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19 pages, 1194 KB

Open AccessArticle

Petrogenesis of Intermediate Rocks in Tethyan Himalaya Igneous Province (SE Tibet): The Role of Source Composition and Fractional Crystallization

by Shengsheng Chen and Haonan Jie

Minerals 2025, 15(12), 1251; https://doi.org/10.3390/min15121251 (registering DOI) - 26 Nov 2025

Abstract

The origin of intermediate rocks within large igneous provinces (LIPs), which often exhibit a bimodal compositional distribution, remains poorly understood. To investigate the petrogenesis of such intermediate magmas within the Early Cretaceous Tethyan Himalaya igneous province in Tibet, we present a comprehensive study [...] Read more.

The origin of intermediate rocks within large igneous provinces (LIPs), which often exhibit a bimodal compositional distribution, remains poorly understood. To investigate the petrogenesis of such intermediate magmas within the Early Cretaceous Tethyan Himalaya igneous province in Tibet, we present a comprehensive study of zircon U–Pb geochronology, whole-rock geochemistry, and Nd isotopes for the tonalites from the Zhegucuo area. Zircon U–Pb dating yields a crystallization age of 130.81 ± 0.55 Ma. The rocks exhibit low Mg# and compatible element contents, indicating significant fractional crystallization of ferromagnesian minerals, plagioclase, and accessory minerals. Their homogeneous, near-chondritic ε_Nd(t) values (−0.34 to +0.01) preclude significant crustal contamination. Based on field relationships, geochemistry, and isotopic evidence, we conclude that the Zhegucuo tonalites were generated by extensive fractional crystallization of basaltic magmas. FC3MS and FCKANTMS systematics reveal a peridotitic component in the mantle source of the Zhegucuo mafic rocks. The exceptionally high values of these proxies of the Zhegucuo tonalites are attributed to extensive fractional crystallization of evolved magmas. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Large Igneous Provinces: Petrogenesis, Mineralization, and Environmental Impact)

15 pages, 396 KB

Open AccessPerspective

From Awake to Minimalist Spontaneous Ventilation Thoracoscopic Mediastinum Surgery: How Far Are We?

by Alexandro Patirelis, Vincenzo Ambrogi and Eugenio Pompeo

J. Clin. Med. 2025, 14(23), 8396; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm14238396 (registering DOI) - 26 Nov 2025

Abstract

Spontaneous ventilation (SV) video-assisted thoracic surgery (VATS) is aimed at offering less invasive alternatives to equivalent procedures under tracheal intubation with mechanical ventilation (MV) and its benefits have shown encouraging results in lung surgery. In addition, there is also growing interest in SV-VATS [...] Read more.

Spontaneous ventilation (SV) video-assisted thoracic surgery (VATS) is aimed at offering less invasive alternatives to equivalent procedures under tracheal intubation with mechanical ventilation (MV) and its benefits have shown encouraging results in lung surgery. In addition, there is also growing interest in SV-VATS in mediastinum surgery. The rationale of SV in simpler mediastinum procedures is that MV anesthesia could be considered avoidable if SV anesthesia protocols could provide similar or even better results. On the other hand, for other indications involving more delicate patient subgroups, SV-VATS is aimed at offering a more rapid recovery with less anesthesia-related risks of cardio-respiratory complications. Based on encouraging initial results, SV is also being proposed for more demanding surgical procedures, including tracheal resection and esophagectomy. However, SV mediastinum surgery also implies contraindications, potential disadvantages and peculiar physiopathologic issues which must be clearly acknowledged. This perspective is aimed at providing a critical overview of the current knowledge about SV for mediastinum surgery, with a particular emphasis on the last 10 years of data about thymectomy, biopsy of mediastinal masses, thoracic sympathectomy, tracheal resection, pericardial window and esophagectomy. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Thoracic Surgery: Current Challenges and Future Perspectives)

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19 pages, 3865 KB

Open AccessReview

Research Progress on the KMT2A-AFF3 Fusion Gene in Childhood Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia: Mechanisms, Clinical Implications, and Therapeutic Strategies

by Yawei Zhang and Juan Liang

Curr. Issues Mol. Biol. 2025, 47(12), 988; https://doi.org/10.3390/cimb47120988 (registering DOI) - 26 Nov 2025

Abstract

KMT2A-rearranged (KMT2A-r) acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), particularly in infants, represents one of the most aggressive pediatric hematological malignancies with a historically dismal prognosis. While KMT2A-AFF1 (t(4;11)) is the most prevalent fusion, a diverse array of partner genes exists, each conferring distinct biological and [...] Read more.

KMT2A-rearranged (KMT2A-r) acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), particularly in infants, represents one of the most aggressive pediatric hematological malignancies with a historically dismal prognosis. While KMT2A-AFF1 (t(4;11)) is the most prevalent fusion, a diverse array of partner genes exists, each conferring distinct biological and clinical features. This review focuses on the rare but clinically significant KMT2A-AFF3 subtype, which arises from the t(2;11)(q11.2;q23) chromosomal translocation. This review summarizes the molecular pathogenesis driven by the KMT2A-AFF3 fusion oncoprotein, which functions as an aberrant transcriptional complex. This complex hijacks essential epigenetic machinery, including the recruitment of DOT1L and interaction with Menin, leading to pathogenic histone modifications (e.g., H3K79 hypermethylation) and the subsequent upregulation of critical target genes, notably the HOXA cluster and MEIS1, thereby enforcing a B-lymphoid differentiation arrest at the pro-B/pre-B stage. Clinically, KMT2A-AFF3 ALL is characterized by high-risk features, including infant onset, hyperleukocytosis, central nervous system (CNS) involvement, and a distinct CD10-negative immunophenotype. This review highlights the evidence defining its poor prognosis, which is primarily driven by profound chemoresistance to conventional therapies, including glucocorticoids. Finally, we discuss the rapidly evolving therapeutic landscape, detailing the limitations of standard intensive chemotherapy and the immense promise of novel targeted strategies, such as Menin inhibitors (e.g., Revumenib), DOT1L inhibitors, and immunotherapies (e.g., CAR-T cells, Blinatumomab), which hold the potential to revolutionize outcomes for this high-risk leukemia subtype. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Molecular Insights and Therapeutic Advances in Hematological Disorders, 2nd Edition)

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24 pages, 9224 KB

Open AccessArticle

Fractional Time-Varying Autoregressive Modeling: Parallel GAM and PINN Approaches to Dynamic Volatility Forecasting

by Zhixuan Jia and Nan Rao

Fractal Fract. 2025, 9(12), 772; https://doi.org/10.3390/fractalfract9120772 (registering DOI) - 26 Nov 2025

Abstract

Time-series modeling plays a crucial role in analyzing and forecasting financial volatility. Classical approaches, such as the Autoregressive (AR) and Fractional Autoregressive (FAR) models, capture short-term linear dependencies and long-range correlations, respectively, but their reliance on fixed structures and stationarity assumptions limits their [...] Read more.

Time-series modeling plays a crucial role in analyzing and forecasting financial volatility. Classical approaches, such as the Autoregressive (AR) and Fractional Autoregressive (FAR) models, capture short-term linear dependencies and long-range correlations, respectively, but their reliance on fixed structures and stationarity assumptions limits their adaptability to evolving market dynamics. To overcome these limitations, this study introduces a Fractional Time-Varying Autoregressive (FTVAR) framework that allows model parameters to evolve smoothly over time, integrating long-memory effects with nonstationary behavior. The FTVAR process is examined through two complementary methods: a Generalized Additive Model (GAM) for interpretable estimation of time-varying coefficients, and a Physics-Informed Neural Network (PINN) that embeds system dynamics to enhance forecasting under complex conditions. Simulation studies demonstrate that the FTVAR model consistently outperforms conventional AR approaches, offering superior forecasting accuracy, robustness to nonstationarity, and a more comprehensive representation of evolving volatility structures. Empirical analyses on the S&P 500 and VIX indices further confirm the effectiveness and practical relevance of the proposed framework. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fractional Processes and Systems in Computer Science and Engineering)

15 pages, 791 KB

Open AccessSystematic Review

Impact of Protein Concentrate Production on Mycotoxin Mitigation: A Systematic Review

by Caroline Senna, Marianna Cruz, Larine Kupski and Eliana Badiale-Furlong

Toxins 2025, 17(12), 572; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins17120572 (registering DOI) - 26 Nov 2025

Abstract

The plant-based protein industry has explored new material sources, such as agro-industrial by-products and extraction techniques based on chemical properties assisted by ultrasound, high pressure and other tools to improve the yield and functionality of protein concentrates. However, promising by-products from vegetable processing [...] Read more.

The plant-based protein industry has explored new material sources, such as agro-industrial by-products and extraction techniques based on chemical properties assisted by ultrasound, high pressure and other tools to improve the yield and functionality of protein concentrates. However, promising by-products from vegetable processing are susceptible to incidental and natural contaminants, mainly mycotoxins. Adopting sustainable strategies and understanding how they affect mycotoxin fate during processing remains a challenge to ensure food security. In this study, a systematic literature review and bibliometric analysis were conducted to identify reliable pre-treatments and treatments for producing protein concentrates and evaluate the efficiency of technologies to mitigate mycotoxin bioaccessibility. Searching for research in Scopus, Web of Science and ScienceDirect (2010–2024) identified 3688 scientific articles on techniques to improve the yield and functionality of recovered proteins, but only three studies addressed mycotoxin fate. Aflatoxin, the most prevalent mycotoxin in raw materials, was the only one considered, highlighting that chemical and enzymatic treatments may help mitigate mycotoxicological risks in protein concentrates. Results indicate a gap in plant-based food security regarding mycotoxin contamination, which must be addressed through mitigation strategies aligned with efficient processes to ensure sustainable and safe plant protein-based foods. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Challenges of Mycotoxins in Food Chains: Occurrence, Detection and Control)

10 pages, 827 KB

Open AccessArticle

Moraxella osloensis Isolated from the Intraoperative Field After Reverse Total Shoulder Arthroplasty

by Enrico Bellato, Fabio Longo, Francesca Menotti, Claudia Pagano, Antonio Curtoni, Alessandro Bondi, Filippo Castoldi, Giuliana Banche and Valeria Allizond

Microorganisms 2025, 13(12), 2699; https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms13122699 (registering DOI) - 26 Nov 2025

Abstract

Moraxella osloensis is an infrequently reported component of the human skin microbiota, but it has recently been recognized as a potential source of intraoperative contamination. Its pathogenic role remains poorly defined, particularly in shoulder arthroplasty. This study describes the recovery and characterization of [...] Read more.

Moraxella osloensis is an infrequently reported component of the human skin microbiota, but it has recently been recognized as a potential source of intraoperative contamination. Its pathogenic role remains poorly defined, particularly in shoulder arthroplasty. This study describes the recovery and characterization of M. osloensis from intraoperative periprosthetic tissue samples collected immediately after reverse total shoulder arthroplasty in five patients. All isolates exhibited low colony counts (10–50 CFU/mL), were uniformly susceptible to the antimicrobial agents tested, and did not produce β-lactamases. Biofilm formation—an important virulence determinant in periprosthetic joint infections—was detected in two of the five isolates. Clinically, no patient developed postoperative infection within 12 months, and only one experienced a transient superficial wound-healing delay, which resolved with a short administration of oral antibiotics. These findings indicate that M. osloensis may be present in the operative field despite stringent skin preparation and aseptic protocols, likely reflecting endogenous colonization rather than environmental contamination. Although its clinical impact appears limited in this context, the bacteria’s biofilm-forming potential and underrecognized presence in the operating room underscore the importance of continued surveillance and careful interpretation when isolated from surgical specimens. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Emerging Pathogen Infections and Host Immune)

18 pages, 1494 KB

Open AccessArticle

Mapping of the Diversity and Cultural Competencies in Healthcare and Healthcare Education Through Participatory Action Research (PAR)

by Costas S Constantinou, Panayiota Andreou, Eirini Kampriani and Alexia Papageorgiou

Societies 2025, 15(12), 330; https://doi.org/10.3390/soc15120330 (registering DOI) - 26 Nov 2025

Abstract

This participatory action research (PAR) study explored the diversity and cultural competencies essential for working effectively and appropriately with diverse patients in healthcare and healthcare education. Ninety-four (94) medical students participated in two PAR cycles, engaging in brainstorming, group exercises, collaborative work, discussions, [...] Read more.

This participatory action research (PAR) study explored the diversity and cultural competencies essential for working effectively and appropriately with diverse patients in healthcare and healthcare education. Ninety-four (94) medical students participated in two PAR cycles, engaging in brainstorming, group exercises, collaborative work, discussions, reflections, and role-plays. Together, they addressed the central question regarding the diversity and cultural competencies that are necessary for working effectively with diverse patients in healthcare. Participants identified eight core competencies, namely open-mindedness, empathy and cultural empathy, deep listening, explore further, knowledge, self-reflection, work in partnership, and praise the patient. They also ranked these competencies and explained their significance in healthcare settings. Based on participants’ explanations, a thematic network was developed, illustrating how these competencies interrelate. The analysis highlighted that these competencies must function together to foster a deeper understanding of patients, ultimately contributing to improved health outcomes. This interrelationship is represented in the Wheel Model proposed in the study, showing that empathy and cultural empathy sit at the center of the wheel, supported and reinforced by the other competencies all of which interact to enable the wheel to roll smoothly. Interestingly, the driving force seems to be the competency “open mindedness” as it puts most of the rest competencies in motion. The study also revealed that participants came to appreciate the importance of these competencies gradually, particularly after engaging in specific diversity-related activities and completing the two PAR cycles. This finding highlights that prior experience or knowledge alone might be insufficient for working effectively with diversity, underscoring the need for lifelong training, continuous learning, and the accumulation of relevant experience. In the absence of other PAR on diversity and cultural competencies in healthcare and healthcare education, the findings of this study both align with and diverge from those of Delphi studies, offering new directions for future research. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Diversity Competence and Social Inequalities, 2nd Edition)

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15 pages, 1804 KB

Open AccessArticle

Risk Assessment and Source Apportionment of Heavy Metals in Agricultural Soil Across Yinchuan, China

by Yiming Liu, Tianzi Yin, Rongguang Shi, Yan Li, Jianjun Ma, Hong Li, Ke Yang, Shiyuan Ding and Xiaodong Li

Agronomy 2025, 15(12), 2726; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy15122726 (registering DOI) - 26 Nov 2025

Abstract

Approximately 1.1% of global soils exceed the safety thresholds. Yinchuan is one of the key grain production bases, and the quality of its agricultural soil directly impacts the quality of agricultural products. To investigate the heavy metal contamination status of surface agricultural soil [...] Read more.

Approximately 1.1% of global soils exceed the safety thresholds. Yinchuan is one of the key grain production bases, and the quality of its agricultural soil directly impacts the quality of agricultural products. To investigate the heavy metal contamination status of surface agricultural soil in Yinchuan, this study collected 325 agricultural soil samples from the city to analyze the concentrations of five heavy metal elements—As, Hg, Pb, Cd, and Cr—and conducted a risk assessment and quantitative source apportionment of soil heavy metal contamination. The results indicate that the majority of the study area is classified as having a lightly polluted level with moderate ecological risks. The order of the over-standard rates is Hg > Cd > Pb > Cr > As. The soil in the study area is generally weakly alkaline, which has a relatively low impact on the migration and transformation of heavy metal elements. High-value areas of heavy metals are all located near the Yellow River floodplain. They are significantly affected by the agricultural and industrial wastewater discharge from the upper reaches of the Yellow River. The Absolute Principal Component Score-Multiple Linear Regression (APCS-MLR) model analysis identified the sources of soil heavy metal pollution as natural sources (37.29%), agricultural sources (25.50%), coal combustion sources (20.18%), and industrial-transportation sources (17.04%). The positive matrix factorization (PMF) model explained that the sources of heavy metals in the soil were natural sources (22.42%), agricultural activities (24.46%), coal combustion sources (26.70%), and traffic sources (26.42%). Overall, the results indicate that there is a certain degree of metal pollution in the agricultural soil of Yinchuan, which is significantly influenced by human activities. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Soil and Plant Nutrition)

17 pages, 6294 KB

Open AccessArticle

Chiral Recognition Mechanism of 2,13-Bis(hydroxymethyl)-[7]thiaheterohelicene on Ag(111) Investigated by STM and MD Simulation

by Changqing Ye, Takuma Hattori, Yuji Hamamoto, Pawel Krukowski, Akira Saito, Hideji Osuga, Yoshitada Morikawa and Yuji Kuwahara

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025, 26(23), 11458; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms262311458 (registering DOI) - 26 Nov 2025

Abstract

We investigated the adsorption and aggregation properties of 2,13-bis(hydroxymethyl)-[7]thiaheterohelicene ([7]TH-diol) on the Ag(111) surface by scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) and molecular dynamics (MD) simulation. STM observation revealed that both racemic and enantiopure [7]TH-diol formed apparently similar “zigzag” chain structures. To elucidate the molecular [...] Read more.

We investigated the adsorption and aggregation properties of 2,13-bis(hydroxymethyl)-[7]thiaheterohelicene ([7]TH-diol) on the Ag(111) surface by scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) and molecular dynamics (MD) simulation. STM observation revealed that both racemic and enantiopure [7]TH-diol formed apparently similar “zigzag” chain structures. To elucidate the molecular arrangements in these structures, MD simulation successfully differentiates the formation mechanisms of these structures, demonstrating that hetero-chiral chains are stabilized primarily by van der Waals forces, whereas homo-chiral chains are stabilized through hydrogen bonding. The formation of homo-chiral chains is driven by the alignment of hydroxymethyl groups between the neighboring molecules, whereas the steric hindrance of helical skeletons affects chain growth. These findings highlight the critical role of inter-molecular interactions—particularly hydrogen bonding—in the self-assembly of helicene molecules. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Molecular Nanoscience)

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22 pages, 349 KB

Open AccessArticle

Integrating Community Engagement and Service Learning into Environmental Engineering Curricula

by Michelle Henderson, Abby Vidmar, Maya Trotz, Deirdre Cobb-Roberts and E. Christian Wells

Educ. Sci. 2025, 15(12), 1599; https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci15121599 (registering DOI) - 26 Nov 2025

Abstract

Engineering education is evolving to train students to work more closely with communities to support holistic sustainability. This has increasingly involved collaborative and participatory research models that address environmental justice challenges within local communities. This research evaluates student learning experiences and changes in [...] Read more.

Engineering education is evolving to train students to work more closely with communities to support holistic sustainability. This has increasingly involved collaborative and participatory research models that address environmental justice challenges within local communities. This research evaluates student learning experiences and changes in perceptions about race, justice, and community in a pair of undergraduate service learning courses in environmental engineering and environmental anthropology that were developed to center environmental justice through service learning. Pre- and post-class attitudinal surveys were administered to 55 students across two courses in environmental engineering and environmental anthropology and then analyzed using content analysis to identify shifts in students’ knowledge and perceptions about community engagement and environmental justice. Before their participation in the classes, many students in the environmental engineering course understood environmental injustice as harm done to the environment. At the conclusion of the semester, their understandings were broadened to include social and infrastructural injustices in communities. For the anthropology course, students had a general working knowledge of environmental justice before participating in the course, but their understanding was expanded to include a more interconnected perspective that included infrastructural systems. In both classes, student learning outcomes enhanced the value of partnering with communities and learning from community members’ lived experiences. By approaching engineering from the perspective of environmental justice, students developed broader and more holistic perspectives about the roles and values of community-based research. Students also gained greater understanding of the complex interplay between race and environment, especially when it comes to infrastructural challenges. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Rethinking Engineering Education)

22 pages, 1168 KB

Open AccessArticle

A Rabies Virus Nucleocapsid-Like Nanostructure Vaccine Based on Dual-Cationic Lipid Nanoparticles

by Zhixiao Zhang, Jingjing Zhang, Changyong Mu, Kaili Ma, Dongxiu Gao, Chang’e Liu, Lin Feng, Xiaowu Peng, Junbo Si, Hongbing Li, Yanrui Su, Fengyuan Zeng, Liping He, An Wang, Chongying Zhou, Zhenxiao Zhang, Yixuan Wang, Qiuqi Li, Jiahui Li, Shuiyan Zou, Miaomiao Xing, Huijuan Li, Meng Sun, Weijie Chang, Xiaoxia Yu, Junqing Li, Lichun Wang, Yanmei Li, Hongkun Yi, Lichun Zheng, Fuyun He and Qihan Li Show full author list Hide full author list

Vaccines 2025, 13(12), 1196; https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines13121196 (registering DOI) - 26 Nov 2025

Abstract

Background: Rabies virus (RABV) causes approximately 59,000 human deaths annually. Current pre- and post-exposure vaccination relies on inactivated vaccines (INVs) with limited yield and immunogenicity. We engineered a dual-cationic LNP-based nucleocapsid-like nanostructure (NLS) that co-encapsulates RABV G-mRNA and recombinant RABV-N to engage MHC-I/II [...] Read more.

Background: Rabies virus (RABV) causes approximately 59,000 human deaths annually. Current pre- and post-exposure vaccination relies on inactivated vaccines (INVs) with limited yield and immunogenicity. We engineered a dual-cationic LNP-based nucleocapsid-like nanostructure (NLS) that co-encapsulates RABV G-mRNA and recombinant RABV-N to engage MHC-I/II pathways and enhance protection. Methods: A pVAX-RABV-G plasmid containing 5′/3′UTRs, Kozak, and poly(A) was transcribed in vitro. RABV-N with an N-terminal 6× His tag was expressed in E. coli BL21(DE3) and purified by Ni-Sepharose affinity chromatography. Dual-cationic LNPs (DHA, DOTAP Cl, mPEG-DTA2K, DOPC) were formulated by microfluidics at a 4:1 (G-mRNA:RABV-N) mass ratio. Vaccine quality was assessed by encapsulation efficiency, DLS, PDI, zeta potential, and TEM. Mice received empty LNPs, INV, G-mRNA, or NLS under varied schedules and doses. ELISA measured RABV-G/N-IgG; RFFIT determined neutralizing antibody (nAb) titers; ELISPOT quantified CTL response; qPCR assessed T-cell activation genes. On day 35 after the first immunization of vaccines, mice were challenged intramuscularly with 25 LD₅₀ of CVS-24. Results: G-mRNA purity was >95% and drove strong RABV-G expression in 293T cells. Purified RABV-N was approximately 52 kDa, >90% pure, and reactive to anti-His and anti-N antibodies. NLS achieved >95% encapsulation, a diameter of 136.9 nm, PDI 0.09, and a +18.7 mV zeta potential. A single dose yielded approximately 10 IU mL⁻¹ nAb by day 7; two doses peaked at approximately 1000 IU mL⁻¹. Mice showed 100% survival and no viral rebound in brain, spinal cord, and sciatic nerve. NLS induced stronger MHC-I/II-linked cellular immunity and higher RABV G/N-specific IFN-γ spot frequencies than G-mRNA or INV. Conclusions: The dual-antigen NLS vaccine co-delivering G-mRNA and RABV-N via dual-cationic LNPs robustly activates MHC-I/II, rapidly generates high-titer nAb (≥10 IU mL⁻¹ within 1 week), and sustains potent CD8⁺ CTL and CD4⁺ Th responses. A two-dose regimen (days 0 and 21) conferred complete protection, supporting the NLS platform as a next-generation rabies vaccine candidate. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feature Papers of DNA and mRNA Vaccines)

16 pages, 1465 KB

Open AccessArticle

High-Frequency Plasma Electrolytic Oxidation of an Al–Si Alloy: Influence of Al₂O₃ and SiO₂ Additives on Coating Microstructure and Tribological Performance

by Gulzhaz Uazyrkhanova, Amangeldi Sagidugumar, Yernat Kozhakhmetov, Gulzhaz Moldabayeva, Daniyar Kaliyev, Sergey Rudenko and Nurgamit Kantay

Materials 2025, 18(23), 5334; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma18235334 (registering DOI) - 26 Nov 2025

Abstract

This study focuses on surface modification of aluminum alloys (Al–Si) with high silicon content using plasma electrolytic oxidation (PEO). The influence of Al₂O₃ and SiO₂ particles, introduced both separately and in combination, into a sodium aluminate-based electrolyte during high-frequency [...] Read more.

This study focuses on surface modification of aluminum alloys (Al–Si) with high silicon content using plasma electrolytic oxidation (PEO). The influence of Al₂O₃ and SiO₂ particles, introduced both separately and in combination, into a sodium aluminate-based electrolyte during high-frequency treatment (2000 Hz). Examination of surface and cross-sections using a scanning electron microscope SEM showed an increase in the compactness of the coating when Al₂O₃ particles were introduced. The addition of SiO₂ particles tended to promote a smoother surface and a slight reduction in the porosity and defect density. However, when these particles are added together, especially at high concentrations, an increase in structural defects and crack formation is observed. X-ray diffraction analysis revealed that the γ-Al₂O₃ phase was present in all coatings. In the samples with Al₂O₃ addition, the α-Al₂O₃ diffraction signal became stronger compared with the other coatings. Tribological tests revealed that the addition of Al₂O₃ particles significantly improved wear resistance, while the introduction of SiO₂ particles contributed to the stabilization of the friction coefficient. Thus, Al₂O₃ particles were the most effective in enhancing the mechanical properties of the coating. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Thin Films and Interfaces)

21 pages, 1209 KB

Open AccessArticle

Probabilistic Assessment of Transmission Reliability Margin for Inter-Regional Electricity Trading Incorporating Multi-Source Uncertainty

by Xingyu Lu, Xiaogang Li, Fubin Liu, Min Wu, Yuanrui Hong, Fei Du, Shiyuan Tao and Zhenfei Tan

Energies 2025, 18(23), 6203; https://doi.org/10.3390/en18236203 (registering DOI) - 26 Nov 2025

Abstract

With the rapid transition toward a low-carbon power system, the temporal intermittency and spatial unevenness of renewable generation have imposed emerging challenges to the supply–demand balance of electricity. To enhance the secure utilization of inter-regional transmission capacity under uncertainties, this paper proposes a [...] Read more.

With the rapid transition toward a low-carbon power system, the temporal intermittency and spatial unevenness of renewable generation have imposed emerging challenges to the supply–demand balance of electricity. To enhance the secure utilization of inter-regional transmission capacity under uncertainties, this paper proposes a correlation-aware Gaussian mixture model (GMM) for probabilistic assessment of the transmission reliability margin (TRM) of interconnectors. The proposed method explicitly captures multi-source uncertainties, including renewable generation, load, and power contract execution deviation. The internal correlations among uncertain factors are embedded in the GMM to avoid the misestimation associated with independent-distribution assumptions. Simulation results on a four-region system demonstrate that the proposed method outperforms existing methods in higher accuracy and computational efficiency, which enables reliable and economic cross-regional power trading under uncertainty. Full article

12 pages, 2021 KB

Open AccessArticle

When Conventional Methods Fail: First Detection of a Candida viswanathii Outbreak in Europe in a Pediatric Hospital Revealed by Whole Genome Sequencing and FT-IR Spectroscopy

by Gianluca Vrenna, Valeria Fox, Venere Cortazzo, Serena Raimondi, Marco Cristiano, Gianluca Foglietta, Sara Carilli, Martina Rossitto, Barbara Lucignano, Manuela Onori, Maria Paola Ronchetti, Andrea Dotta, Andrea Campana, Lorenzo Galletti, Luca Di Chiara, Alberto Villani, Marta Luisa Ciofi Degli Atti, Daniela Perrotta, Corrado Cecchetti, Massimiliano Raponi, Carlo Federico Perno and Paola Bernaschi Show full author list Hide full author list

Microorganisms 2025, 13(12), 2698; https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms13122698 (registering DOI) - 26 Nov 2025

Abstract

Candida viswanathii has been sporadically reported in Asia and South America but not in Europe. This study reports the first European outbreak of C. viswanathii in a paediatric hospital, outlining diagnostic challenges and containment measures. Fifteen C. viswanathii isolates were recovered from blood [...] Read more.

Candida viswanathii has been sporadically reported in Asia and South America but not in Europe. This study reports the first European outbreak of C. viswanathii in a paediatric hospital, outlining diagnostic challenges and containment measures. Fifteen C. viswanathii isolates were recovered from blood cultures of consecutive pediatric patients admitted to intensive care units between April and August 2025. Identification was performed using MALDI-TOF MS, chromogenic media, Fourier-transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, and whole-genome sequencing (WGS). Antifungal susceptibility testing was performed by broth microdilution. All isolates were initially misidentified as C. tropicalis by MALDI-TOF MS and undetected by the FilmArray BCID2 panel. WGS confirmed C. viswanathii, and FT-IR analysis revealed clonally related strains, indicating an outbreak. Colonies displayed a distinct deep-blue color on chromogenic CHROMagar™ medium. Elevated fluconazole minimum inhibitory concentrations were observed, while isolates remained susceptible to echinocandins and amphotericin B. A multidisciplinary infection-control response halted transmission within four weeks. This investigation documents the first C. viswanathii outbreak in Europe, highlighting diagnostic limitations of current commercial tools and the need for updated databases. Integration of FT-IR spectroscopy and WGS facilitated outbreak detection and containment, underscoring the importance of advanced diagnostics and surveillance for emerging fungal pathogens. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Medically Relevant Fungi: Virulence Factors, and New Diagnostic and Treatment Approaches)

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20 pages, 1019 KB

Open AccessArticle

Integrated Soil Amendments Alleviate Subsoil Acidification and Enhance Ponkan Seedling Growth in a Column Experiment

by Jiacheng Zhang, Xiaoya Duan, Pengxiao Sun, Fei Zheng, Xiaochuan Ma, Yuan Yu, Yan Li and Ping Wang

Plants 2025, 14(23), 3613; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14233613 (registering DOI) - 26 Nov 2025

Abstract

The ponkan (Citrus reticulata Blanco cv. Ponkan), an important citrus crop, is increasingly threatened by soil acidification. This study evaluated the efficacy of various soil amendments, including lime alone (L), lime with gypsum and organic fertilizer (LGOF), lime plus K₂CO [...] Read more.

The ponkan (Citrus reticulata Blanco cv. Ponkan), an important citrus crop, is increasingly threatened by soil acidification. This study evaluated the efficacy of various soil amendments, including lime alone (L), lime with gypsum and organic fertilizer (LGOF), lime plus K₂CO₃ (LK), and lime with chicken manure ash (LCMA), in mitigating soil acidification and improving ponkan seedling growth. Surface-applied lime raised topsoil pH and acid buffering capacity while reducing exchangeable Al. However, combined amendments (LGOF, LK, LCMA) more effectively alleviated acidity throughout the soil profile. They significantly increased pH and buffering capacity, decreased exchangeable H and Al in the 20–40 cm layer, and elevated exchangeable base cations (K⁺, Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺). These changes reduced Al content in roots, stems, and leaves, promoted deeper root growth, and increased biomass and nutrient uptake (N, P, K). Physiologically, combined amendments enhanced photosynthetic performance (chlorophyll, Pn, ΦPSII) and increased activity of key metabolic enzymes (Rubisco, SS, SPS, NR, GS), promoting sucrose, starch, and protein accumulation. LK rapidly raised subsoil pH and potassium levels, ideal for K-deficient orchards. LGOF and LCMA improved overall fertility by supplying Ca and Mg, with LGOF additionally enhancing soil structure in poorly structured acidic soils. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Phosphorus and pH Management in Soil–Plant Systems)

22 pages, 8222 KB

Open AccessArticle

Mapping Rice Cropping Systems in Data-Scarce Regions Using NDVI Time-Series and Dynamic Time Warping Clustering: A Case Study of Maliana, Timor-Leste

by Pedro Fernandes, Junior and Masahiko Nagai

Appl. Sci. 2025, 15(23), 12544; https://doi.org/10.3390/app152312544 (registering DOI) - 26 Nov 2025

Abstract

Mapping of rice-cropping regimes is crucial for effective irrigation planning and yield monitoring, particularly in data-scarce regions. We analyzed 48 months of 3 m PlanetScope NDVI data, aggregated to a 25 m hexagonal grid, and used Dynamic Time Warping Clustering to segment phenological [...] Read more.

Mapping of rice-cropping regimes is crucial for effective irrigation planning and yield monitoring, particularly in data-scarce regions. We analyzed 48 months of 3 m PlanetScope NDVI data, aggregated to a 25 m hexagonal grid, and used Dynamic Time Warping Clustering to segment phenological patterns. Internal validation consistently identified two main clusters, indicating two dominant seasonality modes. Cluster 1 exhibited a higher mean NDVI, fewer low-canopy months, more vigorous growth periods, more peaks, and greater annual cycling, which suggests irrigated double cropping. Cluster 2 exhibited prolonged low NDVI values and a greater amplitude, consistent with single-rainfed systems. The rain–NDVI analysis supported these findings: Cluster 1 responded modestly to rainfall, whereas Cluster 2 exhibited a stronger and delayed response. Independent spatial checks confirmed these classifications. Off-season greenness, measured as NDVI above 0.50 from July to November, was concentrated near main and secondary canals and decreased with distance from intake points. This workflow combines DTW clustering with rainfall lag and off-season greenness analysis, effectively distinguishing between irrigated and rain-fed regimes using satellite time series. These findings are considered indicative rather than definitive, providing an assessment of cropping systems in Timor-Leste and demonstrating that DTW-based NDVI clustering offers a scalable approach in data-scarce regions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Remote Sensing Applications in Agricultural, Earth and Environmental Science, 2nd Edition)

21 pages, 779 KB

Open AccessSystematic Review

Infrared Thermography in Maritime Systems: A Systematic Review

by Lucija Tadić, Ivana Golub Medvešek, Igor Vujović and Joško Šoda

Appl. Sci. 2025, 15(23), 12551; https://doi.org/10.3390/app152312551 (registering DOI) - 26 Nov 2025

Abstract

The maritime industry is undergoing a digital transformation, in which predictive maintenance and intelligent diagnostics play a crucial role in enhancing operational safety and efficiency. This paper investigates the application of infrared thermography (IRT) for fault detection and condition monitoring of ship machinery, [...] Read more.

The maritime industry is undergoing a digital transformation, in which predictive maintenance and intelligent diagnostics play a crucial role in enhancing operational safety and efficiency. This paper investigates the application of infrared thermography (IRT) for fault detection and condition monitoring of ship machinery, with particular emphasis on its integration within condition-based and predictive maintenance frameworks. A systematic review was conducted in accordance with the PRISMA 2020 methodology, analyzing 210 publications retrieved from the Web of Science (WoS), Scopus, and Google Scholar databases to identify prevailing technological trends and research gaps. The results indicate that IRT enables early detection of critical faults such as overheating, insulation degradation, and poor electrical connections, thereby reducing unplanned downtime and improving system reliability. When integrated with artificial intelligence (AI), deep learning (DL), and convolutional neural networks (CNNs), diagnostic accuracy can be automated through enhanced data interpretation. Despite its proven effectiveness, standardized protocols and real-world validation of IRT–AI systems remain limited in the maritime sector. IRT is therefore recognized as a key enabler of safer, smarter, and more sustainable ship maintenance within the broader maritime digitalization framework. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue AI Applications in the Maritime Sector)

18 pages, 4562 KB

Open AccessArticle

The Influence of Campus Landscape Color Environment on Students’ Emotions: A Case Study of Shandong Agricultural University

by Yingjie Li, Ying Yu, Dingmeng Hu, Xinyue Shang, Tianyu Wang, Keran Liu, Siwei Mou and Xinwen Zhang

Buildings 2025, 15(23), 4290; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15234290 (registering DOI) - 26 Nov 2025

Abstract

As the daily activity space for students, the external campus environment directly impacts their physical and mental health. While previous studies have demonstrated the restorative effects of outdoor environments on emotional recovery and stress relief, the influence of color elements in the campus [...] Read more.

As the daily activity space for students, the external campus environment directly impacts their physical and mental health. While previous studies have demonstrated the restorative effects of outdoor environments on emotional recovery and stress relief, the influence of color elements in the campus environment on individuals remains underexplored. To address this gap, this study investigates the influence of colors in the outdoor environments of campuses built in different periods on the physiological and psychological indicators of university students. The HSV color model was used to analyze environmental colors, while virtual reality (VR) and electroencephalography (EEG) were combined to collect brain activity data, along with synchronous collection of subjective emotional data, providing a comprehensive assessment of individuals’ perceived restoration levels. The results indicate the following: (1) Environmental colors with high brightness and low saturation are more relaxing, and environments with a high proportion of plant colors and a low proportion of building and pavement colors yield the best restorative effects. (2) A comparison across three campuses revealed that the relaxation effects on emotions are sports areas > living areas > teaching areas > learning areas. Among these, neutral and warm colors were found to be more relaxing, and neutral tones within the green (G) hue contain most of the significantly stimulated EEG signals associated with relaxation. This study demonstrates the important role of campus environmental colors in improving students’ mental health, providing theoretical support and practical guidance for color design in restorative campus landscapes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Architectural Design, Urban Science, and Real Estate)

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27 pages, 8260 KB

Open AccessArticle

ICIRD: Information-Principled Deep Clustering for Invariant, Redundancy-Reduced and Discriminative Cluster Distributions

by Aiyu Zheng, Robert M. X. Wu, Yupeng Wang and Yanting He

Entropy 2025, 27(12), 1200; https://doi.org/10.3390/e27121200 (registering DOI) - 26 Nov 2025

Abstract

Deep clustering aims to discover meaningful data groups by jointly learning representations and cluster probability distributions. Yet existing methods rarely consider the underlying information characteristics of these distributions, causing ambiguity and redundancy in cluster assignments, particularly when different augmented views are used. To [...] Read more.

Deep clustering aims to discover meaningful data groups by jointly learning representations and cluster probability distributions. Yet existing methods rarely consider the underlying information characteristics of these distributions, causing ambiguity and redundancy in cluster assignments, particularly when different augmented views are used. To address this issue, this paper proposes a novel information-principled deep clustering framework for learning invariant, redundancy-reduced, and discriminative cluster probability distributions, termed ICIRD. Specifically, ICIRD is built upon three complementary modules for cluster probability distributions: (i) conditional entropy minimization, which increases assignment certainty and discriminability; (ii) inter-cluster mutual information minimization, which reduces redundancy among cluster distributions and sharpens separability; and (iii) cross-view mutual information maximization, which enforces semantic consistency across augmented views. Additionally, a contrastive representation mechanism is incorporated to provide stable and reliable feature inputs for the cluster probability distributions. Together, these components enable ICIRD to jointly optimize both representations and cluster probability distributions in an information-regularized manner. Extensive experiments on five image benchmark datasets demonstrate that ICIRD outperforms most existing deep clustering methods, particularly on fine-grained datasets such as CIFAR-100 and ImageNet-Dogs. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Information Theory, Probability and Statistics)

64 pages, 4737 KB

Open AccessReview

A Comprehensive Review of Printed Circuit Heat Exchangers: Fabrication, Thermal–Hydraulic Performance, and Reliability

by Zhe Li, Sheng Zhang and Xiaohong Yang

Energies 2025, 18(23), 6200; https://doi.org/10.3390/en18236200 (registering DOI) - 26 Nov 2025

Abstract

Printed circuit heat exchangers (PCHEs) represent a critical technology for application in advanced energy systems due to their compact configuration, exceptional thermal efficiency, and robustness under extreme temperatures and pressures. This review systematically examines PCHE technology, covering key fabrication processes—including material selection, channel [...] Read more.

Printed circuit heat exchangers (PCHEs) represent a critical technology for application in advanced energy systems due to their compact configuration, exceptional thermal efficiency, and robustness under extreme temperatures and pressures. This review systematically examines PCHE technology, covering key fabrication processes—including material selection, channel etching, and diffusion bonding—alongside the thermal–hydraulic performances of various channel geometries and optimization strategies. Although considerable progress has been made in geometric optimization—with reported heat transfer enhancements of up to 250% and flow resistance reductions of up to 84.7%—most of the available optimized designs remain confined to numerical analyses. A significant gap persists between these idealized models and real manufacturing constraints, where etching and inducing geometric deviations inherently affect both performance and mechanical integrity. Moreover, current Nusselt number and friction factor correlations lack universality, and mechanical integrity assessments often neglect long-term degradation mechanisms such as fouling. This review identifies these critical gaps and proposes that future research should prioritize integrating geometric optimization with fabrication feasibility and mechanical integrity. Also, there is a need to develop generalized correlations that incorporate both fluid property variations and geometric effects, and to systematically evaluate long-term performance via component-scale testing. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section B4: Nuclear Energy)

21 pages, 323 KB

Open AccessArticle

Traumatic Events, Psychopathology, and Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder in the General Community and First Responders: Presence of Symptoms and Associated Factors

by Hélder António, Pedro Gamito, Stéphane Bouchard, Shivani Atul Mansuklal, José Cardoso, Maria Vieira de Castro and Ricardo Pinto

Eur. J. Investig. Health Psychol. Educ. 2025, 15(12), 241; https://doi.org/10.3390/ejihpe15120241 (registering DOI) - 26 Nov 2025

Abstract

Most individuals experience at least one traumatic event during their lifetime, which can lead to the development of psychopathological symptoms and Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD). First responders (e.g., police officers, firefighters, emergency medical professionals) are exposed to traumatic events daily, making them particularly [...] Read more.

Most individuals experience at least one traumatic event during their lifetime, which can lead to the development of psychopathological symptoms and Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD). First responders (e.g., police officers, firefighters, emergency medical professionals) are exposed to traumatic events daily, making them particularly vulnerable to developing such symptoms. Using an online questionnaire, this study aimed to compare self-reported exposure to traumatic events and the presence of psychopathological and PTSD symptoms between a sample from the general community (n = 137) and first responders (n = 672) residing in Portugal. We also sought to identify factors associated with the development of PTSD symptoms. Results showed that although first responders reported higher exposure to traumatic events, there were no significant differences in PTSD symptoms between first responders and the general community. However, general psychopathological symptoms, particularly anxiety and depression, were higher in the general community than among first responders. Symptoms of anxiety, depression, obsessive–compulsive tendencies, hostility, paranoid ideation, psychoticism, and personally experienced traumatic events emerged as significant predictors of PTSD symptoms, whereas demographic variables showed no significant predictive value. The potential influence of factors such as terror management theory, training and education, professional selection, the “hero lifestyle”, and the “police culture” is discussed, along with implications and directions for future research. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Occupational Health Challenges: Mapping Psychosocial Factors Driving Healthy Organizations)

18 pages, 4465 KB

Open AccessArticle

Influence of Film Thickness on the Structure and Properties of Copper Thin Films Deposited on BaTiO₃ Ceramics by DCMS and HiPIMS

by Yuanhao Liao, Heda Bai, Fengtian Shi, Jin Li and Xiangli Liu

Materials 2025, 18(23), 5333; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma18235333 (registering DOI) - 26 Nov 2025

Abstract

In this study, we investigate the role of film thickness in modulating the properties of Cu films deposited on BaTiO₃ ceramic substrates using direct current magnetron sputtering (DCMS) and high-power pulsed magnetron sputtering (HiPIMS). While HiPIMS is known for producing dense films, [...] Read more.

In this study, we investigate the role of film thickness in modulating the properties of Cu films deposited on BaTiO₃ ceramic substrates using direct current magnetron sputtering (DCMS) and high-power pulsed magnetron sputtering (HiPIMS). While HiPIMS is known for producing dense films, and the thickness-dependent properties of sputtered Cu films are well-documented, this work uniquely explores the synergistic interplay between deposition technique and thickness on BaTiO₃ ceramic substrates, revealing novel insights into stress evolution and property optimization for advanced microelectronic and coating applications. Cu films of 300 nm, 1000 nm, and 1700 nm were systematically compared for their microstructures, surface morphologies, and electrical and mechanical properties, elucidating the critical role of thickness in densification, stress state, and overall performance. The results indicate that the target current and voltage waveforms of HiPIMS are similar to square waves, and the ionization rate is significantly higher than that of DCMS. Still, the deposition rate at the same power of 180 W is only 44.6% of that of DCMS. The films obtained by both processes present a strong (111) orientation; the crystallite size of the DCMS film grows with increasing thickness, while the HiPIMS film shows increasing and then decreasing, and its residual stress is overall lower than that of DCMS. In terms of surface morphology, DCMS films appeared porous and rough, whereas HiPIMS films were denser and smoother. In terms of properties, the resistivity of HiPIMS films is significantly lower than that of DCMS, especially at 1000 nm thickness. The binding force is also better than that of DCMS, especially at thicknesses less than 1000 nm, which is mainly attributed to the compressive stresses introduced by the energetic ion bombardment at the early deposition stage. These findings provide new mechanistic insights into thickness-dependent stress and property modulation, offering a reference for tailoring high-performance Cu films through process optimization. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Thin Films: Structural, Optical, and Electrical Properties)

11 pages, 1715 KB

Open AccessArticle

Role of ERβ in Triple-Negative Breast Cancer Associated with p53 and Androgen Receptor

by Kei Ito, Naoko Honma, Hideaki Ogata, Akimitsu Yamada, Mika Miyashita, Tomio Arai, Eiichi Sasaki, Kazutoshi Shibuya, Tetuo Mikami and Masataka Sawaki

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025, 26(23), 11459; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms262311459 (registering DOI) - 26 Nov 2025

Abstract

In triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC), the clinicopathological significance of the expression of a second estrogen receptor, ERβ, remains unclear. Further, although the clinicopathological significance of mutant p53 and androgen receptor (AR) has been investigated in TNBC, they have not been established as therapeutic [...] Read more.

In triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC), the clinicopathological significance of the expression of a second estrogen receptor, ERβ, remains unclear. Further, although the clinicopathological significance of mutant p53 and androgen receptor (AR) has been investigated in TNBC, they have not been established as therapeutic targets. Experimental studies reported the importance of cross-talk between ERβ and p53 or AR in TNBC. In this study, we immunohistochemically examined ERβ expression in surgical specimens of TNBC obtained from postmenopausal patients who underwent surgery without neoadjuvant therapy and investigated the relationship between ERβ expression and various clinicopathological factors, including clinical outcome, while also considering p53 and AR. No significant difference in clinical outcome was noted according to the ERβ status alone (p = 0.2908). However, the ERβ status did affect the relationship between the clinical outcome and p53 or AR status; p53-positive or AR-positive group exhibited significantly more favorable clinical outcomes than p53-negative or AR-negative group, respectively, in the ERβ-positive group (p53, p = 0.0265; AR, p = 0.0285), but not in the ERβ-negative group (p53, p = 0.7228; AR, p = 0.7734). This may be the result of a functional interaction between ERβ and p53 or AR. The role of ERβ in TNBC will be elucidated in further complex studies considering multiple molecules. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Insights into the Pathogenesis, Molecular Landscape and Therapeutics of Triple-Negative Breast Cancer)

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21 pages, 918 KB

Open AccessArticle

Energy Economics in European Union Countries—Typological Analysis Using Kohonen Networks

by Agnieszka Sompolska-Rzechuła, Aneta Becker and Anna Oleńczuk-Paszel

Energies 2025, 18(23), 6202; https://doi.org/10.3390/en18236202 (registering DOI) - 26 Nov 2025

Abstract

Energy is a key resource determining economic and social development. The aim of the study was to identify and analyze patterns in the energy economy of European Union countries in 2019 and 2023 using the self-organizing maps (SOMs) method, which is an artificial [...] Read more.

Energy is a key resource determining economic and social development. The aim of the study was to identify and analyze patterns in the energy economy of European Union countries in 2019 and 2023 using the self-organizing maps (SOMs) method, which is an artificial intelligence tool. This approach enables unsupervised clustering of countries based on complex data, revealing hidden relationships between energy indicators. Analysis of Eurostat data showed that over the analyzed period, five countries improved their cluster position, one country experienced a decline, and the remaining 21 countries retained their previous assignment. The grouping of the countries in 2023 was more diverse, with a clear concentration of countries with favorable development parameters. The results of the study provide valuable guidance for EU energy policy, supporting the planning of a sustainable transition in the context of challenges such as the COVID-19 pandemic and the war in Ukraine. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Energy Economics, Efficiency, and Sustainable Development)

28 pages, 2621 KB

Open AccessArticle

Data-Driven Classification of Solubility Space in Deep Eutectic Solvents: Deciphering Driving Forces Using PCA and K-Means Clustering

by Piotr Cysewski, Maciej Przybyłek and Tomasz Jeliński

Molecules 2025, 30(23), 4563; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules30234563 (registering DOI) - 26 Nov 2025

Abstract

This study presents a robust, data-driven framework for classifying and predicting drug solubility in deep eutectic solvents (DESs), moving beyond empirical approaches to enable rational formulation design. By analyzing 2010 solubility measurements of 21 diverse pharmaceutical compounds across numerous choline chloride, betaine, and [...] Read more.

This study presents a robust, data-driven framework for classifying and predicting drug solubility in deep eutectic solvents (DESs), moving beyond empirical approaches to enable rational formulation design. By analyzing 2010 solubility measurements of 21 diverse pharmaceutical compounds across numerous choline chloride, betaine, and menthol-based DESs, we employed Principal Component Analysis to reduce 16 COSMO-RS-derived descriptors into four chemically interpretable dimensions explaining 86.7% of the total variance. Persistence analysis confirmed component stability, revealing two key factors: PC1 (global solvation propensity, i.e., the overall capacity of the solvent to stabilize solutes through all interaction types) and PC2 (specific interaction complementarity, i.e., the degree of matching between solute and solvent hydrogen-bonding/polarity features). K-means clustering identified four distinct solubility regimes: high-solubility DES-optimized systems (Cluster 1), reliable moderate performers (Cluster 0), intermediate candidates for optimization (Cluster 3), and fundamentally challenging combinations (Cluster 2). Comparative analysis demonstrated choline chloride’s broad utility while revealing specialized roles for menthol and betaine in specific chemical spaces. Case studies of Sulfasalazine and Caffeine illustrated how multi-cluster distributions guide formulation strategies, distinguishing precision-requiring from forgiving compounds. This taxonomy provides formulation scientists with a rational framework for DES selection, emphasizing aqueous modification, HBD and HBA diversity, and balanced solvation-interaction optimization. The integrated PCA-clustering approach transforms DES development from trial-and-error screening to targeted design, offering fundamental insights into solubility mechanisms while accelerating sustainable pharmaceutical formulation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Horizons in Deep Eutectic Solvents (DESs): Synthesis, Characterization and Applications)

21 pages, 1083 KB

Open AccessArticle

Animal Waste-Based Biogas—Toward Closing the Loop in the EU Countries

by Dorota Janiszewska and Luiza Ossowska

Energies 2025, 18(23), 6201; https://doi.org/10.3390/en18236201 (registering DOI) - 26 Nov 2025

Abstract

The production and use of biogas can play a key role in the transition to a low-emission and circular economy. Animal waste is an available, local substrate for biogas plants, although it is used less frequently than plant waste. Therefore, the main aim [...] Read more.

The production and use of biogas can play a key role in the transition to a low-emission and circular economy. Animal waste is an available, local substrate for biogas plants, although it is used less frequently than plant waste. Therefore, the main aim of this research is to assess the potential of animal biomass and the possibility of producing biogas from it to meet energy needs in EU countries. The potential was estimated for the 27 European Union Member States. Data comes from the Statistical Office of the European Union from 2024. Biomass volumes and the potential for biogas production were estimated using formulas available in the literature. Analyses indicate that European Union countries have significant potential for biogas production from existing biomass from animal waste. Even in countries with relatively high current production, there is significant potential for the production and use of larger quantities of biogas. To achieve climate goals, besides large investments, micro-biogas plants are gaining importance. Small installations may prove to be a solution for countries with quite small and dispersed animal production. Widespread utilization of the potential of biomass from animal waste requires institutional support as well as dissemination of knowledge among various stakeholder groups. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Green Energy Markets and Environmental Economics: Opportunities and Barriers)

15 pages, 967 KB

Open AccessArticle

The Effect of Calsporin^® (Bacillus subtilis C-3102) on Laying Performance, Follicular Development, and Microorganisms of Breeder Geese

by Huiying Wang, Guangquan Li, Yi Liu, Xianze Wang, Huiyan Jia, Jiuli Dai, Shufang Chen and Daqian He

Agriculture 2025, 15(23), 2452; https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture15232452 (registering DOI) - 26 Nov 2025

Abstract

This study aimed to investigate the effects of Bacillus subtilis C-3102 (CAL) on the laying performance, follicular development, and cecal microorganisms of breeder geese. The experiment was conducted at a goose farm in Lu’an City, Anhui Province, from April to December 2024. A [...] Read more.

This study aimed to investigate the effects of Bacillus subtilis C-3102 (CAL) on the laying performance, follicular development, and cecal microorganisms of breeder geese. The experiment was conducted at a goose farm in Lu’an City, Anhui Province, from April to December 2024. A total of 5965 geese (male-to-female ratio of 1:4.75) were used and divided into three groups with CAL supplementation levels of 0 ppm, 60 ppm, and 100 ppm. Changes in laying performance, serum hormones, follicle number, and fecal microorganisms were analyzed. The results showed that, compared with the control group, the total number of eggs laid in the 100 ppm BS group increased by 2.77 eggs (p < 0.05), and the number of graded follicles was significantly increased by 78.2% (p < 0.05). There was no significant difference in serum reproductive hormones among all groups (p > 0.05). Microbial analysis revealed that the 100 ppm CAL group had a significantly higher abundance of Firmicutes, with enrichment of the genera Bacillus and Lactococcus. Additionally, the relative abundance of Bacillus was significantly positively correlated with the level of intestinal secretory immunoglobulin A (sIgA) (p < 0.05). However, the egg weight and egg shape index in the 60 ppm CAL group were significantly lower than those in the other groups (p < 0.05), and there was no significant difference in hatching rate among all groups (p > 0.05). This study indicated that CAL has precise application value in the green breeding of breeder geese. It is recommended to add CAL at a dose of 100 ppm, which can improve the laying performance and optimize the follicular development of breeder geese by enhancing intestinal microecology and mucosal immune function. The results provide a direct theoretical basis and practical reference for the scientific application of CAL in breeder goose breeding. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Farm Animal Production)

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