MDPI - Publisher of Open Access Journals

27 pages, 1715 KB

Open AccessArticle

Examining the Impact of Brief Mindfulness Practice on Sustained Attention, Attentional Inhibition and Convergent Thinking

by Zoe D. Hughes, Linden J. Ball, Petar Atanasov and Jeannie Judge

J. Intell. 2025, 13(9), 119; https://doi.org/10.3390/jintelligence13090119 (registering DOI) - 16 Sep 2025

Abstract

There remains little understanding of how short-term mindfulness interventions influence creative cognition. We report an experiment that examined the impact of a brief mindfulness intervention on sustained attention, attentional inhibition, and convergent thinking, relative to a control group. Participants (N = 117) [...] Read more.

There remains little understanding of how short-term mindfulness interventions influence creative cognition. We report an experiment that examined the impact of a brief mindfulness intervention on sustained attention, attentional inhibition, and convergent thinking, relative to a control group. Participants (N = 117) were assigned to either a brief mindfulness practice (n = 60) or an active control task (n = 57), before completing the following: (i) a Sustained Attention to Response Task (SART), to assess sustained attention; (ii) a flanker task, to assess attentional inhibition; and (iii) a convergent thinking task (a series of rebus puzzles). The mindfulness group showed faster reaction times than the control group on the SART, along with fewer task-unrelated mind-wandering thoughts, suggestive of better sustained attention. The mindfulness group also demonstrated improved reaction times and accuracy relative to the control group during the flanker task, indicating enhanced inhibitory control. However, rebus puzzle scores did not differ between groups, indicating that although a brief mindfulness practice enhances sustained attention and attentional inhibition, this improved attentional control does not facilitate convergent thinking in solving rebus puzzles. Full article

► Show Figures

Figure 1

27 pages, 1116 KB

Open AccessArticle

Enabling Intelligent Data Modeling with AI for Business Intelligence and Data Warehousing: A Data Vault Case Study

by Andreea Vines, Ana-Ramona Bologa and Andreea-Izabela Bostan

Systems 2025, 13(9), 811; https://doi.org/10.3390/systems13090811 (registering DOI) - 16 Sep 2025

Abstract

This study explores the innovative application of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in transforming data engineering practices, with a specific focus on optimizing data modeling and data warehouse automation for Business Intelligence (BI) systems. The proposed framework automates the creation of Data Vault models directly [...] Read more.

This study explores the innovative application of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in transforming data engineering practices, with a specific focus on optimizing data modeling and data warehouse automation for Business Intelligence (BI) systems. The proposed framework automates the creation of Data Vault models directly from raw source tables by leveraging the advanced capabilities of Large Language Models (LLMs). The approach involves multiple iterations and uses a set of LLMs from various providers to improve accuracy and adaptability. These models identify relevant entities, relationships, and historical attributes by analyzing the metadata, schema structures, and contextual relationships embedded within the source data. To ensure the generated models are valid and reliable, the study introduces a rigorous validation methodology that combines syntactic, structural, and semantic evaluations into a single comprehensive validity coefficient. This metric provides a quantifiable measure of model quality, facilitating both automated evaluation and human understanding. Through iterative refinement and multi-model experimentation, the system significantly reduces manual modeling efforts, enhances consistency, and accelerates the data warehouse development lifecycle. This exploration serves as a foundational step toward understanding the broader implications of AI-driven automation in advancing the state of modern Big Data warehousing and analytics. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Business Intelligence and Data Analytics in Enterprise Systems)

18 pages, 3374 KB

Open AccessArticle

Evaluation of Apical Closure in Panoramic Radiographs Using Vision Transformer Architectures ViT-Based Apical Closure Classification

by Sümeyye Coşgun Baybars, Merve Daldal, Merve Parlak Baydoğan and Seda Arslan Tuncer

Diagnostics 2025, 15(18), 2350; https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics15182350 (registering DOI) - 16 Sep 2025

Abstract

Objective: To evaluate the performance of vision transformer (ViT)-based deep learning models in the classification of open apex on panoramic radiographs (orthopantomograms (OPGs)) and compare their diagnostic accuracy with conventional convolutional neural network (CNN) architectures. Materials and Methods: OPGs were retrospectively [...] Read more.

Objective: To evaluate the performance of vision transformer (ViT)-based deep learning models in the classification of open apex on panoramic radiographs (orthopantomograms (OPGs)) and compare their diagnostic accuracy with conventional convolutional neural network (CNN) architectures. Materials and Methods: OPGs were retrospectively collected and labeled by two observers based on apex closure status. Two ViT models (Base Patch16 and Patch32) and three CNN models (ResNet50, VGG19, and EfficientNetB0) were evaluated using eight classifiers (support vector machine (SVM), random forest (RF), XGBoost, logistic regression (LR), K-nearest neighbors (KNN), naïve Bayes (NB), decision tree (DT), and multi-layer perceptron (MLP)). Performance metrics (accuracy, precision, recall, F1 score, and area under the curve (AUC)) were computed. Results: ViT Base Patch16 384 with MLP achieved the highest accuracy (0.8462 ± 0.0330) and AUC (0.914 ± 0.032). Although CNN models like EfficientNetB0 + MLP performed competitively (0.8334 ± 0.0479 accuracy), ViT models demonstrated more balanced and robust performance. Conclusions: ViT models outperformed CNNs in classifying open apex, suggesting their integration into dental radiologic decision support systems. Future studies should focus on multi-center and multimodal data to improve generalizability. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Machine Learning and Artificial Intelligence in Diagnostics)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

36 pages, 2853 KB

Open AccessSystematic Review

Policy-Driven Digital Health Interventions for Health Promotion and Disease Prevention: A Systematic Review of Clinical and Environmental Outcomes

by Muhammad Faizan, Chaeyoon Han and Seung Won Lee

Healthcare 2025, 13(18), 2319; https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare13182319 (registering DOI) - 16 Sep 2025

Abstract

Objectives: This systematic review investigates clinical and environmental outcomes associated with policy-driven digital health interventions for health promotion and disease prevention. Methods: Following PRISMA 2020 guidelines, six databases (Scopus, Web of Science, PubMed, IEEE Xplore, ScienceDirect, and MDPI) were systematically searched for empirical [...] Read more.

Objectives: This systematic review investigates clinical and environmental outcomes associated with policy-driven digital health interventions for health promotion and disease prevention. Methods: Following PRISMA 2020 guidelines, six databases (Scopus, Web of Science, PubMed, IEEE Xplore, ScienceDirect, and MDPI) were systematically searched for empirical studies published between January 2020 and June 2025, using keywords including “digital health,” “telemedicine,” “mHealth,” “wearable,” “AI,” “environmental impact,” and “sustainability.” From 1038 unique records screened, 68 peer-reviewed studies met inclusion criteria and underwent qualitative thematic synthesis. Results: Results show digital health interventions such as telemedicine, mobile health (mHealth) apps, wearable devices, and artificial intelligence (AI) platforms improve healthcare accessibility, chronic disease management, patient adherence, and clinical efficiency. Environmentally, these interventions significantly reduce carbon emissions, hospital energy consumption, and medical waste. Conclusion: The studies lacked standardized environmental metrics and predominantly originated from high-income regions. Future research should prioritize the development of uniform sustainability indicators, broaden geographic representation, and integrate rigorous life-cycle assessments. Policymakers are encouraged to embed environmental considerations into digital health strategies to support resilient, sustainable healthcare systems globally. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Policy Interventions to Promote Health and Prevent Disease)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

24 pages, 12021 KB

Open AccessArticle

Therapeutic Potential of Edaravone for Neuroprotection Following Global Cerebral Hypoxia

by Johanna Franziska Busse, Jonas Frai, Luca Ines Hamacher, Veronika Matschke, Carsten Theiss, Thomas Weber, Jennifer Herzog-Niescery and Sarah Stahlke

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025, 26(18), 9019; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms26189019 (registering DOI) - 16 Sep 2025

Abstract

Global cerebral hypoxia triggers (mal-)adaptive responses that can lead to neuronal damage. This study evaluated edaravone’s neuroprotective effects in a rat hypoxia model, focusing on sex differences, treatment durations, and behavioral outcomes. Male and female rats underwent global cerebral hypoxia induced by rocuronium, [...] Read more.

Global cerebral hypoxia triggers (mal-)adaptive responses that can lead to neuronal damage. This study evaluated edaravone’s neuroprotective effects in a rat hypoxia model, focusing on sex differences, treatment durations, and behavioral outcomes. Male and female rats underwent global cerebral hypoxia induced by rocuronium, with post-hypoxia edaravone treatment. Motor coordination and activity were assessed through exploratory behavior tests. Histological analyses evaluated neuronal integrity and apoptosis, while microglial activity and gene expression were analyzed via immunofluorescence and qPCR. Edaravone showed transient neuroprotective effects on motor behavior and early immune responses, particularly in the cerebellum and hippocampus. No gross morphological damage was observed, though functional impairments occurred despite preserved cytoarchitecture. Microglial activity was initially suppressed in treated and later activated in untreated hypoxic brains, suggesting modulating immune responses. Gene expression analysis revealed region-specific, time-dependent, and sex-specific changes, including early upregulation of CCR7, S100B, and NSE in treated animals. Males were more susceptible to hypoxic damage, while females showed higher baseline resistance and better functional recovery. Seven-day edaravone treatment increased apoptotic markers in male cerebellum, indicating sex-specific differences in cell death mechanisms. These findings highlight the potential for personalized therapy and underscore the importance of considering sex differences in both research and clinical practice. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Interplay Between Cellular Stress and Human Diseases)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

14 pages, 619 KB

Open AccessArticle

Differential Effects of Corneal Biomechanics on Superficial and Deep Vessel Density and Their Association with Central Visual Function in Glaucoma Patients with Myopia

by Kyoung Ohn, Younhea Jung and Hae-Young Lopilly Park

J. Clin. Med. 2025, 14(18), 6515; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm14186515 (registering DOI) - 16 Sep 2025

Abstract

Background/Objectives: The purpose of this study was to investigate corneal biomechanical properties assessed with Corvis ST, structural features of myopia, and vessel density (VD) measured by optical coherence tomography angiography (OCT-A) and their associations with central visual function in myopic glaucoma patients. Methods: [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: The purpose of this study was to investigate corneal biomechanical properties assessed with Corvis ST, structural features of myopia, and vessel density (VD) measured by optical coherence tomography angiography (OCT-A) and their associations with central visual function in myopic glaucoma patients. Methods: Forty-two eyes of 42 glaucoma patients with myopia without retinal lesions were subjected to analysis. Corvis ST was performed to measure the biomechanical properties of the eyeball. Superficial (retinal) and deep (choroidal) VDs in the peripapillary and macular regions were assessed using OCT-A, and retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) thickness was measured with OCT. The disc–foveal angle, disc torsion, and β-zone peripapillary atrophy (PPA) area were obtained from disc and retinal photography. Swedish interactive thresholding algorithm (SITA) 24-2 visual field (VF) testing was used to evaluate the function within the central 12 points. Results: A worse mean deviation (MD) from SITA 24-2 and higher whole-eye movement maximum from Corvis ST, representing deformable corneas, were associated with lower superficial peripapillary VD. A lower A1 deflection amplitude from Corvis ST, representing stiffer corneas, was associated with lower deep peripapillary VD. The sensitivity of the central 12 VF points was significantly associated with a larger disc–foveal angle, lower superficial peripapillary VD, and lower HC deformation amplitude from Corvis ST. Conclusion: Our preliminary findings suggest that more compliant corneas were associated with lower superficial VD, whereas stiffer corneas were associated with lower deep VD and central scotoma. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Ophthalmology)

19 pages, 1900 KB

Open AccessArticle

Modeling of Soliton Behavior in Nonlinear Transmission Line Systems

by Sadia Medhit, Beenish, Fehaid Salem Alshammari and Isha Bukhar

Mathematics 2025, 13(18), 2997; https://doi.org/10.3390/math13182997 (registering DOI) - 16 Sep 2025

Abstract

This study focuses on the nonlinear partial differential equation known as the Lonngren wave equation, which plays a significant role in plasma physics, nonlinear wave propagation, and astrophysical research. By applying a suitable wave transformation, the nonlinear model is reduced to an ordinary [...] Read more.

This study focuses on the nonlinear partial differential equation known as the Lonngren wave equation, which plays a significant role in plasma physics, nonlinear wave propagation, and astrophysical research. By applying a suitable wave transformation, the nonlinear model is reduced to an ordinary differential equation. Analytical wave solutions of the Lonngren wave equation are then derived using the extended direct algebraic method. The physical behavior of these solutions is illustrated through 2D, 3D, and contour plots generated in Mathematica. Finally, the stability analysis of the Lonngren wave equation is discussed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mathematical Modelling, Analysis, and Optimization for Engineering and Mechanics)

21 pages, 12043 KB

Open AccessArticle

Research on the Language System of Rural Cultural Landscapes in Jiufanggou, Dawu County, Based on the Concept of Isomorphism

by Rui Li, Yawei Zhang, Chenshuo Wang, Xuanxuan Xu and Wanshi Li

Land 2025, 14(9), 1895; https://doi.org/10.3390/land14091895 (registering DOI) - 16 Sep 2025

Abstract

[Objective] Currently, there are limitations in the understanding of rural cultural landscape: they are often perceived as material spatial entities, with a lack of exploration of their intangible elements and neglect of the isomorphism between the material and intangible elements of cultural landscapes. [...] Read more.

[Objective] Currently, there are limitations in the understanding of rural cultural landscape: they are often perceived as material spatial entities, with a lack of exploration of their intangible elements and neglect of the isomorphism between the material and intangible elements of cultural landscapes. In the context of rural cultural revitalization, it is necessary to explore the regional protection elements of rural cultural landscapes from the perspective of isomorphism. [Methods/Process] This study employs relevant linguistic theories to extract and construct a framework for a language system with regional characteristics for rural cultural landscapes from an isomorphous perspective. By deconstructing the rural cultural landscape pattern of Jiufangou in Dawu County, it summarizes the relationships and isomorphous nature between the constituent elements of this language system. [Results/Conclusions] The study identifies eight core landscape terms. These lexical units form landscape sentences based on four typical scenarios. The study then analyzed the landscape grammatical structures of different scenarios from four dimensions and explored the deep semantic meanings and contextual rules of Jiufanggou Village’s cultural landscape. Finally, this study utilizes a schematic diagram of the “vocabulary–grammar–sentence” nested structure of the Jiufanggou cultural landscape to visually illustrate the interconnections and patterns of cultural landscape elements in Jiufanggou Village across different contexts. Building on this, the study explores the structural equivalence between the material and immaterial elements of rural cultural landscapes. Overall, the construction of a nested linguistic system for rural cultural landscapes is not only about analyzing spatial forms but more importantly about exploring the underlying logical order and traditional wisdom behind spatial creation, thereby achieving the goals of associative protection, the inheritance of diverse cultures, and the continuation of the vitality of rural cultural landscapes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Land Use, Heritage and Ecosystem Services)

31 pages, 1507 KB

Open AccessReview

Cybersecurity in MAS-Based Adaptive Protection for Microgrids—A Review

by Armando J. Taveras Cruz, Miguel Aybar-Mejía, Carlos G. Colon-González, Deyslen Mariano-Hernández, Jesús C. Hernandez, Fabio Andrade-Rengifo and Luis Hernández-Callejo

Electronics 2025, 14(18), 3663; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics14183663 (registering DOI) - 16 Sep 2025

Abstract

With the ever-growing reliance on digital communication networks in microgrids equipped with digital control systems and highly distributed energy resources, the threat of cyberattacks is more present than ever. Therefore, a robust cybersecurity response framework could be in place to secure smart grids, [...] Read more.

With the ever-growing reliance on digital communication networks in microgrids equipped with digital control systems and highly distributed energy resources, the threat of cyberattacks is more present than ever. Therefore, a robust cybersecurity response framework could be in place to secure smart grids, including microgrids, against cyberattacks. Adaptive protection systems, which are crucial for microgrid reliability and resilience, are also vulnerable. On the other hand, multi-agent systems are often employed in microgrid adaptive protection, providing a decentralized and cooperative framework where intelligent agents can monitor system conditions, exchange information, and detect anomalies. Many researchers in the literature have focused on addressing microgrid protection with multi-agent systems against physical faults in scenarios with various degrees of distributed energy resource penetration. Other research efforts have leveraged multi-agent systems, as well as technologies such as artificial intelligence, machine learning, advanced encryption, and authentication, to enhance the capabilities of microgrids for maintaining resilient operation under cyberattacks. However, both physical and cybersecurity anomalies have rarely been tackled in the same scheme. This paper aims to provide a systematic review of the use of cybersecurity strategies for multi-agent-based adaptive protection schemes. From the results of this study, it was found that most research efforts do not address microgrid protection with an integrated approach, considering both physical and cybersecurity threats, as well as the application of established industry communication and cybersecurity standards. All of this, while maintaining scalability and performance, is crucial. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Innovations in Intelligent Microgrid Operation and Control)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

21 pages, 6976 KB

Open AccessArticle

Pc-AIF1 Is Expressed in Hemocyte-Rich and Neural Tissues and Links Immune Response and Regeneration in the Snail Model Pomacea canaliculata

by Anita Ferri, Sandro Sacchi, Nicola Franchi, Umberto Rosani and Davide Malagoli

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025, 26(18), 9022; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms26189022 (registering DOI) - 16 Sep 2025

Abstract

Allograft inflammatory factor-1 (AIF1) is a conserved calcium-binding protein involved in inflammatory and neuro-immune responses and expressed in Pomacea canaliculata (Pc-AIF1) during cephalic tentacle regeneration. Here, we investigated the expression and distribution of Pc-AIF1 in control conditions and during cephalic [...] Read more.

Allograft inflammatory factor-1 (AIF1) is a conserved calcium-binding protein involved in inflammatory and neuro-immune responses and expressed in Pomacea canaliculata (Pc-AIF1) during cephalic tentacle regeneration. Here, we investigated the expression and distribution of Pc-AIF1 in control conditions and during cephalic tentacle regeneration. A transcriptomic analysis of 315 RNA-seq datasets revealed maximal Pc-AIF1 expression in circulating hemocytes and hemocyte-rich tissues. Pc-AIF1 was also highly expressed in neural ganglia. Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) evidenced Pc-AIF1 in circulating hemocytes and in the phagocytic hemocyte aggregates in the posterior kidney. qPCR showed the constitutive expression of Pc-AIF1 in cerebral ganglia. FISH experiments showed Pc-AIF1-positive cells within the cephalic tentacle blastema at 24 h post-amputation (hpa). Even if the amputation left them untouched, both the ipsilateral and contralateral cerebral ganglia increased Pc-AIF1 expression until 48 hpa. Immunocytochemical experiments evidenced positive cells to RCA120 (a microglial marker in mammals) among circulating hemocytes, in the connective tissue surrounding the cerebral ganglia, and within the regenerating tentacles. These findings suggest that Pc-AIF1 is a neuro-immune marker constitutively expressed in hemocyte populations and neural tissues; it is associated with the immediate hemocyte response to wounding and the neuro-immune interplay during the regeneration of sensory organs. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Molecular Biology)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

21 pages, 774 KB

Open AccessArticle

Investigating the Relationship Between Quality and Quantity of Participation in an Online Community-Based Exercise Program: A Mixed-Methods Study

by Jacob D. Sartor, Amy E. Latimer-Cheung, Shane N. Sweet, Brooke H. Thompson and Jennifer R. Tomasone

Disabilities 2025, 5(3), 81; https://doi.org/10.3390/disabilities5030081 (registering DOI) - 16 Sep 2025

Abstract

The Quality Participation Framework proposes that repeated quality experiences foster continued quality participation (i.e., participation quantity over time). This study explored the relationship between the quality and quantity of participation in an exercise setting. Individuals (n = 17) with a physical disability engaged [...] Read more.

The Quality Participation Framework proposes that repeated quality experiences foster continued quality participation (i.e., participation quantity over time). This study explored the relationship between the quality and quantity of participation in an exercise setting. Individuals (n = 17) with a physical disability engaged in Revved Up @ Home, a 10-week online community-based exercise program designed to foster quality participation. Using a mixed-methods sequential explanatory design situated in critical realism, participants completed quality experience global questionnaires at baseline and 10 weeks, and acute questionnaires following each exercise session. Participant attendance was retrieved from program records. In semi-structured interviews at 10 weeks, participants were shown graphs of results derived from the acute questionnaires and asked about their quality and quantity of participation during the program. Correlations quantified the relationship between quality and quantity of participation, and thematic analysis facilitated an exploration of the contextual relationship. Qualitative and quantitative findings were integrated, highlighting important relationships between belongingness and quantity, meaning and quantity, as well as between challenge and mastery. Findings provide preliminary evidence that repeated quality experiences foster quality participation, and detail relationships between the aspects of quality participation and between quantity and quality participation. Findings can be used to enhance quality participation and attendance among individuals with physical disabilities who attend community-based exercise programs. Full article

► Show Figures

Figure 1

27 pages, 504 KB

Open AccessArticle

Do Playful Parenting Programs Implemented at Scale Improve Caregiver Practices and Child Development?

by Carina Omoeva, Rafael Contreras Gomez, Rachel Hatch, Frances Aboud, Ania Chaluda, Given Hapunda, Karma Choden, Francis Sichimba, Ksenija Krstić and Jill Popp

Children 2025, 12(9), 1241; https://doi.org/10.3390/children12091241 (registering DOI) - 16 Sep 2025

Abstract

Background/Objectives: As an independent research group, we examined parent and child outcomes of three different parenting programs delivered at scale. The programs were implemented in Bhutan, Serbia and Zambia by different organizations. Methods: Mixed methods included a caregiver interview using the [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: As an independent research group, we examined parent and child outcomes of three different parenting programs delivered at scale. The programs were implemented in Bhutan, Serbia and Zambia by different organizations. Methods: Mixed methods included a caregiver interview using the HOME Inventory, a direct child assessment using the Global Scales of Early Development (GSED) and focus group discussions with caregivers (FGD). Sampled mothers and children were randomly selected for the HOME/GSED: Bhutan n = 432, Serbia n = 636, Zambia n = 1024. Over 40 mothers and fathers of children under 3 years were purposively selected for FGD. Intention-to-treat and secondary regression analyses of attendees and non-attendees were conducted on the HOME and GSED; FGDs were subject to content analysis. Results: Parenting practices were found to be minimally (Bhutan) or modestly (Zambia) higher for caregivers who attended group sessions. Caregivers in Serbia who recalled receiving play messages had higher HOME scores. Child outcomes showed small (Bhutan) or no differences (Serbia, Zambia) associated with participation. Conclusions: Explanations focused on limits to program participation in scaled programs, the need for pilot evaluations to ensure that the program design is effective, and the need to monitor delivery quality and other implementation processes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Impact of Family Education on Children and Adolescents)

► Show Figures

Figure A1

10 pages, 268 KB

Open AccessArticle

Processed Chlorella vulgaris: Effects on Digestibility and Growth Performance in Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus)

by Pedro Henrique Sessegolo Ferzola, Moritz Meyer and Martin Gierus

Fishes 2025, 10(9), 462; https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes10090462 (registering DOI) - 16 Sep 2025

Abstract

Microalgae are a promising feed ingredient in aquaculture due to their high nutrient content. This study evaluated the effects of different processing methods of Chlorella vulgaris on digestibility, retention, and growth performance in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). A total of 270 [...] Read more.

Microalgae are a promising feed ingredient in aquaculture due to their high nutrient content. This study evaluated the effects of different processing methods of Chlorella vulgaris on digestibility, retention, and growth performance in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). A total of 270 mixed-sex tilapia (average weight: 2.8 ± 0.15 g) were randomly assigned and fed to one of three experimental diets—a basal diet, a diet containing freeze-dried Chlorella, or a diet containing spray-dried Chlorella—with three replicates each for 5 weeks. Results indicated that spray-dried Chlorella significantly enhanced protein and energy digestibility, nutrient retention, and growth performance compared to freeze-dried Chlorella. These findings underscore the critical role of processing methods in maximizing the nutritional potential of microalgae for aquaculture feeds. Further research is recommended to optimize processing techniques and inclusion levels for cost-effective and sustainable applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Nutrition and Feeding)

19 pages, 17160 KB

Open AccessArticle

Spatiotemporal Monitoring of the Effects of Climate Change on the Water Surface Area of Sidi Salem Dam, Northern Tunisia

by Yosra Ayadi, Malika Abbes, Matteo Gentilucci and Younes Hamed

Water 2025, 17(18), 2738; https://doi.org/10.3390/w17182738 (registering DOI) - 16 Sep 2025

Abstract

This research presents a comprehensive spatiotemporal assessment of the effects of climate change and anthropogenic pressures on the water surface area and quality of the Sidi Salem Dam, the largest reservoir in Northern Tunisia. Located within a sub-humid to Mediterranean humid bioclimatic zone, [...] Read more.

This research presents a comprehensive spatiotemporal assessment of the effects of climate change and anthropogenic pressures on the water surface area and quality of the Sidi Salem Dam, the largest reservoir in Northern Tunisia. Located within a sub-humid to Mediterranean humid bioclimatic zone, the dam plays a vital role in regional water supply, irrigation, and flood control. Utilizing a 40-year dataset (1985–2025), this study integrates multi-temporal satellite imagery and geospatial analysis using Geographic Information System (GIS) and remote sensing (RS) techniques. The temporal variability of the dam’s surface water extent was monitored through indices such as the Normalized Difference Water Index (NDWI). The analysis was further supported by climate data, including records of precipitation, temperature, and evapotranspiration, to assess correlations with observed hydrological changes. The findings revealed a significant reduction in the dam’s surface area, from approximately 37.8 km² in 1985 to 19.8 km² in 2025, indicating a net loss of 18 km² (47.6%). The Mann–Kendall trend test confirmed a significant long-term increase in annual precipitation, while annual temperature showed no significant trend. Nevertheless, recent observations indicate a decline in precipitation during the most recent period. Furthermore, Pearson correlation analysis revealed a significant negative relationship between precipitation and temperature, suggesting that wet years are generally associated with cooler conditions, whereas dry years coincide with warmer conditions. This hydroclimatic interplay underscores the complex dynamics driving reservoir fluctuations. Simultaneously, land use changes in the catchment area, particularly the expansion of agriculture, urban development, and deforestation have led to increased surface runoff and soil erosion, intensifying sediment deposition in the reservoir. This has progressively reduced the dam’s storage capacity, further diminishing its water storage efficiency. This study also investigates the degradation of water quality associated with declining water levels and climatic stress. Indicators such as turbidity and salinity were evaluated, showing clear signs of deterioration resulting from both natural and human-induced processes. Increased salinity and pollutant concentrations are primarily linked to reduced dilution capacity, intensified evaporation, and agrochemical runoff containing fertilizers and other contaminants. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Water and Climate Change)

21 pages, 1397 KB

Open AccessArticle

Analysis of Neurophysiological Correlates of Mental Fatigue in Both Monotonous and Demanding Driving Conditions

by Francesca Dello Iacono, Luca Guinti, Marianna Cecchetti, Andrea Giorgi, Dario Rossi, Vincenzo Ronca, Alessia Vozzi, Rossella Capotorto, Fabio Babiloni, Pietro Aricò, Gianluca Borghini, Marteyn Van Gasteren, Javier Melus, Manuel Picardi and Gianluca Di Flumeri

Brain Sci. 2025, 15(9), 1001; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci15091001 (registering DOI) - 16 Sep 2025

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Mental fatigue during driving, whether passive (arising from monotony) or active (caused by cognitive overload), is a critical factor for road safety. Despite the growing interest in monitoring techniques based on neurophysiological signals, current biomarkers are primarily validated only for detecting [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Mental fatigue during driving, whether passive (arising from monotony) or active (caused by cognitive overload), is a critical factor for road safety. Despite the growing interest in monitoring techniques based on neurophysiological signals, current biomarkers are primarily validated only for detecting passive mental fatigue under monotonous conditions. The objective of this study is to evaluate the sensitivity of the MDrow index, which is based on EEG Alpha band activity, previously validated for detecting passive mental fatigue, with respect to active mental fatigue, i.e., the mental fatigue occurring in cognitively demanding driving scenarios. Methods: A simulated experimental protocol was developed featuring three driving scenarios with increasing complexity: monotonous, urban, and urban with dual tasks. Nineteen participants took part in the experiment, during which electroencephalogram (EEG), photoplethysmogram (PPG), and electrodermal activity (EDA) data were collected in addition to subjective assessments, namely the Karolinska Sleepiness Scale (KSS) and the Driving Activity Load Index (DALI) questionnaires. Results: The findings indicate that MDrow shows sensitivity to both passive and active mental fatigue (p < 0.001), thereby demonstrating stability even in the presence of additional cognitive demands. Furthermore, Heart Rate (HR) and Heart Rate Variability (HRV) increased significantly during the execution of more complex tasks, thereby suggesting a heightened response to mental workload in comparison to mental fatigue alone. Conversely, electrodermal measures evidenced no sensitivity to mental fatigue-related changes. Conclusions: These findings confirm the MDrow index’s validity as an objective and continuous marker of mental fatigue, even under cognitively demanding conditions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Cognitive, Social and Affective Neuroscience)

21 pages, 5767 KB

Open AccessArticle

SCOPE: Spatial Context-Aware Pointcloud Encoder for Denoising Under the Adverse Weather Conditions

by Hyeong-Geun Kim

Appl. Sci. 2025, 15(18), 10113; https://doi.org/10.3390/app151810113 (registering DOI) - 16 Sep 2025

Abstract

Reliable LiDAR point clouds are essential for perception in robotics and autonomous driving. However, adverse weather conditions introduce substantial noise that significantly degrades perception performance. To tackle this challenge, we first introduce a novel, point-wise annotated dataset of over 800 scenes, created by [...] Read more.

Reliable LiDAR point clouds are essential for perception in robotics and autonomous driving. However, adverse weather conditions introduce substantial noise that significantly degrades perception performance. To tackle this challenge, we first introduce a novel, point-wise annotated dataset of over 800 scenes, created by collecting and comparing point clouds from real-world adverse and clear weather conditions. Building upon this comprehensive dataset, we propose the Spatial Context-Aware Point Cloud Encoder Network (SCOPE), a deep learning framework that identifies noise by effectively learning spatial relationships from sparse point clouds. SCOPE partitions the input into voxels and utilizes a Voxel Spatial Feature Extractor with contrastive learning to distinguish weather-induced noise from structural points. Experimental results validate SCOPE’s effectiveness, achieving high Intersection-over-Union (mIoU) scores in snow (88.66%), rain (92.33%), and fog (88.77%), with a mean mIoU of 89.92%. These consistent results across diverse scenarios confirm the robustness and practical effectiveness of our method in challenging environments. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue AI-Aided Intelligent Vehicle Positioning in Urban Areas)

21 pages, 3673 KB

Open AccessArticle

Stress–Strain Hysteresis Loop-Based Machine Learning Models for Predicting Metal Fatigue Life Under Uncertainty

by Xian-Ci Zhong, Zhi-Yong Luo and Ke-Shi Zhang

Materials 2025, 18(18), 4336; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma18184336 (registering DOI) - 16 Sep 2025

Abstract

This paper reports machine learning models for predicting metal fatigue life under uncertainty by extracting stress–strain data from hysteresis loops. First, the hysteresis loops of Q235B under strain-controlled constant amplitude loading are analyzed. The values of stress and strain in six key points [...] Read more.

This paper reports machine learning models for predicting metal fatigue life under uncertainty by extracting stress–strain data from hysteresis loops. First, the hysteresis loops of Q235B under strain-controlled constant amplitude loading are analyzed. The values of stress and strain in six key points are extracted from each hysteresis loop at the earliest stages of the fatigue process, and transformed into polar coordinates. Second, the uncertainty is quantified by extending the applied strain amplitude and the selected stress–strain values to intervals. A great deal of data are generated randomly in each interval for coping with the challenge of a small fatigue test dataset. Third, three machine learning models are constructed, where the parameters of the back-propagation neural network model are optimized by using the leave-one-out cross-validation technique, and the models of support vector regression and random forest are selected carefully. The point and interval predictions of the low-cycle-fatigue life of Q235B are reported to reveal the feasibility and advantage of the proposed models. The results help to identify how to understand the fatigue behavior of materials by combining machine learning models and stress–strain hysteresis loops. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Metals and Alloys)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

21 pages, 1517 KB

Open AccessArticle

Integrated Scheme of Protection and Fault Localization for All-DC Collection Network in Offshore Wind Farm

by Fan Zhang, Guibin Zou, Shuo Zhang, Xiuyan Wei and Huaxing Ding

Appl. Sci. 2025, 15(18), 10109; https://doi.org/10.3390/app151810109 (registering DOI) - 16 Sep 2025

Abstract

With the development of offshore wind power towards the deep and distant sea, the DC collection and DC transmission (all-DC) wind farm demonstrates distinct advantages, including the absence of the Ferranti effect and elimination of multi-level voltage conversion requirements. For the protection of [...] Read more.

With the development of offshore wind power towards the deep and distant sea, the DC collection and DC transmission (all-DC) wind farm demonstrates distinct advantages, including the absence of the Ferranti effect and elimination of multi-level voltage conversion requirements. For the protection of the all-DC collection network in offshore wind farms, this paper first analyzes the zero-mode current relationship at line outlets of the collection network and wind turbine outlets during single-pole-to-ground (SPG) faults. Analysis reveals that (1) zero-mode current polarities are opposite between fault and non-fault lines, and (2) zero-mode current polarities are opposite between the upstream and downstream of the fault point. Based on these characteristics, a polarity comparison-based protection and fault localization scheme is proposed. The method implements waveform peak–valley detection through mathematical morphology algorithms, with detection results quantified by similarity algorithms to achieve fault section localization. An all-DC offshore wind farm simulation is built in PSCAD/EMTDC. A variety of simulations under different operating conditions are delivered, demonstrating the validity and effectiveness of the proposed protection and fault localization scheme. The method accurately distinguishes the SPG fault on lines and buses while remaining unaffected by fault resistance. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Power System Protection: Current and Future Prospectives)

27 pages, 3816 KB

Open AccessArticle

Evolving Capabilities and Multiple Dimensions of Poverty Identified by Children and Young People: Towards Transformative Innovation in Social Work

by Sylvia Garcia Delahaye and Caroline Dubath

Soc. Sci. 2025, 14(9), 553; https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci14090553 (registering DOI) - 16 Sep 2025

Abstract

This article aims to critically engage with the capability approach by exploring its potential contributions to social work practice, specifically social work focusing on reducing child poverty. In high-income countries, an estimated 69 million children are either living in poverty or at risk [...] Read more.

This article aims to critically engage with the capability approach by exploring its potential contributions to social work practice, specifically social work focusing on reducing child poverty. In high-income countries, an estimated 69 million children are either living in poverty or at risk of poverty. Despite its comprehensive social welfare system, Switzerland is no exception. This contribution is based on empirical research conducted between 2021 and 2025 in Switzerland with children and young people (CYP). The results of this participatory and artistic research not only demonstrate the value of considering the experiential knowledge of CYP affected by poverty in the context of social intervention, but also the importance of the participation of this social work audience in fostering professional and institutional practices along with promoting fairer, more inclusive and transformative public policies. This research precisely identifies how social work practice could support CYP’s evolving capabilities by applying the capabilities approach within social services. Specifically, it focuses on capabilities for voice and to aspire, as well as their progression vis-à-vis the transformation of social work practice, which could be observed through the participation implemented as a foundational principle of action in social work practice. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Child Poverty and Social Work)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

38 pages, 1601 KB

Open AccessReview

Bioengineered Skin Microbiome: The Next Frontier in Personalized Cosmetics

by Cherelle Atallah, Ayline El Abiad, Marita El Abiad, Mantoura Nakad and Jean Claude Assaf

Cosmetics 2025, 12(5), 205; https://doi.org/10.3390/cosmetics12050205 (registering DOI) - 16 Sep 2025

Abstract

Human skin microbiome plays a fundamental role in maintaining skin health, immunity, and appearance. While current microbiome-friendly cosmetics emphasize the use of probiotics and prebiotics, recent advances in bioengineering are paving the way for a new generation of personalized and sustainable skincare solutions. [...] Read more.

Human skin microbiome plays a fundamental role in maintaining skin health, immunity, and appearance. While current microbiome-friendly cosmetics emphasize the use of probiotics and prebiotics, recent advances in bioengineering are paving the way for a new generation of personalized and sustainable skincare solutions. This evolution is increasingly necessary given the limitations of conventional dermatological treatments in addressing individual variability. Emerging technologies such as artificial intelligence (AI), synthetic biology, and high-throughput microbiome sequencing now enable precise skin analysis and the development of tailored, more effective cosmetic formulations. This review critically examines these technological breakthroughs, including genetic modification of microbial strains, engineered delivery systems, and quorum sensing modulation, with a focus on their cosmetic and therapeutic applications. These innovations not only facilitate product customization but also reduce environmental impact by minimizing resource use, synthetic chemicals, and testing burdens aligning with sustainability goals. Several structured tables synthesize the latest findings on microbial targets, bioengineered ingredients, delivery platforms, and mechanistic pathways, providing a practical reference for researchers and product developers. Additionally, this review addresses key regulatory and safety considerations, particularly those associated with genetically modified organisms (GMOs) in cosmetic products. It highlights the need for region-specific clinical trials, toxicity assessments, and microbial safety screening to ensure consumer protection. While current frameworks offer a foundation, further ethical and environmental guidelines may be necessary as synthetic biology advances. Thus, AI-integrated synthetic biology and microbiome transplantation emerge as transformative pathways for advancing sustainable, personalized skincare innovation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Cosmetic Dermatology)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

19 pages, 1004 KB

Open AccessArticle

Foliar Nano-Selenium Modulates Metabolic and Antioxidant Responses in Alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.): Integration of Pot and Field Evidence

by Haiyan Cheng, Huan Yu, Qinyong Dong, Chunran Zhou, Tingjie Huang, Xun Fang and Canping Pan

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025, 26(18), 9013; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms26189013 (registering DOI) - 16 Sep 2025

Abstract

Alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.), as a globally crucial high-quality forage crop, frequently suffers from yield reduction and quality deterioration due to environmental stressors such as drought and salt. Nano-selenium (NSe) offers a viable solution to mitigate this challenge. However, the multi-level regulatory [...] Read more.

Alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.), as a globally crucial high-quality forage crop, frequently suffers from yield reduction and quality deterioration due to environmental stressors such as drought and salt. Nano-selenium (NSe) offers a viable solution to mitigate this challenge. However, the multi-level regulatory mechanisms of NSe in alfalfa remain unclear. Foliar NSe modulates nitrogen metabolism, antioxidant defense, and rhizosphere microbial community collaboration to enhance alfalfa yield and quality. Pot experiments demonstrated that foliar NSe (1–20 mg/L) enhanced seedling growth, elevated nutrient biosynthesis (soluble protein, amino acids), and boosted antioxidant capacity via activation of superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase. Metabolomics in field trials revealed shoot-root metabolic partitioning: shoots were upregulated in α-linolenic acid metabolism (jasmonic acid, methyl jasmonate), while roots enriched amino acid biosynthesis (proline, arginine), achieving a synergistic enhancement between aboveground and belowground processes. Microbial community analysis indicated Actinobacteria enrichment and elevated soil urease activity in NSe-treated groups. These findings demonstrate that NSe coordinates carbon-nitrogen metabolism with antioxidant pathway activation to synergistically enhance alfalfa growth performance and nutritional quality. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advance in Plant Abiotic Stress: 3rd Edition)

25 pages, 334 KB

Open AccessArticle

Attitudes of University Teachers Towards the Educational Inclusion of Students with Special Educational Needs

by Majda Schmidt, Gregor Lešnjak and Joca Zurc

Sustainability 2025, 17(18), 8312; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17188312 (registering DOI) - 16 Sep 2025

Abstract

Based on the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, which emphasizes inclusion and equality of education for all, the number of university students with special educational needs (SEN) is increasing worldwide. Universities are increasingly faced with the demand for inclusive education. This study aimed [...] Read more.

Based on the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, which emphasizes inclusion and equality of education for all, the number of university students with special educational needs (SEN) is increasing worldwide. Universities are increasingly faced with the demand for inclusive education. This study aimed to investigate the attitudes of university teachers towards educational inclusion and the implementation of accommodations for students with SEN according to their gender, academic discipline and professional training. Through standardized questionnaires, we surveyed 117 university teachers at five faculties. We ascertained that university teachers have positive attitudes towards the inclusion of students with SEN and the implementation of accommodations in their study programs. The statistically significant more sympathetic attitudes towards educational inclusion and provision of academic accommodations were found among female teachers. University teachers in natural sciences study programs had significantly more negative attitudes towards the ability of students with SEN succeeding academically than teachers in social sciences programs. Those who did not receive professional training were statistically significantly more likely to agree with the contention that students with SEN hinder educational work in the classroom and could not succeed academically. The study revealed the importance of sustainable professional training for university teachers in teaching students with SEN. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Inclusive Education as an Opportunity to Create More Sustainable Universities)

18 pages, 6220 KB

Open AccessArticle

Bioelectrical Impedance-Based Time-Domain Analysis for Cerebral Autoregulation Assessment

by Yimin Zhou, Wei He, Bin Yang, Xuetao Shi, Yifan Liu, Yanyan Shi and Feng Fu

Sensors 2025, 25(18), 5762; https://doi.org/10.3390/s25185762 (registering DOI) - 16 Sep 2025

Abstract

Cerebral autoregulation refers to the ability of cerebral vasculature to maintain stable blood flow by adjusting vascular resistance in response to changes in perfusion pressure. With advancing age, this regulatory capacity gradually declines, and its early, real-time, and dynamic monitoring holds potential as [...] Read more.

Cerebral autoregulation refers to the ability of cerebral vasculature to maintain stable blood flow by adjusting vascular resistance in response to changes in perfusion pressure. With advancing age, this regulatory capacity gradually declines, and its early, real-time, and dynamic monitoring holds potential as a promising approach for the prevention and treatment of cerebrovascular diseases. Given the absence of an established “gold standard” for assessing cerebral autoregulation, this study aimed to develop a non-invasive, continuous method for assessing cerebral autoregulation based on bioelectrical impedance technology. Using a wearable headband in combination with a Finapres device, blood pressure and cerebral blood flow were continuously monitored. A novel impedance recovery curve method was developed and, together with systemic blood pressure data, used to construct a hierarchical cerebral autoregulation assessment model via system identification. Moreover, the utility of this method in differentiating autoregulatory capacity across age groups (young adult and middle-aged) was assessed. The results demonstrated that the time constant (τ_REG), which characterizes the speed of cerebral blood flow recovery, differed significantly between the young adult and middle-aged groups (p < 0.001). These findings suggest the potential of τ_REG as a quantitative indicator for distinguishing cerebral autoregulatory function between healthy age cohorts. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Biomedical Sensors)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

12 pages, 4591 KB

Open AccessArticle

Toward a Better Understanding of Hip Adductor Function: Internal Rotation Capability Revealed by Anatomical and MRI Evaluation

by Kazuhiro Hirano, Kazuo Kinoshita, Atsushi Senoo and Masaru Watanabe

J. Funct. Morphol. Kinesiol. 2025, 10(3), 354; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfmk10030354 (registering DOI) - 16 Sep 2025

Abstract

Background: At present, the rotational function of the hip adductor muscle group remains unclear. This study aimed to clarify the rotational function and stabilizing role of the pectineus, adductor longus, and adductor brevis (adductor muscle group) based on anatomical findings and T [...] Read more.

Background: At present, the rotational function of the hip adductor muscle group remains unclear. This study aimed to clarify the rotational function and stabilizing role of the pectineus, adductor longus, and adductor brevis (adductor muscle group) based on anatomical findings and T₂ values (ms) obtained from magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). T₂ values are prolonged in tissues with higher water content, and in skeletal muscle, it has been demonstrated that T₂ values increase in proportion to exercise intensity. Methods: Using fixed specimens (n = 6, aged 61–96 years), we observed the three-dimensional arrangement of muscles in the neutral position of the hip joint and observed the extension or shortening of muscles associated with passive maximum internal and external rotation of the hip joint. In addition, we evaluated the activity of the adductor muscle group by T₂ values (ms) from MRI pre- and post-internal rotation (forward step with the left leg) and pre- and post-external rotation (backward step with the left leg) movements of the right hip joint in a standing position (n = 8, healthy adult subjects, mean age 29.1 ± 5.3 years). Results: Regarding functional anatomy, the arrangement of the gluteus minimus and adductor muscle groups was almost parallel across the femoral neck. In the evaluation of adductor muscle group activity using MRI, the percent change in T₂ values (%) of the pectineus was 6.38 ± 1.35 pre- and post-internal rotation and 1.35 ± 0.71 pre- and post-external rotation, whereas that of the adductor longus and brevis was 4.84 ± 1.31 pre- and post-internal rotation and 1.31 ± 0.68 pre- and post-external rotation. The percent change in T₂ values pre- and post-internal rotation exercise was significantly greater than that pre- and post-external rotation exercise in the pectineus, adductor longus, and brevis muscles (p < 0.05). Conclusions: The adductor muscle groups are suggested to contribute to joint stability in the coronal plane and provide joint internal rotation in the standing position. Full article

(This article belongs to the Collection Feature Papers in Journal of Functional Morphology and Kinesiology)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

22 pages, 13349 KB

Open AccessArticle

UTHECA_USE: A Multi-Source Dataset on Human Thermal Perception and Urban Environmental Factors in Seville

by Noelia Hernández-Barba, José-Antonio Rodríguez-Gallego, Carlos Rivera-Gómez and Carmen Galán-Marín

Data 2025, 10(9), 146; https://doi.org/10.3390/data10090146 (registering DOI) - 16 Sep 2025

Abstract

This paper introduces UTHECA_USE, a dataset of 989 observations collected in Seville, Spain (2023–2025), integrating microclimatic, personal, and urban morphological data. It comprises 55 variables, including in situ measurements of air and globe temperatures, humidity, wind speed, derived indices such as the Universal [...] Read more.

This paper introduces UTHECA_USE, a dataset of 989 observations collected in Seville, Spain (2023–2025), integrating microclimatic, personal, and urban morphological data. It comprises 55 variables, including in situ measurements of air and globe temperatures, humidity, wind speed, derived indices such as the Universal Thermal Climate Index (UTCI), demographic and physiological participant data, subjective thermal perception, and detailed urban form characteristics. The surface temperature data of urban materials are included in a subset. The dataset is openly accessible under a permissive license, and this data descriptor documents the collection methods, calibration, survey design, and data processing to ensure reproducibility and transparency. The UTHECA project aims to develop a more accurate and adaptive outdoor thermal comfort (OTC) assessment model to guide effective, inclusive urban strategies to improve human thermal perception and climate resilience. UTHECA_USE facilitates research on outdoor thermal comfort and urban microclimates, supporting diverse analyses linking human perception, environmental conditions, and urban morphology. Full article

(This article belongs to the Collection Modern Geophysical and Climate Data Analysis: Tools and Methods)

27 pages, 5982 KB

Open AccessArticle

Analysis of Material Solutions for Internal Insulation of Masonry Walls—A Case Study

by Marta Pomada and Janina Adamus

Materials 2025, 18(18), 4330; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma18184330 (registering DOI) - 16 Sep 2025

Abstract

The article concerns the internal insulation of a utility room located in the attic of a building from the late 1990s. Due to the freezing of the external wall, an analysis of heat flow through this wall was conducted. Various insulation materials recommended [...] Read more.

The article concerns the internal insulation of a utility room located in the attic of a building from the late 1990s. Due to the freezing of the external wall, an analysis of heat flow through this wall was conducted. Various insulation materials recommended for internal application were tested: EPS and resol board (100 mm thick) and an aerogel mat (10 mm thick). The analyses included the temperature distribution in the wall and indoor thermal conditions. Experimental studies determined the thermal conductivity coefficient (λ) of the selected insulation materials and the heat transfer coefficient for the analyzed wall. Numerical analyses were conducted with the TRISCO 12.0w software, which applies the finite element method (FEM), whereas the assessment of interlayer condensation risk was performed using the WUFI^® Pro 5.1 program. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Artificial Intelligence in Materials Science and Engineering)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

Recent Articles

Open Access Journals

Highly Accessed Articles

Latest Books

News

Blog Posts

Topics

Selected Special Issues

Selected Collections

Journals by Subject

Further Information

Guidelines

MDPI Initiatives

Follow MDPI