MDPI - Publisher of Open Access Journals

22 pages, 1675 KiB

Open AccessReview

Plasma Spraying of W Coatings for Nuclear Fusion Applications: Advancements and Challenges

by Ekaterina Pakhomova, Alessandra Palombi and Alessandra Varone

Crystals 2025, 15(5), 408; https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst15050408 (registering DOI) - 26 Apr 2025

The selection of a suitable plasma-facing material (PFM) that must protect the divertor, cooling systems, and structural components is an important challenge in the design of advanced fusion reactors and requires careful consideration. Material degradation due to melting and evaporation may lead to [...] Read more.

The selection of a suitable plasma-facing material (PFM) that must protect the divertor, cooling systems, and structural components is an important challenge in the design of advanced fusion reactors and requires careful consideration. Material degradation due to melting and evaporation may lead to plasma contamination, which must be strictly avoided. Among the candidate materials, tungsten (W) is the most promising because of its thermo-mechanical and physical properties, which allow it to endure repeated exposure to extremely harsh conditions within the reactor. The plasma spraying (PS) technique is gaining increasing interest for the deposition of tungsten (W) coatings to protect heat sink materials, due to its relatively low cost, high deposition rates, and capability to coat complex-shaped surfaces and fix damaged coatings in situ. This review aims to provide a systematic assessment of tungsten (W) coatings produced by PS techniques, evaluating their suitability as PFMs. It discusses W-based materials, plasma spraying technologies, the role of the interface in joining W coating and metallic substrates such as copper alloys and steels, and the main issues related to coating surface erosion under steady-state and transient heat loads associated with advanced fusion reactor operation modes and off-normal events. Quantitative data available in the literature, such as porosity, oxygen content, thermal conductivity of the coatings, residual stresses accumulated in the coating–substrate interface, surface temperature, and material loss following heat load events, were summarized and compared to bulk W ones. The results demonstrate that, following optimization of the fabrication process, PS-W coatings exhibit excellent performance. In addition, previously mentioned advantages of PS technology make PS-W coatings an attractive alternative for PFM fabrication. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Surface Engineering Materials: Characterization and Properties (2nd Edition))

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18 pages, 6043 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Impact of Corrugated Fins on Flow and Heat Transfer Performance in Medium-Deep Coaxial Underground Heat Exchangers

by Yan Shi, Chengcheng Liu, Hongxu Chen, Yaoshuai Yue and Mingqi Li

Energies 2025, 18(9), 2212; https://doi.org/10.3390/en18092212 (registering DOI) - 26 Apr 2025

Abstract

To enhance the efficient development of geothermal energy, this study investigates the heat transfer enhancement mechanisms in medium-depth coaxial underground heat exchangers (CUHEs) integrated with corrugated fins, using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations. Nine distinct corrugated fin geometries were modeled, and the streamlines, [...] Read more.

To enhance the efficient development of geothermal energy, this study investigates the heat transfer enhancement mechanisms in medium-depth coaxial underground heat exchangers (CUHEs) integrated with corrugated fins, using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations. Nine distinct corrugated fin geometries were modeled, and the streamlines, velocity fields, temperature fields, and turbulent kinetic energy were analyzed across Reynolds numbers (Re) ranging from 12,000 to 42,000. The results demonstrate that corrugated fins significantly promote fluid turbulence and mixing, thereby augmenting convective heat transfer. Compared to smooth inner tubes, the Nusselt number (Nu) is enhanced by a factor of 1.43–2.19, while the friction factor (f) increases by a factor of 2.94–6.79. The performance evaluation criterion (PEC) improves with increasing fin width and decreasing fin spacing. The optimal configuration, featuring a fin width of 15 mm, a spacing of 60 mm, and a thickness of 15 mm, achieves a maximum PEC value of 1.34 at Re = 12,000, indicating a substantial improvement in heat transfer performance within acceptable pressure drop limits. This research innovatively explores the performance enhancement of CUHEs at high Re, systematically elucidates the influence of geometric parameters on heat transfer and flow resistance, and employs the PEC index to optimize the structural design. This provides significant theoretical support for the efficient engineering application of CUHEs in geothermal utilization. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section J1: Heat and Mass Transfer)

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16 pages, 4631 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Genetic Differentiation in Red and Green Noctiluca scintillans in Jakarta Bay, Indonesia

by Muhammad Izzat Nugraha, Goh Nishitani, Akira Ishikawa, Sutanto Hadi, Waka Sato-Okoshi and Beginer Subhan

J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2025, 13(5), 866; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse13050866 (registering DOI) - 26 Apr 2025

Abstract

Marine dinoflagellate Noctiluca scintillans occurs in two forms, red and green, that overlap in distribution across the Arabian Sea and Southeast Asian coastal waters, particularly in Indonesia. However, limited genetic data on Indonesian N. scintillans cast uncertainty on their taxonomic status. In this [...] Read more.

Marine dinoflagellate Noctiluca scintillans occurs in two forms, red and green, that overlap in distribution across the Arabian Sea and Southeast Asian coastal waters, particularly in Indonesia. However, limited genetic data on Indonesian N. scintillans cast uncertainty on their taxonomic status. In this study, we introduce the first 28S PCR primer set specifically designed for Noctiluca to enable sequence analysis. The Indonesian red-type N. scintillans (RNS) sequences show considerable divergence from other documented populations, suggesting a potentially adapted population in Jakarta Bay. Similarly, the RNS in Indonesia differ genetically from co-occurring green-type N. scintillans (GNS). Morphological differences were also observed between Indonesian and Japanese RNS, with Indonesian cells exhibiting a smaller size and rougher surface, in contrast to the larger size and smoother surface observed in Japanese specimens. Full article

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16 pages, 13352 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Hypercapnia Increases Influenza A Virus Infection of Bronchial Epithelial Cells by Augmenting Cellular Cholesterol via mTOR and Akt

by Fei Chen, Aiko Matsuda, Peter H. S. Sporn and S. Marina Casalino-Matsuda

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025, 26(9), 4133; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms26094133 (registering DOI) - 26 Apr 2025

Abstract

Hypercapnia, the elevation of CO₂ in blood and tissue, is a risk factor for mortality in patients with severe lung disease and pulmonary infections. We previously showed that hypercapnia increases viral replication and mortality in mice infected with influenza A virus (IAV). [...] Read more.

Hypercapnia, the elevation of CO₂ in blood and tissue, is a risk factor for mortality in patients with severe lung disease and pulmonary infections. We previously showed that hypercapnia increases viral replication and mortality in mice infected with influenza A virus (IAV). Elevated CO₂ also augmented cholesterol content and pseudo-SARS-CoV-2 entry in bronchial epithelial cells. Interestingly, cellular cholesterol facilitates IAV uptake, replication, assembly, and egress from cells. Here, we report that hypercapnia increases viral protein expression in airway epithelium of mice infected with IAV. Elevated CO₂ also enhanced IAV adhesion and internalization, viral protein expression, and viral replication in bronchial epithelial cells. Hypercapnia increased the expression and activation of the transcription factor sterol-regulatory element binding protein 2 (SREBP2), resulting in elevated expression of cholesterol synthesis enzymes, decreased expression of a cholesterol efflux transporter, and augmented cellular cholesterol. Moreover, reducing cellular cholesterol with an SREBP2 inhibitor or statins blocked hypercapnia-induced increases in viral adhesion and internalization, viral protein expression, and IAV replication. Inhibitors of mTOR and Akt also blocked the effect of hypercapnia on viral growth. Our findings suggest that targeting cholesterol synthesis and/or mTOR/Akt signaling may hold promise for reducing susceptibility to influenza infection in patients with advanced lung disease and hypercapnia. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Advances in Hypercapnia)

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25 pages, 105571 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Localizations of Laminin Chains Suggest Their Multifaceted Functions in Mouse Tooth Development

by Tian Liang, Hong Zhang, Yuanyuan Hu, Mansi Solanki, Chuhua Zhang, Takako Sasaki, Charles E. Smith, Jan C.-C. Hu and James P. Simmer

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025, 26(9), 4134; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms26094134 (registering DOI) - 26 Apr 2025

Abstract

The human laminin family is composed of five α, four β, and three γ chains. Laminins are heterotrimers of α, β, and γ chains. Laminins play critical roles during organogenesis, mostly as basement membrane components. The expression of all and the localization of [...] Read more.

The human laminin family is composed of five α, four β, and three γ chains. Laminins are heterotrimers of α, β, and γ chains. Laminins play critical roles during organogenesis, mostly as basement membrane components. The expression of all and the localization of most laminin chains were characterized in mouse developing teeth. Primary laminin isoforms in basement membranes along the inner enamel epithelium before the secretory stage and outside of the outer enamel epithelium were laminins 111 (α1β1γ1) and 511. The mouse laminin α3 chain has two variants, α3A and α3B. Although a basement membrane structure is absent, laminin 3A32 was localized along the secretory surface of the secretory stage ameloblast Tomes’ processes. Laminin 3A32 was localized along the atypical basement membrane of maturation stage ameloblasts and the specialized basement membrane of junctional epithelium facing the enamel surface. The endothelial basement membrane in the dental papilla and outside of the enamel organ contained laminins 411 and 511. Laminin 332 was detected in the extracellular matrix but not the basement membrane of the apical loop. Laminin 111 was localized in the extracellular matrix of the apical dental papilla without forming a visible basement membrane. These findings suggest the multifaceted functions of laminins in tooth development and set the foundation for functional investigations. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Molecular Metabolism of Ameloblasts in Tooth Development)

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19 pages, 3229 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Unveiling the Microplastics Menace in Freshwater Fishes: Evidence from the Panjnad Barrage, South Punjab, Pakistan

by Syed Muhammad Moeen Uddin Raheel, Adnan Ahmad Qazi, Muhammad Latif, Huma Naz, Yasir Waqas and Maximilian Lackner

Fishes 2025, 10(5), 198; https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes10050198 (registering DOI) - 26 Apr 2025

Abstract

This study explored the prevalence and types of microplastic (MP) pollution in three fish species—Labeo rohita, Wallago attu, and Cirrhinus mrigala—collected from the Panjnad Barrage in South Punjab, Pakistan. MPs were analyzed from the gastrointestinal tracts (GITs), gills, and [...] Read more.

This study explored the prevalence and types of microplastic (MP) pollution in three fish species—Labeo rohita, Wallago attu, and Cirrhinus mrigala—collected from the Panjnad Barrage in South Punjab, Pakistan. MPs were analyzed from the gastrointestinal tracts (GITs), gills, and muscles of 90 fish samples. Advanced analytical techniques, including Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Scanning Electron Microscopy/Energy-Dispersive X-Ray Spectroscopy (SEM/EDX), and Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry (GC/MS), were deployed, confirming the polymeric composition and presence of various additives. Quantitative and qualitative analyses revealed significant variations in MP accumulation across tissues, with the GIT consistently showing the highest MP count, the gills having the highest concentration per gram, and the muscles exhibiting the lowest amount of accumulation. Wallago attu was found to have accumulated the highest concentration of microparticles among all three species due to its feeding habits and habitat. Fibers and fragments were the predominant types of MPs, with yellow and red being the most frequent colors. Polypropylene (PP) and polyethylene (PE) were the primary polymers identified, alongside other types like polyethylene terephthalate (PET) and polyvinyl chloride (PVC). The MP size distribution indicated that mid-sized particles (150–50 µm) were most abundant in the GIT and gills, while smaller particles (<50 µm) accumulated in the muscles, suggesting different levels of bioavailability and tissue penetration. Overall, the results suggest that agricultural activities are a major contributor to plastic pollution in the Panjnad Barrage. These findings highlight the ecological and health impacts of MP contamination, stressing the importance of targeted mitigation strategies to eliminate plastic waste in aquatic environments. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Effects of Nanoplastics and Microplastics on Fish Health)

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17 pages, 2921 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Multivariate Regression Analysis for Identifying Key Drivers of Harmful Algal Bloom in Lake Erie

by Omer Mermer and Ibrahim Demir

Appl. Sci. 2025, 15(9), 4824; https://doi.org/10.3390/app15094824 (registering DOI) - 26 Apr 2025

Abstract

Harmful Algal Blooms (HABs), predominantly driven by cyanobacteria, pose significant risks to water quality, public health, and aquatic ecosystems. Lake Erie, particularly its western basin, has been severely impacted by HABs, largely due to nutrient pollution and climatic changes. This study aims to [...] Read more.

Harmful Algal Blooms (HABs), predominantly driven by cyanobacteria, pose significant risks to water quality, public health, and aquatic ecosystems. Lake Erie, particularly its western basin, has been severely impacted by HABs, largely due to nutrient pollution and climatic changes. This study aims to identify key physical, chemical, and biological drivers influencing HABs using a multivariate regression analysis. Water quality data, collected from multiple monitoring stations in Lake Erie from 2013 to 2020, were analyzed to develop predictive models for chlorophyll-a (Chl-a) and total suspended solids (TSS). The correlation analysis revealed that particulate organic nitrogen, turbidity, and particulate organic carbon were the most influential variables for predicting Chl-a and TSS concentrations. Two regression models were developed, achieving high accuracy with R² values of 0.973 for Chl-a and 0.958 for TSS. This study demonstrates the robustness of multivariate regression techniques in identifying significant HAB drivers, providing a framework applicable to other aquatic systems. These findings will contribute to better HAB prediction and management strategies, ultimately helping to protect water resources and public health. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Climate Change in the Environmental Impact: Monitoring, Observation and Applications)

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15 pages, 2726 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Impact of EPAC2-Associated Junction Plakoglobin on Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infection

by Chaitra A. Takle, Eun-Jin Choi, Eun Seok Choi, Devang Deepak, Kashish Khatkar, Jong Min Choi, Ke Zhang, Sung Yun Jung, Tian Wang, Wenzhe Wu and Xiaoyong Bao

Viruses 2025, 17(5), 627; https://doi.org/10.3390/v17050627 (registering DOI) - 26 Apr 2025

Abstract

Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a leading cause of lower respiratory tract infections in infants, young children, and immunocompromised individuals. Currently, FDA-approved monoclonal antibody therapies are limited to infants and young children with severe RSV disease. As a result, there is an urgent [...] Read more.

Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a leading cause of lower respiratory tract infections in infants, young children, and immunocompromised individuals. Currently, FDA-approved monoclonal antibody therapies are limited to infants and young children with severe RSV disease. As a result, there is an urgent need for comprehensive studies of RSV pathogenesis to support the development of new therapeutic strategies. Exchange proteins directly activated by cAMP (EPAC) have recently emerged as key regulators in various viral infections. Our previous work identified EPAC isoform 2 (EPAC2) as a critical factor in RSV replication and host innate immune responses. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying EPAC2’s role in RSV infection remain unclear. In this study, we investigated EPAC2-mediated RSV infection by identifying EPAC2-interacting proteins. Proteomics and immunoprecipitation analyses revealed that junction plakoglobin (JUP) interacts with EPAC2 in both mock- and RSV-infected cells, with this interaction notably enhanced during RSV infection. To determine JUP’s role in RSV infection, we compared viral replication in JUP-deficient and control cells. JUP downregulation significantly reduced the production of infectious RSV particles, likely by impairing viral budding and viral gene transcription. Moreover, our findings indicate that JUP is essential for an effective cellular immune response to RSV infection. Together, these results suggest that EPAC2 and JUP may cooperatively regulate RSV replication and dissemination. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Viral Mechanisms of Immune Evasion)

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9 pages, 406 KiB

Open AccessBrief Report

Evaluation of Humoral and Cell-Mediated Immunity Induced by Quadrivalent Influenza Vaccine in Pre-COVID-19 Japan

by Naruhito Otani, Toshiomi Okuno, Kumiko Yamada, Toshie Tsuchida, Kaori Ishikawa, Kaoru Ichiki, Takashi Ueda, Yoshio Takesue, Satoshi Higasa and Kazuhiko Nakajima

Viruses 2025, 17(5), 626; https://doi.org/10.3390/v17050626 (registering DOI) - 26 Apr 2025

Abstract

This study aimed to evaluate the humoral and cell-mediated immune responses induced by an inactivated influenza vaccine (IIV4) during the 2019/2020 influenza season in Japan. We collected blood samples from 25 healthy adults before vaccination, 2 weeks post-vaccination, and 5 months post-vaccination. Humoral [...] Read more.

This study aimed to evaluate the humoral and cell-mediated immune responses induced by an inactivated influenza vaccine (IIV4) during the 2019/2020 influenza season in Japan. We collected blood samples from 25 healthy adults before vaccination, 2 weeks post-vaccination, and 5 months post-vaccination. Humoral and cell-mediated immunities were assessed based on hemagglutination inhibition antibody titers and interferon-γ (IFN-γ) levels, respectively. The geometric mean titer ratio for A/H3N2 exceeded 2.5, meeting the criteria outlined by the European Medicines Agency guidelines; other strains did not achieve similar thresholds. IFN-γ responses indicated significant activation for all strains, with 32–36% of participants exhibiting ≥ 1.5-fold increases. Due to the implementation of infection control measures against COVID-19, influenza activity was not observed during the 2020/2021 and 2021/2022 seasons, potentially altering influenza immunity. Our findings highlight the importance of both humoral and cell-mediated immunity in evaluating vaccine immunogenicity. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Influenza, SARS-CoV-2, RSV and Other Vaccines: Immunogenicity Parameters and Protection, 3rd Edition)

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33 pages, 8233 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Geoinformation and Analytical Support for the Development of Promising Aquifers for Pasture Water Supply in Southern Kazakhstan

by Sultan Tazhiyev, Yermek Murtazin, Yevgeniy Sotnikov, Valentina Rakhimova, Dinara Adenova, Makhabbat Abdizhalel and Darkhan Yerezhep

Water 2025, 17(9), 1297; https://doi.org/10.3390/w17091297 (registering DOI) - 26 Apr 2025

Abstract

Ensuring water resources for livestock production in Kazakhstan presents a multifaceted challenge. Pastoral systems in Southern Kazakhstan are facing a critical groundwater shortage, with 56.5% of pastures currently unused due to limited water access, jeopardizing around 2 million head of livestock and the [...] Read more.

Ensuring water resources for livestock production in Kazakhstan presents a multifaceted challenge. Pastoral systems in Southern Kazakhstan are facing a critical groundwater shortage, with 56.5% of pastures currently unused due to limited water access, jeopardizing around 2 million head of livestock and the region’s food security. This study presents the first comprehensive groundwater assessment in over 40 years, integrating hydrochemical analysis (55 samples) and field surveys conducted in the Almaty and Zhetysu regions. Key findings include: the total water demand for livestock is estimated at 53,735 thousand m³/year, with approximately 40% of samples exceeding WHO guidelines for total mineralization. It was determined that 45% of exploitable groundwater reserves in the Almaty region and 15–17% in the Zhetysu region are suitable for irrigation. This study also provides updated hydrogeological data, identifying three priority aquifer systems. A novel Groundwater Sustainability Index for pastoral zones of Central Asia is introduced, demonstrating that strategic aquifer development could expand watered pastureland by 30–40%. These findings directly inform Kazakhstan’s Agricultural Development Plan through 2030 and provide a replicable framework for sustainable water management in arid regions. With 69,836 rural residents currently lacking access to safe water, our results underscore the urgent need for infrastructure investment to meet SDG 6 targets (ensure availability and sustainable management of water and sanitation for all). Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Hydrogeology)

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22 pages, 759 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Communicating About Single-Use Bottled Water to Mitigate Ecosystem Pollution

by Kristin E. Gibson, Alexa J. Lamm, Kevan W. Lamm, Jessica Holt and Kyle Maurice Woosnam

Water 2025, 17(9), 1298; https://doi.org/10.3390/w17091298 (registering DOI) - 26 Apr 2025

Abstract

The use of plastics is ingrained in modern lifestyles, yet plastic waste contaminates ecosystems and harms human health. Single-use bottled water is a substantial contributor to global plastic use despite many sustainable alternatives. The purpose of this study was to examine if knowledge, [...] Read more.

The use of plastics is ingrained in modern lifestyles, yet plastic waste contaminates ecosystems and harms human health. Single-use bottled water is a substantial contributor to global plastic use despite many sustainable alternatives. The purpose of this study was to examine if knowledge, cognitive beliefs, affective beliefs, attitudes, and perceived access to clean water affected consumers’ intention to purchase single-use bottled water. Data were collected from Florida, Georgia, and Alabama residents using non-probability opt-in sampling. A hypothesized model was analyzed using confirmatory factor analysis and structural modeling in MPlus. Knowledge, cognitive beliefs, and affective beliefs accounted for 34.5% of the variance in attitudes. Additionally, these three constructs, along with the perceived access to clean water and attitudes, accounted for 31.9% of the variance in the intention to purchase single-use bottled water. All direct and indirect paths in the model were significant, indicating that communication targeting knowledge, cognitive beliefs, affective beliefs, attitudes, and the perceived access to clean water may shift the public sentiment. Key findings revealed that increasing consumers’ knowledge and decreasing beliefs about single-use bottled water decreased purchase intentions. The study results highlight the need for communication strategies that challenge emotional attachments and the perceived knowledge of single-use bottled water while emphasizing credible knowledge about the associated environmental and health impacts. Environmental communicators should explore generational differences related to affective beliefs regarding single-use bottled water to target messaging based on aesthetics. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Integrated Approaches to Water Resources and Environmental Management: Innovations in Simulation and Impact Assessment)

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32 pages, 3473 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Predictive Models of Patient Severity in Intensive Care Units Based on Serum Cytokine Profiles: Advancing Rapid Analysis

by Cristiana P. Von Rekowski, Tiago A. H. Fonseca, Rúben Araújo, Ana Martins, Iola Pinto, M. Conceição Oliveira, Gonçalo C. Justino, Luís Bento and Cecília R. C. Calado

Appl. Sci. 2025, 15(9), 4823; https://doi.org/10.3390/app15094823 (registering DOI) - 26 Apr 2025

Abstract

Predicting disease states and outcomes—and anticipating the need for specific procedures—enhances the efficiency of patient management, particularly in the dynamic and heterogenous environments of intensive care units (ICUs). This study aimed to develop robust predictive models using small sets of blood analytes to [...] Read more.

Predicting disease states and outcomes—and anticipating the need for specific procedures—enhances the efficiency of patient management, particularly in the dynamic and heterogenous environments of intensive care units (ICUs). This study aimed to develop robust predictive models using small sets of blood analytes to predict disease severity and mortality in ICUs, as fewer analytes are advantageous for future rapid analyses using biosensors, enabling fast clinical decision-making. Given the substantial impact of inflammatory processes, this research examined the serum profiles of 25 cytokines, either in association with or independent of nine routine blood analyses. Serum samples from 24 male COVID-19 patients admitted to an ICU were divided into three groups: Group A, including less severe patients, and Groups B and C, that needed invasive mechanical ventilation (IMV). Patients from Group C died within seven days after the current analysis. Naïve Bayes models were developed using the full dataset or with feature subsets selected either through an information gain algorithm or univariate data analysis. Strong predictive models were achieved for IMV (AUC = 0.891) and mortality within homogeneous (AUC = 0.774) or more heterogeneous (AUC = 0.887) populations utilizing two to nine features. Despite the small sample, these findings underscore the potential for effective prediction models based on a limited number of analytes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Biological and Biomedical Optoelectronics)

14 pages, 6233 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Synthesis and Physical–Chemical Characterization of a Biopolymer Derived from Cassava Starch, Cashew Nutshell Liquid, and Diammonium Phosphate

by Manuel Acosta Humánez, Yair Vega Vega, Alvaro Arrieta Almario, Oriana Palma Calabokis and Jair de Jesús Arrieta Baldovino

Polymers 2025, 17(9), 1184; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym17091184 (registering DOI) - 26 Apr 2025

Abstract

A biopolymer was synthesized using starch, cashew nutshell liquid (CNSL), and the commercial fertilizer diammonium phosphate (DAP). The biopolymer and its constituents were characterized using SEM, infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), ultraviolet–visible diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (UV-Vis DRS), and thermal analysis by TGA and [...] Read more.

A biopolymer was synthesized using starch, cashew nutshell liquid (CNSL), and the commercial fertilizer diammonium phosphate (DAP). The biopolymer and its constituents were characterized using SEM, infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), ultraviolet–visible diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (UV-Vis DRS), and thermal analysis by TGA and DSC. The results showed that fertilizer particles could be encapsulated by the starch and CNSL matrix. Functional groups and ions in the biopolymer showed characteristic bands associated with starch, CNSL, and DAP fertilizer. Moreover, the biopolymer diffraction peaks contained XRD peaks of starch and DAP. The crystallinity of the biopolymer decreased. Starch, CNSL, and DAP electronic transitions appeared in the biopolymer, with possible signal overlapping. The bandgap of starch and biopolymer did not differ significantly (6.19 and 6.16 eV, respectively). Both materials acted as insulators. Differential scanning calorimetry/thermogravimetric evidenced the materials’ thermal behavior, where water elimination, degradation, oxidation, and gas formation were registered. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Reactive and Functional Biopolymers)

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27 pages, 3675 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Big-Data-Assisted Urban Governance: A Machine-Learning-Based Data Record Standard Scoring Method

by Zicheng Zhang and Tianshu Zhang

Systems 2025, 13(5), 320; https://doi.org/10.3390/systems13050320 (registering DOI) - 26 Apr 2025

Abstract

With the increasing adoption of digital governance and big data analytics, the quality of government hotline data significantly affects urban governance and public service efficiency. However, existing methods for assessing data record standards focus predominantly on structured data, exhibiting notable inadequacies in handling [...] Read more.

With the increasing adoption of digital governance and big data analytics, the quality of government hotline data significantly affects urban governance and public service efficiency. However, existing methods for assessing data record standards focus predominantly on structured data, exhibiting notable inadequacies in handling the complexities inherent in unstructured or semi-structured textual hotline records. To address these shortcomings, this study develops a comprehensive scoring method tailored for evaluating multi-dimensional data record standards in government hotline data. By integrating advanced deep learning models, we systematically analyze six evaluation indicators: classification predictability, dispatch accuracy, record correctness, address accuracy, adjacent sentence similarity, and full-text similarity. Empirical analysis reveals a significant positive correlation between improved data record standards and higher work order completion rates, particularly highlighting the crucial role of semantic-related indicators (classification predictability and adjacent sentence similarity). Furthermore, the results indicate that the work order field strengthens the positive impact of data standards on completion rates, whereas variations in departmental data-handling capabilities weaken this relationship. This study addresses existing inadequacies by proposing a novel scoring method emphasizing semantic measures and provides practical recommendations—including standardized language usage, intelligent analytic support, and targeted staff training—to effectively enhance urban governance. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Data Science and Intelligent Management)

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15 pages, 16056 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Pore Structure Characteristics and Controlling Factors of an Interbedded Shale Oil Reservoir—A Case Study of Chang 7 in the HSN Area of the Ordos Basin

by Linpu Fu, Xixin Wang, Bin Zhao and Shuwei Ma

Processes 2025, 13(5), 1331; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr13051331 (registering DOI) - 26 Apr 2025

Abstract

The geological structure of interbedded shale oil reservoirs is complex, later characterized by high reservoir heterogeneity and diverse reservoir spaces. These distinctive features are primarily attributed to their unique source–storage configuration. This paper comprehensively investigates the pore structure characteristics and controlling factors, which [...] Read more.

The geological structure of interbedded shale oil reservoirs is complex, later characterized by high reservoir heterogeneity and diverse reservoir spaces. These distinctive features are primarily attributed to their unique source–storage configuration. This paper comprehensively investigates the pore structure characteristics and controlling factors, which are beneficial for realizing efficient and sustainable resource utilization. The pore structure characteristics and main control factors of interbedded shale oil in the Heshuinan (HSN) area of the Ordos Basin are studied by analyzing thin sections and scanning them under an electron microscope, and using XRD analysis, a high-pressure mercury injection, a constant-rate mercury injection, and a nitrogen adsorption method. The influence of sedimentation and diagenesis on the pore structure is analyzed. Research shows that the interbedded shale oil reservoirs of the Triassic Chang 7 in the HSN area have an average porosity of 8.47% and an average permeability of 0.74 × 10⁻³ μm². The reservoirs are classified as typical ultra-low porosity, ultra-low permeability reservoirs. The various pore types in the study area are mainly residual intergranular pores and feldspar dissolution pores. The pores are mostly in the shape of parallel slits and ink-bottle-shaped. The pore-throat radii range from 0.02 μm to 200 μm. Sedimentation and diagenesis jointly control the pore structure in the study area. Sedimentation determines the material foundation of the study area. Diagenesis affects later pore development. Early compaction greatly reduces the intergranular pores, but the chlorite envelope reduces the influence of compaction to some extent. The compacted residual intergranular pores are further reduced by clay minerals, carbonate minerals, and siliceous minerals. Late dissolution promotes pore enlargement, which is the key to the formation of high-quality reservoirs. Furthermore, on this basis, this paper outlines the genetic mechanism of the Chang 7 high-quality reservoir in the HSN area to provide guidance for the exploration and development of interbedded shale oil and gas. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Energy Systems)

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24 pages, 3312 KiB

Open AccessReview

Liquid Biopsy in Peritoneal Carcinomatosis from Colorectal Cancer: Current Evidence and Future Perspectives

by Valentino Martelli, Joana Vidal, Sílvia Salvans, Concepción Fernández, Jordi Badia-Ramentol, Jenniffer Linares, Marta Jiménez, Annarita Sibilio, Joan Gibert, Marina Pérez, Beatriz Bellosillo, Alexandre Calon, Filippo Pietrantonio, Mar Iglesias, Marta Pascual and Clara Montagut

Cancers 2025, 17(9), 1461; https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers17091461 (registering DOI) - 26 Apr 2025

Abstract

Peritoneal carcinomatosis (PC) represents a challenge in the management of metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC) because of the difficulties in diagnosis, tumor burden assessment, and in selecting the optimal treatments. A critical limitation is the lack of robust prognostic and predictive biomarkers, largely relying [...] Read more.

Peritoneal carcinomatosis (PC) represents a challenge in the management of metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC) because of the difficulties in diagnosis, tumor burden assessment, and in selecting the optimal treatments. A critical limitation is the lack of robust prognostic and predictive biomarkers, largely relying on serum markers (e.g., carcinoembryonic antigen) or the peritoneal carcinomatosis index (PCI) for disease extent. Circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA)—genomic fragments shed by tumor cells into the bloodstream—is now recommended by international guidelines for mCRC management. Its potential extends to PC, where it may enhance diagnostic, therapeutic, and follow-up strategies. However, PC from CRC (PC-CRC) is associated with lower ctDNA levels and detection rates compared to other metastatic sites, posing a challenge for its clinical utility. To address these limitations, peritoneal fluid analysis has emerged as a promising alternative, with peritoneal tumor DNA (ptDNA) detected at higher concentrations in this anatomical space. Integrating ctDNA and ptDNA may offer a deeper understanding of PC-CRC biology and provide more precise tools for managing this complex disease. This approach has the potential to revolutionize the treatment paradigm for PC-CRC, bringing precision medicine even to this subgroup of patients traditionally associated with poor outcomes. This review aims to evaluate the diagnostic, prognostic, and therapeutic implications of ctDNA and ptDNA in PC-CRC, highlighting current limitations and future directions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Chemotherapy and Treatment: Metastasis of Colorectal Cancer)

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13 pages, 5903 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Assembled Carbon Nanostructure Prepared by Spray Freeze Drying for Si-Based Anodes

by Wanxiong Zhu, Liewen Guo, Kairan Li, Mengxue Shen, Chang Lu, Zipeng Jiang, Huaihe Song and Ang Li

Nanomaterials 2025, 15(9), 661; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15090661 (registering DOI) - 26 Apr 2025

Abstract

Silicon-based materials provide a new pathway to break through the energy storage limits of battery systems but their industrialization process is still constrained by inherent diffusion hysteresis and unstable electrode structures. In this work, we propose a novel structural design strategy employing a [...] Read more.

Silicon-based materials provide a new pathway to break through the energy storage limits of battery systems but their industrialization process is still constrained by inherent diffusion hysteresis and unstable electrode structures. In this work, we propose a novel structural design strategy employing a modified spray freeze drying technique to construct multidimensional carbon nanostructures. The continuous morphological transition from carbon nanowires to carbon nanosheets was facilitated by the inducement of ultralow-temperature phase separation and the effect of polymer self-assembly. The unique wrinkled carbon nanosheet encapsulation effectively mitigated the stress concentration induced by the aggregation of silicon nanoparticles, while the open two-dimensional structure buffered the volume changes of silicon. As expected, the SSC-5M composite retained a reversible capacity of 1279 mAh g⁻¹ after 100 cycles at 0.2 C (1 C = 1700 mAh g⁻¹) and exhibited a capacity retention of 677.1 mAh g⁻¹ after 400 cycles at 1 C, demonstrating excellent cycling stability. This study offers a new strategy for the development of silicon-based energy storage devices. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nanoscale Carbon Materials for Advanced Energy-Related Applications)

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14 pages, 1112 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effectiveness of Tranexamic Acid in Reducing Hidden Blood Loss During Laparoscopic Sleeve Gastrectomy: A Randomized Clinical Trial

by Ksawery Bieniaszewski, Monika Proczko-Stepaniak, Maciej Wilczyński, Piotr Nowicki, Justyna Bigda and Michał Szymański

J. Clin. Med. 2025, 14(9), 3010; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm14093010 (registering DOI) - 26 Apr 2025

Abstract

Background: Tranexamic acid (TXA), an antifibrinolytic agent, has demonstrated efficacy in reducing bleeding across various surgical procedures. However, its role in bariatric surgery remains underexplored. This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of TXA in mitigating hidden blood loss following laparoscopic sleeve [...] Read more.

Background: Tranexamic acid (TXA), an antifibrinolytic agent, has demonstrated efficacy in reducing bleeding across various surgical procedures. However, its role in bariatric surgery remains underexplored. This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of TXA in mitigating hidden blood loss following laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy (SG). Methods: A single-center, single-blind, randomized, controlled trial was conducted at the University Clinical Center, Medical University of Gdańsk, Poland, between July 2022 and June 2023. A total of 238 patients undergoing SG were randomized to receive either TXA or no pharmacological intervention. The primary outcome was hemoglobin concentration in abdominal drainage post-surgery. Secondary outcomes included total blood loss, drainage volume, the need for blood transfusion, and postoperative complications. Statistical analyses were conducted using intention-to-treat and per-protocol strategies. Results: A statistically significant reduction in hemoglobin concentration in abdominal drainage samples was observed in the TXA group (p = 0.011). No significant differences were found in total blood loss, drainage volume, necessity for blood transfusions, or extended hospital stay between groups. Conclusions: While TXA administration may reduce the hidden blood loss effect, its general clinical significance appears questionable. Nonetheless, intraoperative TXA may be beneficial for a selected patient group with multiple preoperative disorders and risk factors. Further research is necessary to comprehensively assess the risks and benefits of TXA administration in bariatric surgery. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section General Surgery)

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18 pages, 870 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Knudsen Layer in Modeling the Heat Transfer at Nanoscale: Bulk and Wall Contributions to the Local Heat Flux

by Carmelo Filippo Munafò, Martina Nunziata and Antonio Sellitto

Entropy 2025, 27(5), 469; https://doi.org/10.3390/e27050469 (registering DOI) - 26 Apr 2025

Abstract

Starting from the observation that the influence of the heat carriers’ boundary scattering on the heat flux is mainly felt in the zone near the system’s boundary, the characteristic dimension of which is of the order of the mean-free path of the heat [...] Read more.

Starting from the observation that the influence of the heat carriers’ boundary scattering on the heat flux is mainly felt in the zone near the system’s boundary, the characteristic dimension of which is of the order of the mean-free path of the heat carriers, in this paper, we introduce the concept of the Knudsen layer in the heat transport at nanoscale and regard the local heat flux as the final resultant of two different contributions: the bulk heat flux and the wall heat flux. In the framework of phonon hydrodynamics, we therefore, here, derive a theoretical model in agreement with the second law of thermodynamics that accounts for those two contributions. In steady states, we then predict both how the local heat flux behaves and how the thermal conductivity depends on the characteristic dimension of the system. This analysis is performed both in the case of a nanolayer and in the case of a nanowire. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Thermodynamics)

25 pages, 1010 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Prepared to Ensure Quality Education for All? A Comparative Study of Pre-Service Teachers’ Self-Efficacy for Inclusion in Spain and the United States

by Cristina Miralles-Cardona, María-Cristina Cardona-Moltó, Renáta Tichá and Brian H. Abery

Educ. Sci. 2025, 15(5), 535; https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci15050535 (registering DOI) - 26 Apr 2025

Abstract

The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development calls for quality, inclusive education for all through Sustainable Development Goal 4 (SDG 4). Given the central role of teachers in achieving this goal, this study examined (1) whether pre-service elementary teachers develop self-efficacy for inclusive teaching [...] Read more.

The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development calls for quality, inclusive education for all through Sustainable Development Goal 4 (SDG 4). Given the central role of teachers in achieving this goal, this study examined (1) whether pre-service elementary teachers develop self-efficacy for inclusive teaching by graduation and (2) whether self-efficacy varies according to the type of teacher education program (general vs. dual) and the opportunities provided to learn inclusive teaching strategies. Using a non-experimental, cross-sectional comparative design, we surveyed 330 pre-service elementary teachers in the United States and Spain, enrolled in two distinct teacher education pathways. Participants completed the Teacher Self-Efficacy for Inclusive Practice (TEIP) and Opportunity to Learn to Teach Inclusively (OLTI) scales. Results revealed moderate levels of self-efficacy for inclusive teaching overall. Spanish participants in general teacher education programs reported significantly lower self-efficacy than U.S. participants in dual certification programs. Regardless of program type, those with greater opportunities to learn inclusive teaching strategies reported significantly higher self-efficacy. Notably, opportunity to learn was found to moderate the relationship between program type and self-efficacy. These findings highlight the critical role of practice-based opportunities in developing teachers’ confidence in inclusive education. Embedding such opportunities in teacher preparation is essential for advancing sustainable, inclusive education systems worldwide. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Innovation, Didactics, and Education for Sustainability)

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14 pages, 3336 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Rough Surfaces Simulation and Its Contact Characteristic Parameters Based on Ubiquitiform Theory

by Yan Feng, Peng Yang, Yixiong Feng, Zhouming Hang, Laihua Tao and Peifeng Sun

Processes 2025, 13(5), 1330; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr13051330 (registering DOI) - 26 Apr 2025

Abstract

Ubiquitiform is a new theory of finite-order self-similar physical structure and it is more reasonable to describe real engineering surfaces by ubiquitiform rather than fractal. In this paper, by introducing the frequency truncation criterion, a new analytical expression of the two-dimensional W–M function [...] Read more.

Ubiquitiform is a new theory of finite-order self-similar physical structure and it is more reasonable to describe real engineering surfaces by ubiquitiform rather than fractal. In this paper, by introducing the frequency truncation criterion, a new analytical expression of the two-dimensional W–M function based on the ubiquitiform theory is firstly derived and constructed and the two-dimensional ubiquitiformal curve characterization under different contact characteristic parameters is achieved. On this basis, the anisotropic three-dimensional surface W–M function with ubiquitiformal features is constructed, and the evolution law of the anisotropic three-dimensional surface morphology under the regulation of the ubiquitiformal complexity is investigated. Then, an improved adaptive box counting algorithm is proposed, and the lower limit of the metric scale in the self-similarity region of the asperities on the rough surface is determined and then the computation method of the ubiquitiformal complexity is established. At last, the validity and accuracy of the method are confirmed by the Koch curves. Key findings include: (1) higher ubiquitiformal complexity D corresponds to increased surface irregularity and complexity; (2) the characteristic scale factor G affects surface height only; (3) reducing the lower limit of metric scale

δ_{m i n}

increases surface undulation frequency, revealing finer details. This research provides a rationale and quantitative guidance for the matching design of critical joint interfaces in modern precision machinery. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Manufacturing Processes and Systems)

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19 pages, 4318 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Research on the Effects of Poly(Styrene-co-Butyl Acrylate) Emulsions on the Mechanical and Fracture Characteristics of Mortar

by Guolin Miao, Peng Jiang, Wenxun Guan, Wanying Ma, Guanzhi Cheng, Xiangtao Li and Yangyang Gao

Appl. Sci. 2025, 15(9), 4822; https://doi.org/10.3390/app15094822 (registering DOI) - 26 Apr 2025

Abstract

A series of poly(styrene-co-butyl acrylate) (PSA) emulsions with different monomer ratios were synthesized and characterized, and corresponding polymer-modified mortars were prepared. The effects of polymers with different rigidities on the properties of modified mortars, including the hydration heat, mechanical strength, compressive–flexural [...] Read more.

A series of poly(styrene-co-butyl acrylate) (PSA) emulsions with different monomer ratios were synthesized and characterized, and corresponding polymer-modified mortars were prepared. The effects of polymers with different rigidities on the properties of modified mortars, including the hydration heat, mechanical strength, compressive–flexural ratio, fracture energy, and fracture toughness, were investigated. The results indicate that, as the content of hard monomers in the polymer increases, the fracture energy of the modified mortar first increases and then decreases, consistent with the changes in the polymer’s damping properties. The maximum fracture energy of 211.2 N/m was achieved at a St/BA mass ratio of 4:6 and a polymer-to-cement ratio (P/C) of 15%, which was 2.4 times higher than that of the control mortar group. The fracture toughness of the modified mortar decreased with an increasing polymer doping and decreasing hard monomer content. The compressive–flexural ratio of the modified mortar decreased only with increasing the polymer emulsion dosage, showing no significant correlation with the polymer’s molecular structure. Full article

14 pages, 209 KiB

Open AccessArticle

From Public Images of Islam to Everyday Muslim Practice

by Hanna Grabenberger and Erol Yildiz

Religions 2025, 16(5), 555; https://doi.org/10.3390/rel16050555 (registering DOI) - 26 Apr 2025

Abstract

From public images of Islam to everyday Muslim practice. As the current debates on “Islam” and “Muslims” in Europe illustrate, social conflicts related to religious issues seem to attract public attention and become politicised relatively quickly. As European societies develop into a place [...] Read more.

From public images of Islam to everyday Muslim practice. As the current debates on “Islam” and “Muslims” in Europe illustrate, social conflicts related to religious issues seem to attract public attention and become politicised relatively quickly. As European societies develop into a place of cultural and religious diversity in the context of global opening processes, voices are increasingly raised that propagate religious homogeneity in Europe and see the presence of Muslims almost exclusively as a problem. On the one hand, such homogenising interpretations are made visible, and it is shown how a decidedly negative image of Islam has emerged and how such rigid categorisations lead to the decontextualisation of religious affiliations and practices, which has a significant influence on the life constructions and positioning practices of those affected. On the other hand, biographical examples are used to illustrate how negative attributions to Islam and its adherents are perceived by subsequent generations, how they react to them, how they position themselves in the debate, and what strategies result from this to deal with them. The focus is on the experiences of those affected, i.e., the “knowledge of the people”, as a counterpoint to a “hegemonic knowledge” of Islam and Muslims. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Religion and Immigrants in Western Europe)

16 pages, 1518 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Valorization of Winemaking By-Products: White and Red Grape Seed Oils Improve Glucose Consumption and Uptake In Vitro

by Daniela Ganci, Federica Bellistrì, Manuela Mauro, Roberto Chiarelli, Francesco Longo, Serena Indelicato, Sergio Indelicato, Vito Armando Laudicina, Vincenzo Arizza, Mirella Vazzana and Claudio Luparello

Molecules 2025, 30(9), 1933; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules30091933 (registering DOI) - 26 Apr 2025

Abstract

The rising demand for alternative solutions to diabetes mellitus has prompted significant interest in the exploration of plant-derived anti-diabetic compounds, especially within a circular economy framework that seeks sustainable and profitable reuse options. In this context, red (RSGO) and white (WGSO) grape seed [...] Read more.

The rising demand for alternative solutions to diabetes mellitus has prompted significant interest in the exploration of plant-derived anti-diabetic compounds, especially within a circular economy framework that seeks sustainable and profitable reuse options. In this context, red (RSGO) and white (WGSO) grape seed oils, by-products of Sicilian vineyards, were prepared, analyzed for their fatty acid, polyphenol, carotenoid, and chlorophyll content, and evaluated for their glucose-lowering ability on HepG2 cells. Utilizing cytochemical techniques, flow cytometry, and protein blotting, we explored the effects of non-toxic oil dilutions on (i) glycogen storage, (ii) glucose consumption/uptake, (iii) GLUT-2, GLUT-4, and hepatocyte nuclear factor-1α (HNF1α) expression levels, and (iv) AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), insulin receptor substrate-1 (IRS-1), AKT, and PKCz phosphorylation states, which are involved in insulin-mediated and -independent regulation of GLUT-4 membrane exposure. RGSO and WGSO, despite adopting slightly varying molecular strategies, were both proven to be effective stimulators of glucose absorption and glycogenesis. Specifically, RSGO promoted GLUT-2 and GLUT-4 up-regulation, whereas the WGSO-induced effect was associated with an increase in GLUT-4 levels alone. Moreover, the oils activated both pathways responsible for GLUT-4 translocation. Therefore, these wine-making residues have substantial potential as anti-diabetic solutions, holding promise for integration into the biomedical and food sectors. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Innovative Technologies for Functional Foods Development)

13 pages, 920 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Predicting Urosepsis in Ureteral Calculi: External Validation of Hu’s Nomogram and Identification of Novel Risk Factors

by Yuka Sugizaki, Takanobu Utsumi, Naoki Ishitsuka, Takahide Noro, Yuta Suzuki, Shota Iijima, Takatoshi Somoto, Ryo Oka, Takumi Endo, Naoto Kamiya and Hiroyoshi Suzuki

Diagnostics 2025, 15(9), 1104; https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics15091104 (registering DOI) - 26 Apr 2025

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Acute obstructive pyelonephritis caused by ureteral calculi is a severe urological emergency that can rapidly progress to life-threatening complications, including urosepsis. Early risk stratification is critical for timely intervention and improved patient outcomes. Although Hu’s nomogram has been proposed as a [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Acute obstructive pyelonephritis caused by ureteral calculi is a severe urological emergency that can rapidly progress to life-threatening complications, including urosepsis. Early risk stratification is critical for timely intervention and improved patient outcomes. Although Hu’s nomogram has been proposed as a predictive tool for urosepsis, its external validation remains limited. This study aims to validate Hu’s nomogram in an independent cohort and identify novel clinical and imaging predictors of urosepsis. Methods: This retrospective cohort study included 341 patients diagnosed with ureteral calculi who underwent surgical intervention at a single institution between January 2019 and October 2023. Clinical, laboratory, and imaging data were collected. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were performed to identify independent predictors of urosepsis. The predictive accuracy of Hu’s nomogram was evaluated using receiver operating characteristic curve analysis. Results: Among 341 patients, 66 (19.4%) developed urosepsis. Multivariate analysis identified female gender, corticosteroid use, lower platelet count, elevated C-reactive protein levels, positive urine white blood cell count, lower computed tomography attenuation values of calculi, and higher computed tomography attenuation values of hydronephrosis as independent predictors of urosepsis. Hu’s nomogram demonstrated a strong predictive performance (area under the curve: 0.761; 95% CI: 0.701–0.821), reaffirming its clinical utility for risk stratification. Conclusions: This study provides an external validation of Hu’s nomogram and identifies novel risk factors for urosepsis prediction, including corticosteroid use and imaging-based parameters. Incorporating these findings into clinical practice may enhance early risk stratification, facilitate timely interventions, and ultimately improve patient outcomes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Diagnostic Technologies in Urological Care)

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