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13 pages, 515 KB

Open AccessArticle

A Survival Analysis Based on Forensic Investigation of Motorcycle Road Traffic Accidents in the Athens Metropolitan Area During 2021–2023

by Athina Tousia, Dimitris Kouzos, Konstantinos Katsos, Ioannis Ketsekioulafis, Ioannis Papoutsis, Artemisia Ntona, Nikolaos Georgiadis, Theodoros N. Sergentanis, Chara A. Spiliopoulou and Emmanouil I. Sakelliadis

Forensic Sci. 2025, 5(4), 68; https://doi.org/10.3390/forensicsci5040068 (registering DOI) - 27 Nov 2025

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Motorcycle accidents have grown to become a significant public health thread worldwide. Most of the victims are described to be males of young age, some of lower socioeconomic status. Throughout the literature, head and spinal injuries are described as the most [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Motorcycle accidents have grown to become a significant public health thread worldwide. Most of the victims are described to be males of young age, some of lower socioeconomic status. Throughout the literature, head and spinal injuries are described as the most common injuries, while chest injuries and lower extremity fractures are also frequently described. Moreover, driving under the influence of alcohol has been widely described as a major predisposing factor. We conducted a retrospective cohort study to categorize risk factors, including demographic information and alcohol/psychoactive substance consumption, as well as pre-existing medical conditions. Correspondingly, we identified the most common injury patterns and attempted to establish a connection between time to hospital and survival rates. Methods: Cases of motorcycle-related road traffic accidents (RTAs) examined by the authors during 2021–2023 were included in the study sample (94 cases in total). This retrospective cohort study assessed survival time (in days) from accident to death. Kaplan–Meier curves, stratified by key categorical variables, were used to analyze survival probabilities over time. Univariate Cox regression was used to assess each variable’s effect on survival. The association between exposure and mortality was analyzed using hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Results: Head injuries were associated with poorer outcomes. Chest injuries reduced median survival to 1.68 h compared to 5.85 days in cases that had not sustained chest injuries. Abdominal injuries also shortened survival (1.632 h vs. 1.896 h), as did multiple-site injuries (1.584 h vs. 0.2 days for single/double-site). Positive toxicology for psychoactive substances lowered survival to 1.32 h compared to 1.752 h in cases with negative toxicological findings. Multiple-site injuries and head, chest and abdominal injuries appeared to significantly affect the survival of victims. Positive toxicological examination results for psychoactive substances also appeared to heavily impact survival. Full article

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21 pages, 7400 KB

Open AccessArticle

Assessment of Photovoltaic Power Generation Potential in Chinese Expressway Service Areas

by Qiang Yu, Yufei Zhang, Zhufa Chu, Shuo Zhang, Zhongyi Shen and Zice Ma

Energies 2025, 18(23), 6209; https://doi.org/10.3390/en18236209 (registering DOI) - 27 Nov 2025

Abstract

China’s expressways generate substantial carbon emissions annually. To mitigate these emissions, this study explores the deployment of photovoltaic (PV) modules in the available areas of expressway service areas. As critical energy consumption nodes along the expressway network, service areas offer notable advantages for [...] Read more.

China’s expressways generate substantial carbon emissions annually. To mitigate these emissions, this study explores the deployment of photovoltaic (PV) modules in the available areas of expressway service areas. As critical energy consumption nodes along the expressway network, service areas offer notable advantages for PV deployment compared to other highway segments, including ease of management, cost-effectiveness, and reduced transmission losses. However, the scattered distribution of service areas—many of which are located in mountainous and complex terrains—poses significant challenges to accurately assessing their PV potential. To address this issue, this study develops a spatiotemporal model to evaluate the solar photovoltaic power generation potential of expressway service areas across China. First, national service area coverage is determined using highway network data. Second, digital elevation model (DEM) data are used to estimate hourly shadow areas caused by surrounding terrain; solar radiation within these shadowed regions is assumed to be zero. Finally, by integrating ground-based solar radiation data with a radiation estimation model, the PV potential of service areas in each province is calculated. The model integrates expressway service area data, high-resolution digital elevation models, and ground-based solar radiation datasets to simulate spatially and temporally resolved irradiance conditions, enabling accurate estimation of photovoltaic potential at the provincial and national scales. Based on data from approximately 3225 expressway service areas as of the end of 2022, the results indicate an annual photovoltaic potential of 1400.72 TW, with an estimated installable capacity of 51.85 GW, yielding an annual electricity generation of 66.37 TWh. The southeastern regions, particularly Guangdong Province, exhibit greater PV potential due to their higher density of service areas, compared to the northwestern regions. Nationwide adoption of PV systems in expressway service areas is projected to reduce carbon emissions by 48.85 million tons. This study provides a valuable reference for regional planning and suitability assessment of PV expressway infrastructure development in China. Moreover, this study provides a novel spatiotemporal assessment framework and the first national-scale case study of PV potential in expressway service areas, offering valuable guidance for highway energy planning and low-carbon infrastructure development in China. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section A2: Solar Energy and Photovoltaic Systems)

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15 pages, 314 KB

Open AccessReview

Plastic Pollution and Child Health: A Narrative Review of Micro- and Nanoplastics, Additives, and Developmental Risks

by Nicola Principi, Alberto Argentiero, Beatrice Rita Campana, Hajrie Seferi, Elena Cinti and Susanna Esposito

J. Clin. Med. 2025, 14(23), 8399; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm14238399 (registering DOI) - 27 Nov 2025

Abstract

Plastic production and subsequent environmental contamination have increased substantially in recent decades, resulting in pervasive human exposure to microplastics (MPs), nanoplastics (NPs), and plastic-associated additives such as bisphenols and phthalates. These substances are known to induce toxic effects via multiple biological mechanisms, including [...] Read more.

Plastic production and subsequent environmental contamination have increased substantially in recent decades, resulting in pervasive human exposure to microplastics (MPs), nanoplastics (NPs), and plastic-associated additives such as bisphenols and phthalates. These substances are known to induce toxic effects via multiple biological mechanisms, including oxidative stress, inflammation, apoptosis, immune system disruption, and genotoxicity. While exceptions exist, current research generally indicates that these exposures may adversely affect fertility. Notably, children constitute the most vulnerable demographic due to behavioral tendencies, higher intake-to-body-weight ratios, underdeveloped detoxification systems, and critical developmental periods of susceptibility. Evidence demonstrates that exposure commences in utero, with MPs, NPs, and additives identified in placental tissue, amniotic fluid, cord blood, and meconium—factors associated with impaired fetal growth and reduced gestational duration. After birth, additional exposure occurs through diet, inhalation, household dust, feeding equipment, toys, and consumer products. Experimental and epidemiological studies suggest that plastics may adversely affect multiple physiological systems. Reported outcomes include altered pubertal development, reduced fertility, neurodevelopmental abnormalities, respiratory diseases such as asthma, and increased risks of metabolic disorders, including obesity and insulin resistance. However, substantial knowledge gaps remain: the relative toxicity of different polymers and additives, dose–response relationships, critical exposure periods, and long-term consequences are not yet fully defined. Given growing concern and mounting evidence of harm, precautionary measures are warranted. Reducing nonessential plastic use, strengthening regulatory actions, improving product labeling, and promoting public awareness are urgent priorities, particularly in vulnerable and resource-limited communities. Further mechanistic studies and longitudinal human research are essential to clarify health risks, guide safer material substitutions, and inform evidence-based policies aimed at protecting children from avoidable plastic-related toxicity. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Research Progress in Pediatric Endocrinology)

29 pages, 14662 KB

Open AccessArticle

Study on the Correlation Between Transportation Development and Urban Expansion in China from the Perspective of Spatio-Temporal Heterogeneity

by Jiaxuan Li, Yonghuan Ma, Lei Li and Yishuang Hou

Land 2025, 14(12), 2326; https://doi.org/10.3390/land14122326 (registering DOI) - 27 Nov 2025

Abstract

With the acceleration of urbanization in China, the spatiotemporal effects of transportation development have profoundly influenced urban expansion, potentially posing challenges to the sustainable development of urban economic, social, and ecological systems. Existing research has primarily focused on the relationship between transportation systems [...] Read more.

With the acceleration of urbanization in China, the spatiotemporal effects of transportation development have profoundly influenced urban expansion, potentially posing challenges to the sustainable development of urban economic, social, and ecological systems. Existing research has primarily focused on the relationship between transportation systems and urban expansion at the city, urban agglomeration, and regional levels, but studies from a broader spatial scale and spatiotemporal heterogeneity perspective remain relatively scarce. This study examines 364 cities in China, using the proportion of urban construction land area and nighttime light data to characterize urban expansion levels. The geographically weighted regression model is employed to analyze the spatiotemporal heterogeneity of the correlation between transportation development and urban expansion, while the spatial Durbin model is used to explore spatial spillover effects. The results reveal significant spatiotemporal heterogeneity in the relationship between transportation development and urban expansion. From 2010 to 2020, the spatial heterogeneity of the correlation between transportation development and the Percentage of Construction Land Area increased, while the spatial heterogeneity of its correlation with Nighttime Lights decreased. Among the ten transportation development indicators, National Road Density and Density of Street Light showed the most significant correlations with urban expansion. Additionally, some transportation development indicators exhibited notable spatial spillover effects on urban expansion, with Provincial Road Density and Density of Road with Lights having the most prominent impacts. This study provides scientific evidence for planners and policymakers to formulate more precise urban development strategies and promote high-quality, sustainable urban development. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Progress in Spatial Modeling in Urban Land Dynamics and Planning)

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36 pages, 3413 KB

Open AccessArticle

Toward Sustainable Green and Intelligent Profile Control Gels: An ETI–CFI-Based Structure–Environment Evaluation Framework

by Qiang Chen, Hanmin Xiao, Zhihua Chen, Tong Wu, Hao Chen and Keqiang Wei

Gels 2025, 11(12), 952; https://doi.org/10.3390/gels11120952 (registering DOI) - 27 Nov 2025

Abstract

In the context of the “dual-carbon” strategy and the escalating challenges posed by ultra-high water-cut reservoirs, the development of green and intelligent profile control gels (PCGs) has become essential for balancing enhanced oil recovery (EOR) efficiency with environmental sustainability. In this study, a [...] Read more.

In the context of the “dual-carbon” strategy and the escalating challenges posed by ultra-high water-cut reservoirs, the development of green and intelligent profile control gels (PCGs) has become essential for balancing enhanced oil recovery (EOR) efficiency with environmental sustainability. In this study, a green performance evaluation framework integrating the Environmental Toxicity Index (ETI) and Carbon Footprint Intensity (CFI) is established to quantitatively assess the environmental friendliness of polymer gel systems. Representative gel types—including conventional chromium(III)–polyacrylamide(Cr(III)–PAM), citric acid–chitosan, and pH-responsive nanogels—are evaluated to reveal their structure–environment interactions. Comparative analysis shows that the Cr(III)–PAM system exhibits strong plugging capability but imposes the highest environmental burden (ETI = 1.45; CFI = 9.1 kg CO₂e/kg), whereas the citric acid–chitosan system significantly reduces both toxicity (ETI = 0.42) and carbon footprint (CFI = 2.1). Meanwhile, pH-responsive nanogels demonstrate superior reservoir stability and sustainability under harsh conditions. The proposed ETI–CFI evaluation framework not only enables quantitative benchmarking of green performance but also provides a unified criterion for molecular design, material screening, and engineering application of intelligent green gels. This framework offers practical guidance for the low-carbon transformation of oilfield chemical systems, aligning innovation with sustainability objectives and supporting the realization of dual-carbon goals. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Polymer Gels for Oil Drilling and Enhanced Recovery)

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15 pages, 252 KB

Open AccessArticle

Democracy Deferred: Working-Class Women, and Transport Injustice in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa

by Paddington Mutekwe and Mondli Hlatshwayo

Soc. Sci. 2025, 14(12), 684; https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci14120684 (registering DOI) - 27 Nov 2025

Abstract

There have been various reflections on the state of democracy and socio-economic rights since the end of formal apartheid in 1994, which was thirty years ago. This article focuses on KwaZulu-Natal and is based on in-depth interviews with women. The article aims to [...] Read more.

There have been various reflections on the state of democracy and socio-economic rights since the end of formal apartheid in 1994, which was thirty years ago. This article focuses on KwaZulu-Natal and is based on in-depth interviews with women. The article aims to address the lack of understanding of the challenges faced by working-class women, who were expected to benefit the most from democracy, in South Africa. The findings reveal that the women interviewed in the article have to take care of their families and households by looking after children, partners, and other household members. Accessing and using transportation is an additional burden for these women as they face violence and sexual abuse when using different modes of transport. To add insult to injury, all modes of transport are expensive and inaccessible in the context where the women earn low wages. The findings imply that the South African and KZN governments need to address the transportation problem to alleviate the social and economic burden on the women interviewed for this research. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Gender Studies)

13 pages, 284 KB

Open AccessArticle

Medicaid Expansion and Patient Safety Culture in USA Hospitals

by Jayson Forbes and Alejandro Arrieta

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2025, 22(12), 1795; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph22121795 (registering DOI) - 27 Nov 2025

Abstract

Background: The Affordable Care Act (ACA) included provisions to improve access and patient safety. However, in some cases, improving access generated a rapid increase in demand, leading to a strain on the healthcare workforce, with potential impacts on patient safety. This study seeks [...] Read more.

Background: The Affordable Care Act (ACA) included provisions to improve access and patient safety. However, in some cases, improving access generated a rapid increase in demand, leading to a strain on the healthcare workforce, with potential impacts on patient safety. This study seeks to assess a potential trade-off between access and safety that could have resulted from Medicaid expansion, a key provision of ACA. To our knowledge, this is the first study that directly links Medicaid expansion to internal patient safety culture dynamics within hospitals. Methods: We used a panel data model with hospital fixed effects to assess how different dimensions of patient safety culture were affected in hospitals located in states that expanded Medicaid. We also clustered standard errors by hospital to account for dependence among responses within a single facility and correct for heteroskedasticity, thus achieving more precise and reliable estimates. Results: In small hospitals, Medicaid expansion is significantly associated with a reduced Teamwork Within Units dimension (−0.067, p < 0.01), a small but significant 1.7% decrease in a 1-to-5 Likert scale, while a negative association with Nonpunitive Response to Error dimension was observed in medium-sized hospitals (−0.045, p < 0.05) and in large hospitals (−0.064, p < 0.05). Conclusions: Public policies to improve healthcare access should plan around resources and capabilities to ensure patient safety. Small hospitals need additional support to manage the healthcare worker shortage that results from higher demand of healthcare services, while medium and large hospitals need to respond more in the areas of response to error. Full article

5 pages, 1015 KB

Open AccessCase Report

Idiopathic Penile Calcinosis Cutis: A Histopathological Case Report

by George Stoyanov, Dobri Marchev and Hristo Popov

Reports 2025, 8(4), 248; https://doi.org/10.3390/reports8040248 (registering DOI) - 27 Nov 2025

Abstract

Background and Clinical Significance: Calcinosis cutis is a rare condition that can develop through several mechanisms. These include dystrophic, calciphylaxis (classical, metastatic, and iatrogenic), and idiopathic mechanisms. Idiopathic calcinosis cutis is rare and always a diagnosis of exclusion. A particularly rare site [...] Read more.

Background and Clinical Significance: Calcinosis cutis is a rare condition that can develop through several mechanisms. These include dystrophic, calciphylaxis (classical, metastatic, and iatrogenic), and idiopathic mechanisms. Idiopathic calcinosis cutis is rare and always a diagnosis of exclusion. A particularly rare site for the development of idiopathic calcinosis cutis is the penis. Case Presentation: A previously healthy 18-year-old male presented to our institution with a three-month history of a painless, firm swelling on the outer layer of the prepucium in the area of the commissure. Histopathology of the excised specimen showed a varying caliber of calcium deposits within the dermis, ranging from small psammoma-like bodies to larger calcium deposits measuring up to 2.5 mm. The deposits were freely dispersed within the dermal collagen and did not exhibit vascular affinity, nor surrounding foci of inflammation. The epidermis was not involved, with only mild reactive hyperkeratosis. The results of detailed physical, imaging, and laboratory tests were normal, and hence the diagnosis of idiopathic calcinosis cutis of the penis was established. Conclusions: Penile calcinosis cutis is a rare condition that falls within the broader group of genital calcinosis cutis. The condition is typically present in young males and has an excellent prognosis after excision. Full article

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12 pages, 14146 KB

Open AccessArticle

Disease and Economic Burden Averted by Hib Vaccination in 160 Countries: A Machine-Learning Analysis

by Dachuang Zhou, Siyang Chan, Yimei Zhong, Zhehong Xu, Jun Wang, Yuntian Wang, Yiyang Gao, Yuting Xia, Di Zhang and Wenxi Tang

Vaccines 2025, 13(12), 1197; https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines13121197 (registering DOI) - 27 Nov 2025

Abstract

Background: Global immunization against Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) has expanded with Gavi support. We estimated health, economic benefits, equity and cost-effectiveness in 159 countries (1990–2021), and projected effects of future introduction in China. Methods: We used a random forest model to simulate [...] Read more.

Background: Global immunization against Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) has expanded with Gavi support. We estimated health, economic benefits, equity and cost-effectiveness in 159 countries (1990–2021), and projected effects of future introduction in China. Methods: We used a random forest model to simulate counterfactual scenarios without Hib vaccine introduction in 159 countries (1990–2021) and to project effects of Hib vaccine introduction in China over the next decade. Ten variables were sourced from the World Bank and WHO; Hib disease burden estimates were from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021. We compared counterfactual and actual results to quantify benefits, equity, and cost-effectiveness. Extensive uncertainty analyses were performed. Results: Between 1990 and 2021, Hib immunization averted an estimated 1,321,123 (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 32,034–2,723,304) deaths and 90,973,504 (95% UI 3,573,718–197,099,799) disability-adjusted life-years globally. Greatest health and economic gains occurred in Africa and low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). Deaths averted decreased with later vaccine introduction (Pearson’s r = −0.56). Vaccination did not improve health equity, and access remains limited in Africa and LMICs. Hib immunization was cost-saving in all countries. In China, introduction at any point in the next decade would provide health and economic benefits and be cost-effective, with earlier introduction yielding greater gains. Conclusions: Hib immunization provide substantial, cost-effective health and economic benefits globally. Persistent inequities in vaccine access for LMICs require targeted solutions. Policymakers in China should consider these findings for future vaccine introduction. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Promoting Research, Development and Access to Vaccines to Address Global Inequities)

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24 pages, 9916 KB

Open AccessArticle

Combination of 20(R)-Rg3 and HUCMSCs Alleviates Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in C57BL/6 Mice by Activating the PI3K/Akt Signaling Pathway

by Zhengjie Zhou, Jingtong Zheng, Xiaoping Guo, Guoqiang Wang, Fang Wang and Xiaoting Meng

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025, 26(23), 11469; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms262311469 (registering DOI) - 27 Nov 2025

Abstract

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a global health challenge characterized by insulin resistance and pancreatic β-cell dysfunction. While human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells (HUCMSCs) show therapeutic potential, their efficacy can be limited by the harsh in vivo microenvironment. 20(R)-Rg3, a ginsenoside [...] Read more.

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a global health challenge characterized by insulin resistance and pancreatic β-cell dysfunction. While human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells (HUCMSCs) show therapeutic potential, their efficacy can be limited by the harsh in vivo microenvironment. 20(R)-Rg3, a ginsenoside with anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties, may enhance HUCMSCs’ function, but the combined effect and mechanism of this “cell-molecule” strategy remain unclear. This study aimed to investigate the therapeutic effects and underlying mechanisms of a combination therapy using 20(R)-Rg3 and HUCMSCs in a high-fat diet (HFD) and streptozotocin (STZ)-induced T2DM mouse model. Diabetic mice were treated with PBS, HUCMSCs alone, or HUCMSCs pre-treated with 20(R)-Rg3. Fasting blood glucose and body weight were monitored. Insulin resistance was assessed via oral glucose tolerance tests (OGTTs) and intraperitoneal insulin tolerance tests (IPITTs). Serum biochemical parameters (lipids, liver and kidney function, insulin, C-peptide) were analyzed. Histopathological examination (H&E, PAS) of the liver, kidney, and pancreas was performed, alongside immunofluorescence for islet hormones. Transcriptomic analysis (RNA-seq) was conducted on HUCMSCs with or without 20(R)-Rg3 pretreatment to elucidate potential signaling pathways. Results demonstrated that the combination significantly reduced hyperglycemia and improved insulin sensitivity more effectively than HUCMSCs alone. It also ameliorated dyslipidemia, enhanced liver and kidney function, promoted glycogen synthesis, and facilitated pancreatic islet “regeneration”. Transcriptomic analysis indicated that the synergistic effect is primarily mediated through activation of the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway. These findings suggest that 20(R)-Rg3 potentiates the therapeutic efficacy of HUCMSCs, providing a promising combinatorial strategy for T2DM treatment. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Biochemistry)

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19 pages, 10290 KB

Open AccessArticle

Influence of Mo Content on the Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Cu-Mo Composites Fabricated by Mechanical Alloying and Spark Plasma Sintering

by Jie Wu, Xiuqing Li and Qingxia Yang

Coatings 2025, 15(12), 1387; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings15121387 (registering DOI) - 27 Nov 2025

Abstract

In this work, Mo particles were incorporated into a Cu matrix, with the hope of retaining the advantageous properties of Cu while improving its mechanical performance. Mechanical ball milling was employed to fabricate Cu-Mo composite powders with different Mo concentrations; the Mo particles [...] Read more.

In this work, Mo particles were incorporated into a Cu matrix, with the hope of retaining the advantageous properties of Cu while improving its mechanical performance. Mechanical ball milling was employed to fabricate Cu-Mo composite powders with different Mo concentrations; the Mo particles were incorporated at mass fractions of 5%, 10%, 15%, and 20%, which were subsequently densified by spark plasma sintering (SPS) to achieve a high-density composite. Phase identification and microstructural analysis were performed using X-ray diffraction (XRD). Tensile strength, compressive strength, and Vickers hardness measurements were performed to evaluate the mechanical performance of the Cu-Mo composite. Microstructural characterization of the tensile specimen was conducted via electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), and field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM). The results demonstrate a consistent decrease in grain size and a corresponding increase in density with higher Mo content in the composite. For Cu-15wt%Mo composite, the Vickers hardness is 135 HV, compressive strength is 300 MPa, and tensile strength is 371 MPa. Compared with pure Cu, they were increased by 74%, 115%, and 64%, respectively. The main strengthening mechanisms have been revealed. This research can offer a foundation and reference for designing and developing high-performance Cu-Mo composite. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Surface Characterization, Deposition and Modification)

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18 pages, 562 KB

Open AccessSystematic Review

Behavioral Patterns in Preschool and School-Aged Children with Snoring and Sleep-Disordered Breathing: A Scoping Review

by Diego Monteiro de Carvalho, Carlos Maurício de Almeida, Vinícius Bacelar Ferreira, David Abraham Batista da Hora, Leticia Azevedo Soster, Letícia Rodrigues Nunes Pinheiro and Jefferson Macêdo Dantas

Children 2025, 12(12), 1614; https://doi.org/10.3390/children12121614 (registering DOI) - 27 Nov 2025

Abstract

Objective: This scoping review aims to map the scientific literature of the last five years to characterize behavioral patterns in children with snoring and sleep-disordered breathing (SDB), ranging from primary snoring (PS) to obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS). The review seeks to [...] Read more.

Objective: This scoping review aims to map the scientific literature of the last five years to characterize behavioral patterns in children with snoring and sleep-disordered breathing (SDB), ranging from primary snoring (PS) to obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS). The review seeks to identify the main diagnostic and assessment methods, differentiate the behavioral findings between PS and OSAS where possible, and pinpoint key research gaps. Methods: A systematic scoping review was conducted following the PRISMA-ScR guidelines. The PubMed/MEDLINE, LILACS, and SciELO databases were searched in April 2024 for observational studies published between 2019 and 2024 that addressed the coexistence of snoring and behavioral changes in the pediatric population. Only articles in English, Spanish, or Portuguese were analyzed. Data were charted and analyzed thematically to map the scope of the evidence. Results: The initial search yielded 129 articles, with 22 ultimately included in the final analysis. The findings reveal profound methodological heterogeneity. While questionnaires are universally applied (n = 22), polysomnography (n = 21) remains the gold standard for SDB diagnosis. Behavioral assessments were inconsistent, identifying a broad spectrum of externalizing (e.g., hyperactivity, aggression) and internalizing (e.g., anxiety, depression) problems, with no clear predominant pattern. Obesity and Down’s syndrome were the most frequently associated comorbidities. Conclusions: The literature reaffirms the strong correlation between SDB and adverse neurobehavioral outcomes in children. This association is present in primary snoring but is most pronounced in children with diagnosed OSAS. However, progress is constrained by a lack of standardization and, critically, a frequent failure to differentiate between PS and OSAS, which hinders clinical interpretation and evidence synthesis. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Current Advances in Paediatric Sleep Medicine (2nd Edition))

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22 pages, 3997 KB

Open AccessArticle

Study on Acoustic and Mechanical Properties of AlSi7Mg/TPU Porous Interpenetrating Phase Composites

by Yajuan Wang, Mingkang Zhang, Sihua Yin, Yifu Liang, Fengqing Lu and Jisheng Fu

Coatings 2025, 15(12), 1388; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings15121388 (registering DOI) - 27 Nov 2025

Abstract

The rapid development of high-end equipment has created stringent requirements for multifunctional integration in materials. However, traditional porous materials have faced a fundamental trade-off between lightweight characteristics and mechanical and acoustic performance. To address this challenge, a design and fabrication method for interpenetrating [...] Read more.

The rapid development of high-end equipment has created stringent requirements for multifunctional integration in materials. However, traditional porous materials have faced a fundamental trade-off between lightweight characteristics and mechanical and acoustic performance. To address this challenge, a design and fabrication method for interpenetrating phase composites (IPCs) based on triply periodic minimal surface (TPMS) structures was proposed. The effects of porosity, unit cell size, and structural type on the performance of porous structures were systematically investigated. TPMS frameworks were fabricated from AlSi7Mg alloy using laser powder bed fusion (LPBF). These frameworks were then combined with thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) via a foaming infiltration process to create the AlSi7Mg/TPU IPCs. Acoustic and compression tests were performed using an impedance tube and a universal testing machine. The results indicated that, compared to unfilled TPMS structures, the IPCs exhibited a shift in the first peak acoustic absorption coefficient to lower frequencies, an increase (1.59 = fold) in the average acoustic absorption coefficient within the 500–6300 Hz range, and a significant enhancement (35.58 fold) in the average normal incidence transmission loss (TL). Under quasi-static compression, the plateau stage was sustained over 60% strain, and the energy absorption capacity increased by a factor of 3.56. This research provides a technical reference for developing multifunctional materials for aerospace and other acoustic applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Development in Post-Processing for Additive Manufacturing (Second Edition))

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19 pages, 2181 KB

Open AccessArticle

Non-Line-of-Sight Identification Method for Ultra-Wide Band Based on Dual-Branch Feature Fusion Transformer

by Guangyong Xi, Shuaiyang Hu, Jing Wang and Dongyao Zou

Information 2025, 16(12), 1033; https://doi.org/10.3390/info16121033 (registering DOI) - 27 Nov 2025

Abstract

In Ultra-Wide Band (UWB) positioning, wireless signals are subject to non-line-of-sight (NLOS) propagation due to obstruction by obstacles, which leads to ranging and positioning estimation errors. How to accurately and efficiently identify line-of-sight (LOS) and NLOS propagation paths is a key research task [...] Read more.

In Ultra-Wide Band (UWB) positioning, wireless signals are subject to non-line-of-sight (NLOS) propagation due to obstruction by obstacles, which leads to ranging and positioning estimation errors. How to accurately and efficiently identify line-of-sight (LOS) and NLOS propagation paths is a key research task in UWB positioning systems. By effectively integrating the characteristics of global channel impulse response (CIR) sequence features and statistical time-domain features, a dual-branch feature fusion Transformer (DBFF-Transformer) is proposed for NLOS path identification. Firstly, the original CIR sequence data is processed using the Transformer to learn the global feature relationships within the data. Secondly, four key time-domain features are extracted from the CIR sequence: the first-path energy ratio, the root-mean-square time delay spread, the kurtosis and the phase difference. Finally, by integrating the sequence features and the time-domain features, the two features’ branches are fused through a fully connected network. The proposed method is evaluated in two typical indoor scenarios from the latest open-source datasets of the eWINE project. The ablation experiment proves that the fusion of the sequence features and time-domain features of the CIR sequence can effectively improve NLOS identification accuracy. The identification accuracy in the two experimental scenarios is 95.9% and 95.7%, with F1 scores of 97.2% and 97.1% and Recall of 97.4% and 96.4%, respectively. The comparative analysis of the DBFF-Transformer with the state-of-the-art baseline models demonstrates superior accuracy and robustness, which can provide a novel solution for NLOS identification in UWB indoor positioning. Full article

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29 pages, 18762 KB

Open AccessArticle

Maritime Activities Observed Through Open-Access Positioning Data: Moving and Stationary Vessels in the Baltic Sea

by Moritz Hütten

Geomatics 2025, 5(4), 69; https://doi.org/10.3390/geomatics5040069 (registering DOI) - 27 Nov 2025

Abstract

Understanding past and present maritime activity patterns is critical for navigation safety, environmental assessment, and commercial operations. An increasing number of services now openly provide positioning data from the Automatic Identification System (AIS) via ground-based receivers. We show that coastal vessel activity can [...] Read more.

Understanding past and present maritime activity patterns is critical for navigation safety, environmental assessment, and commercial operations. An increasing number of services now openly provide positioning data from the Automatic Identification System (AIS) via ground-based receivers. We show that coastal vessel activity can be reconstructed from open access data with high accuracy, even with limited data quality and incomplete receiver coverage. For three months of open AIS data in the Baltic Sea from August to October 2024, we present (i) cleansing and reconstruction methods to improve the data quality, and (ii) a journey model that converts AIS message data into vessel counts, traffic estimates, and spatially resolved vessel density at a resolution of ∼400 m. Vessel counts are provided, along with their uncertainties, for both moving and stationary activity. Vessel density maps also enable the identification of port locations, and we infer the most crowded and busiest coastal areas in the Baltic Sea. We find that on average, ≳4000 vessels simultaneously operate in the Baltic Sea, and more than 300 vessels enter or leave the area each day. Our results agree within 20% with previous studies relying on proprietary data. Full article

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18 pages, 4418 KB

Open AccessArticle

Phenotypic Characterization and Transcriptome Analysis of the Dwarf Mutant zmbrd1 in Maize

by Li Qin, Yu Bao, Chunlei Du, Xiaolong Guo, Xiaoduo Lu and Fugui Xie

Genes 2025, 16(12), 1410; https://doi.org/10.3390/genes16121410 (registering DOI) - 27 Nov 2025

Abstract

Background: Maize (Zea mays L.) is a vital global crop, and yield improvement through dwarfing breeding—inspired by the Green Revolution—holds promise for addressing food security challenges. Despite the identification of over 60 dwarf genes in maize, their genetic diversity remains limited. Brassinosteroids [...] Read more.

Background: Maize (Zea mays L.) is a vital global crop, and yield improvement through dwarfing breeding—inspired by the Green Revolution—holds promise for addressing food security challenges. Despite the identification of over 60 dwarf genes in maize, their genetic diversity remains limited. Brassinosteroids (BRs) are key phytohormones that regulate plant height, and mutations in BR-related genes often result in dwarf phenotypes. Methods: The zmbrd1 mutant was generated via EMS mutagenesis in the B73 background. Phenotypic traits (plant height, root length) and histological features (e.g., mesocotyl cell length) were compared between mutant and wild-type plants. Transcriptome sequencing of leaves and root tips identified differentially expressed genes (DEGs), followed by GO and KEGG enrichment analyses. Key hormone-related genes were validated by means of qRT-PCR. Results: The zmbrd1 mutant exhibited severe dwarfism and reduced root length, primarily due to inhibited longitudinal cell elongation in internodes. Transcriptome analysis revealed 1652 DEGs in leaves and 1450 DEGs in roots. Enriched pathways included BR biosynthesis, plant hormone signal transduction, and glutathione metabolism. In leaves, upregulated genes were linked to hormone signaling and chloroplast function, while downregulated genes involved oxidoreductase activity and stress response. In roots, DEGs were enriched in ethylene signaling, MAPK pathways, and plant–pathogen interaction, suggesting impaired defense responses. qRT-PCR confirmed dysregulation of hormone-related genes: GA biosynthesis genes were downregulated, whereas auxin-related genes were upregulated in leaves but downregulated in roots. Conclusions: The dwarf phenotype of zmbrd1 stems from disrupted BR biosynthesis, leading to hormonal imbalance (particularly in GA and auxin pathways), oxidative stress, and suppressed cell elongation. Our results suggest that ZmBRD1 plays a key role in integrating aboveground and underground growth likely through modulating hormone crosstalk. This study elucidates BR-mediated height regulation and provides genetic resources for maize breeding. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Plant Genetics and Genomics)

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28 pages, 13331 KB

Open AccessArticle

Effect of Processing History on the Microstructure and Magnetic Properties of Ultra-Low Carbon Si + Sb Non-Oriented Electrical Steels

by Fernando Hernández-Navarro, Armando Salinas-Rodríguez, Rogelio Deaquino-Lara, Javier Aguilar-Carrillo, Iván A. Reyes-Domínguez, Lizangela Guerra-Fuentes, Ma. de J. Soria-Aguilar, Francisco R. Carrillo-Pedroza, Josefina García-Guerra, Verónica E. Salazar-Muñoz and Emmanuel J. Gutiérrez-Castañeda

Solids 2025, 6(4), 65; https://doi.org/10.3390/solids6040065 (registering DOI) - 27 Nov 2025

Abstract

In this work, different processing routes were investigated to evaluate the effects of hot rolling temperature, annealing before cold rolling (ABCR), and one- or two-stage cold rolling and annealing schedules to obtain more efficient electrical steels. The correlation between processing variables, microstructure, thickness, [...] Read more.

In this work, different processing routes were investigated to evaluate the effects of hot rolling temperature, annealing before cold rolling (ABCR), and one- or two-stage cold rolling and annealing schedules to obtain more efficient electrical steels. The correlation between processing variables, microstructure, thickness, and magnetic properties was established from the analysis of 3D surface plots. It was found that the lowest core loss values (3.4 W/kg) were obtained when steel is processed by hot rolling (800 °C), ABCR (880 °C–180 min), first cold rolling (up to 0.25 mm), first annealing (850 °C–10 min), second cold rolling (up to 0.2 mm), and second annealing (850 °C–10 min). The better combination between thickness and grain size leads to the enhancement of the magnetic properties, which affects the way eddy and hysteresis losses contribute to the total core losses. Full article

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13 pages, 659 KB

Open AccessArticle

Adverse Childhood Experiences, DNA Methylation, and Depressive Symptoms in Black Pregnant Women

by Alexandra L. Nowak, Marvin A. Schilt-Solberg, Xiaoyu Liang, Fabiola Magaña, Dawn P. Misra and Carmen Giurgescu

Epigenomes 2025, 9(4), 48; https://doi.org/10.3390/epigenomes9040048 (registering DOI) - 27 Nov 2025

Abstract

Background: Prenatal depression, affecting up to a quarter of all pregnancies in the United States, contributes to morbidity and mortality and is associated with increased risk of adverse birth and long-term mental health outcomes. Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs, or experiences of abuse, neglect, [...] Read more.

Background: Prenatal depression, affecting up to a quarter of all pregnancies in the United States, contributes to morbidity and mortality and is associated with increased risk of adverse birth and long-term mental health outcomes. Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs, or experiences of abuse, neglect, or family dysfunction experienced prior to age 18) are a strong predictor of adult depression and adverse health outcomes. The present study investigated whether epigenetic modification in the form of DNA methylation (DNAm) of four stress-related, glucocorticoid pathway genes (CRH, CRHR1, FKBP5, NR3C1) mediates associations between ACEs and depressive symptoms among Black pregnant women. Methods: Using a cross-sectional design, we examined the mediating role of DNAm on the relationship between depressive symptoms (Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D)) and ACEs (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 10-item questionnaire), in a subsample (n = 61) of Black pregnant women who were participants of the Biosocial Impacts of Black Births (BIBB) study. Results: A significant association was found between ACEs and depressive symptoms scores (TE α_X = 2.29 with p_TE = 6.60 × 10⁵). DNAm on five CpG sites within two genes significantly mediated the relationship between ACEs and depressive symptoms (cg03238273 on CRHR1, and cg08845721, cg16594263, cg19820298, and cg23430507 on NR3C1). Conclusions: This study provides evidence that DNAm partially mediated the association of ACEs and depressive symptoms during pregnancy among Black pregnant women. Understanding the molecular pathways underlying the mediating effect of ACEs on depressive symptoms among Black pregnant women can illuminate biological markers that help identify and treat pregnant women who are at an increased risk for depression following childhood trauma. Full article

(This article belongs to the Collection Feature Papers in Epigenomes)

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22 pages, 5817 KB

Open AccessArticle

Residual Attention-Driven Dual-Domain Vision Transformer for Mechanical Fault Diagnosis

by Yuxi An, Dongyue Zhang, Ming Zhang, Mingbo Xin, Zhesheng Wang, Daoshan Ding, Fucan Huang and Jinrui Wang

Machines 2025, 13(12), 1096; https://doi.org/10.3390/machines13121096 (registering DOI) - 27 Nov 2025

Abstract

Traditional fault diagnosis methods, which rely on single-vibration signals, are insufficient for capturing the complexity of mechanical systems. As neural networks evolve, attention mechanisms often fail to preserve local features, which can reduce diagnostic accuracy. Additionally, transfer learning using single-domain metrics struggles under [...] Read more.

Traditional fault diagnosis methods, which rely on single-vibration signals, are insufficient for capturing the complexity of mechanical systems. As neural networks evolve, attention mechanisms often fail to preserve local features, which can reduce diagnostic accuracy. Additionally, transfer learning using single-domain metrics struggles under fluctuating conditions. To address these challenges, this paper proposes an innovative adversarial training approach based on the Time–Frequency Fused Vision Transformer Network (TFFViTN). This method processes signals in both the time and frequency domains and incorporates a robust attention mechanism, along with a novel metric that combines Wasserstein distance and maximum mean discrepancy (MMD) to precisely align feature distributions. Adversarial training further strengthens domain-invariant feature extraction. Experiments on bearing and gear datasets demonstrate that our model significantly improves diagnostic performance, stability, and generalization. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Explainable Artificial Intelligence for Fault Diagnosis, Remaining Useful Life Prediction and Prognosis of Transportation Equipment)

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11 pages, 1898 KB

Open AccessArticle

Comparative Mechanical Response of PLA Nanocomposites Reinforced with Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotubes and Halloysite Nanotubes Processed by Injection Moulding

by Christian Cobos, Santiago Ferrándiz, Emilio Rayón, Luis M. López-López and Luis Garzón

Polymers 2025, 17(23), 3149; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym17233149 (registering DOI) - 27 Nov 2025

Abstract

Polylactic acid (PLA) is a biodegradable polymer with an ever-increasing number of applications, although its inherent brittleness limits its performance somewhat in structural applications. In this study, we analysed the influence of incorporating multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) and halloysite nanotubes (HNTs) at different [...] Read more.

Polylactic acid (PLA) is a biodegradable polymer with an ever-increasing number of applications, although its inherent brittleness limits its performance somewhat in structural applications. In this study, we analysed the influence of incorporating multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) and halloysite nanotubes (HNTs) at different concentrations (0.5, 0.75 and 1 wt%) on the mechanical properties of injection-moulded PLA nanocomposites. The effects of the nanofillers were characterised by tensile, flexural, and impact tests, hardness measurements, and FESEM examination. The results showed that MWCNTs increased the flexural strength and stiffness by up to 60% compared to neat PLA (84.3 vs. 52.6 MPa), although this was accompanied by a reduction in elongation at break (from 2.30% to 1.57%) due to agglomeration. Conversely, HNTs improved the elongation at break up to 6.39%, enhanced flexural strength by approximately 62% (85.1 MPa), and maintained stiffness around 3.0 GPa, indicating a better balance between strength and ductility. The FESEM micrographs confirmed the presence of clusters in MWCNTs and a more homogeneous dispersion in HNTs, thus explaining the differences in behaviour. Overall, MWCNTs are more suitable for applications requiring high stiffness and strength, whereas HNTs are preferable when greater ductility and impact resistance are required. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Polymer Composites and Nanocomposites)

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12 pages, 1132 KB

Open AccessArticle

Extensive Characterization of Arapaima gigas Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (ag-Fsh) Synthesized in HEK293 Cells

by Eliana R. Lima, Thais C. A. Sevilhano, Thais C. Feitosa, João E. Oliveira, Miriam F. Suzuki, Lucas S. Torati, Paolo Bartolini and Cibele N. Peroni

Fishes 2025, 10(12), 607; https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes10120607 (registering DOI) - 27 Nov 2025

Abstract

The cDNA sequences of the common gonadotrophic hormone α-subunit (ag-Gthα) and of the specific follicle-stimulating hormone β-subunit (ag-Fshβ) of the giant Amazonian fish Arapaima gigas have been previously isolated by our research group. A synthesis of ag-Fsh in HEK293 cells and its purification [...] Read more.

The cDNA sequences of the common gonadotrophic hormone α-subunit (ag-Gthα) and of the specific follicle-stimulating hormone β-subunit (ag-Fshβ) of the giant Amazonian fish Arapaima gigas have been previously isolated by our research group. A synthesis of ag-Fsh in HEK293 cells and its purification and preliminary characterization were also carried out. In the present work, ag-Fsh was obtained and purified from the same host cells, and an extensive physical chemical characterization was performed via RP-HPLC, HPSEC, and MALDI-TOF-MS. Ag-Fsh, when compared to human FSH (hFSH), showed a higher hydrophobicity by RP-HPLC and a higher molecular mass (MM) via HPSEC. The same higher MM was also confirmed via MALDI-TOF-MS: 35,353 Da for ag-FSH against 31,969 Da for hFSH. Its immunological activity was also confirmed via an hFSH ELISA, in comparison with the highly purified pituitary preparation of hFSH-AFP7298A, from the National Hormone and Pituitary Program (NHPP-USA), with a clear response that was, however, 1560-fold lower when compared to the purest preparation. Finally, an in vitro bioassay, based on the stimulated release of 11-ketotestosterone (11-KT) from immature A. gigas testis, quantified ag-Fsh biological activity in comparison with human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) and with human pituitary FSH-AFP7298A, showing a potency clearly higher than that of hCG. This suggests that injections of ag-Fsh in A. gigas and ag-Fsh cDNA gene therapy applications could be used for improving the reproductive functions of this threatened species. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Fish Reproductive Physiology)

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21 pages, 8090 KB

Open AccessArticle

Research on Milling Burrs of ALSI304 Stainless Steel with Consideration of Tool Eccentricity

by Can Liu, Jiajia He, Runhua Lu, Zhiyi Mo, Huanlao Liu and Ningxia Yin

J. Manuf. Mater. Process. 2025, 9(12), 390; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmmp9120390 (registering DOI) - 27 Nov 2025

Abstract

Burrs are a significant machining defect affecting the quality of precision parts, and tool eccentricity may substantially influence milling burrs. Using AISI 304 stainless steel as the workpiece material, a three-dimensional thermo-mechanical coupled model for slot milling was constructed based on an explicit [...] Read more.

Burrs are a significant machining defect affecting the quality of precision parts, and tool eccentricity may substantially influence milling burrs. Using AISI 304 stainless steel as the workpiece material, a three-dimensional thermo-mechanical coupled model for slot milling was constructed based on an explicit dynamics model. Combining the Johnson–Cook (J-C) constitutive model with the J-C shear failure criterion, simulations were conducted to obtain burr dimensions, cutting temperature distributions, and cutting force waveforms under different tool eccentricity directions and magnitudes. Results: As the eccentricity increases, the temperature of the top burr rises, and both the width of the top burr and the thickness of the exit side burr significantly increase. Under simulated conditions, the width of the top burr in down milling side increased by up to 70%. The burr dimensions under different eccentricity directions can differ by approximately 40%. Groove milling experiments revealed similar burr shapes between experimental and simulated results. Furthermore, the simulated cutting force waveforms aligned with those in the literature, indicating the reliability of the simulation outcomes. Based on these findings, it can be concluded that tool eccentricity significantly affects the dimensions of top burrs and exit side burrs. The width of top burrs and the thickness of exit side burrs are positively correlated with the tool eccentricity distance, while exit bottom burrs remain unaffected by eccentricity. These research results provide valuable reference for burr suppression in practical machining operations. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Advanced Manufacturing and Surface Technology, 2nd Edition)

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18 pages, 2409 KB

Open AccessArticle

A Methodology for Contrast Enhancement in Laser Speckle Imaging: Applications in Phaseolus vulgaris and Lactuca sativa Seed Bioactivity

by Edher Zacarias Herrera, Julio César Mello-Román, Joel Florentin, José Palacios, Gustavo Eduardo Mereles Menesse, Jorge Antonio Jara Avalos, Marcos Franco, Fernando Méndez, Miguel García-Torres, José Luis Vázquez Noguera, Pastor Pérez-Estigarribia, Sebastian Grillo and Horacio Legal-Ayala

Symmetry 2025, 17(12), 2029; https://doi.org/10.3390/sym17122029 (registering DOI) - 27 Nov 2025

Abstract

Laser Speckle Imaging (LSI) is a non-invasive optical technique used to assess biological activity by detecting dynamic variations in speckle patterns. These patterns exhibit statistical symmetry in static regions, while biological activity induces symmetry breaking that can be captured through the Graphic Absolute [...] Read more.

Laser Speckle Imaging (LSI) is a non-invasive optical technique used to assess biological activity by detecting dynamic variations in speckle patterns. These patterns exhibit statistical symmetry in static regions, while biological activity induces symmetry breaking that can be captured through the Graphic Absolute Value of Differences (GAVD), producing the activity map

I_{G A V D}

. This work evaluates the effect of four contrast enhancement algorithms: Histogram Equalization (HE), Contrast Limited Adaptive Histogram Equalization (CLAHE), Multiscale Morphological Contrast Enhancement (MMCE), and Multiscale Top-Hat Transform with an Open-Close Close-Open (OCCO) filter, applied to intermediate LSI images, with the final activity map used for quantitative evaluation. Each method represents a distinct enhancement paradigm: HE and CLAHE are histogram-based techniques for global and local contrast adjustment, whereas MMCE and OCCO-MTH are morphological approaches that emphasize structural preservation and local detail enhancement. The dataset consisted of images of Phaseolus vulgaris (SP) and Lactuca sativa (SL) seeds. Evaluation was conducted through expert visual inspection and quantitative analysis using contrast, entropy, spatial frequency (SF), structural similarity index (SSIM), peak signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR), and contrast improvement ratio (CIR). All metrics were computed on

I_{G A V D}

activity maps, which reflect bioactivity through the disruption of statistical symmetry. Non-parametric statistical tests (Friedman, aligned Friedman, and Quade) revealed that CLAHE and MMCE significantly improved image quality compared to the original images (

p < 0.05

). Among the evaluated algorithms, CLAHE increased global contrast by approximately 25% and entropy by 6% relative to the original speckle frames, enhancing the visibility of bioactive regions. MMCE achieved the highest bioactivity contrast ratio (CIR = 0.64), while OCCO-MTH provided the best structural fidelity (SSIM = 0.91) and noise suppression (PSNR = 30.7 dB). These results demonstrate that suitable contrast enhancement can substantially improve the interpretability of LSI activity maps without altering acquisition hardware. This finding is particularly relevant for experimental applications aiming to maximize information quality without modifying acquisition hardware. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Symmetry and Its Applications in Image Processing)

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15 pages, 1433 KB

Open AccessArticle

A Cross-Sectional Survey of Musculoskeletal Injuries in South African Shotokan Karate

by Mikala de Wet and Christopher Yelverton

J. Funct. Morphol. Kinesiol. 2025, 10(4), 463; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfmk10040463 (registering DOI) - 27 Nov 2025

Abstract

Objectives: This study investigated the prevalence and severity of musculoskeletal injuries within South Africa’s most popular karate style, Shotokan, a previously unexamined area. As an exploratory study, it aimed to generate hypotheses by determining the prevalence, severity, and nature of these injuries to [...] Read more.

Objectives: This study investigated the prevalence and severity of musculoskeletal injuries within South Africa’s most popular karate style, Shotokan, a previously unexamined area. As an exploratory study, it aimed to generate hypotheses by determining the prevalence, severity, and nature of these injuries to address this significant gap in the national combat sports literature. Methods: A descriptive, cross-sectional design was employed, utilizing a confidential online questionnaire distributed through various Shotokan organizations. The study gathered 155 responses (26.85% response rate). Results: The findings revealed a high injury prevalence, with 47.3% of participants reporting at least four injuries. These injuries occurred equally in training and competition (56.5%) and developed both acutely and over time (53.4%). Experienced practitioners at the Shodan level were particularly affected. The knee was the most frequently injured body part (11.6%), and muscle strains were the most common injury type (19.3%). Notably, 26.2% of karatekas continued training despite being injured. A significant weak positive correlation was found between years of training experience and injury levels (rs = 0.275, p = 0.007). However, no significant associations were found between injury prevalence and age, BMI, or training frequency. General practitioners were the most consulted healthcare professionals (22.0%). Conclusions: This study establishes a high prevalence of musculoskeletal injuries among South African Shotokan karatekas, particularly associated with experienced practitioners. These findings are hypothesis-generating, and the cross-sectional design precludes causal inferences. The data provides a crucial foundation for future longitudinal research to investigate causality and for developing evidence-based injury prevention protocols, particularly for the knee. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Perspectives and Challenges in Sports Medicine for Combat Sports)

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16 pages, 1513 KB

Open AccessArticle

Towards Fair and QoS-Aware Bandwidth Allocation in Next-Generation Multi-Gigabit WANs

by Godwin Chapanduka, Bakhe Nleya and Richard Chidzonga

Electronics 2025, 14(23), 4658; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics14234658 (registering DOI) - 27 Nov 2025

Abstract

The increasing demand for high-speed, reliable, and fair network services in multi-gigabit-wide area networks (WANs) has necessitated the development of advanced bandwidth allocation mechanisms. This paper proposes a Fair and QoS-Aware Dynamic Bandwidth Allocation (FQ-DBA) algorithm designed to address the dual challenges of [...] Read more.

The increasing demand for high-speed, reliable, and fair network services in multi-gigabit-wide area networks (WANs) has necessitated the development of advanced bandwidth allocation mechanisms. This paper proposes a Fair and QoS-Aware Dynamic Bandwidth Allocation (FQ-DBA) algorithm designed to address the dual challenges of fairness and Quality of Service (QoS) prioritisation in multi-gigabit networks. FQ-DBA dynamically allocates bandwidth to ensure equitable distribution among users while meeting the stringent QoS requirements of high-priority traffic, such as VoIP and video streaming. The algorithm integrates traffic classification, fairness enforcement, and QoS-aware allocation to optimise network performance. Simulation results demonstrate that FQ-DBA achieves a high fairness index, meets QoS guarantees, and maximises throughput while minimising latency. The proposed framework is scalable, energy-efficient, and compatible with existing network protocols, making it a promising solution for next-generation WANs. Full article

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13 pages, 304 KB

Open AccessArticle

Prevalence, Screening Practices and Risk Stratification for Diabetic Foot Complications in Primary Healthcare Clinics: A Cross-Sectional Study in Gauteng Province, South Africa

by Simiso Ntuli

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2025, 22(12), 1794; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph22121794 (registering DOI) - 27 Nov 2025

Abstract

Background/Objective: The incidence of diabetic foot complications has been increasing in South Africa. While foot screening at the primary healthcare level is crucial for preventing these complications, the growing number of cases in hospitals indicates that persons with diabetes are not undergoing [...] Read more.

Background/Objective: The incidence of diabetic foot complications has been increasing in South Africa. While foot screening at the primary healthcare level is crucial for preventing these complications, the growing number of cases in hospitals indicates that persons with diabetes are not undergoing routine screening in primary healthcare settings. Method: This cross-sectional descriptive observational study was conducted at five community healthcare centres, one in each municipality in Gauteng. Participants included persons with diabetes who presented at these facilities for their routine diabetes care. Data were collected, which included patient demographics, a history of screening, risk factors for diabetic foot, and an assessment of diabetic foot was conducted for each participant. Results: A total of 597 diabetic patients volunteered for this study. Only 10% (n = 60) had received a diabetic foot assessment. No patient had been risk-stratified; the results showed that 30% (n = 178) were very low risk and 17% (101) were at high risk. Active ulcers were recorded in 19% (116), and 18% (106) were in remission. Neuropathy was recorded in 33% (197), peripheral arterial disease in 22% (131), and a history of amputation was recorded in 17% (103). Conclusions: Implementing routine diabetic foot assessment and risk stratification at the PHC level could be key in preventing diabetic-related complications. Full article

24 pages, 1366 KB

Open AccessArticle

Short-Term Residential Load Forecasting Based on Generative Diffusion Models and Attention Mechanisms

by Yitao Zhao, Jiahao Li, Chuanxu Chen and Quansheng Guan

Energies 2025, 18(23), 6208; https://doi.org/10.3390/en18236208 (registering DOI) - 27 Nov 2025

Abstract

Accurate short-term prediction of residential power consumption is imperative for efficient energy system management. However, the complexity of high-resolution load data, nonlinear dynamics of load fluctuation, and external factor interactions pose challenges to traditional load forecasting methods. This work introduces a diffusion model-based [...] Read more.

Accurate short-term prediction of residential power consumption is imperative for efficient energy system management. However, the complexity of high-resolution load data, nonlinear dynamics of load fluctuation, and external factor interactions pose challenges to traditional load forecasting methods. This work introduces a diffusion model-based and attention mechanism-enhanced temporal forecasting framework to address the volatility and uncertainty in load patterns. The proposed model enhances the noise robustness via diffusion processes, captures multi-scale temporal features through temporal convolutional networks, and adaptively focuses on critical time steps using attention mechanisms. Further, a dynamically weighted loss function is designed to improve both the prediction accuracy and latent representation quality. Experiments on multiple real-world residential load datasets show that the proposed model always outperforms benchmarks, reducing on average the mean absolute error (MAE) by 47.4%, symmetric mean absolute percentage error (SMAPE) by 39.7%, and mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) by 57.6%. It also achieves the superior root mean square error (RMSE) and Pearson correlation coefficient (PCC) performance, validating its effectiveness for high-resolution and multi-modal load forecasting. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Application of Artificial Intelligence in Electrical Power Systems)

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