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12 pages, 462 KB

Open AccessArticle

Entry Status Matters: A Case Study on Running Performance Profiles of Starters and Substitutes in the Initial 15 Min of Professional Football Matches

by Gabriele Bagattini, Luis Suarez-Arrones, Manuele Ferrini and Jose Asian-Clemente

Appl. Sci. 2025, 15(23), 12473; https://doi.org/10.3390/app152312473 (registering DOI) - 25 Nov 2025

Abstract

This study investigated differences in running performance between starters and substitutes during their first 15 min of match play in professional football. The investigation was designed as a retrospective observational study. A time–motion analysis was conducted on one professional football team from the [...] Read more.

This study investigated differences in running performance between starters and substitutes during their first 15 min of match play in professional football. The investigation was designed as a retrospective observational study. A time–motion analysis was conducted on one professional football team from the Swiss Challenge League during the 2023–2024 season. The first 15 min of players’ match participation were analyzed and divided into three 5 min periods. Running performance variables included total distance covered (TDC), high-speed running (HSR; 19.8–25.2 km·h⁻¹), and sprint distance (>25.2 km·h⁻¹) using GPS technology. Statistical analyses were performed using paired t-tests and repeated-measures ANOVA with Bonferroni post hoc corrections. Starters covered significantly greater TDC than substitutes over the 15 min period (p = 0.002), driven by higher values in the 5–10 min and 10–15 min epochs (p = 0.01 and p < 0.001, respectively). No between-group differences were observed for HSR and sprint distance. Within-group analyses revealed a significant decline in TDC during the 10–15 min epoch compared with earlier intervals for both starters and substitutes (p < 0.001 and p = 0.02, respectively). Substitutes also exhibited a reduction in distance covered at HSR after the initial 0–5 min period (p = 0.02). Starters face higher TDC demands than substitutes in the opening 15 min, although HSR and sprint distance remain stable. The results indicate that starters covered greater TDC than substitutes during the first 15 min of play; however, no significant differences were found in HSR and sprint distance between the two conditions. Full article

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15 pages, 3772 KB

Open AccessArticle

Effects of Build Orientation and Loading Direction on the Compressive Behavior of Additively Manufactured Re-Entrant Auxetic Materials

by Mehmet Ermurat and Mevlut Safa Dag

Polymers 2025, 17(23), 3123; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym17233123 (registering DOI) - 25 Nov 2025

Abstract

Additive manufacturing (AM) technologies, particularly Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM) and Digital Light Processing (DLP), offer viable solutions for producing Auxetic materials characterized by their negative Poisson’s ratio. This study investigates the influence of build orientation and loading direction on the mechanical behavior of [...] Read more.

Additive manufacturing (AM) technologies, particularly Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM) and Digital Light Processing (DLP), offer viable solutions for producing Auxetic materials characterized by their negative Poisson’s ratio. This study investigates the influence of build orientation and loading direction on the mechanical behavior of re-entrant honeycomb auxetic structures fabricated using both FDM- and LCD-based DLP techniques. Specimens were produced in three principal build orientations (X, Y, and Z) and subjected to compression along two directions (X and Y) to capture the anisotropic mechanical response. Standard PLA filament was used for FDM, while standard and tough resins were used for DLP. Uniaxial compression tests were conducted to evaluate maximum compressive stress, Poisson’s ratio, and energy absorption behavior. The results reveal significant anisotropy in mechanical performance depending on build orientation and printing technology. DLP-printed specimens exhibited more isotropic behavior compared to FDM due to superior interlayer adhesion. Furthermore, build orientation was found to have a pronounced effect on auxetic response and load-bearing capacity. This study highlights the critical importance of considering build orientation and loading direction during the design and manufacturing of auxetic structures, especially for applications requiring targeted mechanical performance. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Polymer Processing and Engineering)

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11 pages, 1834 KB

Open AccessArticle

Rapid Detection of Hexaconazole in Kiwifruit Using Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy (SERS) Technology

by Quanping Diao, Liyang Sun, Linlin Lv, Tiechun Li, Jiaqi Pan and Weiwei Luo

Surfaces 2025, 8(4), 84; https://doi.org/10.3390/surfaces8040084 (registering DOI) - 25 Nov 2025

Abstract

Hexaconazole, a triazole-class fungicide, demonstrates broad-spectrum protective and therapeutic activity against fungal pathogens, particularly those from Basidiomycota and Ascomycota, such as brown spot and powdery mildew. Despite its efficacy in controlling Actinidia brown spot disease in kiwifruit, excessive hexaconazole residues pose significant health [...] Read more.

Hexaconazole, a triazole-class fungicide, demonstrates broad-spectrum protective and therapeutic activity against fungal pathogens, particularly those from Basidiomycota and Ascomycota, such as brown spot and powdery mildew. Despite its efficacy in controlling Actinidia brown spot disease in kiwifruit, excessive hexaconazole residues pose significant health risks due to its high toxicity. To address this challenge, a rapid analytical method for detecting hexaconazole residues in kiwifruit was developed using surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS). The methodology employed silver colloid (C-AgNPs) as the active substrate and 1 mol/L NaCl as the aggregation agent, optimized through systematic testing, resulting in an optimal volume ratio of 400:225 between C-AgNPs and hexaconazole solution and a sequential mixing order of C-AgNPs + NaCl + Hexaconazole, followed by a 20 min incubation period. The characteristic Raman peak at 1584 cm⁻¹ was identified as the spectral signature for hexaconazole quantification. Analytical validation revealed a linear detection range of 0.25–2.25 mg/L (R² = 0.9870), precision with a relative standard deviation (RSD) of 1.7%, and an average recovery rate of 88.40–105.50%, confirming the method’s robustness. This approach enables rapid, non-destructive analysis with minimal sample pretreatment, offering high sensitivity and stability. This method demonstrates great potential for detecting hexaconazole residues in agricultural products. Full article

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24 pages, 7853 KB

Open AccessArticle

Designing for Cooler Street: Case Study of Van City

by Nursevil Yuca, Şevket Alp, Sevgi Yilmaz, Elmira Jamei and Adeb Qaid

Land 2025, 14(12), 2313; https://doi.org/10.3390/land14122313 (registering DOI) - 25 Nov 2025

Abstract

In the context of global climate change and rapid urbanization, the Urban Heat Island (UHI) effect has become a pressing environmental and public health concern, particularly in semiarid regions. This study evaluates the microclimatic performance of various urban design strategies aimed at enhancing [...] Read more.

In the context of global climate change and rapid urbanization, the Urban Heat Island (UHI) effect has become a pressing environmental and public health concern, particularly in semiarid regions. This study evaluates the microclimatic performance of various urban design strategies aimed at enhancing thermal comfort along a densely built-up street in Van, a medium-sized city located in Turkey’s semiarid climate zone. Using ENVI-met 5.7.2, nine alternative scenarios were simulated, incorporating different configurations of vegetation cover (0%, 25%, 50%, 75%), ground surface materials, and green roof applications (0%, 25%, 50%, 75%). Physiological Equivalent Temperature (PET) and other thermal comfort indicators were assessed at multiple time intervals on the hottest summer day. Results indicate that increasing vegetation cover substantially reduces PET values, with a maximum reduction of 3.0 °C observed in the 75% vegetation scenario. While the scenario with no vegetation but light-colored pavements achieved a 1.8 °C reduction in air temperature at 2:00 p.m., the maximum PET value remained unchanged. Conversely, using dark-colored asphalt decreased the average air temperature by 1 °C and improved the thermal comfort level by reducing the PET by 0.4 °C compared to a non-vegetated scenario. The scenario with the highest overall greenery led to a 2.9 °C drop in air temperature and a 12.8 °C reduction in average PET at 2:00 p.m. compared to other scenarios. The study provides evidence-based recommendations for human-centered urban planning and advocates for the integration of microclimate simulation tools in the early stages of urban development. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Morphological and Climatic Adaptations for Sustainable City Living)

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3 pages, 152 KB

Open AccessEditorial

Special Issue “Mitochondrial Remodeling and the Targeting Strategies for Disease Treatment”

by Yong Teng

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025, 26(23), 11370; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms262311370 (registering DOI) - 25 Nov 2025

Abstract

Mitochondria are highly dynamic and responsive organelles that perform multifaceted functions depending on the environmental conditions and cellular demands [...] Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mitochondrial Remodeling and the Targeting Strategies for Disease Treatment)

21 pages, 1611 KB

Open AccessArticle

Risk Management Model for Tailings Storage Facilities in Chile: An Approach from Geological and Mining Engineering and the Regulatory Framework

by Leslie Vinet, Héctor Valdés-González and Mauricio Calderón

Mining 2025, 5(4), 80; https://doi.org/10.3390/mining5040080 (registering DOI) - 25 Nov 2025

Abstract

Despite technological advancements in mining, Chile lacks comprehensive risk management models for tailings storage facilities (TSFs), which hinders the prevention and mitigation of structural and environmental risks. This study aims to develop an integrated risk management model for TSFs in Chile, combining geological [...] Read more.

Despite technological advancements in mining, Chile lacks comprehensive risk management models for tailings storage facilities (TSFs), which hinders the prevention and mitigation of structural and environmental risks. This study aims to develop an integrated risk management model for TSFs in Chile, combining geological and mining engineering with an updated regulatory framework to enhance safety and reduce environmental impacts. The research adopts a mixed-methods approach. Qualitatively, it draws on 10 semi-structured interviews with engineers, geologists, academics, and professionals from the Chilean mining industry, selected through purposive sampling, to explore how and why the current risk management model should be improved. Quantitatively, it analyzes data from 303 surveys assessing the existing regulatory framework, a proposed new regulatory decree for Chile, and key variables to be considered in TSF risk management. The results present a new model that integrates geochemical and geotechnical characterization, process variables, in situ sensors, remote sensing, and artificial intelligence to generate dynamic risk indicators and early warning systems throughout the life cycle of the facility, including closure and liability valuation. Its multiscale design, adaptable to seismic and hydrogeological conditions and suitable for small- and medium-scale mining, overcomes existing static and fragmented approaches, enabling more effective decision-making with a focus on environmental and community safety. The study concludes that the model provides a robust and coherent tool for TSF risk management by integrating technical expertise, the current regulatory framework, and the management of key variables that enhance the ability to anticipate and mitigate structural and environmental risks. Full article

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20 pages, 5734 KB

Open AccessArticle

Physiological and Transcriptomic Analyses of IAA-Induced Inhibition of Chlorophyll Formation in Potato Tubers Post-Harvest

by Hongze Lv, Fan Yang, Bidan Shi, Chuchu Zhang, Hui Ma, Jing Wang, Ke Shi, Guoqin Li, Yi Wu, Pengfei Zhang and Erihemu Erihemu

Foods 2025, 14(23), 4031; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods14234031 (registering DOI) - 25 Nov 2025

Abstract

Light exposure can induce post-harvest potato tubers to become green due to the accumulation of chlorophyll (Chl) and the formation of glycoside alkaloids, posing a potential risk to food safety. This study evaluated exogenous indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) to inhibit greening in Solanum tuberosum [...] Read more.

Light exposure can induce post-harvest potato tubers to become green due to the accumulation of chlorophyll (Chl) and the formation of glycoside alkaloids, posing a potential risk to food safety. This study evaluated exogenous indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) to inhibit greening in Solanum tuberosum cv. Tongshu 31. IAA treatment maintained a relatively high a* value and significantly reduced both Chl content and the accumulation of toxic steroidal glycoalkaloids (SGAs), such as α-solanine and α-chaconine. In addition, IAA treatment also delayed the decrease in hardness and weight loss of tubers during storage, and helped maintain a high content of starch and reduce sugar. Transcriptome analysis revealed that IAA downregulated HEMA1, CHLH, and GUN4, among other key genes in the Chll biosynthesis pathway, thereby inhibiting Chl accumulation. IAA also modulated hormone networks, increasing gibberellin (GA) and jasmonic acid (JA), decreasing abscisic acid (ABA), and activating signaling genes (StGID1, StJAR1, StPYR1, StPYL4), enhancing tuber defense. These results indicate that IAA can inhibit the synthesis of Chl by regulating gene expression. This study provides a new strategy for alleviating the greening problem of potatoes and explains the potential mechanism by which IAA inhibits Chl synthesis in potato tubers. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Food Packaging and Preservation)

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12 pages, 519 KB

Open AccessArticle

Monitoring Dengue Virus in Aedes aegypti to Improve Dengue Surveillance and Control in Puerto Rico

by Luisa M. Otero, Joanelis Medina, Jose Ruiz-Valcarcel, Reinaldo Rivera, Yashira Maldonado, Jomil Torres, Zachary J. Madewell, Laura Adams, Gabriela Paz-Bailey and Roberto Barrera

Viruses 2025, 17(12), 1539; https://doi.org/10.3390/v17121539 (registering DOI) - 25 Nov 2025

Abstract

Aedes aegypti is the primary urban vector for several important arboviruses, including dengue, chikungunya, yellow fever, and Zika viruses. Traditional dengue virus (DENV) surveillance relies on passive reporting of human cases, which often underestimates transmission due to asymptomatic or unreported infections. This study [...] Read more.

Aedes aegypti is the primary urban vector for several important arboviruses, including dengue, chikungunya, yellow fever, and Zika viruses. Traditional dengue virus (DENV) surveillance relies on passive reporting of human cases, which often underestimates transmission due to asymptomatic or unreported infections. This study evaluated the utility of monitoring DENV in Ae. aegypti mosquitoes to improve detection of local dengue transmission and inform vector control strategies during the 2024 dengue epidemic in Puerto Rico. Mosquito surveillance was conducted in 15 neighborhoods within the San Juan metropolitan area where confirmed dengue cases had been recently reported. Adult female Ae. aegypti were collected weekly using Autocidal Gravid Ovitraps (AGO traps) placed within a 200 m radius of index cases. Pools of 1–20 mosquitoes were tested for DENV RNA and serotype using RT-PCR. Surveillance continued for up to 91 days in study areas, depending on virus detection. A total of 29,354 female Ae. aegypti were collected, of which 29,211 females were pooled (1–20 specimens per pool) into 3878 pools and analyzed. DENV was detected in 49 pools across 11 neighborhoods, with serotypes DENV-1, DENV-2, and DENV-3 identified. Multiple serotypes were sometimes detected in mosquitoes from the same neighborhood. Minimum infection rates and vector indices were higher during the epidemic than in previous inter-epidemic periods, and mosquito densities exceeded thresholds considered protective against outbreaks. Entomo-virological surveillance detected a greater variety and evenness of serotypes than passive human surveillance. These findings suggest that entomo-virological surveillance can complement passive case surveillance, providing a more comprehensive detection of DENV circulation. Integrating mosquito-based and human surveillance can improve outbreak detection, guide vector control, and aid in reducing dengue burden in affected communities. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Invertebrate Viruses)

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26 pages, 8517 KB

Open AccessArticle

Seeing the City Live: Bridging Edge Vehicle Perception and Cloud Digital Twins to Empower Smart Cities

by Hafsa Iqbal, Jaime Godoy, Beatriz Martin, Abdulla Al-kaff and Fernando Garcia

Smart Cities 2025, 8(6), 197; https://doi.org/10.3390/smartcities8060197 (registering DOI) - 25 Nov 2025

Abstract

This paper presents a framework that integrates real-time onboard (ego vehicle) perception module with edge processing capabilities and a cloud-based digital twin for intelligent transportation systems (ITSs) in smart city applications. The proposed system combines onboard 3D object detection and tracking with low [...] Read more.

This paper presents a framework that integrates real-time onboard (ego vehicle) perception module with edge processing capabilities and a cloud-based digital twin for intelligent transportation systems (ITSs) in smart city applications. The proposed system combines onboard 3D object detection and tracking with low latency edge-to-cloud communication, achieving an average end-to-end latency below 0.02 s at 10 Hz update frequency. Experiments conducted on a real autonomous vehicle platform demonstrate a mean Average Precision (mAP@40) of 83.5% for the 3D perception module. The proposed system enables real-time traffic visualization while enabling scalable data management by reducing communication overhead. Future work will extend the system to multi-vehicle deployments and incorporate additional environmental semantics such as traffic signal states, road conditions, and predictive Artificial Intelligence (AI) models to enhance decision support in dynamic urban environments. Full article

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17 pages, 314 KB

Open AccessArticle

Vagally Mediated Heart Rate Variability and Attachment-Related Avoidance in Pediatric Migraine: A Mediated Pathway to Somatic Symptoms Severity

by Filippo Cellucci, Chiara Morale, Giulia Di Vincenzo, Giovanni Di Nardo, Alessandro Ferretti, Pasquale Parisi, Valeria Carola and Giampaolo Nicolais

Children 2025, 12(12), 1602; https://doi.org/10.3390/children12121602 (registering DOI) - 25 Nov 2025

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Pediatric migraine is a prevalent and disabling condition often accompanied by functional somatic symptoms and emotional dysregulation. Emerging evidence suggests that autonomic imbalance and insecure attachment patterns may both contribute to the development and maintenance of somatic distress. However, the interplay [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Pediatric migraine is a prevalent and disabling condition often accompanied by functional somatic symptoms and emotional dysregulation. Emerging evidence suggests that autonomic imbalance and insecure attachment patterns may both contribute to the development and maintenance of somatic distress. However, the interplay between physiological regulation and relational dynamics remains insufficiently understood, particularly in pediatric clinical populations. This study investigated whether attachment-related anxiety and avoidance toward both mother and father and resting Vagally Mediated Heart Rate Variability (vmHRV) were associated with somatic symptom severity in adolescents with migraine. Additionally, it tested whether attachment dimensions mediate the association between resting vmHRV and somatic symptoms. Methods: Sixty-one adolescents (aged 11–17 years) with a clinical diagnosis of migraine completed self-report measures assessing somatic symptoms (CSI-24) and attachment dimensions toward each parent (ECR-RC). Resting vmHRV (RMSSD) was recorded during a five-minute baseline. Correlational analyses, multiple regressions, and bootstrapped mediation models were conducted. Results: Higher somatic symptom severity was significantly associated with both attachment anxiety and avoidance toward both parents. Regression models showed that attachment anxiety and avoidance to the mother, along with attachment avoidance to the father, predicted somatic symptoms. Although vmHRV was not directly associated with symptom severity, mediation analysis revealed that attachment avoidance to the father fully mediated the relationship between lower resting vmHRV and increased somatic complaints. Conclusions: These findings highlight the relevance of relational factors in pediatric migraine and suggest that avoidant attachment—particularly toward the father—may serve as a psychological mechanism linking autonomic dysregulation to somatic symptomatology. The results support integrative, biopsychosocial models for understanding and treating primary headache in youth, emphasizing the potential of combining attachment-focused and physiological interventions in clinical practice. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Child–Parent Attachment and Children's Peer Relations)

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20 pages, 4269 KB

Open AccessArticle

Research on Historical Habitat Assessment Based on Ancient Tree Distribution: A Case Study of Chengdu, China

by Xinyi Tu, Bingjie Lin, Shuyuan Li and Linglan Bi

Land 2025, 14(12), 2312; https://doi.org/10.3390/land14122312 (registering DOI) - 25 Nov 2025

Abstract

Chengdu, China, is endowed with abundant ancient and famous trees as well as historical habitats, which are crucial for sustaining urban biodiversity and cultural continuity. This study focuses on the historical habitats along the Second Ring Road and develops a comprehensive evaluation system [...] Read more.

Chengdu, China, is endowed with abundant ancient and famous trees as well as historical habitats, which are crucial for sustaining urban biodiversity and cultural continuity. This study focuses on the historical habitats along the Second Ring Road and develops a comprehensive evaluation system across five dimensions: ancient and famous trees, species diversity, historical habitat quality, historical habitat health, and historical-cultural value. Twelve representative historical habitats were analyzed using fishnet analysis, image segmentation, and plant diversity surveys to characterize biodiversity patterns and develop strategies for optimizing urban biodiversity conservation and sustainable habitat management. Results indicate: (1) significant variation among historical habitat types, with Huanhuaxi Park achieving the highest overall quality; (2) except in park habitats, comprehensive quality shows no significant correlation with the density of ancient and famous trees, while habitat size exerts a strong influence; (3) the evaluation index system still requires refinement. This research provides practical guidance for the conservation of ancient trees and the sustainable management of historical habitats. At the theoretical level, it underscores the relevance of an “ecology–society–culture” framework, revealing how historical habitats simultaneously sustain ecological functions, support social practices, and embody cultural expression. Overall, the study offers a new perspective for integrating urban biodiversity conservation with cultural heritage protection. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Ecosystem and Biodiversity Conservation in Protected Areas)

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39 pages, 3412 KB

Open AccessReview

Alpha-Synuclein Neurobiology in Parkinson’s Disease: A Comprehensive Review of Its Role, Mechanisms, and Therapeutic Perspectives

by Jamir Pitton Rissardo, Andrew McGarry, Yiwen Shi, Ana Leticia Fornari Caprara and George T. Kannarkat

Brain Sci. 2025, 15(12), 1260; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci15121260 (registering DOI) - 25 Nov 2025

Abstract

Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by the loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra (SN) and the presence of intracellular α-synuclein (αSyn) aggregates known as Lewy bodies (LB). αSyn, a presynaptic protein, is believed to play a crucial [...] Read more.

Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by the loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra (SN) and the presence of intracellular α-synuclein (αSyn) aggregates known as Lewy bodies (LB). αSyn, a presynaptic protein, is believed to play a crucial role in synaptic function, neurotransmitter release, and neuronal plasticity. However, its misfolding and aggregation are thought to be central to PD pathogenesis. This review provides a comprehensive analysis of αSyn’s role in PD, exploring its normal physiological functions, pathological mechanisms, and therapeutic potential. The pathological transformation of αSyn involves structural alterations that promote oligomerization and fibrillization, leading to toxic gain-of-function effects. These aggregates disrupt cellular homeostasis through mechanisms including mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress, lysosomal impairment, and endoplasmic reticulum stress. Furthermore, pathogenic αSyn is thought to exacerbate neurodegeneration via prion-like spread along interconnected neuronal circuits. Emerging evidence highlights the frequent co-occurrence of other proteinopathies, such as tau and amyloid-β, which may synergistically accelerate disease progression. Targeting αSyn has emerged as a potential therapeutic strategy. Approaches such as immunotherapy, small-molecule inhibitors, gene silencing, and modulation of protein degradation pathways (e.g., autophagy and proteasomal systems) are actively being explored. Additionally, lifestyle-based interventions, particularly exercise, have shown neuroprotective effects, potentially mediated by irisin—a myokine implicated in protein clearance and synaptic resilience—underscoring the importance of multimodal strategies in PD management. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Neurodegenerative Diseases)

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12 pages, 1915 KB

Open AccessArticle

Using the RHS Method and Neural Networks in the Study of Hydromorphological Elements of the Description of Łódź Rivers Based on the Example of Jasień and Olechówka

by Barbara Michalska

Appl. Sci. 2025, 15(23), 12472; https://doi.org/10.3390/app152312472 (registering DOI) - 25 Nov 2025

Abstract

Urbanization has led to significant alterations in river morphology and ecological function, highlighting the need for effective tools to assess and manage these changes. Traditional hydromorphological evaluation methods often fail to capture complex relationships between physical habitat features and anthropogenic pressures. The aim [...] Read more.

Urbanization has led to significant alterations in river morphology and ecological function, highlighting the need for effective tools to assess and manage these changes. Traditional hydromorphological evaluation methods often fail to capture complex relationships between physical habitat features and anthropogenic pressures. The aim of this study was to apply the River Habitat Survey (RHS) method and Interactive Activation and Competition (IAC) artificial neural networks to assess and describe the hydromorphological condition of the Jasień and Olechówka rivers, located in an urbanized area. The RHS method enables the evaluation of the physical characteristics of rivers and the impact of anthropogenic activities on their environment, in accordance with the requirements of the Water Framework Directive (WFD). Field surveys documented features such as bank structure, vegetation, channel substrate, and artificial modifications. In the subsequent phase of the study, an IAC-type neural network was employed to analyze and interpret the RHS data. This network architecture allows for the identification of hidden relationships between variables, the completion of missing data, as well as contextual analysis and generalization based on similar cases. Integrating RHS data with IAC analysis enabled the development of a model supporting the assessment of anthropogenic impacts on the hydromorphological condition of rivers. The results indicate that both rivers exhibit a high degree of modification, particularly within urban sections, which adversely affects their retention capacity and ecological function. This combined methodological approach provides an innovative and flexible tool for supporting urban river restoration and flood risk management, addressing some of the limitations of existing assessment techniques. Full article

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14 pages, 309 KB

Open AccessArticle

Who Benefits from Barefooting? The Key Role of Baseline Wellbeing in Psychophysical Restoration

by Aurelia De Lorenzo, Samuele Berteotti, Fabrizia Giannotta and Emanuela Rabaglietti

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2025, 22(12), 1779; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph22121779 (registering DOI) - 25 Nov 2025

Abstract

Nature-based activities have been linked to psychophysical restoration, but the role of individual baseline conditions in predicting recovery remains unclear. This study examined whether baseline stress levels and mental wellbeing influence psychophysical recovery after an immersive barefooting experience, and whether sociodemographic factors (sex [...] Read more.

Nature-based activities have been linked to psychophysical restoration, but the role of individual baseline conditions in predicting recovery remains unclear. This study examined whether baseline stress levels and mental wellbeing influence psychophysical recovery after an immersive barefooting experience, and whether sociodemographic factors (sex and education) and access to green spaces moderate these effects. A convenience sample of 249 adults (58% female, mean age 45 years) voluntarily participated in a structured barefooting trail in two Italian parks and, after the activity, completed post-experience self-report questionnaires using validated scales (Perceived Stress Scale, Restorative Outcome Scale, and Warwick–Edinburgh Mental Wellbeing Scale). Multivariate logistic regression analyses showed that higher baseline mental wellbeing significantly predicted greater psychophysical recovery, while short-term perceived stress did not. None of the tested interactions with sex, education level, or access to green space were significant. These results suggest that mental wellbeing, rather than recent stress, may be a key factor in maximizing restorative experiences in immersive nature-based activities, and that this effect appears consistent across sociodemographic and environmental contexts. While preliminary, these findings highlight the potential of barefoot walking and similar multisensory activities as low-cost strategies to maintain and enhance psychological wellbeing. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Behavioral and Mental Health)

20 pages, 2642 KB

Open AccessArticle

Effects of Calcination Time and Sulfonation on Silica Particles Synthesised Using the Stober and Sol–Gel Methods for Fuel Cell Applications

by Livhuwani Modau, Charles Muzenda, Tebogo Mashola, Touhami Mokrani, Rudzani Sigwadi and Fulufhelo Nemavhola

Fuels 2025, 6(4), 87; https://doi.org/10.3390/fuels6040087 (registering DOI) - 25 Nov 2025

Abstract

SiO₂ is a versatile inorganic substance with a wide spectrum of applications in areas such as fuel cells. In this study, pristine (p-SiO₂) and sulfonated silica (s-SiO₂) particles were synthesised using the sol–gel and Stober methods. Furthermore, this [...] Read more.

SiO₂ is a versatile inorganic substance with a wide spectrum of applications in areas such as fuel cells. In this study, pristine (p-SiO₂) and sulfonated silica (s-SiO₂) particles were synthesised using the sol–gel and Stober methods. Furthermore, this study investigated the impact of calcination time and surface changes on the morphology, and hence functionality, of silica particles synthesised as potential fuel cell membrane additives. Tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS) was used as a silica precursor dissolved in water, with sulfuric acid serving as the sulfonation agent. Parametric data on particle morphology, such as particle size, porosity, total surface area, and agglomeration, were measured and evaluated using BET, Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The amorphous nature of silica particles was confirmed by XRD analysis. The BET outcome data acquired for the synthesised silica particles were a surface area ranging from 271 to 487 m²/g, a pore diameter of 12.10–21.02 nm, and a total pore volume of 0.76–1.58 cm³/g. These data give crucial characteristics for designing appropriate silica nanofillers for hybrid fuel cell membranes. As a result, the data gathered can be used to make future decisions about silica synthesis methods for various specific applications, such as fuel cell applications. Full article

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12 pages, 587 KB

Open AccessArticle

Epidemiological Surveillance of Chagas Disease in Rural Communities of a Municipality in Piauí, Brazil

by Filipe Melo da Silva, Raphael de Lucena Banaggia, Giovana Marinho Arbusti, Stefanny Nunes Fidelis, Henrique Previtalli-Silva, Lucas Almeida Zangirolami, Flávia de Oliveira Cardoso and Katia da Silva Calabrese

Life 2025, 15(12), 1803; https://doi.org/10.3390/life15121803 (registering DOI) - 25 Nov 2025

Abstract

Chagas disease, caused by Trypanosoma cruzi, remains a neglected tropical disease of public health importance in Latin America, particularly in rural areas. In Floriano, Piauí, Brazil, data on infection prevalence are limited. This cross-sectional population-based study assessed the seroprevalence of T. cruzi [...] Read more.

Chagas disease, caused by Trypanosoma cruzi, remains a neglected tropical disease of public health importance in Latin America, particularly in rural areas. In Floriano, Piauí, Brazil, data on infection prevalence are limited. This cross-sectional population-based study assessed the seroprevalence of T. cruzi infection and analyzed sociodemographic factors associated with seropositivity among residents of 41 rural communities in Floriano. A total of 1212 individuals aged over six years were examined, revealing a seroprevalence of 3.2% (39/1212), with positive cases detected in 17 communities. Infection was significantly associated with older age (≥60 years; p < 0.0001), low educational level (p = 0.0184), retirement status (p < 0.0001), and low income (p = 0.0505). Logistic regression confirmed age as the strongest determinant of infection (OR = 7.647; 95% CI: 3.741–18.61; p < 0.0001), while higher monthly income showed a negative association with infection (OR = 0.17; 95% CI: 0.01–0.82; p = 0.086), indicating a trend toward significance. These findings highlight the persistence of T. cruzi infection in rural Floriano, predominantly among elderly individuals living in poverty. The identification of previously undiagnosed chronic cases reinforces the urgent need for targeted epidemiological surveillance, early diagnosis, and community-based health education to strengthen local control and prevention strategies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Epidemiology)

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22 pages, 5193 KB

Open AccessArticle

An Intelligent Directional Drill Steering Method Based on Real-Time Adaptive Closed-Loop Control

by Yan Sun, Kun Shao, Zhaojun Wang, Yongtao Fan and Dong Chen

Processes 2025, 13(12), 3798; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr13123798 (registering DOI) - 25 Nov 2025

Abstract

Drilling trajectory closed-loop control in directional drilling is a key technology for achieving high-precision drilling. However, due to the complex geological conditions, and engineering limitations of drilling tools, traditional control methods of drilling often face challenges, such as error accumulation, response delays, and [...] Read more.

Drilling trajectory closed-loop control in directional drilling is a key technology for achieving high-precision drilling. However, due to the complex geological conditions, and engineering limitations of drilling tools, traditional control methods of drilling often face challenges, such as error accumulation, response delays, and control instability. To address these issues, this paper proposes an intelligent closed-loop steering method based on online adaptive optimization. The core of this method lies in the construction of an integrated “perception–optimization–execution” intelligent steering framework. First, real-time attitude feedback is used to accurately perceive trajectory deviations. Then, an optimization model is triggered, aiming to minimize deviations under the dogleg severity constraint, and genetic algorithms are employed to dynamically calibrate the PID controller online, effectively eliminating error accumulation. Finally, based on the optimization results, real-time calculations of tool face angle and steering tool force are performed to ensure precise execution of steering commands. Simulation results show that, compared to the traditional PID and PID-APF methods, the proposed method demonstrates significant advantages in trajectory control accuracy and wellbore quality. Under noise-free conditions, the normal distance accuracy improves by 88.89% and 34.02%, respectively, and dogleg severity is reduced by 6.30% and 5.81%. Under noise interference, the normal distance accuracy improves by 56.73% and 54.97%, respectively, and dogleg severity is reduced by 23.38% and 4.85%. In conclusion, the proposed intelligent closed-loop control method not only significantly enhances the system’s real-time response capability and control precision but also exhibits stronger robustness, with broad potential for engineering applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue 2nd Edition of Artificial Intelligent Techniques in the Optimal Operation of Oil and Gas Production Systems)

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21 pages, 2883 KB

Open AccessArticle

A Comparison Between Passive-Controlled Natural Ventilation vs. Mechanical Ventilation with Heat Recovery

by Carlo Volf and Kristoffer Negendahl

Air 2025, 3(4), 31; https://doi.org/10.3390/air3040031 (registering DOI) - 25 Nov 2025

Abstract

A large proportion of the existing building stock in northern Europe is facing energy renovation in the coming years. In this process, existing architecture in cold and temperate climates, originally designed for natural ventilation, is renovated, implementing mechanical ventilation with heat recovery, in [...] Read more.

A large proportion of the existing building stock in northern Europe is facing energy renovation in the coming years. In this process, existing architecture in cold and temperate climates, originally designed for natural ventilation, is renovated, implementing mechanical ventilation with heat recovery, in the belief that mechanical ventilation performs better than natural ventilation. Yet, can natural ventilation outperform mechanical ventilation when comparing life cycle carbon emissions, cost, and indoor environmental parameters? This study compares two different ventilation strategies in a full-scale renovation of two identical Danish residential buildings: (1) natural ventilation with passive controlled NOTECH ventilation and two-layered high-transmittance windows vs. (2) mechanical ventilation with heat recovery and three-layered low energy windows. The study compares energy performance, life cycle carbon footprint, capital cost investments, payback period, and indoor environmental quality (IEQ). Under the observed conditions, the results show that natural ventilation outperforms mechanical ventilation when it comes to energy consumption for heating (MWh), global warming potential (t. CO₂-equivalent), and total costs, while mechanical ventilation has a slightly higher indoor environmental quality. The study shows that two-layered windows and natural ventilation, based on passive solar heating, can reduce the global warming potential and act as a viable alternative to three-layered windows and mechanical ventilation when renovating existing building stock. Full article

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6 pages, 177 KB

Open AccessEditorial

Special Issue “Molecular Regulation of Drought and Salinity Tolerance in Plants”

by Guzel Kudoyarova

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025, 26(23), 11369; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms262311369 (registering DOI) - 25 Nov 2025

Abstract

Drought and salinity are the main environmental factors reducing plant growth, productivity and crop yields [...] Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Molecular Regulation of Drought and Salinity Tolerance in Plants)

14 pages, 1367 KB

Open AccessArticle

Reverse Buffering Effects of Active Coping on Suicidal Ideation in Bullied Adolescents: Age Cohort Differences

by Sichen Liu, Qing Xiong, Ya Gao, Le Wang and Quanlei Yu

Behav. Sci. 2025, 15(12), 1619; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs15121619 (registering DOI) - 25 Nov 2025

Abstract

Previous research indicates that bullying victimization is a key predictor of adolescent suicidal ideation. From the perspective of the Integrated Motivational–Volitional (IMV) model, active coping strategies may buffer the feelings of defeat and humiliation caused by bullying victimization, thereby mitigating the emergence of [...] Read more.

Previous research indicates that bullying victimization is a key predictor of adolescent suicidal ideation. From the perspective of the Integrated Motivational–Volitional (IMV) model, active coping strategies may buffer the feelings of defeat and humiliation caused by bullying victimization, thereby mitigating the emergence of suicidal ideation. However, this buffering effect weakens as the severity of bullying increases, reflecting a reverse buffering pattern. Moreover, due to developmental differences in the effectiveness of coping under varying levels of bullying severity, this moderating effect is further influenced by age cohort. To investigate the moderating role of active coping strategies and the moderating effect of age cohort (early-to-middle adolescents vs. late-age adolescents) in the bullying victimization–suicidal ideation relationship, we collected data from 3227 Chinese students, measuring bullying victimization, suicidal ideation, active coping strategies, age and other demographic variables. The results revealed that (a) bullying victimization was significantly and positively associated with suicidal ideation and (b) active coping significantly buffered this relationship; however, the buffering effect weakened as bullying severity increased, and (c) the reverse buffering effect of active coping was significant among early-to-middle-aged adolescents but not among late-age adolescents. This study offers important implications for designing targeted prevention and intervention strategies to reduce suicidal ideation among youth exposed to bullying. Full article

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16 pages, 5563 KB

Open AccessArticle

Multiscale Investigation on the Mechanical Enhancement Mechanisms of In Situ Polymerization Modified Cementitious Materials

by Lei Chen, Yihang Hu, Yujie Mao, Min Qiao, Changcheng Li, Jian Zhang, Yang Chu and Xin Shu

Buildings 2025, 15(23), 4246; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15234246 (registering DOI) - 25 Nov 2025

Abstract

The low flexural strength and high brittleness of cement-based materials greatly compromise their safety, durability, and service life. In situ polymerization is a promising strategy for enhancing the toughness of cement-based materials. However, the underlying mechanisms responsible for this mechanical improvement remain insufficiently [...] Read more.

The low flexural strength and high brittleness of cement-based materials greatly compromise their safety, durability, and service life. In situ polymerization is a promising strategy for enhancing the toughness of cement-based materials. However, the underlying mechanisms responsible for this mechanical improvement remain insufficiently understood. This study introduces acrylamide (AM) monomer into a cement matrix, where in situ polymerization forms a strong polymer–cement network, demonstrably enhancing mechanical performance. The factors influencing this mechanical enhancement were investigated across multiple scales using techniques including nanoindentation, crack width measurement, solid-state silicon nuclear magnetic resonance (²⁹Si NMR), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and so on. This research confirms that in situ polymerization influences silicate chain length (from 3.405 to 3.714) and pore structure at the nanoscale, modifies the morphology of hydration products, enhances the hardness of the interfacial transition zone (0.025 ± 0.002 to 0.055 ± 0.004 GPa) at the microscale, and reveals that at monomer concentrations below 1 wt%, both the compressive and flexural strengths of the cement-based material are improved, with 28d compressive and flexural strength increasing by 23.86% and 26.58%, respectively. Conversely, higher monomer dosages lead to a simultaneous reduction in both compressive and flexural strengths. Consequently, through tracking the hydration process on the mechanical properties of cement-based materials across multiple scales, this study provides deeper insights into the in situ polymerization system and offers an effective strategy for the design and preparation of high-performance concrete. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Building Materials, and Repair & Renovation)

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19 pages, 251 KB

Open AccessArticle

Best Practices in Rendering Services to Women Survivors of Human Trafficking: A South African Perspective

by Sipho Sibanda and Juliet Sambo

Societies 2025, 15(12), 325; https://doi.org/10.3390/soc15120325 (registering DOI) - 25 Nov 2025

Abstract

South Africa is facing serious challenges in addressing the needs of women survivors of human trafficking. Trafficked women often experience health issues, physical, sexual, psychological, economic, and social abuse. Women trafficking is a multidisciplinary problem that needs the involvement of a wide range [...] Read more.

South Africa is facing serious challenges in addressing the needs of women survivors of human trafficking. Trafficked women often experience health issues, physical, sexual, psychological, economic, and social abuse. Women trafficking is a multidisciplinary problem that needs the involvement of a wide range of actors to intervene and render holistic services. Based on a qualitative study conducted at five residential facilities for women in South Africa, this article highlights best practices in rendering services to women survivors of human trafficking. Data was collected from social service providers using one-on-one interviews and analysed using thematic analysis. The findings indicate that the best practices for rendering effective services to women survivors of human trafficking include rendering services that have an emphasis on emotional containment, prevalence of basic counselling, active referral for medical and other services, and ensuring accurate assessment of the needs and concerns of women survivors of human trafficking. Furthermore, the best practices include establishing a one-stop, all-inclusive service centre; engaging women in skills development and empowerment activities; and ensuring collaboration between all stakeholders involved in rendering services to women survivors of human trafficking. The conclusion is that best practices in rendering effective services to women survivors of human trafficking require an interplay of systems and the presence of sufficient institutional and infrastructural arrangements. Full article

24 pages, 1330 KB

Open AccessArticle

Evaluation and Prediction of Big Data-Driven Marine Ecological Restoration Effect Based on CRITIC-IGA Hybrid Model

by Juanjuan Dai, Jing Fang, Shanshan Zheng and Yurong Ouyang

J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2025, 13(12), 2241; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse13122241 (registering DOI) - 25 Nov 2025

Abstract

The marine ecosystem is facing multiple threats such as pollution, overfishing, and coastal erosion, and an objective and quantifiable assessment method of restoration effect is urgently needed. However, the existing models mostly rely on subjective weighting or are difficult to cope with the [...] Read more.

The marine ecosystem is facing multiple threats such as pollution, overfishing, and coastal erosion, and an objective and quantifiable assessment method of restoration effect is urgently needed. However, the existing models mostly rely on subjective weighting or are difficult to cope with the uncertainty and high-dimensional nonlinear characteristics of ecological data. In this paper, a multilevel fuzzy comprehensive evaluation model combining Criteria Importance Through Intercriteria Correlation (CRITIC) objective weighting and improved genetic algorithm (IGA) is proposed to evaluate and predict the effect of marine ecological restoration driven by big data. The model is based on more than 10,000 multi-source spatio-temporal data of eight restoration projects (including mangroves and wetland coastlines) in typical coastal cities of China from 2015 to 2023. The uncertainty of ecological indicators is represented by a fuzzy membership function, and the weights are dynamically optimized in a data-driven way. The results show that this method significantly improves the objectivity, robustness, and adaptability of the assessment, and can more truly reflect the temporal and spatial differentiation of the restoration effect, which provides strong support for the dynamic optimization of the restoration scheme, the precise allocation of resources to the scientific management decision, and promotes the sustainable development of the green marine economy. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Marine Ecology)

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31 pages, 414 KB

Open AccessArticle

Board Tenure and Specific Skills as Determinants of ESG Reporting: Evidence from ASEAN Listed Companies

by Bella and Arie Pratama

J. Risk Financial Manag. 2025, 18(12), 667; https://doi.org/10.3390/jrfm18120667 (registering DOI) - 25 Nov 2025

Abstract

This study investigates the influence of board characteristics—specifically board tenure and board-specific skills—on the quality of ESG reporting among listed firms in five ASEAN countries (Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore, Thailand, and the Philippines) from 2021 to 2023. Using panel data of 609 firms (1827 [...] Read more.

This study investigates the influence of board characteristics—specifically board tenure and board-specific skills—on the quality of ESG reporting among listed firms in five ASEAN countries (Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore, Thailand, and the Philippines) from 2021 to 2023. Using panel data of 609 firms (1827 firm-year observations) obtained from Refinitiv Eikon, ESG reporting is measured through the reporting score, while board tenure is proxied by the average years of directors’ service and board-specific skills by the proportion of directors with financial or industry expertise. The analysis employs fixed-effects regression with firm-level clustered standard errors to account for unobserved heterogeneity and robust inference. The findings reveal that board tenure has no significant effect on ESG reporting, suggesting that accumulated experience does not necessarily enhance disclosure. In contrast, board-specific skills exhibit a positive and significant impact, highlighting the importance of technical competence in driving transparency. Control variables show that firm age contributes positively to ESG disclosure, while robustness checks confirm the stability of results across alternative specifications and clustering dimensions. Sub-sample country analyses further indicate institutional variations, with board expertise mattering more in Singapore and Indonesia, and firm age in Malaysia, Thailand, and the Philippines. The study offers theoretical and policy implications for strengthening governance reforms and advancing ESG transparency in emerging markets. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Sustainability and Finance)

15 pages, 1234 KB

Open AccessArticle

A 0.6-V All-Digital Temperature Sensor with Reduced Supply Sensitivity

by Hui Zhou, Yi Wang and Shuang Xie

Sensors 2025, 25(23), 7181; https://doi.org/10.3390/s25237181 (registering DOI) - 25 Nov 2025

Abstract

The present work introduces a 0.6-volt, all-digital, synthesizable temperature sensor characterized by reduced sensitivity to supply voltage variations. The design incorporates two distinct logic delay lines that are distinguished by their equivalent transistor lengths. These variations in transistor lengths result in varying threshold [...] Read more.

The present work introduces a 0.6-volt, all-digital, synthesizable temperature sensor characterized by reduced sensitivity to supply voltage variations. The design incorporates two distinct logic delay lines that are distinguished by their equivalent transistor lengths. These variations in transistor lengths result in varying threshold voltages and thermal dependencies. The difference in thermal dependency is detected through the ratio of their charging currents, which are subsequently transformed into digital outputs via their propagation delays. By employing two types of delay lines, the sensor achieves an eightfold reduction in power supply sensitivity compared to configurations utilizing a single delay line and also obviates the necessity for an external clock. Fabricated with 55 nm CMOS technology, the proposed sensor exhibits an inaccuracy of ±1

°

C, evaluated through global linear fitting and two-point calibration across five chips, within a temperature range of 20 to 90

°

C. The all-digital temperature sensor consumes 2 nanojoules (nJ) for each conversion, with a conversion duration of 0.8 milliseconds (ms) and a resolution of 0.2

°

C. The prototype’s physical dimensions are 37 × 31

{μ m}^{2}

. Additionally, synthesis on a Cyclone IV FPGA reveals similar characteristics in terms of supply sensitivity reduction. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Intelligent Circuits and Sensing Technologies: Second Edition)

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21 pages, 1992 KB

Open AccessArticle

Protein Levels of 16 Cytochrome P450s and 2 Carboxyl Esterases Using Absolute Quantitative Proteomics: CYP2C9 and CYP3A4 Are the Most Abundant Isoforms in Human Liver and Intestine, Respectively

by Alexia Grangeon, Matthew L. Arwood, David Thacker, Fleur Gaudette, Jacques Turgeon and Veronique Michaud

Pharmaceuticals 2025, 18(12), 1789; https://doi.org/10.3390/ph18121789 (registering DOI) - 25 Nov 2025

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Metabolic enzymes are crucial for the detoxification of exogenously administered drugs, especially enzymes expressed in the intestine and the liver. Recent advancements in analytical methodologies enable sensitive and specific quantitative measurements of proteins, facilitating a more accurate evaluation of their expression [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Metabolic enzymes are crucial for the detoxification of exogenously administered drugs, especially enzymes expressed in the intestine and the liver. Recent advancements in analytical methodologies enable sensitive and specific quantitative measurements of proteins, facilitating a more accurate evaluation of their expression and relative contribution to drug metabolism. Methods: The aim of the study was to characterize the protein expression levels of 16 Cytochrome P450s (CYP450s) and 2 carboxylesterases (CESs) in human liver and intestinal tissues using absolute quantification by HPLC-MS/MS. Human hepatocytes (HHEP) and human liver microsomes (HLM) were utilized, along with a novel intestinal preparation from cryopreserved human intestinal mucosa (CHIM), to perform proteomic analyses. Results: A comprehensive evaluation of 16 CYP450s and 2 CES enzyme expression in human liver and intestinal tissues is provided to reflect their relative abundance. Among the various in vitro systems evaluated, 14 of 16, 15/16, and 7/16 CYP450 of the isoforms analyzed were detected in HHEP, HLM, and CHIM, respectively. In hepatic systems, CYP2C9 exhibited the highest expression among CYP450 isoforms, a trend consistently observed in both HHEP and HLM. CYP3A4 was the most abundantly expressed isoform in CHIM preparations. Across all systems tested, CES1 and CES2 showed the highest overall protein expression levels, surpassing those of the CYP450s. Conclusions: Our findings demonstrate that the absolute quantification method employed is reliable, producing consistent results across two different in vitro hepatic systems (HHEP and HLM). This study supports the utility of absolute quantification approaches for accurately profiling drug-metabolizing enzymes and provides new, valuable insights to improve in vitro/in vivo extrapolation and more informed predictive pharmacokinetic modeling strategies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mathematical Modeling in Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics)

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16 pages, 1582 KB

Open AccessArticle

Monitoring Inhibition of Hemoglobin Peroxidase Activity After Exposure to Cigarette Smoke Using an Electrochemical Biosensor

by Alfonso Sequeda-Juárez, Flor Cortés-Ortegón, Diego Ortega-Picazo, José Antonio García-García, Ana María Espinosa-García and Celia Sánchez-Pérez

Biosensors 2025, 15(12), 767; https://doi.org/10.3390/bios15120767 (registering DOI) - 25 Nov 2025

Abstract

This work presents a catalysis-based electrochemical biosensor to evaluate the peroxidase-like activity of methemoglobin (Hb-PLA) after exposure to cigarette smoke (CS) at different time intervals. The system consists of a microelectrode array coupled with a PDMS chamber containing a methemoglobin solution (biorecognition element). [...] Read more.

This work presents a catalysis-based electrochemical biosensor to evaluate the peroxidase-like activity of methemoglobin (Hb-PLA) after exposure to cigarette smoke (CS) at different time intervals. The system consists of a microelectrode array coupled with a PDMS chamber containing a methemoglobin solution (biorecognition element). Hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) acts as the substrate, while 3,3′,5,5′-tetramethylbenzidine (TMB) functions as the chromogenic substrate for the Hb-PLA through its oxidation reaction. A spectrophotometric technique is used as a reference method to assess the catalytic activity of methemoglobin. Positive control samples exhibited higher absorbance, indicating strong catalytic activity, whereas CS-exposed samples showed a marked reduction, which was confirmed by the negative control. Cyclic voltammetry revealed significant alterations in the oxidation and reduction peaks of the CS-exposed samples. Therefore, chronoamperometry was employed to quantify the charge transfer as the electrochemical response associated with Hb-PLA, yielding a sensitivity of 0.86 ± 0.06 (%Hb-PLA/mC) and a limit of detection (LOD) of 0.23 (mC). The results demonstrate that cigarette smoke impairs the Hb-PLA in a time-dependent manner, with longer exposure reducing the activity by up to 25%. The proposed biosensor provides a rapid, sensitive, and straightforward strategy for detecting functional alterations in solutions of methemoglobin induced by environmental pollutants such as cigarette smoke. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bioassays and Biosensors for Rapid Detection and Analysis (2nd Edition))

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