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Recent Articles  

19 pages, 3437 KB  
Article
Hybrid CFD-Deep Learning Approach for Urban Wind Flow Predictions and Risk-Aware UAV Path Planning
by Gonzalo Veiga-Piñeiro, Enrique Aldao-Pensado and Elena Martín-Ortega
Drones 2025, 9(11), 791; https://doi.org/10.3390/drones9110791 (registering DOI) - 12 Nov 2025
Abstract
We present a CFD-driven surrogate modeling framework that integrates a Convolutional Autoencoder (CAE) with a Deep Neural Network (DNN) for the rapid prediction of urban wind environments and their subsequent use in UAV trajectory planning. A Reynolds-Averaged Navier–Stokes (RANS) CFD database is generated, [...] Read more.
We present a CFD-driven surrogate modeling framework that integrates a Convolutional Autoencoder (CAE) with a Deep Neural Network (DNN) for the rapid prediction of urban wind environments and their subsequent use in UAV trajectory planning. A Reynolds-Averaged Navier–Stokes (RANS) CFD database is generated, parameterized by boundary-condition descriptors, to train the surrogate for velocity magnitude and turbulent kinetic energy (TKE). The CAE compresses horizontal flow fields into a low-dimensional latent space, providing an efficient representation of complex flow structures. The DNN establishes a mapping from input descriptors to the latent space, and flow reconstructions are obtained through the frozen decoder. Validation against CFD demonstrates that the surrogate captures velocity gradients and TKE distributions with mean absolute errors below 1% in most of the domain, while residual discrepancies remain confined to near-wall regions. The approach yields a computational speed-up of approximately 4000× relative to CFD, enabling deployment on embedded or edge hardware. For path planning, the domain is discretized as a k-Non-Aligned Nearest Neighbors (k-NANN) graph, and an A* search algorithm incorporates heading constraints and surrogate-based TKE thresholds. The integrated pipeline produces turbulence-aware, dynamically feasible trajectories, advancing the integration of high-fidelity flow predictions into urban air mobility decision frameworks. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Computational Fluid Dynamics for Next-Generation Unmanned Aerial Vehicles)
40 pages, 5680 KB  
Review
Recent Advances in the Applications of Biomaterials in Ovarian Cancer
by A M U B Mahfuz, Amol V. Janorkar, Rodney P. Rocconi and Yuanyuan Duan
Biomimetics 2025, 10(11), 768; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomimetics10110768 (registering DOI) - 12 Nov 2025
Abstract
Among the gynecological cancers, ovarian cancer is the most fatal. Despite advancements in modern medicine, the survival rate is abysmally low among ovarian cancer patients. Ovarian cancer poses several unique challenges, like late diagnosis due to the initial vagueness of the symptoms and [...] Read more.
Among the gynecological cancers, ovarian cancer is the most fatal. Despite advancements in modern medicine, the survival rate is abysmally low among ovarian cancer patients. Ovarian cancer poses several unique challenges, like late diagnosis due to the initial vagueness of the symptoms and lack of effective screening protocols. Recently, biomaterials have been explored and utilized extensively for the diagnosis, treatment, and screening of ovarian malignancies. Biomaterials can help bypass the obstacles of traditional chemotherapy and enhance imaging capabilities. They are also indispensable for next-generation biosensors and tumor organoids. Biomaterials inspired by biomimetic strategies that replicate the structural, chemical, and functional properties of natural biological systems have proven to have better functionalities. While numerous review articles have examined biomaterials in oncology, there is a lack of reviews dedicated specifically to their applications in ovarian cancer. This review aims to address this critical gap by providing the first comprehensive overview of the current biomaterial research on ovarian cancer and highlighting key challenges, opportunities, and future directions in this evolving interdisciplinary field. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Functional Biomimetic Materials and Devices for Biomedical Applications: 4th Edition)
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25 pages, 12671 KB  
Article
Symbiotic Evolution of Rural Settlements and Traditional Agricultural Water Conservancy Facilities Based on the Lotka-Volterra Model
by Lei Wang, Yu Bi and Sheng Yang
Land 2025, 14(11), 2242; https://doi.org/10.3390/land14112242 (registering DOI) - 12 Nov 2025
Abstract
Agricultural water conservancy facilities serve as the foundation and lifeline for the development of sustainable agriculture in a nation. In response to the evolving natural environment and food security demands, ancient agricultural water conservancy facilities coexist with rural areas, establishing a harmonious and [...] Read more.
Agricultural water conservancy facilities serve as the foundation and lifeline for the development of sustainable agriculture in a nation. In response to the evolving natural environment and food security demands, ancient agricultural water conservancy facilities coexist with rural areas, establishing a harmonious and sustainable symbiotic coordination mechanism. This study constructs a theoretical framework for the symbiosis between rural areas and ancient agricultural water conservancy facilities based on symbiotic theory. The Lotka-Volterra model is employed to validate the symbiotic evolutionary relationship between rural areas and ancient agricultural water conservancy facilities and to explore the mechanistic patterns of their symbiotic evolution process. Additionally, numerical simulations are conducted using MATLAB software to investigate the optimal solutions for the symbiotic relationship model between rural areas and ancient agricultural water conservancy facilities. The research findings indicate that: (1) The symbiotic model between rural areas and ancient agricultural water conservancy facilities undergoes evolutionary stages, including commensalism, parasitism, competitive symbiosis, and asymmetric mutualism. (2) The evolutionary pattern of their symbiotic relationship is influenced by the symbiotic coefficients of their interactions. (3) The results demonstrate that symmetric mutualism represents the most stable and effective symbiotic model. Therefore, governments and relevant authorities should adopt appropriate measures to guide the evolution of rural areas and agricultural water conservancy facilities toward the symmetric mutualism model. This approach provides a scientific basis for the future development strategies of rural areas and agricultural water conservancy facilities. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Land Use, Impact Assessment and Sustainability)
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2 pages, 745 KB  
Editorial
Wastewater Treatment: Functional Materials and Advanced Technology, 2nd Edition
by Jingtao Bi
Molecules 2025, 30(22), 4376; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules30224376 (registering DOI) - 12 Nov 2025
Abstract
Based on the great success of the Special Issue “Wastewater Treatment: Functional Materials and Advanced Technology,” we have launched Volume II in this series [...] Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Wastewater Treatment: Functional Materials and Advanced Technology, 2nd Edition)
18 pages, 4469 KB  
Article
Influence Mechanism of Well Location and Near-Well Secondary Hydrates on Gas Production of Class 1S Hydrate Reservoirs
by Xian Li, Chenlu Xu, Hongfeng Lu, Zihao Zhao, Jiawang Chen, Liwen Nan, Lu Yu, Jinwen Du, Changwen Xiao, Bo Liu and Zhejun Pan
J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2025, 13(11), 2144; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse13112144 (registering DOI) - 12 Nov 2025
Abstract
In recent years, a new type of natural gas hydrate reservoir (designated as Class 1S reservoir) has been discovered in the Qiongdongnan Basin. Within this hydrate reservoir, free gas and hydrate coexist within the same stratum. The Class 1S reservoir is comprised of [...] Read more.
In recent years, a new type of natural gas hydrate reservoir (designated as Class 1S reservoir) has been discovered in the Qiongdongnan Basin. Within this hydrate reservoir, free gas and hydrate coexist within the same stratum. The Class 1S reservoir is comprised of three distinct zones: the gas accumulation zone, the three-phase zone, and the hydrate-bearing zone. It exhibits significant commercial development potential. This paper analyzes the formation mechanism and geological context of Class 1S hydrates. A geological model was established and numerical simulation methods were employed to evaluate its production capacity, elucidating the evolutionary patterns of hydrate saturation distribution at different well locations. The simulation results indicate that production wells should be prioritised in gas accumulation zones in order to achieve the highest cumulative gas production. Additional production wells may be considered in later stages to enhance recovery rates. Secondary hydrate formation significantly impacts production in Hydrate-bearing zone and three-phase zone. Measures such as wellbore heating can be employed to minimize secondary hydrate formation around the wellbore. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Marine Gas Hydrate Exploration and Discovery—2nd Edition)
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34 pages, 3044 KB  
Article
A Whole-Genome Sequencing-Based SNP Protocol for Accurate Plant Variety Identification: Application in Blueberry
by Agnelo Furtado, Tom Gunther and Robert J. Henry
Appl. Biosci. 2025, 4(4), 51; https://doi.org/10.3390/applbiosci4040051 (registering DOI) - 12 Nov 2025
Abstract
Plant variety/genotype identification has many applications in establishing the identity of plants, including the protection of intellectual property rights and the management of ex situ conservation of genetic resources. The variety may be important for operational reasons based on field performance or post-harvest [...] Read more.
Plant variety/genotype identification has many applications in establishing the identity of plants, including the protection of intellectual property rights and the management of ex situ conservation of genetic resources. The variety may be important for operational reasons based on field performance or post-harvest processing. Blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum L.), an economically important crop, is propagated by cuttings and commercially important accessions require an accurate variety traceability regime for the maintenance of purity, protection and policing ownership. Genome sequencing methods have improved and are feasible for use, making examination of the whole genome for all possible information on the genotype the ultimate way to distinguish plant varieties. We identified 5.3–5.5 million high-confidence homozygous SNPs with over 99% accuracy, enabling the distinction of 41 blueberry varieties. We developed a novel data-noise identification and filtering framework, which correctly determined the identity of ten unknown samples to be the Masena variety with 100% accuracy. The approach of using a data-noise filtration step minimized the impact of sequencing errors and coincident sequencing of only one allele of any heterozygous base. This SNP-based protocol with the establishment of sequence databases for all varieties of important plant species can potentially be adopted in providing reliable variety identification in critical industrial or legal applications. Full article
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15 pages, 3327 KB  
Article
Mechanism of Grinding Mineral Binders During Mechano-Magnetic Activation
by Ibragimov Ruslan, Korolev Evgeny and Zigangirova Leysan
Buildings 2025, 15(22), 4076; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15224076 (registering DOI) - 12 Nov 2025
Abstract
The study of the destruction mechanisms of mineral component particles during processing in grinding units is a relevant scientific problem that requires further theoretical and experimental solutions. This work is dedicated to determining the kinetic characteristics of ferromagnetic bodies moving under the influence [...] Read more.
The study of the destruction mechanisms of mineral component particles during processing in grinding units is a relevant scientific problem that requires further theoretical and experimental solutions. This work is dedicated to determining the kinetic characteristics of ferromagnetic bodies moving under the influence of an electromagnetic field within a vortex mill. Dependencies of the velocity of these bodies on the radial coordinate for various values of magnetic induction and its gradient were obtained, establishing that velocities can reach approximately 50 m/s. A model for the disintegration of Portland cement particles, caused by their interaction during mechanical processing in a vortex mill, has been developed. It is shown that the average number of disintegration events for the predominant portion of the studied particles is two, which is significantly lower than the total number of collisions. An analysis of the key factors influencing the intensity and nature of particle destruction was conducted, including the magnitude of magnetic induction, the switching frequency of electromagnets, and the magnetic susceptibility of the processed materials. Based on a statistical analysis of the particle size distributions of the mineral raw material after dispersion, a principle for dividing the space within the working volume of the unit into functional zones was formulated: (1) a zone of mixing, grinding, and particle activation (at ferromagnetic element speeds of 0–12 m/s); (2) a zone of intensive grinding and particle activation (with speeds of 12–50 m/s). Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Research in Cement and Concrete)
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11 pages, 558 KB  
Article
Pre-Workout Intake of High-Protein Products: Palatability and Gastrointestinal Effects of Milk vs. Yogurt
by Priscilla Portuguez-Molina, Julián Camilo Garzón-Mosquera and Luis Fernando AragónVargas
Nutrients 2025, 17(22), 3540; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17223540 (registering DOI) - 12 Nov 2025
Abstract
Background: Muscle mass is a fundamental component for overall health and physical performance. A combination of exercise and protein intake is the best way to enhance protein synthesis and develop muscle mass. In order to promote protein intake, palatability and gastrointestinal symptoms should [...] Read more.
Background: Muscle mass is a fundamental component for overall health and physical performance. A combination of exercise and protein intake is the best way to enhance protein synthesis and develop muscle mass. In order to promote protein intake, palatability and gastrointestinal symptoms should be considered when evaluating dairy products, such as milk or yogurt, as a viable, convenient and tolerable option before exercise. Objective: To compare the palatability of two protein-rich products before starting resistance exercise and potential gastrointestinal symptoms that may arise during exercise after their consumption. Methods: In a randomized, crossover study, 30 physically active individuals visited the laboratory on two occasions. During each visit, they consumed ≈25 g protein in the form of milk (500 mL) or yogurt (200 mL) and performed a resistance training session. The palatability of the products was assessed after consumption and perceived gastrointestinal symptoms were measured before product intake, after intake, at the middle and at the end of the exercise session. Results: Sweetness was higher for milk (7.73 ± 1.36) than for yogurt (7.13 ± 1.48) (p = 0.034). Overall acceptance was higher for milk as well (7.63 ± 1.09 for yogurt and 7.97 ± 0.85 for milk) (p = 0.048). Regarding GI symptoms, abdominal bloating and belching showed differences between products, being greater with milk, while thick saliva, reflux and nausea showed differences among measurement times. Overall, reported GI symptoms were few, and they were mostly mild for both products. Conclusions: Both products showed good acceptance and tolerance and therefore, can be considered good options for protein intake prior to resistance exercise. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Sports Nutrition)
21 pages, 3362 KB  
Article
Response Analysis of RC Bridges with Different Deck Slabs to Seismic Motions with Forward Directivity and Fling Step
by Mahmoud Abo El-Wafa, Sayed Mahmoud, Ahmed Soliman, Magdy Genidy and Waleed Abdullah
Infrastructures 2025, 10(11), 305; https://doi.org/10.3390/infrastructures10110305 (registering DOI) - 12 Nov 2025
Abstract
The presence of fling step and forward directivity, as distinctive features of near-fault ground motions, can lead to substantial alterations in the seismic performance of reinforced concrete bridges. This study examines the seismic performance of reinforced concrete bridges with various deck slabs subjected [...] Read more.
The presence of fling step and forward directivity, as distinctive features of near-fault ground motions, can lead to substantial alterations in the seismic performance of reinforced concrete bridges. This study examines the seismic performance of reinforced concrete bridges with various deck slabs subjected to two distinct sets of earthquake events. One set is of forward-directivity records, and the other set is of fling-step records. Three-dimensional finite element models for the analyzed reinforced concrete bridges are constructed using the CSI-BRIDGE v26 software package, incorporating appropriate material and geometric nonlinearities. The developed bridge models are of three spans and have different deck slab systems, namely, box girder, RC girder, and hollow core slab bridges. Extensive nonlinear response time-history analyses of various configurations representing the examined RC bridges are performed to elucidate the impact of seismic loads, including forward-directivity and fling-step records, on the seismic response of supporting columns and deck slabs in the longitudinal direction. The numerical simulations indicate that ground vibrations with fling step significantly amplify the seismic response demands in both substructure and superstructure elements. Moreover, bridge type substantially influences the induced seismic responses, particularly supporting columns and deck slabs. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Seismic Engineering in Infrastructures: Challenges and Prospects)
11 pages, 230 KB  
Review
Secondary Prevention Strategies for Ischemic Stroke in Antiphospholipid Syndrome
by Jonathan Naftali, Sheree Finkelshtain and Eitan Auriel
J. Clin. Med. 2025, 14(22), 8026; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm14228026 (registering DOI) - 12 Nov 2025
Abstract
Introduction: Antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) is an autoimmune prothrombotic disorder associated with both venous and arterial thrombosis, most notably ischemic stroke. Patients face a high risk of recurrence, and yet optimal strategies for secondary prevention remain uncertain. Methods: We conducted a narrative [...] Read more.
Introduction: Antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) is an autoimmune prothrombotic disorder associated with both venous and arterial thrombosis, most notably ischemic stroke. Patients face a high risk of recurrence, and yet optimal strategies for secondary prevention remain uncertain. Methods: We conducted a narrative review of the literature on secondary prevention of ischemic stroke in APS. We performed a comprehensive literature search of PubMed for English-language articles on secondary stroke prevention in APS. Studies were included if they were original human research (e.g., randomized trials, cohort, or case–control studies) or relevant reviews addressing APS-related stroke prevention. Results: Vitamin K antagonists (VKAs) remain the standard of care for high-risk patients with arterial events. Several randomized controlled trials demonstrated higher recurrence rates, particularly of stroke, among APS patients treated with direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs). The optimal target INR remains debated; pooled analyses suggest no clear advantage of high-intensity anticoagulation (INR 3–4) over standard-intensity (INR 2–3), but individualized adjustment is warranted in select cases. In patients with recurrence despite adequate anticoagulation, adding an antiplatelet agent may be beneficial, although supporting evidence is limited. Adjunctive statin therapy shows promise in reducing endothelial dysfunction and prothrombotic markers, with observational data suggesting a possible protective effect, although randomized evidence is lacking. In addition, patent foramen ovale (PFO) closure has been proposed in selected APS patients with paradoxical embolisms, particularly when combined with anticoagulation. Non-pharmacological strategies, including structured lifestyle modification and rigorous vascular risk-factor management, are strongly recommended, as traditional cardiovascular risk factors synergistically increase recurrence risk. Conclusions: Secondary prevention of ischemic stroke in APS requires an individualized approach. VKAs remain first-line, with consideration of antiplatelet add-on, statins, lifestyle interventions, and PFO closure in appropriate settings. Future well-designed clinical trials are needed to refine INR targets, validate combination strategies, and clarify the role of adjunctive therapies in this complex patient population. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antiphospholipid Syndrome: Clinical Advances in Diagnosis and Management)
30 pages, 3291 KB  
Article
Stubborn Composite Disturbance Observer-Based MPC for Spacecraft Systems: An Event-Triggered Approach
by Jianlin Chen, Lei Liu, Yang Xu and Yang Yu
Aerospace 2025, 12(11), 1010; https://doi.org/10.3390/aerospace12111010 (registering DOI) - 12 Nov 2025
Abstract
This paper studies spacecraft control under communication congestion, multi-source uncertainties, and input constraints. To reduce communication load, a static event-triggered mechanism is used so that transmissions occur only when necessary. Unknown nonlinearities are estimated online by a radial basis function neural network (RBFNN). [...] Read more.
This paper studies spacecraft control under communication congestion, multi-source uncertainties, and input constraints. To reduce communication load, a static event-triggered mechanism is used so that transmissions occur only when necessary. Unknown nonlinearities are estimated online by a radial basis function neural network (RBFNN). To address sensor outliers and external disturbances, an event-triggered stubborn composite disturbance observer (ESCDO) is proposed, and sufficient conditions are derived to ensure its globally uniformly bounded stability. Based on this, an MPC-based composite anti-disturbance controller is designed to satisfy input constraints, and conditions are provided to guarantee the uniform bounded stability of the closed loop. Numerical simulations are conducted to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed approach. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Sights of Intelligent Robust Control in Aerospace)
17 pages, 1413 KB  
Article
Sustainable Urban Futures: Transportation and Development in Riyadh, Jeddah, and Neom
by Khalid Mohammed Almatar
Sustainability 2025, 17(22), 10133; https://doi.org/10.3390/su172210133 (registering DOI) - 12 Nov 2025
Abstract
This study explores sustainable urbanism in the three largest Saudi Arabian cities—Riyadh, Jeddah, and NEOM—in the context of Vision 2030. Qualitative methodology was used, which incorporated environmental, social, economic, governance, and mobility aspects. The analysis of ten semi-structured interviews with planners, engineers, and [...] Read more.
This study explores sustainable urbanism in the three largest Saudi Arabian cities—Riyadh, Jeddah, and NEOM—in the context of Vision 2030. Qualitative methodology was used, which incorporated environmental, social, economic, governance, and mobility aspects. The analysis of ten semi-structured interviews with planners, engineers, and policy officials was based on Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA), Sustainable Urbanism, and Participatory Governance models. The results indicate that Riyadh presents structural congruence and consistency of policies, Jeddah is characterized by disjointed governance and poor coordination, and NEOM is characterized by futuristic aspirations with unpredictable social inclusiveness. The paper highlights that more powerful integration of governance, participatory planning, and realistic implementation is required to create a balance between technological innovations and equity in society. It adds to the current knowledge of how the global sustainability models can be localized in the fast-changing cities of the Gulf. Full article
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17 pages, 693 KB  
Systematic Review
Acupuncture for Post-Operative Pain Relief and Functional Improvement in Tibial Fracture: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
by Whisung Cho, Woo-Chul Shin, Hyungsuk Kim, Won-Seok Chung, Mi-Yeon Song, Yousuk Youn and Jae-Heung Cho
Healthcare 2025, 13(22), 2883; https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare13222883 (registering DOI) - 12 Nov 2025
Abstract
Background/Objectives: Acupuncture has been used to manage various fractures. The aim of this study is to evaluate the effectiveness of acupuncture in reducing post-operative pain and improving function after tibial fracture surgery. Methods: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled [...] Read more.
Background/Objectives: Acupuncture has been used to manage various fractures. The aim of this study is to evaluate the effectiveness of acupuncture in reducing post-operative pain and improving function after tibial fracture surgery. Methods: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) was conducted to evaluate acupuncture as an intervention for tibial fractures. Eight databases were searched, covering studies from inception to August 2024. Results: Sixteen RCTs with 1315 patients were analyzed. Acupuncture, when combined with conventional rehabilitation (CR) or medication, significantly improved pain (MD −1.03, 95% CI [−1.44, −0.62]), Hospital for Special Surgery (HSS) score (MD 13.21, 95% CI [9.16, 17.26]), and range of motion (ROM) of knee joint (SMD 1.80, 95% CI [0.32, 3.28]) compared to CR or medication alone. It showed significant effects on effective rate (OR 4.92, 95% CI [2.79, 8.68]; I2 = 0%) and showed a lower incidence of complications (OR 0.13, 95% CI [0.06, 0.26]). Conclusions: Acupuncture combined with CR or medication during the rehabilitation period after tibial fracture surgery can reduce pain, improve knee joint function, increase knee ROM, and decrease post-operative complications, compared to CR or medication alone. Full article
15 pages, 713 KB  
Article
Extracellular ATP Suppresses Perlecan Core Protein Synthesis via P2Y2 Receptor-Mediated Inhibition of Akt Signaling in Cultured Vascular Endothelial Cells
by Lihito Ikeuchi, Takato Hara, Kazuki Kitabatake, Fumiaki Uchiumi, Chika Yamamoto, Mitsutoshi Tsukimoto, Tomoya Fujie and Toshiyuki Kaji
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025, 26(22), 10973; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms262210973 (registering DOI) - 12 Nov 2025
Abstract
Perlecan, a major heparan sulfate proteoglycan in the vascular basement membrane, plays an essential role in maintaining endothelial barrier integrity, regulating fibroblast growth factor-2 signaling, and exerting anticoagulant activity. Although alterations in perlecan expression are implicated in the initiation and progression of atherosclerosis, [...] Read more.
Perlecan, a major heparan sulfate proteoglycan in the vascular basement membrane, plays an essential role in maintaining endothelial barrier integrity, regulating fibroblast growth factor-2 signaling, and exerting anticoagulant activity. Although alterations in perlecan expression are implicated in the initiation and progression of atherosclerosis, the upstream regulatory mechanisms remain unclear. In this study, we investigated the effects of extracellular ATP on perlecan expression in vascular endothelial cells. ATP, but not ADP or adenosine, suppressed perlecan expression at both mRNA and protein levels in a time- and concentration-dependent manner. This suppression was recovered by knockdown of P2Y2 receptor (P2Y2R), but not by P2X4 receptor, P2X7 receptor, or P2Y1 receptor knockdown, indicating the selective involvement of P2Y2R. Mechanistically, ATP reduced Akt phosphorylation mediated by P2Y2R, and inhibition of Akt by inhibitors decreased perlecan expression, whereas inhibitors of phosphoinositide 3-kinase, mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1, extracellular signal-regulated kinase, p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase, c-Jun N-terminal kinases did not exhibit this recovery effect. These results suggest that ATP downregulates perlecan synthesis via the P2Y2R-mediated inhibition of Akt signaling. Given that ATP is markedly elevated under pathological conditions, such as inflammation and platelet activation, suppression of perlecan synthesis is an important mechanism by which ATP promotes vascular disease progression. Full article
(This article belongs to the Collection Feature Papers Collection in Biochemistry)
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10 pages, 6306 KB  
Article
Change in the Morphology of Alloy Corrosion Products Based on the FeAl Intermetallic Phase After Oxidation in Water Vapor at a Temperature of 700 °C for up to 2000 h
by Janusz Cebulski, Dorota Pasek, Maria Sozańska, Magdalena Popczyk, Jadwiga Gabor, Andrzej Swinarew and Jakub Wieczorek
Materials 2025, 18(22), 5150; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma18225150 (registering DOI) - 12 Nov 2025
Abstract
The surface of the Fe40Al5Cr0.2TiB alloy, after oxidation in steam at 700 °C, showed a varied morphology dependent on oxidation time. Initially, a fine, acicular oxide layer formed, which over time transformed into a more compact, lumpy structure corresponding to the α-Al2 [...] Read more.
The surface of the Fe40Al5Cr0.2TiB alloy, after oxidation in steam at 700 °C, showed a varied morphology dependent on oxidation time. Initially, a fine, acicular oxide layer formed, which over time transformed into a more compact, lumpy structure corresponding to the α-Al2O3 phase. EDS analysis confirmed the dominance of aluminum and oxygen in the oxidation products, and XRD studies revealed the presence of the α-alumina phase. Optical profilometry revealed a significant increase in roughness parameters (Ra and Rz) after long-term exposure (2000 h), which correlates with the thickening and sinterization of the oxide layer. The obtained results indicate that in a water vapor environment, a stable α-Al2O3 phase can already be formed at a temperature of 700 °C, and its development leads to increased roughness. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Achievements in Foundry Materials and Technologies)
30 pages, 710 KB  
Review
Empowering Health Through Digital Lifelong Prevention: An Umbrella Review of Apps and Wearables for Nutritional Management
by Marta Giardina, Rosa Zarcone, Giulia Accardi, Garden Tabacchi, Marianna Bellafiore, Simona Terzo, Valentina Di Liberto, Monica Frinchi, Paolo Boffetta, Walter Mazzucco, Miriana Scordino, Sonya Vasto and Antonella Amato
Nutrients 2025, 17(22), 3542; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17223542 (registering DOI) - 12 Nov 2025
Abstract
Background/Objectives: The increasing use of electronic devices is reshaping lifestyle by offering new avenues for health behavior change. These tools provide to monitor health, fitness, and nutrition, promoting healthier lifestyles to prevent non-communicable diseases (NCDs). This umbrella review (conducted according to PRISMA 2020 [...] Read more.
Background/Objectives: The increasing use of electronic devices is reshaping lifestyle by offering new avenues for health behavior change. These tools provide to monitor health, fitness, and nutrition, promoting healthier lifestyles to prevent non-communicable diseases (NCDs). This umbrella review (conducted according to PRISMA 2020 guidelines, registered on PROSPERO CRD42024511141) assesses the effectiveness of wearable devices and mobile applications in improving healthy lifestyle behaviors to mitigate the risk of NCDs. Methods: Systematic reviews and meta-analyses (n = 27) focusing on digital tools for health behavior change were analyzed, with emphasis on their integration into daily life and their impact on health outcomes, including body weight, metabolic and anthropometric parameters, and dietary quality. Results and Conclusions: Interventions leveraging gamification, social interaction, and goal-setting (6/27) have shown greater efficacy in improving body-nutrition profile. The integration of eHealth technologies holds transformative potential for preventive healthcare and positive biology. These tools can contribute to healthier lifestyles, extended life expectancy, and reduced healthcare costs, although current limitations exist, including data accuracy, privacy concerns, and sustaining user engagement over time. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue mHealth Interventions for Nutrition, Lifestyle, and Metabolic Management)
20 pages, 11501 KB  
Article
The Influence of Suspension Elastokinematics on Vehicle Handling and Stability
by Albert Basiul, Vidas Žuraulis, Robertas Pečeliūnas and Saugirdas Pukalskas
Machines 2025, 13(11), 1047; https://doi.org/10.3390/machines13111047 (registering DOI) - 12 Nov 2025
Abstract
This study investigates the influence of suspension elastokinematics on vehicle handling and stability through a combined research of experimental testing and numerical simulation. Laboratory tests were conducted on the front suspension of a Mercedes-Benz S320 using a quarter-car test rig equipped with specialized [...] Read more.
This study investigates the influence of suspension elastokinematics on vehicle handling and stability through a combined research of experimental testing and numerical simulation. Laboratory tests were conducted on the front suspension of a Mercedes-Benz S320 using a quarter-car test rig equipped with specialized sensors to measure wheel displacements, steering angles, camber, and accelerations. Complementary dynamic tests were carried out under real driving conditions, including braking in a turn and “fishhook” maneuvers, to capture suspension behavior under critical operating scenarios. Based on the experimental data, an MSC Adams/Car multibody simulation model was used, incorporating varying stiffness values of suspension elastomeric elements that replicated progressive aging and degradation effects. The simulation results were compared with experimental data to validate the model’s predictive capability. Key findings indicate that reductions in elastomer stiffness significantly affect wheel kinematics, vehicle yaw response, and lateral acceleration, particularly during high-intensity maneuvers. The results underline the critical importance of accounting for elastomeric component degradation in suspension modeling to ensure vehicle safety and performance over the operational lifespan. The developed methodology demonstrates the effectiveness of integrating experimental measurements with advanced simulation tools to assess elastokinematic effects on vehicle dynamics. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Vehicle Suspension System Optimization and Control)
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12 pages, 931 KB  
Article
Establishment of Specific Multiplex PCR Detection Methods for the Predominant tet(X)-Positive Acinetobacter Species
by Chong Chen, Jing Liu, Jie Gao, Taotao Wu and Jinlin Huang
Microorganisms 2025, 13(11), 2584; https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms13112584 (registering DOI) - 12 Nov 2025
Abstract
The increasing prevalence of the mobile tigecycline resistance gene tet(X) poses a severe global health threat, and the genus Acinetobacter is a major reservoir. This study aimed to develop a rapid and specific multiplex PCR assay for detecting the predominant tet(X)-positive [...] Read more.
The increasing prevalence of the mobile tigecycline resistance gene tet(X) poses a severe global health threat, and the genus Acinetobacter is a major reservoir. This study aimed to develop a rapid and specific multiplex PCR assay for detecting the predominant tet(X)-positive Acinetobacter species. Through pan-genome analyses of 390 tet(X)-positive Acinetobacter genomes, a total of 20 tet(X) variants were identified in 24 Acinetobacter species, including 17 published lineages and seven taxonomically unresolved Taxa. Acinetobacter indicus (30.8%), Acinetobacter amyesii (17.2%), and Acinetobacter towneri (16.1%) were the top three hosts of diverse tet(X) variants. Species-specific signature genes were identified and used for primer design, yielding amplicons of 267 bp (tet(X)), 424 bp (A. indicus), 690 bp (A. amyesii), and 990 bp (A. towneri). The assay was rigorously adjusted for an optimal annealing temperature of 52.8 °C and a primer ratio of 1:1:1:1, demonstrating high sensitivity with a detection limit of 0.3 ng/μL DNA and excellent stability under −20 °C, 4 °C, 20 °C storage conditions. Validation experiments on 151 bacterial strains showed high accuracy for DNA templates (≥97.8%) and bacterial suspensions (≥93.5%) within two hours. This cost-effective and highly accurate multiplex PCR provides a powerful tool for proactive surveillance and control of the critical Acinetobacter sp. pathogens. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Antimicrobial Agents and Resistance)
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49 pages, 1974 KB  
Review
AI-Driven Control Strategies for FACTS Devices in Power Quality Management: A Comprehensive Review
by Mahmoud Kiasari and Hamed Aly
Appl. Sci. 2025, 15(22), 12050; https://doi.org/10.3390/app152212050 (registering DOI) - 12 Nov 2025
Abstract
Current power systems are facing noticeable power quality (PQ) performance deterioration, which has been attributed to nonlinear loads, distributed generation, and extensive renewable energy infiltration (REI). These conditions cause voltage sags, harmonic distortion, flicker, and disadvantageous power factors. The traditional PI/PID-based scheme of [...] Read more.
Current power systems are facing noticeable power quality (PQ) performance deterioration, which has been attributed to nonlinear loads, distributed generation, and extensive renewable energy infiltration (REI). These conditions cause voltage sags, harmonic distortion, flicker, and disadvantageous power factors. The traditional PI/PID-based scheme of control, when applied to Flexible AC Transmission Systems (FACTSs), demonstrates low adaptability and low anticipatory functions, which are required to operate a grid in real-time and dynamic conditions. Artificial Intelligence (AI) opens proactive, reactive, or adaptive and self-optimizing control schemes, which reformulate FACTS to thoughtful, data-intensive power-system objects. This literature review systematically studies the convergence of AI and FACTS technology, with an emphasis on how AI can improve voltage stability, harmonic control, flicker control, and reactive power control in the grid formation of various types of grids. A new classification is proposed for the identification of AI methodologies, including deep learning, reinforcement learning, fuzzy logic, and graph neural networks, according to specific FQ goals and FACTS device categories. This study quantitatively compares AI-enhanced and traditional controllers and uses key performance indicators such as response time, total harmonic distortion (THD), precision of voltage regulation, and reactive power compensation effectiveness. In addition, the analysis discusses the main implementation obstacles, such as data shortages, computational time, readability, and regulatory limitations, and suggests mitigation measures for these issues. The conclusion outlines a clear future research direction towards physics-informed neural networks, federated learning, which facilitates decentralized control, digital twins, which facilitate real-time validation, and multi-agent reinforcement learning, which facilitates coordinated operation. Through the current research synthesis, this study provides researchers, engineers, and system planners with actionable information to create a next-generation AI-FACTS framework that can support resilient and high-quality power delivery. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Emerging Trends in Energy Management: Techniques, Applications and Future Directions)
18 pages, 4598 KB  
Article
Relational Resilience and Reparative Design: Participatory Practices and the Politics of Space in Post-Apartheid Johannesburg
by Jhono Bennett
Architecture 2025, 5(4), 111; https://doi.org/10.3390/architecture5040111 (registering DOI) - 12 Nov 2025
Abstract
This paper explores how collective resilience is built and sustained through situated, relational, and reparative approaches to design within conditions of deep spatial inequality. Focusing on Johannesburg’s Slovo Park settlement and the long-standing 15 year collaboration between the Slovo Park Community Development Forum [...] Read more.
This paper explores how collective resilience is built and sustained through situated, relational, and reparative approaches to design within conditions of deep spatial inequality. Focusing on Johannesburg’s Slovo Park settlement and the long-standing 15 year collaboration between the Slovo Park Community Development Forum (SPCDF) and 1to1—Agency of Engagement, it examines how participatory tool-making—centred on two keystone tools, the Blue File (a community-held, cloud-based knowledge repository) and the Timeline Tool (a multi-workshop planning and accountability device)—supports iteration, voice change, leadership transitions, and decision-making “with the map in hand.” Grounded in Southern urbanist theory and spatial justice scholarship, the paper re-politicises resilience as ongoing negotiation, repair, and shared authorship. It details how a map-based pointing practice translated situated knowledges into spatial choices; how the Blue File preserved continuity and evidence through leadership turnover; and how the Timeline Tool embedded care and transparency. Alongside benefits, the paper surfaces key tensions—expectation management, idea overload, triage and prioritisation, and legitimacy during leadership changes—and shows the concrete decision protocols used to move from many inputs to buildable design options. It concludes with ethical reflections for practitioners working in postcolonial/post-apartheid contexts and offers transferable lessons for allied urban conditions. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Spaces and Practices of Everyday Community Resilience)
23 pages, 1619 KB  
Review
Recent Advances in Multimodal Nanostructured Bioaerogels for Smart Drug Delivery
by Muhanad A. Abdulsamad, Lujin A. Essa, Rabia Alghazeer, Norah Alkhayyal, Rawan Altalhi, Randah Alghamdi and Esam Bashir Yahya
Polymers 2025, 17(22), 3012; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym17223012 (registering DOI) - 12 Nov 2025
Abstract
The convergence of nanotechnology and bioaerogels has paved the way for the development of multimodal nanostructured bioaerogels with remarkable potential in smart drug delivery systems. These advanced biomaterials integrate multiple functionalities, including sensing, targeting, and therapeutic actions, to enhance drug efficacy, minimize systemic [...] Read more.
The convergence of nanotechnology and bioaerogels has paved the way for the development of multimodal nanostructured bioaerogels with remarkable potential in smart drug delivery systems. These advanced biomaterials integrate multiple functionalities, including sensing, targeting, and therapeutic actions, to enhance drug efficacy, minimize systemic side effects, and enable real-time monitoring of therapeutic responses. This review provides a comprehensive analysis of the structural design, physicochemical properties, and fabrication strategies of multimodal bioaerogels. It further explores their role in responsive drug delivery, emphasizing stimuli-responsive mechanisms such as pH, temperature, and enzymatic triggers. The incorporation of nanomaterials, including metallic nanoparticles, carbon-based nanostructures, and polymeric nanocarriers, has endowed bioaerogels with tunable porosity, controlled drug release, and bioactive functionalities. Additionally, their application in precision medicine, particularly for cancer therapy, antimicrobial treatments, and tissue engineering, is critically examined. Challenges related to scalability, biocompatibility, and regulatory compliance are also discussed, alongside future perspectives on advancing these bioaerogels toward clinical translation. By integrating interdisciplinary insights, this review underscores the transformative potential of multimodal nanostructured bioaerogels in the next generation of intelligent drug delivery systems. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Polymers for Drug/Gene Delivery and Controlled Release)
17 pages, 714 KB  
Article
IntentGraphRec: Dual-Level Fusion of Co-Intent Graphs and Shift-Aware Sequence Encoding Under Full-Catalog Evaluation
by Doo-Yong Park and Sang-Min Choi
Mathematics 2025, 13(22), 3632; https://doi.org/10.3390/math13223632 (registering DOI) - 12 Nov 2025
Abstract
Sequential recommendations seek to predict the next item a user will interact with by modeling historical behavior, yet most approaches emphasize either temporal dynamics or item relationships and thus miss how structural co-intents interact with dynamic preference shifts under realistic evaluation. IntentGraphRec introduces [...] Read more.
Sequential recommendations seek to predict the next item a user will interact with by modeling historical behavior, yet most approaches emphasize either temporal dynamics or item relationships and thus miss how structural co-intents interact with dynamic preference shifts under realistic evaluation. IntentGraphRec introduces a dual-level framework that builds an intent graph from session co-occurrences to learn intent-aware item representations with a lightweight GNN, paired with a shift-aware Transformer that adapts attention to evolving preferences via a learnable fusion gate. To avoid optimistic bias, evaluation is performed with a leakage-free, full-catalog ranking protocol that forms prefixes strictly before the last target occurrence and scores against the entire item universe while masking PAD and prefix items. On MovieLens-1M and Gowalla, IntentGraphRec is competitive but does not surpass strong Transformer baselines (SASRec/BERT4Rec); controlled analyses indicate that late fusion is often dominated by sequence representations and that local co-intent graphs provide limited gains unless structural signals are injected earlier or regularized. These findings provide a reproducible view of when structural signals help, and when they do not, in sequential recommendations and offer guidance for future graph–sequence hybrids. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section E: Applied Mathematics)
17 pages, 1059 KB  
Article
Road Performance of Hot Central Plant Versus Hot In-Place Recycling Asphalt Mixtures: A Quantitative Comparison and Adaptability Analysis
by Qinyu Shi, Lixin Zhou and Bo Li
Materials 2025, 18(22), 5149; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma18225149 (registering DOI) - 12 Nov 2025
Abstract
Despite being crucial for sustainable pavement construction, the widespread application of hot recycled asphalt mixtures in high-grade surface courses is hindered by concerns over their long-term performance, particularly regarding cracking resistance and moisture stability. This study systematically evaluates the road performance of hot [...] Read more.
Despite being crucial for sustainable pavement construction, the widespread application of hot recycled asphalt mixtures in high-grade surface courses is hindered by concerns over their long-term performance, particularly regarding cracking resistance and moisture stability. This study systematically evaluates the road performance of hot central plant recycling (HCPR with 30% RAP) and hot in-place recycling (HIPR with 80% RAP) mixtures, benchmarked against virgin hot mix asphalt (SMA-13), through comprehensive laboratory simulations. The enhancing effect of basalt fibers (BFs) was thoroughly investigated. Results revealed a significant performance trade-off; while the recycled mixtures exhibited superior high-temperature stability (e.g., an 80.7% increase in dynamic stability for HIPR), their cracking resistance substantially decreased with higher RAP content (e.g., reductions of 60.8% in low-temperature flexural strain and 22.1% in intermediate-temperature fracture energy for HIPR). Both recycled mixtures also showed susceptibility to moisture damage, evidenced by stripping in Hamburg wheel-tracking tests. The incorporation of BFs effectively mitigated these deficiencies. It comprehensively improved the performance, enabling the HCPR mixture to meet specifications for severely cold regions and elevating the HIPR mixture to compliance level for cold regions. Furthermore, BF significantly enhanced rutting resistance under coupled hydrothermal conditions. These findings demonstrate that basalt fiber reinforcement can bridge the performance gap of recycled mixtures, thereby expanding their application scope and providing a robust technical basis for selecting and optimizing recycling strategies in high-grade pavement engineering. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Development of Sustainable Asphalt Materials)
18 pages, 1627 KB  
Article
VSwap: A New Extension to the Swap Mechanism for Enabling Swap Memory Space Optimization
by Gyupin Moon and Donghyun Kang
Appl. Sci. 2025, 15(22), 12049; https://doi.org/10.3390/app152212049 (registering DOI) - 12 Nov 2025
Abstract
The memory demand of modern applications has been rapidly increasing with the continuous growth of data volume across industrial and academic domains. As a result, computing devices (i.e., IoT devices, smartphones, and tablets) often experience memory shortages that degrade system performance and quality [...] Read more.
The memory demand of modern applications has been rapidly increasing with the continuous growth of data volume across industrial and academic domains. As a result, computing devices (i.e., IoT devices, smartphones, and tablets) often experience memory shortages that degrade system performance and quality of service by wasting CPU cycles and energy. Thus, most operating systems rely on the swap mechanism to mitigate the memory shortage situation in advance, even if the swap memory fragmentation problem occurs over time. In this paper, we analyze the fragmentation behavior of the swap memory space within storage devices over time and demonstrate that the latency of swap operations increases significantly under aged conditions. We also propose a new extension of the traditional swap mechanism, called VSwap, that mitigates the swap memory fragmentation problem in advance by introducing two core techniques, virtual migration and address remapping. In VSwap, virtual migration gathers valid swap pages scattered across multiple clusters into contiguous regions within the swap memory space, while address remapping updates the corresponding page table entries to preserve consistency after migration. For experiments, we enable VSwap on the traditional swap mechanism (i.e., kswapd) by implementing it with simple code modifications. To confirm the effectiveness of VSwap, we performed a comprehensive evaluation based on various workloads. Our evaluation results confirm that VSwap is more useful and highly valuable than the original swap mechanism. In particular, VSwap improves the overall performance up to 48.18% by harvesting available swap memory space in advance with negligible overhead; it performs close to the ideal performance. Full article
5 pages, 615 KB  
Short Note
(1R,2R,6S)-3-Methyl-6-(3-(4-phenylpiperidin-1-yl)prop-1-en-2-yl)cyclohex-3-ene-1,2-diol
by Alexandra V. Podturkina, Nikolai S. Li-Zhulanov, Tatyana V. Rybalova, Konstantin P. Volcho and Nariman F. Salakhutdinov
Molbank 2025, 2025(4), M2088; https://doi.org/10.3390/M2088 (registering DOI) - 12 Nov 2025
Abstract
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder whose primary manifestation is motor dysfunction. Previous research showed that (1R,2R,6S)-3-methyl-6-(prop-1-en-2-yl)cyclohex-3-ene-1,2-diol (Prottremine) exhibits potent antiparkinsonian activity in animal models of PD, with an efficacy comparable to levodopa. Herein, we [...] Read more.
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder whose primary manifestation is motor dysfunction. Previous research showed that (1R,2R,6S)-3-methyl-6-(prop-1-en-2-yl)cyclohex-3-ene-1,2-diol (Prottremine) exhibits potent antiparkinsonian activity in animal models of PD, with an efficacy comparable to levodopa. Herein, we report the synthesis of a new Prottremine derivative, (1R,2R,6S)-3-methyl-6-(3-(4-phenylpiperidin-1-yl)prop-1-en-2-yl)cyclohex-3-ene-1,2-diol. The compound was fully characterized and its structure was confirmed through single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis. Full article
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35 pages, 1716 KB  
Article
Benchmarking ChatGPT and Other Large Language Models for Personalized Stage-Specific Dietary Recommendations in Chronic Kidney Disease
by Makpal Kairat, Gulnoza Adilmetova, Ilvira Ibraimova, Abduzhappar Gaipov, Huseyin Atakan Varol and Mei-Yen Chan
J. Clin. Med. 2025, 14(22), 8033; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm14228033 (registering DOI) - 12 Nov 2025
Abstract
Background: Chronic kidney disease (CKD) requires strict dietary management tailored to disease stage and individual needs. Recent advances in artificial intelligence (AI) have introduced chatbot-based tools capable of generating dietary recommendations. However, their accuracy, personalization, and practical applicability in clinical nutrition remain largely [...] Read more.
Background: Chronic kidney disease (CKD) requires strict dietary management tailored to disease stage and individual needs. Recent advances in artificial intelligence (AI) have introduced chatbot-based tools capable of generating dietary recommendations. However, their accuracy, personalization, and practical applicability in clinical nutrition remain largely unvalidated, particularly in non-Western settings. Methods: Simulated patient profiles representing each CKD stage were developed and used to prompt GPT-4 (OpenAI), Gemini (Google), and Copilot (Microsoft) with the same request for meal planning. AI-generated diets were evaluated by three physicians using a 5-point Likert scale across three criteria: personalization, consistency with guidelines, practicality, and availability. Descriptive statistics, Kruskal–Wallis tests, and Dunn’s post hoc tests were performed to compare model performance. Nutritional analysis of four meal plans (Initial, GPT-4, Gemini, and Copilot) was conducted using both GPT-4 estimates and manual calculations validated against clinical dietary sources. Results: Scores for personalization and consistency were significantly higher for Gemini and GPT-4 compared with Copilot, with no significant differences between Gemini and GPT-4 (p = 0.0001 and p = 0.0002, respectively). Practicality showed marginal significance, with GPT-4 slightly outperforming Gemini (p = 0.0476). Nutritional component analysis revealed discrepancies between GPT-4’s internal estimations and manual values, with occasional deviations from clinical guidelines, most notably for sodium and potassium, and moderate overestimation for phosphorus. Conclusions: While AI chatbots show promise in delivering dietary guidance for CKD patients, with Gemini demonstrating the strongest performance, further development, clinical validation, and testing with real patient data are needed before AI-driven tools can be fully integrated into patient-centered CKD nutritional care. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Clinical Nutrition & Dietetics)
29 pages, 3855 KB  
Review
Three-Phase Transformerless Buck-Inverter Topologies for PV Grid-Tied Systems: A Review
by Sherif A. Zaid, Husam S. Samkari and Mohammed F. Allehyani
Processes 2025, 13(11), 3667; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr13113667 (registering DOI) - 12 Nov 2025
Abstract
With an emphasis on common-mode voltage (CMV) and leakage current suppression, this research offers a thorough examination of three-phase, two-level buck inverter topologies for transformerless (TL) grid-tied photovoltaic (PV) systems. A comprehensive classification and comparative evaluation of modern voltage-source inverter (VSI) and current-source [...] Read more.
With an emphasis on common-mode voltage (CMV) and leakage current suppression, this research offers a thorough examination of three-phase, two-level buck inverter topologies for transformerless (TL) grid-tied photovoltaic (PV) systems. A comprehensive classification and comparative evaluation of modern voltage-source inverter (VSI) and current-source inverter (CSI) topologies, such as H6, H7, H8, H10, and hybrid setups, constitute the paper’s main contribution. The main conclusions show that CSIs naturally offer better leakage current suppression, albeit at the expense of cost and complexity, while sophisticated VSIs (such as specific H8 and H10 topologies) in conjunction with specialized modulation techniques (like modified discontinuous PWM) provide balanced performance. The study finds intriguing research possibilities for further work in this area and indicates that the ideal topology depends on the specific application. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in Sustainable Electrical Energy Technologies (2nd Edition))
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