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21 pages, 2252 KB

Open AccessArticle

Regular or Irregular Breakfast Skipping Suppresses the Vascular Endothelial Function of the Brachial Artery

by Hideaki Kashima, Yui Morinaka, Kano Endo, Mizuki Sugimoto, Naho Nagao, Ryota Mabuchi, Masako Yamaoka Endo, Naomi Kashima, Yasuhiko Kitadai, Akira Miura and Yoshiyuki Fukuba

Nutrients 2025, 17(20), 3244; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17203244 (registering DOI) - 15 Oct 2025

Abstract

Background: Habitual breakfast skipping is associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular and cardiometabolic diseases. However, the effects of skipping breakfast regularly versus irregularly on vascular endothelial function (VEF), a key marker of cardiovascular health, remain unclear. This study aimed to investigate the [...] Read more.

Background: Habitual breakfast skipping is associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular and cardiometabolic diseases. However, the effects of skipping breakfast regularly versus irregularly on vascular endothelial function (VEF), a key marker of cardiovascular health, remain unclear. This study aimed to investigate the effects of eight-Day regular or irregular breakfast skipping on brachial artery VEF in healthy habitual breakfast eaters using a three-condition, randomized controlled crossover trial. Methods: Ten young healthy adults (seven females, three males) completed three randomized nine-Day trials: (1) Eat (three meals per day), (2) Skip (breakfast skipped on days 1–8, consumed on Day 9), and (3) Eat/Skip (alternating breakfast consumption and skipping). Flow-mediated dilation (FMD) of the right brachial artery was assessed at 7:45–55 am on days 1, 2, 5, and 9, expressed as the percentage change in the brachial artery diameter normalized to the shear rate area under the curve (Δ%FMD/SR_AUC). Blood samples were collected before and 30 min after breakfast or lunch for glucose, insulin, free fatty acids, and triglyceride analyses. Insulin resistance was estimated using the homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance calculated from fasting glucose and fasting insulin values. Objective measurements of sleep, physical activity, and continuous glucose monitoring were obtained. Results: On Day 9, the Skip and Eat/Skip trials had significantly lower %FMD/SR_AUC and significantly higher levels of fasting plasma insulin than the Eat trial. Exploratory analyses within the Skip and Eat/Skip trials suggested a weak negative association between changes in %FMD/SR_AUC and fasting blood glucose and insulin from day 1 to day 9. Conclusions: These findings suggest that both regular and irregular breakfast skipping may impair early morning VEF, possibly through alterations in glucose metabolism, whereas regular breakfast consumption may help preserve VEF and support cardiovascular health. Clinical Trial Registry: Clinical Trial Registry: University Hospital Medical Information Network (UMIN000053117, registered 20 December 2023). Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Nutrition and Metabolism)

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16 pages, 552 KB

Open AccessArticle

Association Between Mediterranean Diet Consumption and the Physical and Mental Components of HRQL in Community-Dwelling Older Adults in Valencia

by Pilar Pérez-Ros, Ayde Rios-Corral and Omar Cauli

Nutrients 2025, 17(20), 3243; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17203243 (registering DOI) - 15 Oct 2025

Abstract

Background/Objectives: The relationship between health-related quality of life (HRQL) in community-dwelling older adults and the consumption of foods typical of the Mediterranean diet (MD) has not been studied. The main objective of this study was to determine which MD foods, as well as [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: The relationship between health-related quality of life (HRQL) in community-dwelling older adults and the consumption of foods typical of the Mediterranean diet (MD) has not been studied. The main objective of this study was to determine which MD foods, as well as overall MD adherence, are associated with HRQL in community-dwelling older adults, taking into account both physical and mental components. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted including community-dwelling older adults aged 60 years or over. Sociodemographic variables, the Spanish version of the SF-12v2 quality-of-life questionnaire (physical and mental component scores), and data on the consumption of MD foods and adherence to the Mediterranean Diet Adherence Screener (MEDAS) were collected. Two binary logistic regression models, adjusted for age and sex, were fitted to analyse which food types included in the MEDAS questionnaire were significantly associated with a higher probability of having good physical and mental components of HRQL. Results: A total of 285 participants were recruited, with a mean age of 74.97 (SD 5.75) years, predominantly female (87.7%, n = 250) and 36.3% (n = 104) lived alone. The sample showed low physical quality of life [PCS-12: 42.88 IQR (33.61–51.09)], moderately good mental quality of life [MCS-12: 51.09 (39.97–57.42)] and good adherence to the Mediterranean diet [MEDAS: 9 (8–10)]. Binary logistic regression for PCS-12 showed that younger age, the joint consumption of less than one serving of butter per day, less than one cup of sugar-sweetened beverages per day and two or more servings of vegetables per day were significantly (p < 0.05) associated with good physical quality of life. Similarly, living alone, four or more tablespoons of olive oil per day and less than 2 servings of desserts per week were associated with good mental quality of life (MCS-12). Conclusions: The Mediterranean diet is related to physical and mental quality of life in older adults, with the consumption of specific foods within the MD showing significant associations in multivariate analyses. Identifying the items that are most closely related to good physical and mental health is key to promoting healthy lifestyle habits that are directly linked to improving quality of life from a holistic perspective. Understanding the associations between quality of life and consumption or avoidance of certain foods could help inform future nutritional interventions aimed at improving both physical and mental health in older adults. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Association between Nutrition, Diet Quality, Dietary Patterns, and Human Health and Diseases—2nd Edition)

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21 pages, 1706 KB

Open AccessArticle

Spatiotemporal Feature Learning for Daily-Life Cough Detection Using FMCW Radar

by Saihu Lu, Yuhan Liu, Guangqiang He, Zhongrui Bai, Zhenfeng Li, Pang Wu, Xianxiang Chen, Lidong Du, Peng Wang and Zhen Fang

Bioengineering 2025, 12(10), 1112; https://doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering12101112 (registering DOI) - 15 Oct 2025

Abstract

Cough is a key symptom reflecting respiratory health, with its frequency and pattern providing valuable insights into disease progression and clinical management. Objective and reliable cough detection systems are therefore of broad significance for healthcare and remote monitoring. However, existing algorithms often struggle [...] Read more.

Cough is a key symptom reflecting respiratory health, with its frequency and pattern providing valuable insights into disease progression and clinical management. Objective and reliable cough detection systems are therefore of broad significance for healthcare and remote monitoring. However, existing algorithms often struggle to jointly model spatial and temporal information, limiting their robustness in real-world applications. To address this issue, we propose a cough recognition framework based on frequency-modulated continuous-wave (FMCW) radar, integrating a deep convolutional neural network (CNN) with a Self-Attention mechanism. The CNN extracts spatial features from range-Doppler maps, while Self-Attention captures temporal dependencies, and effective data augmentation strategies enhance generalization by simulating position variations and masking local dependencies. To rigorously evaluate practicality, we collected a large-scale radar dataset covering diverse positions, orientations, and activities. Experimental results demonstrate that, under subject-independent five-fold cross-validation, the proposed model achieved a mean F1-score of

0.974 \pm 0.016

and an accuracy of

99.05 \pm 0.55

%, further supported by high precision of

98.77 \pm 1.05

%, recall of

96.07 \pm 2.16

%, and specificity of

99.73 \pm 0.23

%. These results confirm that our method is not only robust in realistic scenarios but also provides a practical pathway toward continuous, non-invasive, and privacy-preserving respiratory health monitoring in both clinical and telehealth applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Artificial Intelligence for Better Healthcare and Precision Medicine, 2nd Edition)

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23 pages, 6269 KB

Open AccessArticle

A Hierarchical Collaborative Optimization Model for Generation and Transmission Expansion Planning of Cross-Regional Power Systems Considering Energy Storage and Load Transfer

by Zeming Zhao, Chunhua Li, Zengxu Wang, Tianchi Zhang and Xin Cheng

Energies 2025, 18(20), 5437; https://doi.org/10.3390/en18205437 (registering DOI) - 15 Oct 2025

Abstract

To reduce the renewable energy waste and carbon emissions predicted for the current expansion plan, this study proposes a hierarchical collaborative optimization model for the planning of generation and transmission expansion plan in cross-regional power systems considering energy storage and load transfer. In [...] Read more.

To reduce the renewable energy waste and carbon emissions predicted for the current expansion plan, this study proposes a hierarchical collaborative optimization model for the planning of generation and transmission expansion plan in cross-regional power systems considering energy storage and load transfer. In the upper layer, the upper limit of expansion is determined according to China’s current policy and expansion plan for the power system. This level completes the annual power expansion plan and provides scale data of power generation facilities and supporting infrastructures for the lower level. The lower layer is the operation level, which simulates the operation of the power system throughout the year. To find the defects of the current plan and provide an optimization scheme, the optimization model is used to analyze China’s power system in 2030. The utilization of renewable energy and power facilities is analyzed, along with the carbon emissions. An improved power expansion plan that comprehensively considers energy storage, transmission and load transfer for China’s carbon peak is proposed. The proposed scheme increases the utilization rate of renewable energy to 97.058%, reduces CO₂ emissions by 224 million tons, and reduces the installed capacity of thermal power by about 18.686 million kilowatts, verifying the effectiveness of the scheme. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section F1: Electrical Power System)

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16 pages, 1787 KB

Open AccessArticle

Multidisciplinary Prehabilitation Reduces Hospitalization Time and Suggests Improved Survival in Patients with Radiologically Diagnosed Lung Cancer

by Iain Phillips, Caleb McDougall, Abi Walton, Mark Stares, Peter Hall, Robert Grecian, Fiona O’Brien, Julie Mencnarowski, Fiona MacCormick, Gavin McLean, Steven Higgins, Debbie McMillan, Colette Reid, Lindsey Allan, Benjamin Jia Liang Lim and Colin Barrie

Cancers 2025, 17(20), 3329; https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers17203329 (registering DOI) - 15 Oct 2025

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Lung cancer is the commonest cause of cancer death worldwide. Treatment efficacy is improving, but treatment rates remain low. We aimed to assess the impact of tri-modality early prehabilitation (single in-person interventions by a senior doctor in palliative/supportive care, physiotherapist and dietitian) [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Lung cancer is the commonest cause of cancer death worldwide. Treatment efficacy is improving, but treatment rates remain low. We aimed to assess the impact of tri-modality early prehabilitation (single in-person interventions by a senior doctor in palliative/supportive care, physiotherapist and dietitian) on patients with a radiological diagnosis of lung cancer. Methods: Patients were approached as soon as they were told they had a radiological diagnosis of lung cancer. Prehabilitation took place in parallel with a patient’s investigative pathway for lung cancer. Routine data for admissions and survival was assessed retrospectively for prehabilitation patients and compared to an appropriate group of historical controls. Results: A total of 97 patients with stage 3 or 4 lung cancer underwent prehabilitation and were compared to 199 historical controls. There were no obvious statistical differences in gender or age between the cohorts. There was a trend towards reduced mean length of stay (LOS) from 7.6 days to 2.6 days in the patients who underwent all three interventions and from 7.6 days to 3 days in all comers (p = 0.053), with a significantly shorter admission in those who were admitted (p = 0.0014). There was a reduction in time spent in hospital from 486 days to 172 days per 100 patients receiving prehabilitation (a saving of 3.1 days per patient participating). Survival appeared to improve 6 months after diagnosis, at 61% in the prehabilitation cohort (95% CI: 51.8–72.0%, p = 0.029) vs. 47.7% in the historical controls (95% CI: 41.3–55.2%, p = 0.029). Life-prolonging treatment rates in stage 4 disease increased from 26% to 42% and all-comer best supportive care rates reduced from 45% to 28%. Conclusions: Early prehabilitation appears to reduce time spent in hospital. It may also improve treatment rates and short-term survival in patients being investigated for lung cancer. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Integrating Palliative Care in Oncology)

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20 pages, 4302 KB

Open AccessArticle

Supplementation of Trimethylamine N-Oxide or Betaine in Semen Improves Quality of Boar Spermatozoa Stored at 17 °C Following Hydrostatic Pressure Stress

by Cheng Qin, Guangyuan Lu, Xiao Lin, Zhongkai Wang, Shiyu Yang, Liqiong Teng, Xin Lin, Fangfang Li, Shouping Huang and Chuanhuo Hu

Life 2025, 15(10), 1606; https://doi.org/10.3390/life15101606 (registering DOI) - 15 Oct 2025

Abstract

HP, as an isotropic physical stress, has been widely applied in cell biology and reproductive research to simulate the effects of environmental pressure on cellular functions. In this study, the elastic silicone membrane of a novel bionic insemination catheter was employed as the [...] Read more.

HP, as an isotropic physical stress, has been widely applied in cell biology and reproductive research to simulate the effects of environmental pressure on cellular functions. In this study, the elastic silicone membrane of a novel bionic insemination catheter was employed as the pressure medium, with semen perfused into a sealed silicone chamber. As the silicone membrane underwent controlled deformation, the liquid inside the chamber generated a nearly uniform isotropic pressure, thereby maintaining spermatozoa in a stable HP environment. Boar sperm are susceptible to physiological and functional damage under HP stress, which can impair fertilization capacity. This study aimed to investigate the effects of TMAO, BET, or their combination on the quality of semen from eight Landrace boars under HP during storage at 17 °C (experiment repeated three times). Semen was collected using the manual collection method and treated with different concentrations of TMAO or BET. Sperm motility parameters were assessed using a CASA system to determine the optimal concentrations. Subsequently, experimental groups were established: the fresh group, HP control group, T group (optimal TMAO), B group (optimal BET), and H group (optimal TMAO + BET). The results showed that the optimal concentrations were 8 mmol/L for TMAO and 20 mmol/L for BET. Compared with the HP control group, the T, B, and H groups showed significantly improved sperm viability, mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), and plasma membrane integrity (p < 0.05), and significantly reduced DFI, ROS, MDA, and NO contents (p < 0.05), while acrosome integrity showed no significant differences (p > 0.05). Additionally, the B group showed significantly increased T-AOC (p < 0.05). Non-targeted lipidomic analysis revealed 49 differential lipids in the T group, 262 in the B group, and 269 in the H group compared with the HP control. These differential lipids were mainly associated with PC, AcCa, and sphingolipid signaling pathways, with key sphingolipid pathway lipids including Cer, SM, and DG. These findings indicate that BET and TMAO + BET improve HP-induced sperm damage by modulating the sphingolipid signaling pathway and maintaining PC and AcCa levels, whereas TMAO alone may exert protective effects through additional mechanisms. In conclusion, TMAO, BET, or their combination effectively mitigates the detrimental effects of HP on boar sperm. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Animal Science)

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25 pages, 3867 KB

Open AccessArticle

Edge Computing Task Offloading Algorithm Based on Distributed Multi-Agent Deep Reinforcement Learning

by Hui Li, Zhilong Zhu, Yingying Li, Wanwei Huang and Zhiheng Wang

Electronics 2025, 14(20), 4063; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics14204063 (registering DOI) - 15 Oct 2025

Abstract

As an important supplement to ground computing, edge computing can effectively alleviate the computational burden on ground systems. In the context of integrating edge computing with low-Earth-orbit satellite networks, this paper proposes an edge computing task offloading algorithm based on distributed multi-agent deep [...] Read more.

As an important supplement to ground computing, edge computing can effectively alleviate the computational burden on ground systems. In the context of integrating edge computing with low-Earth-orbit satellite networks, this paper proposes an edge computing task offloading algorithm based on distributed multi-agent deep reinforcement learning (DMADRL) to address the challenges of task offloading, including low transmission rates, low task completion rates, and high latency. Firstly, a Ground–UAV–LEO (GUL) three-layer architecture is constructed to improve offloading transmission rate. Secondly, the task offloading problem is decomposed into two sub-problems: offloading decisions and resource allocation. The former is addressed using a distributed multi-agent deep Q-network, where the problem is formulated as a Markov decision process. The Q-value estimation is iteratively optimized through the online and target networks, enabling the agent to make autonomous decisions based on ground and satellite load conditions, utilize the experience replay buffer to store samples, and achieve global optimization via global reward feedback. The latter employs the gradient descent method to dynamically update the allocation strategy based on the accumulated task data volume and the remaining resources, while adjusting the allocation through iterative convergence error feedback. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed algorithm increases the average transmission rate by 21.7%, enhances the average task completion rate by at least 22.63% compared with benchmark algorithms, and reduces the average task processing latency by at least 11.32%, thereby significantly improving overall system performance. Full article

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21 pages, 1572 KB

Open AccessArticle

On Stability Analysis of Car-Following Models with Various Discrete Operators

by Katarzyna Topolewicz and Ewa Girejko

Appl. Sci. 2025, 15(20), 11071; https://doi.org/10.3390/app152011071 (registering DOI) - 15 Oct 2025

Abstract

This paper investigates a car-following model that incorporates both classical and fractional discrete operators. While classical models have been extensively studied, the influence of discrete fractional operators on the stability of such systems has not yet been systematically analyzed. Stability conditions are derived [...] Read more.

This paper investigates a car-following model that incorporates both classical and fractional discrete operators. While classical models have been extensively studied, the influence of discrete fractional operators on the stability of such systems has not yet been systematically analyzed. Stability conditions are derived and rigorously proven for systems employing three widely used fractional h-difference operators—Grünwald–Letnikov, Riemann–Liouville, and Caputo—as well as the classical h-difference operator. The analysis reveals that the established conditions are independent of the specific operator used. Furthermore, a comprehensive numerical study validates the theoretical findings and demonstrates that the fractional models can significantly extend the stability bound for the step size from

h < 6.67

(classical case) to

h < 22.3

(fractional case). Full article

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21 pages, 10556 KB

Open AccessArticle

Combustion Process Analysis of Secondary Jet-Guided Combustion in Hydrogen Direct-Injection Engines

by Changxuan Dai and Zhaolei Zheng

Appl. Sci. 2025, 15(20), 11073; https://doi.org/10.3390/app152011073 (registering DOI) - 15 Oct 2025

Abstract

This study investigates the effects of secondary jet-guided combustion on the combustion and emissions of a hydrogen direct-injection engine through numerical simulations. The results show that secondary jet-guided combustion, which involves injecting and igniting the hydrogen jet at the end of the compression [...] Read more.

This study investigates the effects of secondary jet-guided combustion on the combustion and emissions of a hydrogen direct-injection engine through numerical simulations. The results show that secondary jet-guided combustion, which involves injecting and igniting the hydrogen jet at the end of the compression stroke, significantly shortens the delay period, improves combustion stability, and brings the combustion center closer to the top dead center (TDC), achieving a maximum indicative thermal efficiency (ITE) of 46.55% (λ = 2.4). However, this strategy results in higher NOx emissions due to high-temperature combustion. In contrast, single and double injections lead to worsened combustion and reduced thermal efficiency under lean-burn conditions, but with relatively lower NOx emissions. This study demonstrates that secondary jet-guided combustion can effectively enhance hydrogen engine performance by optimizing mixture stratification and flame propagation, providing theoretical support for clean and efficient combustion. Full article

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21 pages, 4223 KB

Open AccessArticle

The Influence of Information Redundancy on Driving Behavior and Psychological Responses Under Different Fog and Risk Conditions: An Analysis of AR-HUD Interface Designs

by Junfeng Li, Kexin Chen and Mo Chen

Appl. Sci. 2025, 15(20), 11072; https://doi.org/10.3390/app152011072 (registering DOI) - 15 Oct 2025

Abstract

Adverse road conditions, particularly foggy weather, significantly impair drivers’ abilities to gather information and make judgments in response to unexpected events. To investigate the impact of different Augmented Reality-Head-Up Display (AR-HUD) interfaces (words-only, symbols-only, and words + symbols) on driving behavior, this study [...] Read more.

Adverse road conditions, particularly foggy weather, significantly impair drivers’ abilities to gather information and make judgments in response to unexpected events. To investigate the impact of different Augmented Reality-Head-Up Display (AR-HUD) interfaces (words-only, symbols-only, and words + symbols) on driving behavior, this study simulated driving scenarios under varying visibility and risk levels in foggy conditions, measuring reaction time (RT), time-to-collision (TTC), the maximum lateral acceleration, the maximum longitudinal acceleration, and subjective data. The results indicated that risk levels significantly affected drivers’ RT, TTC, and maximum longitudinal and lateral accelerations. The three interfaces significantly differed in RT and TTC across different risk levels in heavy fog. In light fog, words-only and redundant interfaces significantly affected RT across different risk levels; words-only and symbols-only interfaces significantly affected TTC across different risk levels. In addition, participants responded faster when using text-related interfaces in the subject’s native language. After analyzing data on perceived usability across the three interfaces, the results indicated that under high-risk conditions, both in light fog and heavy fog, participants rated the redundant interface as having higher usability and preferred the redundant interfaces. Based on these findings, this paper proposes the following design strategies for AR-HUD visual interfaces: (1) Under low-risk foggy driving conditions, all three interface types are effective and applicable. (2) Under high-risk foggy driving conditions, redundant interface design is recommended. Although it may not significantly improve driving performance, this interface type was subjectively perceived as more useful and preferred by the subjects. The findings of this study provide support for design of AR-HUD interfaces, contributing to enhanced driving safety and human–machine interaction experience under complex meteorological conditions. This offers practical implications for the development and optimization of intelligent vehicle systems. Full article

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24 pages, 710 KB

Open AccessArticle

On Fintech and Financial Inclusion: Evidence from Qatar

by Ashwaq Al-Sharshani, Fatma Al-Sharshani and Ali Malik

J. Risk Financial Manag. 2025, 18(10), 586; https://doi.org/10.3390/jrfm18100586 (registering DOI) - 15 Oct 2025

Abstract

This study examines the role of fintech adoption in enhancing financial inclusion in Qatar, with a particular focus on the mediating influence of access barriers. A structured questionnaire was administered to 220 respondents, of which 200 valid responses were retained for analysis after [...] Read more.

This study examines the role of fintech adoption in enhancing financial inclusion in Qatar, with a particular focus on the mediating influence of access barriers. A structured questionnaire was administered to 220 respondents, of which 200 valid responses were retained for analysis after screening for completeness and outliers. The constructs of fintech adoption (FA), financial inclusion (FI), and access barriers (AB) were measured using validated multi-item scales adapted from prior literature. Measurement reliability and validity were confirmed through Cronbach’s alpha, composite reliability, and average variance extracted (AVE), alongside confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) for construct validity. A structural equation modeling (SEM) approach was employed to test the hypothesized relationships, using maximum likelihood estimation with bootstrap standard errors and confidence intervals. Model fit indices indicated excellent fit (χ² = 48.983, df = 51, p = 0.554; CFI = 1.000; TLI = 1.003; RMSEA = 0.000; SRMR = 0.036). Factor loadings were all significant (p < 0.001), supporting convergent validity. However, the structural paths from FA to FI (β = −0.020, p = 0.827), AB to FI (β = −0.077, p = 0.394), and FA to AB (β = 0.054, p = 0.527) were not significant. The indirect mediation effect of AB was also statistically insignificant (β = −0.004, p = 0.700). Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Behavioral Finance and Sustainable Green Investing)

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18 pages, 16469 KB

Open AccessArticle

Selective Dehydration of Pentoses and Hexoses of Ulva rigida to Platform Chemicals Using Nb₂O₅ and ZrO₂ Supported on Mesoporous Silicas as Heterogeneous Catalysts

by Gabriela Rodríguez-Carballo, Benjamín Torres-Olea, Cristina García-Sancho, Julia Vega, Félix L. Figueroa, Juan Antonio Cecilia, Pedro Maireles-Torres and Ramón Moreno-Tost

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025, 26(20), 10054; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms262010054 (registering DOI) - 15 Oct 2025

Abstract

Furfural and 5-hydroxymethylfurfural are considered as essential platform molecules for the chemical industry, acting as precursors and intermediates of numerous products. They are produced from pentoses and hexoses, respectively, in an acid medium. In this work, biomass from a green macroalgae, Ulva rigida [...] Read more.

Furfural and 5-hydroxymethylfurfural are considered as essential platform molecules for the chemical industry, acting as precursors and intermediates of numerous products. They are produced from pentoses and hexoses, respectively, in an acid medium. In this work, biomass from a green macroalgae, Ulva rigida, was treated under acidic conditions provided by heterogeneous catalysts in order to promote the dehydration of its monosaccharides into furfural and 5-hydroxymethylfurfural. Particularly, two functionalized mesoporous silicas, HMS and SBA-supported metal oxides (Nb₂O₅ and ZrO₂), were used as catalysts. Their textural, structural, and acid properties were deeply studied, providing excellent BET surface areas (ranging 424 to 1204 m²/g) and a high concentration of acid sites (220–460 µmol/g), which then translated into great catalytic performances (77.8% and 64.1% of furfural and HMF molar yields, respectively, using HMS-Nb) after a 4 h of reaction time at 180 and 160 °C, respectively. The catalyst showed excellent stability and recyclability as it could be reused for up to five reaction runs with only a slight decrease in performance. Full article

(This article belongs to the Collection Feature Papers in 'Physical Chemistry and Chemical Physics')

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6 pages, 172 KB

Open AccessEditorial

Advances in Quantum Computation in NISQ Era

by Xu-Dan Xie, Xiaoming Zhang, Balint Koczor and Xiao Yuan

Entropy 2025, 27(10), 1074; https://doi.org/10.3390/e27101074 (registering DOI) - 15 Oct 2025

Abstract

Realizing a universal, fault-tolerant quantum computer remains challenging with current technology [...] Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Quantum Computing in the NISQ Era)

6 pages, 247 KB

Open AccessEditorial

AI Meets Sustainability: A Special Issue on Real-World Applications

by Dhiya Al-Jumeily OBE, Jamila Mustafina and Manoj Jayabalan

Sustainability 2025, 17(20), 9148; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17209148 (registering DOI) - 15 Oct 2025

Abstract

Dear colleagues, researchers, practitioners, professionals, students, and all those sincerely committed to exploring pathways toward a harmonious future, to all who observe with both enthusiasm and thoughtful reflection the ways in which artificial intelligence increasingly permeates the fabric of our daily lives and [...] Read more.

Dear colleagues, researchers, practitioners, professionals, students, and all those sincerely committed to exploring pathways toward a harmonious future, to all who observe with both enthusiasm and thoughtful reflection the ways in which artificial intelligence increasingly permeates the fabric of our daily lives and shapes the trajectory of societal development [...] Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue AI for Sustainable Real-World Applications)

21 pages, 770 KB

Open AccessReview

From Protein Misfolding to Extracellular Matrix Disorganisation: Understanding Disease Pathology in Rare Skeletal Dysplasias

by Ella Patricia Dennis and Michael Darren Briggs

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025, 26(20), 10057; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms262010057 (registering DOI) - 15 Oct 2025

Abstract

Pseudoachondroplasia (PSACH) and multiple epiphyseal dysplasia (MED) are rare, autosomal dominant skeletal dysplasias characterised by disproportionate short stature, joint deformities, and early-onset osteoarthritis. These conditions result from mutations in key cartilage extracellular matrix (ECM) components, including cartilage oligomeric matrix protein (COMP), matrilin-3, and [...] Read more.

Pseudoachondroplasia (PSACH) and multiple epiphyseal dysplasia (MED) are rare, autosomal dominant skeletal dysplasias characterised by disproportionate short stature, joint deformities, and early-onset osteoarthritis. These conditions result from mutations in key cartilage extracellular matrix (ECM) components, including cartilage oligomeric matrix protein (COMP), matrilin-3, and type IX collagen. Although genetically and clinically heterogeneous, PSACH and MED share convergent pathogenic mechanisms. Misfolded mutant ECM proteins are retained within the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) of growth plate chondrocytes, triggering chronic ER stress and impairing chondrocyte proliferation, differentiation, and survival. Moreover, some of the mutant protein is secreted and incorporated into the matrix, leading to altered collagen fibrillogenesis, disrupted proteoglycan distribution, and compromised biomechanical integrity. These alterations extend beyond cartilage, impacting tendons, ligaments, and muscle–tendon junctions, contributing to joint laxity, impaired force transmission, and mild myopathy. This review discusses the structural and functional consequences of ECM disorganisation in PSACH and MED, highlighting its central role in disease progression and emphasising the importance of considering ECM abnormalities when developing therapeutic strategies for rare short stature-associated skeletal disorders. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Rare Diseases Associated with Short Stature: Genetics, Pathogenesis and Therapy)

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22 pages, 1756 KB

Open AccessArticle

Sesaminol Inhibits Adipogenesis by Suppressing Mitotic Clonal Expansion and Activating the Nrf2-ARE Pathway

by Saki Nakamatsu, Miki Nakata, Toshio Norikura, Yutaro Sasaki, Isao Matsui-Yuasa, Ayano Omura, Kunio Kiyomoto and Akiko Kojima-Yuasa

Nutrients 2025, 17(20), 3242; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17203242 (registering DOI) - 15 Oct 2025

Abstract

Background: As a key contributor to metabolic disorders, obesity is recognized as a critical global health challenge. Adipocyte differentiation depends on the mitotic clonal expansion (MCE) phase, which is controlled by oxidative balance and transcription factors like C/EBPβ. Sesaminol, a lignan derived from [...] Read more.

Background: As a key contributor to metabolic disorders, obesity is recognized as a critical global health challenge. Adipocyte differentiation depends on the mitotic clonal expansion (MCE) phase, which is controlled by oxidative balance and transcription factors like C/EBPβ. Sesaminol, a lignan derived from Sesamum indicum, has potent antioxidant properties. This study aimed to investigate whether sesaminol suppresses adipogenesis by modulating ROS signaling, MCE, and the Nrf2-ARE pathway. Methods: In the early period of adipogenic induction, 3T3-L1 preadipocytes received treatment with sesaminol. Adipogenic development was evaluated through Oil Red O staining together with the assay of GPDH activity. Assays of cell proliferation and expression of cell cycle-related proteins, along with ROS measurement, qRT-PCR, Western blotting, and immunofluorescence, were performed to evaluate the effects on oxidative stress, transcriptional regulation, and AMPK-Nrf2 signaling. Results: Sesaminol significantly inhibited lipid accumulation and GPDH activity without cytotoxicity. It suppressed MCE by inhibiting DNA synthesis and reducing the expression of cyclin E1/E2 and CDK2. Sesaminol decreased C/EBPβ expression and its nuclear localization, resulting in lower levels of C/EBPα and PPARγ. It also reduced intracellular ROS, promoted nuclear translocation of Nrf2, and upregulated antioxidant genes HO-1 and GCLC. AMPK phosphorylation was concurrently enhanced. Conclusions: Sesaminol inhibits early adipogenesis by suppressing ROS-mediated MCE and activating the AMPK-Nrf2-ARE signaling pathway, leading to downregulation of key adipogenic transcription factors. The present study supports the potential of sesaminol as an effective strategy for obesity prevention. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Polyphenols in Foods and Their Impact on Human Health and Diseases)

26 pages, 737 KB

Open AccessArticle

Forecast Bias in Analysts’ Initial Coverage: The Influence of Firm ESG Disclosures

by Mohammadali Fallah, Sulei Han and Le Zhao

J. Risk Financial Manag. 2025, 18(10), 585; https://doi.org/10.3390/jrfm18100585 (registering DOI) - 15 Oct 2025

Abstract

This study examines analyst forecast bias during the initial coverage of a firm using a sample of 631,660 firm-quarter analyst forecasts from 2007 to 2022. Estimating OLS regressions with firm, analyst, and time fixed effects, we find that analysts’ initial EPS forecasts are [...] Read more.

This study examines analyst forecast bias during the initial coverage of a firm using a sample of 631,660 firm-quarter analyst forecasts from 2007 to 2022. Estimating OLS regressions with firm, analyst, and time fixed effects, we find that analysts’ initial EPS forecasts are closer to the consensus than ongoing coverage forecasts. Our results suggest that ESG considerations influence analysts’ initial assessments of the firm. Higher ESG disclosure scores attenuate this tendency to issue consensus-aligned forecasts, particularly for analysts with a more favorable assessment of the firms than the consensus. We observe this effect when EPS forecast dispersion is high, indicating that ESG disclosures influence analysts’ initial assessments when uncertainty and disagreement among analysts are high. Our findings are robust to restricting the sample to small brokerage firms where analyst coverage assignments are more likely to be exogenous. We also find that analysts issue more optimistic price target estimates for firms with higher ESG disclosure scores. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue ESG and Sustainability Finance: Addressing Climate Change and Climate Risk)

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16 pages, 413 KB

Open AccessArticle

Challenges and Opportunities of Male Partner Involvement in Cervical Cancer Prevention and Control in Central Kenya: A Qualitative Analysis

by John H. Mwangi, Pretty N. Mbeje and Gloria N. Mtshali

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2025, 22(10), 1575; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph22101575 (registering DOI) - 15 Oct 2025

Abstract

Background: Cervical cancer remains a significant public health concern in Kenya, with male partner involvement increasingly recognized as a key factor in effective prevention and control. However, limited research has explored the specific barriers and enablers to such involvement in the Kenyan context. [...] Read more.

Background: Cervical cancer remains a significant public health concern in Kenya, with male partner involvement increasingly recognized as a key factor in effective prevention and control. However, limited research has explored the specific barriers and enablers to such involvement in the Kenyan context. This study aimed to examine the challenges and opportunities associated with male partner involvement in cervical cancer prevention in Central Kenya. Methods: A qualitative descriptive design was employed. Purposive sampling was used to select 73 participants, including 20 couples (40 individuals), 20 nurses, 2 clinical officers, 2 gynecologists, 6 community health workers, and 3 county health directors. Data were collected through interviews and focus group discussions and analyzed thematically to identify key patterns and insights. Results: The mean age of male partners was 36.9 years, and 30.5 years for female partners. Most couples (70%, n = 28) had attained secondary education. The average duration of professional experience for nurses and clinical officers was 13 years. Key challenges included knowledge gaps, financial and logistical barriers, limited moral support, time constraints, sociocultural beliefs, stigma, and inadequate facility infrastructure. Identified opportunities included community education, shifting norms, improved couple communication, practical support from men, and integration of services. Conclusions: This study identifies key challenges and practical opportunities for increasing male involvement in cervical cancer prevention. Clarifying and promoting specific male roles such as support for screening and vaccination can enhance the effectiveness of cervical cancer prevention strategies in Central Kenya. Full article

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11 pages, 509 KB

Open AccessArticle

Comparative Analysis of Bone Resection Volume and Lateral Overhang in Four Closed-Wedge High Tibial Osteotomy Techniques—A 3D-CT Computational Simulation Study of Eleven Knees

by Seok Jin Jung, Kyoung Won Park, Seung Joon Rhee, Young Woong Jang and Seong Jin Kim

J. Clin. Med. 2025, 14(20), 7291; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm14207291 (registering DOI) - 15 Oct 2025

Abstract

Purpose: This study aimed to quantitatively compare the resected bony wedge volume and evaluate discrepancies in the non-overlapping lateral osteotomy surface areas among four closed-wedge high tibial osteotomy (CWHTO) techniques. Materials and Methods: Eleven knees from 10 patients who underwent high [...] Read more.

Purpose: This study aimed to quantitatively compare the resected bony wedge volume and evaluate discrepancies in the non-overlapping lateral osteotomy surface areas among four closed-wedge high tibial osteotomy (CWHTO) techniques. Materials and Methods: Eleven knees from 10 patients who underwent high tibial osteotomy at our hospital (2016–2023) were analyzed using preoperative three-dimensional computed tomography. Representative cases were selected based on sex, the presence of proximal tibia vara, and a high joint line convergence angle. A subgroup analysis was then conducted. Surgical simulations were performed on reconstructed bone models using four different CWHTO techniques (conventional, oblique, hybrid 2:1, and hybrid 3:1) at three target angles (12°, 15°, and 18°). Osteotomy surface area and bony wedge volume were calculated and compared. Results: Distal osteotomy surface areas for the oblique, hybrid 1, and hybrid 2 techniques were 91%, 83%, and 72% of the conventional technique, respectively. Resected bony wedge volumes were 86%, 52%, and 38% of the conventional technique, respectively. Volumes decreased in the order of conventional, oblique, hybrid 3:1, and hybrid 2:1. Hybrid techniques showed significantly smaller resection volumes than the conventional and oblique techniques. The non-overlapping lateral osteotomy surface areas for oblique, hybrid 1, and hybrid 2 were 41% (lateral), 22% (medial), and 22% (medial) of the conventional technique, respectively. Only the conventional technique showed a statistically significant difference. Conclusions: Hybrid CWHTO techniques resulted in less bony wedge resection and fewer non-overlapping osteotomy surfaces compared with conventional and oblique techniques. Hybrid CWHTO may offer potential advantages in bone stock preservation and reduced lateral overhanging area. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Clinical Perspectives on Surgical Management of Knee Injuries)

25 pages, 1622 KB

Open AccessArticle

Performance of Post-Emergence Herbicides for Weed Control and Soybean Yield in Thailand

by Ultra Rizqi Restu Pamungkas, Sompong Chankaew, Nakorn Jongrungklang, Tidarat Monkham and Santimaitree Gonkhamdee

Agriculture 2025, 15(20), 2148; https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture15202148 (registering DOI) - 15 Oct 2025

Abstract

Soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) is an essential legume crop in Thailand, valued for its high protein content and economic significance. However, weed competition can reduce yields by up to 82% if not managed effectively. This study evaluates the efficacy of post-emergence [...] Read more.

Soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) is an essential legume crop in Thailand, valued for its high protein content and economic significance. However, weed competition can reduce yields by up to 82% if not managed effectively. This study evaluates the efficacy of post-emergence herbicides for weed control and their impact on soybean yield. A field experiment was conducted during the 2023 rainy and 2024/2025 dry seasons at Khon Kaen University using a split-plot design with four replications. Weed management treatments included hand weeding, an untreated control, and three herbicides, fluazifop-P-butyl + fomesafen, clethodim + fomesafen, and quizalofop-P-tefuryl + fomesafen, applied to two soybean varieties (Morkhor60 and CM60). Quizalofop-P-tefuryl + fomesafen was found to be the most effective herbicide, achieving 87.66% weed control efficiency (WCE) in the dry season and 72.43% in the rainy season. Hand weeding produced the highest yield (1324.00 kg ha⁻¹), followed by quizalofop-P-tefuryl + fomesafen (1148.90 kg ha⁻¹). Morkhor60 outperformed CM60 in yield and growth performance. These findings highlight the importance of selecting suitable herbicide treatments to optimize weed control and enhance soybean productivity under different seasonal conditions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Diseases Diagnosis and Prevention and Weeds Control in Crops—2nd Edition)

17 pages, 2524 KB

Open AccessArticle

Assessing Soil and Water Pollution: A Case Study of an Abandoned Coal Mine for Remediation and Repurposing in Mpumalanga Province, South Africa

by Nkanyiso Mlalazi, Charles Mbohwa, Shumani Ramuhaheli and Ngonidzashe Chimwani

Processes 2025, 13(10), 3307; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr13103307 (registering DOI) - 15 Oct 2025

Abstract

Despite South Africa’s robust environmental legislation governing the mining industry, abandoned coal mines persist as a significant environmental concern, largely due to some companies evading accountability. This study assesses the level of contamination at an abandoned coal mine site in Mpumalanga, South Africa, [...] Read more.

Despite South Africa’s robust environmental legislation governing the mining industry, abandoned coal mines persist as a significant environmental concern, largely due to some companies evading accountability. This study assesses the level of contamination at an abandoned coal mine site in Mpumalanga, South Africa, and proposes preliminary remediation strategies and potential site repurposing options. The analysis included measuring parameters such as pH, electrical conductivity (EC), sulphates (SO₄), calcium (Ca), iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), magnesium (Mg), and lead (Pb) in both soil and water samples. Additionally, soil samples were analyzed for ammonia (NH₃), while water samples were analyzed to determine total suspended solids (TSSs) and total dissolved solids (TDSs). The results revealed that soil samples exceeded prescribed thresholds for SO₄ and Pb, according to Soil Screening Values 1 (SSV1) for protection of land and resources. Water samples also showed exceedances for several parameters, except for Mg and Pb, as per South African National Standards and guidelines. Water quality assessment using the Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environment Water Quality Index (CCME-WQI) yielded scores of 43.33 and 15.56, indicating poor quality for livestock watering and unsuitability for domestic use, respectively. These results suggest threatened water conditions, highlighting significant implications for human health and ecosystem. The study recommends a circular economy-driven approach to environmental remediation, where acid mine drainage is treated using passive systems like constructed wetlands, and phytomining is used to extract valuable metals or minerals. Invasive alien species are harvested and converted into compost, reducing waste and promoting sustainable land use. This approach not only restores the site but also generates economic opportunities through resource recovery, paving the way for sustainable post-mining land uses. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Heavy Metal Contaminated Soil and Water Remediation)

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24 pages, 1429 KB

Open AccessArticle

Comprehensive Profiling of Coconut Oil Varieties: Fatty Acids Composition, Oxidative Stability, Bioactive Properties, and Sensory Attributes

by Eva Ivanišová, Emmanuel Duah Osei, Anthony Amotoe-Bondzie, Christian R. Encina-Zelada, Adam Šípkovský, Miroslava Kačániová, Branislav Gálik and Newlove Akowuah Afoakwah

Appl. Sci. 2025, 15(20), 11070; https://doi.org/10.3390/app152011070 (registering DOI) - 15 Oct 2025

Abstract

Coconut oil is highly regarded for its nutritional and functional attributes, making it an attractive candidate for diverse food and health applications. This study evaluates the fatty acid profile, antioxidant and antimicrobial activities, oxidative stability, and sensory properties of selected coconut oils (Coco24, [...] Read more.

Coconut oil is highly regarded for its nutritional and functional attributes, making it an attractive candidate for diverse food and health applications. This study evaluates the fatty acid profile, antioxidant and antimicrobial activities, oxidative stability, and sensory properties of selected coconut oils (Coco24, Health, Kospa, Smetol, and Vita) from the Slovak republic market. Acid values (0.09 ± 0.060–0.42 ± 0.060 mg KOH/g) and peroxide values (0.51 ± 0.058–1.20 ± 0.010 mmol O₂/kg) were within recommended safety limits. Oxidative stability varied significantly (p ˂ 0.05), with Smetol showing the highest induction time (124.5 ± 0.98 h) and Coco24 the lowest (25.8 ± 0.22 h). DPPH antioxidant activity was highest in health (469.2 ± 2.01 mg TEAC/kg) and Coco24 (369.3 ± 1.99 mg TEAC/kg) (TEAC—Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity). Coco24, Health, and Kospa exhibited the most potent antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus (2.01 ± 0.001 mm, 1.37 ± 0.021 mm, 1.15 ± 0.010 mm, respectively), Candida glabrata (1.17 ± 0.015 mm, 1.17 ± 0.015 mm, 0.45 ± 0.025 mm, respectively), Candida tropicalis (2.12 ± 0.017 mm, 2.13 ± 0.017 mm, 1.52 ± 0.006 mm, respectively), and Bacillus subtilis (1.29 ± 0.055 mm, 1.35 ± 0.006 mm, 0.31 ± 0.020 mm, respectively). FAME analysis revealed that saturated fatty acids dominated, especially in Smetol (97.6 ± 0.067%), while Coco24 had the highest levels of unsaturated fatty acids. Vita and Kospa received the highest panel ratings for smell, taste, and overall acceptability, indicating superior sensory appeal, whereas Smetol scored the lowest. Correlation analysis showed strong positive relationships between MUFA and PUFA (r = 0.986) and taste and acceptability (r = 0.993), as well as between antioxidant activity and Candida albicans inhibition (r = 0.859). Oxidative stability was negatively correlated with PUFA (r = –0.924). PCA grouped oils high in MUFA/PUFA (Kospa, Vita) with superior sensory scores, while PC2 reflected microbial safety. These differences suggest that Coco24, Health, Vita, and Kospa offer enhanced functional and sensory benefits, whereas Smetol is better suited for applications that prioritize oxidative stability. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Characterization of Bioactive Compounds and Antioxidants in Natural Products, 2nd Edition)

13 pages, 457 KB

Open AccessArticle

Effect of Guava Seeds on the Biochemical Parameters and Composition of HDL Subclasses in Ovariectomized Rats

by Lisette Monsibaez Ramírez-Melo, Elizabeth Carreón-Torres, Araceli Castañeda-Ovando, Eduardo Fernández-Martínez, Óscar Pérez-Méndez and Diego Estrada-Luna

Antioxidants 2025, 14(10), 1240; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox14101240 (registering DOI) - 15 Oct 2025

Abstract

Estrogen deficiency is associated with endothelial dysfunction, vascular inflammation, increased lipoprotein oxidation, accumulation of lipid-rich material, and platelet activation. The absence of estrogen causes physiological, metabolic, and biochemical changes that increase the risk of cardiometabolic disease development caused by a deregulation in metabolic [...] Read more.

Estrogen deficiency is associated with endothelial dysfunction, vascular inflammation, increased lipoprotein oxidation, accumulation of lipid-rich material, and platelet activation. The absence of estrogen causes physiological, metabolic, and biochemical changes that increase the risk of cardiometabolic disease development caused by a deregulation in metabolic processes such as lipid metabolism and plasma lipoprotein levels. High-density lipoprotein (HDL) has cardioprotective properties related to the quality and the quantity of its components that can be modified by some nutritional factors. Guava (Psidium guajava L.), a widely cultivated fruit in Mexico, is notable for its high polyunsaturated fatty acid and dietary fiber content in its seeds, but its effect on health is understudied. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of guava-seed supplementation on body weight, blood pressure, lipid profile, HDL composition, and paraoxonase-1 (PON1) activity in an ovariectomized rat model (OVX). Four groups with six adult female Wistar rats each were classified as a SHAM group: rats with simulated ovariectomy; OVX group: rats with ovariectomy; OVX + GS group: ovariectomized rats supplemented with 6 g of guava seeds; OVX + DGS group: ovariectomized rats supplemented with 6 g of defatted guava seeds. Biochemical parameters, size, and lipid concentration of HDL subclasses, apolipoproteins, and PON1 activity were determined. A decrease in body weight gain, systolic blood pressure, mean arterial pressure, and triglycerides in plasma was observed at the end of the experiment in the supplemented groups. The supplementation of 6 g of guava seeds for 30 days decreased biochemical parameters in ovariectomized rats; these results could be attributed to the seed composition, suggesting a protective effect against the risk of developing diseases in menopausal states. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Natural Antioxidants and Metabolic Diseases, 2nd Edition)

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23 pages, 3462 KB

Open AccessArticle

Development and Modeling of a Novel Magnetorheological Elastomer Isolator in Hybrid Mode with a Compression–Shear Hybrid Fractional-Derivative Parametric Model

by Yun Tian, Zhongwei Hu, Yingqing Guo, Lihua Zhu, Jun Dai, Yuxuan Tao and Xin Wang

Sensors 2025, 25(20), 6376; https://doi.org/10.3390/s25206376 (registering DOI) - 15 Oct 2025

Abstract

Magnetorheological elastomers (MREs) are composed of soft silicone rubber, carbonyl iron particles (CIPs), and various additives. This study designs and fabricates a novel hybrid-mode MRE isolator that can operate in both compression and shear modes simultaneously. Experimental and modeling investigations are conducted to [...] Read more.

Magnetorheological elastomers (MREs) are composed of soft silicone rubber, carbonyl iron particles (CIPs), and various additives. This study designs and fabricates a novel hybrid-mode MRE isolator that can operate in both compression and shear modes simultaneously. Experimental and modeling investigations are conducted to examine the dynamic mechanical properties of the hybrid-mode MRE isolator under varying excitation frequencies, displacement amplitudes, and magnetic field strengths. The equivalent stiffness, energy dissipation, and equivalent damping of the MRE isolator are determined. Experimental results reveal that the hybrid-mode MRE isolator exhibits a pronounced MR effect by utilizing a hybrid magnetic field generation system, with all three parameters significantly increasing as the magnetic field strength increases. However, as the excitation frequency increases, the equivalent stiffness and energy dissipation increase, while the equivalent damping decreases. Based on the experimental findings, a compression–shear hybrid fractional-derivative parametric (CSHF) model is proposed to describe the impact of different operating conditions on the dynamic viscoelastic properties of the MRE isolator. A comparative analysis of the experimental results and model predictions indicates that the proposed mechanical model can accurately describe the dynamic mechanical characteristics of the hybrid-mode MRE isolator. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Structural Health Monitoring and Smart Disaster Prevention)

14 pages, 1175 KB

Open AccessArticle

Effects of a Long-Term Exercise Training Program on the Functional Capacity and Health-Related Quality of Life in Inpatients with Psychotic Disorders: A Randomized Controlled Trial

by Victoria Theochari, Dimitra Mameletzi, Andriana Teloudi, Stergios Kaprinis and Evangelia Kouidi

J. Funct. Morphol. Kinesiol. 2025, 10(4), 401; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfmk10040401 (registering DOI) - 15 Oct 2025

Abstract

Background: This randomized controlled trial aimed to assess the effects of a yearly Multi-Component Exercise Training (MCET) program performed within the hospital setting on the functional capacity and Health-Related Quality of Life (HRQoL) of inpatients with psychotic disorders. Methods: Forty-eight inpatients of a [...] Read more.

Background: This randomized controlled trial aimed to assess the effects of a yearly Multi-Component Exercise Training (MCET) program performed within the hospital setting on the functional capacity and Health-Related Quality of Life (HRQoL) of inpatients with psychotic disorders. Methods: Forty-eight inpatients of a public Psychiatric Hospital with a diagnosis of psychosis participated in the study and were randomly assigned to two groups: (i) the intervention group (mean age: 46.6 ± 13.2) and (ii) the control group (mean age: 47.7 ± 8.9). The MCET program consisted of moderate-intensity aerobic exercise (AE), Pilates exercises, and strengthening, balance, corrective and flexibility exercises, using rubber bands, mobility sticks and balls. Sessions were implemented three times per week over a 12-month period and each group session lasted for 30–45 min. The primary outcomes of the study included functional capacity and HRQoL. Functional capacity was assessed through measurements of strength (using handgrip and leg dynamometer), balance, and body positioning, while HRQoL was evaluated using the 36-Item Short Form Health Survey (SF-36). Results: At the end of the treatment, participants in the intervention group demonstrated significantly increased lower and upper extremity muscle strength by 35.9% (p < 0.01) and 23.6% (p < 0.01), respectively, improved balance by 18.1% (p < 0.001), and enhanced sit-and-reach and sit-to-stand results by 47.6% (p < 0.001) and 18.2% (p < 0.001), respectively, as well as increased distance covered at 6MWT by 26.2% (p < 0.001). Regarding the HRQoL, all the parameters of the SF-36 were improved, including general and mental health (p < 0.05), physical (p < 0.001) and social function (p < 0.05), physical (p < 0.01) and emotional roles (p < 0.01) and vitality and bodily pain (p < 0.001 and p < 0.05, respectively). The Physical Component Summary score (PCS) was enhanced significantly (p < 0.001), while the Mental Component Summary score (MCS) remained unchanged. Compliance with the 1-year ET program was 80%. Conclusions: The findings of the study indicated that a 1-year moderate-intensity MCET performed three times per week was safe, well accepted and efficient in improving physical functioning and HRQoL among inpatients with psychotic disorders. These results suggest that structured exercise interventions could be prescribed as add-ons to the pharmacological treatment for psychotic disorders. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Physical Exercise for Health Promotion)

18 pages, 2668 KB

Open AccessArticle

Design Analysis of Migration Nozzles Using CFD

by Makhsuda Juraeva and Dong-Jin Kang

Polymers 2025, 17(20), 2766; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym17202766 (registering DOI) - 15 Oct 2025

Abstract

This paper presents a design analysis approach for migration nozzles used in the spinning process of synthetic fibers. A migration nozzle system consists of a yarn channel, air orifices, and a yarn loading slit. The entire system was analyzed in detail using computational [...] Read more.

This paper presents a design analysis approach for migration nozzles used in the spinning process of synthetic fibers. A migration nozzle system consists of a yarn channel, air orifices, and a yarn loading slit. The entire system was analyzed in detail using computational fluid dynamics (CFD). The design parameters considered include the cross-sectional shape of the yarn channel, as well as the diameter and number of air orifices. Two different cross-sectional shapes, square and circle, were examined. The diameter of the air orifice varied from 0.6 mm to 2.0 mm, and both single and double orifice configurations were studied. A square cross-section resulted in the formation of a secondary vortex above the main vortex, making the circular cross-section preferable. The diameter of the air orifice significantly affects the vortex flow within the yarn channel. Vortex flow characteristics were quantified in two ways: the vorticity averaged across the cross-section in the direction of the yarn channel and the vorticity at the centerline. The highest vorticity at the centerline was observed at a diameter of 1.3 mm for single air orifice and 0.9 mm for double air orifices. These CFD results were validated through comparison with corresponding experimental data. A statistical analysis confirms that the centerline vorticity, particularly in the area of the air orifice, is a key and reliable parameter for evaluating the design of migration nozzles. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Study on Polymer-Based Textiles)

15 pages, 2986 KB

Open AccessArticle

Early Motor Cortex Connectivity and Neuronal Reactivity in Intracerebral Hemorrhage: A Continuous-Wave Functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy Study

by Nitin Kumar, Geetha Charan Duba, Nabeela Khan, Chetan Kashinkunti, Ashfaq Shuaib, Brian Buck and Mahesh Pundlik Kate

Sensors 2025, 25(20), 6377; https://doi.org/10.3390/s25206377 (registering DOI) - 15 Oct 2025

Abstract

Insights into motor cortex remodeling may enable the development of more effective rehabilitation strategies during the acute phase. We aim to assess the affected and unaffected motor/premotor/somatosensory cortex resting state functional connectivity (RSFC) and reactivity with continuous wave functional near-infrared spectroscopy (cw-fNIRS) in [...] Read more.

Insights into motor cortex remodeling may enable the development of more effective rehabilitation strategies during the acute phase. We aim to assess the affected and unaffected motor/premotor/somatosensory cortex resting state functional connectivity (RSFC) and reactivity with continuous wave functional near-infrared spectroscopy (cw-fNIRS) in patients with ICH compared to age, sex, and comorbidity-matched subjects. We enrolled patients with acute–subacute hemispheric ICH (n = 37; two were excluded due to artifacts) and grouped them according to the side (right and left) of the stroke. Matched participants or patients with recent transient ischemic attack were enrolled as control subjects for the study (n = 44; five were excluded due to artifacts). RSFC was assessed in both affected and unaffected hemispheres by group-level seed-based (primary motor cortex, priMC) correlation analysis. FT-associated relative oxyhemoglobin (ΔHbO) changes were analyzed in affected and unaffected hemispheres with generalized linear model regression. In left hemispheric ICH, the resting state coherence between the affected priMC and the affected premotor cortex (preMC) increased (β = 0.83, 95% CI = 0.19, 1.47, p = 0.01). In contrast, in right hemispheric ICH, the coherence between the unaffected priMC and the affected preMC decreased (β = −0.6, 95% CI = −1.12, −0.09, p = 0.02). In the left hemispheric ICH, the left-hand FT was associated with increased ΔHbO over the affected preMC (β = 0.01, 95% CI = 0.003, 0.02, p = 0.01). In contrast, in right hemispheric ICH, the left-hand FT was associated with increased ΔHbO over the unaffected preMC (β = 0.02, 95% CI = 0.006, 0.04, p = 0.01). Left hemispheric preMC may be involved in motor cortex reorganization in acute ICH in either hemisphere. Further studies may be required to assess longitudinal changes in motor cortex reorganization to inform acute motor rehabilitation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances and Innovations in Optical Fiber Sensors)

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