispersal radius and the probabilities of sporulation and germination are dynamically adjusted according to the progress of the search (e.g., convergence trends of the average fitness). The algorithm also integrates a special “zero-reset” mechanism, enhancing its ability to detect global optima located near the origin. SIOA further incorporates a stochastic local search phase to refine solutions and accelerate convergence. Experimental results demonstrate that SIOA achieves high-quality solutions with a reduced number of function evaluations, especially in complex, multimodal, or high-dimensional problems. Overall, SIOA provides a robust and flexible optimization framework, suitable for a wide range of challenging optimization tasks. Full article

► Show Figures

Figure 1

Recent Articles

Open Access Journals

Highly Accessed Articles

Latest Books

News

Blog Posts

Topics

Selected Special Issues

Selected Collections

Journals by Subject

Further Information

Guidelines

MDPI Initiatives

Follow MDPI