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22 pages, 5109 KB

Open AccessArticle

Experimental Investigation and Performance Evaluation of Automated Emergency Braking (AEB) Systems Under Actual Driving Conditions

by Viktor V. Petin, Andrey V. Keller, Sergey S. Shadrin, Daria A. Makarova and Yury M. Furletov

Vehicles 2025, 7(4), 152; https://doi.org/10.3390/vehicles7040152 (registering DOI) - 5 Dec 2025

Abstract

This paper presents an experimental study of the Automatic Emergency Braking (AEB) system, focusing on three essential testing phases: verifying the match between calculated and actual brake actuator operation time, validating the forecasted vs. real-time stabilized deceleration onset duration, and comparing the theoretically [...] Read more.

This paper presents an experimental study of the Automatic Emergency Braking (AEB) system, focusing on three essential testing phases: verifying the match between calculated and actual brake actuator operation time, validating the forecasted vs. real-time stabilized deceleration onset duration, and comparing the theoretically computed braking distance derived from mathematical models with its actual measurement. Standard instrumentation coupled with an original test procedure was utilized during the experiments. A full-scale experimental campaign was conducted on a specialized proving ground, thus substantiating the validity and robustness of the computational models used for assessing the AEB system parameters. The empirical outcomes confirmed that current-generation AEB systems offer dependable predictions regarding braking dynamics and exhibit prompt responsiveness to imminent collisions. However, it should be noted that variations in road conditions, driver behavior, and sensor precision may affect their performance. Consequently, additional efforts aimed at optimizing existing AEB solutions are required to minimize potential errors and enhance overall reliability. Finally, the significance of complying with design specifications and continuously upgrading AEB systems to meet evolving road safety standards is emphasized. Full article

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17 pages, 649 KB

Open AccessReview

Advances and Challenges in Dew Research on Land Surface: A Review

by Hongyuan Li, Chuntan Han, Yong Yang and Rensheng Chen

Hydrology 2025, 12(12), 320; https://doi.org/10.3390/hydrology12120320 (registering DOI) - 5 Dec 2025

Abstract

Dew, a key component of Non-Rainfall Water Inputs (NRWIs), plays a disproportionately significant role in land–atmosphere interactions. This review synthesizes advances in understanding its ecological, hydrological, and environmental effects, quantification methods, and spatiotemporal variations. A key finding is the regional dichotomy of dew [...] Read more.

Dew, a key component of Non-Rainfall Water Inputs (NRWIs), plays a disproportionately significant role in land–atmosphere interactions. This review synthesizes advances in understanding its ecological, hydrological, and environmental effects, quantification methods, and spatiotemporal variations. A key finding is the regional dichotomy of dew effects: in arid regions, it is a crucial hydrological source, whereas in humid/alpine regions, its energy-balance regulation via latent heat release often outweighs its hydrological contribution. Significant challenges persist, including methodological inconsistencies, an overreliance on point-scale data from arid zones, and an underappreciation of dew’s energy impacts, particularly in cold regions. Recent studies suggest a general declining trend in dew frequency and amount in many arid regions, which could exacerbate water stress for dependent ecosystems. However, regional heterogeneities and interactions with other NRWIs remain poorly constrained. Future research must overcome observational bottlenecks, deepen energy–water coupling studies, quantify climate change impacts, expand research to underrepresented regions, and integrate multi-method approaches to improve model predictability, thereby supporting ecosystem resilience and water security under global change. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Ecohydrology)

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14 pages, 2013 KB

Open AccessArticle

Anti-Invasive and Apoptotic Effect of Eupatilin on YD-10B Human Oral Squamous Carcinoma Cells

by Gaeun Kim, Hyun-Jung Park, Suk-Yul Jung and Eun-Jung Kim

Molecules 2025, 30(24), 4666; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules30244666 (registering DOI) - 5 Dec 2025

Abstract

Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is an aggressive malignancy characterized by high invasiveness and poor prognosis. This study investigated the anticancer mechanisms of eupatilin, a pharmacologically active flavonoid derived from Artemisia species, in human OSCC YD-10B cells. Eupatilin significantly reduced cell viability in [...] Read more.

Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is an aggressive malignancy characterized by high invasiveness and poor prognosis. This study investigated the anticancer mechanisms of eupatilin, a pharmacologically active flavonoid derived from Artemisia species, in human OSCC YD-10B cells. Eupatilin significantly reduced cell viability in a dose-dependent manner, with an IC₅₀ of approximately 50 μM. Flow cytometric analysis revealed G0/G1 phase arrest accompanied by downregulation of Cyclin D1 and CDK2, and upregulation of p21. Annexin V/Propidium Iodide staining and Western blotting confirmed apoptosis induction through activation of Bax, cleaved caspase-3/9, and poly ADP-ribose polymerase (PARP) cleavage, alongside suppression of Bcl-2. Furthermore, eupatilin markedly decreased both the mRNA expression and enzymatic activities of matrix metalloproteinases (MMP)-2 and MMP-9, indicating its potential to inhibit cancer cell invasion. Collectively, these findings demonstrate that eupatilin exerts potent antiproliferative and anti-invasive effects on OSCC cells via cell-cycle modulation and mitochondrial-mediated apoptosis. This study provides the first evidence of eupatilin’s therapeutic potential against OSCC, suggesting its promise as a natural compound for the development of safer and more effective treatments for oral cancer. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Natural Products Chemistry)

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23 pages, 3629 KB

Open AccessArticle

Putative Role of Fatty Acid Metabolic Therapy Using Ketogenic Diet and HIF-1α Inhibition in Hepatocellular Carcinoma: Evidence from an In Vitro Study

by Naoya Kimura, Yoshihiko Kitajima, Kazuki Higure, Shohei Matsufuji, Shota Ikeda, Shunsuke Furukawa, Kumpei Yukimoto, Tomokazu Tanaka and Hirokazu Noshiro

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025, 26(24), 11769; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms262411769 (registering DOI) - 5 Dec 2025

Abstract

Hypoxia-inducible factor-1 (HIF-1) enhances cancer cell survival in hypoxic conditions. The ketogenic diet (KGD), characterized by low-carbohydrate and high-fat intake, has been widely used for epilepsy treatment and reported to have antitumor potential. However, its impact on hypoxic cancer cells remains poorly understood. [...] Read more.

Hypoxia-inducible factor-1 (HIF-1) enhances cancer cell survival in hypoxic conditions. The ketogenic diet (KGD), characterized by low-carbohydrate and high-fat intake, has been widely used for epilepsy treatment and reported to have antitumor potential. However, its impact on hypoxic cancer cells remains poorly understood. This study examined the effects of combining the HIF-1α inhibitor YC-1 with the KD formula KetoCal^® on hypoxic hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cells. In vitro, HIF-1α knockdown (KD) and scramble control (SC) Hep3B and HepG2 cells were treated with palmitic acid (PA) and/or β-hydroxybutyrate (BOH) to mimic the KGD environment. PA significantly induced cell death and reactive oxygen species (ROS) in hypoxic KD cells, and this effect was further enhanced by BOH. Gene expression analysis indicated that HIF-1 suppresses fatty acid oxidation (FAO) and ketolysis under hypoxia. In vivo, Hep3B cells were implanted into mice fed KetoCal^® with or without YC-1. KetoCal^® elevated serum BOH and free fatty acids (FFAs), suppressed tumor growth, and increased intra-tumoral acetyl-CoA, ROS, and apoptosis in YC-1-treated tumors. These findings suggest that YC-1 combined with KetoCal^® reactivates FAO and ketolysis, promoting acetyl-CoA accumulation and lethal ROS production in hypoxic HCC. This strategy may offer a novel preclinical model for targeting hypoxic tumors. Full article

(This article belongs to the Collection Feature Papers in Molecular Pathology, Diagnostics, and Therapeutics)

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19 pages, 14311 KB

Open AccessArticle

Multi-Geophysical Characterization of Karst Landfills in Croatia: Mapping the Waste–Bedrock Interface and Assessing Waste Volume

by Božo Padovan, Mario Bačić, Lovorka Librić, Valentino Mejrušić and Meho Saša Kovačević

Sustainability 2025, 17(24), 10892; https://doi.org/10.3390/su172410892 (registering DOI) - 5 Dec 2025

Abstract

Landfills situated in karst terrains pose unique sustainability challenges due to the complex geological characteristics of these environments. This is mainly due to the well-developed underground drainage systems, including discontinuities and caves that can quickly transport contaminants over long distances, reaching the water [...] Read more.

Landfills situated in karst terrains pose unique sustainability challenges due to the complex geological characteristics of these environments. This is mainly due to the well-developed underground drainage systems, including discontinuities and caves that can quickly transport contaminants over long distances, reaching the water sources and ecosystems. The focus of this study is on multi-geophysical assessment incorporating electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) and seismic refraction tomography (SRT) to evaluate the volume of the waste and to delineate the contact between the waste material and the karst, offering a more comprehensive view of subsurface conditions. The presented examples include geophysical mapping of the landfills Sodol and Sorinj, situated in the immediate vicinity of sensitive water bodies, increasing the potential risk of environmental contamination. At both sites, the boundary between waste material and bedrock was clearly delineated. Bedrock was identified with P-wave velocities of approximately 3000 m/s at Sodol Landfill and 2000 m/s at Sorinj Landfill. Waste material, observed at both sites, exhibited electrical resistivity values up to 120 Ω·m. The combined use of ERT and SRT provides extensive coverage of the landfill area, surpassing what can typically be achieved through traditional methods such as boreholes or excavations. Overall, the obtained results show promising potential for using integrated geophysical methods to accurately characterize landfill sites in karst terrains, thereby improving environmental protection strategies in karst regions and contributing to sustainable waste management. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Risk Assessment: Hazard Monitoring, Forecasting, and Mitigation)

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18 pages, 4729 KB

Open AccessArticle

Improved YOLOv5s-Based Crack Detection Method for Sealant-Spraying Devices

by Weiyi Kong, Hua Ding, Qingzhang Cheng, Ning Li, Xiaochun Sun and Xiaoxin Dong

Symmetry 2025, 17(12), 2089; https://doi.org/10.3390/sym17122089 (registering DOI) - 5 Dec 2025

Abstract

The manual spraying of sealant on train side doors is associated with high costs and significant safety risks. To address this challenge, this study proposes an automated crack localization method for sealant-spraying devices by enhancing the YOLOv5s network, with a specific focus on [...] Read more.

The manual spraying of sealant on train side doors is associated with high costs and significant safety risks. To address this challenge, this study proposes an automated crack localization method for sealant-spraying devices by enhancing the YOLOv5s network, with a specific focus on leveraging principles of symmetry. First, an automated sealant-spraying device is designed for operation and data acquisition. Geometric symmetry is then exploited through Zhang’s camera calibration method to accurately establish the two-dimensional mapping between spatial coordinates and the image plane, a process fundamental to spatial reasoning. The core of our approach lies in introducing structural and computational symmetry into the deep learning model. The original YOLOv5s network is improved by integrating the Selective Context Convolutional module and the Skew Intersection over Union (IoU) Loss function, which streamline computation and boost detection accuracy. Furthermore, we replace the standard C3 module with an improved version that incorporates a Reparameterization Visual Transfer block, enhancing feature representation through structural re-parameterization symmetry between training and inference phases. Validation using data from a coal handling facility demonstrates that the improved YOLOv5s model achieves superior performance in precision, mAP@0.5, and recall compared to the original. The results underscore the critical role of geometric and architectural symmetry in developing robust and efficient vision systems for industrial automation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Symmetry/Asymmetry and Artificial Intelligence: Models, Methods, and Applications)

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17 pages, 7634 KB

Open AccessArticle

A Sustainable Strategy for Co-Melting of Electroplating Sludge and Coal Gasification Slag: Metals Recovery and Vitrified Product Valorization

by Wei Leng, Nengwu Zhu, Fei Li, Xiaorong Wei, Sihai Zhang, Wanqi Li and Pingxiao Wu

Processes 2025, 13(12), 3935; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr13123935 (registering DOI) - 5 Dec 2025

Abstract

The high concentrations of heavy metals in electroplating sludge (ES) result in its dual properties as both hazardous waste and a potential secondary resource. Effective strategies are urgently needed for the simultaneous detoxification and utilization of ES. In this study, a sustainable strategy [...] Read more.

The high concentrations of heavy metals in electroplating sludge (ES) result in its dual properties as both hazardous waste and a potential secondary resource. Effective strategies are urgently needed for the simultaneous detoxification and utilization of ES. In this study, a sustainable strategy for co-melting of ES and coal gasification slag (CGS) was proposed. By optimizing the mass ratio of ES to CGS (m(ES)/m(CGS) = 1) and adding 7.5 wt% B₂O₃, a low-temperature vitrification system was established at 1250 °C, enabling the recovery of 97.31 ± 0.61% Cu, 99.17 ± 0.43% Ni, and 81.84 ± 0.33% Fe in the alloy phase within 90 min. Melt structure analysis indicated that CaO and [BO₃] promoted the depolymerization of the silicate network, facilitating the amorphous phase transition and enhancing fluidity. Meanwhile, residual carbon from CGS functioned as a reductant, reducing metal minerals in the mixture to form alloys that were simultaneously separated during co-melting. Compared with the raw sample, heavy metals in the vitrified product were effectively immobilized, exhibiting low risk of heavy metal leaching. Furthermore, high-value-added glass-ceramic materials were successfully prepared from the vitrified product. Therefore, the proposed strategy could serve as a sustainable solution for the treatment of ES and CGS. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic New Research on Waste Treatment, Disposal and Valorization)

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15 pages, 300 KB

Open AccessReview

The Evolving Microbiology and Antimicrobial Resistance in Peritonitis of Biliary Origin: An Evidence-Based Update of the Tokyo Guidelines (TG18) for Clinicians

by Elena-Adelina Toma, Octavian Enciu, Gabriela Loredana Popa, Valentin Calu, Dumitru Cătălin Pîrîianu, Andrei Ludovic Poroșnicu and Mircea Ioan Popa

Diagnostics 2025, 15(24), 3095; https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics15243095 (registering DOI) - 5 Dec 2025

Abstract

Background: Biliary peritonitis is a severe intra-abdominal emergency with high mortality. Effective management requires source control and appropriate antimicrobial therapy. Methods: This review synthesizes recent literature (2016–2025), as well as established guidelines recommendations on the evolving microbiology and antimicrobial resistance patterns [...] Read more.

Background: Biliary peritonitis is a severe intra-abdominal emergency with high mortality. Effective management requires source control and appropriate antimicrobial therapy. Methods: This review synthesizes recent literature (2016–2025), as well as established guidelines recommendations on the evolving microbiology and antimicrobial resistance patterns in biliary tract infections, as data on biliary peritonitis is scarce and relatively heterogeneous. Results: The microbiological landscape is stratified by patient history. Community-acquired infections are typically caused by Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Enterococcus spp. In contrast, healthcare-associated infections show a shift, with highly resistant pathogens such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and a tendency towards polymicrobial infections. The rise of multidrug-resistant (MDR) organisms, including extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL)-producing Enterobacterales, Carbapenem-Resistant Enterobacterales (CRE), and Vancomycin-Resistant Enterococci (VRE), is a critical challenge limiting therapeutic options. Resistance patterns vary geographically, necessitating the use of local data. Conclusions: This review argues for a paradigm shift from severity-based guidelines to a dual-axis model incorporating resistance risk factors (prior healthcare exposure, previous biliary interventions, a history of MDR infections). We propose a risk-stratified approach to empiric antibiotic selection, emphasizing microbiological diagnostics for therapy de-escalation. Future research should focus on prospective studies, novel antibiotics, and rapid diagnostics. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Multidisciplinary Diagnostic Approaches to Infectious Pathologies in Surgical Specialties)

26 pages, 5462 KB

Open AccessFeature PaperReview

Diagnostic Imaging Features of Mammary Gland Tumors in Dogs and Cats

by Marisa Esteves-Monteiro, Joana Santos, Ana Patrícia Fontes-Sousa and Cláudia S. Baptista

Animals 2025, 15(24), 3506; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15243506 (registering DOI) - 5 Dec 2025

Abstract

Mammary gland tumors (MGT) are the most common neoplasms in intact female dogs and represent the third most frequent tumor type in female cats. Imaging plays a central role in the diagnosis, staging, and follow-up of these neoplasms. This review summarizes the diagnostic [...] Read more.

Mammary gland tumors (MGT) are the most common neoplasms in intact female dogs and represent the third most frequent tumor type in female cats. Imaging plays a central role in the diagnosis, staging, and follow-up of these neoplasms. This review summarizes the diagnostic imaging features of canine and feline MGT and the advantages and limitations of each modality. Radiography and computed tomography (CT) are mainly used to detect pulmonary and abdominal metastases, while ultrasonography provides key information about primary tumor size, margins, echogenicity, vascularization, and elasticity. Advanced ultrasound techniques, such as Doppler, contrast-enhanced ultrasonography (CEUS), and elastography, improve differentiation between benign and malignant lesions. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) offers excellent soft-tissue detail and can assist in preoperative planning, whereas nuclear medicine techniques, including scintigraphy and positron emission tomography (PET), allow functional assessment and the early detection of micrometastases. Although histopathology remains the diagnostic gold standard, imaging is indispensable for characterizing primary lesions, evaluating metastatic spread, guiding sampling, and monitoring therapeutic outcomes in small animal oncology. By integrating and comparing the main imaging modalities applied to canine and feline mammary tumors, this review underscores their complementary roles in improving diagnosis, staging, and therapeutic decision-making in small animal oncology. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Diagnostic Imaging in Animal Oncology)

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18 pages, 2281 KB

Open AccessArticle

Evaluating Remotely Sensed Spectral Indices to Quantify Seagrass in Support of Ecosystem-Based Fisheries Management in a Marine Protected Area of Western Australia

by Nick Konzewitsch, Lara Mist and Scott N. Evans

Remote Sens. 2025, 17(24), 3932; https://doi.org/10.3390/rs17243932 (registering DOI) - 5 Dec 2025

Abstract

Understanding and monitoring benthic habitat distribution is essential for implementing ecosystem-based fisheries management (EBFM). Satellite remote sensing offers a rapid and cost-effective approach to marine habitat assessments; however, its application requires context-specific adjustment to account for environmental variability and differing study aims. As [...] Read more.

Understanding and monitoring benthic habitat distribution is essential for implementing ecosystem-based fisheries management (EBFM). Satellite remote sensing offers a rapid and cost-effective approach to marine habitat assessments; however, its application requires context-specific adjustment to account for environmental variability and differing study aims. As such, predictor variables must be tailored to the specific site and target habitat. This study uses Sentinel-2 Level 2A surface reflectance satellite imagery and stability selection via Random Forest Recursive Feature Elimination to assess the importance of remote sensing indices for mapping moderately deep (<20 m) seagrass habitats in relation to the Marine Stewardship Council-certified Western Australia Enhanced Greenlip Abalone Fishery (WAEGAF). Of the seven indices tested, the Normalised Difference Aquatic Vegetation Index (NDAVI) and Depth Invariant Index for the blue and green bands were selected in the optimal model on every run. The kernelised NDAVI and Water-Adjusted Vegetation Index also scored highly (both 0.92) and were included in the final classification and regression models. Both models performed well and predicted a similar cover and distribution of seagrass within the fishery compared to the surrounding area, providing a baseline and supporting EBFM of the WAEGAF within the surrounding marine protected area. Importantly, the use of indices from freely accessible ready-to-use satellite products via Google Earth Engine workflows and expedited ground truth image annotation using highly accurate (0.96) automatic image annotation provides a rapidly repeatable method for delivering ecosystem information for this fishery. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Applications of Remote Sensing in Monitoring Marine Environment (Second Edition))

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20 pages, 16525 KB

Open AccessArticle

Fault Diagnosis of Core Drilling Rig Gearbox Based on Transformer and DCA-xLSTM

by Xiaolong Wu, Yaosen Du, Pengju Gao, Xiaoren Tang, Jianxun Liu and Hanchen Ma

Appl. Sci. 2025, 15(24), 12858; https://doi.org/10.3390/app152412858 (registering DOI) - 5 Dec 2025

Abstract

The gearbox is a core component of drilling rigs, valued for its high efficiency and load capacity. However, prolonged operation under heavy loads makes it prone to wear and failure. Complicating diagnosis, the vibration signals generated are highly complex and nonlinear. To achieve [...] Read more.

The gearbox is a core component of drilling rigs, valued for its high efficiency and load capacity. However, prolonged operation under heavy loads makes it prone to wear and failure. Complicating diagnosis, the vibration signals generated are highly complex and nonlinear. To achieve accurate fault diagnosis under varying operating conditions, we propose a novel method named T-DCAx, which integrates a Dual-path Convolutional Attention network, an extended Long Short-Term Memory network (xLSTM), and a Transformer. Our model leverages the complementary strengths of these components: the xLSTM module, enhanced with exponential gating and a novel memory mechanism, excels at modeling long-term temporal dependencies and mitigating gradient vanishing issues. The Transformer module effectively captures global contextual information through self-attention. These are synergized with a dual-path convolutional attention structure to ensure effective joint learning of both local–temporal and global patterns. Finally, a dedicated gearbox test platform was established to collect vibration signals under various conditions and fault types. The proposed T-DCAx method was validated on this dataset and demonstrated superior performance against several benchmark methods in comparative analyses. Full article

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22 pages, 4830 KB

Open AccessReview

Artificial Intelligence and New Technologies in Melanoma Diagnosis: A Narrative Review

by Sebastian Górecki, Aleksandra Tatka and James Brusey

Cancers 2025, 17(24), 3896; https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers17243896 (registering DOI) - 5 Dec 2025

Abstract

Melanoma is among the most lethal forms of skin cancer, where early and accurate diagnosis significantly improves patient survival. Traditional diagnostic pathways, including clinical inspection and dermoscopy, are constrained by interobserver variability and limited access to expertise. Between 2020 and 2025, advances in [...] Read more.

Melanoma is among the most lethal forms of skin cancer, where early and accurate diagnosis significantly improves patient survival. Traditional diagnostic pathways, including clinical inspection and dermoscopy, are constrained by interobserver variability and limited access to expertise. Between 2020 and 2025, advances in artificial intelligence (AI) and medical imaging technologies have substantially redefined melanoma diagnostics. This narrative review synthesizes key developments in AI-based approaches, emphasizing the progression from convolutional neural networks to vision transformers and multimodal architectures that incorporate both clinical and imaging data. We examine the integration of AI with non-invasive imaging techniques such as reflectance confocal microscopy, high-frequency ultrasound, optical coherence tomography, and three-dimensional total body photography. The role of AI in teledermatology and mobile applications is also addressed, with a focus on expanding diagnostic accessibility. Persistent challenges include data bias, limited generalizability across diverse skin types, and a lack of prospective clinical validation. Recent regulatory frameworks, including the European Union Artificial Intelligence Act and the United States Food and Drug Administration’s guidance on adaptive systems, are discussed in the context of clinical deployment. The review concludes with perspectives on explainable AI, federated learning, and strategies for equitable implementation in dermatological oncology. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Machine Learning and Artificial Intelligence in Cancer Diagnostic and Monitoring)

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25 pages, 12137 KB

Open AccessArticle

Tuning Photothermal Properties of Graphene Oxide by Heteroatom Doping for Cancer Elimination: Experimental and DFT Study

by Alan Miranda, Mateo Salazar, D. G. Larrude, Leandro Seixas, Alexis Debut, Myriam González, Karina J. Lagos, Orlando Campaña, Miryan Rosita Rivera and Maria Paulina Romero

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025, 26(24), 11771; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms262411771 (registering DOI) - 5 Dec 2025

Abstract

Cancer poses a global challenge, affecting millions of people and placing a significant burden on families and healthcare systems. Chemotherapy, radiotherapy, hormone therapy, and immunotherapy are commonly used for cancer treatment; their side effects can be severe. Photothermal therapy (PTT) has emerged as [...] Read more.

Cancer poses a global challenge, affecting millions of people and placing a significant burden on families and healthcare systems. Chemotherapy, radiotherapy, hormone therapy, and immunotherapy are commonly used for cancer treatment; their side effects can be severe. Photothermal therapy (PTT) has emerged as a promising alternative due to its minimal invasiveness and high efficiency. In this study, graphene oxide (GO) was synthesized and functionalized to obtain nitrogen-doped graphene oxide (NGO) and boron-doped graphene oxide (BGO) via a hydrothermal process, aiming to use them as photoactive agents (PAs) in PTT. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) analysis revealed that GO, BGO, and NGO exhibit monolayer atomic structures. Spectroscopic analyses confirmed the presence of oxygen and carbon in all samples, along with successful boron and nitrogen doping in BGO and NGO, respectively. Cytotoxicity assays yielded half-maximal inhibitory concentrations (IC₅₀) of 1025.26 μg/mL for GO, 2695.03 μg/mL for BGO, and 1319.81 μg/mL for NGO. Photothermal experiments were conducted using a 635 nm light source with an intensity of 65.5 mW/cm², resulting in temperature thresholds of 44.87 °C for GO, 48.36 °C for NGO, and 55.91 °C for BGO. Anticancer assays were performed using the T-47D breast cancer cell line, demonstrating tumor cell elimination rates of 97.93% for GO, 98.54% for BGO, and 97.98% for NGO, underscoring their efficacy as PAs. Density functional theory (DFT) simulations were carried out to determine the absorbance coefficient as a function of doping percentage. The results revealed that increased doping enhances light absorbance and, consequently, the photothermal response, as higher absorbance at the irradiation wavelength leads to greater energy absorption and temperature elevation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Molecular Characterization and Applications of Nanomaterials in Nanomedicine and Cancer Therapy)

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13 pages, 2949 KB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Boosting Furaldehyde Hydrogenation to Furfuryl Alcohol: Role of Ni in Cu₅Ni_x/SiO₂ Bimetallic Catalysts

by Yuanyuan Gao, Jieqiong Wang, Zhongyi Liu, Shuaihui Li and Qiaoyun Liu

Catalysts 2025, 15(12), 1151; https://doi.org/10.3390/catal15121151 (registering DOI) - 5 Dec 2025

Abstract

Furfural (FAL), an important biomass-derived platform molecule, plays a vital role in bridging biorefineries and the production of high-value chemicals through its selective hydrogenation to furfuryl alcohol (FOL). In this work, a series of Cu-based bimetallic catalysts (Cu₅Ni_x/SiO₂ [...] Read more.

Furfural (FAL), an important biomass-derived platform molecule, plays a vital role in bridging biorefineries and the production of high-value chemicals through its selective hydrogenation to furfuryl alcohol (FOL). In this work, a series of Cu-based bimetallic catalysts (Cu₅Ni_x/SiO₂) were prepared by a simple impregnation method and exhibited outstanding catalytic performance for the hydrogenation of furfural under the mild conditions. When the loading of Ni was 2 wt%, the optimal catalytic activity was obtained at 150 °C and 1 MPa H₂, achieving a furfural conversion of 97.3%. This catalyst also showed excellent stability, maintaining high activity and selectivity toward FOL after five consecutive reaction cycles. Structural characterizations using X-ray diffraction (XRD), Hydrogen temperature-programmed reduction (H₂-TPR), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) revealed strong electronic interactions between Cu and Ni species. The introduction of Ni promoted the reduction of Ni²⁺ and improved the dispersion of Cu, which in turn increased the number of accessible active sites and facilitated the hydrogenation process. This synergistic effect between Cu and Ni provides an efficient and low-cost strategy for the selective hydrogenation of biomass-derived furfural to high-valued chemicals. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Back to the Future: Advances in Porous and Nanoscale Catalysts for Biomass Conversion to Value-Added Products)

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21 pages, 3827 KB

Open AccessArticle

Detection of Printing Defects on Wood-Derived Paper Products Using an Improved YOLOv8n

by Mingyang Zhang, Shuai Li, Jun Zhang, Xiaopeng Bai, Kun Wang and Hongxia Yuan

Forests 2025, 16(12), 1818; https://doi.org/10.3390/f16121818 (registering DOI) - 5 Dec 2025

Abstract

Paper-based printing materials originate from the wood-based value chain–wood–pulp–paper–printing—and their yield reflects the utilization efficiency of pulp and paper resources. In roll-to-roll printing production, small printing defects (e.g., missing prints, smudges, cracks) often cause rework and scrap, thereby increasing the consumption of wood-derived [...] Read more.

Paper-based printing materials originate from the wood-based value chain–wood–pulp–paper–printing—and their yield reflects the utilization efficiency of pulp and paper resources. In roll-to-roll printing production, small printing defects (e.g., missing prints, smudges, cracks) often cause rework and scrap, thereby increasing the consumption of wood-derived materials. To improve resource efficiency, this study proposes a lightweight, improved YOLOv8n model for real-time small-defect detection. The Efficient IoU (EIoU) loss is introduced in the bounding box regression stage to improve localization accuracy, and a Squeeze-and-Excitation (SE) channel attention mechanism is embedded in the feature fusion stage to strengthen feature representation for small printing defects. Evaluations conducted on datasets collected from real production lines demonstrate that, with 3.02 M parameters and 8.1 GFLOPs, the model achieves mAP@0.5 = 94.1%, Precision = 95.1%, Recall = 94.3%, and an inference speed of 100.2 FPS, outperforming the baseline model. The proposed method contributes to reducing rework and material waste, supporting the efficient utilization of wood resources and the sustainable development of the paper-based packaging industry. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Harvesting, Processing and Management of Specialty Forest Products and Biomass)

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16 pages, 957 KB

Open AccessArticle

Long-Term Alterations of Glucocorticoid Receptor Expression and CD4⁺ T Cells in Adolescent Rhesus Macaques Following Early-Life Adversity

by Mar M. Sanchez, Leonidas Panagiotakopoulos, Timothy Hayes, Brittany R. Howell, Kelly Ethun, Kirk A. Easley, Guido Silvestri, Diane G. Carnathan, Jackson McCandless, Jerrold Meyer and Gretchen N. Neigh

Biomolecules 2025, 15(12), 1701; https://doi.org/10.3390/biom15121701 (registering DOI) - 5 Dec 2025

Abstract

Child maltreatment (MALT) is a devastating form of early-life adversity (ELA) and a primary risk for mental and physical illness. It is difficult to disentangle postnatal caregiving effects from heritable factors. Here we investigated the long-term effects of maternal care using a cross-fostering [...] Read more.

Child maltreatment (MALT) is a devastating form of early-life adversity (ELA) and a primary risk for mental and physical illness. It is difficult to disentangle postnatal caregiving effects from heritable factors. Here we investigated the long-term effects of maternal care using a cross-fostering design to control for biological/heritable factors on immune function and inflammation during adolescence in a translational and naturalistic macaque model of MALT. We studied the impact of MALT on the immunophenotype of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and assessed glucocorticoid receptor expression and function during adolescence. MALT was associated with elevated expression of NR3C1, the gene that encodes for the glucocorticoid receptor, in PBMCs. Glucocorticoid receptor function was not altered by MALT when examined for response to dexamethasone (DEX). In addition, MALT led to a reduction in the percentage of naïve CD4⁺ T cells and an increase in the percentage of central memory (Tcm) CD4⁺ T cells. These results suggest that MALT-exposed adolescents show residual effects of MALT on CD4⁺ T cells and increased expression of NR3C1 without demonstration of increased function of the glucocorticoid receptor. Taken together, these results suggest that ELA has enduring implications for cellular glucocorticoid receptor biology and CD4⁺ T cells. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Early Adversity and the Immune Hypothesis: Call for a Dialogue between Basic and Clinical Neuroscience)

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15 pages, 298 KB

Open AccessArticle

Farmer and Farm-Level Predictors of Pain Perception and Management During Routine Pig Husbandry Practices in Eastern Cape, South Africa

by Asemahle Tyutwana, Ziyanda Mpetile, Olusegun Oyebade Ikusika and Oluwakamisi Festus Akinmoladun

Animals 2025, 15(24), 3508; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15243508 (registering DOI) - 5 Dec 2025

Abstract

Pig production plays a vital role in global agriculture, serving as a key source of animal protein and contributing significantly to food security, rural livelihoods, and national economies [...] Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Human-Animal Interactions, Animal Behaviour and Emotion)

13 pages, 231 KB

Open AccessEditorial

Jean-François Morot-Gaudry (1943–2024): A Life Devoted to Plant Science, Leadership, and Humanity

by Jean-François Briat, Jean-Bernard Cliquet, Michel Delseny, Sylvie Ferrario-Méry, Christine H. Foyer, Jeremy Harbinson, Bertrand Hirel, Graham Noctor, Loïc Lepiniec, Anis M. Limami, Céline Masclaux-Daubresse, Jean-Claude Pernollet, Agnès Ricroch and Akira Suzuki

Plants 2025, 14(24), 3711; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14243711 (registering DOI) - 5 Dec 2025

Abstract

It is with deep sadness that we learned of the passing of Dr [...] Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Photosynthesis, Nitrogen and Elevated CO₂ in the Atmosphere)

28 pages, 944 KB

Open AccessArticle

Family-Based Tag Rugby: Acute Effects on Risk Factors for Cardiometabolic Disease and Cognition and Factors Affecting Family Enjoyment and Feasibility

by Scarlett M. Fountain, Grace W. M. Walters, Ryan A. Williams, Caroline Sunderland, Simon B. Cooper and Karah J. Dring

Healthcare 2025, 13(24), 3186; https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare13243186 (registering DOI) - 5 Dec 2025

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Physical inactivity is associated with increased cardiometabolic disease risk and poor cognition in children and their parents. Family-based physical activity offers an opportunity for children and their parents to engage in physical activity concurrently. The present study examined the effect of [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Physical inactivity is associated with increased cardiometabolic disease risk and poor cognition in children and their parents. Family-based physical activity offers an opportunity for children and their parents to engage in physical activity concurrently. The present study examined the effect of an acute bout of family-based tag rugby on risk factors for cardiometabolic disease and cognition in families. Additionally, this study qualitatively explored families’ perceptions of enjoyment and factors affecting implementation with considerations for socioeconomic status. Methods: Sixteen families (27 children, 20 parents) participated in an exercise (45 min family-based tag rugby) and resting control trial (45 min seated rest), separated by seven days. Postprandial gylcaemia, insulinaemia, lipaemia and cognitive function were measured following exercise/rest. Families also participated in whole-family focus groups and separate parent and child interviews. Results: In parents, postprandial plasma insulin concentrations were lower on the exercise trial than the rested control trial at 30 min (p = 0.004) and 120 min following the consumption of a standardised lunch (p = 0.011). In children, a significant trial*time interaction for inverse efficiency scores on the Sternberg paradigm (three-item) was exhibited (p = 0.016). In parents, a significant trial*time interaction for inverse efficiency score on the Stroop congruent test was exhibited (trial*time interaction; p = 0.012), whereby inverse efficiency scores improved immediately post-exercise, compared with the rested control trial (p = 0.016). Qualitatively, families from all socioeconomic backgrounds agreed that tag rugby is an inclusive, enjoyable mode of physical activity that families want to participate in together, which can be adapted to overcome the barriers associated with the cost of and access to local facilities. Conclusions: An acute bout of tag rugby improved postprandial insulin concentrations in parents and cognitive function in children and their parents. Tag rugby was deemed an appropriate exercise modality for families from a range of socioeconomic backgrounds. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Physical Activity Intervention for Non-Communicable Diseases)

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11 pages, 1687 KB

Open AccessArticle

Prevalence of Antibodies to Japanese Encephalitis Virus and Severe Fever with Thrombocytopenia Syndrome Virus in Wild Boars Captured Across Different Locations in Toyama Prefecture, Japan

by Shunsuke Yazawa, Kotoha Yoshida, Kotaro Fujii, Yumiko Saga, Sara Taniguchi, Ryosuke Suzuki, Chang-Kweng Lim, Miki Ishida, Kazunori Oishi and Hideki Tani

Viruses 2025, 17(12), 1585; https://doi.org/10.3390/v17121585 (registering DOI) - 5 Dec 2025

Abstract

Wild boars inhabit fields, hills, and farms across Japan, where they are fed on by numerous arthropods, including mosquitoes and ticks. Consequently, they are frequently exposed to arthropod-borne pathogens. In Toyama Prefecture, blood samples from captured wild boars have long been collected for [...] Read more.

Wild boars inhabit fields, hills, and farms across Japan, where they are fed on by numerous arthropods, including mosquitoes and ticks. Consequently, they are frequently exposed to arthropod-borne pathogens. In Toyama Prefecture, blood samples from captured wild boars have long been collected for classical swine fever virus antibody testing, with detailed records kept on the capture locations. In this study, we investigated the prevalence of antibodies against Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) and severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus (SFTSV) using 3059 serum samples collected from wild boars over the past six years. A previously developed single-round infectious particles (SRIPs) assay system was employed for the analysis. We also examined the geographic distribution of antibody-positive wild boars. The results showed that antibody positivity rates for both JEV and SFTSV increased annually from 2019 to 2024. Geographical analysis revealed that JEV antibody-positive wild boars were distributed throughout Toyama Prefecture, whereas SFTSV antibody-positive wild boars were concentrated mainly in the northwestern region and along the western prefectural border. These findings suggest that JEV continue to pose an infection risk across the entire prefecture, while SFTSV has been actively spreading in the northwestern area during 2023–2024, raising concern over an increasing risk of human infection. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Severe Fever with Thrombocytopenia Syndrome Virus 2025)

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16 pages, 2424 KB

Open AccessReview

Clinical Management of Orthodontic Miniscrew Complications: A Scoping Review

by Cristina del Rosso, Pier Paolo Poli, Martina Ghizzoni and Alberto Caprioglio

Dent. J. 2025, 13(12), 582; https://doi.org/10.3390/dj13120582 (registering DOI) - 5 Dec 2025

Abstract

Background/Objective: To outline strategies for the safe clinical use of orthodontic temporary anchorage devices (TADs) by analyzing papers that examine associated risks, complications, and approaches for their prevention and resolution. Methods: The research protocol used PubMed, Medline, and Scopus [...] Read more.

Background/Objective: To outline strategies for the safe clinical use of orthodontic temporary anchorage devices (TADs) by analyzing papers that examine associated risks, complications, and approaches for their prevention and resolution. Methods: The research protocol used PubMed, Medline, and Scopus up to May 2024, focusing on controlled and randomized clinical trials aligned with the review objective. Fourteen studies were included; bias risk was assessed, key data extracted, and a descriptive analysis performed. Study quality and evidence strength were also evaluated. Results: TADs optimize anchorage control without relying on patient compliance. However, they carry risks and complications. TAD contact with the periodontal ligament or root without pulp involvement requires removal for spontaneous healing. If pulp is involved, the TAD should be removed and endodontic therapy performed. If anatomical structures are violated, TAD should be removed. If transient, spontaneous recovery occurs, but sometimes pharmacological treatment may be needed. A 2 mm gap between the TAD and surrounding structures can prevent damage. In the maxillary sinus, a less than 2 mm perforation of the Schneiderian membrane recovers spontaneously; wider perforations require TAD removal. Good oral hygiene and TAD abutments prevent soft tissue inflammation, which resolves with 0.2% chlorhexidine for 14 days. Unwanted forces can cause TAD fractures, requiring removal. Minor TAD mobility due to loss of primary stability can be maintained; significant instability requires repositioning. Conclusions: The use of TADs requires meticulous planning, radiological guidance, and monitoring to minimize risks and manage complications. With proper care, TADs improve orthodontic outcomes and patient satisfaction. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Innovations and Trends in Modern Orthodontics)

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21 pages, 732 KB

Open AccessArticle

Measuring Behavioral Influence on Social Media: A Social Impact Theory Approach to Identifying Influential Users

by Tarirai Chani and Oludayo O. Olugbara

Journal. Media 2025, 6(4), 205; https://doi.org/10.3390/journalmedia6040205 (registering DOI) - 5 Dec 2025

Abstract

The rise of social media has democratized information sharing, allowing ordinary individuals to become influential voices in public discourse. However, traditional methods for identifying influential users rely primarily on network centrality measures that fail to capture the behavioral dynamics underlying actual influence capacity [...] Read more.

The rise of social media has democratized information sharing, allowing ordinary individuals to become influential voices in public discourse. However, traditional methods for identifying influential users rely primarily on network centrality measures that fail to capture the behavioral dynamics underlying actual influence capacity in digital environments. This study introduces the Social Influence Strength Index (SISI), a metric grounded in social impact theory that assesses influence through behavioral engagement indicators rather than network structure alone. The SISI combines three key elements: the average engagement rate, follower reach score, and mention prominence score, using a geometric mean to account for the multiplicative nature of social influence. This was developed and validated using a dataset of 1.2 million tweets from South African migration discussions, a context characterized by high emotional engagement and diverse participant types. SISI’s behavioral principles make it applicable for identifying influential voices across various social media contexts where authentic engagement matters. The results demonstrate substantial divergence between SISI and traditional centrality measures (Spearman ρ = 0.34, 95% CI: 0.32–0.36 with eigenvector centrality; top-10 user overlap Jaccard index = 0.20), with the SISI consistently recognizing behaviorally influential users that network-based approaches overlook. Validation analyses confirm the SISI’s predictive validity (high-SISI users maintain 3.5× higher engagement rates in subsequent periods, p < 0.001), discriminant validity (distinguishing content creators from amplifiers, Cohen’s d = 1.32), and convergent validity with expert assessments (Spearman ρ = 0.61 vs. ρ = 0.28 for eigenvector centrality). The research reveals that digital influence stems from genuine audience engagement and community recognition rather than structural network positioning. By integrating social science theory with computational methods, this work presents a theoretically grounded framework for measuring digital influence, with potential applications in understanding information credibility, audience mobilization, and the evolving dynamics of social media-driven public discourse across diverse domains including marketing, policy communication, and digital information ecosystems. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Era of Influencer Journalism: Blurring the Lines Between Reporting and Branding)

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22 pages, 5610 KB

Open AccessReview

CO₂ Poisoning of Solid Oxide Fuel Cell Cathodes: Mechanisms, Solutions, and Progress

by Fang Liu, Quan Luo, Meishen Sun, Zhaoqi Song, Junbiao Li, Bin Chen and Yuan Zhang

Processes 2025, 13(12), 3931; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr13123931 (registering DOI) - 5 Dec 2025

Abstract

Conventional energy resources have been constrained by their inefficient utilization and present a severe impact on the human living environment, and there is an urgent need to develop energy technologies with high efficiency, low carbon emissions, and environmental cleanliness. Solid oxide fuel cells [...] Read more.

Conventional energy resources have been constrained by their inefficient utilization and present a severe impact on the human living environment, and there is an urgent need to develop energy technologies with high efficiency, low carbon emissions, and environmental cleanliness. Solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) have been recognized as a highly efficient and clean energy conversion device that directly converts chemical energy in fuels into electricity, holding promising prospects for addressing the issues of low efficiency and environmental concerns associated with conventional energy resources. However, under practical operation conditions, the cathodes of SOFCs are often exposed to various contaminations including working environment-induced degradation, cathode poisoning, and corrosion. This review summarizes the severe performance degradation of SOFC cathodes caused by CO₂ poisoning, analyzes recent research findings on cathode durability under CO₂-containing atmospheres, and provides an overview of the reported strategies for enhancing CO₂ tolerance. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in Fuel Cell Technology and Its Application Process)

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21 pages, 4900 KB

Open AccessArticle

Effects of Exogenous Hormones on Endophytic Rhizobial Proliferation and Growth Promotion in Alfalfa

by Yuan-Yuan Du, Wen-Juan Kang, Shang-Li Shi, Yi-Lin Han, Jian Guan, Bao-Fu Lu and Bei Wu

Agronomy 2025, 15(12), 2799; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy15122799 (registering DOI) - 5 Dec 2025

Abstract

Endophytic rhizobia have the functions of dissolving organic phosphorus, secreting auxin, fixing nitrogen, and promoting growth. The proliferation of endophytic rhizobia in alfalfa and their symbiotic nodulation with alfalfa seedlings are regulated by various plant hormones. In this study, the alfalfa seeds ( [...] Read more.

Endophytic rhizobia have the functions of dissolving organic phosphorus, secreting auxin, fixing nitrogen, and promoting growth. The proliferation of endophytic rhizobia in alfalfa and their symbiotic nodulation with alfalfa seedlings are regulated by various plant hormones. In this study, the alfalfa seeds (Medicago sativa L.) containing CFP-labeled rhizobium R.gn5f (isolated from the seeds of Gannong No.5 alfalfa) were used as materials, and the concentrations of 3-indoleacetic acid (3-IAA), 6-benzylaminopurine (6-BA) and homobrassinolide (HBR) suitable for the growth of R.gn5f were used for seed soaking treatment, and distilled water was used as the control. The proliferation of endophytic rhizobium, plant nodulation, nitrogen fixation performance and plant growth ability of alfalfa at different growth stages were determined. The effects of hormone types and concentrations on the proliferation and nitrogen fixation of endophytic rhizobia were analyzed to provide a theoretical basis for accurately promoting the nodulation, nitrogen fixation and growth-promoting ability of endophytic rhizobia in seeds. The results showed that the optimal concentrations of 3-IAA, 6-BA and HBR were 12 mg·L⁻¹, 16 mg·L⁻¹ and 2.47 mg·L⁻¹, respectively. The nitrogen fixation performance of endophytic rhizobium plants containing three hormones was higher at the branching stage and budding stage. The growth ability of the plant was better at the flowering stage. The hormone 2.47 mg·L⁻¹ of HBR was beneficial to the proliferation, nodulation, nitrogen fixation and plant growth of endophytic rhizobia in alfalfa at the vegetative and reproductive growth stages, and the number of R.gn5 f in the seeds of HBR plants at the mature stage was the largest (281.25 CFU·g⁻¹). Therefore, the hormone 2.47 mg·L⁻¹ of HBR was better for the proliferation of endophytic rhizobia R.gn5 f and plant growth in alfalfa. These findings provide a theoretical basis for precisely leveraging the nodulation and nitrogen-fixing capabilities of seed-borne endophytic rhizobia, thereby laying a foundation for the symbiotic breeding of alfalfa and rhizobia. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Grassland and Pasture Science)

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17 pages, 5510 KB

Open AccessArticle

Identifying Environmental Constraints on Pinus brutia Regeneration Using Remote Sensing: Toward a Screening Framework for Sustainable Forest Management

by Gordana Kaplan and Alper Ahmet Özbey

Forests 2025, 16(12), 1816; https://doi.org/10.3390/f16121816 (registering DOI) - 5 Dec 2025

Abstract

Regeneration of Pinus brutia (Turkish red pine) after clear-cutting is showing failures in some low-elevation Mediterranean stands, raising questions about long-used silvicultural prescriptions. Because site limitations arise from the combined effects of climate, terrain, and surface thermal conditions that vary over short distances, [...] Read more.

Regeneration of Pinus brutia (Turkish red pine) after clear-cutting is showing failures in some low-elevation Mediterranean stands, raising questions about long-used silvicultural prescriptions. Because site limitations arise from the combined effects of climate, terrain, and surface thermal conditions that vary over short distances, diagnosing where problems may occur is challenging at operational scales. In this study, we first evaluate the study area (Antalya, Türkiye, 0–400 m elevation band) using open, long-term climatic indicators, along with terrain and surface thermal remote sensing variables, to describe recent environmental conditions relevant to germination and early seedling survival. We then build a transparent environmental-analog screening product that summarizes the degraded reference site as an environmental signature and computes pixel-wise similarity across the landscape at 100 m resolution. The resulting map reports three actionable tiers (≥95th, 90–95th, 85–90th percentiles), delineating compact clusters of very-high analogs surrounded by broader high/elevated belts. Interpreted strictly as a screening layer (not a predictive model), it supports compartment-scale triage: ≥95th areas are first candidates for field checks and adjusted prescriptions, while lower tiers guide targeted site preparation and monitoring. The novelty and importance are practical: widely available Earth observation data are converted into a reproducible, auditable tool that reduces dependence on complex predictive models and large calibration samples, while still requiring careful local interpretation and ground-truthing to inform P. brutia regeneration planning. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Remote Sensing and GIS Utilization in Monitoring of Forest Ecosystems)

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21 pages, 5282 KB

Open AccessArticle

Emodin as a Broad-Spectrum Inhibitor of QS-Regulated Pathogenicity and Biofilms: A Non-Antibiotic Strategy Against Microbial Virulence

by Fareha Bano

Micro 2025, 5(4), 56; https://doi.org/10.3390/micro5040056 (registering DOI) - 5 Dec 2025

Abstract

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) poses a global health threat, which is becoming more challenging due to the involvement of bacterial virulence mechanisms such as quorum sensing (QS) and biofilm formation. These systems regulate pathogenic traits and shield bacteria from conventional therapies. Phytocompounds offer promising [...] Read more.

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) poses a global health threat, which is becoming more challenging due to the involvement of bacterial virulence mechanisms such as quorum sensing (QS) and biofilm formation. These systems regulate pathogenic traits and shield bacteria from conventional therapies. Phytocompounds offer promising antivirulence strategies by disrupting QS and biofilms without exerting selective pressure. In this study, emodin, a natural anthraquinone, was evaluated for its anti-QS and antibiofilm efficacy. Emodin inhibited violacein production by 63.86% in C. violaceum 12472. In P. aeruginosa PAO1, it suppressed pyocyanin (68.04%), pyoverdin (48.79%), exoprotease (58.55%), elastase (43.13%), alginate (74.12%), and rhamnolipids (56.37%). In S. marcescens MTCC 97, emodin reduced prodigiosin (55.94%), exoprotease (48.80%), motility (83.27%), and cell surface hydrophilicity (41.20%). Biofilm formation was inhibited by over 50% in all three bacteria, highlighting emodin’s potential as a broad-spectrum antibiofilm agent. Molecular docking analyses indicated that emodin exhibited affinity towards QS regulatory proteins CviR, LasR, and SmaR, implying a possible competitive interaction at their ligand-binding sites. Subsequent molecular dynamics simulations confirmed these observations by demonstrating structural stability in emodin-bound proteins. The collective insights from in vitro assays and computational studies underscore the potential of emodin in interfering with QS-mediated virulence expression and biofilm development. Such findings support the exploration of non-antibiotic QS inhibitors as therapeutic alternatives for managing bacterial infections and reducing dependence on traditional antimicrobial agents. Full article

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