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22 pages, 1904 KB

Open AccessArticle

Performance and Uncertainty Analysis of Digital vs. Analog Pressure Scanners Under Static and Dynamic Conditions

by Roxana Nicolae, Constantin-Daniel Oancea, Rares Secareanu and Daniel Lale

Eng 2025, 6(10), 263; https://doi.org/10.3390/eng6100263 (registering DOI) - 4 Oct 2025

Dynamic pressure measurement is an important component in the turbo engine testing process. This paper presents a comparative analysis between two types of multichannel electronic pressure measurement systems, commonly known as pressure scanners, used for this purpose: ZOC17/8Px, with analog amplification per channel, [...] Read more.

Dynamic pressure measurement is an important component in the turbo engine testing process. This paper presents a comparative analysis between two types of multichannel electronic pressure measurement systems, commonly known as pressure scanners, used for this purpose: ZOC17/8Px, with analog amplification per channel, and MPS4264, a modern digital system with integrated A/D conversion. The study was conducted in two stages: a metrological verification and validation in static mode, using a high-precision pressure standard, and an experimental stage in dynamic mode, where data was acquired from a turbojet engine test stand, in constant engine speed mode. The signal stability of the pressure scanners was statistically analyzed by determining the coefficient of variation in the signal and the frequency spectrum (FFT) for each channel of the pressure scanners. Furthermore, comprehensive uncertainty budgets were calculated for both systems. The results highlight the superior stability and reduced uncertainty of the MPS4264 pressure scanner, attributing its enhanced performance to digital integration and a higher resilience to external noise. The findings support the adoption of modern digital systems for dynamic applications and provide a robust metrological basis for the optimal selection of measurement systems. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Electrical and Electronic Engineering)

21 pages, 2466 KB

Open AccessArticle

Single-Cell Transcriptomics Reveals a Multi-Compartmental Cellular Cascade Underlying Elahere-Induced Ocular Toxicity in Rats

by Jialing Zhang, Meng Li, Yuxuan Yang, Peng Guo, Weiyu Li, Hongxin An, Yongfei Cui, Luyun Guo, Maoqin Duan, Ye Lu, Chuanfei Yu and Lan Wang

Pharmaceuticals 2025, 18(10), 1492; https://doi.org/10.3390/ph18101492 (registering DOI) - 4 Oct 2025

Abstract

Background: Antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) have ushered in a new era of precision oncology by combining the targeting specificity of monoclonal antibodies with the potent cytotoxicity of chemotherapeutic drugs. However, the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying their dose-limiting ocular toxicity remain unclear. Elahere™, the [...] Read more.

Background: Antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) have ushered in a new era of precision oncology by combining the targeting specificity of monoclonal antibodies with the potent cytotoxicity of chemotherapeutic drugs. However, the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying their dose-limiting ocular toxicity remain unclear. Elahere™, the first FDA-approved ADC targeting folate receptor α (FRα), demonstrates remarkable efficacy in platinum-resistant ovarian cancer but causes keratitis and other ocular toxicities in some patients. Notably, FRα is not expressed in the corneal epithelium—the primary site of damage—highlighting the urgent need to elucidate its underlying mechanisms. The aim of this study was to identify the cell-type-specific molecular mechanisms underlying Elahere-induced ocular toxicity. Methods: Sprague-Dawley rats were treated with intravenous Elahere (20 mg/kg) or vehicle weekly for five weeks. Ocular toxicity was determined by clinical examination and histopathology. Corneal single-cell suspensions were analyzed using the BD Rhapsody single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) platform. Bioinformatic analyses to characterize changes in corneal cell populations, gene expression, and signaling pathways included cell clustering, differential gene expression, pseudotime trajectory inference, and cell-cell interaction modeling. Results: scRNA-seq profiling of 47,606 corneal cells revealed significant damage to the ocular surface and corneal epithelia in the Elahere group. Twenty distinct cell types were identified. Elahere depleted myeloid immune cells; in particular, homeostatic gene expression was suppressed in phagocytic macrophages. Progenitor populations (limbal stem cells and basal cells) accumulated (e.g., a ~2.6-fold expansion of limbal stem cells), while terminally differentiated cells decreased in corneal epithelium, indicating differentiation blockade. Endothelial cells exhibited signs of injury and inflammation, including reduced angiogenic subtypes and heightened stress responses. Folate receptor alpha, the target of Elahere, was expressed in endothelial and stromal cells, potentially driving stromal cells toward a pro-fibrotic phenotype. Fc receptor genes were predominantly expressed in myeloid cells, suggesting a potential mechanism underlying their depletion. Conclusions: Elahere induces complex, multi-compartmental ocular toxicity characterized by initial perturbations in vascular endothelial and immune cell populations followed by the arrest of epithelial differentiation and stromal remodeling. These findings reveal a cascade of cellular disruptions and provide mechanistic insights into mitigating Elahere-associated ocular side effects. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Biopharmaceuticals)

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24 pages, 17580 KB

Open AccessArticle

Integrating Cloud Computing and Landscape Metrics to Enhance Land Use/Land Cover Mapping and Dynamic Analysis in the Shandong Peninsula Urban Agglomeration

by Jue Xiao, Longqian Chen, Ting Zhang, Gan Teng and Linyu Ma

Land 2025, 14(10), 1997; https://doi.org/10.3390/land14101997 (registering DOI) - 4 Oct 2025

Abstract

Accurate land use/land cover (LULC) maps generated through cloud computing can support large-scale land management. Leveraging the rich resources of Google Earth Engine (GEE) is essential for developing historical maps that facilitate the analysis of regional LULC dynamics. We implemented the best-performing scheme [...] Read more.

Accurate land use/land cover (LULC) maps generated through cloud computing can support large-scale land management. Leveraging the rich resources of Google Earth Engine (GEE) is essential for developing historical maps that facilitate the analysis of regional LULC dynamics. We implemented the best-performing scheme on GEE to produce 30 m LULC maps for the Shandong Peninsula urban agglomeration (SPUA) and to detect LULC changes, while closely observing the spatio-temporal trends of landscape patterns during 2004–2024 using the Shannon Diversity Index, Patch Density, and other metrics. The results indicate that (a) Gradient Tree Boost (GTB) marginally outperformed Random Forest (RF) under identical feature combinations, with overall accuracies consistently exceeding 90.30%; (b) integrating topographic features, remote sensing indices, spectral bands, land surface temperature, and nighttime light data into the GTB classifier yielded the highest accuracy (OA = 93.68%, Kappa = 0.92); (c) over the 20-year period, cultivated land experienced the most substantial reduction (11,128.09 km²), accompanied by impressive growth in built-up land (9677.21 km²); and (d) landscape patterns in central and eastern SPUA changed most noticeably, with diversity, fragmentation, and complexity increasing, and connectivity decreasing. These results underscore the strong potential of GEE for LULC mapping at the urban agglomeration scale, providing a robust basis for long-term dynamic process analysis. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Large-Scale LULC Mapping on Google Earth Engine (GEE))

21 pages, 3778 KB

Open AccessArticle

Synergistic Upregulation of Extracellular Vesicles and Cell-Free Nucleic Acids by Chloroquine and Temozolomide in Glioma Cell Cultures

by Aleksander Emilov Aleksandrov, Banko Ivaylov Bankov, Vera Lyubchova Djeliova, Georgi Georgiev Antov, Svetozar Stoichev, Roumyana Silvieva Mironova and Dimitar Borisov Iliev

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025, 26(19), 9692; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms26199692 (registering DOI) - 4 Oct 2025

Abstract

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) secreted by glioblastoma multiforme and other types of cancer cells are key factors contributing to the aggressiveness of the disease and its resistance to therapy. Chloroquine (CHQ), a lysosomal inhibitor, has shown potential as an enhancer of temozolomide (TMZ) cytotoxicity [...] Read more.

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) secreted by glioblastoma multiforme and other types of cancer cells are key factors contributing to the aggressiveness of the disease and its resistance to therapy. Chloroquine (CHQ), a lysosomal inhibitor, has shown potential as an enhancer of temozolomide (TMZ) cytotoxicity against glioblastoma cells. Since both CHQ and TMZ are known to modulate EV secretion, we sought to investigate their potential interplay in this process. Simultaneous treatment of TMZ-sensitive (U87-MG) and TMZ-resistant (U138-MG) glioblastoma cells with TMZ and CHQ led to a synergistic upregulation of EV secretion. Although CHQ did not enhance the TMZ cytotoxicity in U87-MG cells, it synergized with the latter to upregulate the release of extracellular nucleic acids implicating activation of unconventional secretory pathways. Synergistic upregulation of the autophagy markers LC3B-II and p62 by CHQ and TMZ in both cells and EVs indicates that secretory autophagy is likely involved in the observed unconventional secretion. Moreover, a significant enrichment of caveolin-1 in small EVs highlights their potential role in modulating tumor aggressiveness. The synergy in EV upregulation was not confined to the specific biological activity of TMZ and CHQ; similar effects were observed upon co-treatments with CHQ and etoposide (a topoisomerase inhibitor) and TMZ and Bafilomycin A1 (another lysosomal inhibitor). Heightened EV release was also observed in THP-1 monocytes and macrophages treated with Bafilomycin and TMZ, highlighting a broader, cell-type-independent mechanism. These findings indicate that combined DNA damage and lysosomal inhibition synergistically stimulate secretory autophagy and EV release, potentially impacting the tumor microenvironment and driving disease progression. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Molecular Oncology)

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24 pages, 1463 KB

Open AccessArticle

Improving the Accuracy of Seasonal Crop Coefficients in Grapevine from Sentinel-2 Data

by Diego R. Guevara-Torres, Hankun Luo, Chi Mai Do, Bertram Ostendorf and Vinay Pagay

Remote Sens. 2025, 17(19), 3365; https://doi.org/10.3390/rs17193365 (registering DOI) - 4 Oct 2025

Abstract

Accurate assessment of a crop’s water requirement is essential for optimising irrigation scheduling and increasing the sustainability of water use. The crop coefficient (K_c) is a dimensionless factor that converts reference evapotranspiration (ET₀) into actual crop evapotranspiration (ET [...] Read more.

Accurate assessment of a crop’s water requirement is essential for optimising irrigation scheduling and increasing the sustainability of water use. The crop coefficient (K_c) is a dimensionless factor that converts reference evapotranspiration (ET₀) into actual crop evapotranspiration (ET_c) and is widely used for irrigation scheduling. The K_c reflects canopy cover, phenology, and crop type/variety, but is difficult to measure directly in heterogeneous perennial systems, such as vineyards. Remote sensing (RS) products, especially open-source satellite imagery, offer a cost-effective solution at moderate spatial and temporal scales, although their application in vineyards has been relatively limited due to the large pixel size (~100 m²) relative to vine canopy size (~2 m²). This study aimed to improve grapevine K_c predictions using vegetation indices derived from harmonised Sentinel-2 imagery in combination with spectral unmixing, with ground data obtained from canopy light interception measurements in three winegrape cultivars (Shiraz, Cabernet Sauvignon, and Chardonnay) in the Barossa and Eden Valleys, South Australia. A linear spectral mixture analysis approach was taken, which required estimation of vine canopy cover through beta regression models to improve the accuracy of vegetation indices that were used to build the K_c prediction models. Unmixing improved the prediction of seasonal K_c values in Shiraz (R² of 0.625, RMSE = 0.078, MAE = 0.063), Cabernet Sauvignon (R² = 0.686, RMSE = 0.072, MAE = 0.055) and Chardonnay (R² = 0.814, RMSE = 0.075, MAE = 0.059) compared to unmixed pixels. Furthermore, unmixing improved predictions during the early and late canopy growth stages when pixel variability was greater. Our findings demonstrate that integrating open-source satellite data with machine learning models and spectral unmixing can accurately reproduce the temporal dynamics of K_c values in vineyards. This approach was also shown to be transferable across cultivars and regions, providing a practical tool for crop monitoring and irrigation management in support of sustainable viticulture. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Remote Sensing for Agricultural Water Management (RSAWM) (Second Edition))

24 pages, 8062 KB

Open AccessArticle

Asphalt Binder Rheological Performance Properties Using Recycled Plastic Wastes and Commercial Polymers

by Hamad I. Al Abdul Wahhab, Waqas Rafiq, Mohammad Ahsan Habib, Ali Mohammed Babalghaith, Suleiman Abdulrahman and Shaban Shahzad

Constr. Mater. 2025, 5(4), 75; https://doi.org/10.3390/constrmater5040075 (registering DOI) - 4 Oct 2025

Abstract

Polymer-based product usage in modern society is increasing day by day. Following usage, these inert products and hydrophobic materials contribute to environmental pollution, often accumulating as litter in ecosystems and contaminating water bodies. The rapid socio-economic development in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia [...] Read more.

Polymer-based product usage in modern society is increasing day by day. Following usage, these inert products and hydrophobic materials contribute to environmental pollution, often accumulating as litter in ecosystems and contaminating water bodies. The rapid socio-economic development in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA) has resulted in a significant increase in waste generation. This study was conducted on the utilization of recycled plastic waste (RPW) polymer along with commercial polymer (CP) for the modification of the local binder. The hot environmental conditions and increased traffic loading are the major reasons for the permanent deformation and thermal cracks on the pavements, which require improved and modified road performance materials. The Ministry of Transport and Logistical Support (MOTLS) in Saudi Arabia, along with other related agencies, spends a substantial amount of money each year on importing modifiers, including chemicals, hydrocarbons, and polymers, for modification purposes. This research was conducted to investigate and utilize available local recycled plastic materials. Comprehensive laboratory experiments were designed and carried out to enhance recycled plastic waste, including low-density polyethylene (rLDPE), high-density polyethylene (rHDPE), and polypropylene (rPP), combined with varying percentages of commercially available polymers such as Styrene-Butadiene-Styrene (SBS) and Polybilt (PB). The results indicated that incorporating recycled plastic waste expanded the binder’s susceptible temperature range from 64 °C to 70 °C, 76 °C, and 82 °C. The resistance to rutting was shown to have significantly improved by the dynamic shear rheometer (DSR) examination. Achieving the objectives of this research, combined with the intangible environmental benefits of utilizing plastic waste, provides a sustainable pavement development option that is also environmentally beneficial. Full article

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7 pages, 1072 KB

Open AccessEditorial

Special Issue ‘Medical Value of Metal Complexes and Plant-Derived Compounds: Biological Evaluation, Health Effects, Challenges, and Future Opportunities’

by Agnieszka Ścibior, Manuel Aureliano and Juan Llopis

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025, 26(19), 9678; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms26199678 (registering DOI) - 4 Oct 2025

Abstract

This Special Issue (SI), titled “Medical Value of Metal Complexes and Plant-Derived Compounds: Biological Evaluation, Health Effects, Challenges, and Future Opportunities”, aims to include reports updating our knowledge about the effects of exposure to prevalent heavy metals in the environment, which adversely affect [...] Read more.

This Special Issue (SI), titled “Medical Value of Metal Complexes and Plant-Derived Compounds: Biological Evaluation, Health Effects, Challenges, and Future Opportunities”, aims to include reports updating our knowledge about the effects of exposure to prevalent heavy metals in the environment, which adversely affect animal and human health [...] Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Medical Value of Metal Complexes and Plant-Derived Compounds: Biological Evaluation, Health Effects, Challenges, and Future Opportunities)

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24 pages, 2759 KB

Open AccessArticle

Clinical Utility of Amino Acid PET-MRI in Children with CNS Neoplasms: A Territory-Wide Study from Hong Kong

by Evelyn R. Lu, Pui Wai Cheng, Sherman S. M. Lo, Chloe W. Y. Siu, Eric C. H. Fu, Jeffrey P. W. Yau, Anselm C. W. Lee, Kwok Chun Wong, Elaine Y. L. Kan, Sarah S. N. Lau, Wilson W. S. Ho, Kevin K. F. Cheng, Emily K. Y. Chan, Ho Keung Ng, Amanda N. C. Kan, Godfrey C. F. Chan, Dennis T. L. Ku, Matthew M. K. Shing, Anthony P. Y. Liu and Deyond Y. W. Siu

Cancers 2025, 17(19), 3233; https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers17193233 (registering DOI) - 4 Oct 2025

Abstract

Background: Amino acid tracer positron emission tomography–magnetic resonance imaging (PET-MRI) was shown to be superior to MRI alone for evaluating central nervous system (CNS) tumours in adults. This study aimed to investigate the utility of amino acid PET-MRI in children with CNS [...] Read more.

Background: Amino acid tracer positron emission tomography–magnetic resonance imaging (PET-MRI) was shown to be superior to MRI alone for evaluating central nervous system (CNS) tumours in adults. This study aimed to investigate the utility of amino acid PET-MRI in children with CNS tumours. Methods: We reviewed the amino acid PET-MRI findings of children with suspected or confirmed CNS neoplasms managed in a territory-wide referral centre in Hong Kong from 2022 to 2025. Maximal standardized uptake values (SUVmax) were captured, and tumour-to-background SUVmax ratios (TBRmax) were measured with reference to adjacent or contralateral normal brain structures. Comparisons were made among patients with clinical high-grade and low-grade/non-neoplastic lesions. Results: Thirty-seven patients were included, with 63 PET-MRIs performed. PET-MRI was performed as part of initial diagnostics in 41% of the cases, for response assessment in 48%, and evaluation of residual/relapsed disease in 11%. High-grade lesions had a significantly higher SUVmax and TBRmax compared to low-grade/non-malignant lesions (median SUVmax 3.7 vs. 1.6, p = 0.00006; median TBRmax 2.06 vs. 0.91, p = 0.00002). Optimal SUVmax and TBRmax cut-offs by ROC analysis were 2.38 and 1.62, respectively. Similar performance was reproduced by focusing on the subset of patients with suspected CNS germ cell tumours (CNS-GCT). The impact of amino acid PET availability is considerable, as clinical management was modified in 65% of patients. Conclusions: Our study demonstrates the performance and clinical utility of amino acid PET-MRI in the management of children with CNS pathologies. Amino acid PET-MRI contributes to the diagnosis, monitoring, and treatment guidance of these patients, providing crucial information for decision-making. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Molecular Pathology of Brain Tumors)

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14 pages, 1039 KB

Open AccessArticle

Edible Herb Aster glehni Alleviates Inflammation and Oxidative Stress in Chondrocytes by Regulating p38 and NF-κB Signaling Pathways with Partial Involvement of Its Major Component, 3,5-Dicaffeoylqunic Acid

by Jihyeon Baek, Hanhee Choi, Sung Ran Yoon, Yong Jin Jeong, Shin Young Oh, Min-sook Kang, Haeng-ran Kim, Han-Seung Shin and Seok-Seong Kang

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025, 26(19), 9691; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms26199691 (registering DOI) - 4 Oct 2025

Abstract

Osteoarthritis (OA) is primarily a degenerative disease triggered by joint inflammation and oxidative stress. While Aster glehni is an edible and traditionally medicinal herb, the beneficial effect of A. glehni on OA progression remains unknown. This study aimed to investigate the effect of [...] Read more.

Osteoarthritis (OA) is primarily a degenerative disease triggered by joint inflammation and oxidative stress. While Aster glehni is an edible and traditionally medicinal herb, the beneficial effect of A. glehni on OA progression remains unknown. This study aimed to investigate the effect of A. glehni extract (AGE) and its primary biological compound—3,5-dicaffeoylquinic acid (3,5-DCQA)—on inflammation and oxidative stress in chondrocytes. AGE effectively inhibited the expression of interleukin (IL)-6, cyclooxygenase (COX)-2, matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-1, and MMP-13 in chondrocytes stimulated by IL-1β for 24 h. In contrast, 3,5-DCQA did not inhibit IL-6, COX-2, and MMP expressions under the same conditions. However, when chondrocytes were stimulated by IL-1β for a short duration (6 h), 3,5-DCQA suppressed IL-6, COX-2, and MMP expressions. The inhibition of IL-6, COX-2, and MMP expressions by AGE was associated with the p38 kinase and nuclear factor-κB signaling pathways, but not ERK and JNK signaling pathways. Furthermore, AGE prevented cell apoptosis and reduced intracellular reactive oxygen species levels in chondrocytes induced by hydrogen peroxide (H₂ O₂). AGE restored the decreased superoxide dismutase 1 and catalase mRNA expressions caused by H₂ O₂. Collectively, AGE may protect against cartilage deterioration by inhibiting inflammation and oxidative stress, making it a promising therapeutic agent for alleviating OA. Full article

(This article belongs to the Collection 30th Anniversary of IJMS: Updates and Advances in Biochemistry)

14 pages, 920 KB

Open AccessArticle

AI-Based Facial Emotion Analysis for Early and Differential Diagnosis of Dementia

by Letizia Bergamasco, Anita Coletta, Gabriella Olmo, Aurora Cermelli, Elisa Rubino and Innocenzo Rainero

Bioengineering 2025, 12(10), 1082; https://doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering12101082 (registering DOI) - 4 Oct 2025

Abstract

Early and differential diagnosis of dementia is essential for timely and targeted care. This study investigated the feasibility of using an artificial intelligence (AI)-based system to discriminate between different stages and etiologies of dementia by analyzing facial emotions. We collected video recordings of [...] Read more.

Early and differential diagnosis of dementia is essential for timely and targeted care. This study investigated the feasibility of using an artificial intelligence (AI)-based system to discriminate between different stages and etiologies of dementia by analyzing facial emotions. We collected video recordings of 64 participants exposed to standardized audio-visual stimuli. Facial emotion features in terms of valence and arousal were extracted and used to train machine learning models on multiple classification tasks, including distinguishing individuals with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and overt dementia from healthy controls (HCs) and differentiating Alzheimer’s disease (AD) from other types of cognitive impairment. Nested cross-validation was adopted to evaluate the performance of different tested models (K-Nearest Neighbors, Logistic Regression, and Support Vector Machine models) and optimize their hyperparameters. The system achieved a cross-validation accuracy of 76.0% for MCI vs. HCs, 73.6% for dementia vs. HCs, and 64.1% in the three-class classification (MCI vs. dementia vs. HCs). Among cognitively impaired individuals, a 75.4% accuracy was reached in distinguishing AD from other etiologies. These results demonstrated the potential of AI-driven facial emotion analysis as a non-invasive tool for early detection of cognitive impairment and for supporting differential diagnosis of AD in clinical settings. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Next-Generation Diagnostic and Therapy Systems for Neurodegenerative Diseases)

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23 pages, 4400 KB

Open AccessArticle

Assessment of Hydrochar and Porous Carbon from Tectona Grandis Seeds for Removal of Acridine Dyes

by Shubham Chaudhary, Monika Chaudhary, Sarita Kushwaha, Vaishali Tyagi, Shivangi Chaubey, Isabel Pestana da Paixão Cansado, Evgeny Galunin and Suhas

Molecules 2025, 30(19), 3989; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules30193989 (registering DOI) - 4 Oct 2025

Abstract

This study explores the use of lignocellulosic Tectona grandis seeds (TGs), hydrochar (HC-230-4), and activated carbon (AC-850-5) produced via hydrothermal carbonization and followed by CO₂ activation for removing acridine yellow G (AYG) and acridine orange 14 (ABO) from water. HC-230-4 showed a [...] Read more.

This study explores the use of lignocellulosic Tectona grandis seeds (TGs), hydrochar (HC-230-4), and activated carbon (AC-850-5) produced via hydrothermal carbonization and followed by CO₂ activation for removing acridine yellow G (AYG) and acridine orange 14 (ABO) from water. HC-230-4 showed a rich presence of surface functional groups and irregular morphology with some sphere-like structures. In contrast, AC-850-5 exhibited a much higher surface area (729.7 m²/g), though with fewer surface functional groups than HC-230-4. The batch method was used to study the effects of contact time, pH, dye concentration, and temperature. Among the materials, AC-850-5 showed the highest adsorption capacity of 198 mg/g for AYG and 171 mg/g for ABO at 25 °C, around 12% higher than commercial activated carbon. The adsorption process was spontaneous and endothermic, fitting well to the Langmuir isotherm model, suggesting monolayer coverage. The adsorption kinetics followed the pseudo-second-order model, indicating that the rate depends on the surface site availability. Intraparticle diffusion analysis further confirmed a multi-step adsorption process. These findings show the strong potential of TG-derived activated carbon as an effective and sustainable material for removing acridine dyes from polluted water. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Natural-Based Sorbents for Water Remediation)

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10 pages, 545 KB

Open AccessArticle

Leaf Stoichiometric Characteristics of Three Dominant Plant Species in the Water–Land Ecotone

by Xiaolong Bai, Wangjun Li, Shun Zou, Bin He and Xiaohui Xue

Diversity 2025, 17(10), 697; https://doi.org/10.3390/d17100697 (registering DOI) - 4 Oct 2025

Abstract

Ecological stoichiometry, as a discipline investigating plant elemental coupling mechanisms, has become a research focus across various ecosystems. However, few studies have examined plant stoichiometric characteristics in the water–land ecotone of plateau karst lake wetlands. It remains unclear whether foliar nutrient contents and [...] Read more.

Ecological stoichiometry, as a discipline investigating plant elemental coupling mechanisms, has become a research focus across various ecosystems. However, few studies have examined plant stoichiometric characteristics in the water–land ecotone of plateau karst lake wetlands. It remains unclear whether foliar nutrient contents and stoichiometric ratios in this transitional zone vary with flooding intensity. This study established three sampling gradients (near-water area, middle area, and far-water area) within the water–land ecotone of Caohai Lake wetland in Guizhou Plateau, measuring nutrient concentrations along with their stoichiometric ratios in leaves of three dominant plant species. The results revealed significant interspecific differences in leaf nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), calcium (Ca) concentrations and N:P ratios among the three dominant species, while significant spatial variations were observed in N concentration and the C:N ratio across sampling locations. Correlation analysis demonstrated significant positive relationships among leaf N, P, and K concentrations, all showing negative correlations with C concentration. Phragmites australis exhibited significantly lower C:N and N:P ratios compared to Scirpus validus and Juncus effusus, suggesting its growth advantage through rapid nutrient acquisition. This species may serve as an efficient phytoremediator for N and P absorption from both soil and water. These findings provide valuable references for vegetation selection in constructed wetlands. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Plant Diversity)

16 pages, 5287 KB

Open AccessArticle

Doing Good or Doing Better? Comparing Freelance and Employment Models for a Social Sustainable Food Delivery Sector

by Riccardo Tronconi and Francesco Pilati

Sustainability 2025, 17(19), 8876; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17198876 (registering DOI) - 4 Oct 2025

Abstract

Delivery platforms in urban logistics connect providers with customers through distribution riders, who are usually distinguished by low incomes and limited social rights. This paper aims to compare and analyze the freelance and employment models for riders in different European countries in terms [...] Read more.

Delivery platforms in urban logistics connect providers with customers through distribution riders, who are usually distinguished by low incomes and limited social rights. This paper aims to compare and analyze the freelance and employment models for riders in different European countries in terms of social sustainability, i.e., work motivation and labor rights. To reach this goal, two activities were performed. On the one hand, qualitative interviews with German and Italian riders were carried out. On the other hand, a dynamic metaheuristic algorithm was developed and implemented to simulate an employment model with a central provider that manages order requests in real-time. The qualitative interviews indicate that riders’ motivations differ between freelance riders and employed riders: freelance riders do feel more controlled. Using a quantitative algorithm, this manuscript shows that when an efficient centralized order–rider assignment strategy is applied, a socially sustainable and simultaneously profitable employment model for food delivery businesses is possible. The results have the potential to legitimize adequate rights and salaries for riders while allowing digital platforms to operate profitably. Such win–win situations could support the implementation of platform structures across different logistics sectors and overcome conflicts regarding working rights in such contexts. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Sustainable Engineering and Science)

26 pages, 5700 KB

Open AccessArticle

Hospital-Oriented Development (HOD): A Quantitative Morphological Analysis for Collaborative Development of Healthcare and Daily Life

by Ziyi Chen, Yizhuo Wang, Hua Zhang, Jingmeng Lei, Haochun Tan, Xuan Wang and Yu Ye

Land 2025, 14(10), 1996; https://doi.org/10.3390/land14101996 (registering DOI) - 4 Oct 2025

Abstract

With the global trend of population aging, human-centered development that integrates medical convenience with daily life quality has become a critical necessity. However, conceptual frameworks, evaluation methods, and spatial prototypes for such ‘healthcare–daily-life’ development remain limited. This study proposes Hospital-Oriented Development (HOD) as [...] Read more.

With the global trend of population aging, human-centered development that integrates medical convenience with daily life quality has become a critical necessity. However, conceptual frameworks, evaluation methods, and spatial prototypes for such ‘healthcare–daily-life’ development remain limited. This study proposes Hospital-Oriented Development (HOD) as a framework to promote collaborative development by considering both hospital accessibility and urban development intensity, derived from multi-sourced urban data. First, a conceptual framework was established, consisting of three dimensions, i.e., network accessibility, facility completeness, and environmental comfort, which was then characterized by twelve indicators based on urban morphological features. Second, these indicators were quantitatively evaluated through detailed values measured among 20 exemplary hospitals in Shanghai selected via user-generated content. Finally, HOD performance and morphology informed the spatial prototype. The results reveal confidence intervals for each indicator and recommended spatial features. Numerically, there was a positive correlation between facility completeness and network accessibility, but a negative correlation with environmental comfort. Spatially, a context-specific HOD prototype for China was developed. This study proposes the concept of HOD, delivers quantitative measurements, and develops a spatial prototype via empirical research, providing theoretical insights and evidence to support the improvement in healthcare environments from a human-centered perspective. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feature Papers on Land Use, Impact Assessment and Sustainability)

19 pages, 1042 KB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Outcomes at Patient and Limb Levels in Peripheral Artery Disease by the Location of Atherosclerotic Lower Limb Lesions: An Observational Study from a High-Volume German Center

by Anne Zimmermann, David J. F. Holstein, Paulina Stürzebecher, Paul Medicke, Annika Niezold, Maximilian Brunotte, Samira Zeynalova, Armin Wiegering, Daniel Seehofer, Andrej Schmidt, Sabine Steiner, Dierk Scheinert, Daniela Branzan and Konstantin Uttinger

J. Clin. Med. 2025, 14(19), 7037; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm14197037 (registering DOI) - 4 Oct 2025

Abstract

Background: In Peripheral Artery Disease (PAD), there is an association between risk factors, the location of atherosclerotic lesions, and outcomes. Methods: This is a retrospective single-center analysis of adult PAD patients admitted between 2018 and 2021 with a follow-up until the end of [...] Read more.

Background: In Peripheral Artery Disease (PAD), there is an association between risk factors, the location of atherosclerotic lesions, and outcomes. Methods: This is a retrospective single-center analysis of adult PAD patients admitted between 2018 and 2021 with a follow-up until the end of 2023. Lesions were allocated to “suprainguinal”, “infrainguinal-to-popliteal”, “infrapopliteal”, “two of three levels” and “all three levels” categories based on angiogram findings. The primary endpoint at the patient level was amputation-free survival and was major adverse limb events (MALEs) at the limb level. Results: A total of 2067 patients with 2633 affected limbs were analyzed, and 28.8% were female. At first admission, the median age was 68, and the most frequent PAD Fontaine stage was IIb (44.9%). Lesions were suprainguinal in 11.6%, infrainguinal-to-popliteal in 18.3%, infrapopliteal in 11.4%, two levels in 36.0%, and all three levels in 8.3%. Over 1020 days as the median follow-up, amputation-free survival was 67.6%, highest (92.5%) for suprainguinal lesions, and lowest (59.3%) for infrapopliteal lesions. At the patient level, the risk of major amputation or death was highest in infrapopliteal lesions and was equally likely in cases of two or three affected locations and was reduced in infrainguinal-to-popliteal lesions (Hazard Ratio, HR 0.62, 95% CI 0.44–0.87, p = 0.007) and suprainguinal lesions (HR 0.42, 95% CI 0.21–0.79, p = 0.008). At the limb level, compared to lesions in all three locations, the risk of MALEs was reduced in infrainguinal-to-popliteal lesions (HR 0.51, 95% CI 0.27–0.98, p = 0.044) and was equally likely in all other cases. Conclusions: Amputation-free survival was lowest in cases of infrapopliteal lesions or multi-level disease. At the limb level, isolated infrainguinal-to-popliteal lesions were associated with the lowest risk of MALEs. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Vascular Medicine)

26 pages, 4175 KB

Open AccessArticle

Rhizosphere Engineering in Saline Soils: Role of PGPR and Organic Manures in Root–Soil Biochemical Interactions for Allium Crops

by Tarek Alshaal, Nevien Elhawat and Szilvia Veres

Plants 2025, 14(19), 3075; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14193075 (registering DOI) - 4 Oct 2025

Abstract

Soil salinity disrupts rhizosphere interactions, impairing root–microbe symbioses, nutrient uptake, and water relations in onion (Allium cepa L.) and garlic (Allium sativum L.). This study evaluated the efficacy of biofertilizers (Azotobacter chroococcum SARS 10 and Azospirillum lipoferum SP2) and organic [...] Read more.

Soil salinity disrupts rhizosphere interactions, impairing root–microbe symbioses, nutrient uptake, and water relations in onion (Allium cepa L.) and garlic (Allium sativum L.). This study evaluated the efficacy of biofertilizers (Azotobacter chroococcum SARS 10 and Azospirillum lipoferum SP2) and organic amendments (sewage sludge and poultry manure) in salt-affected soils in Kafr El-Sheikh, Egypt. Five treatments were applied: (T1) control (no amendments); (T2) biofertilizer (3 L/ha for onion, 12 L/ha for garlic) + inorganic P (150 kg/ha P₂O₅ for onion, 180 kg/ha for garlic) and K (115 kg/ha K₂SO₄ for onion, 150 kg/ha for garlic); (T3) 50% inorganic N (160 kg/ha for onion, 127.5 kg/ha for garlic) + 50% organic manure (6000 kg/ha for onion, 8438 kg/ha for garlic) + P and K; (T4) biofertilizer + T3; and (T5) conventional inorganic NPK (320 kg/ha N for onion, 255 kg/ha N for garlic + P and K). Soil nutrients (N, P, K), microbial biomass carbon (MBC), dehydrogenase activity, and microbial populations were analyzed using standard protocols. Plant growth (chlorophyll, photosynthetic rate), stress indicators (malondialdehyde, proline), and yield (bulb diameter, fresh yield) were measured. Treatment T4 increased MBC by 30–40%, dehydrogenase activity by 25–35%, available N (39.7 mg/kg for onion, 35.7 mg/kg for garlic), P (17.9 mg/kg for onion), and K (108 mg/kg for garlic). Soil organic matter rose by 8–12%, and cation exchange capacity by 26–36%. Chlorophyll content improved by 25%, malondialdehyde decreased by 20–30%, and fresh yields increased by 20–30% (12.17 tons/ha for garlic). A soybean bioassay confirmed sustained fertility with 20–25% higher dry weight and 30% greater N uptake in T4 plots. These findings highlight biofertilizers and organic amendments as sustainable solutions for Allium productivity in saline rhizospheres. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Plant-Soil Interactions, 2nd Volume)

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22 pages, 5020 KB

Open AccessArticle

Machine Learning on Low-Cost Edge Devices for Real-Time Water Quality Prediction in Tilapia Aquaculture

by Pinit Nuangpirom, Siwasit Pitjamit, Veerachai Jaikampan, Chanotnon Peerakam, Wasawat Nakkiew and Parida Jewpanya

Sensors 2025, 25(19), 6159; https://doi.org/10.3390/s25196159 (registering DOI) - 4 Oct 2025

Abstract

This study presents the deployment of Machine Learning (ML) models on low-cost edge devices (ESP32) for real-time water quality prediction in tilapia aquaculture. A compact monitoring and control system was developed with low-cost sensors to capture key environmental parameters under field conditions in [...] Read more.

This study presents the deployment of Machine Learning (ML) models on low-cost edge devices (ESP32) for real-time water quality prediction in tilapia aquaculture. A compact monitoring and control system was developed with low-cost sensors to capture key environmental parameters under field conditions in Northern Thailand. Three ML models—Multiple Linear Regression (MLR), Decision Tree Regression (DTR), and Random Forest Regression (RFR)—were evaluated. RFR achieved the highest accuracy (R² > 0.80), while MLR, with moderate performance (R² ≈ 0.65–0.72), was identified as the most practical choice for ESP32 deployment due to its computational efficiency and offline operability. The system integrates sensing, prediction, and actuation, enabling autonomous regulation of dissolved oxygen and pH without constant cloud connectivity. Field validation demonstrated the system’s ability to maintain DO within biologically safe ranges and stabilize pH within an hour, supporting fish health and reducing production risks. These findings underline the potential of Edge AIoT as a scalable solution for small-scale aquaculture in resource-limited contexts. Future work will expand seasonal data coverage, explore federated learning approaches, and include economic assessments to ensure long-term robustness and sustainability. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Smart Agriculture)

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20 pages, 915 KB

Open AccessReview

Local Non-Coding Regulatory Elements in Muscular Dystrophies

by Harry Wilton-Clark, Sebastian Hernandez Rodriguez and Toshifumi Yokota

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025, 26(19), 9690; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms26199690 (registering DOI) - 4 Oct 2025

Abstract

Muscular dystrophies are a class of diseases characterized by muscular weakness, breakdown, and heavily impaired function and quality of life. Numerous types of muscular dystrophies have been identified, with different causative genes and dystrophic mechanisms. While the majority of studies emphasize the protein [...] Read more.

Muscular dystrophies are a class of diseases characterized by muscular weakness, breakdown, and heavily impaired function and quality of life. Numerous types of muscular dystrophies have been identified, with different causative genes and dystrophic mechanisms. While the majority of studies emphasize the protein product encoded by each gene, a growing body of research has identified non-coding elements as key regulators of muscular dystrophy. In this review, we summarize the common noncoding mechanisms known to regulate multiple forms of muscular dystrophies. We also highlight individual studies exploring local, disease-specific noncoding elements to each disease. Together, this provides a comprehensive overview of the major role of non-coding regulation in muscular dystrophies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Molecular Pathology, Diagnostics, and Therapeutics)

12 pages, 418 KB

Open AccessArticle

Impact of Red Pack Cell Transfusion Before or After Endoscopy on Mortality in Patients with Upper Gastrointestinal Bleeding: A Multicenter Cohort Study

by Clelia Marmo, Cristina Bucci, Marco Soncini, Maria Elena Riccioni and Riccardo Marmo

Diseases 2025, 13(10), 329; https://doi.org/10.3390/diseases13100329 (registering DOI) - 4 Oct 2025

Abstract

Background: The impact of transfusion timing relative to endoscopy in upper gastrointestinal bleeding (UGIB) remains unclear. Aim: To assess whether transfusion performed before versus after endoscopy affects 30-day mortality in UGIB. Methods: We conducted a post hoc analysis of a multicenter cohort study [...] Read more.

Background: The impact of transfusion timing relative to endoscopy in upper gastrointestinal bleeding (UGIB) remains unclear. Aim: To assess whether transfusion performed before versus after endoscopy affects 30-day mortality in UGIB. Methods: We conducted a post hoc analysis of a multicenter cohort study including 3324 UGIB patients consecutively admitted in hospital. Propensity score matching adjusted for clinical and procedural variables. Results: Among 2017 transfused patients, 34.7% received Red Blood Cells (RBC) before endoscopy. Patients who received transfusions before endoscopy were older, had more severe comorbidities, and presented with a worse physical and hemodynamic status. This study also explored whether transfusion timing relative to endoscopy affects clinical outcomes in patients stratified by baseline hemoglobin levels. While pre-endoscopy transfusion was not significantly associated with reduced 30-day mortality in the overall population, we observed an advantage in patients transfused before the endoscopy when the Hb value was <7 g/dL. Pre-endoscopy transfusion was associated with a 6% absolute reduction in 30-day mortality (p < 0.06), with a greater benefit observed in patients with Hb < 7 g/dL (−27%) and <8 g/dL (−21%). Moreover, for this group of patients more favorable outcome was observed when the endoscopy was performed between 6 and 12 h from admission. These findings suggest that transfusion timing should be integrated into individualized UGIB management and may impact future clinical guidelines. Conclusions: In patients with severe anemia and UGIB, transfusion before endoscopy may reduce mortality. Timing to transfusion should be considered alongside hemodynamic and procedural factors in future guidelines. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Gastroenterology)

19 pages, 4512 KB

Open AccessArticle

Real-Time Cycle Slip Detection in Single-Frequency GNSS Receivers Using Dual-Index Cross-Validation and Elevation-Dependent Thresholding

by Mireia Carvajal Librado and Kwan-Dong Park

Sensors 2025, 25(19), 6162; https://doi.org/10.3390/s25196162 (registering DOI) - 4 Oct 2025

Abstract

Cycle slips, abrupt discontinuities in carrier-phase measurements, pose a significant challenge for single-frequency GNSS receivers, particularly in real-time applications where rapid detection is critical. Unlike dual-frequency approaches, these receivers cannot rely on redundant combinations to isolate slips from other errors. This study proposes [...] Read more.

Cycle slips, abrupt discontinuities in carrier-phase measurements, pose a significant challenge for single-frequency GNSS receivers, particularly in real-time applications where rapid detection is critical. Unlike dual-frequency approaches, these receivers cannot rely on redundant combinations to isolate slips from other errors. This study proposes a real-time cycle slip detection algorithm for single-frequency GNSS receivers based solely on short-term differencing of pseudorange and carrier-phase observables. The method employs a two-step logic: first-order differencing of code-minus-carrier and second-order differencing of carrier phase. Both steps employ satellite elevation-dependent adaptive thresholds, enabling robust detection under diverse signal conditions. The method requires no user position, receiver-generated tracking flags, or additional sensor data. Experimental results reveal that the algorithm achieves over 98% detection accuracy for slips exceeding 10 cycles, with no false positives in artificial slip testing, and 87.93% agreement with Loss of Lock Indicators (LLI) during periods in which the receiver indicated signal instability. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Navigation and Positioning)

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12 pages, 478 KB

Open AccessArticle

The Amount of Data Required to Recognize a Writer’s Style Is Consistent Across Different Languages of the World

by Boris Ryabko, Nadezhda Savina, Yeshewas Getachew Lulu and Yunfei Han

Entropy 2025, 27(10), 1039; https://doi.org/10.3390/e27101039 (registering DOI) - 4 Oct 2025

Abstract

In this paper, we apply an information-theoretic method proposed by Ryabko and Savina (therefore called the RS-method), based on the use of data compression, to recognize the individual author’s style of a writer across four languages from different language groups and families. In [...] Read more.

In this paper, we apply an information-theoretic method proposed by Ryabko and Savina (therefore called the RS-method), based on the use of data compression, to recognize the individual author’s style of a writer across four languages from different language groups and families. In this paper, the presented method was used to study fiction texts in Russian (East Slavic group of languages of the Indo-European language family), Amharic (South Ethiosemitic group of the Semitic language family), Chinese (Sinitic group of the Sino-Tibetan language family) and English (West Germanic language group of the Indo-European language family). It was found that the amount of data necessary for recognizing an author’s style is almost the same for all four languages, i.e., the amount of data is invariant across different language groups. The results obtained are of interest to computer science, literary studies, linguistics and, in particular, computational linguistics. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Information Theory, Probability and Statistics)

27 pages, 1664 KB

Open AccessReview

Actomyosin-Based Nanodevices for Sensing and Actuation: Bridging Biology and Bioengineering

by Nicolas M. Brunet, Peng Xiong and Prescott Bryant Chase

Biosensors 2025, 15(10), 672; https://doi.org/10.3390/bios15100672 (registering DOI) - 4 Oct 2025

Abstract

The actomyosin complex—nature’s dynamic engine composed of actin filaments and myosin motors—is emerging as a versatile tool for bio-integrated nanotechnology. This review explores the growing potential of actomyosin-powered systems in biosensing and actuation applications, highlighting their compatibility with physiological conditions, responsiveness to biochemical [...] Read more.

The actomyosin complex—nature’s dynamic engine composed of actin filaments and myosin motors—is emerging as a versatile tool for bio-integrated nanotechnology. This review explores the growing potential of actomyosin-powered systems in biosensing and actuation applications, highlighting their compatibility with physiological conditions, responsiveness to biochemical and physical cues and modular adaptability. We begin with a comparative overview of natural and synthetic nanomachines, positioning actomyosin as a uniquely scalable and biocompatible platform. We then discuss experimental advances in controlling actomyosin activity through ATP, calcium, heat, light and electric fields, as well as their integration into in vitro motility assays, soft robotics and neural interface systems. Emphasis is placed on longstanding efforts to harness actomyosin as a biosensing element—capable of converting chemical or environmental signals into measurable mechanical or electrical outputs that can be used to provide valuable clinical and basic science information such as functional consequences of disease-associated genetic variants in cardiovascular genes. We also highlight engineering challenges such as stability, spatial control and upscaling, and examine speculative future directions, including emotion-responsive nanodevices. By bridging cell biology and bioengineering, actomyosin-based systems offer promising avenues for real-time sensing, diagnostics and therapeutic feedback in next-generation biosensors. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biosensors for Personalized Treatment)

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23 pages, 11276 KB

Open AccessArticle

EP-REx: Evidence-Preserving Receptive-Field Expansion for Efficient Crack Segmentation

by Sanghyuck Lee, Jeongwon Lee, Timur Khairulov, Daehyeon Kim and Jaesung Lee

Symmetry 2025, 17(10), 1653; https://doi.org/10.3390/sym17101653 (registering DOI) - 4 Oct 2025

Abstract

Crack segmentation plays a vital role in ensuring structural safety, yet practical deployment on resource-limited platforms demands models that balance accuracy with efficiency. While high-accuracy models often rely on computationally heavy designs to expand their receptive fields, recent lightweight approaches typically delay this [...] Read more.

Crack segmentation plays a vital role in ensuring structural safety, yet practical deployment on resource-limited platforms demands models that balance accuracy with efficiency. While high-accuracy models often rely on computationally heavy designs to expand their receptive fields, recent lightweight approaches typically delay this expansion to the deepest, low-resolution layers to maintain efficiency. This design choice leaves long-range context underutilized, where fine-grained evidence is most intact. In this paper, we propose an evidence-preserving receptive-field expansion network, which integrates a multi-scale dilated block to efficiently capture long-range context from the earliest stages and an input-guided gate that leverages grayscale conversion, average pooling, and gradient extraction to highlight crack evidence directly from raw inputs. Experiments on six benchmark datasets demonstrate that the proposed network achieves consistently higher accuracy under lightweight constraints. Each of the three proposed variants—Base, Small, and Tiny—outperforms its corresponding baselines with larger parameter counts, surpassing a total of 13 models. For example, the Base variant reduces parameters by 66% compared to the second-best CrackFormer II and floating-point operations by 53% on the Ceramic dataset, while still delivering superior accuracy. Pareto analyses further confirm that the proposed model establishes a superior accuracy–efficiency trade-off across parameters and floating-point operations. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Computer Vision, Pattern Recognition, Machine Learning, and Symmetry, 2nd Edition)

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15 pages, 1878 KB

Open AccessArticle

Evaluation of the Effectiveness of Botulinum Therapy Based on the Anthropometric Characteristics of the Face Using Non-Invasive Thermal Imaging Data

by Olesya Kytko, Yuriy Vasil’ev, Ekaterina Emelyanova, Evgeniy Kutin, Ramin Sarmadian, Sofia Trofimova, Irina Kondrina, Alexander Moiseenko, Sergey Dydykin and Ekaterina Rebrova

Diagnostics 2025, 15(19), 2519; https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics15192519 (registering DOI) - 4 Oct 2025

Abstract

Objective: The objective of this study was to clarify the connection between BTX-A injections and local changes in skin temperature and to assess the correlation between post-BTX-A injection facial vascular hyperthermia and subcutaneous adipose tissue thickness (SAT) in the frontal area using [...] Read more.

Objective: The objective of this study was to clarify the connection between BTX-A injections and local changes in skin temperature and to assess the correlation between post-BTX-A injection facial vascular hyperthermia and subcutaneous adipose tissue thickness (SAT) in the frontal area using thermography. Methods: The study involved 30 patients (mean age 42 ± 0.5 years; 18 women, 12 men). Facial skin temperature was measured via thermography (Thermo GEAR G30) before, immediately after, and 20 min after subcutaneous injection of BTX-A with hemagglutinin complex, gelatin (6 mg), and maltose monohydrate (12 mg). SAT development was graded by combined visual-palpation assessment. Statistical analysis included Student’s t-test and the Mann–Whitney U-test. Results: Biphasic thermal response: immediately post-injection: Significant decrease in min (−1.1 °C) and mean (−0.3 °C) facial temperatures (p < 0.05); 20 min post-injection: pronounced increase in mean (+1.5 °C), max (+1.3 °C), and min (+1.6 °C) temperatures (p < 0.001), attributed to BTX-A-induced vasodilation and local inflammation. Subjects with pronounced SAT exhibited significantly higher baseline temperatures (Me = 33.1 °C vs. 29.8 °C; p < 0.001) and more intense hyperthermic responses (+1.6 °C mean increase vs. +1.1 °C in low-SAT group; p < 0.001). Pronounced SAT was predominantly female (10/15; p < 0.05) and linked to higher BMI (33.3% overweight vs. 0% in low-SAT; *p = 0.036*). Conclusions: SAT thickness is a key determinant of post-BTX-A vascular hyperthermia, with pronounced SAT predicting stronger reactions. Practical Recommendation: Targeted local hypothermia (+4 °C to +8 °C for 5–7 min post-injection, adjustable by SAT thickness) mitigates hyperemia, edema, hematoma risk, and potential toxin diffusion, especially in high-SAT individuals. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Medical Imaging and Theranostics)

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35 pages, 5316 KB

Open AccessReview

Machine Learning for Quality Control in the Food Industry: A Review

by Konstantinos G. Liakos, Vassilis Athanasiadis, Eleni Bozinou and Stavros I. Lalas

Foods 2025, 14(19), 3424; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods14193424 (registering DOI) - 4 Oct 2025

Abstract

The increasing complexity of modern food production demands advanced solutions for quality control (QC), safety monitoring, and process optimization. This review systematically explores recent advancements in machine learning (ML) for QC across six domains: Food Quality Applications; Defect Detection and Visual Inspection Systems; [...] Read more.

The increasing complexity of modern food production demands advanced solutions for quality control (QC), safety monitoring, and process optimization. This review systematically explores recent advancements in machine learning (ML) for QC across six domains: Food Quality Applications; Defect Detection and Visual Inspection Systems; Ingredient Optimization and Nutritional Assessment; Packaging—Sensors and Predictive QC; Supply Chain—Traceability and Transparency and Food Industry Efficiency; and Industry 4.0 Models. Following a PRISMA-based methodology, a structured search of the Scopus database using thematic Boolean keywords identified 124 peer-reviewed publications (2005–2025), from which 25 studies were selected based on predefined inclusion and exclusion criteria, methodological rigor, and innovation. Neural networks dominated the reviewed approaches, with ensemble learning as a secondary method, and supervised learning prevailing across tasks. Emerging trends include hyperspectral imaging, sensor fusion, explainable AI, and blockchain-enabled traceability. Limitations in current research include domain coverage biases, data scarcity, and underexplored unsupervised and hybrid methods. Real-world implementation challenges involve integration with legacy systems, regulatory compliance, scalability, and cost–benefit trade-offs. The novelty of this review lies in combining a transparent PRISMA approach, a six-domain thematic framework, and Industry 4.0/5.0 integration, providing cross-domain insights and a roadmap for robust, transparent, and adaptive QC systems in the food industry. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Artificial Intelligence for the Food Industry)

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15 pages, 2550 KB

Open AccessArticle

Investigation of the Effects of Polymer-Based Grinding Aids on the Surface Chemistry Properties of Cement

by Kenan Çinku, Ebru Dengiz Özcan, Şenel Özdamar and Hasan Ergin

Polymers 2025, 17(19), 2691; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym17192691 (registering DOI) - 4 Oct 2025

Abstract

Polymer-based superplasticizers represent an emerging class of additives in cement and concrete production with demonstrated effects on zeta potential, ion exchange, turbidity and rheological behavior during hydration. This study examines the influence of polymer-based grinding aids focusing on the dosage of A2 on [...] Read more.

Polymer-based superplasticizers represent an emerging class of additives in cement and concrete production with demonstrated effects on zeta potential, ion exchange, turbidity and rheological behavior during hydration. This study examines the influence of polymer-based grinding aids focusing on the dosage of A2 on the grinding performance of Portland cement. Among the tested additives, A2 exhibited superior dispersing ability and agglomeration-preventing activity, yielding a zeta potential of −8.98 mV. Correspondingly, the release of the ion concentration of Ca²⁺ decreased to 190 mg/L, while SO₄²⁻ increased to 400 mg/L, indicating enhanced ionic interaction at the optimal A2 dosage of 2.5 g. The turbidity tests further revealed that cement samples ground with 2.5 g of A2 remained homogeneously suspended for longer periods compared to other additives. Overall, the analysis of cement surface properties confirmed that polymer-based grinding aids, particularly A2, significantly improve the dispersion stability of cement particles during grinding. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Polymer Materials: Synthesis, Structure, and Properties)

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15 pages, 5237 KB

Open AccessArticle

Effect of Pressure on Pyrolytic and Oxidative Coking of JP-10 in Near-Isothermal Flowing Reactor

by Qian Zhang, Maogang He, Yabin Jin, Zizhen Huang, Tiantian Xu and Long Li

Energies 2025, 18(19), 5276; https://doi.org/10.3390/en18195276 (registering DOI) - 4 Oct 2025

Abstract

JP-10 (exo-tetrahydrodicyclopentadiene) is a high-energy-density hydrocarbon broadly used in advanced aerospace propulsion as a regenerative cooling fluid; in this study, we aimed to clarify how fuel pressure affects its thermal degradation (oxidative and pyrolytic) in near-isothermal flowing reactor. Experiments were performed under oxidative [...] Read more.

JP-10 (exo-tetrahydrodicyclopentadiene) is a high-energy-density hydrocarbon broadly used in advanced aerospace propulsion as a regenerative cooling fluid; in this study, we aimed to clarify how fuel pressure affects its thermal degradation (oxidative and pyrolytic) in near-isothermal flowing reactor. Experiments were performed under oxidative conditions (wall temperature 623.15 K, p = 0.708–6.816 MPa) and pyrolytic conditions (wall temperature 793.15 K, p = 2.706–7.165 MPa); carbon deposits were quantified by LECO analysis, oxidation activity was assessed by temperature-programmed oxidation (TPO), and morphology was performed by FESEM and EDS. Results show that oxidative coking is minimal (5.37–14.95 μg·cm²) and largely insensitive to pressure in the liquid phase (1.882–6.816 MPa), whereas at 0.708 MPa (gas/phase-change conditions), deposition increases, implicating phase and local heat-transfer effects. Under oxidative conditions, deposits are predominantly amorphous carbon with a disordered structure, formed at relatively low temperatures, with only a few fiber-like metal sulfides identified by EDS. In contrast, under pyrolysis conditions, the deposits are predominantly carbon nanotubes, exhibiting well-defined tubular morphology formed at elevated temperatures via metal-catalyzed growth. The pyrolysis coking yield is substantially higher (66.88–221.89 μg·cm⁻²) and increases with pressure. The findings imply that the pressure influences the coking of JP-10 via phase state under oxidative conditions and residence time under pyrolytic conditions, while basic morphologies of coke deposits remain similar; operationally, maintaining the working pressure higher than the saturated vapor pressure can mitigate oxidation coking associated with phase transitions, and minimizing residence time can mitigate pyrolytic coking. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section I2: Energy and Combustion Science)

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