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1089 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Residual Vision Transformer and Adaptive Fusion Autoencoders for Monocular Depth Estimation

by Wei-Jong Yang, Chih-Chen Wu and Jar-Ferr Yang

Sensors 2025, 25(1), 80; https://doi.org/10.3390/s25010080 (registering DOI) - 26 Dec 2024

Precision depth estimation plays a key role in many applications, including 3D scene reconstruction, virtual reality, autonomous driving and human–computer interaction. Through recent advancements in deep learning technologies, monocular depth estimation, with its simplicity, has surpassed the traditional stereo camera systems, bringing new [...] Read more.

Precision depth estimation plays a key role in many applications, including 3D scene reconstruction, virtual reality, autonomous driving and human–computer interaction. Through recent advancements in deep learning technologies, monocular depth estimation, with its simplicity, has surpassed the traditional stereo camera systems, bringing new possibilities in 3D sensing. In this paper, by using a single camera, we propose an end-to-end supervised monocular depth estimation autoencoder, which contains an encoder with a structure with a mixed convolution neural network and vision transformers and an effective adaptive fusion decoder to obtain high-precision depth maps. In the encoder, we construct a multi-scale feature extractor by mixing residual configurations of vision transformers to enhance both local and global information. In the adaptive fusion decoder, we introduce adaptive fusion modules to effectively merge the features of the encoder and the decoder together. Lastly, the model is trained using a loss function that aligns with human perception to enable it to focus on the depth values of foreground objects. The experimental results demonstrate the effective prediction of the depth map from a single-view color image by the proposed autoencoder, which increases the first accuracy rate about 28% and reduces the root mean square error about 27% compared to an existing method in the NYU dataset Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Challenges and Future Trends of 3D Image Sensing, Visualization, and Processing)

2985 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Evaluating the Impact of Digital Transformation on Urban Innovation Resilience

by Ruoxi Yu, Yaqian Chen, Yuhuan Jin and Sheng Zhang

Systems 2025, 13(1), 8; https://doi.org/10.3390/systems13010008 (registering DOI) - 26 Dec 2024

Abstract

Enhancing urban innovation resilience is crucial for adapting to change and pursuing innovation-driven, high-quality development. The global trend of digital transformation has profound implications for urban innovation; however, the specific effects of digital transformation on urban innovation resilience remain insufficiently explored. This study [...] Read more.

Enhancing urban innovation resilience is crucial for adapting to change and pursuing innovation-driven, high-quality development. The global trend of digital transformation has profound implications for urban innovation; however, the specific effects of digital transformation on urban innovation resilience remain insufficiently explored. This study utilizes panel data from 285 prefecture-level and above cities in China, spanning from 2007 to 2022. It treats the Broadband China Pilot (BCP) policy as a quasi-natural experiment of digital transformation and employs a time-varying Difference-in-Differences (DID) method to investigate the impact of digital transformation on urban innovation resilience. The results yield several important insights: (i) digital transformation enhances urban innovation resilience; (ii) the effect of digital transformation on urban innovation resilience is heterogeneous across regions and city sizes; (iii) digital transformation improves urban innovation resilience through the mediation effect of green total factor productivity (GTFP); (iv) urban industrial upgrading and urban innovation vitality play significant moderating roles in the relationship between digital transformation and urban innovation resilience. These findings contribute to a deeper theoretical understanding of the relationship between digital transformation and urban innovation resilience. Full article

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Open AccessArticle

Evaluation of Machine Learning Assisted Phase Behavior Modelling of Surfactant–Oil–Water Systems

by Daulet Magzymov, Meruyert Makhatova, Zhassulan Dairov and Murat Syzdykov

Appl. Sci. 2025, 15(1), 100; https://doi.org/10.3390/app15010100 (registering DOI) - 26 Dec 2024

Abstract

This paper evaluates the ability of machine learning (ML) algorithms to capture and reproduce complex multiphase behavior in surfactant–oil–water systems. The main objective of the paper is to evaluate the ability of machine learning algorithms to capture complex phase behavior of a surfactant–oil–water [...] Read more.

This paper evaluates the ability of machine learning (ML) algorithms to capture and reproduce complex multiphase behavior in surfactant–oil–water systems. The main objective of the paper is to evaluate the ability of machine learning algorithms to capture complex phase behavior of a surfactant–oil–water system in a controlled environment of known data generated via physical models. We evaluated several machine learning algorithms including decision trees, support vector machines (SVMs), k-nearest neighbors, and boosted trees. Moreover, the study integrates a novel graphical equation-of-state model with ML-generated compositional spaces to test ML’s effectiveness in predicting phase transitions and compares its performance to experimental data and a validated physical model. Our results demonstrate that the cubic SVM has the highest accuracy in capturing key behaviors, such as the shrinking of two-phase regions as salinity deviates from optimal conditions, and performs well even in near-extrapolated scenarios. Additionally, the graphical equation-of-state model aligns closely with both experimental data and the physical model, providing a robust framework for analyzing multiphase behavior. We do not suggest that machine learning models should replace traditional physical models, but rather should complement physical models by extending predictive capabilities, especially when experimental data are limited. This hybrid approach offers a promising method for investigating complex multiphase phenomena in surfactant systems. Full article

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Open AccessArticle

Synergistic Approach of High-Precision 3D Printing and Low Cell Adhesion for Enhanced Self-Assembled Spheroid Formation

by Chunxiang Lu, Aoxiang Jin, Chuang Gao, Hao Qiao, Huazhen Liu, Yi Zhang, Wenbin Sun, Shih-Mo Yang and Yuanyuan Liu

Biosensors 2025, 15(1), 7; https://doi.org/10.3390/bios15010007 (registering DOI) - 26 Dec 2024

Abstract

Spheroids, as three-dimensional (3D) cell aggregates, can be prepared using various methods, including hanging drops, microwells, microfluidics, magnetic manipulation, and bioreactors. However, current spheroid manufacturing techniques face challenges such as complex workflows, the need for specialized personnel, and poor batch reproducibility. In this [...] Read more.

Spheroids, as three-dimensional (3D) cell aggregates, can be prepared using various methods, including hanging drops, microwells, microfluidics, magnetic manipulation, and bioreactors. However, current spheroid manufacturing techniques face challenges such as complex workflows, the need for specialized personnel, and poor batch reproducibility. In this study, we designed a support-free, 3D-printed microwell chip and developed a compatible low-cell-adhesion process. Through simulation and experimental validation, we rapidly optimized microwell size and the coating process. We successfully formed three types of spheroids—human immortalized epidermal cells (HaCaTs), umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells (UC-MSCs), and human osteosarcoma cells (MG63s)—on the chip. Fluorescent viability staining confirmed the biocompatibility and reliability of the chip. Finally, drug response experiments were conducted using the chip. Compared to traditional methods, our proposed strategy enables high-throughput production of size-controlled spheroids with excellent shape retention, while enhanced gas exchange during culture improves differentiation marker expression. This platform provides an efficient and cost-effective solution for biosensing applications, such as drug screening, disease modeling, and personalized therapy monitoring. Furthermore, the chip shows significant potential for real-time in vitro monitoring of cellular viability, reaction kinetics, and drug sensitivity, offering valuable advancements in biosensor technology for life sciences and medical applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Nano- and Micro-Technologies in Biosensors)

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1014 KiB

Open AccessReview

Advancements in Antioxidant-Based Therapeutics for Spinal Cord Injury: A Critical Review of Strategies and Combination Approaches

by Yang-Jin Shen, Yin-Cheng Huang and Yi-Chuan Cheng

Antioxidants 2025, 14(1), 17; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox14010017 (registering DOI) - 26 Dec 2024

Abstract

Spinal cord injury (SCI) initiates a cascade of secondary damage driven by oxidative stress, characterized by the excessive production of reactive oxygen species and other reactive molecules, which exacerbate cellular and tissue damage through the activation of deleterious signaling pathways. This review provides [...] Read more.

Spinal cord injury (SCI) initiates a cascade of secondary damage driven by oxidative stress, characterized by the excessive production of reactive oxygen species and other reactive molecules, which exacerbate cellular and tissue damage through the activation of deleterious signaling pathways. This review provides a comprehensive and critical evaluation of recent advancements in antioxidant-based therapeutic strategies for SCI, including natural compounds, RNA-based therapies, stem cell interventions, and biomaterial applications. It emphasizes the limitations of single-regimen approaches, particularly their limited efficacy and suboptimal delivery to injured spinal cord tissue, while highlighting the synergistic potential of combination therapies that integrate multiple modalities to address the multifaceted pathophysiology of SCI. By analyzing emerging trends and current limitations, this review identifies key challenges and proposes future directions, including the refinement of antioxidant delivery systems, the development of multi-targeted approaches, and strategies to overcome the structural complexities of the spinal cord. This work underscores the pressing need for innovative and integrative therapeutic approaches to advance the clinical translation of antioxidant-based interventions and improve outcomes for SCI patients. Full article

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Open AccessArticle

Dietary Iron Intake and Mental and Behavioral Disorders Due to Use of Tobacco: A UK Biobank Study

by Xueting Qi, Ronghui Zhang, Hailong Zhu, Jia Luo, Qiuge Zhang, Weijing Wang, Tong Wang and Dongfeng Zhang

Nutrients 2025, 17(1), 39; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17010039 (registering DOI) - 26 Dec 2024

Abstract

Background: Over 1 billion smokers worldwide, one-third of whom have mental and behavioral disorders, exist. However, factors influencing mental and behavioral dis-orders due to the use of tobacco remain largely unexplored. This study aims to investigate the relationship between dietary iron intake and [...] Read more.

Background: Over 1 billion smokers worldwide, one-third of whom have mental and behavioral disorders, exist. However, factors influencing mental and behavioral dis-orders due to the use of tobacco remain largely unexplored. This study aims to investigate the relationship between dietary iron intake and mental and behavioral disorders due to the use of tobacco. Methods: Using large population cohort data from the UK Biobank (500,000 participants at 22 assessment centers between 2006 and 2010), we employed lo-gistic and Cox regression analyses to explore both cross-sectional and longitudinal asso-ciations between dietary iron intake and mental and behavioral disorders due to the use of tobacco. Additionally, we assessed the nonlinear relationship between dietary iron in-take and these disorders using restricted cubic spline plots. Results: Logistic regression analysis indicated that dietary iron intake was negatively associated with mental and be-havioral disorders due to the use of tobacco. The Cox regression results supported a pro-tective effect of increased dietary iron intake against these disorders. Stratified and sensi-tivity analyses were consistent with the primary findings. Restricted cubic spline plots revealed a nonlinear relationship between dietary iron intake and mental and behavioral disorders due to the use of tobacco. In the total sample, as well as in both age groups and the male subgroup, the risk reduction rate initially accelerated before slowing down. In contrast, the risk reduction rate in the female group declined rapidly at first and then leveled off. Conclusions: This study demonstrates that dietary iron intake has a protective effect against mental and behavioral disorders due to the use of tobacco, revealing a non-linear association between these two traits. These findings provide important insights for the profilaxy and treatment of mental and behavioral disorders due to the use of tobacco in the future. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutritional & Lifestyle Psychiatry: The Role of Nutrition and Lifestyle in the Onset, Prevention and Management of Mental Disorders)

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Open AccessArticle

Assessment of the Knowledge, Attitude, and Perception (KAP) of Sheep Farmers Regarding Ticks and Tick-Borne Pathogens in Tunisia, North Africa

by Médiha Khamassi Khbou, Syrine Rekik, Rihab Romdhane, Limam Sassi, Felicitas Bergmann, Martin H. Groschup, Mourad Rekik and Mohamed Gharbi

Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(1), 2; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12010002 (registering DOI) - 26 Dec 2024

Abstract

Ticks and tick-borne pathogens (TBPs) are a threat to human and animal health worldwide. A structured questionnaire was used to assess the knowledge, attitudes/practices, and perceptions (KAP) of 86 farmers of extensive sheep farming systems across different agro-ecological areas in Tunisia. The response [...] Read more.

Ticks and tick-borne pathogens (TBPs) are a threat to human and animal health worldwide. A structured questionnaire was used to assess the knowledge, attitudes/practices, and perceptions (KAP) of 86 farmers of extensive sheep farming systems across different agro-ecological areas in Tunisia. The response rate was about 91.3%. Overall, 68.5% of the questions referring to knowledge and perceptions were answered correctly. Indeed, about half of the respondents were aware that ticks infest animals, with weight loss given as the major consequence. However, more than half of the farmers were unaware of the transmission and vectorial role of ticks. Those who knew that ticks are vectors cited microbes and icterus as the main concerns. A broad majority of farmers (70.9%) stated that they removed the attached ticks manually and 45.3% crushed them. As acaricides were perceived to be efficient for fighting ticks, according to 97.7% of the sheep farmers, they were used for both the animals and their sleeping areas. Although the toxicity of acaricides is known, 59.3% of the respondents did not use personal protection equipment when applying these products. Taken together, gaps in KAP among sheep farmers were identified. It can be used to better design awareness communication tools for TBPs. Full article

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Open AccessArticle

Towards Transparent Diabetes Prediction: Combining AutoML and Explainable AI for Improved Clinical Insights

by Raza Hasan, Vishal Dattana, Salman Mahmood and Saqib Hussain

Information 2025, 16(1), 7; https://doi.org/10.3390/info16010007 (registering DOI) - 26 Dec 2024

Abstract

Diabetes is a global health challenge that requires early detection for effective management. This study integrates Automated Machine Learning (AutoML) with Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI) to improve diabetes risk prediction and enhance model interpretability for healthcare professionals. Using the Pima Indian Diabetes dataset, [...] Read more.

Diabetes is a global health challenge that requires early detection for effective management. This study integrates Automated Machine Learning (AutoML) with Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI) to improve diabetes risk prediction and enhance model interpretability for healthcare professionals. Using the Pima Indian Diabetes dataset, we developed an ensemble model with 85.01% accuracy leveraging AutoGluon’s AutoML framework. To address the “black-box” nature of machine learning, we applied XAI techniques, including SHapley Additive exPlanations (SHAP), Local Interpretable Model-Agnostic Explanations (LIME), Integrated Gradients (IG), Attention Mechanism (AM), and Counterfactual Analysis (CA), providing both global and patient-specific insights into critical risk factors such as glucose and BMI. These methods enable transparent and actionable predictions, supporting clinical decision-making. An interactive Streamlit application was developed to allow clinicians to explore feature importance and test hypothetical scenarios. Cross-validation confirmed the model’s robust performance across diverse datasets. This study demonstrates the integration of AutoML with XAI as a pathway to achieving accurate, interpretable models that foster transparency and trust while supporting actionable clinical decisions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Medical Data Visualization)

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Open AccessArticle

A New Local Optimal Spline Wavelet for Image Edge Detection

by Dujuan Zhou, Zizhao Yuan, Zhanchuan Cai, Defu Zhu and Xiaojing Shen

Mathematics 2025, 13(1), 42; https://doi.org/10.3390/math13010042 (registering DOI) - 26 Dec 2024

Abstract

Wavelet-based edge detection methods have evolved significantly over the years, contributing to advances in image processing, computer vision, and pattern recognition. This paper proposes a new local optimal spline wavelet (LOSW) and the dual wavelet of the LOSW. Then, a pair of dual [...] Read more.

Wavelet-based edge detection methods have evolved significantly over the years, contributing to advances in image processing, computer vision, and pattern recognition. This paper proposes a new local optimal spline wavelet (LOSW) and the dual wavelet of the LOSW. Then, a pair of dual filters can be obtained, which can provide distortion-free signal decomposition and reconstruction, while having stronger denoising and feature capture capabilities. The coefficients of the pair of dual filters are calculated for image edge detection. We propose a new LOSW-based edge detection algorithm (LOSW-ED), which introduces a structural uncertainty–aware modulus maxima (SUAMM) to detect highly uncertain edge samples, ensuring robustness in complex and noisy environments. Additionally, LOSW-ED unifies multi-structure morphology and modulus maxima to fully exploit the complementary properties of low-frequency (LF) and high-frequency (HF) components, enabling multi-stage differential edge refinement. The experimental results show that the proposed LOSW and LOSW-ED algorithm has better performance in noise suppression and edge structure preservation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Research in Image Processing and Optimization Methods)

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Open AccessArticle

Single Teeth and Partial Implant Rehabilitations Using Ultra-Hydrophilic Multi-Zone Anodized Surface Implants: A Retrospective Study with 1-Year Follow-Up

by Miguel de Araújo Nobre, Carolina Antunes, Ana Ferro, Armando Lopes, Miguel Gouveia, Mariana Nunes and Diogo Santos

J. Clin. Med. 2025, 14(1), 66; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm14010066 (registering DOI) - 26 Dec 2024

Abstract

Background/Objectives: In the last decades, dental implant surfaces have been evolving to increase success and implant survival rates. More studies evaluating outcomes with implants with ultra-hydrophilic multi-zone anodized surfaces are necessary. The aim of this study is to evaluate the short-term outcome [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: In the last decades, dental implant surfaces have been evolving to increase success and implant survival rates. More studies evaluating outcomes with implants with ultra-hydrophilic multi-zone anodized surfaces are necessary. The aim of this study is to evaluate the short-term outcome of implants of conical connection with anodized ultra-hydrophilic surfaces for support of single teeth and partial rehabilitations. Methods: In this retrospective study, patients received parallel-walled implants with a gradually anodized surface. The primary outcome measure was implant survival. Secondary outcome measures were marginal bone loss and mechanical and biological complications. This study included 253 conical connection implants with anodized ultra-hydrophilic surfaces, placed in 145 patients (71 males and 74 females; average age: 55.8 years). Sixty patients presented comorbidities, and 19 patients presented smoking habits. Results: Ten patients (15 implants) were lost to follow-up. Two implants failed in two patients, resulting in a cumulative survival rate of 99.2%, with 98.5% and 100% for males and females, respectively, and 99.1% and 100% for single teeth and partial rehabilitations, respectively. The average marginal bone loss was 0.52 mm at 1 year, with 0.60 mm and 0.42 mm for males and females, respectively, and 0.52 mm and 0.50 mm for single teeth and partial rehabilitations, respectively. The rate of mechanical complications was 4.8% and 3.2% at patient and implant levels, respectively. Biological complications occurred in one patient (0.7%) at one implant (0.4%). Conclusions: These results indicate that the use of implants with ultra-hydrophilic multi-zone anodized surfaces for single teeth and partial rehabilitations is viable in the short term. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Research Progress in Osseointegrated Oral Implants)

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Open AccessArticle

The Epidemiology and Health Burdens of Influenza Infections Amongst Hospitalized Children Under 5 Years of Age in Jordan: A National Multi-Center Cross-Sectional Study

by Munir Abu-Helalah, Samah F. Al-Shatnawi, Mohammad Abu Lubad, Enas Al-Zayadneh, Mohammad Al-Hanaktah, Mea’ad Harahsheh, Montaha AL-Iede, Omar Nafi, Ruba Yousef, Ihsan Almaaitah, Mai Ababneh, Toqa AlZubi, Rand Abu Mahfouz, Heba Adaylah, Hamzeh AlHajaj, Mohammad Al Tamimi and Simon B. Drysdale

Vaccines 2025, 13(1), 12; https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines13010012 (registering DOI) - 26 Dec 2024

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Seasonal influenza is a significant global health concern, causing substantial morbidity and mortality, particularly among high-risk groups such as children under five years old. There is scarce local evidence from developing countries such as Jordan on the burden of influenza, which has [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Seasonal influenza is a significant global health concern, causing substantial morbidity and mortality, particularly among high-risk groups such as children under five years old. There is scarce local evidence from developing countries such as Jordan on the burden of influenza, which has limited preventive measures. This multi-center national cross-sectional study aimed to assess the epidemiological and clinical burden of influenza among hospitalized children under five years old in Jordan. Methods: Data were collected from 1000 participants across four hospitals between November 2022 and April 2023. Nasopharyngeal specimens were analyzed using multiplex RT-PCR to determine positivity for influenza A and B. Results: We found a 9.9% positivity rate, predominantly influenza A (8.4%), while influenza B was positive among 1.5% of the participants. Positivity rates were higher in older age groups, particularly children older than 2 years. Influenza-positive cases exhibited longer fever durations and higher rates of sore throat. There were no positive influenza cases among participants if they or any of their family members received the influenza vaccine, highlighting the vaccine’s protective role. Logistic regression analysis identified maternal smoking during pregnancy as a significant predictor of influenza positivity. Conclusions: The findings of this study underscore the need for enhanced vaccination efforts and public health policies targeting young children and pregnant women in Jordan. Expanding vaccination uptake could significantly mitigate the burden of influenza and its complications in this vulnerable population. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Vaccination, Public Health and Epidemiology)

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Open AccessArticle

Shanghai as a Model: Research on the Journey of Transportation Electrification and Charging Infrastructure Development

by Cong Zhang, Jingchao Lian, Haitao Min and Ming Li

Sustainability 2025, 17(1), 91; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17010091 (registering DOI) - 26 Dec 2024

Abstract

As the world pivots to a greener paradigm, Shanghai emerges as an archetype in the sustainable urban transit narrative, particularly through the aggressive expansion and refinement of its electric vehicle (EV) charging infrastructure. This scholarly article provides a comprehensive examination of the current [...] Read more.

As the world pivots to a greener paradigm, Shanghai emerges as an archetype in the sustainable urban transit narrative, particularly through the aggressive expansion and refinement of its electric vehicle (EV) charging infrastructure. This scholarly article provides a comprehensive examination of the current state of charging infrastructure in Shanghai, highlighting the challenges that the existing infrastructure may face in light of the burgeoning electric vehicle market. This paper delves into the strategic development approaches adopted by Shanghai to address these challenges, particularly emphasizing the expansion of high-power charging infrastructure to meet the anticipated increase in future electric vehicle charging demands. It also discusses the implementation of co-construction and sharing models, the enhancement of interconnectivity and standardized management of charging facilities, and the continuous improvement and strengthening of infrastructure construction and operations. Furthermore, this article explores the implementation of time-of-use electricity pricing policies and the ongoing conduct of demand response activities, which are instrumental in creating conditions for vehicle-to-grid interaction. The aim of our presentation is to foster a keen understanding among policymakers, industry stakeholders, and urban planners of the mechanisms necessary to effectively navigate the emerging electric vehicle market, thereby encouraging harmonious development between metropolises and transportation systems. Future research endeavors should delve into the realms of fast-charging technologies, intelligent operation and maintenance of charging infrastructure, and vehicle-to-grid interaction technologies. These areas of study are pivotal in fostering the harmonious development of electric vehicles (EVs) and their charging infrastructure, thereby aligning with the dual objectives of advancing urban transportation systems and sustainable green city development. The findings presented herein offer valuable insights for policymakers, urban planners, and industry leaders, guiding them in crafting informed strategies that not only address the immediate needs of the EV market but also lay the groundwork for a scalable and resilient charging infrastructure, poised to support the long-term vision of sustainable urban mobility. Full article

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Open AccessReview

The Role of Pentacyclic Triterpenoids in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer: The Mechanisms of Action and Therapeutic Potential

by Young-Shin Lee, Ryuk Jun Kwon, Hye Sun Lee, Jae Heun Chung, Yun Seong Kim, Han-Sol Jeong, Su-Jung Park, Seung Yeon Lee, Taehwa Kim and Seong Hoon Yoon

Pharmaceutics 2025, 17(1), 22; https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics17010022 (registering DOI) - 26 Dec 2024

Abstract

Lung cancer remains a major global health problem because of its high cancer-related mortality rate despite advances in therapeutic approaches. Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), a major subtype of lung cancer, is more amenable to surgical intervention in its early stages. However, the [...] Read more.

Lung cancer remains a major global health problem because of its high cancer-related mortality rate despite advances in therapeutic approaches. Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), a major subtype of lung cancer, is more amenable to surgical intervention in its early stages. However, the prognosis for advanced NSCLC remains poor, owing to limited treatment options. This underscores the growing need for novel therapeutic strategies to complement existing treatments and improve patient outcomes. In recent years, pentacyclic triterpenoids, a group of natural compounds, have emerged as promising candidates for cancer therapy due to their anticancer properties. Pentacyclic triterpenoids, such as lupeol, betulinic acid, betulin, oleanolic acid, ursolic acid, glycyrrhetinic acid, glycyrrhizin, and asiatic acid, have demonstrated the ability to inhibit cell proliferation and angiogenesis, induce apoptosis, suppress metastasis, and modulate inflammatory and immune pathways in NSCLC cell line models. These compounds exert their effects by modulating important signaling pathways such as NF-κB, PI3K/Akt, and MAPK. Furthermore, advances in drug delivery technologies such as nanocarriers and targeted delivery systems have improved the bioavailability and therapeutic efficacy of triterpenoids. However, despite promising preclinical data, rigorous clinical trials are needed to verify their safety and efficacy. This review explores the role of triterpenoids in NSCLC and therapeutic potential in preclinical models, focusing on their molecular mechanisms of action. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Natural Products for Anticancer Application)

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464 KiB

Open AccessReview

Antioxidant Potential of Lactoferrin and Its Protective Effect on Health: An Overview

by Quintín Rascón-Cruz, Tania Samanta Siqueiros-Cendón, Luis Ignacio Siañez-Estrada, Celina María Villaseñor-Rivera, Lidia Esmeralda Ángel-Lerma, Joel Arturo Olivas-Espino, Dyada Blanca León-Flores, Edward Alexander Espinoza-Sánchez, Sigifredo Arévalo-Gallegos and Blanca Flor Iglesias-Figueroa

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025, 26(1), 125; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms26010125 (registering DOI) - 26 Dec 2024

Abstract

Chronic diseases, including cardiovascular and neurodegenerative diseases and cancer, are significant global health challenges. Oxidative stress, characterized by an imbalance between reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and antioxidant defenses, is a critical factor in the progression of these pathologies. Lactoferrin (Lf), a multifunctional [...] Read more.

Chronic diseases, including cardiovascular and neurodegenerative diseases and cancer, are significant global health challenges. Oxidative stress, characterized by an imbalance between reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and antioxidant defenses, is a critical factor in the progression of these pathologies. Lactoferrin (Lf), a multifunctional iron-binding glycoprotein, has emerged as a promising therapeutic agent due to its potent antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and iron-regulating properties. Lf plays a pivotal role in iron homeostasis by chelating iron, modulating its cellular uptake, and reducing ROS production, thereby mitigating oxidative stress-related tissue damage. Lf also demonstrates neuroprotective potential in diseases like Parkinson’s and Alzheimer’s, where it alleviates oxidative damage, regulates iron metabolism, and enhances antioxidant defenses. Furthermore, its ability to enhance endogenous antioxidant mechanisms, such as superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase, underscores its systemic protective effects. Lf’s anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial activities also contribute to its broad-spectrum protective role in chronic diseases. This review consolidates evidence of Lf’s mechanisms in mitigating oxidative stress and highlights its therapeutic potential as a versatile molecule for preventing and managing chronic conditions linked to oxidative damage. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Insights into Lactoferrin)

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Open AccessArticle

Dimer Is Not Double: The Unexpected Behavior of Two-Floor Peptide Nanosponge

by Grazia Maria Lucia Messina, Marta De Zotti, Alvaro S. Siano, Claudia Mazzuca, Giovanni Marletta and Antonio Palleschi

Molecules 2025, 30(1), 47; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules30010047 (registering DOI) - 26 Dec 2024

Abstract

Using the framework of an investigation of the stimuli-responsive behavior of peptide assembly on a solid surface, this study on the behavior of a chemisorbed peptide on a gold surface was performed. The studied peptide is a dimeric form of the antimicrobial peptide [...] Read more.

Using the framework of an investigation of the stimuli-responsive behavior of peptide assembly on a solid surface, this study on the behavior of a chemisorbed peptide on a gold surface was performed. The studied peptide is a dimeric form of the antimicrobial peptide Trichogin GAIV, which was also modified by substituting the glycine with lysine residues, while the N-terminus octanoyl group was replaced by a lipoic one that was able to bind to the gold surface. In this way, a chemically linked peptide assembly that is pH-responsive was obtained because of the protonation/deprotonation of the sidechains of the Lys residues. Information about the effect of protonation/deprotonation equilibria switching the pH from acid (pH = 3) to basic (pH = 11) conditions was obtained macroscopically by performing Quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation monitoring (QCM-D), Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR), Nanoplasmonic Sensing (NPS), and FTIR techniques. Using molecular dynamics (MD) simulations, it is possible to explain, at the molecular level, our main experimental results: (1) pH changes induce a squeezing behavior in the system, consisting in thickness and mass variations in the peptide layer, which are mainly due to the pH-driven hydrophilic/hydrophobic character of the lysine residues, and (2) the observed hysteresis is due to small conformational rearrangements from helix to beta sheets occurring mainly on the first half of the peptide, closer to the surface, while the second half remains almost unaffected. The latter result, together with the evidence that the layer thickness is not simply double the assembly of the monomeric analog, indicates that the dimeric peptide does not behave as a double monomer, but assumes very peculiar features. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Computational and Theoretical Chemistry)

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Open AccessArticle

Research on Assessing Comprehensive Competitiveness of Tourist Destinations Within Cities, Based on Field Theory and Competitiveness Theory

by Zhengna Song

Sustainability 2025, 17(1), 90; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17010090 (registering DOI) - 26 Dec 2024

Abstract

The question of how to assess the comprehensive competitiveness of tourist destinations within cities is an important aspect for determining the potential of a city’s tourism development and its ranking among peers in the field. There are four main parts to the content [...] Read more.

The question of how to assess the comprehensive competitiveness of tourist destinations within cities is an important aspect for determining the potential of a city’s tourism development and its ranking among peers in the field. There are four main parts to the content of this article, which consist of the analysis of competition formation motives based on “Field Theory”, the selection of influencing factors by drawing on Porter’s theory of competitiveness, the construction of an assessment model based on the multi-factors weighted comprehensive evaluation method, and an empirical analysis using Nanjing as the research area. The conclusions are as follows: Firstly, the tourist destination field within a city is composed of three interrelated elements, which are actors, rules, and competition. Under the influence of mainstream social and cultural trends, each tourist destination occupies a certain “position” by relying on the attractiveness formed by various types of capital, and then participates in peer competition within the field. Secondly, the three major influencing aspects of the competitiveness of tourist destinations are element conditions, demand characteristics, and supporting conditions. The key points involved in the three aspects can be summarized into four categories of factors, namely, quality evaluation, popularity level, spatial attractiveness, and emotional cognition, which together constitute the indicator system. Thirdly, there are thirteen tourist destinations in Nanjing that are rated above the average, accounting for about 43% of all the popular destinations. The variation coefficient of competitiveness results is about 35%, indicating a moderate to relatively weak degree of dispersion. Finally, the competitiveness of the thirty hot tourist destinations generally presents a spatial order that gradually weakens in an outward direction from the center zone of the city, forming an overall pattern of cluster groups of well-known tourist destinations in the core of the city, relatively random small clusters in the new main city area, and scattered point distribution in the suburbs. Full article

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19 pages, 2960 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Integrated Prediction of Gas Metal Arc Welding Multi-Layer Welding Heat Cycle, Ferrite Fraction, and Joint Hardness of X80 Pipeline Steel

by Chen Yan, Haonan Li, Die Yang, Yanan Gao, Jun Deng, Zhihang Zhang and Zhibo Dong

Crystals 2025, 15(1), 14; https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst15010014 (registering DOI) - 26 Dec 2024

Abstract

X80 pipeline steel is widely used in oil and gas pipelines because of its excellent strength, toughness, and corrosion resistance. It is welded via gas metal arc welding (GMAW), risking high cold crack sensitivities. There is a certain relationship between the joint hardness [...] Read more.

X80 pipeline steel is widely used in oil and gas pipelines because of its excellent strength, toughness, and corrosion resistance. It is welded via gas metal arc welding (GMAW), risking high cold crack sensitivities. There is a certain relationship between the joint hardness and cold crack sensitivity of welded joints; thus, predicting the joint hardness is necessary. Considering the inefficiency of welding experiments and the complexity of welding parameters, we designed a set of processes from temperature field analysis to microstructure prediction and finally hardness prediction. Firstly, we calculated the thermal cycle curve during welding through multi-layer welding numerical simulation using the finite element method (FEM). Afterwards, BP neural networks were used to predict the cooling rates in the temperature interval that ferrite nuclears and grows. Introducing the cooling rates to the Leblond function, the ferrite fraction of the joint was given. Based on the predicted ferrite fraction, mapping relationships between joint hardness and the joint ferrite fraction were built using BP neural networks. The results shows that the error during phase fraction prediction is less than 8%, and during joint hardness prediction, it is less than 5%. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced High-Strength Steel)

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Open AccessArticle

Rumen-Degradable Starch Improves Rumen Fermentation, Function, and Growth Performance by Altering Bacteria and Its Metabolome in Sheep Fed Alfalfa Hay or Silage

by Wenliang Guo, Meila Na, Shuwei Liu, Kenan Li, Haidong Du, Jing Zhang and Renhua Na

Animals 2025, 15(1), 34; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15010034 (registering DOI) - 26 Dec 2024

Abstract

Alfalfa silage due to its high protein can lead to easier feeding management, but its high proportion of rumen-degradable protein can reduce rumen nitrogen utilization. Nevertheless, increasing dietary energy can enhance ruminal microbial protein synthesis. Thirty-two Suffolk female sheep were used in this [...] Read more.

Alfalfa silage due to its high protein can lead to easier feeding management, but its high proportion of rumen-degradable protein can reduce rumen nitrogen utilization. Nevertheless, increasing dietary energy can enhance ruminal microbial protein synthesis. Thirty-two Suffolk female sheep were used in this study, with a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement of treatment. The four treatments were a combination of two forage types (alfalfa hay; AH vs. alfalfa silage; AS) and two rumen-degradable starch levels (low RDS; LR vs. high RDS; HR) with a 15 d adaptation and 60 d experimental period. The rumen content and rumen epithelium samples were collected after slaughter. Feeding AS increased the rumen isobutyrate, valerate, ammonia-N (NH₃-N) concentration, urase activity, and papillae height (p < 0.05) and reduced the feed to gain (F:G), rumen bacterial protein (BCP), rumen lactic acid concentration, and papillae width (p < 0.05) of sheep. Increased RDS in the diet improved the daily matter intake, average daily gain, and rumen weight, reduced the F:G, and enhanced the rumen nitrogen capture rate by decreasing total amino acids and the NH₃-N concentration to increase BCP, aquaporins 3 gene, and protein expression. The rumen microbiota also changed as the HR diet reduced the Chao index (p < 0.05). The metabolomics analysis showed that feeding AS upregulated the rumen tryptophan metabolism and steroid hormone biosynthesis, while the purine metabolism, linoleic acid metabolism, and amino acid biosynthesis were downregulated. Furthermore, increased RDS in the diet upregulated rumen lysine degradation and sphingolipid metabolism, while aromatic amino acid biosynthesis was downregulated. Additionally, the correlation analysis results showed that ADG was positively correlated with 5-aminopentanoic acid, and three microorganisms (unclassified_f__Selenomonadaceae, Quinella, Christensenellaceae_R-7_group) were positively correlated with the rumen isobutyrate, valerate, NH₃-N concentration, urase activity, tryptophan metabolism, and steroid hormone biosynthesis and negatively correlated with linoleic acid metabolism and amino acid biosynthesis in sheep. In summary, increased RDS in the diet improved the growth performance and rumen N utilization and reduced bacterial diversity in sheep. The alfalfa silage diet only increased feed efficiency; it did not affect growth performance. Additionally, it decreased rumen nitrogen utilization, linoleic acid, and amino acid biosynthesis. Nevertheless, there were limited interactions between forage and RDS; increased RDS in the AS diet enhanced the nitrogen capture rate of rumen microorganisms for alfalfa silage, with only slight improvements in the purine metabolism, linoleic acid, and amino acid synthesis. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Application of Metabolomics in Animal Nutrition Research)

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Open AccessArticle

A Novel IVBPRT-ELECTRE III Algorithm Based on Bidirectional Projection and Its Application

by Juxiang Wang, Min Xu, Yanjun Wang and Ziqi Zhu

Symmetry 2025, 17(1), 26; https://doi.org/10.3390/sym17010026 (registering DOI) - 26 Dec 2024

Abstract

Fuzzy semantics have a wide range of applications in life, and especially when expressing people’s evaluation information, it is more specific. As people increasingly prefer to express their personal opinions through media platforms, the opinions of the general public have become an indispensable [...] Read more.

Fuzzy semantics have a wide range of applications in life, and especially when expressing people’s evaluation information, it is more specific. As people increasingly prefer to express their personal opinions through media platforms, the opinions of the general public have become an indispensable reference. However, information asymmetry can have a significant impact on the rationality of decision-making. Based on the above considerations, this paper extends bidirectional projection to probabilistic linguistic term sets to preserve the completeness of information as much as possible. The large-scale group decision-making problem under the probabilistic linguistic environment is extended to limited interval values, and a new group decision-making method named IVBPRT-ELECTRE III algorithm (ELECTRE III based on bidirectional projection and regret theory under limited interval-valued probabilistic linguistic term set) is proposed. The method is an extended

E L E C T R E I I I

method based on limited interval-valued probabilistic linguistic term set (l-IVPLTS) bidirectional projection by regret theory approach. Firstly, this involves mining the online text comment information on social media about an emergency and considering the effect of the number of fans, determining the attributes and their initial weights for judging the strengths and weaknesses of the emergency management alternative using the TF-IDF and the

W o r d 2 v e c

technology, and using the entropy value to adjust the initial weight of attributes, not only considering the real opinions of the public, but also combining with the views of experts, making the decision-making alternative selection more scientific and reasonable. Secondly, this paper fills the gap of bidirectional projection under l-IVPLTS environment; then, combining l-IVPLTS bidirectional projection and regret theory to determine the objective weights of experts, combines the differences in individual expertise of experts to obtain the comprehensive weights of experts, and uses the extended

E L E C T R E I I I

method to rank the alternatives. Finally, the feasibility and validity of the provided method is verified through the Yanjiao explosion incident as a case. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Research on Fuzzy Logic and Mathematics with Applications, 3rd Edition)

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13 pages, 24784 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Long-Distance Passive Sensing Tag Design Based on Multi-Source Energy Harvesting and Reflection Amplification

by Gang Li, Chong Pan, Bo Wu, Zhiliang Xu, Shihua Li, Yehua Zhang, Yongjun Yang, Zhuohang Zou, Chang Shi and Muze Wang

Micromachines 2025, 16(1), 18; https://doi.org/10.3390/mi16010018 (registering DOI) - 26 Dec 2024

Abstract

Wireless sensor networks often rely on battery power, which incurs high costs, considerable volume, and a limited lifespan. Additionally, the communication range of existing passive sensor tags remains short, which challenges their suitability for evolving Internet of Things (IoT) applications. This paper, therefore, [...] Read more.

Wireless sensor networks often rely on battery power, which incurs high costs, considerable volume, and a limited lifespan. Additionally, the communication range of existing passive sensor tags remains short, which challenges their suitability for evolving Internet of Things (IoT) applications. This paper, therefore, presents a long-distance passive RFID sensing tag that integrates multi-source energy harvesting and reflection amplification. Multi-source energy harvesting enhances tag receiving sensitivity and extends the system’s downlink communication distance, while reflection amplification increases tag reflection power and improves the uplink communication distance, thereby significantly expanding the overall communication range. The test results show that the tag achieves a receiving sensitivity of −45 dBm, a reflection gain of 44 dB, and a communication distance of up to 96 m. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Current Trends in Miniature Devices: Design, Fabrication, and Applications)

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24 pages, 2224 KiB

Open AccessArticle

How Does the Urban Built Environment Affect the Accessibility of Public Electric-Vehicle Charging Stations? A Perspective on Spatial Heterogeneity and a Non-Linear Relationship

by Jie Sheng, Zhenhai Xiang, Pengfei Ban and Chuang Bao

Sustainability 2025, 17(1), 86; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17010086 (registering DOI) - 26 Dec 2024

Abstract

The deployment of electric vehicle charging stations (EVCSs) is crucial for the large-scale adoption of electric vehicles and the sustainable energy development of global cities. However, existing research on the spatial distribution of EVCSs has provided limited analysis of spatial equity from the [...] Read more.

The deployment of electric vehicle charging stations (EVCSs) is crucial for the large-scale adoption of electric vehicles and the sustainable energy development of global cities. However, existing research on the spatial distribution of EVCSs has provided limited analysis of spatial equity from the perspective of supply–demand relationships. Furthermore, studies examining the influence of the built environment on EVCS accessibility are scarce, and often rely on single methods and perspectives. To explore the spatial characteristics of EVCS accessibility and its influencing factors, using multi-source urban spatial data, this study initially employs the Gaussian two-step floating catchment area (G2SFCA) method to measure and analyze the spatial distribution characteristics of EVCS accessibility in Guangzhou, China, with consideration of supply–demand relationships. Subsequently, it integrates the MGWR and random forest (RF) models to comprehensively investigate the impact mechanism of the built environment on EVCS accessibility from the perspectives of spatial heterogeneity and non-linear relationship. The results show that the EVCS accessibility exhibits a “ higher in the west and lower in the east, with extreme core concentration” distribution pattern, and has significant spatial autocorrelation. The built-environment variables exhibit different scale effects and spatial non-stationarity, with widespread non-linear effects. Among them, the auto service, distance to regional center, and distance to subway station play important roles in influencing EVCS accessibility. These findings offer important guidance for the efficient and equitable layout of EVCSs in high-density cities. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Sustainable Built Environment, 2nd Volume)

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Open AccessArticle

Mapping and Validation of Quantitative Trait Loci on Yield-Related Traits Using Bi-Parental Recombinant Inbred Lines and Reciprocal Single-Segment Substitution Lines in Rice (Oryza Sativa L.)

by Ghulam Ali Manzoor, Changbin Yin, Luyan Zhang and Jiankang Wang

Plants 2025, 14(1), 43; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14010043 (registering DOI) - 26 Dec 2024

Abstract

Yield-related traits have higher heritability and lower genotype-by-environment interaction, making them more suitable for genetic studies in comparison with the yield per se. Different populations have been developed and employed in QTL mapping; however, the use of reciprocal SSSLs is limited. In this [...] Read more.

Yield-related traits have higher heritability and lower genotype-by-environment interaction, making them more suitable for genetic studies in comparison with the yield per se. Different populations have been developed and employed in QTL mapping; however, the use of reciprocal SSSLs is limited. In this study, three kinds of bi-parental populations were used to investigate the stable and novel QTLs on six yield-related traits, i.e., plant height (PH), heading date (HD), thousand-grain weight (TGW), effective tiller number (ETN), number of spikelets per panicle (NSP), and seed set percentage (SS). Two parental lines, i.e., japonica Asominori and indica IR24, their recombinant inbred lines (RILs), and reciprocal single-segment substitution lines (SSSLs), i.e., AIS and IAS, were genotyped by SSR markers and phenotyped in four environments with two replications. Broad-sense heritability of the six traits ranged from 0.67 to 0.94, indicating their suitability for QTL mapping. In the RIL population, 18 stable QTLs were identified for the six traits, 4 for PH, 6 for HD, 5 for TGW, and 1 each for ETN, NSP, and SS. Eight of them were validated by the AIS and IAS populations. The results indicated that the allele from IR24 increased PH, and the alternative allele from Asominori reduced PH at qPH3-1. AIS18, AIS19, and AIS20 were identified to be the donor parents which can be used to increase PH in japonica rice; on the other hand, IAS14 and IAS15 can be used to reduce PH in indica rice. The allele from IR24 delayed HD, and the alternative allele reduced HD at qHD3-1. AIS14 and AIS15 were identified to be the donor parents which can be used to delay HD in japonica rice; IAS13 and IAS14 can be used to reduce HD in indica rice. Reciprocal SSSLs not only are the ideal genetic materials for QTL validation, but also provide the opportunity for fine mapping and gene cloning of the validated QTLs. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Genetic Analysis of Quantitative Traits in Plants)

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Open AccessArticle

Development of Application Customization Toolkit (ACT) for 3D Thermal Elastic-Plastic Welding Analysis

by Jaeyong Lee, Dong Hee Park, Juhyeon Park and Do Kyun Kim

Materials 2025, 18(1), 57; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma18010057 (registering DOI) - 26 Dec 2024

Abstract

A 3D thermal elastic-plastic welding analysis ACT (Application Customization Toolkit) was developed in ANSYS, making welding analysis more accessible. The welding analysis was performed using a decoupled method, separated into thermal and structural analyses. To validate the results, comparisons were made with previous [...] Read more.

A 3D thermal elastic-plastic welding analysis ACT (Application Customization Toolkit) was developed in ANSYS, making welding analysis more accessible. The welding analysis was performed using a decoupled method, separated into thermal and structural analyses. To validate the results, comparisons were made with previous studies for two types of welding: T-joint fillet welding and butt welding. Subsequently, the residual stress and deformation obtained from the welding analysis were applied as initial imperfections in a compression analysis to evaluate the ultimate compressive strength with conventional compression analysis. This comparison allowed for a more realistic assessment of the effects of deformation and residual stress distribution on the structural behaviours. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Design, Mechanical Properties, and Fatigue Behavior of Materials, Welding Joints and Structures)

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0 pages, 3851 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Controlled Multi-Dimensional Assembly of Calcium Carbonate Particles with Industrial By-Product Carbide Slag and CO₂

by Yuke Shen, Xiaoli Jiang, Chengcai Tang, Wei Ma, Jianyu Cheng, Hongxu Wang, Hongyu Zhu, Lin Zhao, Yagang Zhang and Panfeng Zhao

Nanomaterials 2025, 15(1), 16; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15010016 (registering DOI) - 26 Dec 2024

Abstract

The utilization of carbide slag, an industrial by-product, as a resource to prepare value-added products has a profound impact not only for sustainable synthesis and the circular economy but also for CO₂ reduction. Herein, we report the very first example of the [...] Read more.

The utilization of carbide slag, an industrial by-product, as a resource to prepare value-added products has a profound impact not only for sustainable synthesis and the circular economy but also for CO₂ reduction. Herein, we report the very first example of the controlled multi-dimensional assembly of calcium carbonate particles at the micrometer scale with industrial by-product carbide slag and CO₂. Calcium carbonate particles of distinctly different sizes, shapes, and morphologies are obtained by finely tuning the assembly conditions. This strategy yields diverse assembled structures, including simple cubic, mulberry-like assembled unit, stacked cubic polycrystalline, and rotated polycrystalline structures, using the same starting materials. This innovative approach not only highlights the adaptability and efficiency of utilizing industrial by-products via multi-dimensional assembly but also provides new insights into the potential applications of the resulting calcium carbonate. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Environmental Nanoscience and Nanotechnology)

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Open AccessCase Report

Impact of BRAF and MEK Inhibitors on Gingival Hyperplasia in Melanoma Patients—A Case Report

by Tanja Veljovic, Milanko Djuric, Ivana Gusic, Nada Vuckovic, Bojana Ramic and Jelena Mirnic

J. Clin. Med. 2025, 14(1), 65; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm14010065 (registering DOI) - 26 Dec 2024

Abstract

Background: Although BRAF inhibitors, such as vemurafenib, produce a marked response in patients with advanced melanoma with a BRAF V600 mutation, they eventually develop resistance to this treatment. To address this issue, vemurafenib is increasingly combined with the MEK inhibitor cobimetinib, leading to [...] Read more.

Background: Although BRAF inhibitors, such as vemurafenib, produce a marked response in patients with advanced melanoma with a BRAF V600 mutation, they eventually develop resistance to this treatment. To address this issue, vemurafenib is increasingly combined with the MEK inhibitor cobimetinib, leading to improved response rates and enhanced survival. However, this treatment modality is associated with numerous side effects. We present a case of gingival hyperplasia in a patient treated with vemurafenib, along with the strategy adopted for the management of this condition, and the impact of subsequent cobimetinib administration on its severity. Methods: The 59-year-old male patient in the focus of this report presented at the Department of Periodontology at the Medical Faculty, University of Novi Sad, in 2019, complaining of gingival overgrowth and bleeding. The patient reported persistent gum swelling during the preceding six months, which he ascribed to the use of vemurafenib, 960 mg twice daily, since 2018, when this medication was prescribed as a part of malignant melanoma treatment. Detailed clinical examination revealed significant gingival overgrowth around all present teeth, affecting the vestibular as well as the oral sides. The patient underwent thorough scaling and root planing, followed by the surgical removal of hyperplastic gingiva. After gingivectomy, the patient was scheduled for follow-up visits at one-month intervals. Six months after gingivectomy, vemurafenib dose was reduced to 720 mg twice daily, and cobimetinib was introduced at 60 mg per day. Results: The treatment protocol adopted in this study, combined with cobimetinib administration, stabilized the gingiva condition in this patient. However, due to his overall poor oral hygiene, gingiva remained inflamed and edematous, but was no longer hyperplastic and hyperkeratotic in appearance. Conclusions: This case underscores the importance of recognizing and adequately addressing this complication, as its adverse effect on a patient’s quality of life can potentially compromise treatment protocol adherence. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Melanoma: Clinical Updates and Perspectives)

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