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59 pages, 55684 KB

Open AccessArticle

New Discoveries Supporting the Exceptional Species Diversity of Opostegidae in Central America and the Caribbean, Alerting on Misidentified Barcodes

by Jonas R. Stonis, Andrius Remeikis and Svetlana Orlovskytė

Insects 2025, 16(11), 1170; https://doi.org/10.3390/insects16111170 (registering DOI) - 17 Nov 2025

Abstract

The aim of this study was to supplement current knowledge on the species diversity of Opostegidae in Central America and the Caribbean and to compare this diversity with that of other regions. We examined historical material and conducted fieldwork in Honduras during 2023–2025, [...] Read more.

The aim of this study was to supplement current knowledge on the species diversity of Opostegidae in Central America and the Caribbean and to compare this diversity with that of other regions. We examined historical material and conducted fieldwork in Honduras during 2023–2025, a true tabula rasa in terms of Opostegidae diversity. Collected specimens were dissected, with genitalia photographed and analyzed. Molecular divergence was assessed using Neighbor-Joining and Maximum Likelihood methods, as well as Bayesian inference; creation of a mitotype network (TCS algorithm) and species delimitation (bPTP method) were also performed. The study of historical material revealed that Pseudopostega saltatrix (Walsingham) is not conspecific with taxa previously published under the same name, resulting in the description of one new Pseudopostega species. Fieldwork in Honduras yielded 11 additional Pseudopostega species—all new national records, six of which are new to science. The paper introduces 33 new molecular sequences, bringing the total to 114 mtDNA COI-5′ sequences currently deposited in the National Genomics Data Center (China). With these discoveries, the number of Opostegidae in Central America and the Caribbean rises to 63 species, representing 30.9% of the global fauna. The Neotropical realm (103 spp.) exhibits markedly higher Opostegidae diversity than other biogeographical regions, underscoring its importance as a center of diversification. Our analysis also revealed an alarmingly high proportion of doubtful molecular barcodes—nearly one-third (27%) appear erroneous due to species misidentification in Neotropical Opostegidae. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Insect Systematics, Phylogeny and Evolution)

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20 pages, 661 KB

Open AccessArticle

Work as a Predictor of Ethylenethiourea (ETU) Exposure During Pregnancy Among Participants Enrolled in the SEMILLA Birth Cohort Study

by Alexis J. Handal, Fadya Orozco, Stephanie Montenegro, Nataly Cadena, Fabián Muñoz, Eileen Ramírez del Rio and Niko Kaciroti

Toxics 2025, 13(11), 988; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics13110988 (registering DOI) - 17 Nov 2025

Abstract

Background. Ethylenebisdithiocarbamates, widely used in floriculture, degrade into ethylenethiourea (ETU), a teratogen. The SEMILLA study investigates prenatal ETU exposure and infant health in Ecuador’s flower-growing region. This analysis examines whether prenatal ETU metabolite levels differ by work sector and whether maternal urinary ETU [...] Read more.

Background. Ethylenebisdithiocarbamates, widely used in floriculture, degrade into ethylenethiourea (ETU), a teratogen. The SEMILLA study investigates prenatal ETU exposure and infant health in Ecuador’s flower-growing region. This analysis examines whether prenatal ETU metabolite levels differ by work sector and whether maternal urinary ETU increases with longer work hours. Methods. Participants (agricultural workers, non-agricultural workers, and non-workers) provided baseline urine samples, which were processed and stored for ETU analysis. Surveys captured ETU exposure predictors. Regression models assessed associations between work sector, weekly work hours, and urinary ETU levels (specific gravity-corrected), controlling for key covariates. Results. The sample includes 111 agricultural workers (92% floriculture), 149 non-agricultural workers, and 149 non-workers. At baseline, maternal age averaged 27 years (SD = 5.8) and gestational age 15 weeks (SD = 3.2). Urinary ETU_SG levels were elevated across the sample (geometric mean: 3.38 µg/L). Agricultural workers had significantly higher ETU_SG levels than others (5.61 vs. 3.07 and 2.57 µg/L; p < 0.001). Among agricultural workers, ETU_SG levels increased with weekly hours (B = 0.288, p = 0.001). Conclusions. Agricultural work strongly predicts higher prenatal ETU exposure, with evidence of a dose–response relationship. Research on prenatal fungicide exposure and infant health among pregnant workers is limited. Findings highlight the need for targeted interventions to protect pregnant workers and infant health. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biological Effects and Mechanisms of Environmental Endocrine Disruptors)

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12 pages, 1678 KB

Open AccessArticle

Quantization of Faster R-CNN Quantization of Faster R-CNN

by Tamás Menyhárt and Róbert Lakatos

Future Transp. 2025, 5(4), 175; https://doi.org/10.3390/futuretransp5040175 (registering DOI) - 17 Nov 2025

Abstract

The Faster Region-based Convolutional Network (Faster R-CNN) is an efficient object detection model. However, its large size and significant computational requirements limit its applicability in embedded systems and real-time environments. Quantization is a proven method for reducing models’ size and computational requirements, but [...] Read more.

The Faster Region-based Convolutional Network (Faster R-CNN) is an efficient object detection model. However, its large size and significant computational requirements limit its applicability in embedded systems and real-time environments. Quantization is a proven method for reducing models’ size and computational requirements, but there is currently no open-source general implementation for quantizing Faster R-CNN. The main reason is that individual architecture components need to be quantized separately due to their structural characteristics. We present a general Faster R-CNN quantization algorithm, for which our implementation is open-source and compatible with the PyTorch (2.7.0+cu126, pt12) ecosystem. Our solution reduces the model size by 67.2% and the detection time by 50.4% while maintaining the accuracy measured on the test data within an error margin of 8.2% and a standard deviation of ±3.4%. It also allows for the visualization of model errors by extracting the model’s internal activation maps, supporting a more efficient understanding of its behavior. We demonstrate that the proposed method can effectively quantize Faster R-CNN, enabling the model to run on low-power hardware. This is particularly important in applications such as autonomous vehicles, embedded sensor systems, and real-time security surveillance, where fast and energy-efficient object detection is crucial. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Future of Vehicles (FoV2025))

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14 pages, 419 KB

Open AccessArticle

Young-Onset Dementia: Clinical Findings and Factors That Delay Early Diagnosis—A Retrospective Observational Study

by Juan Rivas, Mauricio Hernández, Jose Miguel Erazo, Oscar Arango, Paulina Cortés, Jennifer Lasso, Simon Giraldo and Carlos Miranda

Biomedicines 2025, 13(11), 2793; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines13112793 (registering DOI) - 17 Nov 2025

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Young-onset dementia (YOD) is a form of dementia where symptoms appear before the age of 65 years with a worse course, a poorer prognosis, and a lower survival rate than late-onset dementia. Psychiatric disorders often entail confusion, which delays their diagnosis [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Young-onset dementia (YOD) is a form of dementia where symptoms appear before the age of 65 years with a worse course, a poorer prognosis, and a lower survival rate than late-onset dementia. Psychiatric disorders often entail confusion, which delays their diagnosis and management. This study emphasizes the risk factors and confounders that limit opportunities to provide adequate early diagnoses of YOD. Methods: A retrospective, analytical, and observational study was based on the clinical records of 191 patients with a diagnosis of probable YOD in a medium-complexity hospital between 2009 and 2024. Demographic variables and the characteristics of the population were analyzed. An explanatory linear regression analysis was conducted to highlight the time required for diagnosis beginning at the onset of symptoms. Results: A high proportion of initial misdiagnoses were identified, and most patients were initially diagnosed with psychiatric or neurological disorders other than dementia. The main preventable risk factors were high blood pressure (HBP), type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), and traumatic brain injury (TBI). HBP and the presence of irritability were associated with earlier diagnosis, whereas T2DM and the initial diagnosis of an affective or anxiety disorder were associated with a longer delay prior to diagnosis. Conclusions: Due to delays in seeking care and initial misdiagnoses as affective or anxiety disorders, T2DM is associated with a delayed final dementia diagnosis. In contrast, HBP and irritability were linked to shorter diagnostic times. These findings underscore the need for improved diagnostic capacity, adapted clinical tools, and awareness strategies to promote the early recognition of YOD. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Neurodegeneration No More: Cutting-Edge Technologies and Therapies in the Evolution of Neurodegenerative Disease Management—2nd Edition)

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23 pages, 1132 KB

Open AccessArticle

Leadership, Gender, and Organizational Change: Voices of Women Leaders in Greece

by Panagiota Tragantzopoulou, Kyriaki Kourantzinou, Eleni Rizou and Aikaterini Tragantzopoulou

Adm. Sci. 2025, 15(11), 445; https://doi.org/10.3390/admsci15110445 (registering DOI) - 17 Nov 2025

Abstract

Despite growing evidence that diverse leadership enhances decision-making and innovation, little is known about how gendered expectations and structural barriers intersect to shape women’s leadership experiences in Greece. This qualitative study draws on semi-structured interviews with sixteen (N = 16) senior women leaders [...] Read more.

Despite growing evidence that diverse leadership enhances decision-making and innovation, little is known about how gendered expectations and structural barriers intersect to shape women’s leadership experiences in Greece. This qualitative study draws on semi-structured interviews with sixteen (N = 16) senior women leaders across healthcare and other professional sectors. The data are analyzed using thematic analysis to explore how participants navigate stereotypes, microaggressions, and work–life integration challenges. Findings reveal a core mechanism of gendered constraint in which structural barriers and interpersonal dynamics shape leadership enactment. These dynamics are mitigated through strategies such as mentorship, boundary setting, and inclusive practices. A central contribution of the study is the proposed Leadership Recognition and Resilience (LRR) framework, which conceptualizes the dynamic interplay between leadership purpose, recognition, and gendered constraints and highlights how adaptive strategies sustain agency, well-being, and organizational influence. The study extends role-congruity theory by introducing the concept of a glass acknowledgment ceiling, a subtle form of gendered resistance that limits recognition and authority even after women attain leadership positions. These findings underscore the importance of systemic reforms, culturally sensitive leadership development, and supportive networks to sustain women’s leadership and advance genuine gender equity in organizational contexts. Full article

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4 pages, 540 KB

Open AccessEditorial

Advancing Forest Pest Management: Integrative Insights from Prediction, Monitoring, and Control

by Won Il Choi, Jong-Kook Jung and Young-Seuk Park

Forests 2025, 16(11), 1735; https://doi.org/10.3390/f16111735 (registering DOI) - 17 Nov 2025

Abstract

Invasive species are among the most serious threats to forest health worldwide, with their impacts expected to intensify under ongoing climate change and the expansion of international trade [...] Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Management of Forest Pests and Diseases—2nd Edition)

15 pages, 2346 KB

Open AccessArticle

Effects of Sleeve Gastrectomy on Blood Pressure Reduction in Diet-Induced Obese Hypertensive Rats: A Potential Role of Prouroguanylin

by Naoki Matsuda, Yuichi Yoshida, Koro Gotoh, Satoshi Nagai, Ryo Kurimoto, Kentaro Sada, Takaaki Noguchi, Miho Suzuki, Shotaro Miyamoto, Yoshinori Ozeki, Takashi Ozaki, Akiko Kudo, Takeshi Nakata, Akihiro Fukuda, Takayuki Masaki and Hirotaka Shibata

Nutrients 2025, 17(22), 3581; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17223581 (registering DOI) - 16 Nov 2025

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Sleeve gastrectomy (SG) is the most commonly performed bariatric surgery worldwide. It results in significant weight loss and improves metabolic disorders such as hypertension. Weight loss is thought to be the main factor contributing to blood pressure (BP) reduction after SG. Small-intestinal [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Sleeve gastrectomy (SG) is the most commonly performed bariatric surgery worldwide. It results in significant weight loss and improves metabolic disorders such as hypertension. Weight loss is thought to be the main factor contributing to blood pressure (BP) reduction after SG. Small-intestinal hormones may also mediate the antihypertensive effects of SG. We aimed to investigate the mechanisms underlying the antihypertensive effects of SG through small-intestinal hormones independently of weight loss. Methods: This study involved male Sprague–Dawley rats that underwent a sham operation or SG, followed by a dietary intervention involving a standard diet, a high-fat and high-salt diet, or pair-feeding with SG. Results: Three weeks postoperatively, SG significantly reduced systolic blood pressure (SBP) and increased urinary sodium excretion. RNA sequencing of the small intestine revealed upregulation of the gene encoding prouroguanylin (proUGN). proUGN is a small-intestinal hormone that inhibits renal sodium reabsorption by converting sodium/hydrogen ion exchanger type 3 (NHE3) in the proximal tubules into the inactive phosphorylated form at Ser552 (pS552-NHE3). Furthermore, SG significantly increased proUGN levels in the ileum and plasma, as well as the levels of pS552-NHE3 in the renal cortex. The administration of exogenous uroguanylin, which is converted from proUGN, resulted in increased renal pS552-NHE3, increased urinary sodium excretion, and decreased SBP without body weight reduction. These effects were similar to those observed with SG. Conclusions: SG increases proUGN secretion from the small intestine, leading to increased blood concentration. This inhibits NHE3 activity in the proximal tubules, promotes natriuresis and reduces BP. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Featured Articles on Nutrition and Obesity Management (3rd Edition))

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13 pages, 1329 KB

Open AccessArticle

Population Structure and Ecological Niches of Benthic Macroinvertebrates in the Upper Yarlung Zangbo River

by Zepeng Zhang, Hongyu Jin, Shenhui Li, Haipeng Wang, Shitong Xing, Wanqiao Lu and Lei Li

Biology 2025, 14(11), 1604; https://doi.org/10.3390/biology14111604 (registering DOI) - 16 Nov 2025

Abstract

The community structure and ecological niche of benthic macroinvertebrates in the upper Yarlung Zangbo River were analyzed in April and September 2023. The benthic macroinvertebrate community largely comprises aquatic insects, with Diptera accounting for approximately half. Commonly observed were Chironomus anthracinus, Tadamus [...] Read more.

The community structure and ecological niche of benthic macroinvertebrates in the upper Yarlung Zangbo River were analyzed in April and September 2023. The benthic macroinvertebrate community largely comprises aquatic insects, with Diptera accounting for approximately half. Commonly observed were Chironomus anthracinus, Tadamus sp.1, Piscicola geometra, species of the family Corixidae spp. and the genera Monodiamesa sp., Apatania sp., and Valvata sp. in April, and Orthocladius sp.1, Gammarus sp., Isoperla sp., Nais sp., Baetis sp., Monodiamesa sp., Tanytarsus sp., Ilisia sp., Nebrioporus sp. and species of the family Corixidae spp. in September. The α-diversity analysis showed significant seasonal differences (p < 0.05) in Shannon–Wiener diversity variable and Margalef richness variable. The Pielou evenness variable did not show seasonal effects (p > 0.05). The β-diversity April/September differences can be attributed to species turnover rather than to nestedness, indicating that benthic macroinvertebrate diversity protection strategies are critical to all areas of the river. In April, Chironomus anthracinus exhibited the broadest ecological niche, and, in September, the widest niche was observed in Gammarus sp. The largest observed ecological niche overlap values were between Chironomus anthracinus and Valvata sp. in April and Gammarus sp. and Ilisia sp. in September, indicating interspecific competition. The study clarifies the diversity status of benthic macroinvertebrates in the upper Yarlung Zangbo River and provides data for related research to facilitate formulation of biodiversity conservation policies. Full article

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17 pages, 2353 KB

Open AccessArticle

Hierarchical Distributed Optimization of Rural Integrated Energy Systems Considering Energy Storage Aggregation

by Song Zhang, Shengbin Chen, Yongxiang Cai, Yipeng Liu, Ke Fan, Yingjie Tan and Wei Li

Electronics 2025, 14(22), 4473; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics14224473 (registering DOI) - 16 Nov 2025

Abstract

With rural revitalization and industrial upgrading, a single electrical perspective can no longer meet diversified energy demands. Meanwhile, rapid growth of distributed resources such as photovoltaics, storage, and biomass enables multi-energy complementarity. This paper proposes a hierarchical distributed optimization framework for Rural Distributed [...] Read more.

With rural revitalization and industrial upgrading, a single electrical perspective can no longer meet diversified energy demands. Meanwhile, rapid growth of distributed resources such as photovoltaics, storage, and biomass enables multi-energy complementarity. This paper proposes a hierarchical distributed optimization framework for Rural Distributed Energy Systems (RDES) explicitly considering storage aggregation. First, basic models are developed for diverse resources in the RDES, and Minkowski sum and inner approximation methods are used for storage aggregation. Considering electricity, heat, and cooling, a two-level operation model is built at both the distribution network and transformer area levels. Then, an ADMM-based distributed algorithm coordinates multiple rural energy areas and the distribution network through iterative interactions. Finally, an integrated energy test network based on the IEEE-30 system verifies that the model minimizes overall operational cost while protecting district interests and ensuring thermal–electrical network safety. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Inverter-Based Resource-Rich Renewable Energy Power Systems)

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17 pages, 790 KB

Open AccessArticle

Cancer Treatment Patterns Among Yukon Residents Referred to British Columbia for Care: A 13-Year Retrospective Study

by Kaylie Willemsma, Jonathan Simkin, Debon Lee, Emma Quinn, Kira Makuk, Emily B. Jackson, Andrew Bang, Manik Chahal, Ying Wang and Jessica Chan

Curr. Oncol. 2025, 32(11), 641; https://doi.org/10.3390/curroncol32110641 (registering DOI) - 16 Nov 2025

Abstract

Yukon residents often must travel long distances to access specialized cancer care, which may impact cancer treatment patterns. We conducted a retrospective study to characterize all adult breast, prostate, colorectal, and lung cancer cases from the Yukon, diagnosed from 2009 to 2021 and [...] Read more.

Yukon residents often must travel long distances to access specialized cancer care, which may impact cancer treatment patterns. We conducted a retrospective study to characterize all adult breast, prostate, colorectal, and lung cancer cases from the Yukon, diagnosed from 2009 to 2021 and seen in consultation at BC Cancer. We collected data on demographics, tumour characteristics and treatment, including timepoints for cancer care. A secondary analysis of non-referred cases was conducted. There were a total of 336 breast, 270 prostate, 279 colorectal and 266 lung cancer cases diagnosed in the Yukon from 2009 to 2021, of which 298 (88.7%), 120 (44.4%), 206 (73.8%) and 204 (76.7%) cases were referred to BC Cancer, and 266 (79.2%), 118 (43.7%), 204 (73.1%) and 183 (68.8%) were included in this study, respectively. Most cases were diagnosed at an early stage (breast: 92.9%, prostate: 82.2%, colorectal: 72.1%, lung: 45.9%). Nearly 70% of cases resided in Whitehorse (Yukon’s capital), where most Yukon residents live. Compared to available published Canadian timepoints, Yukon patients had similar or shorter wait times in 13 of 22 timepoints along the pathway to diagnosis and treatment. However, time from biopsy to surgery had the longest relative wait times across all tumour groups (range: 26–60% longer). Our study provides baseline data that can help inform cancer care provision for Yukon residents. Full article

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14 pages, 2760 KB

Open AccessArticle

Quantification of CO₂ Emission from Liquefied Natural Gas Truck Under Varied Traffic Condition via Portable Measurement Emission System

by Yufei Shi, Hongmei Zhao, Bowen Li, Liangying Luo and Hongdi He

Energies 2025, 18(22), 6002; https://doi.org/10.3390/en18226002 (registering DOI) - 16 Nov 2025

Abstract

Liquefied natural gas (LNG) container trucks are regarded as clean energy vehicles with the potential to reduce air pollution. However, their CO₂ emissions remain relatively high and are not yet well understood. In this study, the actual CO₂ emissions of LNG [...] Read more.

Liquefied natural gas (LNG) container trucks are regarded as clean energy vehicles with the potential to reduce air pollution. However, their CO₂ emissions remain relatively high and are not yet well understood. In this study, the actual CO₂ emissions of LNG container trucks in Shanghai were measured using a portable emissions measurement system (PEMS). This study quantitatively analyzed the relationship between traffic congestion levels and CO₂ emissions on elevated roadways, providing new insights into the impact of urban traffic conditions. In addition, distinct emission patterns were revealed under different uphill, downhill, and level road conditions, highlighting the substantial effects of roadway geometry on vehicle carbon emissions. Based on these findings, engine-related factors were identified as the dominant contributors, explaining 74% of the emission variance, while road slope analysis showed that uphill driving increased emissions by 13.41% compared with flat roads, whereas downhill driving reduced them by 76.22%. Finally, an efficient carbon emission prediction model for LNG container trucks was developed using machine learning methods. This study enriches the understanding of carbon emissions from LNG container trucks and provides theoretical support for their future applications in sustainable freight transportation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Transportation Energy and Emissions Modeling)

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22 pages, 7499 KB

Open AccessArticle

A Study on Improving the Macro- and Micromechanical Properties of Loess Deposits from the Yili Basin: Enzyme-Induced Carbonate Precipitation (EICP) Technique

by Yuan Xue, Ai Zhang, Guangming Shi, Dejun Yang, Weiming Guan, Junhui Zhang, Xinhui Pan, Dingyu Wang and Chao Jin

Sustainability 2025, 17(22), 10247; https://doi.org/10.3390/su172210247 (registering DOI) - 16 Nov 2025

Abstract

China’s loess deposits exhibit high vulnerability to deformation under precipitation and snowmelt, posing significant risks to infrastructure. This study utilized enzyme-induced carbonate precipitation (EICP) to enhance the mechanical properties of Yili loess. Comparative analyses of untreated and EICP-treated samples were conducted using unconfined [...] Read more.

China’s loess deposits exhibit high vulnerability to deformation under precipitation and snowmelt, posing significant risks to infrastructure. This study utilized enzyme-induced carbonate precipitation (EICP) to enhance the mechanical properties of Yili loess. Comparative analyses of untreated and EICP-treated samples were conducted using unconfined compression strength (UCS) tests, unconsolidated–undrained (UU) triaxial shear tests, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Results demonstrated that urease activity increased markedly between 25–65 °C, while calcium carbonate production peaked at 55 °C before declining. EICP treatment elevated UCS by 52% relative to untreated soil and altered the failure mechanisms: untreated specimens failed through penetrating shear cracks, whereas treated specimens exhibited compressive failure with vertical fissures. Triaxial tests confirmed enhanced properties in EICP-stabilized loess, showing 8.3–10.7% higher failure strength and 15.7% greater cohesion (increasing from 31.3 kPa to 36.2 kPa), while the internal friction angle remained largely unchanged. Microstructural analysis revealed that EICP generated continuous cementitious layers and crystal bridges of vaterite, transforming particle contacts from point-to-point to surface-to-surface interfaces. Simultaneously, crystal precipitation reduced pore sizes and increased tortuosity. These micro-scale modifications improved interparticle friction constraints and stress transfer efficiency, thereby enhancing the macroscopic mechanical performance. The findings validate EICP’s efficacy for stabilizing collapsible loess deposits and provide insights for geohazard mitigation in similar engineering contexts. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue A Research on Sustainable Prevention and Management of Geological Disasters in Engineering)

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19 pages, 364 KB

Open AccessReview

Analysis of Panels of Chemical Biomarkers in the Honeybee in Hemolymph and Fat Body in Response to Physiological and Environmental Factors

by Maciej Sylwester Bryś

Metabolites 2025, 15(11), 743; https://doi.org/10.3390/metabo15110743 (registering DOI) - 16 Nov 2025

Abstract

This review synthesizes current knowledge on chemical biomarker panels in the honeybee in a tissue-specific and factor-oriented framework. We show that these panels undergo predictable shifts under endogenous factors (age, caste) and environmental stressors, including mites, bacteria, fungi, viruses, pesticides, antibiotics, adulterated wax, [...] Read more.

This review synthesizes current knowledge on chemical biomarker panels in the honeybee in a tissue-specific and factor-oriented framework. We show that these panels undergo predictable shifts under endogenous factors (age, caste) and environmental stressors, including mites, bacteria, fungi, viruses, pesticides, antibiotics, adulterated wax, nutritional deficits, and monodiets. These changes are particularly evident in the hemolymph and fat body and are assessed via markers of energy metabolism, enzymatic activities, oxidative stress, and lipid homeostasis. Because insects lack established clinical reference intervals, emphasis is placed on general trends and tissue interrelationships. Moreover, in the honeybee, patterns can at times be inverted relative to vertebrates for example, for enzymatic activities marker, where increased activity may indicate a beneficial effect on the organism. Research in bee ecophysiology is gaining prominence and aligns with contemporary understandings of global challenges. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Food Metabolomics)

13 pages, 2511 KB

Open AccessArticle

Transcranial Random Noise Stimulation over the Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex in Patients with Parkinson’s Disease and Mild Cognitive Impairment: A Pilot Study

by Davide Mazzara, Angelo Torrente, Paolo Alonge, Roberta Baschi, Marina Campione, Vincenzo Di Stefano, Giuseppe La Bianca, Filippo Brighina and Roberto Monastero

Brain Sci. 2025, 15(11), 1232; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci15111232 (registering DOI) - 16 Nov 2025

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Mild cognitive impairment (MCI) is common in Parkinson’s disease (PD) and often precedes dementia. Non-invasive brain stimulation (NIBS) techniques such as transcranial random noise stimulation (tRNS) targeting dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) may offer additional benefits for cognitive and motor functions in PD-MCI [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Mild cognitive impairment (MCI) is common in Parkinson’s disease (PD) and often precedes dementia. Non-invasive brain stimulation (NIBS) techniques such as transcranial random noise stimulation (tRNS) targeting dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) may offer additional benefits for cognitive and motor functions in PD-MCI patients. Methods: Using a randomized, double-blind, cross-over study, participants with PD-MCI completed two stimulation sessions (real vs. sham) 7 days apart. Cognitive and motor outcomes (MoCA, FAB, FAS, MDS-UPDRS motor) were assessed pre- and post-stimulation; stimulation was administered “online” during executive training. Scores before and after the sessions have been compared, as well as their variations between the two groups. Results: Ten subjects were in the study. Patients undergoing real tRNS showed improvements in global cognition and executive functioning compared to those undergoing sham stimulation, as demonstrated by significant increase in MoCA and FAB scores. In contrast, the motor examination showed no significant differences. Conclusions: This preliminary study showed that a single session of DLPFC-tRNS stimulation produced domain-specific cognitive benefits in PD-MCI patients. Studies with multiple stimulation sessions and larger samples are needed to confirm the effect of this non-pharmacological therapeutic option in PD-MCI. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Noninvasive Neuromodulation Applications in Research and Clinics)

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11 pages, 678 KB

Open AccessBrief Report

Phrenic Nerve Conduction Reference Values in Healthy Adults: An Exploratory Cross-Sectional Study in a Mexican Population

by Francisco Javier González-López, Josefina Hernández-Cervantes, Sol Ramírez-Ochoa, Gabino Cervantes-Guevara, Guillermo A. Cervantes-Cardona, Francisco Javier Hernández-Mora, Berenice Vicente-Hernández, Alejandro González-Ojeda, Clotilde Fuentes-Orozco, Janet Cristina Vázquez-Beltrán and Enrique Cervantes-Pérez

Clin. Pract. 2025, 15(11), 209; https://doi.org/10.3390/clinpract15110209 (registering DOI) - 16 Nov 2025

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Phrenic nerve conduction (PNC) studies are essential for evaluating respiratory dysfunction and neuromuscular disorders. Despite international reference data, no normative values exist for the Mexican population. This study aimed to establish reference values for PNC latency and amplitude in healthy Mexican adults. [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Phrenic nerve conduction (PNC) studies are essential for evaluating respiratory dysfunction and neuromuscular disorders. Despite international reference data, no normative values exist for the Mexican population. This study aimed to establish reference values for PNC latency and amplitude in healthy Mexican adults. Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional study between June 2022 and February 2023 including healthy adults (>18 years). Bilateral PNC studies were performed using surface electrodes and a 4-channel stimulation device. Latency and amplitude were recorded, and demographic and anthropometric data were collected. Results: Fifty subjects (22 women, 44%; 28 men, 56%) were enrolled. Mean latency was 6.10 ms (SD ± 1.48), and mean amplitude was 0.60 mV (SD ± 0.20). Significant differences were observed in left phrenic nerve latency between women and men (median 5.83 vs. 6.37 ms, p=0.0348) and in amplitude between left and right phrenic nerves (0.55 vs. 0.65 mV, p=0.0036). No significant correlations were found between latency and age or between amplitude and thoracic perimeter; however, the correlation coefficient suggests a positive relationship for both that should be confirmed in future studies with a larger sample size. Conclusions: This is the first report of PNC normative values in Mexican adults. Findings are consistent with international data and provide locally relevant reference values. Larger multicenter studies are warranted to validate and expand these results. Full article

26 pages, 2185 KB

Open AccessArticle

Genome-Wide Identification and Expression Analysis of the PEPC Gene Family in Zanthoxylum armatum Reveals Potential Roles in Environmental Adaptation

by Ruxin Xu, Huamin Liu, Chongyu Liu, Maoqin Xia, Dalan Feng, Yongxing Zhu, Chong Sun, Xia Liu, Mi Kuang, Xia Gong, Zheng Chen, Shanrong Li and Zexiong Chen

Biology 2025, 14(11), 1605; https://doi.org/10.3390/biology14111605 (registering DOI) - 16 Nov 2025

Abstract

Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (PEPC) is a crucial enzyme in plant photosynthesis and stress responses, yet its gene family remained uncharacterized in Zanthoxylum armatum. This study presents the first genome-wide identification and comprehensive analysis of the PEPC gene family in Z. armatum. A [...] Read more.

Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (PEPC) is a crucial enzyme in plant photosynthesis and stress responses, yet its gene family remained uncharacterized in Zanthoxylum armatum. This study presents the first genome-wide identification and comprehensive analysis of the PEPC gene family in Z. armatum. A total of 12 ZaPEPC genes were identified and classified into plant-type (PTPC) and bacterial-type (BTPC) subfamilies based on phylogenetic analysis. These genes exhibited conserved protein domains but distinct gene structures, with evidence of gene duplication events contributing to family expansion. Promoter analysis revealed an abundance of stress- and hormone-responsive cis-elements, particularly those related to light, abscisic acid (ABA), and methyl jasmonate (MeJA). Expression profiling demonstrated that ZaPEPC genes display environment-specific expression patterns, with ZaPEPC7 and ZaPEPC11 showing significantly higher expression in high-altitude, high-light environments (Yunnan) compared to other regions (Shandong and Chongqing). Co-expression network analysis further indicated interactions between specific ZaPEPCs and stress-related transcription factors. These findings systematically reveal the molecular characteristics and potential roles of the ZaPEPC gene family in environmental adaptation, providing valuable genetic resources and a theoretical foundation for improving stress tolerance and photosynthetic efficiency in Z. armatum through molecular breeding. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Genetics and Genomics)

14 pages, 647 KB

Open AccessArticle

Impact of Body Mass Index on Clinical Outcomes in Myocardial Infarction Patients Undergoing Coronary Stenting with Dual Antiplatelet Therapy

by Réka Aliz Lukács, Dániel Tornyos, András Jánosi and András Komócsi

Biomedicines 2025, 13(11), 2792; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines13112792 (registering DOI) - 16 Nov 2025

Abstract

Background: Dual antiplatelet therapy (DAPT), combining aspirin with a P2Y12 receptor inhibitor (P2Y12i), remains central to the management of acute myocardial infarction (MI), especially in patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). However, the pharmacodynamic response to antiplatelet therapy may vary with body [...] Read more.

Background: Dual antiplatelet therapy (DAPT), combining aspirin with a P2Y12 receptor inhibitor (P2Y12i), remains central to the management of acute myocardial infarction (MI), especially in patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). However, the pharmacodynamic response to antiplatelet therapy may vary with body composition. This study investigates the association between body mass index (BMI) and clinical outcomes in MI patients treated with PCI and DAPT. Methods: This retrospective cohort study analyzed data from 52,119 MI patients treated with coronary stenting from 2014 to 2021, sourced from the Hungarian Myocardial Infarction Registry. Patients were stratified into clopidogrel-based (n = 44,480) and potent P2Y12i-based (prasugrel or ticagrelor; n = 7639) DAPT cohorts. Clinical outcomes—including 12-month mortality and ischemic events—were assessed across BMI categories. Kaplan–Meier analysis and LASSO Cox regression identified predictors of mortality, while decision curve analysis (DCA) evaluated the net clinical benefit of potent P2Y12i across BMI strata. Results: Univariate and multivariate Cox regression analyses identified BMI and potent P2Y12i treatment as significant predictors of 365-day mortality, with higher BMI associated with lower observed rates of mortality, major adverse cardiovascular events (MACEs), and stroke. However, higher BMI was also associated with an increased risk of repeat revascularization and PCI. This study found that the protective effect of potent P2Y12i treatment was consistent across different BMI categories. Conclusions: In patients with MI undergoing PCI, elevated BMI was paradoxically associated with more favorable short-term outcomes, including reduced mortality. Potent P2Y12i therapy demonstrated a consistent benefit across BMI categories, supporting its broad application irrespective of body mass. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Exploring Acute Coronary Syndrome: Insights from Basic and Clinical Research)

14 pages, 1502 KB

Open AccessArticle

Effects of Temperature and Precipitation at Large Spatial Scales on Genetic Diversity, Genetic Structure, and Potential Distribution of Agropyron michnoi

by Zhuo Zhang, Ruyan Song, Tingting Yang and Chan Zhou

Diversity 2025, 17(11), 798; https://doi.org/10.3390/d17110798 (registering DOI) - 16 Nov 2025

Abstract

The genetic diversity and the genetic structure of widely distributed species are meaningful to explore plant adaptation mechanisms to the environment. This study investigated the effects of climatic factors on the genetic diversity and structure of Agropyron michnoi, and modeled its large-scale [...] Read more.

The genetic diversity and the genetic structure of widely distributed species are meaningful to explore plant adaptation mechanisms to the environment. This study investigated the effects of climatic factors on the genetic diversity and structure of Agropyron michnoi, and modeled its large-scale potential distribution shifts. A. michnoi was studied under different temperature and precipitation gradients on grassland of Inner Mongolia and North China using rbcL and trnL-F sequences. The results showed that the genetic diversity of A. michnoi was low and significantly influenced by precipitation. AMOVA results showed that genetic variation in A. michnoi occurred mainly within the population, accounting for 70.57%. Both Mantel test and partial Mantel test support a significant IBE pattern. STRUCTURE and UPGMA analyses divided the populations into two clusters. Population 10 was closely related to one cluster. The haplotype network shows only one cluster H1, and all other haplotypes have evolved from H1, which is likely the ancestral haplotype. A. michnoi, as a widely distributed species. Originating from a primitive haplotype. Large scale precipitation caused genetic differentiation into two genetic branches. The MaxEnt model predicts that A. michnoi’s distribution has expanded since the Last Glacial Maximum and will shift to higher elevations in the future due to climate change. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Plant Diversity)

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15 pages, 1063 KB

Open AccessArticle

Effects of Decabromodiphenyl Ether (BDE209) Exposure on Toxicity and Oxidative Stress of Beas-2B Cells

by Yanan Zhang, Ziyu Xiao, Pu Mao, Fengrui Yang, Yingdi Ma, Bensen Xian, Mingming Fu and Guiying Li

Toxics 2025, 13(11), 987; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics13110987 (registering DOI) - 16 Nov 2025

Abstract

Decabromodiphenyl ether (BDE209) has been widely used because of its excellent flame-retardant properties and ability. On the one hand, many studies have shown that the presence of BDE209 can potentially threaten human health and the environment. The production and processing of products containing [...] Read more.

Decabromodiphenyl ether (BDE209) has been widely used because of its excellent flame-retardant properties and ability. On the one hand, many studies have shown that the presence of BDE209 can potentially threaten human health and the environment. The production and processing of products containing BDE209 is prohibited except for special applications in China. On the other hand, the study of BDE209 on respiratory cells is not yet fully understood. Consequently, this study aims to investigate the mechanisms of toxic damage and oxidative stress induced by BDE209 exposure in lung epithelial Beas-2B cells. The proliferation of Beas-2B cells under BDE209 exposure was first analyzed by using a real-time label-free cell analyzer (RTCA). Then the cells’ morphological changes were observed using laser confocal microscopy. Subsequently, the effects of BDE209 exposure alone, combined exposure to N-acetylcysteine (NAC) and BDE209, on reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels and antioxidant defense-related factors in Beas-2B cells were analyzed separately. The results show that BDE209 exposure induces the proliferation of Beas-2B cells with a dose-dependent increase in inhibition. Microscopic observation of Beas-2B cells reveals significant damage and death. The levels of ROS are significantly increased (p < 0.01), the contents of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and malondialdehyde (MDA) are increased, the contents of catalase (CAT) are decreased, and the activities of glutathione peroxidase (GPX) are first decreased and then increased. However, under the co-exposure of NAC and BDE209, ROS levels are significantly reduced (p < 0.01), MDA contents decrease, and SOD activities increase. In summary, BDE209 exposure leads to inhibition of Beas-2B cell proliferation, cellular morphology damage, increased ROS levels, and disturbances in antioxidant defense-related factors. The cells showed toxic damage and oxidative stress. In contrast, NAC can suppress ROS levels, enhance SOD activity, and inhibit GPX activity, thereby alleviating BDE209-induced cellular damage. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Emerging Contaminants)

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27 pages, 62277 KB

Open AccessArticle

Near-Field Target Detection with Range–Angle-Coupled Matching Based on Distributed MIMO Radar

by Quanrun Cheng, Yuhong Zhang, Cao Zeng, Zhigang Zhou, Guisheng Liao and Haihong Tao

Sensors 2025, 25(22), 7003; https://doi.org/10.3390/s25227003 (registering DOI) - 16 Nov 2025

Abstract

With respect to distributed MIMO radar systems, conventional far-field detection methods fail under near-field conditions due to significant wavefront curvature, which inevitably results in target energy loss and erroneous parameter estimation. To solve this problem, we propose a near-field target detection framework based [...] Read more.

With respect to distributed MIMO radar systems, conventional far-field detection methods fail under near-field conditions due to significant wavefront curvature, which inevitably results in target energy loss and erroneous parameter estimation. To solve this problem, we propose a near-field target detection framework based on range–angle-coupled matching in this study. Firstly, we design the linear frequency modulation by frequency division (FD-LFM) signal. In addition to offering favorable orthogonality and Doppler tolerance, the transmitter of distributed MIMO radar employs a wide beamwidth to mitigate the low scanning efficiency associated with beam positioning in distributed phased array (PA) radar systems. Secondly, we develop a three-dimensional grid-based echo model for near-field targets in range–azimuth–elevation domain. Specifically, we conceive a coherent pulse integration method via multi-dimensional matching, which enables precise delay alignment and echo accumulation across all transmit–receive pairs for accurate near-field target detection. Thirdly, we propose a parallelization scheme for distributed MIMO radar near-field processing. Our proposal not only compensates effectively for spherical wave propagation effects but also achieves real-time processing through GPU acceleration. Finally, our proposed method’s feasibility of high resolution and effectiveness of near-field detection have been verified by field experimental simulation and actual measurement processing results. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Communications)

28 pages, 3053 KB

Open AccessArticle

The Impact of Vibrations and Transport Systems on Human Comfort and Health: A Perspective on the Development of Sustainable City Buses

by Artūras Kilikevičius, Tautvydas Pravilonis, Jonas Matijošius, Edgar Sokolovskij, Kristina Kilikevičienė and Darius Vainorius

Sustainability 2025, 17(22), 10258; https://doi.org/10.3390/su172210258 (registering DOI) - 16 Nov 2025

Abstract

The objective of advancing sustainable public transportation extends beyond merely reducing pollution; it also aims to enhance the comfort and well-being of both passengers and drivers. This research investigates the influence of the dynamic characteristics of diesel and electric city buses on human [...] Read more.

The objective of advancing sustainable public transportation extends beyond merely reducing pollution; it also aims to enhance the comfort and well-being of both passengers and drivers. This research investigates the influence of the dynamic characteristics of diesel and electric city buses on human comfort, focusing specifically on vibration analysis. Vibrations have a significant impact on the durability of vehicle structures, passenger safety, and drivers’ working conditions, and long-term exposure can have negative health consequences. Based on experimental measurements and mathematical modeling, a dynamic model of a city bus was created, allowing us to assess the damping properties of suspension elements and the effect of load on vibrations. The findings of the study indicate that the judicious implementation of structural solutions and technological measures enhances the reliability of the transport system while simultaneously fostering the advancement of more sustainable and safer public transport options. The acquired data hold significance for both the development of new electric buses and the refurbishment of existing vehicles, aiming to integrate energy efficiency, comfort, and sustainable mobility. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable and Smart Transportation Systems)

25 pages, 2168 KB

Open AccessArticle

Chemical Modification of Thermomyces lanuginosus Lipase and Myceliophthora thermophila Laccase Using Dihydrazides: Biochemical Characterization and In Silico Studies

by Juan S. Pardo-Tamayo, Maria Camila Muñoz-Vega, Oscar L. Alférez, Evelyn L. Guerrero-Tobar, Chonny Herrera-Acevedo, Ericsson Coy-Barrera and César A. Godoy

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025, 26(22), 11094; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms262211094 (registering DOI) - 16 Nov 2025

Abstract

Chemical modification is a valuable strategy for tuning enzyme functionality by introducing new reactive groups without disrupting the overall fold. Conventional amination using ethylenediamine (EDA) is effective, but the resulting modified proteins show limited reactivity for conjugation at neutral pH, and the modifier [...] Read more.

Chemical modification is a valuable strategy for tuning enzyme functionality by introducing new reactive groups without disrupting the overall fold. Conventional amination using ethylenediamine (EDA) is effective, but the resulting modified proteins show limited reactivity for conjugation at neutral pH, and the modifier itself poses safety concerns due to its volatility and corrosive nature. Dihydrazides, in contrast, offer a safer and more versatile alternative: they operate through the same carboxyl-activation mechanism while enabling systematic investigation of chain-length effects. In this study, Thermomyces lanuginosus lipase (TLL) and Myceliophthora thermophila laccase (MTL) were modified using dihydrazides with different alkyl chain lengths (carbonyl (CZ), oxalyl (OX), succinyl (SC), and adipic (AA)), and compared to EDA-modified and unmodified enzymes to evaluate their effects on catalytic performance. Hydrazide-modified variants exhibited enhanced catalytic performance, reaching up to 2.5-fold (TLL-CZ) and 4.2-fold (MTL-AA and MTL-OX) higher efficiencies than unmodified and EDA-modified enzymes. Notably, AA provided the most consistent improvement across both enzymes (1.3-fold in TLL and the best in MTL). Molecular dynamics and docking analyses supported these findings, linking increased flexibility (higher RoG and RMSF) with higher k_cat, and changes in substrate binding with lower k_m. Overall, hydrazide-based modification broadens the spectrum of enzyme variants attainable through amination, while offering safer procedures, thus representing an alternative that overcomes the limitations of using EDA as a conventional aminating agent. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Research on Enzymes in Biocatalysis)

30 pages, 2794 KB

Open AccessReview

An Update on Novel Pharmacotherapies for the Treatment of Neuroendocrine Tumors

by Khalil Choucair, Roupen Odabashian, Sushmita Nanja Reddy, Asfar Sohail Azmi and Muhammad Wasif Saif

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025, 26(22), 11095; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms262211095 (registering DOI) - 16 Nov 2025

Abstract

Neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) are heterogeneous neoplasms with different molecular characteristics and prognosis. Although slow-growing, NETs are often diagnosed at an advanced stage. The treatment choice depends on primary site, extent, grade, growth rate, somatostatin receptor status, functional status, performance status, and comorbidities. Precise [...] Read more.

Neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) are heterogeneous neoplasms with different molecular characteristics and prognosis. Although slow-growing, NETs are often diagnosed at an advanced stage. The treatment choice depends on primary site, extent, grade, growth rate, somatostatin receptor status, functional status, performance status, and comorbidities. Precise knowledge of the biological and molecular features of NETs has led to the development of novel therapies. Therapeutic options include somatostatin analogs, multi-targeted tyrosine kinase inhibitors (e.g., sunitinib), or mammalian targets of rapamycin (mTOR) inhibitors (e.g., everolimus), telotristat ethyl, chemotherapy, and peptide-receptor radionuclide therapy. Pivotal studies that led to approval, treatment-related adverse events, and safety concerns, as demonstrated in clinical trials and real-world clinical practice. Questions, such as the optimal timing, selection, and sequence of therapies, and biomarkers that predict response to the novel agents in an individual patient, remain to be answered. We propose a stepwise approach for the management of advanced Gastro-entero-pancreatic (GEP)-NETs that utilizes a multidisciplinary team of experts. Biomarkers may assist in both the diagnosis and post-treatment follow-up in patients with GEP-NETs. The next decade of research on GEP-NETs is promising and should provide new insights into the molecular underpinnings of this disease, therapy selection, and the sequencing of the available therapies, along with the potential role of AL in NET pharmacotherapy. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Molecular Insights into Pancreatic Diseases)

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22 pages, 1020 KB

Open AccessArticle

Performance of Mineral and Plant-Derived Dusts Against the Cabbage Stink Bug (Eurydema ventralis Kolenati) on Brassica Leaves: Mortality and Feeding Injury

by Luka Batistič and Stanislav Trdan

Horticulturae 2025, 11(11), 1384; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae11111384 (registering DOI) - 16 Nov 2025

Abstract

Eurydema ventralis has recently intensified in Brassica production in Central and Southeastern Europe, increasing the need for alternatives to conventional insecticides. This laboratory study evaluated five locally sourced inert and plant-derived dusts on the mortality and feeding damage of E. ventralis adults and [...] Read more.

Eurydema ventralis has recently intensified in Brassica production in Central and Southeastern Europe, increasing the need for alternatives to conventional insecticides. This laboratory study evaluated five locally sourced inert and plant-derived dusts on the mortality and feeding damage of E. ventralis adults and nymphs. The tested materials were diatomaceous earth, zeolite, quartz sand, wood ash of Norway spruce and Ailanthus altissima leaf dust, compared with an untreated control and a lambda-cyhalothrin control. Mortality and feeding damage were recorded over seven days. The insecticide caused complete mortality in both developmental stages. Diatomaceous earth exhibited the highest efficacy among inert dusts, i.e., 78.3% mortality in adults and 55.2% in nymphs, and a feeding damage index of 3.5. Zeolite and wood ash caused moderate mortality (30.4 and 26.1% in adults; 37.9 and 24.1% in nymphs) and feeding indices of 4.5 and 4.5. A. altissima leaf dust caused low mortality (≤14.5%) but reduced feeding damage (3.7), indicating a deterrent or antifeedant effect. Quartz sand showed negligible efficacy. Diatomaceous earth appears most suitable for integration into sustainable Brassica protection, and A. altissima leaf dust may act as a complementary deterrent, though optimized composition and persistence should be further investigated. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Pest and Disease Management in Horticultural Crops: Challenges, Strategies, and Solutions)

18 pages, 44807 KB

Open AccessArticle

Lactobacillus plantarum 17-5 Alleviates Escherichia coli Mastitis by Inhibiting the cGAS-STING Pathway

by Jia-Ze Han, Meng-Meng Li, Xiao-Wen Yu, Rui-Ning Zhang, Qian Zou, Jun-Chi Deng, Fa-Jian Zhao, Han-Qing Li, Ke Li and Zhen-Gui Yan

Animals 2025, 15(22), 3305; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15223305 (registering DOI) - 16 Nov 2025

Abstract

Escherichia coli (E. coli) is a major etiological agent of clinical bovine mastitis. This study evaluated the therapeutic potential of Lactobacillus plantarum 17-5 (LP) against E. coli-induced mastitis via clinical, animal, and cellular models. In a trial with mastitic [...] Read more.

Escherichia coli (E. coli) is a major etiological agent of clinical bovine mastitis. This study evaluated the therapeutic potential of Lactobacillus plantarum 17-5 (LP) against E. coli-induced mastitis via clinical, animal, and cellular models. In a trial with mastitic dairy cows, dietary LP significantly reduced systemic inflammatory markers (IL-6, IL-1β, TNF-α) by 2–3-fold (p < 0.05) and milk somatic cell count by 7-fold (p < 0.05). 16S rRNA sequencing revealed these improvements were associated with substantial gut microbiota restructuring, suggesting a link between gut microbial balance and mammary health via the gut–mammary axis. In a murine model, LP mitigated mammary inflammatory injury (histopathology) and restored tight junction integrity while reducing apoptosis (western blot, p < 0.05). In bovine mammary epithelial cells (BMECs), LP suppressed the cGAS-STING pathway, inhibiting NF-κB P65 phosphorylation and downstream pro-inflammatory cytokine production (p < 0.05). Collectively, LP alleviates E. coli-associated mastitis by modulating gut microbiota through the gut–mammary axis and directly inhibiting the cGAS-STING/NF-κB axis, supported by multi-model evidence. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Veterinary Clinical Studies)

22 pages, 2493 KB

Open AccessArticle

Chemical Profiling and Geographic Differentiation of Ugandan Propolis by GC-MS Through Chemometric Modelling

by Ivan Kahwa, Leonard Kaysser, Rapheal Wangalwa, Susan Billig, Jonans Tusiimire and Claudia Wiesner

Molecules 2025, 30(22), 4435; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules30224435 (registering DOI) - 16 Nov 2025

Abstract

Propolis is a resinous substance collected by honeybees, and its long-known bioactivity urged research on its exact composition on active ingredients. It was suggested that chemical composition reflects the botanical sources and environmental conditions of its origin; however, information on differences related to [...] Read more.

Propolis is a resinous substance collected by honeybees, and its long-known bioactivity urged research on its exact composition on active ingredients. It was suggested that chemical composition reflects the botanical sources and environmental conditions of its origin; however, information on differences related to geographical origin is still incomplete. Therefore, this study aimed to characterise the volatile and semi-volatile chemical constituents of Ugandan propolis from nine agro-ecological zones using headspace gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (HS-GC-MS) and derivatisation-based GC-MS, coupled with multivariate statistical analysis. In total, 213 volatile and 169 non-volatile compounds were tentatively identified, including monoterpenes (α-pinene), sesquiterpenes (α-copaene), triterpenoids (β-amyrin acetate), diterpene resin acids (abietic acid), phenolic acids (caffeic acid), alkylresorcinols (bilobol) and many others. Multivariate chemometric modelling using partial least-squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA), orthogonal PLS-DA (oPLS-DA) showed strong geographic discrimination of samples (Q² > 0.90) for several district comparisons. Heatmap clustering and variable importance in projection (VIP) analysis identified chemical markers. Notably, oPLS-DA revealed excellent discrimination between Nakasongola and Bushenyi, and between Adjumani and Bushenyi, in both volatile and non-volatile datasets. The findings provide the first comprehensive chemical profiling of Ugandan propolis, demonstrating the utility of combined GC-MS approaches and multivariate analysis for regional differentiation. This work lays the groundwork for standardising propolis preparations and establishing appropriate quality control in pharmacological applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Exclusive Feature Papers in Analytical Chemistry)

30 pages, 957 KB

Open AccessArticle

Addressing Aircraft Maintenance Delays Using a DMAIC-FMEA Framework: Insights from a Commercial Aviation Case Study

by Khaled Aljaly, Faouzi Masmoudi, Awad M. Aljuaid and Wafik Hachicha

Appl. Sci. 2025, 15(22), 12164; https://doi.org/10.3390/app152212164 (registering DOI) - 16 Nov 2025

Abstract

Aircraft maintenance delays (AMD) remain a significant challenge in commercial aviation, adversely affecting operational efficiency, flight punctuality, and passenger satisfaction. Despite advancements in maintenance strategies, recurring disruptions continue to generate financial losses and reputational risks. This study proposes an integrated five-step framework that [...] Read more.

Aircraft maintenance delays (AMD) remain a significant challenge in commercial aviation, adversely affecting operational efficiency, flight punctuality, and passenger satisfaction. Despite advancements in maintenance strategies, recurring disruptions continue to generate financial losses and reputational risks. This study proposes an integrated five-step framework that combines failure mode and effects analysis (FMEA) with the Define–Measure–Analysis–Improve–Control (DMAIC) methodology to systematically address and reduce AMD. The framework involves the definition of problems, the identification of contributing factors and failure modes, the assessment of risk and root cause analysis, the mitigation of risk, and continuous monitoring. The main contribution of this study lies in the integration of FMEA and DMAIC into a unified data-driven system that proactively reduces maintenance delays, offering a novel approach to continuous process improvement in aviation operations. Its practical applicability is demonstrated through a case study of the AFRIQIYAH Airways Airbus A320 fleet, which represents the majority of the airline’s operations. High-risk landing gear failure modes were identified, evaluated and addressed through targeted improvement projects, including predictive maintenance, supplier diversification, inventory optimization, and improved quality assurance for critical spare parts. Implementing these initiatives is expected to reduce the overall Risk Priority Number (RPN) by approximately 59%, highlighting the effectiveness and potential to minimize AMD. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Aerospace Science and Engineering)

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